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Do different cultures necessarily translate to different personalities, or are there aspects of personality that all people share, regardless of where they're from?
July 2017
Praeger
978-1-4408-4103-3
$243.00
978-1-4408-4104-0
eBook Available from ABC-CLIOEmail ABC-CLIOorCall Your Preferred eBook Vendor for Pricing
Hardcover: £187.00/203,00€/A$312.00
This important multivolume work sheds light on current—and future—research on cultural universals and differences in personality in their evolutionary, ecological, and cultural contexts.
How does culture impact personality traits? To answer that question, the three volumes in this set address current theory and research on culture and personality in an effort to determine how people differ—and how they are alike. Detailed chapters by scholars from around the world unveil a fascinating picture of the relationship between culture and important aspects of personality. They also address the accuracy or meaningfulness of trait comparisons across cultures and the methods and limitations of research on the subject. As most psychological research is conducted on participants from Western industrialized countries, a work that includes a wide range of cultures not only fosters a more complete understanding of human personality, but also broadens perspectives on value systems and ways to live.Each of the three volumes concentrates on distinct areas of research, exposing the reader to the diverse theoretical and empirical approaches and topics in the field. Volume 1 focuses on the cross-cultural study of personality dispositions or traits. Volume 2 examines the relationship between culture and other important aspects of personality, including the self, emotions, motives, values, beliefs, and life narratives, as well as aspects of personality and adjustment associated with biculturalism and intercultural competence. Volume 3 looks at evolutionary, genetic, and neuroscience perspectives on personality across cultures along with ecological and cultural influences. In addition to providing readers with a thorough analysis of current and future directions for research, this unrivaled work brings together multiple perspectives on personality across cultures, thereby promoting a more integrative understanding of this important topic.
A. Timothy Church, PhD, is professor emeritus of counseling psychology at Washington State University, Pullman. His research interests include personality and its measurement across cultures, cross-cultural and indigenous psychology, and the integration of trait and cultural psychology perspectives in the study of personality across cultures. His cross-cultural research on these topics has been supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and National Institute of Mental Health in the United States. His publications in these areas include invited reviews in Current Opinion in Psychology, Advances in Culture and Psychology, Perspectives on Psychological Science, Social and Personality Compass, and Journal of Personality. He is a former associate editor for the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and has also served on the editorial boards for the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Personality, Journal of Research in Personality, Personality and Social Psychology Review, Psychological Science, and European Journal of Personality.
Volume 1
Preface
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1
Personality across Cultures: Historical Overview and Current Topics
A. Timothy Church
CHAPTER 2
The Five-Factor Model across Cultures
Robert R. McCrae
CHAPTER 3
Personality Structure and Assessment in French-Speaking African Cultures
Jérôme Rossier, Abdoulaye Ouedraogo, and Donatien Dahourou
CHAPTER 4
Indigenous Measurement of Personality in Asia
Fanny M. Cheung, Weiqiao Fan, and Shu Fai Cheung
CHAPTER 5
Indigenous Personality Structure and Measurement in South Africa
Velichko H. Fetvadjiev, Deon Meiring, Jan Alewyn Nel, Carin Hill, and Fons J. R. van de Vijver
CHAPTER 6
Psycholexical Studies of Personality Structure across Cultures
Boele De Raad and Boris Mlacic
CHAPTER 7
How Valid Are Culture-Level Mean Personality Scores? | https://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A4918C |
What is mean-level change?
What is mean-level change?
A mean-level change refers to an absolute change in the individual’s level of a certain trait over time. Longitudinal research shows that mean-level change does occur. However, some traits tend to change while some traits tend to stay stable.
What is mean-level stability?
Mean-level stability refers to the extent to which personality scores change over time. Investigations of mean-level change address the question of whether people, on average, tend to increase or decrease on particular trait or symptom measures during different life periods.
Can Big 5 traits be changed?
So, the short answer is yes—personality traits of the five-factor model can be changed because they are not fixed. However, most traits are stable over time, but with age, neuroticism decreases as conscientiousness increases.
Does personality change throughout adulthood?
Recent longitudinal and cross-sectional aging research has shown that personality traits continue to change in adulthood. These changes predominate in young adulthood (age 20–40). Moreover, mean-level change in personality traits occurs in middle and old age, showing that personality traits can change at any age.
What causes a change in personality?
Several mental illnesses can lead to personality changes. These include anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, dementia, and schizophrenia. In the case of mental illness, personality changes may be the result of an interplay of factors, including heredity, environment and stress.
Why has my husband’s personality changed?
Diseases such as dementia or depression or even a brain tumor can result in dramatic personality shifts. Knowing that their spouse is suffering from a disease that is causing them to behave erratically or appear to have lost affection for their partner could change their views on proceeding with a divorce.
Is it possible to change personality traits?
Many researchers have now found that adults can change the five traits that make up personality: extroversion, openness to experience, emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Changing a trait primarily requires acting in ways that embody that trait, rather than simply thinking about it.
At what age is your personality fully developed?
When we’re maturing, however, these traits are still forming. By the age of 30, the majority of people have reached maturity. But according to Buss, that doesn’t mean the five traits are completely set in stone. He says that after the age of 30, people generally become less neurotic (and thus more emotionally stable).
Can personality traits change?
Two seminal meta-analyses have shown that personality traits are relatively stable, but they also change, and they do so actually across the lifespan, meaning that there is no upper boundary. In fact, people aged 70 and older can still undergo pretty remarkable changes in their personality traits.
What causes sudden change in behavior?
Sudden changes could be a sign of an infection, pain, or side effect of a medication. Do not assume that behavior and personality changes are always due to dementia. While there are medicines that may help soften some behavior changes, medicines are not always the answer. | https://www.idcafe.net/what-is-mean-level-change/ |
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BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
In psychology, the Big Five personality factors are five broad factors or dimensions of personality traits discovered through empirical research (Goldberg, 1993). These factors are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience. Each factor consists of a number of more specific traits. The Big Five are a descriptive model of personality, not a theory, although psychologists have developed theories to account for the Big Five.
Contents
• 1 Overview
• 2 History and scientific origins
o 2.1 Early trait research
o 2.2 Hiatus in research
o 2.3 Consensus on the Big Five
• 3 The factors
o 3.1 Extraversion
- 3.1.1 Sample Extraversion Items
- 3.1.2 Biology of Extraversion
o 3.2 Agreeableness
- 3.2.1 Sample Agreeableness Items
o 3.3 Conscientiousness
- 3.3.1 Sample Conscientiousness Items
o 3.4 Neuroticism or (inversely) Emotional Stability
- 3.4.1 Sample Neuroticism Items
o 3.5 Openness to Experience
- 3.5.1 Sample Openness Items
- 3.5.2 Causes of Openness
- 3.5.3 Correlates of Openness
- 3.5.4 Biology of Openness
• 4 Selected scientific findings
o 4.1 Heritability studies
o 4.2 Change and development
o 4.3 Gender differences
o 4.4 Birth order
o 4.5 Cultural differences
• 5 Criticisms
o 5.1 Limited scope
o 5.2 Methodological issues
o 5.3 Theoretical status
• 6 Further research
• 7 References
• 8 See also
• 9 External links
Overview
The Big Five factors and their constituent traits can be summarized as follows (see details below):
Openness to Experience – Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas; imagination and curiosity.
Conscientiousness – A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement (spontaneousness vs planned behaviour).
Extraversion – Energy, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others.
Agreeableness – A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others (individualism vs cooperative solutions).
Neuroticism – A tendency to easily experience unpleasant emotions such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability (emotional stability to stimuli).
Some scholarly works refer to the Big Five as the Five-Factor Model. These factors are sometimes referred to informally as the OCEAN or CANOE models of personality because of their acronym composed of their initial letters. When scored for individual feedback, they are often presented as percentile scores, with the median at 50%; so for example, a Conscientiousness rating in the 80th percentile indicates a relatively strong sense of responsibility and orderliness, while an Extraversion rating in the 5th percentile indicates an exceptional need for solitude and quiet.
History and scientific origins
Early trait research
Sir Francis Galton (1884) may have been the first scientist to recognize explicitly the fundamental lexical hypothesis which in 1936 Gordon Allport and H. S. Odbert expresses as:
Those individual differences that are most salient and socially relevant in people’s lives will eventually become encoded into their language; the more important such a difference, the more likely is it to become expressed as a single word.
This statement has become known as the Lexical Hypothesis.
Allport and Odbert had worked through two of the most comprehensive dictionaries of the English language available at the time, and extracted 18,000 personality-describing words. From this gigantic list they extracted 4500 personality-describing adjectives which they considered to describe observable and relatively permanent traits.
In 1946 Raymond Cattell used the emerging technology of computers to analyse the Allport-Odbert list. He organized the list into 181 clusters and asked subjects to rate people whom they knew by the adjectives on the list. Using factor analysis Cattell generated twelve factors, and then included four factors which he thought ought to appear. The result was the hypothesis that individuals describe themselves and each other according to sixteen different, independent factors.
With these sixteen factors as a basis, Cattell went on to construct the 16PF Personality Questionnaire, which remains in use by universities and businesses for research, personnel selection and the like. Although subsequent research has failed to replicate his results, and it has been shown that he retained too many factors, the current 16PF takes these findings into account and is considered to be a very good test. In 1963, W.T. Norman replicated Cattell’s work and suggested that five factors would be sufficient.
Hiatus in research
For the next seventeen years, the changing zeitgeist made the publication of personality research difficult. Social psychologists argued that behavior is not stable, but varies with context, so that predicting behavior by personality test was impossible. They further argued that character, or personality, is something humans impose on people in order to maintain an illusion of consistency in the world. Furthermore, Walter Mischel in his 1968 book Psychological Assessment asserted that personality tests could not predict behavior with a correlation of more than 0.3.
Around 1980, two methodological developments brought personality research into the modern era: personal computers and statistical aggregation. Both of these developments facilitated empirical research that led to the emerging consensus on the Big Five.
Personal computers. Before the advent of personal computers, psychologists wishing to conduct large scale statistical analysis needed to rent access to a mainframe. However, once personal computers become widely available, they could do this work on their desktops. Therefore anybody could easily re-examine the Allport-Odbert list. The question remained as to why they would do so, given that it had seemingly already been established that personality was an illusion.
Statistical aggregation. It was argued that personality psychologists had considered behavior from the wrong perspective. Instead of trying to predict single instances of behavior, which was unreliable, it was thought that researchers should try to predict patterns of behavior. As a result correlations soared from .3 to .8 and it seemed that “personality†did in fact exist. Social psychologists still argue that we impose consistency on the world, but with statistical aggregation it could be shown that there was in fact more consistency than was once thought.
Consensus on the Big Five
In 1981 in a symposium in Honolulu, four prominent researchers (Lewis Goldberg, Naomi Takemoto-Chock, Andrew Comrey, and John M. Digman) reviewed the available personality tests of the day, and decided that most of the tests which held any promise seemed to measure a subset of five common factors, just as Norman had discovered in 1963.
Following the discovery of the convergence of the Lexical Hypothesis with the findings of theoretical research, a model was developed which states that personality can be described in terms of five aggregate-level trait descriptors.
Although many personality researchers have built their own models, when they talk to each other they often use the Big Five as a common basis for making comparisons. What separates the five-factor model of personality from all others is that it is not based on the theory of any one particular psychologist, but rather on language, on the natural system that people use to understand one another. Language itself provides the structure with which a person frames and understands the world around him or herself, so it seems a natural place to start. The traditional paradigm for research with the five-factor model has been to ask subjects to rate themselves or someone else, using lists of trait adjectives that can be used to describe personality. Statistics are then used to uncover the factors to which the adjectives seem to belong.
One of the most significant advances of the five factor model was the establishment of a common taxonomy that demonstrates order in a previously scattered and disorganized field. For example, as an extremely heterogeneous collection of traits, research had found that “personality” (i.e., any of a large number of hypothesized personality traits) was not consistently predictive of important criteria. However, using the five-factor model as a taxonomy to group the vast numbers of unlike personality traits, psychologists Barrick and Mount used meta-analysis of previous research to show that in fact there were many significant correlations between the personality traits of the five-factor model and job performance in many jobs. Their strongest finding was that psychometric Conscientiousness was predictive of performance in all the job families studied, whereas other traits were predictive of performance in more specific fields (such as Extraversion predicting performance among salespeople).
The factors
The following descriptions of the five factors were adapted from the writings of Dr. John A. Johnson.
A good way to really understand what a personality scale measures is to read the items on the scale. Goldberg’s 10-item marker scales from the IPIP website are ideal for this purpose because they have been carefully developed according to the current state of the art as documented on the IPIP website and are in the public domain. The IPIP site contains many other scales and a large pool of items. The items are statements written to be consistent with one of the poles. Items marked as “(reversed)” indicate the opposite pole. For example, a very extraverted respondent would tend to endorse items like “I am the life of the party” and “I don’t mind being the center of attention” and tend to disavow items like “I am quiet around strangers” and “I don’t like to draw attention to myself”. Introverted respondents would have an opposite pattern of endorsements.
Extraversion
Extraversion (also “extroversion”) is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy being with people, are full of energy, and often experience positive emotions. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals who are likely to say “Yes!” or “Let’s go!” to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves.
Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less dependent on the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression; the introvert simply needs less stimulation than an extravert and more time alone to re-charge their batteries.
Sample Extraversion Items
• I am the life of the party.
• I don’t mind being the center of attention.
• I feel comfortable around people.
• I start conversations.
• I talk to a lot of different people at parties.
• I am quiet around strangers. (reversed)
• I don’t like to draw attention to myself. (reversed)
• I don’t talk a lot. (reversed)
• I have little to say. (reversed)
• I keep in the background. (reversed)
Biology of Extraversion
Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to potentially rewarding stimuli (Depue & Collins, 1999). This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in Extraverts, since they will more intensely feel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that Extraverts can more easily learn the contingencies for positive reinforcement, since the reward itself is experienced as greater.
Agreeableness
Agreeableness reflects individual differences in concern with cooperation and social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are therefore considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others’. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature. They believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy.
Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others’ well-being, and therefore are unlikely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others’ motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative.
Agreeableness is obviously advantageous for attaining and maintaining popularity. Agreeable people are better liked than disagreeable people. On the other hand, agreeableness is not useful in situations that require tough or absolute objective decisions. Disagreeable people can make excellent scientists, critics, or soldiers.
There is some criticism on the use of the terms altruism-egoism in this context. Evolutionary Biology has extensively researched the mechanisms of altruism and concluded that agreeableness differs fundamentally from altruism.
Sample Agreeableness Items
• I am interested in people.
• I feel others’ emotions.
• I have a soft heart.
• I make people feel at ease.
• I sympathize with others’ feelings.
• I take time out for others.
• I am not interested in other people’s problems. (reversed)
• I am not really interested in others. (reversed)
• I feel little concern for others. (reversed)
• I insult people. (reversed)
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness concerns the way in which we control, regulate, and direct our impulses. Impulses are not inherently bad; occasionally time constraints require a snap decision, and acting on our first impulse can be an effective response. Also, in times of play rather than work, acting spontaneously and impulsively can be fun. Impulsive individuals can be seen by others as colorful, fun-to-be-with, and zany. Conscientiousness includes the factor known as Need for Achievement (NAch).
The benefits of high conscientiousness are obvious. Conscientious individuals avoid trouble and achieve high levels of success through purposeful planning and persistence. They are also positively regarded by others as intelligent and reliable. On the negative side, they can be compulsive perfectionists and workaholics. Furthermore, extremely conscientious individuals might be regarded as stuffy and boring. Unconscientious people may be criticized for their unreliability, lack of ambition, and failure to stay within the lines, but they will experience many short-lived pleasures and they will never be called stuffy (i.e. dull, boring, unimaginative).
Sample Conscientiousness Items
• I am always prepared.
• I am exacting in my work.
• I follow a schedule.
• I get chores done right away.
• I like order.
• I pay attention to details.
• I leave my belongings around. (reversed)
• I make a mess of things. (reversed)
• I often forget to put things back in their proper place. (reversed)
• I shirk my duties. (reversed)
Neuroticism or (inversely) Emotional Stability
Neuroticism refers to the tendency to experience negative feelings. Those who score high on Neuroticism may experience primarily one specific negative feeling such as anxiety, anger, or depression, but are likely to experience several of these emotions. People high in Neuroticism are emotionally reactive. They respond emotionally to events that would not affect most people, and their reactions tend to be more intense than normal. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish a neurotic’s ability to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress.
At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in Neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot of positive feelings; frequency of positive emotions is a component of the Extraversion domain.
Sample Neuroticism Items
• I am easily disturbed.
• I change my mood a lot.
• I get irritated easily.
• I get stressed out easily.
• I get upset easily.
• I have frequent mood swings.
• I often feel blue.
• I worry about things.
• I am relaxed most of the time. (reversed)
• I seldom feel blue. (reversed)
Openness to Experience
Openness to Experience describes a dimension of personality that distinguishes imaginative, creative people from down-to-earth, conventional people. Open people are intellectually curious, appreciative of art, and sensitive to beauty. They tend to be, compared to closed people, more aware of their feelings. They therefore tend to hold unconventional and individualistic beliefs, although their actions may be conforming (see agreeableness). People with low scores on openness to experience tend to have narrow, common interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion, regarding these endeavors as abstruse or of no practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty; they are conservative and resistant to change.
Sample Openness Items
• I am full of ideas.
• I am quick to understand things.
• I have a rich vocabulary.
• I have a vivid imagination.
• I have excellent ideas.
• I spend time reflecting on things.
• I use difficult words.
• I am not interested in abstract ideas. (reversed)
• I do not have a good imagination. (reversed)
• I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. (reversed)
Causes of Openness
Openness is heritable, like all of the major personality dimensions, with estimates clustering around 0.4. One environmental cause of increased openness appears to be exposure to tertiary (College) education.
Correlates of Openness
Openness is correlated weakly (≤.3) with measures of creativity, and with intelligence test scores. Current analyses suggest that the correlation with IQ is due to a subset of Openness measures acting as self-report IQ measures. It is possible that openness is a mechanism facilitating access to novel thoughts — this would explain the correlation of openness (O) to responses on creativity measures such as imagining different uses for common objects.
Openness is often presented as healthier or more mature by psychologists. However, open and closed styles of thinking are useful in different environments. The intellectual style of the open person may serve a professor well, but research has shown that closed thinking is related to superior job performance in police work, sales, and a number of service occupations.
Biology of Openness
Higher levels of Openness have been linked to activity in the ascending dopaminergic system and the functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Openness is the only personality trait that correlates with neuropsychological tests of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function, supporting the link between Openness and IQ (DeYoung, Peterson, & Higgins, 2005)
Selected scientific findings
Ever since the 1990s when the consensus of psychologists gradually came to support the Big Five, there has been a growing body of research surrounding these personality traits (see for instance, Robert Hogan’s edited book “Handbook of Personality Psychology” (Academic Press, 1997).
Heritability studies
All five factors show an influence from both heredity and environment. Twin studies such as those of Kerry Jang (Journal of Personality, 64, 577-591) suggest that these effects contribute in roughly equal proportion.
Change and development
A person’s ratings on the five factors has been found to change with time, with mean levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness increasing, while Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Openness generally decrease as a person ages. Rank-order stability (stability of trait levels relative to agemates) generally increases across adulthood but never reaches complete stability.
Gender differences
Men and women show differences in Big Five scores across cultures, with women scoring higher in both the Agreeableness and Neuroticism domains. (The mere fact that sex differences have been found does not by itself demonstrate that the sexes are innately different in personality, although that is a possibility.)
Birth order
The suggestion has often been made that individuals differ by the order of their births. Frank J. Sulloway argues that birth order is correlated with personality traits. He claims that firstborns are more conscientious, more socially dominant, less agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns.
However, Sulloway’s case has been discredited. The data he bases his case on confound family size with birth order. Further, subsequent analyses have shown that birth order effects are only found in studies where the subjects’ personality traits are rated by family members (such as siblings or parents) or by acquaintances familiar with the subjects’ birth order. Studies measuring personality using traditional self-report tests or using ratings of the subjects from peers and acquaintances have found no significant effect of birth order on personality.
Cultural differences
Recent work has also found relationships between Geert Hofstede’s cultural factors, Individualism, Power Distance, Masculinity, and Uncertainty Avoidance, with the average Big Five scores in a country. For instance, the degree to which a country values individualism correlates with its average Extraversion, while people living in cultures which are accepting of large inequalities in their power structures tend to score somewhat higher on Conscientiousness. The reasons for these differences are as yet unknown; this is an active area of research.
Criticisms
Much research has been conducted into the Big Five. However relatively little of the research has been published in a collated form; most of it appears relatively uncompiled in research journals. For the best understanding of the Big Five, one must be up to date on the literature, which may tend to limit a complete understanding by laypeople.
Block (1995) gave a detailed critique of the Big Five in A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Costa and McCrae (1995) answered this paper in Solid ground in the wetlands of personality: A reply to Block.
There are a number of frequently cited criticisms of the Big Five. Some of these are acknowledged by its proponents of the system; others have been disputed in various ways.
Limited scope
One common criticism is that the Big Five do not explain all of human personality. Some psychologists have dissented from the model precisely because they feel it neglects other domains of personality, such as Religiosity, Manipulativeness/Machiavellianism, Honesty, Thriftiness, Conservativeness, Masculinity/Femininity, Snobbishness, Sense of humour, Identity, Self-concept, and Motivation. Correlations have been found between some of these variables and the Big Five, such as the inverse relationship between political conservatism and Openness (see McCrae, 1996), although variation in these traits is not entirely explained by the Five Factors themselves. McAdams (1995) has called the Big Five a “psychology of the stranger,” because they refer to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a stranger; other aspects of personality that are more privately held or more context-dependent are excluded from the Big Five.
Many researchers and practitioners have criticized these five factors as being far too broad for applied work. In unpublished research, Goldberg (the researcher who coined the term “Big Five”) found that Cattell’s 16 factor solution has greater predictive power than five factors[verification needed], even when the number of predictors is controlled by using a cross-validation sample to assess the prediction of competing regression models (16 versus 5 variables). This criticism (sometimes termed the bandwidth-fidelity tradeoff) is acknowledged by a wide variety personality researchers, and is part of the motivation for Costa and McCrae’s creation of more specific “facet” scales in the NEO PI-R.
In many studies, the five factors are not fully orthogonal to one another; that is, the five factors are not independent. Negative correlations often appear between Neuroticism and Extraversion, for instance, indicating that those who are more prone to experiencing negative emotions tend to be less talkative and outgoing. Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some researchers because it minimizes redundancy between the dimensions. This is particularly important when the goal of a study is to provide a comprehensive description of personality with as few variables as possible.
Methodological issues
The methodology used to identify the dimensional structure of personality traits, factor analysis, is often challenged for not having a universally-recognized basis for choosing among solutions with different numbers of factors. That is, a five factor solution depends on some degree of interpretation by the analyst. A larger number of factors may, in fact, underlie these five factors. This has lead to disputes about the “true” number of factors. Big Five proponents have responded that although other solutions may be viable in a single dataset, only the five factor structure consistently replicates across different studies.
A methodological criticism often directed at the Big Five is that much of the evidence relies on self report questionnaires; self report bias and falsification of responses is impossible to deal with completely. This becomes especially important when considering why scores may differ between individuals or groups of people – differences in scores may represent genuine underlying personality differences, or they may simply be an artifact of the way the subjects answered the questions. The five factor structure has been replicated in peer reports (e.g., Goldberg, 1990); however, many of the substantive findings rely on self-reports.
Theoretical status
A frequent criticism is that the Big Five is not based on any underlying theory; it is merely an empirical finding that certain descriptors cluster together under factor analysis. While this does not mean that these five factors don’t exist, the underlying causes behind them are unknown. There is no theoretical justification for why sensation seeking and gregariousness are predictive of general Extraversion, for instance; this is an area for future research to investigate. Several overarching theoretical models have been proposed to cover all of the Big Five, such as Five-Factor Theory and Social Investment Theory. Other theoretical models target individual factors; Extraversion has probably been the subject of the most research and theorizing.
Further research
Current research concentrates on a number of areas. One important question is: Are the five factors the right ones? Attempts to replicate the Big Five in other countries with local dictionaries have succeeded in some countries but not in others. Apparently, for instance, Hungarians don’t have a single Agreeableness factor (Szirmak, & De Raad, 1994). Of course they do, others say, the problem is that the language does not provide enough variance of the related terms for proper statistical analysis (CITE). Other researchers (De Fruyt, McCrae, Szirmأ،k & Nagy, 2004) find evidence for Agreeableness but not for other factors. Some have found seven factors, some only three (CITE).
A second question is: Which factors predict what? Job outcomes for leaders and salespeople have already been measured, and research is currently being done in expanding the list of careers. There are also a variety of life outcomes which preliminary research indicates are affected by personality, such as smoking (predicted by high scores in Neuroticism and low scores in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) and interest in different kinds of music (largely mediated by Openness).
A third area of investigation is to make a model of personality. The Big Five personality traits are empirical observations, not a theory; the observations of personality research remain to be explained. Costa and McCrae have built what they call the Five Factor Theory of Personality as an attempt to explain personality from the cradle to the grave. They don’t follow the lexical hypothesis, though, but favor a theory-driven approach but inspired by the same sources as the sources of the Big Five.
References
• Barrick, M. R., & Mount M. K. (1991). The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
• De Fruyt, F., McCrae, R. R., Szirmأ،k, Z., & Nagy, J. (2004). The Five-Factor personality inventory as a measure of the Five-Factor Model: Belgian, American, and Hungarian comparisons with the NEO-PI-R. Assessment, 11(3), 207-215.
• Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491-517.
• DeYoung, C. G., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2005). Sources of Openness/Intellect: Cognitive and Neuropsychological Correlates of the Fifth Factor of Personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 73, 825-858.
• Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246-1256.
• Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An Alternative “Description of Personalityâ€: The Big-Five Factor Structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
• Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
• John, O. P. (1990). The “Big Five” factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford.
• John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Theory and Research (Vol. 2, pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford Press.
• Harris, J. R. (2006). No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality. WW Norton & Company.
• McAdams, D. P. (1995). What do we know when we know a person? Journal of Personality, 63, 365-396.
• McCrae, R. R. (1996). Social consequences of experiential openness. Psychological Bulletin pp. 323-337
• Szirmak, Z., & De Raad, B. (1994). Taxonomy and structure of Hungarian personality traits. European Journal of Personality, 8, 95-117.
• Tyler, G., Newcombe, P. & Barrett, P. (2005). The Chinese challenge to the Big-5. Selection & Development Review, 21(6), 10-14. Leicester, UK: The British Psychological Society.
• Tyler, G. and Newcombe, P. (2006). Relationship between work performance and personality traits in Hong Kong organisational settings. International Journal of Selection & Assessment, 14, 37-50.
See also
• NEO-PI
• Trait theory
• 16PF Personality Questionnaire
• MBTI Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
• Socionics
• Enneagram
External links
• The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives
• Criticism on Big Five Personality Tests
• Five-Factor Model from Great Ideas in Personality
• History of the Big 5 from Kuro5hin
• The Personality Project Good source of references for further reading.
• Chinese Personality & Performance at Work Research Provides some extensive information on Big-5 research in Hong Kong, Singapore and mainland China.
• PsyAsia Publications Downloads Downloadable information on Big-5 research conducted by PsyAsia International. | http://www.ayo2006.com/?p=1132 |
Purpose – Teacher must act as a leader because his/her role is very effective in educational change. Influence of personality traits on leadership styles has been a significant topic in management but no research emphasis has been given to teacher’s personality influence on their leadership behaviors. This research investigates the correlation between these two aspects.
Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative research is done by means of survey to a convenient sample of 228 teachers of public elementary and high schools of Lahore.
Findings – The dominant traits are associated with both leadership styles thus showing that both people and task oriented leadership styles are effective.
Research limitations/implications – This research can be generalized to other areas.
Practical implications – The research emphasizes the importance of traits and their influence on behavior. Further researches should examine the traits which are needed for an effective leadership styles.
Originality/value – The major contribution of this paper is that it correlate personality traits with leadership styles and high light those traits which are associated with effective leadership styles i.e. people oriented so teachers become more aware to adopt those traits which produce effective behavior and change.
Keywords: personality, leadersip, styles, influence, school teachers
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The evolutionary genetics of personality
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Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and Big Five personality traits: a social network approach.
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The current study focuses on the emergence of friendship networks among just-acquainted individuals, investigating the effects of Big Five personality traits on friendship selection processes.… Expand
A Gentle Introduction to Bayesian Analysis: Applications to Developmental Research
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Motivational individual reaction norms underlying the Five-Factor model of personality: First steps towards a theory-based conceptual framework
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Quiz: Which '70s One-Hit Wonder Are You?
Which '70s One-Hit Wonder Are You?
A one-hit wonder is any artist that achieves mainstream success for a short period of time, based on one popular song, with no follow-up success. When it comes to music, these are songs that went to the top of the charts in multiple countries, but the artists who sang them never saw such success again, making them a one-hit wonder.
When it comes to music from the 1970s, there was a lot of feel-good music which you could just sit back and listen to, but there were also those catchy pop and dance tunes, like "Dancing Queen" and "Stayin' Alive," which made you want to party, as well as plenty of rock songs to jam out to. The decade saw its fair share of love songs, but the most significant thing about the music was the number of songs which spoke about the events going on in the world, like "Let It Be" and "Bohemian Rhapsody."
Which of the one-hit wonders from the 1970s best describes you as a person? Is there one song that you feel immediately connected to when you hear it? Well if there is, you can find it in this quiz. Take it to find out which song you are!
What were you doing back in the 1970s?
How old were you during that decade?
I don't remember where or what I was.
What do you miss most about the 1970s?
Which of the movies from that era should be remade?
What do you think about '70s music?
Which of these recent one-hit wonders did you sing often?
Which of these dance moves would you bring back?
Your favorite type of music seems to revolve around what?
People would say that you are _______.
Back in high school, who were you?
When things don’t go your way, what do you do?
Where would you go to on a lads’ or girls’ holiday?
Which of these hairstyles would you try?
Which of these fashion trends would you try?
Which of these shows would you watch on Netflix?
What kind of ice cream do you keep stocked in your fridge?
How likely are you to try a new type of food? | https://learn.howstuffworks.com/quiz/which-70s-onehit-wonder-are-you |
Written by Dave Shumka
One-hit wonders. It’s kind of a dirty word, but it shouldn’t be. It’s nearly impossible to have a hit song, let alone two. But it’s still intriguing. Who is this artist? Where did they come from? Where did they disappear to?
A one-hit wonder is hard to define, especially in Canada. Canadian musicians can be successful for decades without any real radio hits at all. Often, a hit song is just a detour during a strong and steady career.
The American music industry is partially to blame for creating some confusion around Canadian one-hit wonders. In the States, Tom Cochrane is probably considered a one-hit wonder thanks to “Life is a Highway,” but in Canada you can hear a ton of his songs on the radio all the time. The same could probably be said for Dan Hill and Alannah Myles.
Let’s celebrate one-hit wonders with our list of the 25 best Canadian one-hit wonders ever in the list below.
25. 'When the Night Feels My Song' by Bedouin Soundclash (2005)
The reggae-rock breakthrough single from the Toronto band was big on MuchMusic, on the radio and in commercials.
Where are they now? They're together, though they haven't replicated the chart success of their biggest hit. Singer Jay Malinowski has also released his own solo work, as well as Armistice, a project with Coeur de Pirate.
24. 'Bad Day' by Daniel Powter (2005)
You couldnt' escape this song. It was number one in the US and in the top 10 in over a dozen countries. It was most memorable as the song they played when people were eliminated on American Idol.
Where are they now? Powter has since released two more albums, most recently 2012's Turn On the Lights.
23. 'Money Pt. 1' by Jelleestone (2001)
This song was everywhere in the waning days of MuchMusic's video programming. The video featured Jelleestone in a convertible Volvo, which seemed like a reasonable car for a Canadian rapper to drive.
Where are they now? Still making music in Toronto, with a new single out this summer.
22. 'Roxy Roller' by Sweeney Todd (1975)
The glam-rock hit from Vancouver's Sweeney Todd went to number one in Canada.
Where are they now? Singer Nick Gilder left the band to have his own hit, "Hot Child in the City." Bryan Adams joined the band, and then left. After breaking up in 1978, the band reformed in 2000 with Gilder, and plays live regularly.
21. 'Eyes of a Stranger' by Payola$ (1982)
The Vancouver new wave band featured British-born singer Paul Hyde as well as Bob Rock. They hit the charts in Canada and the US with this song that's still a radio regular.
Where are they now? After their 1988 breakup, they reunited for a few years in the mid-'00s. Hyde released a solo album in 2009, and Rock produces albums for everyone from Metallica to Michael Bublé.
20. 'Don't Wanna Fall in Love' by Jane Child (1990)
The Toronto singer's only hit reached the top 10 in the US and Canada, and won her a Juno award.
Where are they now? She lives in Las Vegas and releases music on her own label. She also performed on The Wayne Brady Show in 2004.
19. 'One Track Mind' by TBTBT (1993)
The junior new jack swing/hip-hop group scored a Juno for this hit.
Where are they now? Well, it turns out it's hard to keep track of the whereabouts of 13-year-olds who got very little media attention 20 years ago.
18. 'I Cry' by Bass Is Base (1996)
The breakout hit from this Ontario R&B group was also their final release.
Where are they now? Ivana Santilli (L) and Chin Injeti (R) are both still producing and recording music, and Roger Mooking is a Food Network host.
17. 'This Beat Goes On/Switchin' to Glide' by the Kings (1980)
Well, technically it's two songs that always go together. This Bob Ezrin-produced new wave hit is still a classic rock radio mainstay.
Where are they now? After years of inactivity, the band reformed in the '90s and has released a few latter day albums and a DVD, and still tour Ontario and the US.
16. 'I Rhyme the World in 80 Days' by Kish (1991)
A hip-hop geography lesson, in which we learned Kish's mother is from Japan. It was kinda like an episode of Carmen Sandiego, if it were a catchy hip-house song.
Where are they now? Andrew Kishino is now an announcer and voice-over actor in live action TV, animation and video games. Check out his IMDb for tons of credits.
15. 'Run with Us' by Lisa Lougheed (1987)
Lougheed did the voice of Lisa Raccoon on the CBC cartoon The Raccoons, and "Run with Us" was her debut single and the show's theme song.
Where are they now? Ironically, her last ever single was 1993's "Won't Give Up My Music." She has since provided background vocals for Celine Dion and R. Kelly, and she lives in Michigan.
14. 'Check the O.R.' by Organized Rhyme (1992)
The zany, reference-riddled rap hit from the Ottawa three-piece featuring an undiscovered Tom Green.
Where are they now? Well, one of them is Tom Green. The other two are a music producer/real estate agent and a software engineer.
13. 'Take a Message' by Remy Shand (2002)
Shand's debut album came out on Motown Records, and earned a Juno award and four Grammy nominations before Shand faded away for a while.
Where are they now? He's back! After a decade of silence, Shand started releasing new music on YouTube last year. He also designs audio effects for musicians, so that's cool too. I hope he still has the hat.
12. 'Wildflower' by Skylark (1973)
The band was formed as Ronnie Hawkins's backup band, kinda like the band The Band. This song reached the top 10 in the US and Canada the same year that the band broke up.
Where are they now? David Foster was the breakout star of the band, selling millions of albums as a composer and producer. Many of the other members have had long careers as session musicians.
11. 'Oh, What a Feeling' by Crowbar (1971)
A '70s boogie track you probably didn't know was Canadian, but you've heard it everywhere. Crowbar also got their start as Ronnie Hawkins's backup band.
Where are they now? Still playing shows, still super tight.
10. 'Soul City' by the Partland Brothers (1987)
In case you weren't there, this is exactly what 1987 sounded like. This hit made it to number 10 in Canada and number 27 in the US.
Where are they now? Would you believe they're playing with Ronnie Hawkins? Because they are.
9. 'Bye Bye Mon Cowboy' by Mitsou (1989)
Mitsou's first single ever was a huge hit in English Canada, a rare feat for a French song.
Where are they now? She's certainly not a one-hit wonder in Quebec, where she's a successful singer, actress, TV and radio host, spokesperson and magazine editor.
8. 'Drinking in L.A." by Bran Van 3000 (1997)
The '90s Canadian slacker anthem we didn't know we needed was a big hit on Canadian radio and MuchMusic, and an even bigger hit in Scandinavia, for some reason. They had some success with 2001's "Astounded," but "Drinking in L.A." is the one song everybody knows.
Where are they now? They're a collective, so over the years, people have come and gone, but they've put out albums that charted in Canada's top 20 in 2008 and 2010.
7. 'Seasons in the Sun' by Terry Jacks (1973)
It's super sad, it's super sappy and it's super successful, selling 10 million copies!
Where are they now? Jacks released a handful of reasonably successful singles in the '70s and '80s, as well as producing music for artists ranging from DOA to Nana Mouskouri. He's now a highly respected environmentalist.
6. 'More Than Words Can Say' by Alias (1990)
Alias was a hair metal supergroup made up of members of Sheriff and Heart. This power ballad went to number 1 in Canada and number 2 in the US.
Where are they now? As individuals, they all have multiple credits. Notably, guitarist Steve DeMarchi joined the Cranberries in 1996 and plays with singer Dolores O'Riordan.
5. 'Steal My Sunshine' by Len (1999)
This was the summeriest song ever, you heard it everywhere and it reached the top 10 in Canada, the US and the UK.
Where are they now? The band featured Brendan Canning, who went on to form Broken Social Scene. The Costanzo siblings put out a new album in 2012.
4. 'She's So High' by Tal Bachman (1999)
This song was everywhere back then, and it hit the top 20 in four countries, including Canada and the US.
Where are they now? Bachman still blogs and performs regularly. In 2011, he played "She's So High" in Vancouver with Taylor Swift.
3. 'Hard Sun' by Indio (1989)
Gordon Peterson's reached number 10 on the Canadian charts with this track, under the pseudonym Indio. He promptly left the business after his label dropped him.
Where are they now? The J.D. Salinger of Canadian music, Peterson keeps a low profile. When Eddie Vedder covered "Hard Sun" in 2007, Peterson emerged to sue him.
2. 'Informer' by Snow (1993)
You could definitely make a case for Snow having a second hit with 2000's "Everybody Wants to Be Like You," but it's kind of impossible to escape the enormity of "Informer."
Where are they now? Stumping for Rob Ford, playing himself in the Kokanee movie and still making music.
1. 'Call Me Maybe' by Carly Rae Jepsen (2012)
It's only been two years but it's unlikely she'll ever replicate the success of the song of the summer 2012, which spent nine weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100. That's not a jab. Only a handful of songs ever have that kind of chart success.
Where are they now? What do you think? She's still making music. It's only been two years. She has 10 videos with over a million views on YouTube, and contrary to reports, she's not pawning her purses! | https://www.cbcmusic.ca/posts/11317/the-25-best-canadian-one-hit-wonders-ever |
60 Of The Most Bizarre One Hit Wonders Of The 1960s and 1970s
Remember "Alley-Oop?" How about "Winchester Cathedral" or "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye?" Many one-hit wonders of the '60s and '70s have stood the test of time as true classics; others remain head-scratchers to this day. Do you ever hear the urge to fire up "Mother-In-Law?" And what was up with "Dominique," the French song by The Singing Nun -- how does a song like that get to #1?
All of these songs went to #1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and none of them had a sequel. Although the artists themselves seemed to fade out of sight, many times their songs lived on; either standing on their own, being associated with movies or by being re-recorded by other artists.
Mark Dinning, 'Teen Angel'
"Teen Angel" is a teenage tragedy song that was written by Jean Dinning and performed by Jean's brother, Mark Dinning. It went on to become a #1 hit on February 8, 1960. Mark Dinning never recorded another hit song and died of a heart attack in 1986 at the age of 52, in Jefferson City, Missouri. Strangely enough, the song was included in the soundtrack to the movie American Graffiti, begging the question, “Why didn’t this artist go any further?”
The Hollywood Argyles, 'Alley-Oop'
The song, "Alley-Oop", was written and composed by Dallas Frazier. The song, inspired by the V. T. Hamlin-created comic strip of the same name, was first recorded by Frazier as a country tune in 1957. The Hollywood Argyles, a short-lived studio band, recorded the song in 1960, and it reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 3 on the US R&B chart. It was produced by Gary Paxton, who also sang lead vocals. The chief Argyle, Gary Paxton, was also the leader of Bobby “Boris” Pickett’s Crypt-Kicker Six.
Maurice Williams & The Zodiacs, 'Stay'
"Stay" is a doo-wop song written by Maurice Williams and first recorded in 1960 by Williams with his group, The Zodiacs. Commercially successful recordings of the same song were later also released by both The Hollies and The Four Seasons.
Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs were an American doo-wop/R&B vocal group in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. Originally known by the name, The (Royal) Charms. The band went on to change its name (two more times) to The Gladiolas in 1957 and The Excellos in 1958. They finally settled on The Zodiacs. Could all of the confusion with the various name changes have hurt their following? It is also interesting to note that the The Four Seasons, a well-known group of that era, later took “Stay” to #16 on the charts in 1964.
Ernie K-Doe, 'Mother-In-Law'
In 1961, Ernie K-Doe, an African-American rhythm-and-blues singer recorded "Mother-in-Law", written and produced by Allen Toussaint. The song was a #1 hit in the U.S. on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard R&B charts. Toussaint also contributed the piano solo.
After several unsuccessful takes, Toussaint balled up the composition and threw it away as he was leaving the room. One of the backup singers, Willie Hopper, thought that it was such a good song that he convinced K-Doe to give it one more try.
Bruce Channel, 'Hey! Baby'
"Hey! Baby" is a song written by Margaret Cobb and Bruce Channel, and recorded by Channel in 1961. It was first released on LeCam Records, a local Fort Worth, Texas label. The song reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, starting the week ending March 10, 1962.
Delbert McClinton blows the harp on this, and it was when Channel was touring with the Beatles that McClinton famously taught John Lennon how to play the harmonica.
The Singing Nun, 'Dominique'
“Dominique" is a 1963 French language popular song, written and performed by Jeannine Deckers of Belgium, better known as Sœur Sourire or The Singing Nun. "Dominique" is about Saint Dominic, a Spanish-born priest and founder of the Dominican Order, of which she was a member (as Sister Luc-Gabrielle).
The song reached and stayed at #1 on on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and "easy listening chart" for four weeks in December of 1963.
Deckers never again reached the same success and continued to lead a colorful, but tragic life. Deckers and her companion of ten years both committed suicide in 1985 because of financial and tax problems stemming from the recording of the song. Debbie Reynolds portrayed her in the 1965 film version; Jeanne Deckers left the convent the following year.
The New Vaudeville Band, 'Winchester Cathedral'
"Winchester Cathedral" is a song by The New Vaudeville Band, a British novelty group established by the song's composer, Geoff Stephens, and was released in late 1966 by Fontana Records.
It reached #1 in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Stephens wrote "Winchester Cathedral", complete with a Rudy Vallée soundalike (John Carter) singing through his hands to imitate a megaphone sound. The song was recorded entirely by session musicians and an actual band had to assembled when it became an international hit. The band toured extensively under the tutelage of Peter Grant, who later went on to manage The Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin.
The leader of the New Vaudeville Band, Geoff Stephens, also wrote the hit songs “There’s a Kind of Hush” and “The Crying Game.”
Jeannie C. Riley, 'Harper Valley P.T.A.'
"Harper Valley PTA" is a country song written by Tom T. Hall that was a major international hit single for country singer Jeannie C. Riley in 1968. It later became the basis for a hit film and TV series.
Riley's record sold over six million copies as a single. The song made Riley the first woman to top both the Billboard Hot 100 and the U.S. Hot Country Singles charts with the same song, a feat that would go unrepeated until Dolly Parton's "9 to 5" in 1981.
Zager & Evans, 'In The Year 2525'
"In the Year 2525" is a 1969 hit song by the American pop-rock duo Zager and Evans. It reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks, commencing July 12, 1969. Zager and Evans disbanded in 1971.
It is unusual for a recording artist to have a number one hit and then never have another chart single. Zager and Evans are the only band to do this in both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart.
Zager now builds custom guitars at Zager Guitars, which is based in Lincoln, Nebraska. Evans has largely stayed out of the public eye, but resurfaced for some online commentaries about "2525" and his recent life in 2013.
Steam, 'Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye'
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" written and recorded by Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer, attributed to a then-fictitious band they named "Steam." This was a studio-only group and when the song hit, Paul Leka put together a band called Steam to tour behind it. The band broke up before they ever went on the tour, so Leka had to then put together another touring group.
It became a #1 pop single on the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1969, and remained on the charts in early 1970.
In 1977, Chicago White Sox organist Nancy Faust started playing the song when White Sox sluggers knocked out the opposing pitcher. The fans sang the song and a sports ritual was born! The song's chorus remains well-known, and is still frequently used as a crowd chant at many sporting events.
Bobby "Boris" Pickett, 'The Monster Mash'
Bobby "Boris" Pickett may be a one-hit wonder from the 1960s, but he wrote and recorded one of the greatest bops of the decade with "The Monster Mash." Written as a way to cash in on the glut of horror movies and dance crazes at the time, the success of "The Monster Mash" was a huge shock to the singer. He tried to follow up the massive hit with similarly themed monster songs ("The Monster Swim," "The Monster Rap"), but he never achieved the same level of success. The song remains a total banger, and there's nothing wrong with that.
? and the Mysterians, '96 Tears'
Out of all the one-hit wonders of the 1960s "96 Tears" by ? and the Mysteries may be the most memorable. Recorded in the living room of the band's manager, this song hit Number One in 1966. The odd organ sounds and strange, repetitive lyrics essentially created a sub-genre of garage rock but the band was never able to capitalize on the success of their hit song.
Buffalo Springfield, 'For What Its Worth'
It's a shame that one of the more important bands of the 1960s is a one-hit wonder, but we're just going by the numbers on this one. With "For What It's Worth," Buffalo Springfield scored a massive hit that continues to resonate today. Unfortunately, less than a year after the release of their million selling single the band went through a series of lineup changes that saw Neil Young leave the band shortly before Steven Stills followed suit.
Iron Butterfly, 'In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida'
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" by Iron Butterfly is one of the more iconic tracks by a one-hit wonder mostly because it's such a wild song to be a hit. Coming in at a whopping 17 minutes long, the abridged version of the track hit Number 30 on the Billboard charts in 1968. Seen as an early forebear to heavy metal, this bombastic track features both an organ and a drum solo in the midst of a love song that takes place in the Garden of Eden. The '60s were wild and we wish that this kind of song could still hit the charts.
The Surfaris, 'Wipe Out'
It doesn't matter if you were born in time to experience the 1963 hit by the Surfaris or if you were born yesterday, you know "Wipe Out." Or at the very least you know the tom-tom heavy drum pattern that opens the song and the cartoonish call of "Wiiiiipe out" that fills the song. The song spent two months on the Billboard charts, reaching number 2 during its six week run. A true success for a genre that died out from popular culture pretty much the moment that it took off.
Staff Sergeant Barry Sadler, 'The Ballad Of The Green Berets'
Politically charged songs promoting war have been hits in every era, but only in the '60s could a ballad song in a weird talky voice by an actual Staff Sergeant hit Number 1 on the Billboard charts. The single moved more than two million units and the album sold nearly 10 million copies. It's insane that this song was a thing. With success like that it's hard to go anywhere but down, and that's exactly what Sadler did when his followup single, "The A Team" failed to chart as successfully.
The Archies, 'Sugar Sugar'
"Sugar sugar. Honey honey." Can you hear it in your head right now? If so, we didn't mean to ruin your day but it's our job to remind you of these fantastic one-hit wonders. Released in 1969 by the fictional Archies, this song stayed on the Hot 100 chart for 22 weeks during a time of extreme social unrest and massive musical innovations. This fictional Riverdale band continued to release singles into the '70s, but none of them had the same impact as "Sugar Sugar."
Norman Greenbaum, 'Spirit In The Sky'
We wouldn't have "Spirit in the Sky" if it weren't for Norman Greenbaum's habit of channel surfing in the 1960s. One night saw Porter Wagoner on TV playing a gospel song and the rest was history. In 2006 he told the New York Times:
I thought, ‘Yeah, I could do that,’ knowing nothing about gospel music. So I sat down and wrote my own gospel song. It came easy. I wrote the words in 15 minutes.
Those 15 minutes yielded a massive hit song that's kept Greenbaum resting easy for more than four decades at this point. Greenbaum continues to perform to this day, but he's never had a hit as sky high as "Spirit in the Sky"
The Human Beinz, 'Nobody but Me'
Coming in hot at number eight is "Nobody but Me" by the Human Beinz, a bar band from Youngstown, Ohio, who spent much of their early career recording covers of hit songs by other bands. Their hit single is actually a cover of an Isley Brothers tune and it features the most repetitive use of the word "no" in pop music history.
The band followed up their hit with a cover of Bobby Bland's "Turn On Your Love Light" which peaked at Number 80 in America while shooting straight to number one in Japan. The band broke up in 1969 and that's all she wrote.
Napoleon XIV, 'They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa'
The '60s were amazing because someone could score a Top 5 hit with a novelty song like "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa!" and audiences wouldn't bat an eye. The single, released by Jerry Samuels under his Napoleon XIV moniker was a part of an LP all about being insane, which is pretty fun but obviously doesn't have a lot of staying power. That doesn't mean we can't love this insane track all the same.
This novelty record was a nonsensical and fun hit by Napoleon XIV who was actually just one man using a pseudonym. Jerry Samuels came up with the song during his time at New York's Associated Recording Studios. The song featured a snare drum, a tambourine, and a siren that would go off as Samuels' voice rose to a fever pitch during the chorus.
Spiral Staircase, "More Today Than Yesterday"
This very strange hit single from 1969 is essentially built around a poem from the turn of the 20th century which is absolutely wild. Even though Spiral Staircase never scored another hit of this magnitude it's been covered time and time again by artists as varied as Sonny and Cher to Lena Horne, and even pop-punkers Goldfinger.
The Youngbloods, "Get Together"
The refrain to this single is easily one of the most memorable things about the '60s, which is why it pretty much immediately dated the song and the band. "Come on people now smile on your brother, get together try to love one another right now" is a great sentiment but it's also incredibly cheesy.
The Youngbloods released five albums in five years, but they were never able to achieve similar success again.
Crazy Elephant, "Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'"
Released by Crazy Elephant, a bubblegum pop outfit put together in the studio by the Marzao-Calvert Studio Band, "Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'" is a super by the numbers love song - but that's not what's so strange about it. Rather then simply release the song as a single without making a big deal about it, the members of the Marzao-Calvert Studio Band created an entire back story for Crazy Elephant that gets weirder by the syllable. Their bio reads:
Kasenetz-Katz discovered their latest hitmaking group, the Crazy Elephant (whom they consider the ultimate in underground acts) in a Welsh coal mine. As everyone can plainly see by looking at the charts, they rose to overnight fame. 'We come up on the elevator,' said the group's lead singer. Nevile Crisken, London nightclub owner, read an article in The Mining News, the country's leading underground newspaper, about a group of miners who hadn't been in the sun in four years. Working in the lowermost depths of the mine, they spent their spare time playing in a rock and roll band. 'We had lots of rocks down there too,' grins the group's drummer. McSteve hopped the first train to Wales, located the mine and descended 18,372,065 feet beneath the surface of the earth and signed the group to a long-term management pact.
Roy Clark, "Yesterday When I Was Young"
Who knew that total bummer of a song written from the perspective of someone on their death bed would be such a big hit? In 1969, Roy Clark's version of "Yesterday When I Was Young" soared to the top of the charts in Canada and the United States. To make things even stranger, this version of the song was played at baseball legend Mickey Mantle's funeral in 1995.
Eddie Holman, "Hey There Lonely Girl"
In the '60s and '70s it was impossible to deny a schmaltzy love song sung by someone with a weird, falsetto. It's one of the reasons why "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" remains popular - because it's so startlingly weird. This cover of "Hey There Lonely Girl" was a Number 2 hit for Holman and the last time he made it onto the charts.
The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, "Fire"
It's hard to imagine a song that begins with the phrase, "I am the god of hellfire and I bring you... fire" being a hit today, but that's what was so great about the Groovy era. Incredibly weird songs could become a part of the cultural consciousness by virtue of their inherent strangeness. The fact that the song kind of sounds like lounge music makes the whole thing even more interesting. This was Arthur Brown's only real hit, but he continued to milk it for all it's worth well into the 2000s.
The Lemon Pipers, "Green Tambourine"
With its prominent sitar melody and lyrics about a pan handler begging for money, how could this song not be a hit? The truly cool thing about this song is the tape echo effect that's applied to the word "play" in the chorus that sends the word echoing out into a snare roll. It's very groovy, and it makes sense why people were into this song for a brief period of time.
This song hit Number 1 in the United States and Canada before charting in the Top 10 worldwide, but that was all she wrote for the Lemon Pipers.
John Fred, "Judy In Disguise (With Glasses)"
This world-wide Number One single is one of the strangest things to come out of the 1960s. Inspired by "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," the track is more of a lounge inspired pop track than a stoned out song like what the Beatles kicked out, and listening to it today makes for a seriously strange experience.
The lyrics to "Judy In Disguise" are complete nonsense: "Come to me tonight, come to me tonight/Taking everything in sight/Except for the strings on my kite, etc" so we're not surprised that audiences tired of John Fred pretty quickly.
Every Mother's Son, "Come On Down to My Boat"
This 1967 hit song has a killer groove, smashing hand claps, and a spectacular farfisa sound that's straight out of the exotica playbook all playing beneath a song about a fisherman's daughter who's been tied up to a dock. Is it a metaphor? Of course. Does t make any sense? No way, and that's why we love it.
The 1970s were a wild time for music. No one really knew what the big sound of the decade was going to be so songwriters, producers, and musicians threw everything at the wall. This crazy decade saw everything from the rise of punk to disco nights, and incredibly heavy bands forming at the same time as people were singing about a little "afternoon delight."
Many of the one-hit wonders of the '70s were literally just giving something a shot and seeing what would happen. Songs about kung fu fights, junk food diets, and the disassociation of the human race from one another thanks to our reliance on technology all hit the top of the charts in the '70s, making for some very weird radio. Some of these artists dropped off the face of the Earth while others have continued to have fantastic (but hit free) careers to this day.
Gary Numan, "Cars"
Even though he's been a fixture on the electronic music scene since the late '70s, pop music pioneer is technically a one-hit wonder thanks to this ear worm of a single. Numan followed "Cars" with a series of great singles ("Complex" and "She's Got Claws" come to mind) but non of them packed the crowd pleasing power of his 1979 ode to automobiles. Numan is still performing today, and his 2021 album, "Intruders," came in at Number 2 on the UK charts.
Listen: Cars
Nick Lowe, "Cruel to Be Kind"
Nick Lowe is the kind of artist who doesn't really need hits. As a songwriter he crafts funny, acerbic pop tunes that work no matter the era, and as a producer he's helmed some of the most popular albums of the '70s and '80s. That doesn't mean he can't be a one hit wonder. With his sad sack single "Cruel to Be Kind," Lowe had his first and only solo foray into the U.S. singles charts while simultaneously racking up hits across the globe. Even though the chart success was never replicated Lowe managed to stay busy as touring troubadour and producer.
Listen: Cruel to Be Kind
Carl Douglas, "Kung Fu Fighting"
Was everyone Kung Fu fighting in the 1970s? According to Carl Douglas they were. This goof off novelty song was originally a B-side for the single "I Want to Give You My Everything," but that song didn't pop nearly as hard as Douglas' ode to getting windmill kicked in the face.
The single sold 11 million copies and became a staple of film and television but that was all she wrote for Douglas' career as a pop star.
Listen: Kung Fu Fighting
Rick Dees and His Cast of Idiots, "Disco Duck"
In 1976, DJ Rick Dees released "Disco Duck," a novelty track that told a very weird story about a duck that starts a dance craze. No joke, this is a seriously weird song that we don't understand how it became a hit. In this era anything with a perfectly fine beat and a fun melody could become a hit and this proves it.
Listen: Disco Duck
Junk Food Junkie
Is "Junk Food Junkie" the greatest novelty song of the 1970s? Maybe. We're not really ready to make that argument yet, but we do think it's pretty funny. This love letter to junk food and the then fad of a natural diet spent 15 weeks on the Billboard Charts, finally hitting Number 9 on the Hot 100. Groce left the world of pop music to co-found the two-hour live radio show Mountain Stage which he hosted from 1983 to 2021.
Listen: Junk Food Junkie
Ram Jam, "Black Betty"
First recorded by blues man Lead Belly, this 1977 hard rocking, groovy tune was rearranged by Bill Bartlett under the name "Starstruck" in 1973 before forming Ram Jam and releasing the single nationally four years later. The song is an absolute banger so it's no mystery why it's remained on playlists and in films since its release in 1977, but Bartlett was never able to follow up on the success of this strange blues cover and as far as anyone knows he hung up his guitar at the end of the decade,
Listen: Black Betty
Nazareth, "Love Hurts"
Who knew that Scottish cover of an Everly Brothers song would hit so hard. This song went platinum for Nazareth in the United States and the UK, leading the band to the biggest mainstream success that they'd ever have.
One hit wonder status hasn't destroyed this band in any way. In fact, the band still manages to tour with original bassist Peter Agnew to this day.
Listen: Love Hurts
The Knack, "My Sharona"
"My Sharona" may be the only hit that The Knack ever scored, but what a single. Released in 1979, this perfect piece of power pop has gone on to sell more than 10 million copies and inspire countless soundalikes. The single returned to the charts in 1994 after it was featured in Reality Bites, and again in 2005 thanks to George W. Bush. Mission Accomplished indeed.
Listen: My Sharona
Van McCoy, "The Hustle"
Written by Van McCoy, "The Hustle" is a truly inspired disco track that still gets dance parties going even if it's a serious relic of the disco era. The song may be the only "hit" of McCoy's career but he's also the writer by "I Started a Joke" by The Beegees and a follow up track "The Shuffle." Sadly, McCoy passed away in 1979 at the age of 39.
Listen: The Hustle
Wild Cherry, "Play That Funky Music"
If you thought this song was performed by KC and the Sunshine Band you're not alone. We too forgot about Wild Cherry, but that's okay because they're being forgotten about all the way to the bank. With their killer disco track, "Play That Funky Music" the band not only sold more than a million copies of their album and single but they released three more albums in the '70s. The band is totally done at this point but guitarist Bryan Bassett is still touring with Foghat to this day, so at least one of them is playing that funky music.
Listen: Play That Funky Music
Frijid Pink, "The House of the Rising Sun"
If you don't remember this cover of the Animal’s “House of the Rising Sun” that's okay. In 1970, the track went to number 11 on the charts in the United States and number 5 in Canada, but after that the band more or less disappeared four years later. Weirdly enough the band got back to gather in the 2010s to release a series of albums with no original members. What's that metaphor about an old boat with new beams?
Listen: The House of the Rising Sun
Alicia Bridges, "I Love the Nightlife"
This is easily one of the most memorable disco songs of the 1970s, and it showcases the stellar vocals of Alicia Bridges. Even though she never had another hit, "I Love the Nightlife" has been featured in pretty much every movie about the disco era or just dancing in general. If she has the publishing on this bad boy that's not a bad payday. Bridges is still out here producing and DJing so it sounds like she's still loving the night life.
Listen: I Love the Nightlife
Mountain, "Mississippi Queen"
"Mississippi Queen" may sound like the kind of song to come out of the Skynyrd influenced world of southern rock, but it's actually performed by Mountain, a group of Long Island natives. The band got together in 1969, just in time to perform at Woodstock (talk about good timing) before snagging this #21 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1970. The group broke up two years later proving the adage that it's best to get in and get out.
Listen: Mississippi Queen
Mungo Jerry, "In the Summertime"
In the early '70s no one really knew what kind of music would take hold of the public consciousness. Psychedelic rock was slowly morphing into heavy metal, and hippie inspired pop tunes were still hanging around like a bad headache. Mungo Jerry's "In the Summertime" is neither. It's a bombastic track about being happy no matter the time that sold more than 30 million copies, something that seemed to weigh on the group's constantly changing lineup. They never followed up on the success of this single, leaving them an oddity of the 1970s.
Listen: In the Summertime
Sugarhill Gang, "Rapper’s Delight"
As far as one hit wonders go, "Rapper's Delight" may be one of the most important. Released in 1979 by a trio of rappers who were put together kind of like a hip hop boy band, the single rips from Nile Rodgers and Chic while giving an insight into the world of New York hip hop to people who would never be introduced to this kind of flavor.
Listening back today, "Rapper's Delight" is incredibly dated, but it's clear that we'd never have acts like The Beastie Boys, Biggy, or Wu-Tang without it.
Listen: Rapper’s Delight
Starland Vocal Band, "Afternoon Delight"
Every few years "Afternoon Delight" comes back around in some form in film and television, which has to be nice for the husband and wife collective who make up the Starland Vocal Band. This incredibly sensual, folky tune made its way onto radios across the country before nabbing the group two Grammy Awards. Unfortunately, the band was never able to capture the eye raising magic of this song again and they faded away like the afternoon sun.
Listen: Afternoon Delight
Vicki Lawrence, "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia"
What an absolutely wild song to become a hit single. Known more for her roles on The Carol Burnett Show and Mama's Family, in 1973 Vicki Lawrence scored a huge hit with this true crime monster about a murder in a small southern town. Lawrence continued recording music throughout the '70s but never scored another hit.
Anita Ward, "Ring My Bell"
What a great disco track! "Ring My Bell" was originally written for Stacy Lattisaw, an 11-year-old singer, with hopes of turning the song into a novelty hit about making telephone calls (seriously), but when it got into the hands of Anita Ward the song was turned into a searing and sensual dance track.
Listen: Ring My Bell
Free, "All Right Now"
Written in about 10 minutes, "All Right Now" was penned by the group as a response to the lackluster audiences at their shows. The band's attempt to write a crowd pleasing groove machine worked, and they scored a Top 30 hit in the U.S. and a Top 10 hit in the UK before gliding away to the farm where we keep all the one-hit wonders.
Listen: All Right Now
Elvin Bishop, "Fooled Around and Fell in Love"
Most one-hit wonders pop and fizzle faster than you can tune your car radio, but "Fooled Around and Fell in Love" has a surprising amount of longevity. Released in 1976, the song doesn't even feature Bishop on lead vocals. Instead, background singer Mickey Thomas took over to give the track a soulful ease. His performance earned him a spot as the lead singer for everyone's favorite '80s band Jefferson Starship. Bishop continues to perform to this day so he's clearly not worried about being pegged as a one-hit wonder.
Listen: Fooled Around and Fell in love
Shocking Blue, "Venus"
"Venus" may not have been the beginning of a long road of hit singles for the Netherland's own Shocking Blue, but the song endures to this day. Bananarama had a hit with it in 1986, and it popped up again recently in The Queen's Gambit.
Shocking Blue continued to tour and release albums throughout the '70s but they never scored another hit in the U.S. with the same impact as "Venus."
The Ides of March, "Vehicle"
When Jim Peterik wrote the 1970 hit song "Vehicle," for his band Ides of March he was essentially lashing out a girl who he felt was using him for rides in his car. This one-sided account of a guy who feels taken advantage of is definitely one of the grosser solo hit singles from a mid-century artist, but the thing that makes it even more strange is the fact that after the song was released Peterik allegedly forged a romantic relationship with the woman in question. Hopefully she managed to avoid hearing this song during their courtship.
Alive N Kickin', "Tighter, Tighter"
Released in 1970 by Blood, Sweat and Tears soundalike Alive N Kickin', "Tighter, Tighter" is a relentlessly groovy song about wanting to be held *checks notes* tighter and tighter. Written by Tommy James of "Crimson and Clover" fame, the single reached Number 7 on the Billboard charts as the band was essentially in free fall.
When subsequent singles failed to chart the band's management tasked them with writing that ever elusive hit, a request that ultimately led the band to call it quits.
The Jaggerz, "The Rapper"
An odd trend in the 1970s that you can specifically hear in one-hit wonders from the era is a funk-lite sound that recalls popular music from the era but doesn't have the oomph of bands like Earth, Wind, and Fire. "The Rapper" by The Jaggerz is a perfect encapsulation of that sound. The song is perfectly fine, but it just sort of exists. We understand why the song went up to Number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, but we also understand why it faded from the charts just as quickly as it arrived.
The Buoys, "Timothy"
It's truly insane that a song about a mine implosion and the subsequent cannibalism that occurred in its aftermath became a Top 20 Billboard hit in 1971. The weirdest thing about this song is that it was banned by radio initially upon its release because of its subject matter, but some stations decided to pick up the song just to have different songs than their competitors, hence its status as a hit single. This may be one of the only songs to top the charts out of pure spite.
Looking Glass, "Brandy (You're A Fine Girl)"
Held back from the Number One spot on the Billboard Hot 100 charts by Gilbert O'Sullivan's "Alone Again (Naturally)," this 1972 hit song about a lonely barmaid in a harbor town has continued to pop up over the last 50 years, including a prime mention in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.
Clint Holmes, "Playground in my Mind"
This overnight hit by Clint Holmes wouldn't be worth mentioning if it weren't for how incredibly weird it is. The interesting thing about this song is its structure - a nursery rhyme style song sung by Holmes and his seven-year-old son. The song feels like something that would have been a novelty hit on Doctor Demento's radio show, not on the Billboard charts.
Lou Reed, 'Walk on the Wild Side'
Lou Reed's biggest hit by a mile, "Walk no the Wild Side" introduced American audiences who listened to the radio to the loopy heroin crawl of the Velvet Underground and Andy Warhol's Factory. It's truly weird that this David Bowie produced song about a bunch of weirdos became a Top 20 hit in America.
Dr. John, 'Right Place, Wrong Time'
Dr. John never needed the radio. Throughout his life he was a consummate performer who did his boogie-woogie blues thing across the world for decades, which is why it's so strange that "Right Place, Wrong Time" was a hit. Dr. John was never looking for hits, which is probably accidentally wrote this absolute '70s banger.
Apollo 100, "Joy"
"Apollo 100" is easily the strangest Top 10 Billboard hit of the '70s. An electronically arranged version of Johann Sebastian Bach's "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring." Whether listeners were hungry for some of that sweet, sweet robo-classical music or if it was just a fluke we love that the guys in Apollo 100 were able feel the warm rays of success at least once. | https://groovyhistory.com/merged-gallery |
Long before Mariah Carey catapulted to the top of the charts on the the wings of her famed 5+ octave vocal range, there was another singer who mastered the extreme limitations of the human voice. That woman was Minnie Riperton and this week’s From The Vault provides a glimpse of her incredible skill.
This performance of the song ‘Reasons’ on the iconic TV show ‘Soul Train’ displays Riperton’s utterly flawless voice. A criminally underrated artist, she was best known for the success of her classic single ‘Lovin’ You’. However, those of us who had the privilege of hearing her entire catalogue know that Riperton was capable of much more.
Thankfully, Riperton was able to leave her mark on the industry before her death at the age of 31 in 1979. Credited for introducing the use of the whistle register to mainstream music, she influenced her peers and followers alike including Stevie Wonder, Leona Lewis, Chante Moore and Michael Jackson. In fact, Carey regularly refers to Riperton as biggest influence on her singing style (whistles, whispery tones).
Long live Riperton! Every time one of us tries to hit a high note in the shower or the car, we have her to thank for our aching vocal cords. | https://thatgrapejuice.net/2011/05/vault-minnie-riperton-reasons/ |
Obviously every multi-hit success story starts with a single hit, and if they have another hit they're not a one-hit wonder. But are there any examples of a musician or band having one big hit, disappearing into the comparative oblivion of one-hit wonders lists, and later returning to further success?
I could make the terms of the question more specific, but that might eliminate a notable example that almost fits the spirit of the question. But I'll offer some specifics as a starting point.
By "one-hit wonder", I mean a musician or band that gets a top 40 single, no other singles that chart at all, and no albums that chart unless they include the top 40 single.
By a long disappearance, I mean they don't get anything else on a hits chart for at least ten years.
And by returning to further success, I mean any song or album on a top 40 list. | https://musicfans.stackexchange.com/questions/6371/have-any-one-hit-wonders-later-returned-to-become-multi-hit-successes |
After the success of her debut single Midas proves that she is no one-hit wonder! Produced by hitmakers AJ Productions & AOD Party With A Jagaban is destined for success. The song PWAJ was designed to get people on their feet, emulating Nigerian live-band percussion which resonates with indegionus african celebrations.
Ron-Ron has been essential in shaping LA rap over the past few years. Despite numerous tragedies, he's here to stay....
Two of 2021's most in-demand rappers join forces. ...
Pop Future highlights the best new pop songs from rising artists on Audiomack. ...
Before emerging as the first major street rapper from Louisville, the #UpNow artist was George Stone III.... | https://audiomack.com/midasthejagaban/song/party-with-a-jagaban |
Mohamed El Kammah is an Egyptian singer, composer, music producer, and actor who excels in every industry he works in. His latest composition work is with Egyptian singer Hamada Hilal, who is set to release his new single "Umm Ahmed,” in which he collaborates with Mohamed El Kammah, who took care of composing and distributing the song. The song – which is accompanied by a music video - is written by Ahmed Marzouk.
The song was meant to be released a year and a half ago, but a dispute occurred with the production company. After that, Hilal was busy filming the Al-Maddah series, which led to the postponement of the song’s release.
The song "Ana Mish Naguib Sawiris,” which was released last December, was El-Kammah's latest work. It achieved great success, amassing over 20 million views on YouTube.
"The idea of this song was completely spontaneous, which came about after a discussion with his wife, after which they decided to turn their conversation about house requests into a song,” El Kammah explains, adding that Sawiris also liked the song.
More on Mohamed El Kammah
Mohamed El Kammah is an Egyptian artist whose talent cannot be explained in words. He catapulted into the industry after taking part in Season... | https://omneeyat.com/en/talent/mohamed-el-kammah/mohamed-el-kammah-collaborates-with-hamada-hilal-in-latest-song |
"Lips Are Movin" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor and co-written by Trainor and producer Kevin Kadish. Epic Records released it on October 21, 2014, as the second single from Trainor's debut major-label studio album Title (2015). "Lips Are Movin" was announced in October 2014, along with its official single artwork, and release to radio stations in the same month. "Lips Are Movin" is a bubblegum pop, doo-wop and R&B song with wry lyrics about a philandering, untruthful man.
Comparing it to Trainor's previous single "All About That Bass", critics stated that "Lips Are Movin" elevated Trainor from a one-hit wonder to a successful pop act. "Lips Are Movin" was a commercial success, becoming Trainor's second consecutive single to reach the top five in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the US Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at numbers three, two, and four, respectively. It also reached the top ten in several European countries, including Austria, Spain, Germany, and the Netherlands.
Philip Andelman directed the music video for "Lips Are Movin" and Hewlett-Packard commissioned it. It portrays behind-the-scenes events during the shoot of a music video, featuring dancers that include Les Twins and Chachi Gonzales. Following its release on November 19, 2014, the video was viewed 2.5 million times on YouTube within two days and received positive reviews that praised its imagery. Trainor has performed "Lips Are Movin" live on several shows, including Today, The Voice, and Dancing with the Stars. It was also performed during Trainor's 2015 That Bass Tour and MTrain Tour, and The Untouchable Tour (2016). | https://en.wikis.website/wiki/Lips_Are_Movin |
In We’re No. 1, The A.V. Club examines a song that went to No. 1 on the Billboard charts to get to the heart of what it means to be popular in pop music, and how that concept has changed over the years. In this installment, we cover Haddaway’s “What Is Love,” which spent seven weeks at No. 1 on the Eurochart Hot 100 in summer 1993 and eventually hit No. 1 in 13 countries.
What is love? Countless musicians have asked the question in one form or another—it’s basically the central thesis of every love song. Yet a Trinidadian-German singer named Nestor Alexander Haddaway monopolized it in 1993 with a Europop banger that more than 20 years later remains relentlessly catchy and far more profound than it ever had any right to be. Following up the existential wonder of that signature line with a plea of “Baby, don’t hurt me / Don’t hurt me no more,” Haddaway cut straight to the core of unassuming ’90s clubgoers while they sweated up dance floors around the world.
It’s impossible to mention “What Is Love” without an aggressive head nod or four to Chris Kattan and Will Ferrell’s near-cult-status film A Night At The Roxbury, released in 1998 and based off a series of Saturday Night Live sketches that began in 1996. The skits feature the two as Doug and Steve Butabi, two perpetually unsmooth brothers whose endless pursuit of women at clubs (usually with a guest host as their companion) is marked by their signature head-bopping in unison to Haddaway’s hit track. However, while there’s no doubt the subsequent film version and that iconic dance move breathed new life into “What Is Love” that persists today, to fully credit the Butabi brothers for the song’s longevity is a disservice to Haddaway’s work. “What Is Love” gave A Night At The Roxbury its near-cult status, not the other way around.
Haddaway was born in 1965 in Trinidad. When he was 9 he moved to the Washington, D.C. area, where, after growing up to the sounds of Louis Armstrong, he became inspired at 14 to play trumpet and subsequently start his first musical group, Chances. After dropping out of college, he moved to Cologne, Germany in 1987. For a few years he worked in bars and found some success as a marketer in forming his own company, Energy, in which he organized fashion shows and photo shoots. Eventually, he caught his break in 1992 when German label Coconut Records signed him on, but remained something of a vagabond even as “What Is Love” catapulted him to fame. “I can’t say I really call any place home,” Haddaway told the LA Times in a rare 1994 interview. “I can’t say that will change. Maybe it’s because I’m always looking for some kind of excitement.” In its infancy, the success of “What Is Love” understandably appeared to excite Haddaway. His loaded question and the infectious beats surrounding it were sticking to people, and he felt he was just scratching the surface of both his and the song’s potential.
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Written and produced by Dee Dee Halligan (real name Tony Hendrik) and Junior Torello (real name Karin Hartmann-Eisenblätter) of Coconut Records, “What Is Love” appeared on Haddaway’s debut The Album. It peaked at No. 11 in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100, and Americans eventually labeled Haddaway as a one-hit wonder because they never really heard from him again. Across the Atlantic though, the artist produced a number of respectable followup hits, including “Life,” “I Miss You,” “Rock My Heart,” and “Fly Away.” The latter three never scraped their way onto a U.S. chart but did make respective splashes around Europe, even if the ripples died quicker each time. Likely due to head-bopping fatigue from the formula Haddaway, Halligan, and Torello stuck to after the success of “What Is Love,” the songs yielded diminishing returns, never quite recapturing the purity of the breakout hit that preceded them.
In these follow-ups, Haddaway essentially re-framed the same existential question using a thesaurus and a new beat. The extended title of “Life” is “Life (Everybody Needs Somebody To Love),” and along with “I Miss You,” “Rock My Heart,” and “Fly Away,” it again covers the paralyzing fears associated with every stage of love—finding it, being in it, losing it, and wondering if it’ll ever be captured again. Given the volatile emotional peaks and valleys that love and loss can send one through, it’s fitting that professionally, Haddaway’s biggest strength early in his career was also his biggest weakness. He never seemed to find a complete answer to his powerful question, so he kept asking it, entrenching himself as a man who couldn’t quite move on. He clearly fell on some hard luck in the dating world and was able to turn that unbridled longing into some upbeat discotheque jams. For better or for worse, it’s exactly that contrast between heavy message and poppy sound in his music and persona that made his original hit so ripe for humor.
For all the fun the comedy world has had with “What Is Love,” Haddaway has never seemed to be in on the joke, or even acknowledge it exists. When asked in a 1998 interview by The A.V. Club if Haddaway had seen his movie, Kattan remarked, “I have no idea. We never even heard from him about using the song in the sketch. Not even a thank-you note.” This painted the singer as somewhat of a poor sport, although it’s hard to fault the man for seemingly avoiding discussion of his most popular work through the lens of a long-running gag he never asked for. On the rare occasions he has spoken to the media about the song itself, he’s taken its origins very seriously. “People always ask me about what I meant,” he wrote in a recent email to Flavorwire. “I meant that ‘what is love’ needs to be defined by everyone by his own definition. It’s unique and individual. For me, it has to do with trust, honesty, and dedication.” The song has never been laughter to Haddaway—far from it. It means something to him, and the more it takes on a mystical quality thanks to A Night At The Roxbury, the more he seems unwilling to acknowledge its humorous pop-culture status.
Now 50, Haddaway continues to put out new music, even though other artists keep revisiting his most famous track time and time again. “What Is Love” has been sampled, remixed, and covered many times since 1993, with notable recent entries including Eminem and Lil Wayne’s sample on “No Love” off Eminem’s Recovery in 2010 and Kiesza’s piano/synth cover in 2014. While the former cranks up the feeling of being snubbed to aggressive new heights, the latter strips Haddaway’s track down completely into a soft, vulnerable ballad highlighting the sadness of his lyrics. It’s easy to ride the poppy, feel-good wave the original song’s beats provide, but hiding in plain sight right next to it it is a painful experiential crisis. By essentially begging people to lose themselves in a blissful, so-very-’90s brand of eurodance while simultaneously lamenting over a love unrequited, “What Is Love” makes a case for itself as the ultimate happy sad song.
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As the title itself is one of the most searched terms on Google, it’s not difficult to understand why the song strikes a chord. The tragic longing that Haddaway describes is downright universal. With that in mind, it’s a bizarre yet delicious fact that due to a set of arbitrary factors—Kattan and Ferrell’s buffoonery and Google’s algorithms for surfacing relevant content included—perhaps life’s most torturous and baffling question yields a cheesy ’90s club banger as the first result when entered into a search bar. Haddaway never could have imagined such a status for the song when he originally recorded it, but even shortly after its success he seemed aware that the popularity could pigeonhole him as an artist. “I avoid being conventional—I hate the thought of it,” he said in his 1994 LA Times interview. “Being typed as a dance-music artist is a death sentence.” And yet, despite insisting that people “wait until my next album. You’ll see a different side of me,” 1995’s The Drive was more of the same dance music, and anything else he tried was never even close to as popular as “What Is Love.”
If it seems outrageous that a Trinidadian dude who lived in Washington, D.C. as a teenager and then moved to Germany to churn out Europop hits for ever-diminishing returns would be the poster boy for a key component of the human condition, well, to put it simply, why not him? It may actually make perfect sense that such a citizen of the world and perceived one-hit wonder would sincerely capture the existential angst of an ever-pressing question. SNL was quick to approach “What Is Love” from the energy of its sound and tack physical humor onto it, but Haddaway has never displayed anything other than an inside-out view of the song. He set out with pure intentions to discuss what love really is, letting the popular style of music in that particular time and place inform how people would digest the conversation.
That the song continues to hold a lofty status today, whether boosted by laughs or not, speaks to the genuine nature of its singer. “It was already in my head a long time,” he told Flavorwire. “From the lyrics and the quest from people to look for it. Once I heard the music [Halligan and Torello’s beats], it was clear to me that this would go on for a long time.” Haddaway served up his emotions on a platter when he recorded “What Is Love.” Many years later, they’re still keeping us satiated and hungry at the same time. | https://music.avclub.com/haddaway-s-what-is-love-is-the-one-hit-wonder-that-ke-1798287608 |
# The Rain (Oran "Juice" Jones song)
"The Rain" is a 1986 crossover hit single originally performed by R&B singer Oran "Juice" Jones, which he released on and from his debut album Juice.
The song's lyrics involve a man confronting his lover regarding her infidelity. At the end of the track is a long recitation which was written by Vincent Bell, who also composed the music.
## Reception
The single was Jones's biggest hit. It reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart for two weeks, making it the first #1 R&B hit issued by the then newly created Def Jam record label. The single also peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside the United States, "The Rain" reached #4 on the UK Singles Chart
"The Rain" was nominated for one Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male, but Jones never had another Hot 100 hit and left the music business after his third album failed to chart. "The Rain" is ranked #63 on VH1's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '80s.
## Production
The Rain music video featured actress Danita Davis as Jones' girlfriend.
## Answer records
Several answer records were recorded after the success of "The Rain". All were released in 1986. “Thunder & Lightning”, performed by Miss Thang, was released by Tommy Boy Records. "Walkin in the Rain, Yes You Saw Me" by Pamala was released by Evejim Records. "The Drain", recorded by Leot Littlepage, was released on Select Records.
## Cover Versions
In 2001, the song was covered by NYC band Si*Sé on their self-titled debut album. In 2005, jazz artist Ledisi covered "The Rain" on the album Def Jazz, which featured vocals from Jones.
## Samples
The song was sampled for "Standing in the Rain" by Action Bronson and Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys ft Mark Ronson featured in the 2016 film Suicide Squad.
## In popular culture
The song was featured in a late 1986 episode of the US daytime soap opera General Hospital. In 2018, Donald Glover parodied the song in a Saturday Night Live sketch written by and co-starring cast member Cecily Strong and also featuring Kenan Thompson. Glover played "Raz P. Berry," singing "The Night (I Watched You)." Instead of ending with the usual string of threats and revenge, the whole song turns out to be a disastrous case of mistaken identity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rain_(Oran_%22Juice%22_Jones_song) |
In February of 2000, R&B singer SisQó released his best-known hit, “Thong Song.” It peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in May and helped SisQó earn four Grammy nominations (Best New Artist, Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, Best R&B Song, and Best R&B Album).
SisQó wasn’t a one-hit wonder on the music charts — another single, “Incomplete,” reached #1 in August — but the name Sisqo was a one-hit wonder in the U.S. baby name data:
- 2002: unlisted
- 2001: unlisted
- 2000: 9 baby boys named Sisqo [debut]
- 1999: unlisted
- 1998: unlisted
Sisqo’s real name is Mark Althavean Andrews. His stage name was his (unwanted) childhood nickname:
[I]n his old neighborhood “if you had [wavy] hair like mine as a kid, you looked Puerto Rican. They used to tease me and call me that name, which sucked.” Since “SisQó” sounded Puerto Rican to the local kids, Mark was stuck with the nickname.
Here’s an amusing clip of SisQó watching the video for “Thong Song” 15 years later.
Sources:
- Furman, Leah. Sisqo: The Man Behind the Thong. New York: St Martin’s Griffin, 2001. | https://www.nancy.cc/2014/12/17/baby-name-sisqo/ |
Introduction to James Gilreath
James Gilreath (or James William Gilreath or Jimmy Gilreath) was an American singer-songwriter and musician, born in Mississippi in November 1936. He started his music career playing with a local band called The Nine Liters, before starting to recording solo in the early 60s music era. His first own single was “I Need It”, released on Vee Eight label in 1962, but it wasn’t successful. The following year, Gilreath’s single “Little Band of Gold” was accompanied by his Nine Liters band mate John Mihelic and other musicians. Statue Records first released the single, and soon sold the rights of the song to the New York-based Joy Records. Soon after Joy released “Little Band of Gold” it gave Gilreath his first and only hit, reaching on both pop and R&B charts in 1963. Joy then issued other Gilreath singles but they all went unnoticed. In the mid-1960s Joy folded, and Gilreath soon gave up on recording and turned his attention instead on songwriting. He became a one-hit wonder, but “Little Band Of Gold” has been covered by a few diverse singers from British pop star Vince Hill to the Swedish rock group Hep Stars (whose one of the members was Benny Andersson, later of ABBA). Gilreath died in 2003 in a tractor accident on his farm in Mississippi, which he shared with his wife. He was 66.
Meet James Gilreath
American pop singer and songwriter James William Gilreath, popularly known as James (or Jimmy) Gilreath, was born on November 14, 1936. Hailing from Prairie, Mississippi, Gilreath began his musical journey in the early 1960’s when he became a member of a local band The Nite-Liters. In 1962, he had his first recording with the band with the instrumental track “Nervous” on Tennessee-based Vee Eight label. However, it was issued on Verve Records in Los Angeles, California.
Gilreath as a solo artist
In 1962, Gilreath debuted on Vee Eight Records with the “I Need It” b/w “Time Hasn’t Helped” but unfortunately, it was hardly noticed by the music fans. The following year, he moved to Mississippi-based Statue Records where he recorded his sophomore single, “Little Band of Gold” along with the B-side “I’ll Walk with You.” Not long thereafter, “Little Band of Gold”‘s rights were sold to New York City’s Joy Records. The single became a hit in 1963, peaking at #21 on the pop chart and crossed over to the R&B chart on #19. In the U.K., it made at #29 on the singles chart.
After the success of “Little Band of Gold,” it was followed by three other singles: “Lollipops, Lace and Lipstick” b/w “Mean Ole River,” Keep Her out of Sight” b/w “Blue is My Color,” and “Your Day is Coming” b/w “Pearls Gold, and Silver.” Unluckily, none of these became commercially successful. In 1965, Joy Records suddenly refrained from the business and Gilreath focused more on songwriting. A song penned by Gilreath was performed by the R&B singer Jimmy Hughes; it was called “Why Not Tonight.” It earned a #5 spot on the R&B charts.
Aside from Bill Anderson’s version of “Little Band of Gold” in 1963, Gilreath’s only hit was redone by numerous diverse acts in the following years like Vince Hill and the Swedish rock group Hep Stars (whose one of the members was Benny Andersson, later of ABBA). The song also had a comeback on the charts when it was revived by Sonny James, reaching #5 (country charts). It was also included on The Tennessee Guitars’ instrumental album 20 Pieces of Country Gold in 1977.
On September 7, 2003, Gilreath died in a tractor accident on a farm at Saltillo, Mississippi. | https://mentalitch.com/james-gilreath-and-his-only-hit-little-band-of-gold/ |
# King África
King África is an Argentine dance music project which received acknowledgement in 2000 for their cover version of the song "La Bomba" by the Bolivian group Azul Azul. It was founded in the early 1990s by DJ Martin Laacré.
## History
King África was started by Argentine frontman Martin Laacré. His first appearance on record was August 1992 in the album DJ Dero - Volume 1 with the track "EOE". This was followed in Summer 1993 with "Pontelo Pónselo". The debut album, El Africano, went on sale in mid-1993, reaching platinum status in Argentina and Chile, and featured the single "Salta", that topped the charts across Latin America.
His album Al Palo was released in late 1994. Title single "Al Palo" and also "Mamá Yo Quiero" climbed the charts in all of Latin America. King África was invited and took part in the 1995 International Song Festival of Viña del Mar in Chile.
Then he recorded what would be his next success the album Remix with new versions of their earlier hits and some new songs. The album included the single "Cachete, pechito y ombligo" produced by Sandy & Papo and released in Summer 1996, after which King África returned to his touring organized in many Latin American countries by MTV Latino. He also performed in the Acapulco Festival (Mexico), in Miami, and Sweden.
In 1997 Laacré quit the project, citing artistic and economic differences. He was replaced by the Argentine vocalist of British descent Alan Duffy. From then on the band switched headquarters to Spain, where they achieved greater success because of Alan Duffy's intense tenor vocal range.
The next release was the album Animal another big success throughout Latin America. In 1998 King África started a new Latin American tour, also traveling to Europe, most notably in Spain. He took part in the Carnival of Tenerife where his hit "El Camaleon" was chosen as the number one tune for the carnival.
Efforts to gain truly international fame came with the hit song "La Bomba" and with the European launch of the Greatest Hits album La Bomba (Grandes éxitos), which reached the top of the Spanish top 40. "La Bomba" (King África's cover version of the song by the Bolivian group Azul Azul) became "Song of the Summer", top selling single and top radio play. Seeing great success in European charts, King África toured with 150 concerts in Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Romania and the Netherlands. La Bomba (Grandes éxitos) became a gold disc in Spain, Portugal and Belgium.
Early in 2001, King África launched "Carnavalito EP" (in advance of his album "Pachanga"), with four songs most notably the song "El Humahuaqueño". In April 2001 he released his new album Pachanga that included topics such as "Comadre Compadre," "El Humahuaqueño" and "Salta" (2001 remix). The latter was used for the advertisement of Pringles potato chips with high global impact. The US and Puerto Rico version of the album "Pachanga" contained a special reggaeton remix of "El Humahuaqueño". The same version went gold in Spain. Billboard magazine nominated King África as "Best Pop Artist revelation to Billboard Latin Awards and album Pachanga as Latin "Album of the Year".
Also in 2001, he was invited to take part in "Son Latino" festival in Tenerife's scenic Playa de las Vistas singing before 250,000 people to a standing ovation. His tour was extended to the United States and Canada, where he was invited to participate in the election of Miss Hawaiian Tropic World held in Las Vegas. The event was broadcast live on television worldwide.
In 2002 the artist released Energía, an album that included songs like "Mete-mete" and "Vitorino", the latter duo with Los del Río (known best for "La Macarena"). In France, he attained gold status with the CD single for "La Bomba (remix)" exceeding sales of 250,000 copies.
In 2003 King África published the album Buena Onda, which contains songs such as "Manteca", "Te Ves Buena", and "Tesouro do Pirata (Onda Onda)". In July 2003 he went to Japan to support a number of presentations on radio and television in the cities of Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Yokohama and Tokyo, his album King Africa - Greatest Hits, released in that country, and because that his version of "La Bomba" is one of the three most popular songs from the chart of the Japanese radios do several concerts with great success.
In 2004 Reggaeton Mix went on sale, containing songs such as "Mi Abuela" and the hit "Golosa". That same year King traveled to Africa for the first time Costa Rica for several concerts.
At the beginning of 2005, he participated in the television program Big Brother VIP 2 in Spain. He was the 4th evicted; it introduced the album VIP Party. King África, on this record, released a compilation of 21 songs that have become famous throughout the world, including "The Chocolate Makers Paquito" (a paso doble based on the 1937 work by the Spaniard composer Gustavo Pascual Falcó).
In 2006, King África published the compilation Caribbean 2006 (Vale Music) Song: "Saturday Night" (Di Di La La La), a classic of the 90s, and in 2007 the compilation Caribbean 2007 (Universal - Vale Music) hit the market with his song "Blossom" (Blossom Murderer) (Caribbean Remix), a song that became popular throughout Latin America.
In December 2007, Vale Music celebrated its 10th anniversary by launching the album Vale Music: 10 Years in Our Own Way, which included 17 songs from 17 of its artists. As a veteran artist of Vale Music, King Africa was invited to participate by performing a version of Dragostea din tei by the Moldovan Eurodance recording act O-Zone. The cover was highly accepted through the masses.
In May 2008, Vale Music distributed his successful album Caribbean 2008, including a new summer song called "Chispum". In early June, Vale Music compiled Disco Estrella 2008, which includes a composition by Rodolfo Chikilicuatre. King África: "Dance the chiki chiki," a version they made together for Andreu Buenafuente's program.
His compilation contributed to the success of 10th Annual Latino Dance Vale Music Festival (Spain), in May 2009, and King África contributed to Caribbean 2009: The Summer is Blue with a new composition: "Tiki and Taka".
Alan Duffy is currently active as King Africa, having shows all across South America. His media range has augmented, appearing in television shows, such as Top Show Buenos Aires as a television presenter, or voicing characters in Spanish dubs for movies, such as Olaf for Frozen and Mike Wazowski in Monsters University. In 2017, he has collaborated with DJ Unic and DKB on the medley track "El Tembleque/El Cocodrilo". Duffy remains close friends with the frontman of DKB, Ariel Rodriguez, a Cuban-based DJ. Past member Martin Laacre has resumed performing under the moniker "King Africa Music", but evidently achieves less success than his counterpart.
## Discography
### Albums and EPs
1993 El Africano 1994 Al Palo 1996 Remix 1998 Animal 2000 La Bomba (Grandes éxitos) 2001 Carnavalito EP 2001 Pachanga 2002 Energía 2003 Buena onda 2004 Reggaetón Mix 2005 Fiesta VIP
### Singles
1993: "Salta" 2000: "La Bomba" (AUT #21, BEL (Fl) #2, BEL (Wa) #14, FR #4, IT #10, NED #3, SUI #8) 2002: "Te ves buena" (FR #51) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_%C3%81frica |
Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970 in Huntington, New York, United States) is a singer, songwriter, producer, actress, writer, director, model and philanthropist. Carey came to prominence following the release of her eponymous debut album in June 1990, which was certified multi-platinum and yielded four singles that topped the US Billboard Hot 100. Under the guidance of the then executive director of Columbia Records and later husband Tommy Mottola, she gained international success with her subsequent studio albums Emotions (1991), Music Box (1993) and Merry Christmas (1994); This success established her as the biggest selling artist of Columbia. Her fifth studio album Daydream (1995) made history when the second single "One Sweet Day," a duet with the group Boyz II Men, remained for sixteen consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100, a record that has not been surpassed to this day. While recording the album, Carey began to deviate from her initial musical styles like R & B and pop, starting her work with hip hop. This musical change became evident with the release of her subsequent album Butterfly (1997), which was the first album Carey made after her split with Mottola.
Carey left Columbia in 2000 and signed a five-album deal worth US $ 100 million with Virgin Records, a subsidiary of EMI Music. Before the release of the film Glitter (2001), in which she played the protagonist Billie Frank, she suffered an "emotional and physical collapse" and was hospitalized due to severe exhaustion. With poor critical and commercial reception of the film and its homonymous soundtrack (2001), Carey had her contract with Virgin canceled and the record company paid her only US$ 49 million. The following year, she was hired by Island Records and made a comeback with the release of her tenth studio album, The Emancipation of Mimi (2005). The second single from it, "We Belong Together" was the most famous song in the United States in the 2000s, receiving the award for "Song of the Decade" by Billboard. In 2009, she did another film role, participating in the film Precious: Based on the Novel "Push" by Sapphire; Carey was also awarded the prize for "Breakthrough Performance Award" in the Palm Springs International Film Festival, Black Reel Awards and NAACP Image Awards 2010.
Throughout her career, Carey sold over 200 million records worldwide, making her one of the biggest selling musical artists of all time. In 1998, she was honored as the artist with the most albums sold in the 1990s in the United States during the World Music Awards. In 2000, Carey was declared the female artist who sold more albums in America this millennium. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she was positioned in third place among the female artists with best-selling in the United States with sales estimated at 64 million albums, behind only Barbra Streisand and Madonna. With the release of "Touch My Body" (2008), Carey got her 18th number one in the United States, surpassing the record previously held by Elvis Presley among solo artists with the most numbers one in the country. In 2012, Carey was second in the list of the top 100 women in music, published by VH1. In addition to its commercial awards, Carey has earned 5 Grammy Awards, 20 World Music Awards, 23 American Music Awards and 32 Billboard Music Awards. Known as the "wild supreme" by Guinness World Records, she is also known for her vocal reaches five octaves, her style melisma and the recurrent use of the register whistle. Read more on Last.fm. User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License; additional terms may apply. | https://athletesinparis.com/artists/Mariah-Carey/ |
Is marie osmond dating
She released another single, "In My Little Corner of the World" (another Anita Bryant cover), and an album with the same title in 1974, both entering the Billboard country Top 40 in 1974.The title song on her next album, "Who's Sorry Now" (a cover of the 1920s-era Isham Jones composition that was a pop hit for Connie Francis in the 1950s), released in 1975, went to No. In 1977, Marie released her fourth studio album titled This Is The Way That I Feel and was much different from her earlier country music where she covered several country artist hits.This is probably the hardest that I've been through,; she said. Olive Marie Osmond (born October 13, 1959) is an American singer, actress, doll designer, and a member of the show business family the Osmonds.She was raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Nearly 30 years after their 1982 marriage and subsequent divorce three years later, Marie Osmond and former basketball player Stephen Craig got married for a second time Wednesday in Las Vegas, her rep confirms to PEOPLE.Aside from her two oldest brothers (who are deaf), Marie was the only family member not involved in the music business.After the initial success of The Osmonds in 1970, Marie's brother Donny gained success as a solo artist on the Pop Music charts and became a teen idol.Related: Donny and Marie Osmond Open Up About the Struggles They Faced as Child Stars Despite their decades-long break, Marie couldn’t imagine her life without Steve in it.“I know I’ll never find anyone I love or respect more than Steve,” she enthuses. | http://is-marie-osmond-dating.sat-news.ru/ |
Macbeth is a Warning Against the Dangers of Ambition
Ambition plays a major role in Shakespeare’s tragedy of Macbeth, and is presented as a dangerous quality that principally influences the characters to do wrong. This play gives off a warning of how ambition can affect people and their actions by its influence on Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth. This disastrous story begins with the witches predicting that Macbeth would become Thane of Cawdor and then King of Scotland. Hence, Macbeth’s ambition emerges, furthermore persuaded by his wife and also the prophecies that he depended on so well.
He murders King Duncan and others and accordingly becomes the new ruler of Scotland. These actions are ones based on the dangers of ambition, thus making it the fatal flaw that causes their downfall.
“All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor/ All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter” (Act 1, Sc. 3, Lines 47-48).
The witches’ role in Macbeth’s desire to become king is inevitable; as it is they who began his train of evil thought. This prediction made by the witches greatly impacted Macbeth’s actions, and also his state of mind on the road to his yearning of becoming king.
Macbeth is clearly someone who strongly depends on the witches’ predictions, and wouldn’t doubt them at all. The starting point of Macbeth’s ambition is when this extract from the play was told to Macbeth by the witches, and this is what caused his nature to turn to evil. Prior to the period where Macbeth hears this prophecy, he is portrayed as a daring soldier who fought mercilessly for his King. Alternatively, after this prophecy was heard his surge of ambition commenced, thus causing him to become greedier and power hungry.
Although, even after his encounter with the witches, he seems to doubt whether he should kill the king, and suggests that the only explanation of doing so would be that of ambition. Thus it is shown through Macbeth’s changing character that the threats of ambition are great, and need to be watched out for.
Macbeth’s hazardous ambition is also influenced by Lady Macbeth:
“Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear/ And chastise with the valour of my tongue/ All that impedes thee from the golden round, Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem / To have thee crown’d withal. In this segment of Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy, she is convinced that murdering Duncan would be a perfect solution to their problem. She is evidently showing her dominating thought of ambition that will clearly move her forward to do anything for her lustful desires of power. Lady Macbeth is seen as a ruthless, overpowering woman who controls her husband’s action to an extent where she would convince him to commit murder, without giving him a say in the action. She clearly fears that her husband’s character is not murderous enough to commit the crime of murdering Duncan in order to become king. Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it”- (Act 1, Sc. 5, Lines 16-18).
It is made obvious that ambition for
Lady Macbeth isn’t enough. She knows that Macbeth does have enough ambition to murder Duncan, but she doubts his ‘wickedness’ in such a situation. Ambition is the flaw that led Lady Macbeth to her downfall as she went crazy by seeing hallucinations, and thus she committed suicide to escape the torture. Hence, as Lady Macbeth was being so ambitious to convince her husband to commit murder, it is clarified that through this excerpt, Macbeth is used as a warning against the dangers of ambition.
Macbeth is a character that is evidently made up of ambition. This is proven through the provided quote that is spoken by Macbeth.
“I have no spur to pick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself…” (Act 1, Sc. 7 Lines 25-27).
In this segment, Macbeth wonders what his motivation is to kill Duncan and become king. He is clarifying that the only force that would make him actually commit this life changing murder is that of ambition. The language that Macbeth uses is taken from horse riding, which makes his point much clearer.
This is a smart technique since as horses’ ride they jump over obstacles to get to their destination without falling. This is similar to Macbeth’s situation since his ambition would drive him to clear the obstacle of Duncan and thus become king. Macbeth gives into his dominating ambition and murders King Duncan. Hence, Macbeth becomes the King of Scotland. When Macbeth also realises that there were more obstacles in his path, he unhesitatingly commits more murder, and slays his best friend Banquo and Macduff’s family, gaining his status of king for longer, or so he thought.
This states that ambition can make you a heartless person so that you will do anything to attain your objective. Thus it is shown that the play ‘Macbeth’ is a caution against the threats of ambition. Even after Macbeth’s ambition leads to a fatal ending for those around him, he still wouldn’t doubt the witches’ words.
“Macbeth shall never vanquish’d be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him” (Act 4, Sc. 1, Lines 91-93).
This prediction that is made by the witches furthermore expands Macbeth’s aspiration, making him believe that he is invincible.
This way of thought causes his and his wife’s downfall. This is seen since Lady Macbeth commits suicide from what ambition has done to her life, and Macbeth, being so trusting in the witches’ words, doesn’t take anything other then his own ambition into account. At the end of the play, Macbeth is killed in the battle without mercy by Macduff. Thus it is made clear that ambition is an overpowering sense, which will cause the person feeling it to do anything to accomplish their purpose.
This shows that Macbeth is used as a warning opposing to show what can happen to an ambitious person. Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’ is a warning against the dangers of ambition. This is clear, as seen throughout the text. Ambition is the reason that Macbeth listened to the witches and their prophecies, and
is also the reason that Lady Macbeth pushed her husband to assassinate the king, and murder innocent people for his own personal gain. Ambition in Macbeth is thus seen as the fatal flaw that causes Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth’s downfall. | https://freebooksummary.com/shakespeares-macbeth-is-a-warning-against-the-dangers-of-ambition-20663 |
Unhae Langis, once wrote that, “Lady Macbeth evokes shame in him [Macbeth] to get him back into the contest.” By constantly shaming her husband, Lady Macbeth holds a great amount of control on the way he sees himself. Macbeth’s actions are ultimately based on pleasing his wife. When Macbeth informs his wife on the witches prophecies, she does not believe that Macbeth is strong enough to do whatever it takes to be the new king of Scotland. In Act I, Scene 5 of Macbeth, Shakespeare writes, “Yet
In the tragedy Macbeth, illustrated by William Shakespeare is about Macbeth and his lack of integrity which leads to him murdering the King of Scotland Duncan. Shakespeare has demonstrated the thematic message of integrity where one’s lust for power and at large ambition leads to the destruction of himself and others. Three significant scenes were elaborated in order to demonstrate Macbeths integrity; Act 1 scene 2, Act 1 scene 7 and Act 5 scene 7 were the scenes. Throughout the play Shakespeare has successfully used literary devices to construct and develop the thematic message relating to Integrity in Macbeth. This concept of Macbeths lust for power and at large ambition is first conveyed in Act 1 scene 2.
Control is a recurring theme in the play "Macbeth" as it warns the audience of the reprecussions of trying to control your fate. The first key event where control features in a significant way is the witches prophecies. They tell Macbeth that he will become Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland which establishes the importance of fate. Shakespeare conveys the witches as agents of evil that are deceptive and dangerous, "oftentimes to win us to our harm/the instruments of darkness tell us truths," showing that they use truth itself to influence a horrible outcome (Macbeth 's tragic demise.) Their message is compelling and attractive and we can clearly see their effect on Macbeth as it greatly contrasts to that of Banquo.
Throughout the play Shakespeare illuminates Macbeth’s escape from reality. His perceptions attribute to his immoral actions, just as Lady Macbeth continually washes her clean hands from the blood she helps to spill. Shakespeare defines these perceptions as the symbols of dark deeds the main characters commit. Consequently, after the murder of Banquo, King Macbeth imagines his presence at the banquet. Macbeth’s blames his paranoia on his dinner guests, shifting blame from himself to them, showing his weak character and inability to take responsibility for his own actions.
Through the course of ‘Macbeth’, masculinity is presented as a driving force to Macbeth’s crimes, making it a vital theme. In this essay, focus will be on masculinity’s presentation through Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the beginning, Shakespeare portrays Macbeth as “valiant”: a prized masculine quality and the key to respect in their society. However, this trait becomes warped along the play. Furthermore, Lady Macbeth has power comparable to man’s but is then cast aside by her husband at the end.
Throughout history many leaders have had large amounts of power that eventually led to their fall because of poor decisions that were influenced by others. In Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the main character, Macbeth is a nobleman to King Duncan. During this play Macbeth has a chance to take the place of King Duncan. When Macbeth’s wife Lady Macbeth finds out she soon gets involved in immoral ways. Shakespeare is trying to show that people that have a chance at power can be manipulated into doing wrong things by those around them causing their downfall.
In August 1606, the play Macbeth – written by the ultimate playwright William Shakespeare- was published. Macbeth discusses how murder and greed can be altered to a point where it becomes a person's way of acting and thinking. Lady Macbeth is the leading character in the play of Shakespeare. Her ambitions and power is the main reason for her corruption. She used her position to gain power and stay strong enough to support her husband and lord, Macbeth, however it drove him to evil, causing him to murder and cause distractions.
The theme of power utilized by the narrator, Shakespeare showcases several kinds of power in the storyline, as an instance, Psychological, Verbal and Physical via exclusive versions. Those are ideas which are made by means of Shakespeare to present power in Macbeth through diverse adjectives and verbs and language capabilities. I agree with the activities, Characters, and actions carefully associate that feature a few linkage to one another. Shakespeare affords physical strength through the temperament of Macbeth within the play while Macbeth laughs at his luck and chops Macdonwald, who seemingly did not have enough time to mention goodbye nor shake palms before Macbeth split him open in his jawbone from the navel to which he stuck at the wall. This is quoted in Act 1 Scene 2, “ He unseame’d from the nave to the chaps.” First of all, Macbeth is emphasizing to the reader not directly that he would run down a sword, closer to his opponent’s chin.
The power of a woman’s words, hands, actions, overpowered by the presence of men within the constructs of modern societies is a thought swayed by the power dynamics between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. Macbeth, once a remorseful and kind man, is dominated by the power of his wife, her growing desire for power accentuated by the prophecy of the witches. Although this is true, they, in turn, become the opposite of who they were initially presented as; they play off of each other in a game of this and that, their doubts and securities washing away in different ways. Macbeth was known to be a kind man and Lady Macbeth surely took advantage of that. In her attempt to convince her husband to take this prophecy into his own hands, she persuades that “[his] nature [is] too full [of] the milk of human kindness”, insinuating his character (Shakespeare 1.4.14–16).
Macbeth is a tragedy that plays out a savage dichotomy between the head and the heart. Throughout the course of the play, Macbeth the dichotomy within Macbeth’s character by falling from the lofty hearts of a pure and loyal warrior to a murderous savage determined to fulfil the prophecy delivered to him by supernatural powers. The witches influence on how Macbeth made his decisions played a crucial part in contributing to his eventual destruction. They planted the seed of evil in Macbeth’s head that grew to dominate his mind. “Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind.” Due to the outside influence from the witches, he thinks that it is his destiny and that he must do everything to fulfil it; Lady Macbeth’s constant harassment pushed Macbeth to commit all evil. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Representation-Of-Power-In-Macbeth-Essay-PCM5V7NSU |
The critical role she plays can be seen through her strong will, thirst for power, and the dominance she holds over Macbeth. Lady Macbeth’s character has a strong will that cannot be easily influenced. Throughout the play, the audience comes to realize that Lady Macbeth is only satisfied when the plot goes according to her plan. Lady Macbeth does not take change and authority well; therefore, she manipulates the events of the play in her favor. This can be seen in act I when she says “Hie thee
Throughout the play Macbeth, the relationship between Lady Macbeth and her spouse in not constant. Whereas Lady Macbeth is seen as more dominant in the beginning of the play, their roles are reversed after a murder. Due to the Macbeth’s desire for power within society, their marriage dynamic changes drastically. Although Lady Macbeth started as a power-hungry planner, she watches in dismay as her husband begins to kill multiple people whom he imagines diminish his power. Before the first prophecy Macbeth was a faithful soldier, but very passive.
An Evil Wife in Macbeth The stereotype women are supposed to be nice, gentle and kind. In some other cases, some women are crueler than men. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare tells a story of Lady Macbeth, a ruthless wife who manipulates her husband to achieve her evil desires. Lady Macbeth is an evil woman because she is extremely ambitious, greedy and controlling which shows that her desires leads her to be a ruthless person. Lady Macbeth is extremely ambitious in terms of gaining power and advantages for her own life.
Macbeth refers to another character; in fact, it is referring to the woman who is in the play all along-Lady Macbeth. How can that be? By manipulating and patronizing Macbeth, Lady Macbeth reaches the power she was lusting from the beginning of the play. Macbeth’s wife contemplates killing king Duncan herself and teases Macbeth regarding his masculinity. All of her thoughts, sayings and actions are affected by the nature of power until her death, as she bears the responsibility for the death of the king and the ruining of her husband, Macbeth.
How does Lady Macbeth change over the course of the play? Over the course of the play the characters of both Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth develop intensively. They share similar ambitions, but it is Lady Macbeth who dares to do unspeakable things to accomplish them. This creates great conflict within Lady Macbeth who does not conform to the traditional female stereotypes of her epoch. Throughout most of the play, she is portrayed as powerful and confident, and more daring than Macbeth himself, though this image changes when she shows signs of weakness, resulting in her death.
“Looks like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it”(Shakespeare 1.7) this truly defines Lady Macbeth and describes her being someone that acts one way in certain situations and then in a contrary manner in others and also shows her manipulative personality and exploits her victims. Lady Macbeth is sharp at convincing and uses people for her need which she does throughout the play. In the play, The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Lady Macbeth is ultimately responsible for Macbeth’s undoing because her ambition supported his greed and provoked his downfall. Lady Macbeth with her demanding and forceful comments triggered Macbeth 's weakness which leads Macbeth to agree on the murder. When King Duncan arrives at the castle
Shakespeare’s novel “Macbeth” demonstrates the many ways in which love can factor into a play. Through the connections built between characters, and the relationship Macbeth holds with power, the ways in which love are perceived through “Macbeth” are evident. In Shakespeare’s play “Macbeth,” there is a strong relationship between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, the relationship between the two characters is known as the most obvious - yet this relationship challenges traditional perceptions of love. The attitude Lady Macbeth and Macbeth have towards each other constantly changes, thus making it hard to form a clear-cut opinion of their relationship. For example, as Lady Macbeth receives the message from her husband claiming that he has earned the
Lady Macbeth is an important character in William Shakespeare’s play, “Macbeth”. In the beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth seems to be the ideal woman whom a man prefers to encourage Macbeth to achieve success beyond boundaries. Lady Macbeth is empowered to go beyond the boundaries set up by the society for a woman when pushed to stand firmly and take decisions like a man who is the head of any family. Lady Macbeth is a tactful wife to Macbeth, to whom provides ultimate support and help, though not geared by love but greed. (Shakespeare 36) She is a fervent woman who loves power and independence and is ready to do anything to grab whatever she has focused on.
“Macbeth” is a Shakespearean play about the ruthless ambition of a thane and how he allows his ambition of becoming king to consume him until it leads to his undoing. At the centre of this play is the important relationship between Macbeth himself and his wife Lady Macbeth. Throughout this text we are shown how one decision can impact a relationship. Body Paragraph One: Making tough decisions can lead to multiple consequence including damaging a relationship. This is shown through Macbeth receiving a prophesy leaving him with an important decision.
She shows contrasting features during the play such as femininity and masculinity; ruthlessness and guilt; and influence and ignorance. Lady Macbeth is a powerful character who brings great conflict to the play. Even though her dominance seems like her main characteristic for her masculinity, her ambition to become queen is also compelling. It is obvious in the play that she manipulates Macbeth and finds devious techniques to reach her goal. She quotes: And chastise with the valour of my tongue. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Lady-Macbeth-As-A-Villain-PJGJCTJQAQU |
Have you ever wondered why Lady Macbeth becomes queen of Scotland? This article will discuss Her speech, ambition, and act in the tragedy Macbeth. Then you’ll know why Her actions and speech are so important. In addition, you’ll know why she’s so hated by her husband. Then you can decide for yourself what makes Lady Macbeth the way she is. There are many different ways to interpret Her character in the play.
Lady Macbeth’s character
Lady Macbeth’s character develops from the beginning of the play to the end, allowing the reader to better understand how she came to be. This character’s ambition, moral compass, and impulsive behavior lead to her ultimate demise. In analyzing Lady Macbeth’s character, you must also consider the history of women’s roles in Shakespeare’s works, which supports a female protagonist.
This is one of the main themes of the play, which explores the power of ambition. Lady Macbeth is ambitious and ruthless, and she uses her influence to persuade Macbeth to commit a crime. While she conceals her guilt for a time, she eventually becomes so mentally unstable and unable to sleep. At the end of the play, Lady Macbeth dies in a tragic manner.
During the second act of the play, Lady Macbeth gradually loses her strength and begins her descent into madness. She cannot bear to think about her deeds and has no will to live any longer. She eventually kills herself and is left alone by her husband. Her suicide shocks Macbeth. Lady Macbeth’s character is incredibly complex. It’s important to understand that there are several layers of character development in Lady Macbeth, and the final act of the play shows just how much of each is important to the overall plot of the play.
As the play’s female protagonist, Lady Macbeth is the most famous female character in Shakespeare. Her role in the play is important as she encourages her husband to become king and commit murder, and she constantly questions his manhood. She also complicates the role of a female villain in Shakespeare’s time. She is an extremely important part of the theme of gender and power in Shakespeare’s works. The two phases of Lady Macbeth are a great example of this.
Act 1 Scene 5 and 7 provide us with a detailed analysis of Lady Macbeth’s character. These scenes provide insight into the true nature of Lady Macbeth, as she changes from ambitious to regretful and remorseful. As a result, Lady Macbeth’s actions lead to her own death, and the reader feels sympathetic toward her. The reader will be moved by her character, which is both complex and contradictory.
Her ambition
In the play, Lady Macbeth is a powerful and ambitious woman who fears that her husband’s kindness may lead to his downfall. She is ambitious and shuns the traditional role of a woman. Her ambition drives her to murder Duncan and to commit a murderous act of her own. In her quest for power, Lady Macbeth uses her ambition to manipulate her husband into doing what she thinks is right.
The plot of the play revolves around this theme of ambition and its impact on the play’s conclusion. Lady Macbeth’s ambition is evident in her comparison to Macbeth. She says that Macbeth is too full of the milk of kindness, so she promises to help him by using her own ambition. Although Macbeth cannot prevent her from achieving her goal, he can’t prevent her from succeeding.
Ultimately, Lady Macbeth’s ambition and cruelty make her a compelling character. Throughout the play, Macbeth explores the concept of a fundamental character. For example, the play shows that ambition is tied to a person’s nature. When a character’s ambition is more than his moral compass, he becomes more ruthless and cruel. The play also explores the relationship between kindness and ambition.
Throughout the play, Lady Macbeth displays her ambition and cruelty. She also realizes that the three witches had prophesied her husband’s death and has the power to do so. The play also explores Lady Macbeth’s ambition, which is fueled by the desire to control others. Lady Macbeth’s ambition is harmful to her, as it leads her to think about hegemony over others. Lady Macbeth may have believed that her ambition was healthy, but the play reveals that her ambition eventually ruined her.
In the play, Lady Macbeth is the dominant female character in the play, and she plays a pivotal role in Macbeth’s rise to power. Unlike her male counterpart, she uses the same methods of power as men to gain power, and she even manages to achieve her ambition by utilizing her gender to manipulate others. Lady Macbeth’s ambition also demonstrates how women can be just as cruel as men in achieving power.
Her speech
The first line of Lady Macbeth’s speech invokes blood spirits. She refers to the medal that King James I struck after the Gunpowder Plot failed. This line of the speech marks the start of Lady Macbeth’s attack on Macbeth’s masculinity. In doing so, she begins the first of several breaks in their relationship. Although Macbeth and Duncan have been lovers since childhood, this speech marks the beginning of their dissolution.
During the play, Lady Macbeth is in the midst of a psychological breakdown and is unable to sleep. She is constantly imagining events that have already occurred, including Duncan’s murder. While she cannot remember specific events, her mind is constantly replaying events, so that her words are muddled and confused. She also cannot remember the sequence in which events occurred. This makes it difficult to understand the events of the play.
While Shakespeare portrayed the role of the witch, her speech is a mouthful of language. To bring out the most meaning from her words, actors should spend plenty of time studying her dialogue in order to find out the meaning behind her words. It is important for the monologue to reflect her character as both a classic villain and a real, flawed human. Regardless of the style of the play, actors should be sure to take time to study her speech.
In the play, Lady Macbeth appeals to supernatural forces to make her more pitiless and ruthless. She desires to be deceptive and ‘unsex’ in the most horrific ways. In the Act 1 Scene 7 speech, she mentions cutting out her child’s brain. This suggests that she is looking for a way to deceive and enrage Macbeth. The speech is filled with similar imagery to the motherhood that is often associated with feminism.
Despite the fact that Lady Macbeth is a sexy woman, her speech will still elicit fear in those who listen to her speech. Fortunately, she’s not the only one who shares her fears and wishes. There’s no need to make the audience feel bad for Lady Macbeth, however. Just remember to make the lines as long and powerful as possible. When you make a speech of this nature, it will be more impactful than a sexy monologue.
Her act
In Act1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth is introduced to the audience. She has lost her strong will and is brooding over past sins and punishment. She wanders through the castle halls at night, betraying the deadly secrets of her past. Her words fit with the theme of deceit, witchcraft, and the supernatural, a time when witchcraft was rampant. In addition, Shakespeare makes use of various elements of language, structure, and mood in order to depict this dark character.
The audience, however, is left to wonder whether this act is real or not. In Act V, Scene 1, Lady Macbeth begins to gibber. She “confesses” her role in the murder, and the audience wonders whether it’s part of her act or if she’s really dying. Act V, Scene 5 concludes with Macbeth reflecting on the nature of time and mortality. The play’s conclusion focuses on Lady Macbeth’s demise, and Macbeth’s subsequent reflection on the nature of mortality.
Lady Macbeth’s act is a symbol of the strong female will that is needed to rule Scotland. In the play, she has a few different types of actions and plans. While Macbeth is the most powerful, she is also the weakest. She is jealous of her husband’s power, which is why she’s so desperate to kill him. During the play, she has several actions that are not appropriate for women.
In the first act, Lady Macbeth’s role is to manipulate her husband and manipulate him. She manipulates her husband by planning out a murder. She also takes control when Macbeth fails to realize her plan. She is violent and cold-blooded, and mocks him when he refuses to go along with her schemes. She’s even jealous of King Duncan, and wants to rule Scotland. | https://www.thelazysite.com/shakespeares-lady-macbeth/ |
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Macbeth, who is once a courageous Scottish general not naturally inclined to commit evil deeds, descends into a frantic, boastful madness due to the malign prophecies of the deranged three witches. After Macbeth’s initial interaction with the Weird Sisters, his physical courage is joined by a consuming ambition and a tendency to self doubt; the prediction that he will be king brings him joy, but it also creates inner turmoil. Throughout this play, Shakespeare uses Macbeth to show the devastating effects ambition and guilt have on a man who lacks strength of character.One of the main themes in Macbeth is the destruction wrought when ambition goes unchecked by moral constraints.
After Macbeth hears the witches’ prophecy, his character changes immensely and he acquires a new, ambitious desire to become the king of Scotland. To achieve this, he is willing to take whatever measures necessary to acquire the crown. Even though Macbeth seems to have everything going in his favor, he deeply desires power and advancement. “All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter! ” (Act1. Sc. 3) The witches’ prophecies spark Macbeth’s ambitions and encourage his violent behavior.
Macbeth is intrigued by the witches’ statement, and this, along with Lady Macbeth’s influential pressure, inspires him to commit the terrible crimes which eventually lead, not only to his crowning, but to his demise. Macbeth realizes that there are potential threats to his reign on the throne (Duncan, Banquo, Fleance, and Macduff), and it is tempting to use violent means to dispose of them. Macbeth, however, is reluctant to inflict harm amongst his peers, but is manipulated by his cunning and conniving wife, Lady Macbeth. “And live a coward in thine own esteem, letting ?I dare not’ wait upon. I would,’ like the poor cat I’ th’ adage? ” (Act 1 sc.
7) Lady Macbeth emasculates her husband repeatedly, knowing that in his desperation to prove his manhood he will perform the acts she wishes him to perform. This pressure adds to Macbeth’s already mounting ambition to become king, and eventually, these factors give him just enough reason to kill all who stand in his way of the throne. His once noble character has become corrupt by his deranged wife and the evil witches. However, these crimes did not come without guilt and remorse.Macbeth is often plagued and haunted by visions and hallucinations, which are products of his very own guilt-ridden mind.
At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a strong, well-respected character. However, after a series of murders and crimes, his personality becomes weighted with the burden of guilt and remorse. “Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? ” (Act 2, Sc. 1) In this scene, Macbeth is hallucinating, and he sees a vision of a dagger pointing towards Duncan’s resting chamber; this is occurring not long before he kills the king.His mind is troubled, and he is deeply disturbed by the terrible crime that he is about to commit.
Macbeth knows that what he is doing will change his life. Committing regicide is a sin that can’t be forgiven. Macbeth believes that once he has followed through with these crimes, he will go to hell. And even though he believes this, he still kills his friends, and betrays his country. Macbeth also realizes that because he does not have any children, he is wearing a “fruitless crown”; this thought plagues his mind, knowing that he is doing all this work so that Banquo’s sons can sit on the thrown.
He fluctuates between fists of fevered action, in which he plots a series of murders to secure his throne, and moments of terrible guilt, (when Banquo’s ghost appears) and absolute pessimism (after his wife’s suicide, when he seems to succumb to despair). These changes reflect the tragic tension within Macbeth: In one respect, he is too ambitious to allow his conscience to stop him from murdering his way to the top, yet too conscientious to be happy with himself as a murderer. Macbeth’s mind is torn between ambition and guilt.
His radical, ambitious desires, which are sparked and provoked by the Weird sisters and Lady Macbeth, encourages the violent and cruel measures he takes to receive the crown. However, the murders and crimes that he performs place a heavy burden on his guilt-ridden soul, which creates his tragic downfall. Macbeth’s guilt and sense of betrayal consumes his mind and creates immense inner turmoil.
He cannot handle the pressures and consequences resulting from his terrible actions. Macbeth’s faults, murders, and crimes led to a disastrous, tyrannical reign, ending in his demise. | https://freebooksummary.com/macbeth-and-three-witches |
Why is Macbeth so troubled that he Cannot say amen?
Why is Macbeth so troubled by the fact that he cannot say “Amen”? Macbeth knows that what he just did was wrong and feels like he doesn’t deserve the blessing “amen”. He is feeling extremely guilty about killing the king.
Why is Macbeth having doubts about killing Duncan?
Near the end of act 1, Macbeth expresses doubt about murdering Duncan for a number of reasons. First of all, he knows that killing Duncan won’t be enough in itself to secure the throne of Scotland. Thirdly, murdering Duncan would be an outrageous act of betrayal against a man to whom Macbeth is supposed to be loyal.
Who killed Lady Macduff?
Lady Macduff is a character in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. She is married to Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife. Her appearance in the play is brief: she and her son are introduced in Act IV Scene II, a climactic scene that ends with both of them being murdered on Macbeth’s orders.
Who’s responsible for Macbeth’s downfall?
Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and the three witches are all to blame for the tragedy that is “Macbeth”, Lady Macbeth through convincing Macbeth, Macbeth for following his ambition more than his conscience and the three witches for putting the idea of being king in Macbeth’s head.
Is Lady Macbeth a strong or weak character?
When we first see her, she is already plotting Duncan’s murder, and she is stronger, more ruthless, and more ambitious than her husband. Lady Macbeth’s remarkable strength of will persists through the murder of the king—it is she who steadies her husband’s nerves immediately after the crime has been perpetrated.
What is Lady Macbeth’s prayer to the spirits?
What is Lady Macbeth’s prayer to the spirits after she learns Duncan is missing? She wants to have every ounce of any feminine characteristics gone. She doesn’t want any kindness or mercy to stop her from killing the king.
What is Lady Macbeth’s argument to convince Macbeth?
What arguments does Lady Macbeth use to convince Macbeth to commit the murder? Lady Macbeth questions Macbeth’s bravery and tells him he is just afraid. She also tells him a real man would kill the king and the plan will not fail.
What is Lady Macbeth’s first name?
Gruoch
Why are the witches responsible for Macbeth’s downfall?
The witches contribute to Macbeth’s downfall by influencing his ambitious nature and offering him misleading prophecies. By telling Macbeth that he will become the future king of Scotland, the witches stimulate his ambition. Once Macbeth kills the king, he damns his soul and transforms into a bloodthirsty tyrant.
Is Lady Macbeth a real person?
The character is fictional, but Macbeth was a real Scottish King with a wife named Gruoch. What do we know of her real life in 11th century Scotland and was she really the villain that Shakespeare so memorably made her? Gruoch was a royal princess, related to King Malcolm II who ruled Scotland from 1005 to 1034.
What mental illness does Lady Macbeth have?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, is characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or uncontrollable behaviors (compulsions) such as cleaning, checking things over and over again, and hoarding objects.
Was Macbeth responsible for his own downfall or did he fall prey to the outside influences of the witches and his wife Lady Macbeth?
Macbeth, despite influences of the witches and Lady Macbeth, is responsible for his downfall. His bravery is recognised by King Duncan who rewards him righteously, yet Macbeth’s brutal and violent character leads him to murder the king.
Who is most responsible for Macbeth’s downfall essay?
The blame for his downfall is attributed to three people: the witches, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth himself. The witches placed the idea of becoming a king in his head, while Lady Macbeth manipulated her husband, and Macbeth himself is to blame for putting his greedy ambitions before his conscience.
Why is Macbeth responsible for the tragic events?
Macbeth himself is held responsible for his death, because of his actions towards others, and the downfall he caused on himself. Macbeth became a murderous tyrant soon after he became King, which was the main source of why he was a reason for his death.
What is Lady Macbeth’s personality?
Lady Macbeth is even more ambitious and ruthless than her husband. As soon as an opportunity to gain power presents itself, she has a plan in mind. She uses her influence to persuade Macbeth that they are taking the right course of action and even takes part in the crime herself.
What was Macbeth unable to do immediately after murder?
What does Macbeth forget to do after he murders the king? He forgets to plant the daggers (murder weapons) on the guards and smear the blood on their clothing to make it look like they were responsible for the murder.
Why does Macbeth have second thoughts after killing the king when his wife does not?
Lady Macbeth feels that Macbeth is kind and he may not be able to overcome his fears to kill Duncan. She fears his conscience will override his ambition to be King. Macbeth is having second thoughts about killing Duncan. Macbeth is torn between his ambition and his conscience.
Why did Lady Macbeth go crazy?
Although Lady Macbeth seems to be the one in control, in the middle of the play Macbeth begins to make decisions without her knowledge. She loses control. She starts off not caring about murder but in the end she goes mad with guilt. She starts sleep-walking and talking about Duncan’s murder in her sleep.
Is Lady Macbeth truly evil?
She is usually depicted as a strong, tough woman and, in her drive to induce Macbeth to murder King Duncan, she appears to be that, but, having succeeded, it does not take long for her to crumble and break down, destroyed by guilt, and she ends up committing suicide. Shakespeare does not have any evil characters.
Do you think Macbeth’s downfall is a result of fate?
When Macbeth first meet the witches with Banquo, what they tell him startles him because the thoughts are already in his head. Therefore this suggests his downfall is a result of his own ambition.
Who is Lady Macbeth’s father?
King Boede
What does Lady Macbeth say she would do if she had promised?
What is Lady Macbeth saying? – If she had sworn to do exactly what Macbeth had promised, she is willing to extract of the smiling baby from her breast and shattering the child’s brains and the hard bricked wall.
Why did Lady Macbeth get Unsexed?
Lady Macbeth asks the spirits to “unsex” her because she does not want to act or think like a stereotypical woman of Shakespeare’s time. She wants to be able to kill the king, to keep her resolution to do it, and she fears that her nature, as a woman, could prevent her from doing so. | https://www.terasolartisans.com/john/student-helper/why-is-macbeth-so-troubled-that-he-cannot-say-amen/ |
1. DESCRIPTION OF LADY MACBETH Lady Macbeth is presented to the reader from her first appearance in the play as a woman fired by ambition. What Macbeth lacks in decisiveness, Lady Macbeth makes up for his lack of bloodthirsty lust for power and wealth. Swearing off her femininity at the beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband powerfully to follow through with his plans to kill Duncan. After the act of regicide, it is Lady Macbeth who has the soundness of mind to plant the incriminating evidence on Duncan's guards.
We also recommend watching Macbeth: Themes and Quotes from the Scottish Play and A Midsummer Night's Dream: Summary, Quotes and Characters Lady Macbeth Character Analysis Ambitious. Manipulative. Evil. These three adjectives can easily be applied to Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare's play Macbeth. Her lust for power and position drive her to manipulate her husband to murder Duncan,
It is this prophecy that will make Macbeth go astray and become the person that he never wanted to become. Macbeth sends a letter to Lady Macbeth telling her about his experience with the three witches. Soon after a messenger arrives and discloses that the king will come to Macbeth’s castle tonight to honor Macbeth for his recent victory. When Macbeth arrives home to his wife Lady Macbeth, she begins to
Lady Macbeth manifests a misguided loyalty to her husband. Lady Macbeth loves her husband with a genuine if perverted fervour. In her obsession with the achievement of earthly power she calls on the powers of darkness to take her over body and soul. She believes that by doing this both of them will come to have ‘solely sovereign sway and masterdom.’ At the Banquet scene she makes a prodigious effort to remain loyal to her husband and shield his reputation before the lords of Scotland. It is also loyalty, which causes her to faint when the murdered body of Duncan is found in order to prevent Macbeth from exposing his fear before the others.
Macbeth: Justice or Injustice Murder, deceit, and immorality are not a rare occurrence in the story of Macbeth; in fact they are the basis of the story. The three witches play with Macbeth’s mind and make him thirst for the throne, Lady Macbeth encourages her husband to murder King Duncan, and says Macbeth is a coward for his hesitation, to trick him into killing the King. And Macbeth not only murders King Duncan, but also Banquo, the Macduff family, and attempts to kill Fleance, son of Banquo. The question remains; is justice served where justice is due in this story? A lust for power already existed in Macbeth, but it was his encounter with the three witches on his return from battle that triggered his thirst for the throne, and subsequently the deaths of many, Macbeth among the deceased.
Her love for her lover falls because of his death and the character becomes abusive and harsh towards her sister . Set also in Victorian times , the poem describes a love that is strong that turns into a betrayal because of jealousy . In ‘Macbeth’, we hear Lady Macbeth’s voice more frequently than the farmer’s bride – she doesn’t seem to even speak through the entire poem. In ‘Macbeth’ when Macbeth is greeted by three witches as “King hereafter” , he sends a letter to his wife about the encounter , knowing that she loves him and that she will understand what she needs to do by providing the “direst cruelty” required for killing the king . When the letter arrives , Lady Macbeth instinctively understands that Macbeth’s letter to her is a silent request for help.
In this quote Lady Macbeth is thinking about the witches prophecy and how she can make it come true. She states that she will control Macbeth with her words and she will convince him to do what she says; like killing Duncan. This shows that Macbeth’s main action (the killing of Duncan to become king) was based on what he was told by the witches and what Lady Macbeth told him after he told her. Another case in which Macbeth is acting upon the witch’s prophecy is when he wants to murder Banquo. When Macbeth talks to the murderers and even a bit before he says, “It is concluded: Banquo thy sol’s flight, / If it find heaven, must find it out tonight.” (3.1.141-142).
Lady Macbeth is a victim of her uncontrolled ambition.This ambition causes her to push herself and Macbeth to the very edge. She convinced Macbeth to kill Duncan by questioning his manliness. Lady Macbeth shows her negative ambition and ruthlessness while speaking to Macbeth in this quote: "Was the hope drunk?...Like the poor cat I' th' adage." (Act I, Scene vii, Lines 35-45) In this quote Lady Macbeth is asking Macbeth if he is afraid to kill Duncan, and if he has enough courage to say so. She is asking him if he wants to be king or not, and if he is to be king he must commit regicide.
Roseanne Barr once said, “The thing women have yet to learn is nobody gives you power. You take it.” In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, lady Macbeth, Hecate and the Three witches take it upon themselves to achieve power. By questioning Macbeth’s manhood, Lady Macbeth manipulates Macbeth into killing King Duncan, therefor achieving a position of power. The three witches play upon Macbeth’s ambitions to gain power over him and lead him to his downfall. The goddess of witchcraft, Hecate, manipulates Macbeth by taking power over the three witches and telling them to mislead Macbeth to his destruction.
* She knows immediately that murdering Duncan is the only way of quickly achieving her goal. When Macbeth brings further news that Duncan is actually coming to spend that night with them, it becomes clear that her role is to seize the moment and facilitate her husband's rise to kingship. Before the murder (Act 1, Scene 7) How does Lady Macbeth persuade her husband to kill Duncan when he does not want to? Lady Macbeth uses different methods to persuade Macbeth to change his mind. Which one really affected Macbeth? | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Ladymacbeth-Study-630513.html |
The Tragedy of Macbeth is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare that was first performed back in 1606.Macbeth dramatizes the psychological and physical damaging effects caused by the political ambition of those who look for power just for their own sake.. The driving force in this tragedy is the ambition, or more specifically, the ambition that goes unbridled by any theory of morality The main theme of Macbeth—the destruction wrought when ambition goes unchecked by moral constraints—finds its most powerful expression in the play's two main characters. Macbeth is a courageous Scottish general who is not naturally inclined to commit evil deeds, yet he deeply desires power and advancement Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it. (1.5.15-20) In these lines, Lady Macbeth reveals her certainty that Macbeth will take the title of king regardless of his own. Catherine looks at power and ambition for your GCSE English Literature - Macbeth exam. In this episode, she will look at different ways power and ambition are explored in Macbeth, including key quotes. Suitable for AQA, Edexcel, Eduqas and CIE exam boards. Ideal for preparing you for your GCSE English Literature exam Ambition Essay on Macbeth. Macbeth, by nature, is an ambitious and passionate person which is what a great leader entails but when that ambition is directed towards greed and power, another side of Macbeth begins to surface. A side that shows the deterioration of Macbeth as a character. Various events and people in the play influenced Macbeths.
The most important Macbeth quotes cut to the heart (pun intended) of madness and ambition. We break down the best of Shakespeare's Macbeth quotes here This lesson will uncover main quotes surrounding the themes of ambition and power in Shakespeare's 'Macbeth,' exploring how Macbeth's personal ambition is affected by the witches and Lady Macbeth
Its Over Quotes For Her; Macbeth Quotes About Power And Ambition; Love Is Blind Quotes In Hindi; Quotes About Being Better Than Your Ex; Inspirational Quotes For Cancer Patients Family; Lies Mind Games Quotes; Queen Grown Woman Quotes; Old Age Quotes Images; People Being Selfish Quotes; Love Simon Sinek Quotes; Pick Yourself Up Quotes Image Famous quotes about power and ambition in macbeth: Our world is one that is full of those that want to achieve. I am walking proof of the power of prayer. Learn vocabulary, terms and more with flashcards, games and other study tools. This is the third time in the play that the witches appear Macbeth, William Shakespeare's bloodiest play, is one of the most quoted dramatic works in the English language.Memorable lines from the tragedy explore themes like reality and illusion, ambition and power, and guilt and remorse. Famous quotations from Macbeth are still recited (and sometimes spoofed) today in movies, TV shows, commercials, and even the daily news What are some quotes about ambition in Macbeth? 2 Educator answers. Macbeth. Latest answer posted November 24, 2012 at 12:42:09 A
Ambition And Destruction In Macbeth By William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare's 1606 tragedy, Macbeth, is a drama depicting the destructive unbridled ambition and downfall of the tragic hero, a recognisable human flaw that contributes to the enduring value of the play The following are quotes and commentary relating to 'power' in Macbeth. This is intended as a starting guide only. Act 1 - The promise of power Act 1 Scene 1 We are introduced to the witches who announce their intention to meet with Macbeth. Act 1 Scene 2 Macbeth is established as a noble and loyal Thane (Lord of Scotland). He is about to be given greater honour and power Themes of Power and Ambition on Macbeth. Introduction Ambition is a powerful urge to do or to accomplish something, commonly requiring assurance and diligent work. In Williams Shakespeare's Macbeth the characters Lady Macbeth and Macbeth want to Read more. April 13, 2021 by Essay Writer To supercharge your drive, below is our collection of inspirational, wise, and powerful ambition quotes, ambition sayings, and ambition proverbs, collected from a variety of sources over the years. But even as you dream big, be sure to also check out our list of quotes from Macbeth that will remind you to use your ambition and power in a good way Where is Macbeth's ambition? The theme of ambition is present throughout Macbeth. One of the most well-known quotes from the play about ambition comes in act 1, scene 7 when Macbeth says, I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only / Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself / And falls on the other
. Macbeth, from William Shakespeare's play, Macbeth, began as a courageous Scottish general who fought for King Duncan with no mercy. But once the witches lured Macbeth with the possibilities of his prophecies, ambition took over and drove him to become power hungry and greedy Thou wouldst be great, art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it. Here we may note that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth mistakenly believe that power, in order to be sustained, needs certain wickedness. We come to understand by the fall of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth that such an idea of power annihilates the person itself
Lady Macbeth is a daunting character sketched by Shakespeare shows the ambition of a woman to acquire power. In the story, her husband implied that she has a masculine soul inhabiting a female body, which connotes masculinity to ambition and violence in this drama Below you will find the important quotes in Macbeth related to the theme of Ambition. Act 1, scene 3 Quotes. And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray's. In deepest consequence. Related Characters: Banquo (speaker), Macbeth, Weird Sisters
The only time Macbeth's ambition ceases to hold sway over him is when he is king, but that is not really because his desire for power has been sated. It is partly because there are few higher positions for him to acquire, especially as he is more powerful than most kings due to ruling as a tyrant, giving himself absolute control over his kingdom . Within this play, ambition is portrayed as a new corrupting and unquenchable force through the main ideas of mental imbalance, supernatural behaviors . and betrayal. The eating desires of Macbeth and the.
Throughout William Shakespeare's play of Macbeth ambition is a prevalent theme in many of the acts. Though ambition tends to coincide with success, in this play it leads to the self destruction of many, including Lady Macbeth, Malcolm and Macbeth himself. Lady Macbeth is a deeply ambitious woman who strives for power 20 Macbeth Quotes About Power And Ambition In 2020 Short Inspirational Quotes Inspirational Quotes Motivation . Without the knowledge that his lineage will continue after him macbeth finds it meaningless to be king. Macbeth quotes about insecurity. Macbeth act 3 important quotes Lady Macbeth: We fail! But screw your courage to the sticking-place. And we'll not fail. This shows how Lady Macbeth is more of the husband rather than the wife and Macbeth is the wife because of his hesitation but Lady Macbeth is aware of her power and ambition and with no stop until she has fulfilled that ambition Lady Macbeth Ambition. Lady Macbeth is a corrupt trigger that influences Macbeth into seizing power in an immoral way. Macbeth a nobleman who comes across a prophecy from the witches' All hail Macbeth thou shalt be king hereafter. Thereafter, Lady Macbeth receives the news from her husband about this prophecy
Chapter number : 1 Line number : 52. Macbeth Macbeth, King of Scots. 1827. That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself And falls on th' other. Macbeth. 4. Double, double, toil and trouble;Fire burn, and cauldron bubble! Macbeth Macbeth's Ambition Lead To His Demise. In Shakespeare's play Macbeth, one could argue that Macbeth is motivated to commit his evil acts by three possible forces. The main force is Macbeth's ambition, he tries to be and do too much by killing and betraying his friends and his king, which later in the play leads to his downfall and even death Macbeth and Blind Ambition. Just from $13,9/Page. Get custom paper. However, fortunately for the world, Hitler underestimated the resistance that was assembled against him and he was unable to see this through his blind ambition. Similarly, Macbeth desired power in Scotland and became king. But, due to his blind ambition, Macbeth failed to see. In Macbeth, a play set in Scotland, William Shakespeare wrote a tragedy of a man s ambition. In the play, Macbeth is described as a man who has ambitions of becoming king. After the first part of the prophecy by the witches whom he has met returning from battle comes true, he begins to think the second part may also come true, supernatural.
Key themes of Shakespeare's Macbeth include: good versus evil, the dangers of ambition, the influence of supernatural forces, the contrast between appearance and reality, loyalty and guilt. Macbeth - Themes. Discussion of the themes from Macbeth including ambition and power, cruelty and masculinity, kingship and tyranny May 26, 2015 - Explore Amara Shaikh's board lady Macbeth ambition on Pinterest. See more ideas about lady macbeth, macbeth ambition, macbeth 1-Ambition/Determination:Lady Macbeth was absolutely determined to make sure that her husband would become king. 2-Greed: Lady Macbeth was never satisfied with what she had. Even after becoming queen, she still stated that she was not happy. She was always greedy for power. 3 to murder Duncan. To get her power, Lady Macbeth not only openly rejects her femininity, but the thought of belonging to any gender at all. The first time the audience meets Lady Macbeth is in 1.5. She has just read a letter from Macbeth telling her about the witches prophecy that he will be king and how he was just named Thane of Cawdor By Elaine Pilkington. Macbeth examines the nature of evil and the corruption of the human soul.In Macbeth evil is the opposite of humanity, the deviation from that which is natural for humankind, yet evil originates in the human heart.Supernatural and unnatural forces are the agents of human beings, not their instigators. The witches' words do not seduce Macbeth
70+ Famous Lady Macbeth Quotes On Manipulation, Ambition And Guilt. Published August 18, 2020 Here's a selection of Lady Macbeth Quotes, covering topics such as power, murder, blood and evil. We really hope you enjoy these quotes and that they give you something to think about In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth succeeds in convincing Macbeth to kill Duncan and take his throne. Her and Macbeth's ambition leads Macbeth to commit murder, and eliminate King Duncan. Once he did that, Macbeth gained the throne for himself. Upon gaining the throne, Macbeth's ambition corrupts him, and he only feels for himself Macbeth's letter actually bought out the hidden ambition inside of Lady Macbeth, without any consideration, she begins to plot Duncan's death. Lady Macbeth is the driving force that encourages Macbeth to overcome his strong sense of guilt and take action on the prophecies (Jamieson); she is the catalyst that effectively sent Macbeth down. You wait on nature's mischief! Come, thick night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, Nor Heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, To cry Hold, hold!. ― William Shakespeare, Macbeth. tags: act-i , scene-v. 187 likes
Whether you're learning Macbeth for GCSE AQA, Edexcel, OCR or CIE - these themes and quotes are worth remembering. So we've analysed and listed some key Macbeth themes and accompanying quotes to ensure you are ready for exam day. Power and Ambition. Macbeth at its very core is a play about power and ambition Instantly the figure changes and his ambition is pictured as a rider springing into his saddle, who overleaps himself and falls on the other side of his steed. Macbeth means that his ambition to be king would, if it led him to murder Duncan, carry him too far. 28. An accented syllable is missing in the third foot
Macbeth and Lady Macbeth discuss a sign to signal the commence of the murder. Macbeth hears Lady Macbeth's signal and Macbeth goes to murder Duncan, where he hallucinates a dagger in the air which confirms that he is meant to kill Duncan in his mind. Macbeth is delirious with the ambition for power. His judgement is severely skewed by his desires Lady Macbeth realizes that she is stronger than Macbeth. She knows that Macbeth art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it.(V, ii, 83). She means that Macbeth is lacking the evil that must accompany his ambition. After Macbeth's interaction with the witches, his strong sense of ambition is triggered (ssrn Rahid) The tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare outlines how the lust for power can bring out the worst in people. This is evident through Macbeth's vaulting ambition to be king which ultimately leads to his downfall. Through Macbeth wrestling with his conscience about the prophesies of the witches he started to gain the trait of ambition
Quotes Showing Macbeth S Ambition Macbeth Quotes On Ambition Act 3 Macbeth Ambition Quotes Lady Macbeth Famous Quotes Lady Macbeth Guilt Quotes Quotes About Lady Macbeth Killing Duncan Blind Ambition Quotes From Macbeth Abraham Lincoln Quotes Albert Einstein Quotes Bill Gates Quotes Bob Marley Quotes Bruce Lee Quotes. Quotes The witches in 'Macbeth' are key characters that serve as the impetus for Macbeth's ambition and his eventual decision to commit murder. Explore more through quotes from the text, an analysis of. Guided annotation and analysis of the theme of ambition in Macbeth, spanning various scenes and moments in the play. Relies on some prior knowledge, would be good for revision. Fully differentiated. Creative Commons Sharealike Reviews. 5 Something went wrong, please try again later.. Ambition is the strong desire to perform an action to achieve something whether it's for a good cause or to satisfy one's need or desire. Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, describes the derivation and ascension of power by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as well as the problems associated with it
Quotes tagged as macbeth Showing 1-30 of 75. Something wicked this way comes.. Returning were as tedious as go o'er.. So fair and foul a day I have not seen.. The love that follows us sometime is our trouble, which still we thank as love. While, as Purkiss argues, the grandiose narrative of Macbeth is indeed concerned with ambition, power, and success, this narrative does not swallow up the concerns of the poor. Rather the fear of hunger endured by the largely hidden poor encroaches upon the world of the nobles, shaping their reactions and experiences Macbeth's strong desire for power killed many people, e.g Macduff's family, Banquo, King Duncan, etc. Today, the free-riding problem of the wealthy is a burden for the normal working people. Money laundering is another example of greed and excessive ambition today ..October 2014 Power and ambition in The Tragedy of Macbeth Over ambition is a common tragic flaw in Shakespearean writing; it often leads to a character's downfall. The tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a perfect example of the tragic flaw of over ambition and the desire for power.The three points that show this theme are Lady Macbeth and the 3 witches' power over Macbeth, the.
Exploring tyranny and power in Macbeth. We take a look at corruption and human nature in Shakespeare's famous tragedy. by Tom Davey. 3 March 2020. Violent power struggle does not begin or end with the Macbeths. The play is couched in violence. King Duncan's reign has, after all, not been a peaceful one. In the gruesome description of. To be brief, it is Macbeth's fate to be tempted by the power of the throne. His ambition for power makes him susceptible to make him lose all humanity. All in all, Macbeth is created by power, tempted by power, crazed by power and finally destroyed by power. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Acton, Lord. 1887 Once Macbeth has committed an act in which he uses power for negative ends, he finds it increasingly difficult to restrain himself from resorting to the perverted use of power. Ultimately, it his inability to distinguish the adaptive and maladaptive functions of power from one another that prevents him from realizing his potential greatness Macbeth's ambition leads him to regicide, to destruction of his wife's sanity and ultimately to his own death. It also leads him to arrange for his best friend to be murdered and then to having the murderers themselves killed. Although he has MacD.. By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes. it was sort of like macbeth, thought fat charlie, an hour later; The witches quotes gcse revision macbeth weird sisters shakespeare poster. Double, double toil and trouble; In this quote, the witches are playing on macbeth's ambition and planting the idea of murder in his head
Votes: 1. Alan Cumming. Helpful Not Helpful. I started to itch to do a play again and 'Macbeth' came to the surface in my mind. I never thought I would do it in a conventional way. A sweaty Macbeth with blood on his arms coming in fresh from the battle doesn't interest me. Votes: 1. Alan Cumming. Helpful Not Helpful Banquo recognises Macbeth's ambition and worries he might have killed King Duncan Macbeth orders the murder of Banquo and his son as he is afraid he will lose his power Again, worried about his power, Macbeth goes back to the witches Consumed with power, he orders the murder of Macduff's wife and children. | https://rsommigen.com/academy/lesson/ambition-power-quotes-in-macbethx5y23203as4.html |
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?Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, which has been performed on stage for a wide range of different audiences since its creation in the sixteenth century. It depicts the endeavours of Lord Macbeth to become king through a series of murders, egged on by his wife, Lady Macbeth. The reason Macbeth can be called a tragedy is because the elements of tragedy are present throughout. Macbeth also adheres to Aristotle’s definition of tragedy.
That is, that a tragedy describes the fatal error of a generally good person causing their downfall and demise, and stirs fear and pity in the audience. The themes in Macbeth also contribute to the concept of tragedy. Two such themes are the supernatural and ambition. A reoccurring theme in Macbeth is the theme of the supernatural. The supernatural was something that the audience of the original performances of Macbeth, during the sixteenth century, could relate to, as this was a period of genuine belief in, and often fear of, witchcraft.
During this era, many people, often outcasts from society or oddballs, were accused of being witches and put on trial, which usually resulted in them being killed. Therefore, Shakespeare’s purpose in including the theme of the supernatural in Macbeth was to relate to his audiences. This theme is demonstrated in Macbeth through techniques such as rhyming couplets. This is demonstrated in ACT I, SCENE I, when the character known only as ‘first witch’ cries, “When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain? The fact that this unit of verse is a rhyming couplet adds to the surrealism and strangeness of the three witches which are introduced in this theme. These witches are almost the physical embodiment of the supernatural in Macbeth, and the technique of rhyming couplets is almost consistent throughout the rest of this short scene. The rest of the scene sees the witches predicting the time of day the battle will cease, and foretelling where they will happen across Macbeth. A second technique which expresses the theme of supernatural is foreshadowing.
Foreshadowing is a technique which hints at future plot developments. This technique is displayed in ACT I, SCENE 3, when the third witch exclaims, “All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter. ” In this case, the foreshadowing is very obvious, as the witch is informing Macbeth of his future title as king of Scotland. However, there is already a king of Scotland- King Duncan. This prophecy sends Macbeth into a wild flurry of thoughts about how he is to be king when King Duncan is alive and well, and
Macbeth very quickly jumps to the conclusion that he must murder Duncan. However, it is at this moment that Macbeth realises he is involved in something dark and complex- and this connects the theme of the supernatural to the concept of tragedy, as this is links to the Aristotelian element of tragedy known as anagorisis. Anagorisis is a moment of insight or understanding on the part of the tragic hero, as they suddenly realises the web of fate surrounding him.
In this case, Macbeth hears the witches claim he will be king, and realises that he has a fate much larger and more important than he’d ever thought. The supernatural also contributes to the concept of tragedy as it links to the element of tragedy which states that a tragedy contains supernatural elements. This is clearly evident in the appearance of the witches and their disconcerting knack for prophesising. Ambition is a predominant theme in Macbeth, as Macbeth’s ambition is what drives him to commit the acts of murder which lead to his demise.
Shakespeare’s audience at the time would not have been unfamiliar with tales of ambitious men of high estate killing kings to claim the throne. Shakespeare’s purpose in highlighting the theme of ambition in Macbeth may have been to incorporate a very realistic and common element of the ways of the royalty at the time. A technique which communicates the theme of ambition in Macbeth is an aside. An aside is a means of a character communicating his thoughts aloud, through a remark or comment that no other character on stage hears or reacts to.
For example, in ACT I, SCENE 4, when Macbeth says to himself, “Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires. The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be which the eye fears, when it is done, to see. ” This is said after Macbeth notes, also to himself, that Malcolm, the newly crowned Prince of Cumberland, is an obstacle which must be dealt with. The quote is an expression of Macbeth’s horror at his own deadly thoughts, and he describes his ambition as “black and deep desires”.
And yet, the last line of this quote is an admittance, as Macbeth realises he will succumb to his ambition and desires, and will commit the evil act, despite his horror at himself. Another technique which links to the theme of ambition is soliloquy. Similar to an aside, a soliloquy is a monologue spoken by a character when he or she is alone on stage about their innermost thoughts and feelings. The technique of soliloquy communicates the theme of ambition because in his soliloquies, Macbeth unguardedly acknowledges his murderous thoughts and dangerous desires.
For example, Macbeth’s ambition manifests itself in quotes such as this from ACT I SCENE 7: “I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself and falls on th’other. ” In this quote, Macbeth recognises that he has no good reasons or motivation to kill Duncan, but is fired solely by his ambition. He also has a moment of foresight, when he says that ambition “o’erleaps itself and falls on th’other”- In other words, makes people rush ahead of themselves towards trouble.
This is certainly what happens to Macbeth, when his ambition leads him to murder and cause trouble for himself, and eventually leads to his demise. The concepts presented by the above quotes relate to two of Aristotle’s elements of tragedy- hamartia and Hubris. Hamartia is the fatal flaw of the tragic hero which leads to eventual catastrophe. In this case, ambition is Macbeth’s fatal flaw, because his ambition and his “black and deep desires” lead to thoughts of murder of Malcolm and Duncan, which in turn leads to the act of murder, which then results in Macbeth’s aforementioned demise and death.
Hubris refers to false pride on the part of the tragic hero which crosses ethical boundaries and ends in woe for the hero. Hubris ties in with the theme of ambition because Macbeth’s ambition arouses false pride which leads him to believe that he should and will be king, and that he can change fate, which then leads to the murder of Duncan, and the act of murder is the ultimate overstepping of ethical boundaries. In conclusion, Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare which features the themes of the supernatural and ambition.
These themes are communicated in Macbeth through techniques such as rhyming couplets, foreshadowing, asides and soliloquies, and contribute to the concept of tragedy through their links with elements of tragedy, both Aristotelian and not, including Hamartia, Hubris, Anagorisis and elements of the supernatural. Therefore, the themes of the supernatural and ambition contribute to the concept of tragedy in Macbeth. A second theme in Macbeth is gender politics. This theme is evident in this quote from Lady Macbeth, which appears in ACT I, SCENE 5: “Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts.
Unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe topfull of direst cruelty… Come to my woman’s breasts and take my milk for gall. ” In this quote, Lady Macbeth begs spirits to make her less feminine and more masculine, so that she may be more brutal and cruel, and therefore able to commit murder and do what is necessary for Macbeth to become king. The concept of tragedy which is apparent in this is the concept of supernatural elements, which presents itself when Lady Macbeth calls on unseen spirits to take away her femininity. Lady Macbeth calls on these spirits to turn the mother’s milk of her woman’s breasts to bitter poison.
Lady Macbeth makes several other references breastfeeding and mothering when comparing femininity and gentleness to masculinity and cruelness. One such reference is in ACT I, SCENE 7, when Lady Macbeth questions Macbeth’s masculinity, because he does not want to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth then follows this with the quote “I have given suck and know how tender it is to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this. This quote shows a reversal in gender politics, as Lady Macbeth reverses the very symbol of gentle femininity, by claiming that she would have bashed her own baby’s brains out if she had sworn to. This demonstrates a disturbance of moral order, which is a concept of tragedy. The notion of a mother tearing her baby from her breast to kill it by bashing its brains out shows a complete turnaround in the moral order of a mother who would ordinarily be caring and nurturing of her baby. | https://freebooksummary.com/concept-of-tragedy-in-macbeth-21494 |
occurs almost right before she begins to go insane.
In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a strong soldier who fights for the King without
mercy but his strive for ambition and his curious nature leads him to the witches who give him a
prophecy. Banquo realizes that there must be a trick hidden in the witches’ prophecies
somewhere but Macbeth refuses to accept that, and when Lady Macbeth finds out about the
witches her strong desire for ambition and her cold nature leads Macbeth astray. Macbeth is a
little ambitious at first, but Lady Macbeth’s far exceeds his and so she is able to get Macbeth to
agree with her to kill King Duncan. Macbeth still has a conscience at this stage because he is
very hesitant about killing the King but his weak nature overcomes him. He has a conscience
throughout the entire play as this is seen by the hallucinations of the dagger and the ghost of
Banquo and his vivid imagination and his constant worry also provokes him. This is also evident
in his terrible dreams which give the solid theme that he has indeed “murdered sleep.”
Throughout the play we see the character of Macbeth change not from just the way he thinks and
what we hear from the play, but from the actions he takes in the play, from killing Banquo, then
having Lady Macduff and her children murdered, shows the insecurity that was present in
Macbeth. After the murder of Duncan, Macbeth becomes paranoid and his first step of killing
the guards is one of many that Macbeth takes to secure himself. Macbeth is also very
superstitious and this is shown when he believes the prophecy the witches told him that
Banquo’s offspring would become Kings. When Macbeth hires the murderers to kill Banquo and
his child that ride with him, he. Macbeth’s statement, “Tis better without than he within…” (III,
iii, 14), means that Banquo’s blood is better on the murderer than in Banquo, showing that
Macbeth is, in truth, happy that Banquo has been killed. The killing of Banquo by Macbeth
shows extreme selfishness; he cannot bear to see even his best friend’s sons succeed him on the
throne. However, a more important reason that Macbeth kills Banquo is because of Banquo’s
suspicion of him, and what Banquo will do to him once he finds out for sure that Macbeth has
committed the murder of Duncan. One can see that Macbeth becomes extremely harsh if he
wants his way. He will go to horrid extremes just so that he does not have to live his kingship in
fear, but instead “…to be safely thus.” (III, i, 49).
Lady Macbeth seems to be almost opposite compared to that of Macbeth in physical and
mental power. Lady Macbeth is the person who is able to persuade Macbeth into killing Duncan,
assuring Macbeth that it will succeed, as Lady Macbeth’s ambition is far greater than that of
Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is then able to exclaim in horror “What! In our House!” to the murder
of Duncan but whilst in complete control, to draw away the suspicion from Macbeth. When
however she finds out that Macbeth has killed the guards she faints, “Help me hence” she says,
but is this another sign of an act to again draw away the suspicion from Macbeth or did she faint
from shocked dismay. I believe she was shocked because I think that Lady Macbeth was
surprised that she was able to get Macbeth to commit the murder of Duncan, but was shocked at
how over one night and in fear, Macbeth could kill two more men in cold blood. This change in
the character of Lady Macbeth is apparent after she reads the letter from Macbeth as she goes
and talks to the evil spirits to make herself evil with lines such as “Fill me from the crown to the
toe-top full of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood.” She goes to the extent of planning the
murder of Duncan and assumes full responsibility of this. She exerts a lot of power over
Macbeth in this part of the play and even calls him a “coward” and this shows just how
determined she is and how much ambition she has for her husband. It is this confidence in
herself plus the persuasiveness on her words that makes Macbeth acts on her words without
hesitating.
Macbeth can be summarized into, although strong physically he is very weak mentally
and it is this weakness which causes the downfall and change of Macbeth. Other factors do
however also contribute to this change such as his wife whose ambition is very strong at first and
is much stronger mentally than Macbeth but it is also Macbeth’s ambition and his trust in the
witches which ultimately change him. The belief that the witches were true ultimately leads to
Macbeth’s downfall, due to his misinterpretations. | https://ronl.org/referaty/inostrannyy-yazyk/742571/ |
Lady Macbeth is the most interesting and disturbed character in this play
Shakespeare sees ambitious dominant women as evil, unnatural and destructive as many other men in the 16th and 17th century.
He feels they must be punished and this is what we see throughout this play. Today we see ambitious dominant women as normal human beings. They are respected just as other people are and even respected more because people feel that once women have their heart set on something they long for it, like Lady Macbeth and her ambition to become Queen. Some men find powerful and dominant women pleasurable in this modern world.There are definitely many reasons why Lady Macbeth is the most interesting and disturbed character in this play.
The first time we meet Lady Macbeth’s disturbing personality is in Act 1 Scene 5. For most of this scene Lady Macbeth is alone in a room, first reading a letter then speaking in soliloquy. In her first monologue she is basically saying that her husband, Macbeth, is not strong enough inside to murder King Duncan. She feels that her husband cannot commit the crime and expresses this to herself: “.
.. I do fear thy nature, / It is too full o’th’milk of human kindness ..
. This means that he is too full of loyalty and kindness inside.The milk that he got from his mother’s breast is still inside of him and he is not a man but rather a woman. Lady Macbeth thinks that Macbeth should stay quiet and above suspicion while she plans out the murder herself, he should ‘…
look like...
th’innocent flower’ meaning that he should stay innocent until he commits the immoral act to make him become king. Throughout the scene she keeps referring to the fact that Macbeth is too fearful to perform the crime. ‘… hou dost fear to do,’ the murder, Lady Macbeth says to intimidate Macbeth.
She is not confident that Macbeth can kill the King Duncan.This is interesting, seeing that Macbeth is one of the strongest on the battlefield and Lady Macbeth might not know what he is fully capable of because she is not among the people that he fights with. In this scene we find out many disturbing things about Lady Macbeth’s personality, she wants to become more of a man and we see how she controls Macbeth so easily. She is ruthless in pursuing her aim of murdering Duncan and will not allow anything to get in her way.She has the whole murder process planned out in her head and is waiting for the right moment in the King’s stay to commit the murder. Another fact about Lady Macbeth that shows us how interesting and disturbing she is, is the fact that throughout the play, from when she agreed with Macbeth that they were going to commit the murder, she had been very determined and strong.
In Act 2 Scene 2 she is very much on the edge. Earlier she seemed able to carry out the most terrible deeds, now she explains that she could not carry out the murder herself because the sleeping Duncan reminded her of her father.This is a sign of Lady Macbeth’s
conscience, feelings of guilt and how she is disturbed. She, too, seems to realise the wrongness of the murder, yet not long ago she felt that the murder had to occur in order for the couple to have a good life what ever the consequences such as eternal damnation.
We also know that Lady Macbeth is disturbed by what happens in Act 1 Scene 7. In this scene Macbeth keeps changing his mind about killing the king. He is finally persuaded to go ahead by the determination of Lady Macbeth. This important scene takes place in a room in Macbeth’s castle.It comes in tense contrast to the relaxed atmosphere of the previous scene at the castle gate.
Lady Macbeth hurls insults at him. Lady Macbeth takes up the clothing image when she asks whether the hope in which he had “dress’d” himself had been drunk; she says that he is acting as if he were drunk when he clothed himself in his hopes to be king. She accuses him of being a “coward”, and declares that he is like “the poor cat “i’th’adage” that wants to eat fish but won’t get it’s feet wet. She then suggests that the “enterprise” was Macbeth’s.This is not true but because Macbeth is not thinking straight she takes advantage by what she says later.
In a powerful speech she explains how far she would be prepared to go to get what she wanted. She tells him that if she had sworn to do something, before she would go back on her word, she would pluck her own baby sucking milk at her nipple and she would dash “the brains out” of the baby. Lady Macbeth seems to have joined the forces of evil. She has seen a chance to make her husband king and is determined not to let it slip away.As soon as Macbeth waivers in his resolve to go no further, and says, “If we should fail? , she seizes her advantage and she demands that they will not fail.
She spells out how they will commit the murder. By the end of the scene, Macbeth is convinced. In Act 2 Scene 3 Lennox says that it appears that Duncan’s guards have done the murder. Macbeth says he was so angry when he saw Duncan’s body that he killed the guards. This was a tricky moment for Macbeth. The others would have wanted to questions the guards, after all the king’s army has only recently fought off an invasions from abroad which was helped by traitors within Scotland.
The guards might have been working for another enemy of Scotland and Macduff wonders why Macbeth should have destroyed the only way of finding out. Macbeth knew that the guards would have denied the murder because they were innocent and there was a risk that they might have been believed. Interestingly Lady Macbeth faints just at the right moment to distract attention away from her husband and the question he poses. This shows that Lady Macbeth has a quick thinking intelligence which is kept unknown to all other than Macbeth. | https://studyhippo.com/lady-macbeth-is-the-most-interesting-and-disturbed-character-in-this-play/ |
Last updated: August 19, 2019
William Shakespeare in The Tragedy of Macbeth written in the 17th century dramatizes the tragic hero and Macbeth’s tragic flaw of ambition, which ultimately results in his downfall.
Shakespeare wrote this play to show how too much ambition can have adverse consequences on the human condition. This tragedy follows the true story of a historical Macbeth, an eleventh century king of Scotland who usurped the throne after killing his predecessor. In The Tragedy of Macbeth, ambition is Macbeth’s tragic flaw that permeates the dramatic structure. The tragic flaw serves to develop him as a character over the course of the play.Macbeth begins the play as a very strong and well respected and honored man and develops into a very evil person and ends the play meeting his death with courage and bravery.
His ambition causes these developments. Shakespeare used Macbeth’s tragic flaw and his development over the course of the play to portray the theme of too much ambition can cause someone to do awful things they wouldn’t do otherwise. Initially, Shakespeare portrays Shakespeare the tragic hero as a very noble and honorable man. It is clear how honorable Macbeth is seen as when the captain says “brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name”.This quote makes it very evident that at the beginning of the play Macbeth is a very like honorable man. At this point of the play Macbeth is a very well liked man.
He is also in very good grace with the king; he calls him “honorable Macbeth”. The king was very keen on him and thought very highly of him. Having the king think very highly of someone was a very difficult thing in this time. “After the battle to defeat the traitors of Scotland Macbeth is hailed a brave and honorable man. ” After defeating the traitor Macbeth is very well liked and this is what makes his downfall so bad.
It was very easy for Macbeth to get away with the murder at first because no one would of thought he would do it Too much ambition can cause a person to do things they wouldn’t normally do otherwise. Macbeth says “I have no intent to prick the sides of my ambition”. Macbeth acknowledges that he doesn’t want to commit murder and that the only reason he would have reason to do it is his ambition to be king. He doesn’t have any intention to kill the king until Lady Macbeth talks him into it and antagonizes him into it. When Macbeth is alone contemplating killing King Duncan he says “he doesn’t deserve to die. This proves Macbeth doesn’t really want to kill Duncan when he’s on his own and he knows it’s not the right thing to do.
Macbeth had his own opinion but his wife talks him into doing it and convinces him it’s worth committing murder. “Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth to commit murder. ” She does this so that her and Macbeth can have more power than they already have. This does good for the tow of them but causes destruction within the society. People are willing to do anything to do get what they want, no matter the expense of others involved. Macbeth was willing to kill Banquo because “no son of his” would be king if he let Banquo live.
Macbeth wants his sons to have the benefit of his murder of Duncan not Banquo’s children. He didn’t see any other way to ensure his children get the crown unless he had Banquo murdered. After the death of Banquo Macbeth sees his murder and freaks out in front of everyone and almost gives away he sees the ghost. “The Psychological effects of ambition and gulit” are very evident in this part of the play and show a lot in this section. Macbeth is willing to anything to keep his power and ensure that his children will have it also. He is willing to do it but the guilt slowly starts to eat and him and manifests when he sees Banquo’s ghost.All of these things combined is what cause the downfall and lead to his death at the end of the story. The play Macbeth shows that too much ambition can change a person and make them do terrible things.
This play shows very well that a decent amount of ambition is good but too much can not only affect the person but the people that are seen in the way of the tragic hero getting what he or she wants. The downfall of Macbeth was because of his ambition and a huge part because of his very persuasive wife Lady Macbeth. Ambition can cause a person to do things they wouldn’t normally do. | https://niagarafallshypnosiscenter.com/macbeth-research-paper/ |
The truth is that many of these decisions that Macbeth makes or follows is based on what the witches told him. One example of this is when Lady Macbeth convinces him to kill Duncan in order to become king. She specifically says, “Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be / What thou art promised. Yet do I fear thy nature / … / That I may pour my spirits in thine ear, / and chastise with the valor of my tongue” (1.5.16-17, 27-28). In this quote Lady Macbeth is thinking about the witches prophecy and how she can make it come true.
She is the one who plans the betrayal of Duncan and pressures Macbeth into thinking the only way to fulfill the witches “promise” is to kill the king. She goes so far as to tell Macbeth to stop wearing his emotions on his sleeves, saying “Your face, my thane, is as a book, where men / May read strange matters. To beguile the time, / Look like the time; bear welcome in your eye, / Your hand, your tongue: look like and innocent flower, / but be the serpent under it” (I, v, 69-73). She reinforces her strong character by telling Macbeth, in a time where men dominated their wives, what to do. When Lady Macbeth says “Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be /What thou art promis'd: yet do I fear thy nature / Is too full o' the milk of human kindness” (I, v, 14-16), we see how she considers Macbeth too kind, to prone to letting his conscience take over that she asks the evil spirits to enter her, so that she will be able to achieve what she fears he husband will not.
Shakespeare presents the flaws in Macbeth’s character using prophecies from the witches, juxtaposition in his soliloquys, and Lady Macbeth slowly manipulating him to do deeds that in the end lead to his demise. In Act 1 Scene 2 Shakespeare uses 2 characters talking about Macbeth to portray the idea that Macbeth is a loyal, brave and tenacious character and he uses imagery to show this. The sergeant tells us that Macbeth “with smok’d with bloody execution, like valour’s minion carv’d out his passage.” The imagery of “valour’s minion” is used to suggest that Macbeth is Valour’s favourite person and that he is the bravest person other than Valour himself. The imagery used to suggest that he is also a very violent person, able to commit acts that were perhaps disturbed is “smok’d with bloody execution.” This quote tells us that Macbeth is perhaps considered a violent person, but it is acceptable because it is for the King, therefore it is the right reason. In Act 2 Scene 1, just before Macbeth kills the King, we see signs of his psychological destruction when he hallucinates about the dagger.
Discuss how the characters of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and Duncan are established in Act I by using textual evidence to support your points. Macbeth: “return to plague the inventor” Macbeth is a person that knows what he must do but is doubtful of it. He is the war hero and got news of his promotion by the witches, who also said he would be promoted further. To make their prophecy come true he must kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth: “unsex me here, and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty” Lady Macbeth is the “true” evil.
Yet do I fear thy nature, / It is too full o' th' milk of human kindness / To catch the nearest way.” (I.V.15-18).These lines tell how much she wants power so bad that she makes Macbeth feel unmanly by telling what she could do. Lady Macbeth shows devotion to making Macbeth King by planning ways that he can become king.
This misinterpretation, committed in pursuit of power, leads Macbeth to perform certain actions which result in the death of the king, the death of Macbeth’s friends, and eventually his own demise. At the start of the play, Macbeth is seeking a great amount of power. His wife, Lady Macbeth says to him, “When you durst do it, then you were a man;” (Act 1, sc. 7, line 56), suggesting that they have either considered or committed murder for the sake of their own advancement in the past. Macbeth further condones this in his action to the witches’ prophecy that he will become king.
Macbeth Mini Essay Q: Choose from a play a scene which significantly changes your view of a character. Explain how the scene prompts this reappraisal and discuss how important it is to your understanding of the character in the play as a whole. “Macbeth” by William Shakespeare is a well know dark tragedy in which the audience’s opinion of the main character changes throughout. In Act I Scene II, Macbeth is initially portrayed as a noble and loyal knight who seems to love his king and his country. However, our opinion of him quickly changes in Act I Scene III when his true ambitions are revealed after an encounter with three witches and he soon learns that he himself will become king one day.
She becomes evil and ambitious before the murder of Banquo, and then she becomes fearful of her surroundings because of her guilt after Banquo's murder. Lady Macbeth develops her evil character by informing Macbeth about her idea of killing King Duncan and taking over the throne. "What beast was 't then, that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst to it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more than a man...When Duncan is asleep, his two chamberlains will I with wine and wassail so convince that memory, the warder of the brain, shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason a limbeck only..." said Lady Macbeth (I, VII, Lines 55-77). Lady Macbeth is convincing Macbeth about her plan to kill Duncan when he sleeps.
Lady Macbeth is a victim of her uncontrolled ambition.This ambition causes her to push herself and Macbeth to the very edge. She convinced Macbeth to kill Duncan by questioning his manliness. Lady Macbeth shows her negative ambition and ruthlessness while speaking to Macbeth in this quote: "Was the hope drunk?...Like the poor cat I' th' adage." (Act I, Scene vii, Lines 35-45) In this quote Lady Macbeth is asking Macbeth if he is afraid to kill Duncan, and if he has enough courage to say so. She is asking him if he wants to be king or not, and if he is to be king he must commit regicide.
Lady Macbeth also plays and evil role beside him. She mocks him, if he frets over her instructions, saying that he will be less of a man if he does not follow the plan. She gives Macbeth a lecture of deceptiveness when planning the murder of King Ducan. She had also prepared a dagger for Macbeth to kill the King in advance. Though Macbeth still had doubts, she was ready to do this blood thickening job, herself. | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Macbeth-Lady-Macbeth-20468.html |
DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT IN MACBETH In most stories the main character or protagonist develops and his or her state of mind changes by the end of the story. The state of mind tends to change at the various stages of the plot including the introduction, beginning excitement, rising action, climax, falling action, and conclusion. Freytag’s pyramid shows the usual structure for the development of the story and he explains how the protagonist changes and develops at those different stages. Macbeth...
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supernatural in Act 1 of Macbeth In the story of Macbeth, the supernatural is an essential part in the structure of the plot. It provides a spark for action, an insight into character and adds to the impact of many key scenes within in the play. Macbeth is a play of contradiction, ambition and tragedy. Driven to become king, Macbeth will kill all of those who get in his way of fulfilling his ambition. The supernatural appears in varied forms- the prophecies of the witches (which Macbeth had put a lot of...
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Macbeth: How is control and power shown in the play Macbeth? I have been looking at the play Macbeth and how power and control are shown in it. I will be analysing ways in which Shakespeare shows this throughput the play and what effect this has on the audience. Firstly, I will be looking at Act 1 Scene 1, which is the first appearance of the witches and helps sets the tone for the rest of the play. Throughout the play Shakespeare portrays the witches as being evil. One of the main quotes...
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Shakespeare Essay The play Macbeth written by Shakespeare goes under the genre tragedy. The term ‘tragedy’ has come to be used to refer to any serious dramatic representation in which the main character goes through a series of misfortunes that eventually lead to his downfall. The development of the protagonist can be explained or referred to five stages that Aristotle created. The first stage is exposition where the character is introduced to the audience with the information that is necessary...
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In Macbeth, ambition is characterized as a dangerous quality. Ambition is the downfall of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, which triggers the murders that take place in Macbeth. Although, Macbeth’s tragic flaw is ambition, it is the driving force of the play which is influenced by Lady Macbeth and the three witches. Lady Macbeth plays a major role in the downfall of Macbeth. She influenced and convinced Macbeth to commit the murder about Duncan, believing that the power would bring both of them happiness...
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Macbeth Critical paper Ambition is a very forceful way for one to pursue an achievement or desire. The play of “Macbeth” by William Shakespeare truly conveys the internal and external conflict through his life. Such internal conflict arises by Macbeth killing King Duncan just to be able to hold the throne for himself. Macbeth has such ambitious ways towards being the power of loyalty, which his conscience pulls him the wrong way. The urgency behind Macbeths senses seeps through his true character...
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Macbeth - Critical Essay Evokes 8. Choose a play in which the relationship between a male and a female character changes significantly. Show how the relationship between the two characters changes and discuss to what extent this illuminates a central idea of the play. “Macbeth” is a power-play between: good and evil; between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, and between Macbeth, his cousins and his former fellow Thanes. Lady Macbeth and her husband, Macbeth, play out a complicated contest of wills...
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Haley Sanders 3-5-13 Pd.2 Lady Macbeth “No there ain't no rest for the wicked, until we close our eyes for good.” -Lyrics from Ain't No Rest for the Wicked by Cage the Elephant The above lyrics ring especially true for the character Lady Macbeth from the renowned Shakespeare play Macbeth. In the play, Lady Macbeth's ability to suppress her emotions allows her to be calculating, manipulative,and apathetic. These qualities enable her to achieve her dark ambitions...
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Rupert Goold directed the 2010 BBC television film version of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, modifying it from the sixteenth century play to a twenty first century contemporary adaptation, set in a developing Soviet styled country. Shakespeare wrote the play presumably intending to verbally direct the actors on how to perform and in which tone they, should express themselves in. Therefore he did not add many stage directions, leaving no limitations to how the play should be performed. In addition, the adaptation...
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thumbs, Something wicked this way comes.” ― William Shakespeare, Macbeth tags: foreshadowing, macbeth 2113 likes like “To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of...
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Act 2, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's Macbeth is one of the most violent and intense scenes of the play. This scene is essential to the plot because it produces and develops Macbeth’s character as well as showing the first signs of guilt. It also presents a powerful and different side of the duo, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth after the death of King Duncan. He successfully uses a range of evocative language techniques to develop and explore the ideas of being a victim of fate, guilt and the issue of masculinity...
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Thematic Interpretation Macbeth Act 1 pgs. 24-31 A. A short statement of what the passage is about. Throughout the first act of the play “Macbeth” by William Shakespeare, Macbeth is introduced as a warrior hero. After the successful battle he had, Macbeth crosses the witches who predict him that he will be Thane of Cawdor and ultimately King of Scotland. At first he was in doubts but until the messenger arrives and tells him that he is granted the title Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth believes that the prophecy...
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The Loyalty of Masculinity In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth the main theme of loyalty is explored throughout the play by main characters. Loyalty can be defined as faithfulness or unwavering devotion to a person or cause. Duncan, Banquo, Macduff and Macbeth are all essential characters who are given opportunities to express their loyalty, however it is the different ways in which these characters choose to be loyal or disloyal that shape the play as a whole. It is the character’s loyalty and/or...
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civil war where the first introduction to the Scottish General Macbeth is given by a wounded soldier. A colourful and extensive exaltation of Macbeth’s prowess and valour in battle is illustrated. When the battle is won, largely due to the skillful leadership of Macbeth and Banquo, King Duncan honours his Generals with high praise and awards Macbeth with the title of a traitor awaiting execution, the Thane of Cawdor. Although Macbeth has not yet made his initial appearance, the audience is given...
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Macbeth Assignment Questions Luke Bent HG:11:82 4/8/08 (Q.1) The witches predict that Macbeth will be the future king. As for Banquo, they predict that he will not be a king, but father a son who will be king one day. (Q.2) Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to kill King Duncan. Macbeth gives her 8 reasons why he should not kill King Duncan. Macbeth is King Duncan’s kinsman as well as his subject which...
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There are many different viewpoints as to who was the real driving force behind Macbeth and his ascent to power. There is the possibility of outside forces, including Lady Macbeth and the witches but also he could be victim to inner desires and ambitions which is the human condition which he could not control. The contrasting viewpoint is that Macbeth is the villain and that he chose to kill Duncan without much persuasion from any outer forces. It was his choice and he made it in a clear mind with...
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scrutinized, and analyzed pieces of literature in the world; Shakespeare’s Macbeth is certainly not an exception. While “texts change in meaning and value over time, as the conditions under which they are interpreted change and new social forces and intellectual paradigms supplement their formal structures and patterns of meaning,” the key themes, values, and ideas observed throughout Macbeth are truly eternal—so much so that the word “Macbeth” is almost interchangeable with the word misfortune in regards to...
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Macbeth Essay Analysis Threatening forces that forces that shadow tragic or In the play Macbeth, the playwright, William Shakespeare, parallels two characters on opposite trajectories to suggest that ambition can become a threatening force; however, if this ambition is pursued relentlessly it may eventually lead individuals to respond in a way that may lead them to become the threatening force to themselves. “Brave Macbeth” is a courageous and honorable soldier, his actions bring honor...
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How does Shakespeare create mood and atmosphere in the opening scenes of Macbeth? Act 1 Scene 1 is set in ‘an open place’, immediately indicating to the reader that something secretive is happening, the very setting of the first scene indicates tension to come. The stage direction reads ‘Thunder and lightning. Enter three Witches.’ The weather creates a tense atmosphere, when the scene is performed the weather acts as pathetic fallacy, further creating tension in the atmosphere; also the weather...
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The play Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a perfect example of Aristotelian tragedy. An Aristotelian tragedy must meet seven qualities defined by Aristotle. The seven qualities in Aristotelian tragedy are plot, character, thought, diction, song or melody, spectacle, and katharsis. Plot is the main story line. Character is about the characters and their personality. Thought is about how the character's personality is revealed. Diction is the use of figurative language. Song or melody is about the...
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Through the characters in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the reader can examine how manipulation is used to mischievously feed their own selfish desires and, thereby, satisfy their corrupt ambitions. A timeless example of manipulation in women, Lady Macbeth uses manipulation to control her husband and wield him in the direction of Duncan’s murder in order for her to fulfill her own dark desires. When the reader first meets the noble Lady Macbeth, the perception of her personality, a scheming lady...
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1.) In the beginning of, Macbeth, the Macbeths cared for each other. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both were secure with their relationship and each other. They also trusted one another very much. “Great Glamis, worthy Cawdor! Greater than both by the all-hail hereafter! This ignorant present, and I feel now the future is the instant” (Lady Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Line 53-58). This quote is showing how excited Lady Macbeth was to see her husband and if she only cared for herself she would not be excited...
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of Duncan begins with the witches prophesying that Macbeth will be king. Macbeth wants to fulfil this prophecy due to his high ambitions. However, the prophecy is fulfilled only because Lady Macbeth leads her husband through the barriers. It is Macbeth's wife who causes the death of Duncan. <br> <br>Lady Macbeth acts as Macbeth's superior while the murder of Duncan occurs. Lady Macbeth has high ambitions for her husband. She understands that Macbeth has a lust for the throne. However, she fears that...
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a text is Macbeth, a character in Shakespeare’s play. He changes from being known as “noble Macbeth” at the start of the play, to being viewed as a “tyrant” at the end. This is an important change because it shows a once noble man who would do anything for king and country, to becoming corrupt in his ways. All because of his blinded ambition and desire to become the King of Scotland. Techniques that are used to show these changes are the use of asides and soliloquies, stage directions, figurative...
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When Macbeth first receives the prophecy predicting he will be king and Banquo's heirs will be kings, he is satisfied with the idea of being king. Banquo's heirs do not concern him at this point. Once he assassinates Duncan and is crowned king, however, this isn't enough. Now he wants his heirs to be king. He asks himself, why should he have taken all this risk just to put Banquo's heirs on the throne? Unsatisfied with just ruling himself, he plots to kill not only Banquo, but Fleance. His...
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Macbeth has universal appeal because it strongly demonstrates how we all make decisions that are influenced by the darkness within human nature. We are faced with choices and decisions everyday, and it is these that reflect who we truly are. In Macbeth, Shakespeare explores the theme of human ambition. The play initially starts with thoughts and influences then later develops into determination and action. Under the influence of power, Macbeth makes decisions that have serious consequences for himself...
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mind, a false creation from the heat oppressed brain?" In Shakespeare's Macbeth hallucinations represent a psychological manifestation of the protagonist's remorse and delusions. Macbeth isn't the only character in the play who is manipulated and tricked by his own mind, lady macbeth also experiences apparitions. each hallucinatory vision comes as a result of both character's wrongdoing. In act two Macbeth has a vision of a dagger before he murders Duncan. This moment represents the first...
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Supernatural Purposes in Macbeth and the Play Witchcraft is a vital supernatural element that is significant in Macbeth based off of its strong influence and effect it has on the audience of the play. Many effects have been seen from witchcraft such as entertainment, supernatural occurrences, and different perceptions of evil. Macbeth shows off a lot of supernatural elements in the story. The most frequent one used is witchcraft. Witchcraft affected the mood of the story as well as the audience...
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ambition and power Macbeth is driven to madness by fierce ambition and power, resulting in a fall from grace in Shakespeare’s shortest tragedies, Macbeth. Macbeth’s long journey towards possessing the throne travels through many high hurdles. With most of them resulting in murder and despair. The first hurdle, which is a sign for further hurdles, is the murder of Duncan the king. The build-up to the killing of Duncan begins with the witches prophesying that Macbeth will be king. Macbeth wants to fulfill...
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10% Additional devices that employees may require 16 Points 10% Proper Length for project (PPT 10- 15 Slides, Video/Audio at least 5 minutes, Paper 3-5 pages) 8 Points 5% Total ( sum of all points) 160 Points 100% Directions for Submitting Your Assignment Before you submit your assignment, you should save your work on your computer i n a location and with a name that you will remember. Compose your assignment in the appropriate application (i.e. Microsoft Word, PowerPoint...
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Critical Analysis: Soliloquies in Macbeth A soliloquy is a monologue, delivered by a character alone on stage. o Soliloquies are central to the play because in them there is only truth. There is no deception as there might be when speaking to other characters. o o Soliloquies contain the most powerful emotion and imagery in the play. Soliloquies are extremely important in revealing character, and are only spoken by the most important characters in the play There are several soliloquies in the first...
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parts of his plays were written by other playwrights, some argue that he did not write any of his plays, while others believe that he did not exist at all. One passage in particular that raises a few questions is Act III, Scene V, in Shakespeare’s Macbeth, where the three witches meet Hecate. It is believed by some, including myself that this portion of the play was not written by Shakespeare, but instead by Thomas Middleton. To begin, Shakespeare is common for writing in blank verse or prose. Blank...
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The Theme of Ambition in Macbeth In many of Shakespeare’s plays there exists relationships between characters; these relationships in many cases influence the direction in which the play goes. For example, in the “The Merchant Of Venice” the elopement of Lorenzo and Jessica is what triggers Shylock’s rage and blind desire for revenge, which sets the stage and the necessary atmosphere that is required for the climax in the court scene. Likewise in Shakespeare’s “Macbeth” the everlasting relationship...
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MACBETH – FATE VS FREE WILL The tragedy of Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare in the 1600s, continues to be one of Shakespeare’s darkest, most powerful tragedies. The play, set in Scotland, depicts the rise and fall of King Macbeth. It explores whether Macbeth was in charge of his own destiny in his quest for power, or under the control of others surrounding him. The play examines many themes, especially those concerning evil. A prominent theme in Macbeth is fate vs freewill. Is it fate...
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his Lady Macbeth's persuasions, the Three Witches prophecies, and his own actions. Macbeth was going to kill King Duncan, but she just could not do it. One who introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth. Macbeth's downfall is attributed to a sense of over-confidence and unchecked ambition, and the impact of the witch's prophesy all three seal Macbeth's fate and his destruction. At the start of the play, Macbeth is a loyal, courageous servant of the King of Scotland, but he is a man who harbours...
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William Shakespeare's play Macbeth is about a struggle for power in Scotland. Macbeth, the main character, gets prophecies from three witches about his future accomplishments that will come to him. One of his prophecies is that Macbeth will become king, Macbeth hearing this he becomes ambitious and later kills the current King Duncan, making himself the new king. A tragic ending comes to Macbeth when the people leave him and his world collapses around him. Blood is a recurring theme in this play;...
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Shakespeare uses vivid and powerful forms of imagery to let the audience visualize the setting. Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a strong woman who is attracted to power and would do anything to be in control; she is anything but an elegant and sensitive woman. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls an easy prey to insanity and guilt. Her soliloquy (5.1.24-30) shows her decline into madness when she says,“out damned spot...” There are many examples of visual and aural imagery throughout...
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What makes Duncan a good king? What makes Macbeth a tyrant? Macbeth started out as an honest person only to be pushed into the wrong direction countless times by the people he held close to his heart, and his emotions. Lady Macbeth wanted power, Macbeth thought that since the prophesy was true that he was going to be king, his sons wont succeed the throne, and he was scared because he thought that he wasnt safe, which was thanks to guilt for killing so many, and the mere thought of death...
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it’s good or bad. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth is supported by his wife, Lady Macbeth to kill the king, Duncan and grab the royalty for themselves. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth have many similar and different characteristics. This couple ate both egotistical, see things from face-value, and very power-hungry. While they are both very manipulative, Macbeth is easier to manipulate. Lady Macbeth is eventually guilt-ridden, while guilt never affects Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is also fine with only killing...
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boy or girl will do anything to get that slice. Power in the tragedy Macbeth by William Shakespeare is like that cake, people are hungry for power and will go out of their wits to gain and or maintain it. Power in Macbeth is gained through violence, betrayal, and of course prophecies. Power is gained through violence because Macbeth murders people so he can have his place in royalty. Betrayal is a way power is gained because Macbeth betrays his closest friend Banquo as well as the King Duncan. And power...
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imagination. In any piece of literature, imagery plays a significant role in illustrating the characters. In the play, Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are developed through the use of clothing, sleep, and blood imagery. Through the use of clothing imagery, Shakespeare exposes and develops the character of Macbeth. In the beginning, Macbeth is seen as loyal soldier of King Duncan. When presented with the title of Thane of Cawdor, he says "Why do you dress...
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The Effects of Unrestrained Ambition Lady Macbeth and Macbeth create their own tragedy by inciting ambition, and power-hungry obsession that fatalistically corrupts their minds. In the play, Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Lady Macbeth begins the downward spiral with her ambition, pushing Macbeth into wanting to become King. Macbeth then becomes obsessed with becoming King and gaining and maintaining power. These situations lead to both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s corruption, and ultimately, their...
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is demonstrated in Macbeth. The struggle for power lies at the heart of the drama Macbeth. It shapes and changes the title character Macbeth, leading him down a path of moral corruption, crime and tyranny; eventually to his death. Ambition; stirred by the three witches’ prophecy of Macbeth becoming King, is the fatal flaw that causes this tragic hero’s downfall. Lady Macbeth shares her husband’s longing for power and uses him to achieve control. The murderous actions of Macbeth and his wife have...
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English 27 February 2013 Macbeth In the play Macbeth, there are many different themes and motifs. The play is about a man named Macbeth who is a respected military man who lives in Scotland. One day, Macbeth meets three witches who give him the prophecy that he’ll become King. This prophecy leads to Macbeth’s downfall, and the start of his guilt. In Macbeth, Shakespeare explores the theme of guilt in order to teach his audience the overall...
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Cody Harris ENG 3UO Shakespeare, Macbeth Mr Staines Monday December 16th Murder, Power, Regrets greed, is a very compelling emotion, it is so much compelling that it forces hands of many, even stubborn hands it makes no effort to move or dislodge. it forces people to construct and act out there deep and most hidden desires. lady Macbeth is a naturally sly and manipulative character, who with her charm, finds it easy to compel Macbeth to murder. Lady Macbeth is able to devise a plan and make...
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Golden Macbeth * Do you sympathize with Macbeth? Why or why not? Considering whether or not to feel sympathy for Macbeth can be based upon whether or not you think Macbeth has any control of his own destiny. If you think of Macbeth as a pawn in his own game, then you can feel sympathy. He is controlled by the witches, who promise him the crown, at exactly the right time when he has just been "promoted" to Thane of Cawdor. The witches give him something else to strive for. Macbeth is also...
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Macbeth: Character Analysis The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is about a soldier, Macbeth, and his friend, Banquo, who meet up with three strange witches who share prophecies with the two men. Macbeth is told that he will become king someday and rule the land of Scotland. The rest of the play follows the actions of once a loyal soldier turned into a greedy king, who seeks to hold the crown forever no matter what the consequences may be. Throughout the play Macbeth displays himself...
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Macbeth – Scene Analysis “Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be What thou art promised; yet do I fear thy nature, It is too full o’th’milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great, Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it. What thou wouldst highly, That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst strongly win. Thou’dst have, great Glamis, That which cries, ‘Thus who...
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After reading the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare it has become evident that women are portrayed as dangerous forces that emasculate and ruin men. Lady Macbeth questions the manhood of Macbeth, convinces and manipulates him into doing things, and her actions lead to Macbeth’s eventual death, proving the point that she is the most evil female force in the whole play. Firstly, Lady Macbeth questions the manhood of Macbeth while also putting him down. For example Lady Macbeth questions the manhood...
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In the tragedy, Macbeth, William Shakespeare employs various rhetorical devices to demonstrate Macbeth’s and Lady Macbeth’s switch in traditional gender roles, which arise from the consequences for each character’s actions and speech. Plotting to murder Duncan in order to succeed the throne, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth switch traditional gender roles through their actions and speech. The switch in roles exemplifies inverted gender and social roles during their era. After Macbeth discovers the...
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horrible consequences both for Macbeth himself and for Scotland. In Shakespeares famous play, Macbeth, the themes of murder, guilt, ambition and the ruthless pursuit of power is explored. He does this through the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who are tied together in an eerie search for absolute power. Throughout the play, Macbeth reveals many traits that have horrible consequences for Macbeth himself and for Scotland. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth portrays himself as a noble,...
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English Language: Shakespeare: Macbeth (CA) ------------------------------------------------- A major conflict in Macbeth is the struggle between his ambition and his sense of right and wrong. Explore how conflict arises in Macbeth after the first prophecy proves true particular reference to Act 1 and act 2 Macbeth is a famous play by William Shakespeare known for its violence. The story begins as one of a loyal and honorable hero of Scotland. However, Macbeth's character changes gradually during...
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People tend to seem good and righteous but may actually be tainted or evil, and vice versa. Macbeth a bold “Thane of Cawdor” whose loyalty was to Duncan, became as evil and corrupted as the witches he talked to. They told him that he would become the future king and as these thoughts pondered in his head it consumed him by which he made the descion to kill the king in order to obtain the throne. In the play “Macbeth” by Shakespeare the theme “virtue versus evil” is developed through situational irony,...
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Macbeth In The play, “Macbeth,” Macbeth kills Duncan, the King of Scotland with the help of his wife. Witches play a part in the play by foretelling that Macbeth will become king. Macbeth’s friend Banquo will have sons who will become kings. After he kills Banquo, Macbeth becomes king and tries to kill everyone who might want to take the throne away from him. The ghost of Banquo, whom he kills, haunts him at an important banquet. Killing the King was wrong, Macbeth’s wife dies and Macbeth is overthrown...
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Discuss how Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband into killing king Duncan in act 1 scene 7 Act 1, Scene 7, Shakespeare lets the audience know exactly what type of person Macbeth is, but also how he easily he can be drawn into committing a evil act. This scene starts of with another soliloquy, but this time from the man itself, Macbeth. His soliloquy starts off with him really worried. “If it were done when ‘tis done, then ‘twere well it were done quickly”. On this note, he starts off with;...
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Lady Macbeth Versus Human nature Emotions are a part of every one; the way one reacts to them is what makes them different. Guilt and shame are some of the few that are felt in the normal man if committed murder. In the play Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Macbeth Lady Macbeth is a character that has been an accomplice in murder, and the actions affect her overtime. One is able to see Lady Macbeth’s actions affect her through contrasting characters by her reactions to her emotions compared to the...
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Macbeth Essay Macbeth is a play filled with murders and lies, but it is not the murderer who is responsible for the most evil in the play. The main character Macbeth kills two important characters in the play, and is responsible for the death of a third. Macbeth is still only the instrument carrying out these evil actions. Other main characters in the play are the three Weird sisters, or the three witches. They are supernatural creatures that prophesize that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor and... | http://www.studymode.com/subjects/stage-directions-in-macbeth-page1.html |
In the tragedy, “Macbeth” by William Shakespeare, guilt is contributed throughout the play, sacrificing a feeling that haunts the conscience. The feeling of guilt can come from committing a crime, a faulty act, or even violation over someone. The criminal may have remorse in their sinful hands creating an awful grudge with their past. It can lead them to their horrific death of repeatedly seeing their hands, as a reminder of what they have done. ”Hands”, signify the important components of self and violence that rounds out an emphasis placed on choice throughout the play. It is the impression of responsibility for this poor action that has been committed. In this play, there are many ideas, but guilt is one of the most significant ones. It teaches important lessons to the readers, with everlasting morals.
Guilt and Consequences Essay Guilt is caused when someone feels as though the have done something against their morals, this causes them to feel remorse and at often times cause their mind to become unsteady. In Macbeth, Macbeth and his wife experience guilt throughout the play. Guilt has negative toll on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s mental state, causing anxiety, hallucinations and insomnia. Anxiety comes over Macbeth after he kills king Duncan to gain power.
Both contemporary and ancient literary works commonly use hands as a device to represent various overarching themes; for example, the possession of power or good versus evil. In the play, Macbeth, Shakespeare often uses this motif of hands to enhance the clarity of his desired message. At first impression, Macbeth appears to be a loyal and righteous character; however, his own desire for power and the influence of his wife, Lady Macbeth, both lead him to commit a relentless sequence of crimes. Along with creating this chain reaction of events, simply performing one unethical act elicits a feeling of guilt that cannot be washed away, and also corrupts those surrounding the initial wrongdoer. Through the motif of hands, Shakespeare demonstrates that the negative repercussions of an immoral action cannot be repressed and will ultimately corrupt a person’s character.
Guilt has the potential to crumble even the most powerful of mortals. The Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth reveals the consequence of immoral action: guilt. William Shakespeare portrays the idea that the downfall of one may transpire as a result of this regret. Throughout the play, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are negatively affected as they are overwhelmed by the realization that they have violated their moral standards; this causes their guilt. The two attempt to conceal the remorse they experience, but despite this, their misdeeds take their toll. The effects most prominent throughout the play are the development of depression, paranoia, and emotional detachment. Ultimately, it becomes obvious that guilt is capable of bringing ruin to any individual.
With respect to Shakespeare’s drama Macbeth, Macbeth is a successful general who through a series of treacherous acts would later ascend to the medieval Scottish throne. In an effort to claim the Scottish throne and prevent some undesirable prophesies from witches, Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth organized a series of murders and assassinations targeting King Duncan and his probable heirs. Out of guilt and shame attributed to the treacherous acts, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are haunted by troubled consciences, initiating their fateful endings. Admittedly, the emotional forces of shame and guilt played roles in directing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to their early graves.
The play Macbeth authored by William Shakespeare emphasizes a theme of guilt and regret in relation to unnatural acts, through the character change of Lady Macbeth, Macbeth, their relationship and how it can cause emotional breakdown loss of personality and ultimately, loss of sanity. The play was written in the early the 1600s and is set in Scotland. It focuses around the life of Macbeth a Thane, and future king of Scotland, who seemingly does whatever it takes to achieve this prestigious role. In the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth is steely in her mannerisms and appears to be willing to do anything in order to achieve what she ultimately desires. However, in the final act of the play her steely and cruel nature breaks down due to the
William Shakespeare wrote Macbeth. It is considered one of its most powerful and darkest tragedies; the play dramatizes the psychological and political corrosive effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to satisfy the ambition for power. Macbeth tells a story of crime and punishment mixed with witchcraft. Covered in the deceitful prophecies of the Weird Sisters, Macbeth decides to assassinate his king and take the crown. Aware of the horror to which he surrenders, he forges his terrible destiny and believing himself invincible and eternal. Throughout the play blood is used as a way to show the evil intentions of not only Macbeth but other characters of the famous play, demonstrating their ambition, anger, and guilt.
Furthermore, a character that felt an abundance of guilt was Lady Macbeth. After killing Duncan, Lady Macbeth was haunted by the sight of blood. This is evident when it is stated, “It is an accustomed action with her, to seem thus washing her hands: I have known her continue in this quarter of an hour”(V,I). Moreover, after killing
Macbeth 's decisions to murder changed his whole way of life negatively. His first murder was what changed it all. Duncan the ex king of Scotland, was his first victim. In order to become king, Macbeth’s final decision was that he would have to kill Duncan to become King. Decisions can have a bad or good consequence in your life.
In act one scene 7, Macbeth doubts if he should kill the king; however, his wife, Lady Macbeth, manipulates him into proceeding. It might be difficult for Macbeth, the renowned warrior, to hear his wife accusing him of cowardice. Therefore, under Lady Macbeth’s influence, as she questions his manhood, he commences the murder in order to prove to her that he is not a “coward.” This is important to note because his soliloquy shows his determination to proceed.
In Macbeth, blood is a symbol used to represent guilt and how one's guilt will cause them to act with concupiscence. If an individual feels guilty about an action they will do anything to try to make up for that action or clear their conscience. They may cross a line in which they never had thought of crossing before in order to fight their guilt. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Macbeth feels guilty about the many murders he has committed and his guilt has turned to paranoia. His paranoia is evident in his conversation with lady Macbeth about banquo when he says, “Come, seeling night, / Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day /
Shakespeare uses the recurring symbol of blood to emphasize the effect of death and violence on the human psyche. The connotation that Macbeth associates with blood switches from a primary motivator to a guilty reminder. Prior to Duncan’s murder, Macbeth witnessed a floating dagger covered with blood (II.i.33). Macbeth had experienced violence and Blood is also used as a reminder of the guilt and trauma from the murder of King Duncan, the guards and Banquo. Macbeth refers to his hallucination of the ghost of Banquo: “It will have blood, they say. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Power-Of-Guilt-In-Macbeth-PKZGY9NFCE86 |
Focusing on Act 1 Scene 7 and its significance with Macbeth, explore the ways in which Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are presented in the text.
Macbeth is introduced as a hero who then turns his determination to his downfall and ends up losing everything he wanted to be. A man. Expressions such as "Valour's minion" (the servant of Courage) and "Bellona's bridegroom" (the husband of War) show us that Macbeth is an audacious man who is willing to fight for his country. Macbeth and Banquo are equalled to "eagles" and "lions". From this we know that Macbeth is a very valiant and strong character. We then see his fatal flaw, ambition. Macbeth is shown to be very ambitious, some examples are when he ...view middle of the document...
Significantly, in his letter, Macbeth says nothing of their prophecy to Banquo; perhaps he is already afraid of its outcomes. I think it is interesting that he calls his wife “my dearest partner of greatness” which to me makes her look like his partner of crime he is about/ wants to do and we know that she does become his partner in crime but more than that. She immediately says He is "too full of the milk of human kindness" to commit murder; he would be great, he would have a high position, he would wrongly win that position, but in each case, some other aspect of his character would not permit him to do it. She is very manipulative and we can see that the way she says she will help him to get it. The next time she speaks, her second soliloquy her intentions are described in the most grotesque and frightening terms. She wants her sexuality to be changed she wants to be become someone else but a woman. It is no coincidence that these last words reflect those of Macbeth in the previous scene: Shakespeare is creating a strong verbal bond between husband and wife that will continue throughout the play. In Polanski’s version they are like innocent couples and very love like towards each other. Whereas in the play she is made to be an evil woman. Then in Act 1 Scene 7 she finds out his self-doubt and Macbeth says that his golden reputation will leave him and she sets out by mocking him and his weakness. Her questions drive further the wedge between daring and doing, between courage and action, between desire and fulfilment. This presents her as a manipulative woman. In the Polasnki’s version she ends up using her feminine aspects to her advantage, she cries and plead and start touching his face going for a kiss and is very manipulative.
In Act 1 Scene 7 the brave Macbeth is shown to be uncertain i.e. we sympathise for him, this is also exemplifies in Roman’s version because he looks weak and scared. Polanski also dramatizes the effect by him be right next to King Duncan, this creates a dramatic irony because they know he is about to take the crown. Also we can see the repetition of individual words — if, were, done, be, but, and here — each repeated two or three times within the first few lines. This show the way he thinks and it makes him look like he is able to decide and question his thoughts and this reveals an intelligent poetic Macbeth to which we sympathise towards more. He ends up with the conclusion that the only thing that is driving him forward is his ambition "no spur / to prick the sides of my intent but only / Vaulting ambition which o'erleaps itself / and falls on the other"
Also Macbeth is always in the shadows which indicate his duplicity even more nature also specifies that there is something unnatural, because it was very thunderous, windy and it was raining, this may compare to Macbeth’s feeling as he was angry and tearful and pleading to the... | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/focusing-on-act-1-scene-7-and-its-significance-with-macbeth-explore-the-ways-in-which-macbeth-and-lady-macbeth-are-presented-in-the-text |
CORRUPTION: THE MONSTER THAT MUST BE TAMED IN NIGERIA
Unlike his normal ebullient self, Peter, a business associate and emerging fund manager, was visibly worried and in a pensive mood. When he looked up and saw me, the only words he could utter were “Chick-woodi, have you heard?” “Heard what, Peter, for God's sake, when will you learn to pronounce my name correctly?” “Oh, forgive me, but this is serious. It is about your country, Nigeria, which you kept projecting to us as the best investment destination!”. “Tell me … what is it again this time?” He then gave me his Blackberry Playbook on which was a report about a Nigerian man, Maina, who bilked the pension fund of 88 billion naira and deposited same in his brother's account! I was speechless.
According to the story, the Federal Government had set up a Presidential Pension Recovery Taskforce Team with Abdulrashid Maina as Chairman. As expected, this was part of President Jonathan's reform agenda and the team was to cleanse and reposition the pension scheme in Nigeria. The head of the reform taskforce, Maina, developed disingenuous strategies for enriching himself and in the process fleeced the pension system of 88 billion naira!
This was one of several cases of corruption that feature in Nigerian and international media. You read of these reports and wait in vain for the culprits to be punished. Therein lies the reason corruption thrives in Nigeria. It's reward is higher than the punishment (if any). What lacks in the country's fight against corruption is neither the law nor the institution but the firm resolve to effectively punish the corrupt individuals and make the act unattractive to others.
Corruption is the monster that must be tamed in Nigeria for the country to thrive as it limits the country and her citizens. It gives Nigeria a bad reputation, weakens our capacity to attract the much needed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), obfuscates our economic growth and holds down on our national development. Genuine investors are more attracted to environments where the rules are clear and not susceptible to whimsical interpretations based on whose palms are greased.
Corruption dislocates the country's productive system, weakens the social and economic fabric and diminishes the incentive for creativity and productive work. When the citizens see those who self-enriched themselves in their official positions freely enjoying their loot, it becomes difficult to effectively spread the message of discipline, perseverance and hard work in the country.
There is therefore an urgent need for the country's leaders to coalesce with the civil society and the populace in the fight against corruption. The President must show a demonstrable commitment and zeal to fight corruption by weeding out corrupt officials, questionable elements and non-performers from his government. He must ensure that credible individuals are appointed into positions of trust and that the acts of these officials are continuously monitored to ensure that they remain focused on the task at hand. There must be an audit check to ensure that what is on paper matches what is on ground. The President must encourage an “audit alarm system” in the country by ensuring that all his officials comply fully with the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. When the citizens have easy access to basic information, it becomes easier to expose corruption. For instance, with the availability of information, it will be easier for the citizens and civil societies to raise alarm and challenge cases of misrepresentation of projects executed or expenses made.
Importantly, corrupt officials must be exposed and punished. An effective deterrence to corruption is the perception of the punishment which the culprits receive. The citizens must see the corrupt officials identified, isolated and effectively punished. The reward for corruption must be such that discourages others from the act. In this, we have to borrow from our old cherished African tradition of publicly exposing evil acts thereby discouraging such. When a witch was caught, she was often taken to the market square where her nakedness was exposed for the people to see. Her humiliation was such that served as deterrence to others and discouraged the act of witchcraft in the society. In this light, when identified, the corrupt officials must be publicly exposed and shamed. They must be made to lose all their assets and face the appropriate jail term. Their humiliation, shame and personal loss of resources would serve as deterrence to others. When people realise that the penalty for corruption is high, many folks will see a disincentive to self-appropriation of our collective resources. By shaming the corrupt officials and destroying their capacity to defraud us again, we will be setting the foundation for a better tomorrow. | https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/lifestyle/84821/corruption-the-monster-that-must-be-tamed-in-nigeria.html |
The operations of the civil service becomes ineffective and inefficient when there is politicization of the civil service, poor remuneration, lack of skilled manpower, corruption, poor human resource management, insufficient materials, use of obsolete materials, inadequate manpower training and inadequate supervision.
Politicization of the civil service: The civil service in Nigeria is politicized, they are no longer doing their work rather they are influenced by the politicians. Ethics of the civil services professions are no longer followed. Civil servants in Nigeria are mostly influenced and controlled by the politicians.
Issues of representation: There is lack of meritocracy in today’s civil service; it is now based on representation and selection. The decline in merit system causes inefficiency in the civil service because people are selected based on favoritism and nepotism.
Employment in Nigeria civil service lacks merit system, rather people are being employed based on their tribe and loyalty to a particular political party.
Poor remuneration: A hungry man is an angry man. The civil service are poorly remunerated which causes them to take bribe. The salary they receive is not even enough for them to pay their children’s school fees. They are not well motivated.
Absence of skilled manpower: Lack of skilled manpower in the civil service causes inefficiency in the civil service. Therefore, any organization that lacks adequate skilled personnel in their organization, will find it difficult carrying out their operations effectively and efficiently.
Poor human resources management: Human resources management recruits and train workers to work in the organization. But when the organization cannot manage their workers, the workers tend to leave the organization. Poor management of workers causes death of an organization.
Use of obsolete equipment: Obsolete equipment affects the general functionality of the civil service. Some offices in the civil service still use typewriter instead of new modern computers. For any civil service to function effectively, obsolete equipment should be gotten rid off. Modern system of administration should be adopted for easy and effective management.
Inadequate materials or insufficient materials: Lack of materials for work causes inefficiency in the operations of the civil service. Government failures to provide those necessary materials that can facilitate work in offices contribute to the cause of ineffectiveness in civil service.
Inadequate manpower development/training: There is need for training in the civil service; training helps to develop workers ability in order to carry out their work effectively. When a civil servant lacks the necessary training, that will help them carry out their work well, it causes delay in the operations of the civil service.
Corruption: Corruption has eaten deep into the bones of our civil service, it hard to find a civil servant without the intent to defraud. When corruption continues to thrive in the civil service, it affects the general operations of the civil service.
Inadequate supervision: When workers are not adequately supervised, they tend not to work effectively well because nobody is watching them. Lack of adequate supervision in the civil service makes civil servant to be nonchalant in carrying out their duties.
Related Posts: | https://www.walyben.com/reasons-why-the-civil-service-operations-are-ineffective-and-inefficient/ |
How Systems Thinking Can Improve Emergency Management with CJ UnisMar 10, 2023
In today's world, emergency management has become increasingly complex and interconnected. With rapid advancements in technology, emergency managers must navigate a range of different systems, such as infrastructure, communications, and policy, to effectively respond to emergencies.
To address these challenges, experts are turning to systems thinking, an interdisciplinary approach that considers the interconnectedness of different systems and their impact on each other. In this recent episode of the CCEM Podcast, Systems Engineer and emergency management professional Carl “C.J.” Unis emphasized the importance of using systems thinking to improve emergency management.
The Complexity of Emergency Management
Unis argues that emergency managers often face complex and interconnected problems that are difficult to plan for. For example, during a crisis, emergency managers must consider a range of factors, such as the availability of resources, the needs of different communities, and the impact of policy decisions on their response efforts. These factors are all linked together and can have a significant impact on the success or failure of emergency response efforts.
To overcome these obstacles, Unis recommends taking a systems thinking approach. Systems thinking involves looking at emergency management problems from a variety of different angles. It involves understanding the inherent connection of different systems. If implemented effectively, systems thinking can increase understanding, execution, and resourcing, leading to decreased response time and increased ability to execute.
How Emergency Managers Can Apply Systems Thinking
Emergency managers can use systems thinking to identify the root causes of problems and develop more effective response strategies.
The first step, as Unis suggests, is to apply at the five foundational pillars of systems thinking when framing a problem. Emergency managers should look at the relationships between operations, infrastructure, systems, human capital, and cyber. Once connections are established, it becomes clear who the key stakeholders are and how they will play a role in the success of a project.
The second step is to keep applying systems thinking on a regular basis until it becomes the intuitive approach to any problem. Unis says that there’s still a lot of tacit knowledge in implementing a systems thinking approach. To achieve good results, emergency managers and professionals should repeatedly practice it.
The third step is to go deeper and explore new policies and approaches to emergency management. Unis believes that a lot of policies in emergency management are archaic. He stresses that 20th-century policies are driving 21st-century innovation. The speed of innovation can make it difficult to take a comprehensive approach to emergency management problems. And technology is not always the solution to close that gap. Rapid adoption of technology can lead to a knowledge gap and an increased risk of unintended consequences.
Therefore, Unis emphasizes the importance of education and training in promoting systems thinking among emergency managers. In addition to exploring new policies and technology, he argues that emergency managers need to be trained to think critically and to understand how to frame problems correctly. To do that, they should go beyond the academic and theoretical aspects of emergency management and start engaging with their communities—building relationships with local authorities and jurisdictions.
Conclusion
Overall, systems thinking provides a powerful tool for emergency managers to address the complex problems they face. By taking a systems thinking approach, emergency managers can improve and scale their response efforts to better serve their communities during times of crisis. By exploring the interconnectedness of their problems and focusing on community engagement and education, emergency management professionals can increase their understanding, execution, and resourcing, leading to better outcomes for everyone involved.
Listen to the full episode on the Crisis. Conflict. Emergency Management Podcast. You can also access the episode on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, or Google Podcasts. | https://www.capacitybuildingint.com/blog/how-systems-thinking-can-improve-emergency-management-with-cj-unis |
A team of scientists and researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, has developed a solar energy-based Root Zone Heating system and Vermi-Bed method for plants in high altitude areas to address the scarcity of fresh vegetables or agricultural produce and the lack of effective organic waste management in high altitude areas like the Leh-Ladakh region.
Vermicomposting is the easiest technique of making enriched compost by using earthworms.
According to a statement by the institute, at the root of this development was the scarcity of fresh vegetables faced by our defence forces deployed in high altitude areas like the Leh-Ladakh region, especially during winters because of the extreme climatic conditions which make agriculture difficult.
This issue is further compounded due to increased tourism in those areas as the demand for vegetables increases. The region faces a severe scarcity of fresh vegetables leading to increased food miles of fresh food supply, adverse impact on the environment and economic losses due to the perishable nature of vegetables.
Another major challenge faced in high altitude areas is organic waste management. Organic waste generation is a continuous process, and its disposal is a critical issue in the regions of subzero temperatures. If organic wastes like food waste is disposed of in a landfill, it rots and becomes a significant source of methane, a greenhouse gas.
Poor waste management – ranging from non-existing collection system to ineffective disposal – cause air pollution, water and soil contamination.
This waste can be extremely beneficial when converted into compost and can be used for growing healthier plants, but that is not feasible under extremely low temperature. It is to address these two issues that the IIT Kanpur team has come up with this unique technology.
“Due to the climate and weather conditions, it is difficult to avail fresh produce year-long. Hence, this novel technology of Root Zone Heating system and Vermi-Bed method developed by the team at our institute is a significant step towards helping especially our defence forces deployed there with fresh vegetable supply and a solution to effectively mitigate organic waste,” said Abhay Karandikar, Director, IIT Kanpur.
The basic premise of the technology is a greenhouse (polyhouse) plantation of vegetables and a provision of the heating root zone of the plants. The root zone heating is scientifically studied and modelled by laying a network of GI (Galvanised Iron) pipes below the ground carrying solar-heated water.
A significant temperature increase (7oC to 18oC) in soil was achieved during the trial, depending upon the temperature of hot water being flown inside the GI pipes. This raised temperature helped plants grow in a faster and healthier way than the plants grown outside at relatively low temperatures.
Such a system in high altitude areas can better the cropping cycle to produce fresh vegetables even in winter conditions.
To resolve the issue of waste management, on-site treatment of organic waste by vermicomposting was also carried out inside the polyhouse in a pit, wherein additional heat was provided to the vermi-bed by running hot water through buried rubber pipes.
Hence, this technology developed a symbiotic system that not only enhances the fresh food supply in high altitude areas during winters but also provides solutions for producing nearly zero waste.
This technology has unified organic waste management practice with agriculture. The technology can assist our troops deployed in high altitude areas by making them self-reliant to a large extent in terms of the fresh food supply.
They can grow desired vegetables in a protected environment like a greenhouse with solar-operated root zone heating and at the same time, it will assist in managing the organic waste generated by maintaining high-temperature vermicomposting.
The team has been granted patent for this technology. | https://www.techcircle.in/2022/06/27/iit-kanpur-develops-solar-energy-based-plantation-method-for-high-altitude-areas |
Thatch is the dead grass and organic matter that accumulates over time underneath the healthy grass blades. Thatch prevents fertilizer, water, and air from getting to the roots. If your lawn is not green, one of the major reasons can be thatch build-up. Soil is generally not present within the thatch layer and therefore holds very few nutrients. Most lawns require a thatch layer of between ½ to ¾ of an inch. This layer offers protection to the grass roots from the heat of the day. It also aids in reducing soil compaction in high traffic areas. When thatch becomes thicker than 1 inch, problems start to occur in the lawn. The thatch layer acts much like a sponge, absorbing water quickly and depriving the root system of moisture.
When the thatch layer becomes thicker than 1 inch, grass will try to utilize this area for its root system. Because thatch holds very few nutrients, the root system suffers. As the thickness increases, watering becomes increasingly difficult. Thatch acts like a sponge, absorbing most of the water being applied to the lawn, either from the sprinkler or rainfall. Ultimately, this leaves little for the root system of the grass to use. Thatch over 1 inch is also a great place for insects and rodents to nest in the lawn.
Deep Core Aeration is the best way to prevent thatch buildup. The aerator pulls 3-inch plugs from the ground. These holes allow water and air to reach deeper into your soil structure. | https://totallandscapes.com/thatch |
As the number of employees, vendors, contractors, and departments within an organization grows, so too does the complexity associated with managing access to a growing number of applications and systems.
System administrators commonly manage this complexity by preemptively creating more roles for exceptions and edge use cases. And organizations with more limited or older legacy Identity and Access Management (IAM) systems often have no choice but to handle new access requests by assigning new roles to a user.
However, the very concept of roles—and the accompanying practices of role analytics, role mining, and roles engineering—is quickly becoming an outdated and inefficient means of solely managing access rights, particularly for edge use cases.
New Roles Are Not Always the Answer
With traditional Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) methods, administrators can find themselves forced into “role nesting,” where new roles are stacked on top of existing ones, to address edge use cases and provide users with deep, granular level access to an application.
However, before too long, this can snowball into role creep—the unsupportable and unmanageable situation in which new roles are created inside of existing roles, for every new access need and use case that arises. By digging themselves into an ever deeper “role hole,” organizations set a bad precedent that leads to some unwieldy access management problems down the road.
The Challenges Associated with Role Nesting
When roles are nested, it becomes much more difficult to manage, support, and identify role properties because the role structure is so complex. The task of keeping track of additional roles-within-roles for each user becomes a significant support effort—first for the IT department and then for individual business owners or unit managers who have to oversee access rights to certain applications.
The level of role complexity may also be too much for some business applications and systems to bear. A system originally set up for one basic user and an admin user might slow down or crash as it attempts to interpret requests from a user with more and more roles piled onto his or her profile.
In addition, the largely manual process of handling exception use cases is not particularly efficient, robust, or secure. Consider larger organizations who might have hundreds of exception use cases to manage—no one person can effectively keep track of who has access to which systems or when this access needs to be turned off.
Why Role Mining Doesn’t Solve the Problem
Instead of pausing to rethink their access management approach, many organizations attempt to “solve” their role challenges with expensive role mining, roles engineering, and roles analytics solutions.
Any number of vendors stand ready to sell role mining tools that examine an organization’s structure, review the various business applications and systems in use, and then conduct an analysis designed to optimize the number of roles.
These tools might slightly improve the role assignment issue—cutting the number of roles down by as much as half—but they do not solve the problem outright. They merely allow the organization to operate more effectively, while perpetuating a bad habit. While they might make roles-based access more manageable, these tools do not to address the root of the problem.
A Better Approach
Classic roles management techniques and tools definitely have their place and provide value. But when it comes to special use cases, traditional techniques tend to treat exceptions like every other access request—the exception becomes the rule.
We recommend an alternative access-granting solution called Just In Time (JIT) Access—granting access to applications or systems for predetermined periods of time, only when needed.
Just In Time Access provides an innovative way to give users timely access and privileges to organizational resources that are outside their normal, routine work function. Complex and expensive role management processes and tools are not required. And, when JIT Access is combined with RBAC and ABAC policies, organizations can effectively cover virtually all of an organization’s access needs.
To learn more about Just In Time Access and how to determine the right access management policies for your organization, we recommend reading the ebook Just in Time Access: A More Secure Approach to Special-Case Access Needs that Fall Outside of RBAC & ABAC Policies. | https://blog.identityautomation.com/why-role-nesting-and-role-mining-wont-address-your-access-management-needs |
In many countries, corruption is no longer silently accepted. The increased awareness of the costs associated with corruption and the rise in the number of countries that have embraced democratic freedoms and market economies are both largely responsible for the change in attitudes. As the awareness of corruption becomes more widespread, the need for sustainable solutions is likewise more urgent.
Widespread and persistent corruption continues to be one of the leading problems for businesses, governments, and citizens worldwide. Increasingly, efforts to combat corruption are no longer just a prerogative of NGOs and civil society organizations; businesses are also mounting sustained efforts to address both the supply and demand side of corruption.
With FRESH Global's seasoned staff and their experience in the areas of auditing, procurements, financial management, etc., we can design, implement and monitor anti-corruption projects.
We have discovered that government, private sector, and civil society organization must collectively be involved in combating corruption. From our surveys, we have found that corruption can be reduced with not only better management information systems, internal controls, standard codes of ethics, but also with better wages and an incentive award plan. | http://ufresh-global.com/activities/initiatives/anti-corruption.html |
Habit is defined as a deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behavior . Frequent biting of the nails, thumbsucking are examples of a habit.
In psychology, the term "habit" refers to a pattern of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to become automatic over time. Habits can be formed as a result of learning, conditioning, or repeated exposure to a particular stimulus or situation.
Habits can be both positive and negative, and can influence a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in significant ways. For example, a positive habit, such as exercising regularly, can have positive effects on physical and mental health, while a negative habit, such as smoking, can have negative consequences.
Here are some examples of habits in psychology:
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A person develops a habit of checking their phone first thing in the morning, which becomes a routine part of their daily routine.
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A person forms a habit of biting their nails when they are stressed, which becomes a automatic response to stress.
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A person develops a habit of meditating daily, which becomes a regular part of their self-care routine.
Habits can be difficult to change, as they are often deeply ingrained patterns of behavior that are difficult to break. However, with effort and awareness, it is possible to change habits and develop new, healthier patterns of behavior. | https://www.psychology-lexicon.com/cms/glossary/41-glossary-h/10048-habit.html |
Describe the purpose of this essay, as well as your thesis. What does the Bible reveal about the way humans have viewed nature? What does Marx suggest about the consequences of the prevailing ideology toward nature?
Analysis of Evidence
What alternative ways of thinking about nature? Here, discuss Leopold and even perhaps Spinoza.
How does Easter Island serve as an analogical example of our future? (Diamond) Also discuss Khmer and Mayan civilizations as further evidence. How do these ancient civilizations exemplify the modern ideology?
How do the documentaries exemplify the prevailing ideology in the industrialized (and industrializing) nations?
How do the documentaries bear out Diamond’s prediction?
Conclusion
Reflect on why ideological change is necessary in making the environmentalist movement effective.
* Ideology is typically defined as a set or a system of ideas and beliefs that are used, consciously or unconsciously, to construct the world we live in. For instance, multiculturalism is contemporary culture’s dominant cultural ideology that actively shapes the world we live in. BUT, when ideology becomes so thoroughly ingrained in the minds of people so that they are no longer conscious of it, it fails to evolve and become the root of “false consciousness.” For instance, social inequality among the races was an idea that everyone accepted as true and natural, even Abraham Lincoln. | https://blog.instantgrades.com/essay-on-environmentalism-introduction-describe-the-purpose-of-this-essay-as-well-as-your-thesis-what-does-the-bible-reveal-about-the-way-humans-have-viewed-nature-what-does-marx-suggest-about-th/ |
Hot on the heels of A Girl at My Door, we’re confronted with another impressive debut film from a Korean director which once again deals with a series of important, if unpleasant, and often overlooked social phenomena. It’s difficult to review Han Gong-ju without revealing the mysterious events at its centre, yet much of the film’s impact is bound up with the slow drip of the structural dissection of its raw and painful wounds. Based on a real life case from 2004, Hang Gong-ju is a harrowing tale of victim shaming, social injustice and ingrained systems of corruption which will shock even the most cynical Korean cinema fan.
At the beginning of the film, Hang Gong-ju is being a little less than sensitively dealt with by her school teacher who hands her a new mobile phone and instructs her not to call anyone she knows, not even her father, and only to accept calls from his own phone. She’ll be transferring to a new school and staying with her teacher’s mother until other suitable accommodation can be arranged. We don’t know why any of this is happening but the teacher seems put out and less than willing to help Gong-ju - almost as if he finds her existence a little embarrassing. At her new school she keeps herself to herself, making sure to remain distant from her fellow pupils. However, a group of singers finds out that Gong-ju has musical talents and becomes intent on adding her to their group. Though fearful and unwilling, Gong-ju gradually becomes closer to them. The reason for her aloofness leads back to the very reason she’s been exiled from her hometown and is a secret Gong-ju is terrified will eventually be revealed. Following a possibly well-meaning (or maybe a little less so) action by her new group of friends, the true reasons for her being forced into hiding are thrown into the light and Gong-ju once again becomes the centre of a storm composed of a complex system of societal repercussions.
Without giving too much away, nothing that happens to Han Gong-ju is her fault yet she’s the one sent away from her home, from her friends and family, and forced to feel ashamed for having undergone a terrifying ordeal. She’s just a normal teenage girl, but there’s no one to stand with her or for her - she is left totally alone in the home of a stranger with no one to talk to or be comforted by. Those that are responsible, the guilty parties, who were able to act in such a morally repugnant way thanks to their connections, social standing and the arrogance the combination of those things afforded them seem to have largely escaped the shame and ignominy which has continued to dog Gong-ju who is still subject to physical manifestations of their actions - let alone the mental scarring. Not only that, Gong-ju is also pursued by the families of those that have caused her harm who seem to want her to change her statement of events in favour of their children. The father of one whom she had been close to even wants her to sign a petition to say that his child was “forced” into these heinous acts. Perhaps in a sense he was, though it’s hard to see how any rational person could ever see that as a mitigating factor in the events which did actually take place.
It’s not only Gong-ju who’s found herself at the mercy of rigid social codes. Her hard-nosed and originally reluctant landlady-cum-responsible-adult Mrs. Lee has also had her fair share of disapproval from the local housewives thanks to her relationship with the town’s police chief. Her middle aged romance also causes a degree of resentment from her horrified son who doesn’t seem to care very much about his mother’s actual feelings or those of Gong-ju, whom he deposited at his mother’s house like an inconvenient suitcase in the hope of making a good impression with his boss. Although originally put out by the sudden arrival of a teenage house guest who may even be some sort of delinquent, Mrs. Lee comes to a grudging admiration for this obviously damaged girl and is close to being her only real supporter (though perhaps only up to a point). Gong-ju’s growing closeness with Mrs. Lee is even more valuable as her relationship with her own mother was fractured even before the events that have befallen her and leave her unable even to count on her mother’s love and support during such a difficult time.
Told with remarkable assurance by Lee Su-jin who opts for a complex, non-linear structure, Han Gong-ju is frankly more harrowing than any horror film as the demons which plague the central character (and actually, many of the other women in the film) are all too real - manmade by a rigidly conformist, conservative society riddled with corruption and all too quick to point the finger of blame at those incorrectly positioned within its complex network of social hierarchies no matter what the facts of the matter may be. Shocking, even if sadly somewhat unsurprising, Han Gong-ju dares to shine a bright light on this dark corner of human suffering, and by telling the sad story of this one lonely, victimised girl who nevertheless tries to live her life in spite of her difficult circumstances, it may help others finally wake-up to the kind of injustices we allow to take place in the world which we, daily, create.
Korean with optional English subtitles. On-disc extras include Enemy's Apple - a 20 minute short film by director Lee Su-jin, and trailers. | http://www.uk-anime.net/LiveAction/Han_Gong-ju.html |
It’s rare or even nonexistent to hear a child stating: “I want to be a compliance officer when I grow up.” However, here we are in need of qualified and sharp individuals ready to take on the numerous challenges of working in a compliance role. In addition, with healthcare fraud and identity theft on the rise, the need for compliance professionals will seemingly only continue to grow. So, what’s the solution? I would argue it’s important to focus on the desired attributes of individuals who seem best suited for the role, thereafter focusing on training them to be successful in the field. Furthermore, I believe it’s the responsibility of those experienced in the profession to be fostering the growth of individuals who show potential to someday wear the compliance officer hat.
Many of us had to learn the job in a trial by fire fashion, or somehow fell into the “opportunity” of compliance one way or another, with very little coaching or training. However, as the industry becomes more complex and the schemes of corruption more present, we will most definitely need versed and confident compliance officers and compliance professionals to protect the patients, members and customers which we serve into the future.
Backed by many years of experience as a healthcare compliance officer, I have identified the following key attributes as great potentials for a future in the compliance department, even in cases where no previous experience exists.
- Natural Curiosity– Compliance officers must continuously be digging deeper to identify the root cause and to help create the best path of action in the event an issue of noncompliance is identified.
- Confidence– The compliance officer is not a role for the faint of heart. In order to fulfill the duties successfully, command the room and push for a root cause, unfettered confidence is a must have.
- Integrity– Arguably a prominent value we want all employees to have, but for the compliance officer integrity, at all times, is an absolute necessity.
- Collaborative– While objectively making decisions is a key function of the role, the compliance professional’s success is only as strong as the relationships they hold with individuals in the organization, from the top down. The compliance officer must be relatable enough to connect with front line employees, while also possessing poise and confidence when discussing difficult topics with the organization’s CEO or the board of directors.
In summary, there’s no perfect profile or educational background which will result in the “ideal” compliance officer or professional, but rather a grouping of common attributes that collectively can form a great fit for the field. With this in mind, I encourage my fellow compliance professionals to focus heavily on attributes of individuals and job applicants we meet in order to select, mentor and train successful compliance leaders for our increasingly important field. | http://complianceandethics.org/i-want-to-be-a-compliance-officer/ |
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It is quite understandable for any person or family to look for a destination that offers them better living standards and greater personal security. However, this need does not justify violating the laws. Today, it is known that more than a million immigrants obtain a legal entry visa to the United States every year and there are several million on waiting lists that respect immigration laws. The following analysis search for its causes.
Understanding Migration
Corruption, Poor Governance, and their Effects on Migration in Central America
Institutional neglect and corruption in Central America
On February 2, the Biden Administration announced an Executive Order to address the root causes of migration from Latin America. The Executive Order directed a small collective of officials to develop a plan “to address the root causes of migration, including by (A) combating corruption, strengthening democratic governance, and advancing the rule of law; (B) promoting respect for human rights, labor rights, and a free press; (C) countering and preventing violence, extortion, and other crimes perpetrated by criminal gangs, trafficking networks, and other organized criminal organizations; (D) combating sexual, gender-based, and domestic violence; and (E) addressing economic insecurity and inequality.”
While all these actions are laudable as part of U.S. foreign policy, the Executive Order did not make clear how corruption and governance issues are related to migration. Nor have subsequent actions by the Administration. The links were taken as obvious, or taken for granted. Yet the relationship between poor governance, corruption and migration is complex and multiple factors exist, sometimes intensifying each other and at other times neutralizing each other.
Latin America has suffered from decades of neglect in building strong institutions and pervasive poor governance, including the Northern Triangle countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Throughout the region, political systems that benefit political and economic elites are entrenched, and corrupt governance is pervasive. One consequence is that the state is unable or unwilling to provide basic services to the citizenry — education, public safety, response to natural disasters, consistent legal institutions, and core public-health services like universal vaccination. A second consequence is that individuals have very low institutional trust in government, even when they do not report personal experience with corruption. Yet services do exist in these countries that approximate services delivered in the Global North in quality—but only available to local elites.
This situation has dependable outcomes. People believe, correctly, that they are getting the short end of the stick. People believe that things are not going to change. For many, then, the solution is migration. Migration becomes the way to change one’s life, to rise up socially, gain access to needed services, enable a better life for one’s children, or buy the goods that individuals dream of owning.
Corruption and Migration
Several relationships between corruption and migration are clear in Latin America, although not all of these are analogous in relationship or equivalent in strength ... | https://democraciaparticipativa.net/economia-society/toma-nota/18653-is-illegal-immigration-tolerable-its-causes.html |
Thimphu is hosting a seminar called Development with values: Social fence against corruption conducted by ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Bhutanese government.
Twenty-three Asian and Pacific countries are taking part in the two-day seminar.
In the recent years, Bhutan has had to tackle many corruption issues. If we do not address them effectively, corruption could have serious impact on the stability and security of our society. It could also undermine the institutions and values of democracy, justice and the rule of law. It has been found that at the heart of rising instances of corruption is degeneration in moral values. In many societies, corruption has become serious societal disease. It is the biggest systemic threat facing the economies and societies today.
Effective management of public affairs and public property is, thus, critically important. As a society that strives to achieve sustainable development through good governance, it is imperative that we foster a culture of intolerance towards corruption.
We may have a commission to address issues related to corruption, but corruption is becoming more complex and sophisticated by the day, demanding every unit of the society to play their part if we are to cut root and branch of it. Our Constitution mandates every one of us, as a citizen, to uphold justice and act against corruption.
It is not enough that we have the political will. Reduction of corruption has been incorporated as one of the national key result areas in the five-year plans. But it is important that we remind ourselves from time to time that we can ill afford to be complacent.
Bhutan today ranks 27th out of 168 countries in the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index. We could certainly do better. Our aim should be to rid our society of corruption whether we are monitored regularly so or otherwise.
“At a time when we are establishing parliamentary democracy in the country, it is very important to curb and root out corruption from the very beginning,” said His Majesty The Fourth King in December 2005.
This seminar is a good reminder to our leaders and policy makers. | https://kuenselonline.com/development-and-growing-challenges-of-corruption/ |
A new year brings new challenges for every business. In the ever changing world of employment law 2017 was no exception and 2018 is looking set to be a busy year too.
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Unlike the court system where expert evidence is usually the last task to be carried out, the FTT will require expert valuation evidence to be given at an early stage before lease terms have been agre
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Effectively a business becomes responsible for the criminal acts of its employee and other "associated persons" including agents, contractors, suppliers and intermediaries that perform services
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Tue 05 Sep 2017
Generally, standard property insurance cover on a block of flats does not automatically include damage caused by terrorism although in most cases, the cost to add terrorism insurance to a policy can be relatively low depending on the location of the block.
Terrorism insurance has become an increasingly contentious issue in service charge cases; in short, many leaseholders think it is unnecessary and simply serves to increase their service charges, but is that what the Tribunals think?
Read more from Yashmin Mistry, Property Practice Group leader, here. | http://www.jpclaw.co.uk/news/article/?id=180494&title=Do+we+need+terrorism+insurance%3F |
Maximising opportunities and strengthening systems
Partnerships between business, the public sector and civil society are not the answer to all sustainable development challenges, and there is clearly a risk if partnerships are simply adopted in a random way or in inappropriate circumstances.
Some key questions to ask prior to considering a partnership approach to sustainable development might include:
- What has been done to address this issue already?
- Could it be better / quicker / more economic for an existing single sector approach to be improved / strengthened?
- What evidence is there that a partnership approach would work better?
- Are there examples of a partnership having worked well in similar circumstances?
- Are there potential partners available / interested / appropriately equipped?
- Will there be genuine ‘value-added’ (as opposed to a convenient alignment of interests)?
In any event, it is usually important to do considerable ‘scoping’ prior to committing to a partnership and, possibly, to do some pilot collaborative work in a pre-partnership phase to see how the relationships go and whether the benefits outweigh the risks and the transaction costs.
Some practitioners are beginning to be more cautious about when and where a partnership is likely to work well. For example, questions have been raised about whether a partnership can ever work when:
- One of the sectors is weak and is, in effect, being carried by the other(s)?
- Corruption is rife and it is simply not possible to build trust between the key players?
- Past conflicts are unresolved and therefore key players feel hostile, hurt or unsafe with each other?
- There is a breakdown in the rule of law?
- Negative / destructive behaviour (whether by individuals or whole organisations) is not addressed?
These are critical questions and our current view (open to discussion and evidence to the contrary, of course) is that partnerships will only operate successfully in any of these circumstances if the partners address the issue as a core part of their partnering activities. In other words, it is not a case of ignoring the problem and hoping it will go away; it won’t, and it is likely to undermine the partnership to such an extent that it becomes dysfunctional.
Partnering in difficult contexts
Who might be the losers if a partnership is to be formed and a partnership project to go ahead? How will they be taken into account? What risks might they pose?
Having said this, there are difficult contexts in which partnerships do play a real part. For example, in places emerging from conflict or struggling to mitigate the debilitating impacts of corruption or natural disasters or grinding poverty is there a place for cross-sector partnerships at all?
This is a challenging question. For instance for UN personnel who are being required to operate increasingly as ‘partners’ in countries where the sectors with whom they are expected to partner are largely dysfunctional. In these circumstances, partnerships wherever they can be created will be an essential means of building and strengthening civil society, business and government rather than replacing them with alternative and largely unaccountable delivery systems.
Our experience suggests that even in the most extreme circumstances where working collaboratively across the sectors is currently extremely difficult, it is still possible to lay the foundations of the idea of partnership as a practical mechanism for nurturing local or community-based economic and social development. This is because promoting the idea of cross-sector partnerships helps not only in reconciliation and dealing with past, but also provides a way for generating a much-needed vision for the future, which is strongly linked to local needs, circumstances, resources and development opportunities. | https://thepartneringinitiative.org/when-to-partner/ |
In a previous blog, we explored how businesses are increasingly moving towards a Zero Trust mindset when adopting cybersecurity practices. The very essence of Zero Trust, as the term implies, is to assume the stance of distrust towards any user or device that tries to enter the corporate environment – it follows the mantra of “never trust, always verify”.
While Zero Trust is an important principle, it’s just a mindset shift that reflects the acknowledgement of new threat vectors arising from an increasingly stretched corporate environment. Mindset changes like this need to be accompanied by a pragmatic approach to security implementation, which is where Security By Design comes in.
Security By Design
Making sure that software and hardware systems are secure from the ground up – from the genesis of design to deployment – has never been more important in our connected world. With the explosion in the volume of workplace devices and cloud environment systems, going to the source or root of each component, whether that be hardware, software or data, is increasingly critical. With these systems needing to move, store and provide access to sensitive data, they are prime targets for a cyber-attack – making a branch and root approach to cybersecurity all the more important.
Security by design is an approach to software and hardware development that seeks to make systems as free of vulnerabilities and impervious to attack as possible through measures such as continuous testing, authentication safeguards and adherence to best programming practices. Building security into products from the start of their development addresses the all-too-common tendency for security to be an afterthought, with designers patching security holes as and when they are found.
Without ensuring every aspect of a system has the highest level of security from the point it is created, there is a higher risk that the device or system can be hacked. It is therefore essential that manufactures or engineers are building secure products to create a strong bond of trust between developers and users. If it becomes apparent that the software or hardware of a device has been compromised by a malicious attack, this bond of trust is broken, turning consumers away from advances in technology, such as products that use cloud applications, and hindering further innovation.
To be truly secure, sensitive source code and data must also rely on a hardware root of trust like a Hardware Security Module (HSM) to ensure that it is encrypted, that any sensitive data remains confidential, and that its integrity can be guaranteed. This frame of mind, combining secure hardware with a ground-up approach to processes, is essential for good quality cybersecurity practices.
Zero Trust by Design
Over the last few years, we’ve seen enterprises increasingly shift their workload to the cloud, propelled by the use of applications like Salesforce, Box and Office 365. This has accordingly required a change in attitudes to information and cybersecurity to keep up with this evolving workplace.
The security threats that accompany the evolution of the cloud pose a daunting prospect for IT departments, as the rise in the number of cloud environments involves an expanding number of untrusted endpoints. Indeed, 49% of business believe cloud applications are the biggest targets for cyberattacks.
One of the ways to address these threats is to apply the principle of Zero Trust to the foundational concept of Security by Design. Accordingly, this makes sure security is rooted in every product and service by design and that a company does not trust anyone by default, even those already inside the network perimeter.
Since the technical maturity of organizations varies significantly, it’s challenging to define a standard approach to Zero Trust By Design. Ultimately, each company needs to make a self-assessment of its capabilities and the spread of its sensitive data to determine which methods and tools are the most appropriate to protect cloud and web-based apps, while ensuring these security measures provide are as frictionless as possible.
In some cases, it may be appropriate to implement a tightly regulated internal infrastructure, where even the web browser is limited to a single brand and hardware-based tokens, which use private firmware would ensure security is almost impenetrable. Yet, for other companies, this sort of tightly regulated IT infrastructure could cause friction for users.
Achieving this balance, between a high security environment and user convenience, is the constant compromise that CIOs and CISOs need to strike. In order to do this, businesses require flexible security solutions that are resilient and built for a multi and hybrid-cloud environment. By effectively walking this tightrope, organisations can achieve a Zero Trust By Design information security approach that satisfies both cyber diligence and user experience requirements.
To learn more about how Thales’ IDaaS solutions enable secure, convenient access to numerous cloud applications, or for help on how to choose the right option for your organization’s cybersecurity and make your CISO’s life easier, visit our website https://safenet.gemalto.com/cloud-data-security/.
In addition, for an even more in-depth review, you can also take a look at the whitepaper by Identity Defined Security Alliance on role of identity for implementing Zero Trust. | https://dis-blog.thalesgroup.com/corporate/2019/10/02/zero-trust-by-design-information-security-in-the-era-of-the-cloud/ |
The consistency and resoluteness of his acts will earn him more admiration. Filipinos understand and share these philosophies of punishment.
In his 2017 State of the Nation Address (SONA), President Duterte claimed that Philippine society is basically retributive. He declares that it is based on the Old Testament tenet, “An eye for an eye, A tooth for a tooth”.
He added that Philippine criminal laws, based on the Revised Penal Code of 1932, adhere to the classical theory of deterrence, where punishments must be made severe, to deter brain-deranged offenders from committing further crimes. He lamented the notion of positivist criminology, with its emphasis on the root causes of criminal behavior, and described it as ineffective and irrelevant. He alleged that the international community, especially the United States, employs this soft approach to crime, leading sex offenders to rape young girls shortly upon release from prisons.
This part of his extemporaneous speech provides important insights in understanding his views of Filipino criminality. It provides a theoretical lens to piece together the different policy prescriptions that his administration developed to address crime. It also provides a basis to evaluate the basis of his theoretical assumptions and empirical assertions.
Retribution and deterrence
The bedrock of President Duterte’s philosophy of punishment is based on retribution and deterrence.
While these two philosophies have conceptual similarities, they are quite different. Retributive philosophy is backward looking – it punishes past acts. Deterrence is forward looking – it punishes to deter future acts.
Retribution is based on a moral compass: it requires punishment for a wrong done, a moral redress to a wicked act. Deterrence is based on a utilitarian compass: it requires punishments to be meaningful and effective, which can be achieved if punishments are severe, swift, and certain.
Both philosophies see the act and not the actors and their environments. Both assume that actors have free will, and they willingly violated the law despite knowing the punishments.
President Duterte combines these two philosophies as bases for his wars on drugs, criminality, corruption, and terrorism. He threatens to kill drug users and dealers, to peel the skin off criminals, to throw the corrupt off helicopters, and to eat the brains of the terrorists – to deter them from criminal acts. The severity of his threatened punishments translates into the swift punishment of drug addicts who are physically eliminated by a brigade of volunteers who share his philosophies, and which are justified as just desserts – you destroy my children, I will destroy you!
The take-no-prisoners mantra, as manifested by the destruction of Marawi City (though he sincerely regrets the military bombings) manifests, in his mind, the power of the state to inflict as severe pain as possible to deter terrorists from engaging the government in the future (buang kayo, mas buang ako). His repeated pronouncements that he is willing to go to prison, and even to be assassinated, are his efforts to assure his supporters and to convince his critics – that he will go all out, that he has nothing to lose, in exacting vengeance against those who destroy the Filipino society.
Filipino admiration
His ramblings are incoherent but his acts are very consistent.
The philosophies of retribution and deterrence have consistently been manifested on the first day of his administration and up until his second SONA. By all indications, it will continue for the rest of his term.
The consistency and resoluteness of his acts will earn him more admiration. Filipinos understand and share these philosophies of punishment. They concur with the idea that pain is the only thing that a Filipino criminal will understand, that civility and decency are currently immaterial.
They also concur to the view that the Philippine criminal justice system is slow, inefficient and corrupt. To trust this liberal elitist system, with its trappings of niceties, will only perpetuate an iniquitous system.
For most Filipinos, they are ready to go for the jugular – to swiftly destroy the system, to hastily kill the corrupt, and to start from scratch. President Duterte captures that imagination, his rambling rhetoric aside, and consistently reinforced these notions by his many symbolic acts – cursing the Commission on Human Rights every time an addict rapes and kills children, lambasting due process advocates every time a criminal escapes from prison, lampooning critics who question his methodologies as dilawan. For ordinary Filipinos fully convinced of his philosophies, these are swift responses from a strong, dedicated and morally upright President.
Reality check
But can the President really eradicate crime, drug use and trade, corruption, and terrorism using these approaches?
Theoretically, it is possible. By going all out in its many wars, the President, with his minion of volunteers, could possibly eradicate drug use and trade. Grudgingly, drug use in the villages is down. However, it will be quite difficult to measure the impact on street crime (example, robbery snatching) corruption and terrorism.
But even if there are temporal gains, the issue really is: will this be sustainable in the long run? Only time will tell.
But if one wants to venture on an educated guess, one must look at positivist criminology, which the President characterizes as “soft” and “misguided.” Positivist criminology suggests that
criminal acts, drug use, corruption and terrorism, have biological, psychological, and social causes, and to address these issues effectively, one must first address the root causes of the problems. For example, low IQ, maladjusted personalities, dysfunctional families, poverty, lack of education, lack of employment, and disorganized communities are more likely to result to drug use, criminal behavior, corruption, and terrorism involvement.
Positivist criminology suggests that while the government must punish the behavior of the offender, the government must also address the factors that lead them to drug use, crime, corruption, and terrorism in the first place.
This entails pouring of resources in the front-end of the social system – building schools, hospitals, and communities and creating jobs, rather than chasing them at the tail-end – killing them, or putting them to jail and prisons. This also requires respect to the tenets of human rights and due process, so that the criminal justice system will function judiciously and equitably.
Present alternatives
However, this approach will take time, probably decades, to achieve its goals. It also requires empowering the criminal justice system the right way – through structural (higher pay, more police, less overcrowded jails and prisons, etc.), organizational (skills training, computer literacy, data analysis, etc.) and cultural (professionalism, gender sensitivity, respect for ethnic diversity, etc.) interventions.
Despite his ramblings, the President has articulated his understanding of the Filipino criminality.
Critics must not center their criticism on his incoherent ramblings; the Filipino masses understand and fully support the substance of his views. It is based on the solid philosophies of retribution and deterrence, philosophies of punishment that continue to capture the imagination of millions of people worldwide due to their moral and utilitarian appeals.
Critics should offer alternatives, which could be drawn from the wealth of positivist criminology – which evidence suggests has long-lasting and more enduring impact on crime, drug use, corruption and terrorism.
An educated and humble articulation of the alternatives hopefully can persuade an angry nation who had been fed up with the pretensions and niceties of an elitist society. – Rappler.com
Raymund Narag is a Filipino criminologist dedicated to the understanding of Filipino criminal behavior and to development of appropriate responses to criminal acts. He currently teaches criminology in Southern Illinois University Carbondale. | http://focusnewsprod.com/explaining-dutertes-views-on-filipino-criminality/ |
The next 50 years in the United States will be a period for racial justice and culture change in the United States. The chief county agenda will be based on settling issues associated with the disabled, people of color, LGBTQ communities, standpoint for women, economic inequalities, voting rights, criminal justice as well as immigration. As such, there will be massive progress in addressing unemployment issues, violation of civil rights, and housing issues as it has been in the last 50 years. In the next 50 years, the country will also be looking forward to developing a significant civil rights frontier that will help in enhancing a racial equity framework that involves various dynamics for shaping the nation. The country has put much effort into transforming to majority-minority rights in the last 50 years which means in the next 50 years; all individuals regardless of their racial backgrounds will have better lives in the United States.
According to Ridgeway (2014), in the next 50 years, the US will have gone beyond diversity to embrace equity among the majority and minority groups. Various programs, including diversity plans and cultural competency training, have been put in place to address the challenges associated with racial differences. There is a higher possibility that the root cause of racial disparities will be confronted and people will have peaceful workplaces, while people of color will have no problems in accessing healthcare services. People of majority and minority groups will have equal opportunities in jobs, education, and healthcare. Technology will be a pivotal contributor to the changes because a lot of jobs will be done online, which will contribute to people being hired on merit and competency and not on racial differences. One way of fighting for equality in this context has laws and policies that address the multidimensional ways in which discrimination occurs.
Politics
Strategy memo
One of the biggest challenges facing Los Angeles (LA) city is weak community-bond. There is a need to build a stronger community that will help the city to grow and thrive despite the existence of 14 communities. Most people in LA do not take their time in community events such as social gatherings and community health affairs that affect them. Guaita (2019) observes an urgent need to address the matter by putting in place the necessary measures that bring together children, parents, organizations, businesses, caregivers, residents, and various other stakeholders. Bringing people together will build a clear vision that includes strategies that creates a great community for the future of the next generations.
I suggest one method of doing this is by encouraging children-parents and caregivers’ partnerships that will sharpen leadership skills for the existing generation of children. Parents and caregivers will also have a chance of understanding their children better and increase their knowledge in regards to the needs of their children. In essence, the children will be a voice for change and action during their times. The city should consider a free membership program that welcomes all residents of LA to share their symbols, beliefs, and values in regards to the matter. Considering that the issue is pressing to the minds of the residents, many people will believe in this goal, and the membership will continue to grow every year as more people notice its importance. Children born healthy should be able to maintain the health for the rest of their lives, which only possible by encouraging healthy weight and families to have their children participating in a program of regular exercise. I am a social connection, and health promotion steward who thinks proper training, social relationships, and eating right is good for people of LA.
Decisions
All life aspects are affected by cultural and emotional differences ranging from food, marriage, and social interactions. It turns out that cultural differences and emotions play a critical purpose in how individuals and families make their decisions concerning healthcare. Sen (2019) observes that culture plays a crucial role in medical interactions by affecting how people might view treatments and illnesses and in turn, affects how the physician addresses the matter. Many cultures have developed false systems of beliefs that explain the cause of diseases and how an illness can be treated or cured as well as individuals who should be involved in the process of healthcare. It is a significant challenge because it influences the effectiveness of healthcare delivery enormously. On the other hand, emotions affect how a patient seeks care and the nature of the provider they choose. In most cases, health decisions made on cultural beliefs and emotions end up getting the patients in trouble because they play a crucial role in the patient’s compliance.
As such, there is a need to address the matter by holding awareness campaigns for advising individuals to avoid cultural and emotional influence when making health-related decisions. For instance, it is essential to seek a healthcare provider based on merit and competency and not who speaks the same language as the patient. Hospitals, on the other hand, should have interpreters for different styles to help patients who do not speak the same language as the doctor proper healthcare services. Individuals who have significant cultural differences should find a comfortable living place that will not affect their health decisions.
College
I have noticed it is challenging to increase diversity and inclusion at Cal State because of the challenges faced by underrepresented race/class/gender and groups. I have realized that the minority groups face exclusion and discrimination that has them struggling to access their rights in the college. In some cases, students from foreign country routes have themselves, or their parents stripped off their citizenships and forced to abandon the country. Exclusion and discrimination determine the kind of friends’ individuals have in college, and some of the students have no friends while others have few unreliable friends who cannot even help in school work. Most of the students deprived of citizenships face inevitable denial of their fundamental rights and are not offered the right to protection. Other students are refugees with precarious legal situations, which makes them feel stateless.
As a steward of enhancing diversity and inclusion, I understand that equality and inclusion plays a key role in promoting academic success among students. Murphy & Destin (2016) assert that exclusion and discrimination is one of the biggest challenges facing schools in the 21st century. In essence, I propose the inclusion of laws and policies relevant to equality and inclusion that will lead to the creation of effective social cohesion strategies within the school and outside communities. There is a need to grab as good understanding in regards to the prevalence of discrimination among the minority groups and come up with policies and measures that help in addressing the situation.
References
Murphy, M., & Destin, M. (2016). Promoting inclusion and identity safety to support college success.
Ridgeway, C. L. (2014). Why status matters for inequality. American Sociological Review, 79(1), 1-16.
Sen, R. (2019). Where are we going with that? Use transformational goals to measure racial equity work.
We, at Peachy Essay provide a wide range of sociology writing help which can be listed but not limited to: | https://peachyessay.com/sample-essay/cultural-emotions-in-future-memo-to-the-next-generation/ |
This year’s worldwide mountain of waste electronic and electrical equipment will total an estimated 57.4 million tonnes – greater than the weight of the Great Wall of China, the world’s heaviest artificial object, said the Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment Forum (WEEE), on International E-Waste Day, yesterday.
The date 14 October 2021 is designted as International E-Waste Day.
E-Waste is made up of discarded Electronic appliances such as mobile phones computers and televisions.
The WEEE Forum is an international association, based in Brussels, representing forty-five electrical and electronic equipment producers.
According to Pascal Leroy, the Director General of the WEEE Forum, the organisation behind International E-Waste Day: “Many factors play a role in making the electrical and electronics sector resource efficient and circular. For example, our member producer responsibility organisations collected and secured responsible recycling of 2.8 Mt of e-waste in 2020. But one thing stands out: as long as citizens don’t return their used, broken gear, sell it, or donate it, we will need to continue mining all-new materials causing great environmental damage.”
“This year’s focus for International E-Waste Day is the crucial role each of us has in making circularity a reality for e-products. This is more important than ever as our Governments go into COP26 to discuss global action to reduce carbon emissions. Every tonne of WEEE recycled avoids around 2 tonnes of CO2 emissions. If we all do the right thing with our e-waste we help to reduce harmful CO2 emissions.”
Global e-waste generation is therefore growing annually by 2 million tons, or about 3 to 4%, a problem attributed to higher consumption rates of electronics (increasing 3% annually), shorter product lifecycles and limited repair options.
When it comes to mobile phones, a French study estimates that 54 to 113 million mobile phones alone, weighing 10 to 20 tons, are sleeping in drawers and other storage spaces in French homes.
In the US, while many mobile phones are recycled, an estimated 151 million or more phones a year – approximately 416,000 a day are trashed and end up incinerated or landfilled, and that 40% of heavy metals in US landfills come from discarded electronics.
By weight discarded big appliances such as stoves and refrigerators constitute the largest component or e-waste. These large appliances contain steel, copper and aluminium which makes them attractive to thieves. Despite concerted efforts by governments at many levels, this problem persists.
“Alongside convenience, financial compensation, care for the environment, culture and social norms, awareness is one of the key motivators for people to take action on e-waste,” says Magdalena Charytanowicz of the WEEE Forum in charge of International E-Waste Day.
“This is why on 14 October we hope to reach as many citizens worldwide as possible and urge the proper disposal of end-of-life electronics ay encouraging campaigns and awareness activities such as e-waste collections, school lectures, and social media outreach. Even the smallest action promoting sound e-waste collection, repair, reuse or recycling is welcome in the frame of International E-Waste Day.”
On International E-Waste day 2021, leading experts and producer of responsible organisations are calling on households, businesses and governments to get behind the efforts to get more dead or unused plug-in or battery-operated products to facilities where they can be either repaired or recycled to recover a fortune in valuable materials and reduce the need for new resources. | https://matangitonga.to/2021/10/15/recycling-important-reduce-mountains-e-waste |
There is no full democracy without women and equality is not possible without the involvement of men. The great challenge of the 21st century in achieving true human development in the Euro-Mediterranean region inescapably involves devising a regional strategy to bring about a shift in men in all countries towards more equal attitudes and practices, with special emphasis on young men and fathers as well as men who have political responsibilities: responsibility starts with example, commitment and the ability to make decisions.
The 4th Union for the Mediterranean Ministerial Conference held in Egypt in November 2017 is an outstanding opportunity and an unmatched setting for achieving the agreements and progress our societies need, and including men in policies and actions that work towards equality is crucial in doing this.
[ufm_quote]Bringing about change in men is a recognised and global challenge for humanity[/ufm_quote]
The 48th Session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women in 2004 marked the first time that internationally agreed conclusions have been reached on the role of men and boys in achieving gender equality. The Secretary General of the United Nations published a report describing the struggle for gender equality as a societal responsibility that concerns and should fully engage men as well as women and requires partnerships between women and men.
The Commission called on governments to take a range of measures such as implementing programmes to increase men’s ability to bring up their sons and daughters in a way that fosters gender equality, drawing up public information campaigns about the role of men in promoting equality and encouraging men and boys to play an active role in preventing and eliminating all forms of violence, especially violence against women.
The European Union’s Roadmap for equality between women and men 2006-2010 says that men should be encouraged to accept their family responsibilities, especially by encouraging them to take parental and paternity leave and share the right to this leave with women. The 2767th meeting of the Council of the European Union recognised that issues related to men and gender equality have not yet been studied in their entirety and urged the Member States to reinforce institutional structures for the promotion of gender equality, both in the public and private sectors, and to also support men’s involvement in promoting and achieving gender equality.
Recommendations
• Devise specific programmes to sensitise and educate men and boys about joint responsibility and the prevention of violence against women and girls, thus promoting participation by society.
• Base actions on scientific evidence: research the state of masculinity in the Euro-Mediterranean region and produce regular publications.
• Involve and train the region’s leaders in gender equality: champion a men’s lobby for fairness with commitments and specific actions to achieve change in men and drive women and girls’ empowerment.
• Promote birth and adoption paternity leave for men as a key aspect for including them in care. • Implement positive fatherhood programmes by involving fathers in the process of pregnancy, childbirth and upbringing.
• Have resources and an extraordinary budget in place to implement these policies since the inclusion of men should not be to the detriment of measures specifically geared towards women and girls which are already being carried out.
Ritxar Bacete González, Hombres por la Igualdad
Ritxar Bacete González is a Senior Fellow at Promundo. He is an independent consultant, educator, researcher, and activist focused on fatherhood and engaging men and boys to promote care, gender equality, and ending violence against women in Spain and Latin America. Along with Promundo and local partners, he is leading the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES), a multi-country study of men and gender equality, in Spain. Ritxar specializes in the implementation, promotion, and coordination of institutional equality programs for men, like the program “Gizonduz” of the Basque Institute for Woman. | https://ufmsecretariat.org/ritxar-bacete-gonzalez-hombres-por-la-igualdad-gender-equality-needs-men-men-need-equality/ |
I found myself in the privileged position recently of participating in the National Stop the Bleed Research Consensus Conference, at the table with an extraordinarily committed and compassionate group of thought leaders exploring the role, challenges and implications of this crucial initiative. My perspective as a consultation-liaison psychiatrist interested in trauma-informed care was aptly described as “a different lens,” though my colleagues appeared to require no convincing of its relevance.
When we talk about trauma, we should always couple that with recognition of resilience. The Stop the Bleed campaign provides an exceptional case-study in this effort. Borne from the depths of national despair following the Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre in 2012, an initiative extended from clinicians across the country to the White House, continuing to gain traction through efforts that couple leadership commitment with community-based mobilization. An aspirational goal of zero-preventable deaths by empowering civilians to become immediate responders to life-threatening bleeds reflected then, as it does now, a pragmatic desire to take prompt action toward secondary prevention while the more ponderous primary prevention advocacy for gun control works its way through the political system. Does thinking about increasing civilian first response skills, from CPR to bleeding control, run the risk of prompting panic or can it be a springboard for valuable discussions about how we can respond in different kinds of crises? How do we build resilience?
Resilience is an umbrella term encompassing many attributes that help us withstand, or rapidly recover, cognitively and emotionally after a stressor – to “bend, not break.” These attributes are manifold and include having a sense of humor, improvisation, and creativity. There are three salient factors worth considering in the context of clinical practice in general, and hemorrhage control training in particular: role clarity, self-efficacy, and empowerment.
The first is role clarity: #thisisourlane. In any first response training, it is crucial that participants understand clearly their role as an immediate responder. With role clarity comes an opportunity to recognize when and how one’s skills can be applied – or cannot be applied. This presents an opportunity to consider, while in a safe place and being instructed by someone with credibility, that there may be times when our skills may not prevent a bad outcome. And this framework of “best effort-variable outcome” presented in the context of a skills-building exercise has the potential to mitigate the cascade that can occur from a sense of responsibility to guilt or shame in the face of potentially ineffective intervention – whether a hemorrhage or other potentially life-threatening context. Another opportunity for a national – indeed, global – discussion about what and when lifesaving skills can be universally taught, and how coming up with such a “first-aid core curriculum” could provide a means of cultivating a sense of shared humanity and civic responsibility.
Another central component of resilience is self-efficacy, which refers to an individual (or community’s) belief in a capacity to apply skills to produce a desired outcome. This is a modifiable psychological trait. It can be learned, taught, modeled, mentored and nurtured. This is at the heart of hemorrhage control training: how do we ensure that individuals leave the training with a sense of mastery of the skill to stop potentially life-threatening bleeding? It will likely improve the odds of response if a relevant situation occurs, and of increased interest in first aid skills in general. And this is a social skill, a counterweight to the anonymity of social media. The skills training itself can contribute to team-building; with high penetration, moreover, it offers “herd immunity” to improve the odds that someone in a crowd will know how to respond. The message is clear. In the face of a major injury – whether secondary to an active shooter, a car accident, or a playground mishap – anyone with some basic knowledge can play a supportive, and even life-saving, role.
The third aspect of resilience to consider in this context is empowerment: the process (and it is a process) of becoming stronger and more confident in our ability to make an impact in our roles. We can easily feel overwhelmed or helpless in the face of the magnitude of communal violence and individual suffering, or even the prospect of it. While distress may be unavoidable, the ability to retain a sense of agency and purpose, of collaboration with colleagues, classmates or other bystanders, and of connectivity with supports means that while PTSD is a risk, post-traumatic growth is also a possibility.
So let’s think about this possibility of hemorrhage control training as an opportunity for primary prevention through stress inoculation: introducing the possibility of exposure to trauma as a way to mitigate impact of that exposure if it occurs (in addition to the live-saving impact of the bleeding control skill itself). We need to couple first response training with messaging that recognizes the stressful context of the intervention and explores strategies that might prophylax against progression to pathology.
The sense of meaning and relevance will be different depending on where training is conducted, and there is a lot to learn about how to ensure adaptation of trainings to culture and context. In communities where exposure to violence is the experience of a majority, training may be not only relevant but effectively contextualized in an explicitly trauma-informed framework. A trauma-informed approach recognizes the high rates of exposure to adverse events across populations, and the ways that this impacts not only health trajectories, but also how individuals experience health care engagement itself. Stakeholder involvement is integral to program success.
As a country, we are currently faced with crucial questions of identity and civic responsibility. As clinicians, in the face of ever-encroaching administrative demands, role-clarity can be eroded, impacting our sense of self-efficacy in patient care, and empowerment as professionals. A first response program like Stop The Bleed offers an opportunity to consider this framework as it applies to individual and community resilience, where first aid skills are a concrete way of acknowledging shared responsibility for each member of society, neighbor or stranger.
Nomi Levy-Carrick is a psychiatrist. | https://www.kevinmd.com/2019/03/clarity-amidst-chaos-an-evolving-perspective-on-resilience-building.html |
From 13th-15th December the WHO held the 10th Global Conference on Health Promotion to address how health promotion can advance well-being.
During the Global Conference, one of the first sessions focused on Accelerating Action on Physical Activity for Better Health and Well-being. During this event, moderated by Dr Fiona Bull, Chair of the WHO Physical Activity Unit, speakers underlined the importance of physical activity for individuals’ health and wellbeing, for which it is important to create more opportunities, particularly in our daily lives. This also requires adequate funding. Dr Bull offered a reminder that every move counts and that doing something is better than doing nothing, although doing more is obviously better for your health. Proper monitoring is important, including doing reporting and providing appropriate support and measures. For this reason, the WHO will launch its new Global Status report in the Spring of 2022.
Several events took place during this three-day conference, during which participants called for better partnerships and to develop better communication campaigns to further promote well-being and increase engagement in physical activity. It was also emphasised that it is crucially important to enable individuals to take control of their own health, which is why campaigns could help to raise awareness of what people can do at their own level to be healthy.
From 14th-15th December, WHO Europe focused on Digital Solutions to tackle NCDs with a hybrid conference held on in Moscow, Russia.
The WHO Europe conference on tackling NCDs through digital solutions focused on the public health benefits of new technologies. Panelists recognized the contribution of new technologies, not only for digital health solutions but also to promote health and wellbeing. In line with the Global Conference on Health Promotion, it also highlighted their role in enabling individuals to take control of their own health. Digital tools can play a crucial role in monitoring and preventing NCDs, including in healthy lifestyle promotion. Physical activity is indeed recognized as a key prevention measure against several NCDs, such as cardiovascular ones.
The WHO and WHO Europe will continue to develop their tools and knowledge resources to keep raising awareness on these topics and reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases, which are mostly preventable. | https://www.europeactive.eu/news/who-holds-conferences-health-promotion-and-tackling-ncds |
Helen-Keller Deaf-Blind Awareness Week
In 1984, a Presidential Proclamation issued by Ronald Reagan designated the last week of June as Helen-Keller Deaf-Blind Awareness Week. Each year since this momentous event, the Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults (HKNC) celebrates the week awareness and advocacy campaign in a national scale, which recognizes the achievements and capabilities of deaf-blind individuals.
This year, Helen-Keller-Deaf-Blind Awareness week will be commemorated on the 24th to 30th of June, with the theme: “Helen Keller Day and Deaf-blind Awareness Week”. It was officially celebrated on 27th of June, the anniversary of Helen Keller’s birth. In today’s digital era, HKNC has been encouraging and working with deaf-blind individuals to stay connected to their family, friends and peers through the National Deaf-Blind Equipment Distribution Program.
This program assures that qualified individuals with a combined vision loss and hearing loss are provided with user-friendly and accessible telecommunications devices for free, which also come with free training on how to use them. It is a way of saying that deafness and blindness are not hindrance to social interaction and coping with digital trends.
A Brief Bio of Helen Keller
Helen Adams Keller was born in 1880 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. She lost her sight and hearing at the age of 19 months to a disease now believed to have been scarlet fever. Anne Sullivan, an educator at Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston, had greatly influenced Helen Keller’s academic and personal life. Sullivan taught Keller how to read and write in Braille and to use hand signals of the deaf-mute, which helped Keller to communicate with the world around her.
Soon, Helen Keller made impactful public appearances and has become one of the most sought-after fund-raisers and organizers of advocacies and public services to the handicapped. She has become a political activist, a crusader for the handicapped, lecturer and a notable American author. She was the first deaf-blind person to earn a Bachelor’ degree in Arts and wrote 12 published books, which most of them became worldwide best-sellers. Helen was probably the most influential deaf-blind person to have lived.
Objectives of Helen-Keller Deaf-Blind Awareness Week
This important event is a great opportunity to drive huge public awareness of the issues that deaf-blind individual’s face each day and how to help them communicate with the world, as well as live a happy life. As deafblindedness is a visual and hearing impairment, people born with it or suffered from it due to an illness, have special needs that many people are not aware of or do not fully understand.
Significance of Helen-Keller Deaf-Blind Awareness Week
The commemoration of this event also provides great opportunities to:
- Educate the Public about Deaf Blindness
- Recognize the achievements of people within the deaf-blind community
- Bring together the deaf-blind community and make new friends
- Raise awareness to the public, community groups and corporate entities on the issues people living with deaf blindness experience in their day-to-day lives
- Carry out media releases and digital campaigns that can help assist securing funds for public services centered to the handicapped
- Promote a range of services offered by the deaf-blind community
Message on the Helen-Keller Deaf-Blind Awareness Week
We are probably aware the deaf-blind individuals walk among us in the streets or eat in the same restaurant with us or share the same building with us at work. However, it’s not enough to just be aware and sympathize with their condition. Helen-Keller Deaf-Blind Awareness Week encourages people to recognize the deaf-blind community and understand better what they are going through every single day. It encourages us to take action in helping deaf-blind individuals through any assistance that we can give them, whether it be financial or voluntary work. These deaf-blind or dual sensory impaired people need assistance to cope with their disabilities and like everyone else, they too want to live fulfill and independent lives.
Rehabilitation programs, medical treatments, communication training and 24-hour free helpline are just some of the charity institutions and voluntary works aimed at building for the deaf-blind individuals.
Support the deafblind community. Help them connect with their families, friends and peers and empower them to achieve more. | https://www.consumerhealthdigest.com/health-awareness/helen-keller-deaf-blind-awareness-week.html |
Overview:
Story Builders deliver the creative and learning experiences for visitors to Discover. Whilst they are a member of the Operations team, the management of content and performance delivery is a shared responsibility between the Community & Education and Events teams.
They will work with families, schools, and pre-school and community groups during their visits to Discover and at external events. The role includes facilitating the creative learning experience and activities of these groups and public visits for a range of audiences and ages. Story Builders may specialise in delivering specific elements of Discover’s work, or working with specific audiences, as part of their development. General and detailed training will be provided for all Story Builders.
This Contract Story Builder role focuses primarily on family delivery within the centre, across the various sessions, exhibitions, and opportunities on offer.
Responsible to:
- Head of Learning (development, training, performance monitoring and appraisals)
- Head of Operations (day-to-day basis)
- Liaise with Duty Manager, Visitor Services Supervisors and Creative Events team
Specific Responsibilities:
Main duties
- Facilitating and encouraging the imaginative play of all visitors to Discover through creative use of our settings, characters, story starters and games. This is to stimulate the enjoyment of words, stories and reading.
- Facilitating family sessions and visits from community groups and play schemes.
- Delivering creative activities and storytelling sessions, both internally at Discover every day, and occasionally at external venues.
- Encouraging adults to be involved and engaged with their children’s play.
- Preparing and delivering sessions and events in line with the learning and creative objectives, in an appropriate manner to meet the standards described in the training.
- Creating a warm and inviting welcome to visitors and imparting information as required.
- Facilitating a range of interactive, creative sessions with pre-school and primary-aged school classes.
- Supporting other Story Builders, Visitor Service staff and the Operations team in the smooth-running of the visitor experience.
General
- Ensuring the Story Worlds, 0-3’s Story Spaces, Exhibition and Story Garden are set and maintained and presented to a high standard throughout the day. This will include cleaning and ensuring material supplies are maintained as required.
- Supporting the team throughout the day cleaning spaces as per the Discover Covid-19 cleaning procedures. This takes place between visitor sessions and at the end of the day. Appropriate PPE (masks, gloves, sanitiser) will be provided.
- Maintaining awareness of all Health, Safety and Security issues, and resolving these when required.
- Assisting with the research, development and implementation of new programmes when required with the Community & Education and Creative Events teams.
- Responding to all visitor enquiries in a helpful and informative manner.
- Assisting the work of other Discover staff when appropriate.
- Supporting and promoting the work of Discover through other reasonable tasks and activities, as required.
- Meeting a set of creative play and facilitation objectives laid out by the Head of Learning.
- Promoting and safeguarding the welfare of children, and young and vulnerable people.
Contract Terms:
Contract: permanent, 2-days per week
Fixed Days: two weekend days (Sat-Sun) or one weekend day and one weekday (Mon-Fri) – to be negotiated.
Pay: £22,076.60 per annum (pro rata £8,830.64 for 2 days per week)
Holidays: 6.5 paid holiday days (this is pro rata allocation for 6 months at 2 days per week)
Hours: 9.30am – 5.30pm
Our contract staff are also able to pick up additional, casual shifts when available.
Person Specification:
The successful candidate will have the following:
Essential
- Have experience of working with children 0-11.
- Have experience of facilitating creative or arts-based play with children and their families.
- Have performance experience.
- Be flexible and adaptable, with an ability to be proactive and demonstrate initiative.
- Have excellent interpersonal skills and the ability to engage professionally with a range of people.
- Have good verbal and written skills.
- Have good organisational skills.
- Have the ability to keep calm under pressure.
- Be available during public holidays and weekends.
- Be committed to promoting equal opportunities.
Desirable
- Have an active interest in Early Years and Primary learning and a commitment to the creative development of children.
- Have an awareness of different learning abilities and styles.
- Have some experience storytelling for and engaging children with Special Educational Needs.
- Be able to take initiative.
Application Process:
Discover values diversity and is an equal opportunities employer.
Please email your CV, a completed Equality and Diversity Monitoring Form, and a brief cover letting outlining how you meet the job criteria to [email protected] by the deadline 9am Friday 20 May.
Successful applicants will be invited to an interview shortly after the deadline.
Please note that we are looking for someone with immediate availability. | https://discover.org.uk/jobs/story-builder-april-2022/ |
An organization's beliefs and principles play a crucial role in shaping the path that a company or business takes. The term 'corporate philosophy' refers to the various values that a company sets out to achieve. It entails elements such as an organization's vision, goals, mission, and the purpose of the establishment. Pollution prevention, on the other hand, refers to efforts aimed at minimizing or eliminating contamination of resources such as the environment and ecosystems (Hazelwood, 1998). Preventing further pollution is a top priority due to the adverse effects realized on human health as well as on the environment. Thus, corporations have a significant role to play in the campaign towards pollution prevention.
The corporate philosophy of a company is an influential force of the action that the company pursues. It provides an outline of values that are of importance to the organization. A business' philosophy should be communicated to all parties in the company as it provides a guideline, a map, which shows the desired course (Hazelwood, 1998). As such, both the administrators and employees are aware of what is expected of them. This may include a code of ethics and standards, which all staff must adhere to. For instance, the Google company uses the statement 'you can make money without doing evil' as a reminder to uphold integrity. Consequently, adherence to such standards breeds a desirable business culture that promotes business.
There is the need to establish various approaches that aim at reducing pollution rates of different corporate players. Currently, the energy and agricultural sectors are the great contributors to environmental pollution. Rapid degradation of the environment and ecosystems has been witnessed. Human health and the longevity of natural resources have been compromised by the high demand exerted on the existing resources. Therefore, pollution prevention efforts by companies should be focused on safeguarding the environment through conversation projects (McDaniel, Culpepper, & Ardiente, 1993). This entails proper waste management and considerate exploitation of natural resources. Unlike controlling, prevention seeks to control the sources of pollution by incorporating more efficient production techniques as well as business practices. This ensures that the end products do not pose a threat to the environment.
The impact that a corporate policy statement has on pollution prevention is crucial. It shows the commitment by the top leadership of an organization to curbing pollution. A strategy in support of programs and ideas leading to prevention portrays the management as being environmentally conscious (Hazelwood, 1998). Such support from the administrators in a company creates a sense of enthusiasm among employees. As such, workers feel motivated to pursue ideas, programs, and projects that can help the company's plan. The personnel take pride and comfort in these pursuits.
A policy statement on contamination explains the need for members of a company to take the initiative and assume responsibility to respond to the task at hand. A declaration of beliefs and values of a business are crucial to the initial development of a task force, to steer contamination prevention efforts. The statement serves as a criterion upon which such a taskforce sets the goals it plans to achieve, as well as design an action plan. For instance, a company can have a statement such as 'we are committed to promoting the reusing and recycling of inputs and by-products to ensure sustainable development' ("Pollution Prevention," 2013). This mission statement can be vital in creating awareness and forging the path a business may take to ensure pollution prevention.
The attitude and beliefs of a company will impact processes related to prevention of pollution. Vital activities such as creating awareness among the employees, motivating and rewarding of innovative personnel, offering educational and training sessions, and providing incentives cannot be supported unless advocated for in the corporate policies (McDaniel et al., 1993). Therefore, the success of various efforts aimed at curbing pollution is influenced by the attitude that a company holds regarding pollution. If a business does not take into consideration the threat posed to the environment, any activity aimed at dealing with pollution cases may not be taken with seriousness. For instance, the 3M Company in St Paul, Minnesota, has been able to successfully finance a pollution prevention program by being true to its mission statement (Zosel, 1990).
The corporate philosophy is also crucial in the characterizing of processes that take place in a company. This entails collection of background data to determine the sources of pollution in a business. The information will be essential in the selection of alternatives ways and decision making regarding processes that may need modification. Analysis of the inputs required in a company and the amount of pollution they cause regarding wastes generated is facilitated by corporate philosophies (Allenby & Richards, 1994). Opting for raw materials with lesser pollutants is influenced by the values of an organization. Thus, contamination prevention is reliant on the existing value system.
Conducting assessments on end products, by-products, and waste to check if they are hazardous, is essential. However, such tests and assessment procedures cannot be carried out unless a company believes that the environment should be protected. In the absence of serious commitment to safeguard and conserve the environment, quality standards would not be adhered to (Hazelwood, 1998). Companies with a policy that allows checks and balances regarding the quality and safety of their products significantly contribute to the struggle towards safeguarding the environment. For example, the Navistar International Transportation Corp. implemented a Green pollution prevention program. It is aimed at reducing hazardous and non-hazardous waste released into the environment.
Alongside facilitating tests, corporate philosophy on contamination enables a company to conduct research. It allows a business to critically review the existing processes and structures to establish flaws as well as suggest possible remedies. For example, IBM's basic philosophy is 'Pollution prevention is best done by reducing the generation of hazardous waste at the source' ("Pollution Prevention," 2013). Hence, the company has openly funded research on how to reduce the impact of its harmful waste. Companies without similar policy statements and values are often reluctant to carry out costly research activities to establish better ways of reducing pollution at the source level.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the role that corporate philosophies play in a company's efforts to reduce pollution cannot be overlooked. The value system in a company impacts not only the leadership and employees but also the community in which a business is set up. Therefore, it is prudent that the company's philosophies should be conscious of the need for protection and conservation of the environment. Efforts geared towards at reducing and eliminating pollution should be encouraged. Corporations, as well as the government, ought to show support for creative and innovative initiatives likely to provide a remedy to the pollution menace. Only then will nations be assured of economic prosperity, healthy citizens, and life-supporting ecosystems.
References
Allenby, B., & Richards, D. (1994). The greening of industrial ecosystems (pp. 98-107). Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.
Hazelwood, Dr. (1998). Implementing a pollution prevention program. Retrieved from https://www.istc.illinois.edu/UserFiles/Servers/Server_427403/File/98-025.pdf
McDaniel, T., Culpepper, M., & Ardiente, E. (1993). Pollution prevention is the answer. Target, 9(5), 6-14.
Pollution Prevention. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/2013/environment/pollution-prevention.html
Zosel, T. (1990). How 3M makes pollution prevention pay big dividends. Pollution Prevention Review, 1(1), 67-72.
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AUSTRALIA has a suicide problem. Not only has there been no appreciable decline in suicide rates in the past decade, but closer inspection reveals that rates of suicide have increased by 28% from 2007 to 2016, when the last official data were released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Suicide is a leading cause of death among young people aged 15–44 years, and men are three times more likely to die by suicide than women. Young adults and men are among the least likely to seek help, in part because of stigma around suicide and mental illness. Finding ways to identify these people at risk and link them to appropriate help is a national priority.
Mass media or public awareness campaigns form part of this solution. Awareness campaigns have become an increasingly popular strategy to encourage health behaviour change among the general population. These campaigns disseminate behaviourally focused messages, over time, to whole communities, with the intent of influencing the decision making processes of individuals. In the context of suicide prevention, public awareness campaigns typically centre on decreasing stigma, raising suicide knowledge and increasing the public’s confidence to help people who may be struggling.
The scale and potential reach of these campaigns means they have a critical role in reaching at-risk individuals who have not engaged with the health care system. These attributes make public awareness campaigns an important part of broader suicide prevention efforts.
Despite the promise that mass media campaigns hold, and the interest these campaigns generate, there is little evidence of their efficacy as a stand-alone strategy in directly reducing deaths by suicide. A recent review found that although public awareness campaigns were associated with significant, albeit modest, increases in suicide knowledge and help-seeking intentions, these gains did not correspond to changes in help-seeking behaviour or reductions in deaths or suicide attempts. Nor were knowledge gains maintained over time, once campaigns had ended.
However, these findings do not mean that public awareness campaigns are irrelevant or have no role in suicide prevention. The Torok review found that public awareness campaigns, mounted as stand-alone and siloed prevention strategies, are unlikely to lead to reductions in suicide if they do not include a call to action or any changes in the availability of or access to relevant support services or training. Instead, the review found that suicide prevention is effective when strong public awareness campaigns were delivered as part of a larger, multipronged approach. This integrated approach includes the implementation of community training, the introduction of aftercare services following a suicide attempt, and building the capacity of health professionals to detect and manage their patients’ suicidality. Aligning the implementation of public awareness campaigns with concurrent changes in health services and community training, and using these campaigns as a vehicle to increase the visibility of services is likely to be effective.
Public awareness campaigns have also been found to be more impactful when they actively engaged the target population (eg, through local community events), rather than relying on incidental exposure to passive media platforms (eg, billboards, posters). Accordingly, community engagement is an increasing focus of suicide prevention efforts in Australia. For example, Australia’s integrated, multilevel suicide prevention trials, including the LifeSpan trial from the Black Dog Institute, are driven by local collaboratives with strong community support and investment. A common call to action in these trials is for community members (typically outside of the health system) to undertake training to learn how to support people who may be at risk of suicide. This training, commonly known as gatekeeper training, has been shown to increase the skills, willingness, and confidence of community members to support people they are concerned about. Since gatekeeper training is becoming increasingly available as a brief online program in Australia, it is a logical call to action to include as part of community public awareness campaigns. The combination of public awareness and gatekeeper training strategies creates a bottom-up community safety net to support those who have not yet sought help from the health system.
The R U OK? Campaign, through its Conversation Convoy (a 6-week, 14 000 km, road trip around Australia in brightly coloured vehicles visiting 25 communities), is an example of how to activate a bottom-up approach. LifeSpan NSW trial sites have partnered with the Conversation Convoys in their regions to build momentum and awareness around safe conversations about suicide by putting out a call to action for community training. The R U OK? campaign engages the community to ask, listen, to encourage action and check in. It provides resources to assist community members at all stages. More recently, the #YouCanTalk campaign, supported by six high profile mental health organisations, encouraged conversations around suicide by providing evidence that talking about suicide is helpful, not dangerous. Indeed, contrary to commonly held beliefs, acknowledging and talking about a person’s suicidal thoughts has been found to reduce, rather than increase, suicidal ideation and can lead to improvements in mental health, particularly in highly vulnerable populations.
For suicide prevention to be effective, communities (including health professionals, schools, community organisations, and frontline workers) need to be meaningfully included in the solution. Rather than viewing suicide prevention as an either/or solution, in which we focus only on community campaigns or only on health services, we need to recognise that community-based and health system strategies work hand-in-hand to create synergistic improvements. Galvanising the community as part of our suicide prevention efforts can save lives.
Dr Michelle Tye (nee Torok) is an National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Early Career Fellow at the Black Dog Institute in the field of suicide prevention. Michelle also codirects a novel, large-scale integrated, multilevel community-based intervention for suicide prevention. She is on Twitter @MichelleTye4.
Fiona Shand is a Senior Research Fellow at the Black Dog Institute and the NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Suicide Prevention. Fiona is also the Research Director for LifeSpan, Australia’s largest Suicide Prevention trial. She is on Twitter @fionashand1.
Professor Helen Christensen, Director and Chief Scientist at the Black Dog Institute, is an NHMRC John Cade Research Fellow and Chief Investigator for the Centre for Research Excellence in Suicide Prevention. She is on Twitter @HM_Christensen.
If this article has raised issues for you, help is available at:.
Doctors’ Health Advisory Service (http://dhas.org.au):
NSW and ACT … 02 9437 6552
NT and SA … 08 8366 0250
Queensland … 07 3833 4352
Tasmania and Victoria … 03 9495 6011
WA … 08 9321 3098
New Zealand … 0800 471 2654
Medical Benevolent Society (https://www.mbansw.org.au/)
AMA lists of GPs willing to see junior doctors (https://www.doctorportal.com.au/doctorshealth/)
Lifeline on 13 11 14
beyondblue on 1300 224 636
beyondblue Doctors’ health website: https://www.beyondblue.org.au/about-us/our-work-in-improving-workplace-mental-health/health-services-program
To find a doctor, or a job, to use GP Desktop and Doctors Health, book and track your CPD, and buy textbooks and guidelines, visit doctorportal. | https://insightplus.mja.com.au/2018/35/suicide-prevention-the-role-of-community-campaigns/ |
Citizen safety and socioeconomic and environmental safety are critical factors for a locality’s development; they are part of a serious strategy for local development. Yet who is or who are responsible for these crucial aspects? How to integrate these new challenges into the local government’s traditional responsibilities? Which instruments are available?
Citizen safety and socioeconomic and environmental safety are critical factors for a locality’s development; they are part of a serious strategy for local development.
Yet who is or who are responsible for these crucial aspects? several players, some of a national or extra-local level and others of the locality itself. The following lines focus on the challenges the local government and civil society face in order to improve safety and reinforce the conditions that are necessary for the sustainable development of their locality.
(i)About Citizen Insecurity
Citizen safety is being threatened by crime, offenses against property, corruption, drug dealing, family and street violence, among other types of violence. It is good to remember that safety is not absolute anywhere, but that greater and lesser degrees of insecurity could exist.
Abating insecurity is not a simple task; it demands to battle on various fronts. Although some partial measures are commendable, the effectiveness of the effort increases when it is possible to deploy a series of complementary actions, as the following:
Working on factors that may make the expansion of insecurity easier (as is the case with poverty and inequality –that are tackled in the following section, but also on addictions, absence of norms, nihilism, unprotected children, some of the areas where civil society can play a decisive role).
Preserving the existing safety and preventing the emergence of new sources of insecurity by improving the security local force.
Educating for having safety in schools, local development centers and civil society organizations, teaching which precautions to take, how to alert the community to threatening situations, and diverse manners of containing the criminal behavior of relatives and acquaintances.
Rehabilitating those who serve sentences so that penitentiary institutions do not end up being incubators of aggravated criminal systems; this requires transforming the exclusively punitive nature of the current systems into one that is more comprehensive, where the sentence is part of a rehabilitation and social re-insertion approach applied to those whose dangerousness could have disappeared.
Coordinating with citizen safety actions of other levels of intervention (state, federal or international, as appropriate) in order to complement the efforts and share intelligence information.
As with other systems (education, health, transportation, etc.), people’s participation complementing the action of service providers is essential. In the education system, the involvement of parents and neighbors is crucial; in the health system, the patients themselves and their families take part; regarding safety, families and neighbors can contribute by modifying conducts and offering information about threats and violent actions they are witnesses to or have knowledge about.
Citizen safety is not a sufficient condition to attain local development, but it is becoming more and more a necessary condition and one that makes a difference among localities that compete with each other for attracting initiatives, investments, economic, cultural or sports projects. Although it manifests itself locally, citizen insecurity has local and external causes. Eradicating the local causes of insecurity is up to the authorities and the local community; they have the responsibility for facing isolated incidents of insecurity as well as other more serious ones of a structural nature. Among the latter, they must identify and dismantle criminal networks that may have become deeply entrenched in the municipal administration itself involving at times public officers, inspectors, political leaders, the media, law makers and the very forces of security. As a matter of fact, the different criminal modalities tend to interconnect, and when this occurs, the threat against citizen safety grows exponentially. In the face of it, the only choice left is to raise citizen safety to a State policy level.
(ii)About Socio-economic and Environmental Insecurity
In localities that have marked social inequalities and few job opportunities the values of solidarity and honest effort become compromised. Privilege segregates and discriminates generating inclusion and exclusion circles. When the access to opportunities gets blocked, initiative is discouraged and energy is sterilized, giving way to unease, frustration, nihilism and, eventually, the search for criminal shortcuts. The situation would be even more serious should arrogance, haughtiness or cockiness prevail in those who hold economic, social or political power; to their existing privilege, they would be adding offense.
In that context, environmental safety (the care for and preservation of natural resources) is a critical factor to ensure mid-term and long-term conditions for local development, as they constitute the basis of all other economic and social systems. This requires providing environmental education, regulations and productive endeavors whose success be directly linked to the preservation of natural resources, as is the case with ecotourism, organic produce, the treatment of effluents, renewable energies, etc. An active base of environmental interests would be thus reinforced.
Socioeconomic safety does not intend to establish an egalitarianism that forbids rewarding those who make the greatest effort, who develop creativity and innovation; it rather seeks to ensure dignified standards of living by democratizing the access to opportunities. Its purpose is to facilitate the emergence of new social and economic entrepreneurs, capable of effectively mobilizing the local resources, without forgetting in the course of their attempt those who are left behind and the most unprotected. Promoting the socioeconomic inclusion of those who make up the bottom of the social pyramid is an imperative to be able to take away oxygen from and reduce the space for the reproduction of criminal activities.
In terms of socioeconomic and environmental safety, local governments can have an astonished look as, in general, they do not count on appropriate knowledge and instruments to tackle investments, encourage entrepreneurs, access markets and modern business engineering tools. Truly, local governments were traditionally geared to rendering basic services such as street lighting, sweeping and cleaning, water provision and drainage, maintenance of roads and public spaces, among many others. They ignored that governing is not just about carrying out public programs funded by their constantly limited budgets. At present, managing a locality has more and more to do with promoting, inducing, facilitating, catalyzing the mobilization of wills of other players who, as a whole, manage to help to materialize the goals pursued.
This requires summoning third parties from the credibility and transparency of a government team that makes goals and mechanisms to achieve them explicit and clear. Nowadays, local governments count on an unconventional battery of new instruments for promoting economic and social initiatives. Instruments promoted by the public sector but managed by other players, be they individual entrepreneurs, social, business or development organizations; instruments that are not funded by public resources but by the mobilization of contributions, savings and investments from other sources. These are initiatives that enable to bring closer to the local community specialized knowledge, i.e. identification of opportunities, management options, access to markets and technologies, commercial intelligence, that widely transcend the experience a local government can have. These initiatives must be integrated into the local development efforts but call for someone that can and know how to mobilize them. Hence, a critical role the local governments can play in the XXI Century.
There is a great many new mechanisms that can be established with the promotional action –not one of management or funding- of a local government; among others, local business developers, microfinance programs, socially and environmentally responsible angel investor networks, local funds to support productive investment, foundations and trusteeships (private or mixed) to finance social innovation, the action of civil society organizations and the involvement of universities and other educational institutions with small production, awareness programs of productive chain leading companies so that they engage in greater mesoeconomic responsibility (by incorporating in their decision matrix secondary effects on third parties and the community they operate in), and the list could go on and on.
(iii)A Final Reflection
The worst favor a local government could do to the new socioeconomic and environmental promotional roles would be to overlook its traditional responsibilities. Sounds paradoxical? However, it is not. It was pointed out that promoting development implies that the local government currently help to mobilize players capable of generating and maintaining economic, social, cultural or sports initiatives, and not that it assume their management. The critical promotional action must be exercised in line with the principle of being catalytic and subsidiary. That is, to facilitate that several initiative’s promotion engines germinate in the locality so as to multiply the impact on development and capture the wealth of the diversity of approaches and perspectives. The local government’s management capacity would be thus preserved and then, yes, the government could simultaneously face the new promotional actions and the practice of its traditional responsibilities. | http://opinionsur.org.ar/wp/safe-localities-dynamic-localities/?lang=en |
Overcoming Barriers to Fathers
What can we do to overcome obstacles that keep fathers away from their children?
Adapted from Ross D. Park and Armin A. Brott's Throwaway Dads: The Myths and Barriers that Keep Men from Being the Fathers They Want to BeCopyright © 1999 by Ross D. Parke, Armin A. Brott
The two of us had one simple goal in mind when writing Throwaway Dads: we wanted to increase the public's awareness of the barriers--some subtle, some blatant--that have limited men's involvement with their families. Our hope is that once we all become aware of how pervasive and damaging these barriers are to all of us, we will waste no time working together to break them down. The evidence, both scientific and anecdotal, is clear: if we support fathers in their quest to become more involved with their families, if we give them the tools to do so, everyone--women, children and men themselves--will benefit greatly.
Although no one completely understands the processes involved, active fathering clearly benefits children, mothers, and fathers themselves. Encouraging fathers to be involved--and supporting them in their efforts to do so--is an investment that could yield important social dividends for all. Sadly, thought, our society has both wittingly and unwittingly erected a series of nearly insurmountable berriers that effectively reduce men's involvement with their children and families. As a result, women, children, and men have suffered greatly. And until we stop tacitly supporting these barriers, we are unlikely ever to experience fully the positive benefits of involved fathering.
The obstacles that keep fathers away from their children are significant and they extend into nearly every area of our lives. But these obstacles are not insurmountable. There are steps that all of us--men, women, state and local governments, hospitals, industry, and society as a whole--can take to reinvigorate the institution of fatherhood and start us on the path toward making fathers more involved. Here are the steps we list in Chapter 11 of Throwaway Dads. How can we start on this path? The process starts with men themselves.
Ten Things Men Can Do To Help Themselves Get More Involved
1. Be more active
Ultimately, if fathers don't start taking the initiative, they'll never be able to assume the childrearing responsibilities they really want, and that they and their children deserve. So instead of letting your partner pluck your crying or smelly baby from your arms, try something like, "No, honey, I can take care of this," or "I think I can handle things," or "That's O.K.--I really need the practice." There's also nothing wrong with asking her for advice--you both have insights that the other could benefit from. But ask her for suggestions instead of allowing her to do it for you.
2. Get more practice
Don't assume that she magically knows more than you do. Whatever she knows about raising kids, she learned by doing--just like anything else. And the way you're going to get better is by doing things, too. Research has shown that the lack of opportunity may be one of the biggest obstacles to fathers' being more affectionate with their children. Once they get to hold them, fathers are at least as affectionate with their children as their partners are. In addition, fathers seem to instinctively respond--in much the same way mothers do--to their children. Fathers are very aware of their infants' visual and behavioral cues. And, more important, they take appropriate action to respond to those cues. (So much for the old stereotypes about men not having what it takes to care for children.)
Don't be afraid to get help if you're uncertain or feel ill-prepared to be a father. You're not alone. Even among fathers who have taken childbirth classes, many feel totally unprepared for what comes after. Programs to help fathers learn the basics of caregiving are available. And they work. In one study, dads watched a videotape which provided information about the newborn infant's perceptual and social competence, about play techniques, and about caretaking skills just after their babies were born. The men who viewed the videotape knew more about infant perceptual capacities were more responsive to their infants during feeding and play; and fed and diapered their babies more often at three months than fathers who had not seen the videotape.
Learning to be an active and involved father need not be restricted to the period just after the baby is born. Some fathers may be good at the early chores of feeding and diapering, but be at a loss for how to play with their active 2-year-old. Others will do just fine when their kids are old enough for math problems and football, but will have difficulty with those early, middle-of-the-night feedings. Adoptive parents may not get their first taste of parenting until their child is months or years old. There is no clear evidence that the period right after birth is in any sense a "critical" time for men to learn fathering skills or to develop emotional ties to their infants and children.
3. Take pride in the special way you are with your kids
Men and women have different ways of interacting with their children. Men tend to stress physical and high-energy activities; women the social and emotional. But don't let anyone tell you that safely wrestling, bouncing on the bed, or other "guy things" are somehow not as important as the "girl things" your partner may do (or want you to do). In fact, not only do children enjoy the rough and tumble of father play, but it also teaches valuable lessons in learning to regulate excitement and arousal. Children with physically active dads are more popular and more successful in their relationships with other children. And the effects are not restricted to boys. In fact, there's some evidence that girls who are exposed to higher levels of physical play become more assertive in their peer interactions.
4. Be emotionally available to your children
Physical interaction is undoubtedly an important part of the father-child relationship, but being emotionally available and involved is critical too. As John Gottman, author of The Heart of Parenting suggests, "Men must allow themselves to be aware of their feelings so they can empathize with their children. Then they must take whatever steps necessary to make themselves available to their kids. They must structure their lives so they can give more time and attention to their children."
5. Be a partner, not a helper
In spite of some conservative social critics nostalgic for the Ozzie and Harriet families of the 1950's, this traditional "father as helper" model is outdated, outmoded, and simply won't work nowadays. As Rosiland Barnett and Caryl Rivers, authors of She Works/He Works observe, "A push for old family values--for more dads who are simply junior partners" for their wives--would take us back into a past that was not so wonderful for fathers or their children and one that is out of reach anyway." If men are going to be fully involved, they are going to have to share responsibility for the household and childcare in an active fashion.
6. Be available more than on week-ends
To be an effective father, get involved in the day-to-day decisions that affect your kids' lives. Leaving everything to the wife means that the father will miss out on the small pieces that give meaning to a child's life. Without getting involved in the everyday chores, the routines and activities that make up childhood, fathers are not going to know their children with the kind of intimacy and nuance that is critical to being a sensitive and involved father. To understand the "big picture" of your child's life, you need to focus on the details and not leave them to some other person or some other time. This means making a special effort to share with your partner such responsibilities as meal planning, food and clothes shopping, cooking, taking the children to the library or bookstore, getting to know their friends' parents, and planning playdates. Not doing these things can give the impression that you don't think they're important or that you're not interested in being an active parent. And by doing them, you make it more likely that your partner will feel comfortable and confident in sharing the nurturing role with you.
7. Show respect for your partner
Being an involved father means recognizing all of the ways in which your partner actively keeps the family running. And respecting decisions that have been made when you're unavailable. You can't just on Friday afternoon announce that you'll be taking the kids canoeing on Sunday; you partner may have spent the better part of a week arranging for the weekend's activities. Try to develop a system with your partner to plan parent-child and family activities together. As the children mature, integrate them into the planning process as well. This is a good way for you and your partner to teach, by example, your children, especially boys that father can be active and equal participants in planning and implementing family activities.
8. Be aware of the need to communicate
If you don't like the status quo, let your partner know. But be gentle; If she at first seems reluctant to share the role of child nurturer with you, don't take it too personally. Many women have been raised to believe that if they aren't the primary caregivers (even if they work outside the home as well), they've somehow failed as mothers. It looks like men are not the only ones whom society has done a bad job of socializing. Give her time to learn that you are serious about wanting to participate more, and that you are competent and sincerely motivated change your level of involvement in parenting.
9. Know your legal rights
Changes in the legal policies are giving fathers more rights to help the balance home and work, but you've got to educate yourself about these new rules. And you have to take advantage of these changes to improve your opportunities to become a more involved father. Find out whether you're eligible for a family leave under the Family Medical Leave Act--if you work full time and your company has 50 or more employees, you probably are. You may be eligible for leave under a state-mandated plan or by taking a personal leave of absence. Unless you insist on exercising these rights, no one is going to do it for you. Every man we know who is taken advantage of opportunities to take family leave says he'd do it again. One even told us he thought that men who didn't take family leave were "nuts." Do yourself--and your employer--a favor: give everyone at work a few months' notice before you take off. That way, they'll have time to get ready. But don't be surprised if your boss isn't 100% behind you. Even companies that already offer it feel that no amount of paternity was reasonable for a man to take.
10. Stay involved after separation and divorce
Only about 10-15% of fathers receive shared or joint custody of their children after divorce, and too many of those who don't get custody end up slowly fading out of their children's lives. But even after divorce, there are lots of ways in which dads can continue to play an active role in their children's lives. The most critical is to stay in touch, by phone, by mail and in person. And make the time with your kids meaningful. As John Gottman counsels "when fathers do spend time with their kids, whether as a visitation or as part of a joint custody arrangement, they should make that time as normal as possible." Avoid the "Disneyland Dad" syndrome of constantly making time with their children a party.
Avoid trying to settle old marital disputes by using the children as pawns. Parents need to cooperate and support each other for the sake of the children. Men, even if no longer members of the household, are still fathers and they and their kids need quality--and quantity--time together. Dads need to fulfill--as best they can--their child support payments. For as Frank Furstenberg and Andrew Cherlin observe, "those who don't pay don't visit."
Eight Things Women Can Do to Get Fathers More Involved
1. Look at things from your partner's perspective
"Women usually measure what their husbands do against what they do," says researcher Jay Belsky. Using this scale, most men fail miserably. But men tend to "measure their domestic contributions against what their father did," adds Belsky. "And sometimes even against what their male friends and coworkers are doing." By this standard, many husbands feel pretty satisfied with themselves and their contributions around the house.
2. Treat men as partners not as helpers
Just as men need to re-think their family roles as "assistants" to mothers, women need to change their ideas about what's reasonable to expect from their partners. Asking your partner for help only reinforces the view that men have little direct responsibility for the care and management of children. Indeed ask him to do his share. "Every women who asks her husband to help with' the dishes or change a diaper immediately puts herself at a disadvantage," says Rikki Robbins Jones, author of Negotiating Love: How Women and Men Can Resolve Their Differences. Asking for help makes it seem like whatever he's "helping" with is really the woman's job and that she should be grateful.
3. Adjust your standards
Let's face it, men and women often have very different standards. "When my husband says the kitchen is clean he means that the dishes are in the dishwasher," says a friend. "The counter can still be filthy and the floor can still be covered with dirt." Adjusting your standards to his level doesn't mean that the kids will be wearing the same clothes every day. There are also many different ways to change diapers, play, teach, and entertain the children. Yours isn't always right. And when wives adjust their standards, husbands are more involved in the household and with the kids. No child ever suffered a long term trauma by having her diaper put on a bit looser than mother would like. It's hard to shift standards because for many women attention to domestic issues is part of women's essential nature.
4. Praise your partner
As a group, men generally to dislike doing things that make them feel incompetent. At the same time, most men love compliments. Television characters Lucy Ricardo and Roseanne Conner figured this out long ago, and the same applies in real life: sweet-talk soothes; nagging only irritates. Tell him what a great job he's doing already and ask him to do the same thing again--even if it's not exactly the way that you would have done it.
5. Don't be a gatekeeper
Many women tend to take charge of the household and childcare domains because this is the one arena that they can still control. But far too many women are so intent on keeping control of the household that they don't leave enough space for their partners to participate. For other women, control is not the issue, they just assume that men are either uninterested or incompetent. And men get the message: many find it easier to just back off. This is the first generation of fathers to be seriously expected to take an active role in the home. By the time women become mothers, most have had years of subtle (or not so subtle) training. Female role models are plentiful, as are resources, from women's magazines to breastfeeding guides. But good male role models are rare, as is information specifically designed to help men prepare for fatherhood. The moral? Even if you know how to stop the baby from crying, let your partner try to figure it out for himself before jumping in. Men and women have different approaches to the same issue and fathers need the confidence that only comes with practice.
Especially after divorce, mothers need to open the gates and let their children have access to their fathers. It is important to remember that they may be ex-husbands but they'll never be ex-fathers.
6. Recognize that you can't do it all
The days of the "second shift" where women try to do it all--work outside all day and do all the work at home, too--are over. Let your spouse or partner know that you have limits, too. Increasing his awareness that you simply can't do everything will go a long way to bringing men into action on the home front. A well-timed "your arm's not broken, do it yourself" may occasionally be a helpful reminder that men and women are partners in parenting.
7. Re-define work
When dividing up responsibilities many couples have trouble defining what, exactly, the term "work" means. In many families, for example, couples err by neglecting to give parenting the same weight as other domestic chores. So when your partner is wrestling with the baby while you're making dinner, things might not seem equal. True, he may be having more fun but play is still a very important contribution to the household. Still, just to make sure that everyone gets to have fun, switch responsibilities once in a while--let him make dinner while you do some wrestling. This kind of trading can go a long way toward changing your (and your partner's) understanding of the what the other does.
Of course, some couples with strong preferences about the appeal of one sort of job over another may divide household tasks unequally but still end up satisfied. The point is that as a team, you and your partner can devise your own ways of assigning responsibilities, and then change them as preferences or schedules change, and as the needs of your growing children change over time.
Twelve Things that Government and the Private Sector Can Do
1. Reduce gender stereotyping in schools
There's no reason to emphasize gender in schools--boys and girls can line up together rather than in separate lines. Some contemporary parents and schools are working toward reducing the degree of gender typing. In open preschools, where the staff consciously attempts to minimize gender stereotyping, children spend more time in mixed-sex groups and less time in conventional gender-typed activities than children in traditional schools. In these schools, children of both sexes are likely to be playing house and gassing up their toy trucks.
2. Encourage schools to provide parenting education earlier
As one noted researcher has said, "almost nothing in the prefatherhood learning of most males is oriented in any way to training them for this role. Males are actively discouraged as children from play activities involving baby surrogates, and, except in rare instances of large families with few or no older sisters, they are not usually required to help much in the daily care of young siblings. In short, a new father has only the vaguest idea of what he is expected to do and how he ought to do it."
As early as 1925, the national PTA began advocating for education for parenthood begin during adolescence. Today, there are many pre-parent programs across the United States aimed at preparing girls and boys for the day when they will become parents. For the adolescent boys who take them, such courses provide an opportunity to acquire caretaking skills and realistic expectations about fatherhood.
The problem is we need to provide formal parenting education earlier--a lot earlier. By about age six, most boys have already learned that anything to do with babies and child care is "girls' stuff," says educator Miriam Miedzian. Teaching kids--especially boys--parenting skills while they're still in elementary school and repeating them at a more sophisticated level in high school, we would have far fewer fatherless boys and far more nonviolent, responsible, involved fathers," she adds.
Parenting classes have been proven to sensitize boys and girls to the needs of young children, deter them from child battering, and encourage young boys to view themselves as future involved, caring, responsible fathers. They also serve as teenage pregnancy deterrents. "Once children learn how demanding and important it is to be a good parent," they become far more interested in putting it off until they are psychologically and financially ready. The startup costs for these early parenting education programs can be relatively little per student--not much when weighed against what it costs to give government benefits to pregnant teens and their kids, put neglected kids in foster care, and run thousands through the justice system.
3. Provide government funds and other support for fatherhood projects on the local level
Communities need to develop fatherhood policies aimed at increasing and encouraging father involvement in the lives of their children. As James Levine and Edward Pitt document in "New Expectations: Community Strategies for Responsible Fatherhood," a host of programs are in operation across the United States are aimed at teaching fathers about the joys and responsibilities of fatherhood. And these programs work.
To be successful, these programs need to be tailored to suit the ages, ethnic backgrounds, and social class of the fathers. A variety of programs are currently available that are specially organized for fathers of different ethnic backgrounds. This kind of cultural sensitivity is crucial to attracting and retaining men in these programs.
The programs also need to accommodate men's schedules. Most men can't show up to a parenting class in the middle of the day. Nor can many fathers travel long distances to attend these groups. By scheduling classes for fathers in the evenings and on weekends and in convenient locations in the local communities, more men will participate and reap the benefits of these efforts.
4. Make fathers welcome in doctors' offices
Too often hospitals and doctors treat fathers (and expectant fathers) as second class citizens whose primary usefulness is to pay the bills. Fathers--perhaps even more than mothers--need opportunities to learn about the care and feeding of new babies in the hospital and to have programs available that are sensitive to their needs and roles. When dads are encouraged and included in these sessions about how to care for babies during the post-partum period, they are more involved later in infant care and housework. But too often the medical environment is indifferent about new fathers' needs for instruction and support and even to the important role fathers play in raising their children. Pediatricians can play a more active role too by encouraging dads to be present at well-child check ups. Providing fathers with accurate information about their child's expected developmental milestones is an important way to increase fathers' sensitivity to children of different ages and stages of development.
5. Fund more public awareness campaigns by Federal, state and local governments about the importance of fathers
At present, there are more public awareness campaigns devoted to the advantages of recycling, the benefits of exercise, the evils of smoking, and the risks of unsafe sex than there are to the importance of fathers. Existing public awareness campaigns have achieved much and there's no reason to believe that programs aimed at educating men and women about the importance of fathers in the lives of families would be any less successful.
People need to know about the connection between father absence and such negative social consequences as increased school dropout and teen pregnancy rates, more juvenile delinquency, and increased risk of psychiatric illness. The state of Virginia recently began a state-wide public awareness campaign to increase father involvement and responsibility. Other states need to follow their lead.
6. Overhaul welfare practices to encourage father involvement
When it comes to fathers, current welfare regulations are punitive, and, ultimately, anti-family. As it stands, most states continue to require that fathers abandon their families before their wives or girlfriends can get government benefits. In short, writes Wade Horn, Director of the National Fatherhood Initiative, "Welfare rules continue to discourage, rather than encourage, family formation and the presence of a father in the home." Several states have made moves in this direction but they've been small and have yet to be imitated on a wide level.
7. Encourage joint custody
Encouraging joint custody is the surest way to accomplish our goal of keeping more fathers involved in their children's lives, and reducing the ravages of divorce on the children. Men with joint custody are far more likely to pay their child support on time and in full--they're also a lot more likely to be involved with their kids after the divorce. Making joint custody a rebuttable presumption in divorce cases will ensure that every parent is at least given the opportunity to spend as much time as possible with his or her children. The individual wishes of the parties should, of course, be taken into consideration. And if there is documented proof of abuse or irresponsible behavior, the courts should be free to make their decisions accordingly.
8. Uphold divorced fathers' visitation rights
One of the ways to keep fathers involved after divorce is to provide stronger enforcement of child visitation rights for non-custodial parents--which generally means fathers. Efforts should be made to educate judges, social workers, and other decision-makers about the important roles that a father plays in the lives of his children--even if he's not living in the same household. It will probably be a long time and a slow process of education before we are able to overcome the judicial bias against giving fathers access to their children. In the meantime, stronger enforcement of child visitation agreements will at least ensure that men have more contact with their children.
9. Implement father-friendly employment practices
The family leave act allows fathers the same rights as mothers to take some time off after the birth of their children. But most don't. Men need to be made aware of the importance of taking time off and be assured that it won't kill their careers. This will trigger a snowball effect, as more men see that their peers are allowed and encouraged to take leave, or enjoy other family-friendly benefits such as job sharing, flex-time, part-time, and telecommuting. There's proof that it works, also. Los Angeles Power and Water found that the costs of more father-friendly policies were greatly offset by increased morale and lower turnover.
10. Insist on more accurate portrayals of fathers in the media
Fathers are still portrayed in a majority of television programs as inept, uninvolved, or unimportant. The longer the media continues to promote outdated images of fatherhood, the harder it will be to change the impressions boys and girls have about the importance of fathers, and the harder it will be to get men to change the way view being or becoming fathers. Progress has been made in convincing TV producers to voluntarily modify programs to reduce violence and increase the positive portrayals of women and minorities. Now it's time to apply the same logic to fathers and to seriously commit not only to accurate portrayals of
fatherhood, but to using television to help shape our visions of men as partners for their wives and as involved and equal contributors to the care and upbringing of their kids. One good place to start might be with soap operas in which a shockingly large portion of fathers seem to lie, cheat, and have weekly affairs.
Changing television commercials wouldn't be hard either. Can't devoted and attentive dads sell products just as well as caricatures of fathers?
11. Encourage better books for better fathers
Book publishers should be encouraged to make more books that provide tips for fathers available. While there are a multitude of books aimed at new mothers, divorced mothers, and breastfeeding mothers, there are only a handful targeted to dads. The unavailability of these books itself sends a strong message to men every time they visit a bookstore: women as mothers are important and crucial, while men as fathers are peripheral players on the parenting stage.
Novels focus on men in action and on adventures. Rarely do they feature plots that highlight the impact of involved fathering on the story characters. Instead, you have to turn to historical or political books or memoirs to read about fathers. Publishers, in response to feminist critics, have begun to publish plots about powerful women and effective minorities, with the goal of empowering girls to be more assertive and self-confident. We need to empower boys and young men as well by letting them know that being an active and involved father is a viable and important choice for a man to make. We need to tell stories that inspire boys to want to be an involved and responsible father and to show them that it is not incompatible with being successful, exciting and adventurous.
12. There is no single solution; only multiple ones.
Promoting a cultural change in the ways that society views fathers and the ways that men view themselves in this role is no easy task. No single program, book or corporate policy alone is going to change fathering in our time. Just as there are myriad barriers that converge and conspire to limit father involvement, it will take a coordinated effort by men, women, media, government and the private sector to bring about a new and more involved era of fatherhood. It's no easy task, but children, women and men themselves will all benefit if we can increase father involvement as we enter the 21st century. | http://www.menweb.org/fathobst.htm |
Q. 1: Why a software needs to be tested?
Every software product needs to be tested since, the development ‘process’ is unable to produce defect free software. Even if the development process is able to produce a defect free software, we will not be able to know unless & until we test it. Without testing it, we shall not be having enough confidence that it will work.
Testing not only identifies and reports defect but also measures the quality of the product, which helps to decide whether to release the product, or not.
Q. 2: What is the reason that Software have Bugs?
Following factors contribute to the presence of bugs in the software applications.
1) Software development tools like visual tools, class libraries, compilers, scripting tools, etc. usually introduce their own bugs in the system.
2) To err is human. Likewise programmers do make mistakes while programming.
3) In fast-changing business environments continuously modified requirements are becoming a fact of life. Such frequent changes requested by the customer leads to errors in the application already nearing completion. Last minute design changes leads to many chaos like redesign of the whole system, rescheduling of engineers, scrapping of the work already completed, fresh requirements of compatible hardware etc.
4) A quickly written but poorly documented code is bound to have bugs. It becomes difficult to maintain and modify such code that is badly written or poorly documented.
– it’s tough to maintain and modify code that is badly written or poorly documented; the result is bugs. In many organizations management provides no incentive for programmers to document their code or write clear, understandable, maintainable code. In fact, it’s usually the opposite: they get points mostly for quickly turning out code, and there’s job security if nobody else can understand it (‘if it was hard to write, it should be hard to read’).
5) When project deadlines come too close & time pressures come, mistakes are bound to come.
Q. 3: What is the difference between QA and Testing?
QA stands for “Quality Assurance”, and focuses on “Prevention” of defects in the product being developed. It is associated with the “Process” and activities related to the Process Improvement. Quality Assurance measures the quality of the processes employed to create a quality product.
Whereas “Testing” refers to “Quality Control”, and focuses on Detection of Defect and removal thereafter. Or Quality Control measures the quality of a product.
Q. 4: What is the difference between Software Testing and Debugging?
Testing is the process of locating or identifying the errors or bugs in a software system.
Whereas Debugging is the process of Fixing the identified Bugs. It involves a process of analyzing and rectifying the syntax errors, logic errors and all other types of errors identified during the process of testing.
Q. 5: What is the difference between a Bug and a Defect?
“Bug” is a problem or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testing. Bug is responsible for failure of the application to comply with the desired specifications.
Whereas “Defect” is problem reported by the customer during usage of the software application.
Q. 6: What is the difference between a Bug and an Enhancement?
Whereas “Enhancement” is the additional feature or functionality found and added to the application as desired by the end user / real word customer or tester during the testing process.
Q. 7: What is the difference between Requirements & Specifications?
“Requirements” are statements given by the customer as to what needs to be achieved by the software system. Later on these requirements are converted into specifications which are nothing but feasible or implementable requirements.
Whereas “Specifications” are feasible requirements derived from various statements given by the customer. These are the starting point for the product development team.
Q. 8: What is the sequence of succession in STLC – Software Testing Life Cycle?
6) Final Testing and Implementation and Post Implementation.
Q. 9: What is the difference between Verification and Validation?
“Verification” involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications to confirm whether items, processes, services, or documents conform to specified requirements or not. This can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. The purpose of verification is to determine whether the products of a given phase of the software development cycle fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase or not.
Whereas “Validation” is the determination of the correctness of the final program or software product produced from a development project with respect to the user needs and requirements. This involves actual testing of the product and takes place after verifications are completed.
“Software Verification” raises the question, “Are we building the Product Right?”; that is, does the software conform to its specification.
“Software Validation” raises the question, “Are we building the Right Product?”; that is, is the software doing what the user really requires.
Q. 10: What is the difference between a Test Plan and a Use Case?
“Test Plan” is a document describing an introduction to the client company, intended scope, overview of the application, test strategy, schedule of testing activities, roles and responsibilities, deliverables and milestones. It describes test items, features to be tested, testing tasks, details of the personnel performing each task and any risks requiring contingency planning.
Whereas a “Use Case” describes the process as to how an end user uses a specific functionality in the application. It is a summary of user actions and system response to the user actions. It contains the flows like typical flow, alternate flow and exceptional flow. It also contains pre condition and post condition.
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Termed as an extremely complex and expansive process, software testing involves testing of heterogeneous components and elements, of varying size, scope, and form. From the minutest element of the software to the most composite one, this process is capable of verifying and validating the quality, reliability, performance, effectiveness, etc., of the software. Unit Testing, which is a type software testing technique, is used by the team of software testers to validate the accuracy of the smallest component of the software, the UNIT.
Considered to be the first level of software testing life cycle (STLC), unit testing is performed prior to the execution of integration tests. The objective of this testing is to validate the correctness and completeness of the smallest component of the software- Unit, which is the smallest testable part of the software that is capable of accepting and producing input and output, respectively. These units are integrated, to form the modules or the system.
Performed by a selected group of software developers, uni testing involves evaluation of each unit, before it is integrated to for the system. These units are verified and validated on the basis of specified requirements, by testing them in isolation to identify, analyze and fix defects.
It is an effective testing, which may prove to be economical for the software development process, as detecting the defects in the integrated system is much more complicated, whereas it is easier to find the bugs & defects in the smaller units. Early detection of the bugs in the software development process enables the developer to fix them at the initial stage of the development process, thereby saving both time & cost of the project.
Ensuring the functional correctness and completeness of the software product.
Checking input values and correcting output data.
Identifying, analyzing, and rectifying defects.
Performed before integration testing, unit testing is also known as component testing.
It is a component of test-driven development.
Forms the foundation of extreme programming, as it excessively relies on automated unit test frameworks.
Evaluates individual units of the software product.
Software developers write the test and run the test for unit testing, to validate the compliance of the software code with its design as well as to ensure its intended function.
It may include testing techniques like walk-through, review & inspection of programming code.
It also demands strict possible test plans for each isolated units, to produce effective results.
Automated testing is preferred for this type of testing. However, manual testing may also be used for this type of testing.
Requires plenty of time & patience to focus & perform testing on each unit.
Provides an effective approach to trace & resolve the errors in the programming code at an earlier stage.
Saves time & cost of finding & resolving the error, at later complex stage.
Defining and creating Unit Test Plans.
Based on the specified test plans, unit test cases are designed and prepared.
Execution of these test cases on individual units.
Fix the bugs (if any found) and re-evaluate the unit.
The cycle of testing keeps on repeating, until the unit gets rid of all the bugs.
Black Box Testing: This type of unit testing enables the team to test the user interface of the software, along with its input and output.
White Box Testing: White box testing is another important type of unit testing, which is used by the developers to test the functional behavior of the software product and to validate their execution.
Gray Box Testing: Finally, the third type of unit testing, gray box testing is used to execute test suite and test cases, perform risk assessment, and to test various test methods.
It allows rapid and convenient integration.
Here, tests are written before the test code.
The tests is highly dependent on testing frameworks.
Enables the team to test all classes in the application at any time.
Promotes simpler and more confident code development and refactoring.
The unit tests in extreme programming are also used as regression testing.
Simplifies code integration and enables accurate documentation.
Uncertainties or Trouble With Test Names: Names that don’t reflect the intent of the testing or miscommunicate the the test type can increase the challenge of testing for the team. Moreover, it can increase confusion among team members, which can further impact the testing of the software.
Understanding the Entire Code: Software development requires excessive amount of coding and understanding the entire code can be extremely difficult and tedious for the developers. Moreover, it can delay the process of testing and product release.
Problems With the Test Doubles: If the mock codes require more testing than the production code, then it is an indicator that there is an issue in the product, as the aim of these mock objects is to simplify the process of testing.
Finding Dependencies: Finding dependencies in the software product can be a hassle free task, which can hinder the process of testing.
Frequent debugging of Tests: Debugging is a complex task that requires great efforts and time. Hence, if the tests fail constantly and often require testing and debugging, it can increase the challenges in testing the software.
It eliminates the dependencies on other modules.
Allows testing of individual parts of the software.
Validates the quality and accuracy of the program code.
Team can execute unit testing before the culmination of the development process.
In unit testing the code is modular, which makes them more reusable.
Due to its modular nature, the team can test a part of the project, without waiting for the others to be complete.
Reduces the cost of testing, as defects are identified and fixed in the early stages of development.
It facilitates change, simplifies documentation, as well as integration.
Increases the reliability of the code.
Unit testing cannot be used for a comprehensive detection of errors in the program.
It is impossible for the team to analyze and evaluate every execution path in the software.
As the focus of unit testing on evaluating smallest component of the software, it does not perform integration testing.
There can be difference in platform, as the product is not developed and tested on the platform where it will be deployed.
It requires for the team to maintain rigorous discipline throughout the process to ensure the compliance of actual and expected results.
One of biggest advantage of unit testing is that it often executed with the assistance of testing tools and frameworks, which increase its effectivity as well as efficiency. From making the process agile and robust, to helping the team get accurate results, the benefits of using tools for unit testing are several. Since tools are an essential part of unit testing, it is important for us to list some of the most popular unit testing tools, available in the IT industry.
Get the detailed information of unit testing frameworks here.
Unit testing should be performed independently, to ensure that any modifications and changes implemented in the software requirements are not affecting the unit test cases.
The process of test execution should be concentrated on one code at a time.
The bugs and defects, detected by the team during the testing process, should be resolved and fixed before the commencement of the next phase of software testing life cycle (STLC).
Test cases should be comprehensive and understandable.
The testing environment should be isolated from the development environment in unit testing.
Find an appropriate and effective tool for the process of testing.
Perform rigorous and frequent unit tests.
Still unsure about what to test, well follow our unit testing checklist and drive away your testing related apprehensions.
Also, find a detailed comparison between Unit Testing and API Testing and enhance your knowledge efficiently. | http://www.professionalqa.com/unit-testing |
A software bug is an error, flaw or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways. The process of finding and fixing bugs is termed "debugging" and often uses formal techniques or tools to pinpoint bugs, and since the 1950s, some computer systems have been designed to also deter, detect or auto-correct various computer bugs during operations.
Most bugs arise from mistakes and errors made in either a program's design or its source code, or in components and operating systems used by such programs. A few are caused by compilers producing incorrect code. A program that contains many bugs, and/or bugs that seriously interfere with its functionality, is said to be buggy (defective). Bugs can trigger errors that may have ripple effects. Bugs may have subtle effects or cause the program to crash or freeze the computer. Other bugs qualify as security bugs and might, for example, enable a malicious user to bypass access controls in order to obtain unauthorized privileges.
Some software bugs have been linked to disasters. Bugs in code that controlled the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine were directly responsible for patient deaths in the 1980s. In 1996, the European Space Agency's US$1 billion prototype Ariane 5 rocket had to be destroyed less than a minute after launch due to a bug in the on-board guidance computer program. In June 1994, a Royal Air Force Chinook helicopter crashed into the Mull of Kintyre, killing 29. This was initially dismissed as pilot error, but an investigation by Computer Weekly convinced a House of Lords inquiry that it may have been caused by a software bug in the aircraft's engine-control computer.
In 2002, a study commissioned by the US Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology concluded that "software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that they cost the US economy an estimated $59 billion annually, or about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product".
The Middle English word bugge is the basis for the terms "bugbear" and "bugaboo" as terms used for a monster.
The term "bug" to describe defects has been a part of engineering jargon since the 1870s and predates electronic computers and computer software; it may have originally been used in hardware engineering to describe mechanical malfunctions. For instance, Thomas Edison wrote the following words in a letter to an associate in 1878:
It has been just so in all of my inventions. The first step is an intuition, and comes with a burst, then difficulties arise—this thing gives out and [it is] then that "Bugs"—as such little faults and difficulties are called—show themselves and months of intense watching, study and labor are requisite before commercial success or failure is certainly reached.
Baffle Ball, the first mechanical pinball game, was advertised as being "free of bugs" in 1931. Problems with military gear during World War II were referred to as bugs (or glitches). In a book published in 1942, Louise Dickinson Rich, speaking of a powered ice cutting machine, said, "Ice sawing was suspended until the creator could be brought in to take the bugs out of his darling."
Isaac Asimov used the term "bug" to relate to issues with a robot in his short story "Catch That Rabbit", published in 1944.
The term "bug" was used in an account by computer pioneer Grace Hopper, who publicized the cause of a malfunction in an early electromechanical computer. A typical version of the story is:
In 1946, when Hopper was released from active duty, she joined the Harvard Faculty at the Computation Laboratory where she continued her work on the Mark II and Mark III. Operators traced an error in the Mark II to a moth trapped in a relay, coining the term bug. This bug was carefully removed and taped to the log book. Stemming from the first bug, today we call errors or glitches in a program a bug.
Hopper did not find the bug, as she readily acknowledged. The date in the log book was September 9, 1947. The operators who found it, including William "Bill" Burke, later of the Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia, were familiar with the engineering term and amusedly kept the insect with the notation "First actual case of bug being found." Hopper loved to recount the story. This log book, complete with attached moth, is part of the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
The related term "debug" also appears to predate its usage in computing: the Oxford English Dictionary's etymology of the word contains an attestation from 1945, in the context of aircraft engines.
The concept that software might contain errors dates back to Ada Lovelace's 1843 notes on the analytical engine, in which she speaks of the possibility of program "cards" for Charles Babbage's analytical engine being erroneous:
... an analysing process must equally have been performed in order to furnish the Analytical Engine with the necessary operative data; and that herein may also lie a possible source of error. Granted that the actual mechanism is unerring in its processes, the cards may give it wrong orders.
The Open Technology Institute, run by the group, New America, released a report "Bugs in the System" in August 2016 stating that U.S. policymakers should make reforms to help researchers identify and address software bugs. The report "highlights the need for reform in the field of software vulnerability discovery and disclosure." One of the report's authors said that Congress has not done enough to address cyber software vulnerability, even though Congress has passed a number of bills to combat the larger issue of cyber security.
Government researchers, companies, and cyber security experts are the people who typically discover software flaws. The report calls for reforming computer crime and copyright laws.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act criminalize and create civil penalties for actions that security researchers routinely engage in while conducting legitimate security research, the report said.
While the use of the term "bug" to describe software errors is common, many have suggested that it should be abandoned. One argument is that the word "bug" is divorced from a sense that a human being caused the problem, and instead implies that the defect arose on its own, leading to a push to abandon the term "bug" in favor of terms such as "defect", with limited success. Since the 1970s Gary Kildall somewhat humorously suggested to use the term "blunder".
In software engineering, mistake metamorphism (from Greek meta = "change", morph = "form") refers to the evolution of a defect in the final stage of software deployment. Transformation of a "mistake" committed by an analyst in the early stages of the software development lifecycle, which leads to a "defect" in the final stage of the cycle has been called 'mistake metamorphism'.
Different stages of a "mistake" in the entire cycle may be described as "mistakes", "anomalies", "faults", "failures", "errors", "exceptions", "crashes", " glitches", "bugs", "defects", "incidents", or "side effects".
The software industry has put much effort into reducing bug counts. These include:
Bugs usually appear when the programmer makes a logic error. Various innovations in programming style and defensive programming are designed to make these bugs less likely, or easier to spot. Some typos, especially of symbols or logical/mathematical operators, allow the program to operate incorrectly, while others such as a missing symbol or misspelled name may prevent the program from operating. Compiled languages can reveal some typos when the source code is compiled.
Several schemes assist managing programmer activity so that fewer bugs are produced. Software engineering (which addresses software design issues as well) applies many techniques to prevent defects. For example, formal program specifications state the exact behavior of programs so that design bugs may be eliminated. Unfortunately, formal specifications are impractical for anything but the shortest programs, because of problems of combinatorial explosion and indeterminacy.
Unit testing involves writing a test for every function (unit) that a program is to perform.
In test-driven development unit tests are written before the code and the code is not considered complete until all tests complete successfully.
Agile software development involves frequent software releases with relatively small changes. Defects are revealed by user feedback.
Open source development allows anyone to examine source code. A school of thought popularized by Eric S. Raymond as Linus's law says that popular open-source software has more chance of having few or no bugs than other software, because "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow". This assertion has been disputed, however: computer security specialist Elias Levy wrote that "it is easy to hide vulnerabilities in complex, little understood and undocumented source code," because, "even if people are reviewing the code, that doesn't mean they're qualified to do so." An example of this actually happening, accidentally, was the 2008 OpenSSL vulnerability in Debian.
Programming languages include features to help prevent bugs, such as static type systems, restricted namespaces and modular programming. For example, when a programmer writes (pseudocode)
LET REAL_VALUE PI = "THREE AND A BIT", although this may be syntactically correct, the code fails a type check. Compiled languages catch this without having to run the program. Interpreted languages catch such errors at runtime. Some languages deliberately exclude features that easily lead to bugs, at the expense of slower performance: the general principle being that, it is almost always better to write simpler, slower code than inscrutable code that runs slightly faster, especially considering that maintenance cost is substantial. For example, the Java programming language does not support pointer arithmetic; implementations of some languages such as Pascal and scripting languages often have runtime bounds checking of arrays, at least in a debugging build.
Tools for code analysis help developers by inspecting the program text beyond the compiler's capabilities to spot potential problems. Although in general the problem of finding all programming errors given a specification is not solvable (see halting problem), these tools exploit the fact that human programmers tend to make certain kinds of simple mistakes often when writing software.
Tools to monitor the performance of the software as it is running, either specifically to find problems such as bottlenecks or to give assurance as to correct working, may be embedded in the code explicitly (perhaps as simple as a statement saying
PRINT "I AM HERE"), or provided as tools. It is often a surprise to find where most of the time is taken by a piece of code, and this removal of assumptions might cause the code to be rewritten.
Software testers are people whose primary task is to find bugs, or write code to support testing. On some projects, more resources may be spent on testing than in developing the program.
Measurements during testing can provide an estimate of the number of likely bugs remaining; this becomes more reliable the longer a product is tested and developed.
Finding and fixing bugs, or debugging, is a major part of computer programming. Maurice Wilkes, an early computing pioneer, described his realization in the late 1940s that much of the rest of his life would be spent finding mistakes in his own programs.
Usually, the most difficult part of debugging is finding the bug. Once it is found, correcting it is usually relatively easy. Programs known as debuggers help programmers locate bugs by executing code line by line, watching variable values, and other features to observe program behavior. Without a debugger, code may be added so that messages or values may be written to a console or to a window or log file to trace program execution or show values.
However, even with the aid of a debugger, locating bugs is something of an art. It is not uncommon for a bug in one section of a program to cause failures in a completely different section, thus making it especially difficult to track (for example, an error in a graphics rendering routine causing a file I/O routine to fail), in an apparently unrelated part of the system.
Sometimes, a bug is not an isolated flaw, but represents an error of thinking or planning on the part of the programmer. Such logic errors require a section of the program to be overhauled or rewritten. As a part of code review, stepping through the code and imagining or transcribing the execution process may often find errors without ever reproducing the bug as such.
More typically, the first step in locating a bug is to reproduce it reliably. Once the bug is reproducible, the programmer may use a debugger or other tool while reproducing the error to find the point at which the program went astray.
Some bugs are revealed by inputs that may be difficult for the programmer to re-create. One cause of the Therac-25 radiation machine deaths was a bug (specifically, a race condition) that occurred only when the machine operator very rapidly entered a treatment plan; it took days of practice to become able to do this, so the bug did not manifest in testing or when the manufacturer attempted to duplicate it. Other bugs may stop occurring whenever the setup is augmented to help find the bug, such as running the program with a debugger; these are called heisenbugs (humorously named after the Heisenberg uncertainty principle).
Since the 1990s, particularly following the Ariane 5 Flight 501 disaster, interest in automated aids to debugging rose, such as static code analysis by abstract interpretation.
Some classes of bugs have nothing to do with the code. Faulty documentation or hardware may lead to problems in system use, even though the code matches the documentation. In some cases, changes to the code eliminate the problem even though the code then no longer matches the documentation. Embedded systems frequently work around hardware bugs, since to make a new version of a ROM is much cheaper than remanufacturing the hardware, especially if they are commodity items.
To facilitate reproducible research on testing and debugging, researchers use curated benchmarks of bugs:
It has been suggested that Known error be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2021.
Bug management includes the process of documenting, categorizing, assigning, reproducing, correcting and releasing the corrected code. Proposed changes to software – bugs as well as enhancement requests and even entire releases – are commonly tracked and managed using bug tracking systems or issue tracking systems. The items added may be called defects, tickets, issues, or, following the agile development paradigm, stories and epics. Categories may be objective, subjective or a combination, such as version number, area of the software, severity and priority, as well as what type of issue it is, such as a feature request or a bug.
Severity is the impact the bug has on system operation. This impact may be data loss, financial, loss of goodwill and wasted effort. Severity levels are not standardized. Impacts differ across industry. A crash in a video game has a totally different impact than a crash in a web browser, or real time monitoring system. For example, bug severity levels might be "crash or hang", "no workaround" (meaning there is no way the customer can accomplish a given task), "has workaround" (meaning the user can still accomplish the task), "visual defect" (for example, a missing image or displaced button or form element), or "documentation error". Some software publishers use more qualified severities such as "critical", "high", "low", "blocker" or "trivial". The severity of a bug may be a separate category to its priority for fixing, and the two may be quantified and managed separately.
Priority controls where a bug falls on the list of planned changes. The priority is decided by each software producer. Priorities may be numerical, such as 1 through 5, or named, such as "critical", "high", "low", or "deferred". These rating scales may be similar or even identical to severity ratings, but are evaluated as a combination of the bug's severity with its estimated effort to fix; a bug with low severity but easy to fix may get a higher priority than a bug with moderate severity that requires excessive effort to fix. Priority ratings may be aligned with product releases, such as "critical" priority indicating all the bugs that must be fixed before the next software release.
It is common practice to release software with known, low-priority bugs. Bugs of sufficiently high priority may warrant a special release of part of the code containing only modules with those fixes. These are known as patches. Most releases include a mixture of behavior changes and multiple bug fixes. Releases that emphasize bug fixes are known as maintenance releases, to differentiate it from major releases that emphasize feature additions or changes.
Reasons that a software publisher opts not to patch or even fix a particular bug include:
In software development projects, a "mistake" or "fault" may be introduced at any stage. Bugs arise from oversights or misunderstandings made by a software team during specification, design, coding, data entry or documentation. For example, a relatively simple program to alphabetize a list of words, the design might fail to consider what should happen when a word contains a hyphen. Or when converting an abstract design into code, the coder might inadvertently create an off-by-one error and fail to sort the last word in a list. Errors may be as simple as a typing error: a "<" where a ">" was intended.
Another category of bug is called a race condition that may occur when programs have multiple components executing at the same time. If the components interact in a different order than the developer intended, they could interfere with each other and stop the program from completing its tasks. These bugs may be difficult to detect or anticipate, since they may not occur during every execution of a program.
Conceptual errors are a developer's misunderstanding of what the software must do. The resulting software may perform according to the developer's understanding, but not what is really needed. Other types:
The amount and type of damage a software bug may cause naturally affects decision-making, processes and policy regarding software quality. In applications such as manned space travel or automotive safety, since software flaws have the potential to cause human injury or even death, such software will have far more scrutiny and quality control than, for example, an online shopping website. In applications such as banking, where software flaws have the potential to cause serious financial damage to a bank or its customers, quality control is also more important than, say, a photo editing application. NASA's Software Assurance Technology Center managed to reduce the number of errors to fewer than 0.1 per 1000 lines of code (SLOC) but this was not felt to be feasible for projects in the business world.
According to a NASA study on "Flight Software Complexity", "an exceptionally good software development process can keep defects down to as low as 1 defect per 10,000 lines of code."
Other than the damage caused by bugs, some of their cost is due to the effort invested in fixing them. In 1978, Lientz and al. showed that the median of projects invest 17 per cent of the development effort in bug fixing. In research in 2020 on GitHub repositories showed the median is 20%.
A number of software bugs have become well-known, usually due to their severity: examples include various space and military aircraft crashes. Possibly the most famous bug is the Year 2000 problem, also known as the Y2K bug, in which it was feared that worldwide economic collapse would happen at the start of the year 2000 as a result of computers thinking it was 1900. (In the end, no major problems occurred.) The 2012 stock trading disruption involved one such incompatibility between the old API and a new API. | https://codedocs.org/what-is/software-bug |
This series of articles is a compilation of the notes I gathered during my programming bootcamp at Green Fox Academy, last year.
You can read the other articles here:
Please keep in mind that many of the definitions stated below are specific to Java programming language.
Errors vs Exceptions
Errors indicate that something severe enough has gone wrong, the application should crash rather than try to handle the error.
Exceptions are events that occurs in the code. A programmer can handle such conditions and take necessary corrective actions. One way to handle exceptions is using try/catch blocks.
Try-catch-exceptions
The try block contains set of statements where an exception can occur. A try block is always followed by a catch block, which handles the exception that occurs in associated try block. A try block must be followed by catch blocks or finally block, or both.
Finally Block — No matter whether an exception is thrown or not inside the try or catch block the code inside the finally-block is executed.
Best practices to handle exceptions:
1. Clean-up resources in a Finally Block or use a Try-With-Resource statement
2. Prefer specific exceptions
3. Document the exceptions you specify
4. Throw exceptions with descriptive messages
5. Catch the most specific exception first
6. Don’t catch Throwable
7. Don’t ignore exceptions
8. Don’t log and throw
9. Wrap the exception without consuming it
Runtime vs Compile Errors
Runtime errors are the errors that are generated when the program is in running state. These types of errors will cause your program to behave unexpectedly or may even kill your program. They are often referred as Exceptions.
Examples:
· Syntax errors
· Type checking errors
Compile time errors are errors occurred due to typing mistakes, if we do not follow the proper syntax and semantics.
Examples:
· Division by zero
· Dereferencing a null pointer
· Running out of memory
Stack trace / Debugging
A stack trace is a report of the active stack frames at a certain point in time during the execution of a program. A stack trace allows tracking the sequence of nested functions called — up to the point where the stack trace is generated.
Debugging is the process of finding and resolving defects or problems within a computer program that prevent correct operation of computer software or a system.
Debugging tactics can involve interactive debugging, control flow analysis, unit testing, integration testing, log file analysis, monitoring at the application or system level, memory dumps, and profiling.
Validation
When receiving input that needs to be validated before it can be used, validate all input before using any of it. You should not change any state in the application or attached systems until all input data has been validated. That way you avoid leaving the application in a half valid state.
Input validation should be applied on both syntactical and semantic level.
Implementing input validation
Input validation can be implemented using any programming technique that allows effective enforcement of syntactic and semantic correctness, for example: | https://dianafbernardo.com/2020/01/15/it-101-error-handling/ |
# Software bug
A software bug is an error, flaw or fault in the design, development, or operation of computer software that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways. The process of finding and correcting bugs is termed "debugging" and often uses formal techniques or tools to pinpoint bugs. Since the 1950s some computer systems have been designed to deter, detect or auto-correct various computer bugs during operations.
Bugs in software can arise from mistakes and errors made in interpreting and extracting users' requirements, planning a program's design, writing its source code, and from interaction with humans, hardware and programs, such as operating systems or libraries. A program with many, or serious, bugs is often described as buggy. Bugs can trigger errors that may have ripple effects. The effects of bugs may be subtle, such as unintended text formatting, through to more obvious effects such as causing a program to crash, freezing the computer, or causing damage to hardware. Other bugs qualify as security bugs and might, for example, enable a malicious user to bypass access controls in order to obtain unauthorized privileges.
Some software bugs have been linked to disasters. Bugs in code that controlled the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine were directly responsible for patient deaths in the 1980s. In 1996, the European Space Agency's US$1 billion prototype Ariane 5 rocket was destroyed less than a minute after launch due to a bug in the on-board guidance computer program. In 1994, an RAF Chinook helicopter crashed, killing 29; this was initially blamed on pilot error, but was later thought to have been caused by a software bug in the engine-control computer. Buggy software caused the early 21st century British Post Office scandal, the most widespread miscarriage of justice in British legal history.
In 2002, a study commissioned by the US Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology concluded that "software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that they cost the US economy an estimated $59 billion annually, or about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product".
## History
The Middle English word bugge is the basis for the terms "bugbear" and "bugaboo" as terms used for a monster.
The term "bug" to describe defects has been a part of engineering jargon since the 1870s and predates electronics and computers; it may have originally been used in hardware engineering to describe mechanical malfunctions. For instance, Thomas Edison wrote in a letter to an associate in 1878:
... difficulties arise—this thing gives out and then that "Bugs"—as such little faults and difficulties are called—show themselves
Baffle Ball, the first mechanical pinball game, was advertised as being "free of bugs" in 1931. Problems with military gear during World War II were referred to as bugs (or glitches). In a book published in 1942, Louise Dickinson Rich, speaking of a powered ice cutting machine, said, "Ice sawing was suspended until the creator could be brought in to take the bugs out of his darling."
Isaac Asimov used the term "bug" to relate to issues with a robot in his short story "Catch That Rabbit", published in 1944.
The term "bug" was used in an account by computer pioneer Grace Hopper, who publicized the cause of a malfunction in an early electromechanical computer. A typical version of the story is:
In 1946, when Hopper was released from active duty, she joined the Harvard Faculty at the Computation Laboratory where she continued her work on the Mark II and Mark III. Operators traced an error in the Mark II to a moth trapped in a relay, coining the term bug. This bug was carefully removed and taped to the log book. Stemming from the first bug, today we call errors or glitches in a program a bug.
Hopper was not present when the bug was found, but it became one of her favorite stories. The date in the log book was September 9, 1947. The operators who found it, including William "Bill" Burke, later of the Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia, were familiar with the engineering term and amusedly kept the insect with the notation "First actual case of bug being found." This log book, complete with attached moth, is part of the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
The related term "debug" also appears to predate its usage in computing: the Oxford English Dictionary's etymology of the word contains an attestation from 1945, in the context of aircraft engines.
The concept that software might contain errors dates back to Ada Lovelace's 1843 notes on the analytical engine, in which she speaks of the possibility of program "cards" for Charles Babbage's analytical engine being erroneous:
... an analysing process must equally have been performed in order to furnish the Analytical Engine with the necessary operative data; and that herein may also lie a possible source of error. Granted that the actual mechanism is unerring in its processes, the cards may give it wrong orders.
### "Bugs in the System" report
The Open Technology Institute, run by the group, New America, released a report "Bugs in the System" in August 2016 stating that U.S. policymakers should make reforms to help researchers identify and address software bugs. The report "highlights the need for reform in the field of software vulnerability discovery and disclosure." One of the report's authors said that Congress has not done enough to address cyber software vulnerability, even though Congress has passed a number of bills to combat the larger issue of cyber security.
Government researchers, companies, and cyber security experts are the people who typically discover software flaws. The report calls for reforming computer crime and copyright laws.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act criminalize and create civil penalties for actions that security researchers routinely engage in while conducting legitimate security research, the report said.
## Terminology
While the use of the term "bug" to describe software errors is common, many have suggested that it should be abandoned. One argument is that the word "bug" is divorced from a sense that a human being caused the problem, and instead implies that the defect arose on its own, leading to a push to abandon the term "bug" in favor of terms such as "defect", with limited success. Since the 1970s Gary Kildall somewhat humorously suggested to use the term "blunder".
In software engineering, mistake metamorphism (from Greek meta = "change", morph = "form") refers to the evolution of a defect in the final stage of software deployment. Transformation of a "mistake" committed by an analyst in the early stages of the software development lifecycle, which leads to a "defect" in the final stage of the cycle has been called 'mistake metamorphism'.
Different stages of a "mistake" in the entire cycle may be described as "mistakes", "anomalies", "faults", "failures", "errors", "exceptions", "crashes", "glitches", "bugs", "defects", "incidents", or "side effects".
## Prevention
The software industry has put much effort into reducing bug counts. These include:
### Typographical errors
Bugs usually appear when the programmer makes a logic error. Various innovations in programming style and defensive programming are designed to make these bugs less likely, or easier to spot. Some typos, especially of symbols or logical/mathematical operators, allow the program to operate incorrectly, while others such as a missing symbol or misspelled name may prevent the program from operating. Compiled languages can reveal some typos when the source code is compiled.
### Development methodologies
Several schemes assist managing programmer activity so that fewer bugs are produced. Software engineering (which addresses software design issues as well) applies many techniques to prevent defects. For example, formal program specifications state the exact behavior of programs so that design bugs may be eliminated. Unfortunately, formal specifications are impractical for anything but the shortest programs, because of problems of combinatorial explosion and indeterminacy.
Unit testing involves writing a test for every function (unit) that a program is to perform.
In test-driven development unit tests are written before the code and the code is not considered complete until all tests complete successfully.
Agile software development involves frequent software releases with relatively small changes. Defects are revealed by user feedback.
Open source development allows anyone to examine source code. A school of thought popularized by Eric S. Raymond as Linus's law says that popular open-source software has more chance of having few or no bugs than other software, because "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow". This assertion has been disputed, however: computer security specialist Elias Levy wrote that "it is easy to hide vulnerabilities in complex, little understood and undocumented source code," because, "even if people are reviewing the code, that doesn't mean they're qualified to do so." An example of an open-source software bug was the 2008 OpenSSL vulnerability in Debian.
### Programming language support
Programming languages include features to help prevent bugs, such as static type systems, restricted namespaces and modular programming. For example, when a programmer writes (pseudocode) LET REAL_VALUE PI = "THREE AND A BIT", although this may be syntactically correct, the code fails a type check. Compiled languages catch this without having to run the program. Interpreted languages catch such errors at runtime. Some languages deliberately exclude features that easily lead to bugs, at the expense of slower performance: the general principle being that, it is almost always better to write simpler, slower code than inscrutable code that runs slightly faster, especially considering that maintenance cost is substantial. For example, the Java programming language does not support pointer arithmetic; implementations of some languages such as Pascal and scripting languages often have runtime bounds checking of arrays, at least in a debugging build.
### Code analysis
Tools for code analysis help developers by inspecting the program text beyond the compiler's capabilities to spot potential problems. Although in general the problem of finding all programming errors given a specification is not solvable (see halting problem), these tools exploit the fact that human programmers tend to make certain kinds of simple mistakes often when writing software.
### Instrumentation
Tools to monitor the performance of the software as it is running, either specifically to find problems such as bottlenecks or to give assurance as to correct working, may be embedded in the code explicitly (perhaps as simple as a statement saying PRINT "I AM HERE"), or provided as tools. It is often a surprise to find where most of the time is taken by a piece of code, and this removal of assumptions might cause the code to be rewritten.
## Testing
Software testers are people whose primary task is to find bugs, or write code to support testing. On some projects, more resources may be spent on testing than in developing the program.
Measurements during testing can provide an estimate of the number of likely bugs remaining; this becomes more reliable the longer a product is tested and developed.
## Debugging
Finding and fixing bugs, or debugging, is a major part of computer programming. Maurice Wilkes, an early computing pioneer, described his realization in the late 1940s that much of the rest of his life would be spent finding mistakes in his own programs.
Usually, the most difficult part of debugging is finding the bug. Once it is found, correcting it is usually relatively easy. Programs known as debuggers help programmers locate bugs by executing code line by line, watching variable values, and other features to observe program behavior. Without a debugger, code may be added so that messages or values may be written to a console or to a window or log file to trace program execution or show values.
However, even with the aid of a debugger, locating bugs is something of an art. It is not uncommon for a bug in one section of a program to cause failures in a completely different section, thus making it especially difficult to track (for example, an error in a graphics rendering routine causing a file I/O routine to fail), in an apparently unrelated part of the system.
Sometimes, a bug is not an isolated flaw, but represents an error of thinking or planning on the part of the programmer. Such logic errors require a section of the program to be overhauled or rewritten. As a part of code review, stepping through the code and imagining or transcribing the execution process may often find errors without ever reproducing the bug as such.
More typically, the first step in locating a bug is to reproduce it reliably. Once the bug is reproducible, the programmer may use a debugger or other tool while reproducing the error to find the point at which the program went astray.
Some bugs are revealed by inputs that may be difficult for the programmer to re-create. One cause of the Therac-25 radiation machine deaths was a bug (specifically, a race condition) that occurred only when the machine operator very rapidly entered a treatment plan; it took days of practice to become able to do this, so the bug did not manifest in testing or when the manufacturer attempted to duplicate it. Other bugs may stop occurring whenever the setup is augmented to help find the bug, such as running the program with a debugger; these are called heisenbugs (humorously named after the Heisenberg uncertainty principle).
Since the 1990s, particularly following the Ariane 5 Flight 501 disaster, interest in automated aids to debugging rose, such as static code analysis by abstract interpretation.
Some classes of bugs have nothing to do with the code. Faulty documentation or hardware may lead to problems in system use, even though the code matches the documentation. In some cases, changes to the code eliminate the problem even though the code then no longer matches the documentation. Embedded systems frequently work around hardware bugs, since to make a new version of a ROM is much cheaper than remanufacturing the hardware, especially if they are commodity items.
## Benchmark of bugs
To facilitate reproducible research on testing and debugging, researchers use curated benchmarks of bugs:
the Siemens benchmark ManyBugs is a benchmark of 185 C bugs in nine open-source programs. Defects4J is a benchmark of 341 Java bugs from 5 open-source projects. It contains the corresponding patches, which cover a variety of patch type. BEARS is a benchmark of continuous integration build failures focusing on test failures. It has been created by monitoring builds from open-source projects on Travis CI.
## Bug management
Bug management includes the process of documenting, categorizing, assigning, reproducing, correcting and releasing the corrected code. Proposed changes to software – bugs as well as enhancement requests and even entire releases – are commonly tracked and managed using bug tracking systems or issue tracking systems. The items added may be called defects, tickets, issues, or, following the agile development paradigm, stories and epics. Categories may be objective, subjective or a combination, such as version number, area of the software, severity and priority, as well as what type of issue it is, such as a feature request or a bug.
A bug triage reviews bugs and decides whether and when to fix them. The decision is based on the bug's priority, and factors such as project schedules. The triage is not meant to investigate the cause of bugs, but rather the cost of fixing them. The triage happens regularly, and goes through bugs opened or reopened since the previous meeting. The attendees of the triage process typically are the project manager, development manager, test manager, build manager, and technical experts.
### Severity
Severity is the intensity of the impact the bug has on system operation. This impact may be data loss, financial, loss of goodwill and wasted effort. Severity levels are not standardized. Impacts differ across industry. A crash in a video game has a totally different impact than a crash in a web browser, or real time monitoring system. For example, bug severity levels might be "crash or hang", "no workaround" (meaning there is no way the customer can accomplish a given task), "has workaround" (meaning the user can still accomplish the task), "visual defect" (for example, a missing image or displaced button or form element), or "documentation error". Some software publishers use more qualified severities such as "critical", "high", "low", "blocker" or "trivial". The severity of a bug may be a separate category to its priority for fixing, and the two may be quantified and managed separately.
### Priority
Priority controls where a bug falls on the list of planned changes. The priority is decided by each software producer. Priorities may be numerical, such as 1 through 5, or named, such as "critical", "high", "low", or "deferred". These rating scales may be similar or even identical to severity ratings, but are evaluated as a combination of the bug's severity with its estimated effort to fix; a bug with low severity but easy to fix may get a higher priority than a bug with moderate severity that requires excessive effort to fix. Priority ratings may be aligned with product releases, such as "critical" priority indicating all the bugs that must be fixed before the next software release.
A bug severe enough to delay or halt the release of the product is called a "show stopper" or "showstopper bug". It is named so because it "stops the show" – causes unacceptable product failure.
### Software releases
It is common practice to release software with known, low-priority bugs. Bugs of sufficiently high priority may warrant a special release of part of the code containing only modules with those fixes. These are known as patches. Most releases include a mixture of behavior changes and multiple bug fixes. Releases that emphasize bug fixes are known as maintenance releases, to differentiate it from major releases that emphasize feature additions or changes.
Reasons that a software publisher opts not to patch or even fix a particular bug include:
A deadline must be met and resources are insufficient to fix all bugs by the deadline. The bug is already fixed in an upcoming release, and it is not of high priority. The changes required to fix the bug are too costly or affect too many other components, requiring a major testing activity. It may be suspected, or known, that some users are relying on the existing buggy behavior; a proposed fix may introduce a breaking change. The problem is in an area that will be obsolete with an upcoming release; fixing it is unnecessary. "It's not a bug, it's a feature". A misunderstanding has arisen between expected and perceived behavior or undocumented feature.
## Types
In software development projects, a mistake or error may be introduced at any stage. Bugs arise from oversight or misunderstanding by a software team during specification, design, coding, configuration, data entry or documentation. For example, a relatively simple program to alphabetize a list of words, the design might fail to consider what should happen when a word contains a hyphen. Or when converting an abstract design into code, the coder might inadvertently create an off-by-one error which can be a "<" where "<=" was intended, and fail to sort the last word in a list.
Another category of bug is called a race condition that may occur when programs have multiple components executing at the same time. If the components interact in a different order than the developer intended, they could interfere with each other and stop the program from completing its tasks. These bugs may be difficult to detect or anticipate, since they may not occur during every execution of a program.
Conceptual errors are a developer's misunderstanding of what the software must do. The resulting software may perform according to the developer's understanding, but not what is really needed. Other types:
### Arithmetic
In operations on numerical values, problems can arise that result in unexpected output, slowing of a process, or crashing. These can be from a lack of awareness of the qualities of the data storage such as a loss of precision due to rounding, numerically unstable algorithms, arithmetic overflow and underflow, or from lack of awareness of how calculations are handled by different software coding languages such as division by zero which in some languages may throw an exception, and in others may return a special value such as NaN or infinity.
### Control Flow
Control flow bugs are those found in processes with valid logic, but that lead to unintended results, such as infinite loops and infinite recursion, incorrect comparisons for conditional statements such as using the incorrect comparison operator, and off-by-one errors (counting one too many or one too few iterations when looping).
### Interfacing
Incorrect API usage. Incorrect protocol implementation. Incorrect hardware handling. Incorrect assumptions of a particular platform. Incompatible systems. A new API or communications protocol may seem to work when two systems use different versions, but errors may occur when a function or feature implemented in one version is changed or missing in another. In production systems which must run continually, shutting down the entire system for a major update may not be possible, such as in the telecommunication industry or the internet. In this case, smaller segments of a large system are upgraded individually, to minimize disruption to a large network. However, some sections could be overlooked and not upgraded, and cause compatibility errors which may be difficult to find and repair. Incorrect code annotations
### Multi-threading
Deadlock, where task A cannot continue until task B finishes, but at the same time, task B cannot continue until task A finishes. Race condition, where the computer does not perform tasks in the order the programmer intended. Concurrency errors in critical sections, mutual exclusions and other features of concurrent processing. Time-of-check-to-time-of-use (TOCTOU) is a form of unprotected critical section.
### Resourcing
Null pointer dereference. Using an uninitialized variable. Using an otherwise valid instruction on the wrong data type (see packed decimal/binary-coded decimal). Access violations. Resource leaks, where a finite system resource (such as memory or file handles) become exhausted by repeated allocation without release. Buffer overflow, in which a program tries to store data past the end of allocated storage. This may or may not lead to an access violation or storage violation. These are known as security bugs. Excessive recursion which—though logically valid—causes stack overflow. Use-after-free error, where a pointer is used after the system has freed the memory it references. Double free error.
### Syntax
Use of the wrong token, such as performing assignment instead of equality test. For example, in some languages x=5 will set the value of x to 5 while x==5 will check whether x is currently 5 or some other number. Interpreted languages allow such code to fail. Compiled languages can catch such errors before testing begins.
### Teamwork
Unpropagated updates; e.g. programmer changes "myAdd" but forgets to change "mySubtract", which uses the same algorithm. These errors are mitigated by the Don't Repeat Yourself philosophy. Comments out of date or incorrect: many programmers assume the comments accurately describe the code. Differences between documentation and product.
## Implications
The amount and type of damage a software bug may cause naturally affects decision-making, processes and policy regarding software quality. In applications such as human spaceflight, aviation, nuclear power, health care, public transport or automotive safety, since software flaws have the potential to cause human injury or even death, such software will have far more scrutiny and quality control than, for example, an online shopping website. In applications such as banking, where software flaws have the potential to cause serious financial damage to a bank or its customers, quality control is also more important than, say, a photo editing application.
Other than the damage caused by bugs, some of their cost is due to the effort invested in fixing them. In 1978, Lientz et al. showed that the median of projects invest 17 per cent of the development effort in bug fixing. In research in 2020 on GitHub repositories showed the median is 20%.
## Residual bugs in delivered product
In 1994, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center managed to reduce their average number of errors from 4.5 per 1000 lines of code (SLOC) down to 1 per 1000 SLOC.
Another study in 1990 reported that exceptionally good software development processes can achieve deployment failure rates as low as 0.1 per 1000 SLOC. This figure is iterated in literature such as Code Complete by Steve McConnell, and the NASA study on Flight Software Complexity. Some projects even attained zero defects: the firmware in the IBM Wheelwriter typewriter which consists of 63,000 SLOC, and the Space Shuttle software with 500,000 SLOC.
## Well-known bugs
A number of software bugs have become well-known, usually due to their severity: examples include various space and military aircraft crashes. Possibly the most famous bug is the Year 2000 problem or Y2K bug, which caused many programs written long before the transition from 19xx to 20xx dates to malfunction, for example treating a date such as "25 Dec 04" as being in 1904, displaying "19100" instead of "2000", and so on. A huge effort at the end of the 20th century resolved the most severe problems, and there were no major consequences.
The 2012 stock trading disruption involved one such incompatibility between the old API and a new API.
## In popular culture
In both the 1968 novel 2001: A Space Odyssey and the corresponding 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, a spaceship's onboard computer, HAL 9000, attempts to kill all its crew members. In the follow-up 1982 novel, 2010: Odyssey Two, and the accompanying 1984 film, 2010, it is revealed that this action was caused by the computer having been programmed with two conflicting objectives: to fully disclose all its information, and to keep the true purpose of the flight secret from the crew; this conflict caused HAL to become paranoid and eventually homicidal. In the English version of the Nena 1983 song 99 Luftballons (99 Red Balloons) as a result of "bugs in the software", a release of a group of 99 red balloons are mistaken for an enemy nuclear missile launch, requiring an equivalent launch response, resulting in catastrophe. In the 1999 American comedy Office Space, three employees attempt (unsuccessfully) to exploit their company's preoccupation with the Y2K computer bug using a computer virus that sends rounded-off fractions of a penny to their bank account—a long-known technique described as salami slicing. The 2004 novel The Bug, by Ellen Ullman, is about a programmer's attempt to find an elusive bug in a database application. The 2008 Canadian film Control Alt Delete is about a computer programmer at the end of 1999 struggling to fix bugs at his company related to the year 2000 problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug |
They are also known as non-execution techniques. Most static testing techniques can be used to ‘test’ any form of the document including source code, design documents and models, functional specifications, and requirement specifications. Static reviews are most often used to statically test source code. Static reviews find errors, code flaws, and potentially malicious code in the software application. The types of reviews done during this process are formal and informal reviews.
Phases of the formal review
- Planning – In this step exit criteria is defined, and review is done on the following documents: higher-level documents, e.g. design document, standards, e.g. code comments, naming conventions, other related documents of the same level, e.g. interfaces between software functions; usage, e.g. for testability or maintainability
- Kick-off – Kick-off meeting goal is to get everybody on the same line regarding the document under review and the time that will be spent on checking is committed. the result of the entry check and defined exit criteria are also discussed.
- Preparation – All the participants work individually on the document under review using the related documents, procedures, rules, and checklists provided. They identify defects, questions, and comments, according to their understanding of the document and role.
- Review meeting – It consists of the logging phase, discussion phase, and decision phase. In logging phase defects are logged. If the defects logged need to discuss then it goes to the discussion phase whereas in the decision phase, a decision is made on the defects logged and If the number of defects found per page exceeds a certain limit, the document needs rework and review again.
- Rework – Based on the defects detected, the author has to re-work on the document under review by removing defects step by step.
- Follow-up – Changes made to the document are identified during follow-up.
Following are the main review types with their characteristics and common objectives
- Walkthrough – This is an informal type of review meeting conductor by the author where a large number of people participate and bring diverse viewpoints regarding the contents of the document being reviewed. A walkthrough is useful for higher-level documents, such as requirement specifications and architectural documents.
- Technical Review – A technical review focuses on the technical content of a document and compared to inspections, they are less formal. It is performed by peers and technical experts without management participation.
- Inspection – This is the most formal review type which involves peers to examine the product. Rules and checklists are used during the preparation phase and the defects found are documented which will be fixed and reviewed in the follow-up. This improves product quality, by creating documents with a higher level of quality.
- Informal review – This is the most common type of review done at the life cycle. Informal reviews are applied at various times during the early stages in the life cycle document is reviewed informally and informal comments are provided. Example- two-person team conducts an informal review where an author asks his colleague to review a document or code and provide comments.
- Static Analysis – This is the method of debugging by examining source code before executing the program. It’s done by analyzing a set of code against a set (or multiple sets) of coding rules. It helps to ensure that the code meets the industry standards. It exposes weaknesses in source code that might lead to vulnerabilities. It is further categorized as :
- Data-flow analysis: This technique is used for gathering information about the possible set of values calculated at various locations in a computer program.
- Control-flow analysis: This technique is used to determine the control flow or the actions of the program. | https://tequality.tech/course/manualtesting/static-techniques.html |
Agile testing, as the name suggests, is a software testing process where software is tested for any defects, errors, or other issues. It is considered a core part of the development process as it enables testers and developers to work together as a team that in turn improves overall performance. It also helps in ensuring the successful delivery of high-quality products. Testing is usually performed so that testers can identify and resolve the problems early and at every point in the development process.
Principles of Agile Testing
There are eight main principles of Agile Testing as given below:
- Continuous Testing: Testing should be conducted continuously by the Agile team to ensure continuous development progress.
- Continuous Feedback: This process generally encourages taking feedback from clients to make sure that the product meets the requirements of the client or customer.
- Team Work or collective work: Not only testers but developers, business analysts can also perform software testing or application testing.
- Clean Code: Quality of software is maintained as the team tests the software to ensure that the code is clean, simple, and tight. All errors and defects that are found during the testing phase are fixed quickly within the same iteration by the Agile Team.
- Less Documentation: This process usually involves the usage of reusable checklists instead of lengthy documentation.
- Test-Driven: In other conventional methods, testing is only performed after the implementation but in agile testing, testing is done during the implementation so that errors or any issues can be removed on time.
- Customer Satisfaction: During the agile testing process, development progress is being shown to clients or customers so that they can adapt and update their requirements. This is done to ensure customer satisfaction. | https://expskill.com/question/explain-agile-testing-what-are-the-principles-of-agile-testing/ |
Debugging allows the developers to watch how the code works in a step-by-step manner, how the values of the variables change, how the objects are created and destroyed etc.
Debugging a traditional ASP application generally involves placing Response.Write statements throughout your code to track variable values and execution paths. If you fail to remove debugging statements before you deploy your application, the statements are visible to users.
Application code can contain various types of errors, or bugs. Most syntax errors are caught during compilation. However, other types of errors require that you debug your code — that is, that you examine the code while it is running to validate that the execution path and data is as it should be.
This topic provides information about how to use the debugger in the Windows Software Development Kit (SDK) to help you find errors in ASP.NET Web pages.
ASP.NET makes Web application debugging much simpler to use. You can use tracing statements to debug your application in a way that is similar to using Response.Write statements. However, you can leave the tracing statements in your application, even after deployment.
Application code can contain various types of errors, or bugs. Most syntax errors are caught during compilation. However, other types of errors require that you debug your code — that is, that you examine the code while it is running to validate that the execution path and data is as it should be. For more information, see Debugging, Tracing, and Profiling.
The Windows Software Development Kit (SDK) includes a tool called Visual Debugger that allows you to examine an application while it is running. This tool is located in %ProgramFiles%\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\SDK\v2.0\GuiDebug\DbgCLR.exe. Using the debugger, you can see exactly how your application is working by stepping through each statement as it executes and by viewing the data in each variable. To use Visual Debugger, open it and then attach it to the process that is running the pages of your ASP.NET application. In Internet Information Services (IIS) versions 5.0 and 5.1, and in IIS 6.0 running in IIS 5.0 application mode, the process to which you attach the debugger is the ASP.NET worker process (Aspnet_wp.exe). In IIS 6.0 running in worker process isolation mode, the process that you attach to is the thread pool process (W3wp.exe). When the debugger is attached to a process, you can view everything going on during that process, and the debugger maps the instructions being executed in the process back to your original code so that you can see each line of code being executed.
Visual Debugger allows you to examine code while it is running and includes features that help you debug applications, including the following:
Breakpoints Breakpoints are places in the code where the debugger will stop the application, allow you to view the current data state of the application, and then step through each line of code. For information, see Debugging Basics: Breakpoints.
Stepping Once you have stopped at a breakpoint, you can run the code line by line (known as stepping through the code). Visual Debugger includes a number of features to help you step through your code, such as iterators that allow you to specify how many times to step through a loop before stopping again. For more information, see Code Stepping Overview.
Data Viewing Visual Debugger gives you many different options for viewing and tracking data while the application is running. The debugger allows you to modify the data while the application is stopped in break mode and then continue to run the application with the modified data. For more information, see Viewing Data in the Debugger.
Configuring ASP.NET Web Applications for Debugging
To enable debugging for an ASP.NET Web application, you must configure the application to compile into a debug build. A debug build includes information that the debugger needs so that it can step through your code and display the contents of variables. You configure your Web application for debug builds in the Compilation section of your application's Web.config file. For more information, see compilation Element (ASP.NET Settings Schema). Alternatively, if you want to debug only single pages, you can add debug=true to the @ Page directive on the pages that you wish to debug. For more information, see How to: Enable Debugging for ASP.NET Applications.
Local and Remote Debugging
If you are running a Web server locally, such as IIS, you can debug applications running locally on your computer so that you can view your pages in a browser.
If you cannot run a page locally, because you cannot run a Web server or because the application is not available to you locally, you can debug an application running on another server. In order to debug remotely, you must install the Visual Studio remote debugging components on the remote server. For more information, see How to: Set Up Remote Debugging.
Permissions for Debugging
Debugging a process requires more privileges than running it. Therefore, in addition to configuring your application for debugging, you must also ensure that you have adequate permissions to attach to a process in order to debug it. Users have the permission to debug processes running under their own user local identity, but they cannot debug other user's processes. Administrators can debug any process.
To debug on a remote server, you need administrator privileges on the computer where the process to be debugged runs. For more information, see Prerequistes for Remote Debugging Web Applications.
Client-Side Script Debugging
You can configure the Web application to allow tracing at either the page level or the application level, and you can easily turn it on and off. You can also control the destination of the tracing output to allow only certain users to see the debugging output
When the site is run for the first time, Visual Studio displays a prompt asking whether it should be enabled for debugging:
When debugging is enabled, the following lines of codes are shown in the web.config:
<system.web> <compilation debug="true"> <assemblies> .............. </assemblies> </compilation> </system.web>
The Debug toolbar provides all the tools available for debugging:
Breakpoints specifies the runtime to run a specific line of code and then stop execution so that the code could be examined and perform various debugging jobs like, changing the value of the variables, step through the codes, moving in and out of functions and methods etc.
To set a breakpoint, right click on the code and choose insert break point. A red dot appears on the left margin and the line of code is highlighted:
Next when you run the code, you can observe the behavior of the code:
At this stage, you can step through the code, observe the execution flow and examine the value of the variables, properties, objects etc.
You can modify the properties of the breakpoint from the Properties menu obtained by right clicking the breakpoint glyph:
The location dialog box shows the location of the file, line number and the character number of the selected code. The condition menu item allows you to enter a valid expression, which is evaluated when the program execution reaches the breakpoint:
The Hit Count menu item displays a dialog box that shows the number of times the break point has been executed.
Clicking on any option presented by the drop down list will open an edit field where a target hit count is entered. This is particularly helpful in analyzing loop constructs in code.
The Filter menu item allows setting a filter for specifying machines, processes or threads or any combination, for which the breakpoint will be effective.
The When Hit menu item allows you to specify what to do when the break point is hit.
Visual Studio provides the following debug windows – each of which shows some program information. The following table lists the windows: | http://tutorialsfirst.com/dotnet/asp.net_debugging.php |
Formal technical review (FTR) is a software quality control activity performed by software engineers. If the project only has a few errors, the team asks that the errors be corrected and there are no further review meetings. During this stage of the process, responsible management ensures that the software review has all the necessary resources, including items such as staff, time, materials and tools. Examine the suitability of the software product for its intended use and identifies discrepancies with specifications and standards.
According to the capacity maturity model, the main objective of peer review is to provide “a disciplined engineering practice to detect or correct defects in software artifacts, preventing them from being filtered into field operations. Software review is an important part of the software development life cycle (SDLC) that helps software engineers validate the quality, functionality, and other vital software features and components. Before completing the review, all activities considered necessary for an effective review of the software are verified. It is the systematic examination of a document by one or more people, who work together to find 26% of software errors and defects during the early stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC).
This can be a software design document or a source code for a program, but use cases, business process definitions, test case specifications, and a variety of other technical documents may also be subject to technical review. The entry criteria use a standard checklist to ensure an ideal condition for a successful review. The review leader is responsible for performing administrative tasks related to the review, ensuring orderly conduct, and ensuring that the review meets its objectives. Similarly, software review is a complete process that results in a careful examination of a software product at a meeting or at any event.
A review is a type of test in which a group of people discuss the product produced by the developer, detects errors, and attempts to correct them systematically. The Recorder documents anomalies, action items, decisions, and recommendations made by the review team. The decision maker (the person for whom the technical review is conducted) determines whether the objectives of the review have been met. If the project has a significant number of errors, they reject the model, request to modify it, and hold another review meeting.
During this process, a formal review panel or board considers the steps necessary for the next life cycle. | https://www.801hostinganddesign.com/what-is-software-review-and-formal-technical-review |
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In computer science, symbolic execution (also symbolic evaluation) refers to the analysis of programs by tracking symbolic rather than actual values, a case of abstract interpretation. The field of symbolic simulation applies the same concept to hardware. Symbolic computation applies the concept to the analysis of mathematical expressions. Symbolic execution is used to reason about all the inputs that take the same path through a program.
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Debugging is a methodical process of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or defects, in a computer program or a piece of electronic hardware, thus making it behave as expected. Debugging tends to be harder when various subsystems are tightly coupled, as changes in one may cause bugs to emerge in another.
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In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics . Complete formal verification is the only known way to guarantee that a system is free of programming errors. ¿ ¿ From abstract of paper presented to ACM symposium
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A symbol is something that represents an idea, a process, or a physical entity. The purpose of a symbol is to communicate meaning. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite. Numerals are symbols for numbers. Personal names are symbols representing individuals. A red rose symbolizes love and compassion. In cartography, an organized collection of symbols forms a legend, or key. ¿
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QA engineers don’t always receive the same attention as software designers or developers. However, without them, we would all be tearing out our hair as websites and applications keep failing. They are the unsung heroes that find all (or the majority) of the defects that impair a product’s functionality and appeal. Additionally, they ensure that the client’s needs are satisfied, carry out tests from the perspective of the user, and correctly record and prioritize any errors detected in order to deliver quality software. Even though every quality assurance engineer has their own methods and every project is unique, the following are some responsibilities of a quality assurance engineer, regardless of the specifics of the project:
Staying involved right from the beginning…
Even if the actual testing is done later on in the project, QA should start right away. By being a part of the early phases of software development, it will be possible for a QA to ensure that they have a thorough understanding of the business objectives and requirements, the software design, and the intended end user. This understanding will be useful when creating a quality test plan. You should find out as much as you can about the designers and developers you’ll be working with as a QA engineer. This knowledge can help throughout the software development process in preventing, instead of fixing bugs.
…And remaining integrated throughout
Once integrated, they have to continue to stay active. The Agile software development methodology involves building and testing the software simultaneously to allow Quality Assurance engineers to engage with the product’s iterations and provide developers immediate feedback. This ensures that any flaws are found and fixed right away, preventing delays and more expensive remedies in the future. Consequently, a QA engineer is supposed to establish open lines of communication with other stakeholders (project managers, designers, developers, etc.). The role is all about collaboration with the software development team.
Finding a Balance
A huge part of a QA engineer’s job is to know the right balance of manual and automated testing required for a particular project. Automated testing may save time and money, especially for complicated projects with lots of repetitive steps. QA engineers that specialize in automation use coding to create a testing framework that is efficient and meets the needs of the project. Manual QA engineers typically focus more on test execution than planning. Although manual testing takes more time and is more prone to human error, it enhances flexibility and enables a “real-life” evaluation of the product. QA engineers constantly evaluate how end-users may interact with a software product to determine the bugs they might come across when using it. They conduct scenario-based testing to predict the behavior of the users. Essentially, their job is to be user-centric and perceive things through the eyes of the target audience so they can note where the UX (user experience) is lacking.
Building Bug Reports
A bug’s proper documentation and reporting are just as crucial as discovering it in the first place; the better the bug report, the higher the likelihood of a speedy and trustworthy remedy. A QA engineer is supposed to provide developers with concise and clear information about the issue so they can replicate it and begin resolving it without needing to contact them again for clarification (though that might be unavoidable in some cases). A good QA report answers questions in an easy and accessible way, such as: where did the issue occur? What’s the problem, exactly? What is causing it? How to reproduce it?
…And Knowing How to Present Them
The bug report’s hard data is crucial, but how it is presented is equally important for quickly resolving the issue. If a report is perceived as being excessively harsh or accusatory, developers may become defensive or even insulted, which raises the likelihood that the issue won’t be resolved effectively. A QA engineer’s job is to collaborate rather than assign blame for code faults. The QA process also includes acknowledging that not every problem you find will be worth resolving as well as reassuring developers that your bug reports are impartial and objective. Therefore, the QA engineer role also requires good communication and interpersonal skills.
Developing a Good Relationship with The Developers
A QA engineer should have a good working relationship based on mutual trust and respect with the developers to ensure the project goes smoothly and leads to great end results. This lessens the possibility of communication errors and can improve both sides’ performance over time. Collaboration with developers allows QA engineers to have a better understanding of the reasoning behind the code and be more aware of the “risk areas” where defects may be detected. As a result, more integrated developers become good at finding and correcting any glaringly obvious problems in the code without the need for replication processes and bug reports.
Prioritizing the End User at All Times
Bugs are unavoidable. In some cases, they can interfere with fundamental operations and need to be addressed immediately. Is the login process no longer functional? Fix it immediately! But occasionally, the bugs can be ignored, especially if shipment delays would end up being more costly. Maybe some typos were spotted, or the UI (user interface) needs some tweaking to improve engagement- would it be better to address these tasks first before releasing a new update? The QA engineer is responsible for prioritizing what needs to be fixed first and what tasks to log for the next time to get the most user benefit. This is where a well-documented bug history of the project helps them make the most user-centric decisions.
The Learning Does Not Stop
Every project involves new challenges and difficulties, and every difficulty has the potential to teach something that will be helpful in the future. A QA engineer’s duties include constantly reading, seeking feedback, enrolling in training programs, attending seminars, and planning get-togethers with coworkers. These things allow QA engineers to polish up their craft. Quality Assurance Engineers with Ambient Consulting work with amazing IT leaders at Fortune 1000 companies. Are you looking for you next role as a QA Engineer? Check out our career portal for current opportunities or provide your resume so that we our recruiting team is ready for your next project. Are you an IT leader looking for your next QA manager or engineer? Leverage Ambient Consulting and its 20+ years of experience and relationships to build your QA team. Contact us so we can help.
Quality Assurance Engineers with Ambient Consulting work with amazing IT leaders at Fortune 1000 companies. Are you looking for you next role as a QA Engineer? Check out our career portal for current opportunities or provide your resume so that we our recruiting team is ready for your next project. | https://ambientconsulting.com/role-spotlight-quality-assurance-engineer/ |
The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject matter experts equipped with Indeed's data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career journey.
Testing software systems and programs before client delivery is crucial to identifying errors and determining the required changes. Verification and validation are two essential testing approaches that software development teams deploy, particularly when using the Agile methodology. Learning about both these methods can help you implement them effectively. In this article, we differentiate between verification vs. validation, discuss their benefits and answer some common questions related to them.
Definition of verification vs. validation
Learning about the differences between verification vs. validation can help you distinguish between these two crucial stages of the software development process. The verification process determines the quality of software or code generated. It includes all the activities that can help produce high-quality software, including testing, inspection, design analysis and specification analysis. Verification is an objective process during which the team implements various strategies by referring to documents and manuals. It usually requires no subjective judgement or evaluation to assess the end product. Verification helps ensure that the software achieves its goal without any technical errors or bugs.
The validation process ensures that the software functionality meets the client's requirements and user expectations. Validation usually takes place at the end of the development process. Companies conduct validation to check whether the product or software developed is working as intended. Validation ensures that the data or code is as per set standards and recommendations. It helps reduce any technical defects and ensures the integrity of the development process and code.
Related: 18 Essential Software Developer Skills You Can Learn
Differences between verification vs. validation
Here are some differences between the process of verification and validation:
Scope
Verification doesn't include the execution of the entire code or program but focuses on different elements and components. Different verification methods include reviews, walkthroughs, inspections and desk checking. Verification includes static testing to assess whether the software or code conforms to the given specifications. Various verification methods are black-box testing, white-box testing and non-functional testing.
Validation consists of the execution of the entire code or program. Validation is dynamic testing to check whether the software meets the requirements of the client and end-user. So, while the goal of the verification process is to check the software architecture and specifications, the validation process aims to test the functionality of the end product.
Occurrence
Verification finds errors during the early stages of product development, and this process usually continues throughout the development lifecycle. All activities in the verification process focus on ensuring high-quality code and scripts. It's a relatively objective process with minimal subjective judgement required for evaluation.
Validation takes place after the verification is complete to identify functional errors. Validation can be more subjective as compared to verification as it involves making specific assessments of how well the system works. It includes activities like modelling, prototyping and user evaluation.
Responsibility
The quality assurance team is responsible for verification. The team usually reads the code, checks its functionality and assesses if the code functions without error. This process is more manual and focuses exclusively on whether the smaller components of code exist and work. The quality assurance team may simply compare the functionality of the code using a checklist given by the client or developed internally to complete the verification process.
The testing team typically validates the software at the end of the development process after all the verification checks take place. Manual and automated processes can help complete the automation process as it involves running the end product to see whether it's complete, functional and usable. In the validation process, several forms of user testing happen through automated processes and checks to identify specific areas where the software doesn't work as expected.
Related: What Does a QA Engineer Do? (And How to Become One)
Benefits of verification
Here are some benefits of verification:
Process simplification: Verification makes the process of software development easy and allows a team to create an end product that conforms to set quality standards.
Documentation: Verification usually occurs as per comprehensive documents and reports, which creates a knowledge resource that acts as a reference for the team.
Error reduction: It helps in reducing the number of errors that may appear during the later stages of development. Verification in the initial development phase can help prevent costly errors.
Failure prevention: It helps in reducing the chances of system failures and crashes. Verification helps in developing a product that's functional and usable.
Wastage reduction: Verification helps in reducing product returns, wastage of resources and other expenses by ensuring quality control.
Benefits of validation
Here are some benefits of validation:
Cost reduction: Validation helps reduce costs for businesses and improves product performance. Validation ensures that the system meets the requirements for its intended use.
Quality improvement: A comprehensive validation process can improve the quality of the output for a particular development project. The primary purpose of validation is to ensure accurate system design and implementation.
Customer satisfaction: Validation helps in reducing the likelihood of a critical defect and ensures that clients and end-users are happy with the product. It helps make the final enhancements to ensure the satisfaction of clients.
Complaint reduction: Validation helps ensure the quality of the products and reduces complaints, launch failures and other problems.
FAQs about verification and validation
Here are the answers to some common questions about verification and validation:
What are the different approaches to verification?
Validation can have the following approaches:
Reviews: Reviews are an organised way of examining documents like design specifications, code and requirements specifications to explore defects in the software.
Walkthroughs: These are an informal way of evaluating the product, where different teams go through the product and try to identify any errors and other defects.
Inspection: This is a formal method of testing and is considered one of the most preferred and common methods for static testing. It happens through the examination of documents by skilled moderators or testers.
What are the different approaches to validation?
Validation can have the following approaches:
Internal validation: The internal validation identifies defects by checking inconsistencies in the function and data.
External validation: The external validation process uses the real world for referencing and validating the data.
Process validation: The process validation method emphasises data processing procedures as it equates data defects with process defects. Process validation efforts aim to detect, measure and correct process defects.
Related: Software Engineer: Role, Duties, Skills and Qualifications
What are the types of verification?
Here are some different types of verification methods:
Static verification: Static verification involves inspection of the code before its execution, which ensures that the software meets some specified requirements.
Dynamic verification: Dynamic verification deals with the working behaviour of the software along with the execution of software. It involves assessing the behaviour of the software through the execution of the system or its components.
What are the different types of validation?
Here are some different types of validation methods:
Prospective validation: It's one of the most common types of validation, which helps establish documented evidence through process implementation.
Retrospective validation: This is useful for procedures, services and process controls in operation that don't have a formally known validation process.
Concurrent validation: It helps monitor critical process steps and test the end-product of the current development process.
Revalidation: Revalidation includes repeating the initial validation to maintain the validated status of processes and codes. It consists of an investigative review of existing performance data.
Related: Software Engineer Interview Questions (With Example Answers)
What are the limitations of validation and verification?
The most significant limitation of verification is the cost, as it can be time-consuming. It's also susceptible to errors because of higher reliance on manual checking, which can impact accuracy. Similarly, validation helps identify and fix issues only after they appear, which can increase the timeline and delivery of the project.
What is the meaning of Agile development?
An Agile development process enables developers and programmers to test and evaluate the product throughout the development lifecycle. This includes different aspects, such as integrating code, performing tests and updating the product features or requirements. Verification and validation are critical components of an agile development process, as they give the entire team a better idea of how they can accomplish the project goals and maintain product quality.
Verification helps increase flexibility to update and improve the code, which is essential in an agile environment. Based on the result of the verification checks, the team can continually improve their product or approach to developing it. Similarly, validation tests help establish the functionality of the product and ensure that the team delivers quality products to the client.
What industries use verification and validation?
Several industries other than the IT industry can benefit from verification and validation processes, like:
medical and healthcare services
food science
insurance and finance
pharmaceutical
architecture and engineering
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- Traditional Marketing vs. Digital Marketing: What's the Difference? | https://hk.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/verification-vs-validation |
It is a well-known fact that the value of detecting errors and defects during the development stage of an application is exceedingly high. Well, as the good old saying by Aristotle tells, to begin is half done. Likewise, the return on investment will be higher, if this detection can be achieved without the execution of application’s main code. Achieving this goal of testing has been made possible by Static testing, which is one important testing technique executed during the verification phase of the software. So, let’s plunge into a detailed discussion on static testing and reap as many benefits from it as we can.
Static testing, which is a type of software testing methodology, is the verification of a software product, done in a static environment i.e. testing done without executing the code. Carried on by means of manual and automated reviews of documents, static testing enables early detection of defects during the initial phase of the development cycle of the product.
To attain clarity about static testing, it is important for us to acknowledge its features and components that set it apart from its counterparts as well as other software testing techniques. Therefore, mentioned here are some of the features of static testing:
Static testing involves going through written materials which can give a holistic view of the general working of the product under test. This information can be gained by delving through various documents and reports, other sources like:
As stated above, the process of static testing can either be implemented manually or through the use of automated tools. The former method involves reviewing the various documents for error, while the latter involves analysis of software code. These two methods of static testing are:
Static testing is a process, that is frequently performed manually, by the team of testers. During this process, the team follows the method of software review, which further involves various testing techniques, such as:
Before implementing static testing, it is crucial for the team to accumulate all the necessary and relevant information and knowledge about the technique, which will help make informed decisions, as well as allow them to be prepared with necessary tools and actions. Therefore, following are the merits and demerits of static testing:
The process of static testing can be better understood comparing it with its counterpart dynamic testing. Though usually used by inexperienced testers interchangeably, dynamic testing has several distinct different and divergent qualities and features, some of which are overcome by static testing. Hence, to highlight the differences among static and dynamic testing here is a detailed comparison of the two:
|Static Testing||Dynamic Testing|
|1. Static testing is performed during the early stages of development cycle.||1. Performed during the later stages of software development life cycle.|
|2. During this type of testing, tests are performed without executing the program.||2. Here, the program is executed by the team to test the software product.|
|3. It is performed during the verification stage.||3. It is executed during the validation stage.|
|4. Offers more statement coverage than dynamic testing in a shorter span of time.||4. As it a covers limited area of the code, dynamic testing requires less statement coverage.|
|5. Offers code and documentation assessment.||5.It provides bugs and bottlenecks of the software.|
|6. Involves various assessment methods like walkthrough, inspection, review, and more.||6. Involves both functional and non-functional testing.|
|7. The objective of static testing is to mainly prevent defects in the software.||7. The objective of testing here is to find and fix defects.|
|8. It is a comprehensive testing of the code, which helps find more defects in the system.||8. Finds fewer defects than static testing.|
|9. This is a cost effective testing technique, that requires minimal time for assessment.||9. Dynamic testing is time consuming as it tests each test case separately.|
|10. Static testing is performed without executing the code.||10. This type of testing is done by executing the code.|
|11. It is done before the deployment of the code by the team.||11. It is performed once the code is deployed by the team.|
|12. The percentage of fixing defects is higher in static testing.||12. The bugs fixed during dynamic testing are fewer than static testing.|
|13. This type of testing follows a checklist for the process of test execution.||13. Here, test cases are prepared by the team to execute the process.|
|14. To ensure the quality of testing, collecting more feedback and reviews is required.||14. To validate the quality of testing during dynamic testing finding more defects is recommended.|
When it comes to testing a software product, it is always advised by the team to follow some tips or suggestions, which can simplify the process of testing and help them get accurate and expected results. Likewise, for static testing also, following tips are provided, which can help the team immensely.
Before we conclude our discussion on static testing, it is extremely crucial for us to mention the popular tools used by software testers around the world for the process of static testing. Nowadays, when the market is full of various open source as well paid tools, this list will help you easily get secure and reliable tools that offer remarkable advantages to their users. Hence, here is a list of popular tools used for static testing are:
In spite of the fact that static testing requires a long time spent in heady discussions and meetings, it is well worth the time to prevent defects from occurring at the latter stages of product development. Therefore static testing is rightfully considered as a major step towards developing an application zero bugs. | http://professionalqa.com/static-testing |
Undoubtedly, QA in software development has become more popular and important in the software development industry over the course of many years. Software testing is not a narrow ecosystem. It is quite broad and encircles a variety of activities along the development cycle and beyond, aimed at different goals.
Since it is so vast, it faces a bunch of challenges. In software testing, the starting point is harbored by important past achievements, while the destination comprises two major identified goals to which research ultimately leads. The path to achievements and goals is paved with breathtaking research challenges.
The testing of software is a vital means of scrutinizing the software which helps determine its quality. A typical testing scenario consumes 40~50% of development efforts and it takes more effort for systems which require higher levels of reliability. This makes it an integral part of software engineering.
A typical software testing process involves many technical and non-technical areas like specification, design and implementation, process and management issues in software engineering, maintenance etc. Testing is one of the most challenging and dominating activities carried out in the industry. Hence, improvement in its effectiveness with respect to the time and resources, is taken as an important factor by many researchers
The ultimate goal of testing can be either of the following: quality assurance, verification, and validation or reliability estimation; a near perfect tradeoff between budget, time and quality. Unarguably, testing can be said as the single most widely used approach to ensuring software quality.
The Purpose of Software Testing
Objective of Testing
The most basic type of testing most people are aware of is the method involving to find problems and fix them to improve overall quality. The four vital objectives of testing are:
- Demonstration:– which shows that the system can be used for integration with acceptable risk. Its task is to demonstrate functions under special conditions and show that products are ready for integration or use.
- Detection:– as the name suggests, this aspect discovers defects, errors and deficiencies. The purpose is to determine system capabilities and limitations in quality of components, work products and the system.
- Prevention:– a major task being able to provide information to help prevent or reduce the number of errors clarify system specifications and performance. It also states to identify ways to avoid risk and problems in the future.
- Improving Quality: By doing effective testing, we can minimize errors and hence improve the quality of software.
Types of Testing and Models
Software testing also, like other aspects, is divided into different parts. In order to understand various models of software testing, we need to understand the software development life cycle first; let’s call it SDLC for short.
It is, at its core, a systematic way of developing software. It includes various phases starting from the functional requirement of software to getting into the designing part, then the development and then comes the testing. As a part of the procedure, once testing is done, the source code is generally released for Unit Acceptance Testing in the client testing environment. Once the client approves it, the source code is then released into the production environment.
Various types of SDLC Models are :
- Water-fall Model
- Prototype Model
- V Model
- RAD Model
The waterfall Model
This is a pioneer approach in the software development ecosystem. This is a top to bottom approach like a straight waterfall which does not branch anywhere in the middle and there is water available at the bottom only when it drops from the top. The process phases in the Waterfall model are:- Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment of system & Maintenance. In this model all the different phases are cascaded to each other in a way where the second phase starts only when a defined set of goals are achieved for the first phase and it is signed off.
The Prototyping Model
We know by the name that a prototype is something which is a working model of an actual project (software, construction, automobile etc) that is functionally equivalent to a component of the product. It may happen that a client does not have an intricate idea about his requirements and only has a general view of what is expected from the software product. Absence of detailed information regarding the input to the system, led to the development of prototyping model.
QA in Software Development
Safety and quality are the most important aspects of every industry. Without them any company, be it service based or product based, would come crashing down like a house of cards. Everyone is committed to quality. However, there are still some confusing ideas shared by many individuals which inhibit achieving a quality commitment.
Even today, many individuals believe that defect-free products and services are impossible, and accept certain levels of defects as normal and acceptable.
People know that quality demands requirement specifications in enough detail that the products produced can be quantitatively measured against those specifications. It is known that many organizations are not capable enough or willing enough to stretch the effort to produce specifications at the level of detail required.
Many people still believe that quality comes with a cost. They frequently associate it with price, meaning that high quality equals high cost. This is confusion between quality of design and quality of conformance.
Quality cannot be achieved by analyzing an already completed product. The aim is to prevent quality defects or deficiencies in the first place, and to make the products accessible by quality.
Endnotes
Some of the existing QA methods include structuring the development process with a software development standard and supporting the development process with methods, techniques, and tools. There have been numerous examples in history where undetected bugs in the software have caused millions in losses to businesses. This has necessitated the growth of independent testing, which is performed by a company other than the developers of the system; thereby increasing the availability of quality assurance testing services. | https://www.hiddenbrains.com/blog/the-vital-importance-of-qa-in-software-development-life-cycle-models.html |
QA Interview Questions & AnswersQA Tutorials
What is a Bug, Density & Debugging?
What is a bug?
Bug is an error in code that causes the product to fail to perform the intended function.
What is defect density?
Defect density is number of defects per line in a specific code.
What is debugging?
Debugging is locating the bug and fixing it. Testers find the defect and report it to the developer. Developer locates the bug that caused the reported defect and fixes it. | https://www.h2kinfosys.com/blog/what-is-a-bug-density-debugging/ |
- Psychology, BiologyFront. Hum. Neurosci.
- 2013
The functional profile associated with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is the focus of the current article and the idea that personal relevance or personal significance is a central factor that impacts how brain activity is modulated within this cortical midline region is explored.
Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in the Self- and Other-Referential Processing
- PsychologyFrontiers in Human Neuroscience
- 2020
Functional magnetic resonance imaging data obtained in the course of a trait adjective judgment task showed that the less the evaluated person is perceived as self-related, the more the balance of activity in the brain shifts from the DMN to the TPN.
On the Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Self-Processing: The Valuation Hypothesis
- Psychology, BiologyFront. Hum. Neurosci.
- 2013
The hypothesis that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex may contribute to assign personal value or significance to self-related contents: stimuli and mental representations that refer or relate to the self tend to be assigned uniquevalue or significance, and the function of the vMPFC may precisely be to evaluate or represent such significance.
The temporal structure of resting-state brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex predicts self-consciousness
- Psychology, BiologyNeuropsychologia
- 2016
What about the “Self” is Processed in the Posterior Cingulate Cortex?
- Psychology, BiologyFront. Hum. Neurosci.
- 2013
Evidence is reviewed across a number of different domains of cognitive neuroscience that converges in activation and deactivation of the PCC including recent neurophenomenological studies of PCC activity using real-time fMRI neurofeedback that suggests that P CC activity may represent a sub-component cognitive process of self-reference – “getting caught up in” one’s experience.
Neural correlates of the self-reference effect: evidence from evaluation and recognition processes
- Psychology, BiologyFront. Hum. Neurosci.
- 2015
The self-reference effect (SRE) is defined as better recall or recognition performance when the memorized materials refer to the self. Recently, a number of neuroimaging studies using…
So pretty! The neural correlates of self-other vs familiar-other attractiveness comparisons
- PsychologySocial neuroscience
- 2019
Female participants were slower for comparisons with targets whose attractiveness was similar to their own (or their familiar other) and the distance effect reported for nonsocial magnitudes at the brain level was linked to the activity of the AI, the ACC and the MPFC.
Human Neuroscience Perspective Article What Can the Organization of the Brain's Default Mode Network Tell Us about Self-knowledge? the Default Mode Network and Self-reflection
What Can the Organization of the Brain’s Default Mode Network Tell us About Self-Knowledge?
- PsychologyFront. Hum. Neurosci.
- 2013
The brain regions most associated with self-reflection are the posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices, together known as the cortical midline structures (CMSs), and three possible interpretations of their role in supporting self- Reflection are speculated.
Self-Recognition Process in the Human Prefrontal Cortex
- Psychology, Biology
- 2017
In this chapter, the self is classified into two types, “bodily self” and “mental self,’ and the studies on the brain regions associated with self-recognition are reviewed.
References
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Is the self special in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex? An fMRI study
- Psychology, BiologySocial neuroscience
- 2009
The result indicated that DMPFC was not special for the self-referential process, while there are common neural bases for evaluating the personalities of the self and others.
What is self-specific? Theoretical investigation and critical review of neuroimaging results.
- PsychologyPsychological review
- 2009
It is argued that self-specificity characterizes the subjective perspective, which is not intrinsically self-evaluative but rather relates any represented object to the representing subject and is anchored to the sensorimotor integration of efference with reafference.
Finding the Self? An Event-Related fMRI Study
- PsychologyJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- 2002
The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate potential neural substrates of self-referential processing and suggests that self- Referential processing is functionally dissociable from other forms of semantic processing within the human brain.
Activation of Anterior Insula during Self-Reflection
- Psychology, BiologyPloS one
- 2009
The results provide further evidence for the specific recruitment of anterior MPFC and ACC regions for self-related processing, and highlight a role for the insula in self-reflection.
Self-referential processing in our brain—A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self
- Psychology, BiologyNeuroImage
- 2006
Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function
- Psychology, BiologyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
- 2001
The presence of self-referential mental activity appears to be associated with increases from the baseline in dorsal MPFC, and reductions in ventral MPFC occurred consistent with the fact that attention-demanding tasks attenuate emotional processing.
Associations and dissociations between default and self-reference networks in the human brain
- Psychology, BiologyNeuroImage
- 2011
The Link between Social Cognition and Self-referential Thought in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
- Psychology, BiologyJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- 2005
Results suggest that self-reflection may be used to infer the mental states of others when they are sufficiently similar to self, a test of simulation theory's prediction that inferences based on self- Reflection should only be made for similar others.
A relation between rest and the self in the brain? | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/How-is-our-self-related-to-midline-regions-and-the-Qin-Northoff/7ea7138e6cc2bb5d243e1deb1c08d09af7519f8a |
[Emotional and Motivational Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex].
Publication Date Nov 1, 2016
Abstract
Patients with the damage to the orbital region of the prefrontal cortex and monkeys with lesions in this area show impairment in emotional and motivational behavior. They also have difficulty in the extinction of learned behavior and in the reversal learning. This brain area is concerned with not only the value estimation of reward and aversive stimuli but also the expectation of these stimuli. The lateral prefrontal cortex plays an important role in the integration of emotion/motivation and cognition. The medial prefrontal cortex is concerned with action selection based on the previous reward history. The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex that comprises the anterior parts of the orbital and inferior medial prefrontal cortex plays an important role in emotion-based decision-making.
Concepts
Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Prefrontal Cortex Emotion-based Decision-making Aversive Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Reversal Learning Action Selection Motivational Behavior Emotional Monkeys
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How can Trauma Affect the Human Brain, Emotions and Behavior – PTSD Treatment
Are you experiencing ptsd symptoms?
Trauma can have an impact on your brain, emotions and behaviour.
It’s important to understand the symptoms of trauma so that you can get the support that you need to recover. Speaking to a mental health professional is an integral part of PTSD treatment.
What is trauma?
Trauma is an emotional reaction to a terrible event. Traumatic events typically put the person’s physical or emotional wellbeing at risk, including childhood abuse, war, natural disasters and violence. Trauma can occur after a once off event or from an ongoing situation, such as child abuse or domestic violence. While symptoms of trauma may heal in time, experiencing a terrible event puts you at risk for developing post traumatic stress disorder.
PTSD Symptoms
Post traumatic stress disorder is characterized by symptoms which last longer than two weeks and disrupt your daily life. While only a mental health professional can make a diagnosis, it’s helpful to understand common ptsd symptoms. People cope with trauma differently, however, common signs of post traumatic stress disorder include:
- Re-experiencing the event – flashbacks, pain and trembling, emotional flooding, nightmares
- Avoidance – staying away from situations, places or people that remind you of the event
- Hyper-arousal – anxiety, difficulty relaxing, easily startled
- Distressing emotional responses – guilt, shame, irritability, angry outbursts, emotional numbness
How does trauma affect the human brain, emotions and behavior?
The effects of ptsd include dysfunction in two areas of the brain, the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. The amygdala identifies threats in the environment while the prefrontal cortex decides on the most suitable reaction to the situation.
Other functions of the prefrontal cortex include assigning emotional meaning to events and regulating emotions. The effects of PTSD on the brain include a hyper reactive amygdala and an under activated prefrontal cortex. The result is hyperarousal and hypervigilance where the person reacts strongly to any triggers that remind them of the trauma. Disrupted sleep is another symptom of PTSD.
As changes to the prefrontal cortex make it difficult to regulate emotions, people suffering from PTSD can struggle to control their anger and anxiety when they are triggered. Other effects include an increase in impulsive behaviour as well as a diminished ability to attribute positive meaning to situations.. Following a traumatic event, changes to the brain may result in higher levels of fear and an increase in negative emotions.
PTSD Treatment
- Trauma counselling – speaking to a mental health professional may help you to find relief from PTSD symptoms. Counselling sessions offer you a safe space to talk about what happened and how you feel about it.
- Exercise – exercise has a positive impact on your physical and emotional wellbeing. It may help to relieve the stress and anxiety that’s associated with trauma
- Get support – spending time with your friends and family may play a role in easing the effects of PTSD. Sharing your feelings with a supportive and trustworthy friend may also be beneficial. If you don’t have friends or family that you’re comfortable talking to, consider joining a support group.
- Stay healthy – setting up a self-care routine has many advantages as it helps you to regain a sense of control over your life. Try and eat healthy and get enough sleep to give your body and mind the support that it needs to heal.
- Educate yourself – understanding ptsd symptoms may decrease the shame that many trauma survivors experience. Knowledge of the effects of trauma can increase self-compassion and decrease feelings of helplessness. PTSD Treatment is a very effective and important part of the recovery process.
Get support from a mental health professional and start your healing journey. Contact Life Counsel and book a counselling session today. | https://www.lifecounsel.co.za/ptsd-treatment-and-symptoms/ |
The amygdala is located in both hemispheres of the brain and is involved in a range of cognitive processes. The lateral amygdala receives input from visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems: the central nucleus is connected with the brainstem that controls innate behaviour and associated physiological responses, while the medial nucleus is connected with the olfactory system. Most of the pathways into the amygdala are excitatory, using glutamate as a transmitter. Information flow through the amygdala is modulated by a number of transmitters, including norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine.
The amygdala forms part of the limbic system. It is most commonly recognized as the emotional processing centre that receives incoming sensory information and processes it for an emotional response. The response may be a defence to a perceived threat, a critical function of this “early-warning system”. The amygdala learns how to respond to various stimuli based on its reference to implicit memory and makes decisions on how to initiate an emotional reaction to such stimuli. The emotional memory learned and utilized by the amygdala is episodic–autobiographical memory that can be notably implicit or unconscious, in contrast with explicit or declarative memory processed by the hippocampus.
The left and right amygdalae have separate memory systems, but they work together to evaluate incoming information and process an emotional response, encoding, storing and retrieving memories that are associated with certain cues in the environment. The right amygdala is more strongly associated with negative emotions such as fear and sadness, whereas the left amygdala has been associated with both positive and negative emotional responses.
The amygdala has an attentional role, focusing our attention on the most important stimuli in the environment. It helps us define a stimulus and primes our immediate response, for example in recognizing a dangerous stimulus and initiating a stress response. Processing social cues (e.g., evaluating faces) is also part of what the amygdala does prior to these cues being processed in higher cortical areas like the medial prefrontal cortex. Evaluating faces (e.g., the trustworthiness of a face) is an important social processing skill that is carried out very quickly in the limbic system. The amygdala also plays a part in processing reward learning and the resulting motivation, and modulating emotional states such as aggression, maternal instincts, and sexual and digestion behaviours as well as attention, perception, and explicit memory—generally thought to be part of processing the emotional significance of what we are encountering. Such processing causes the amygdala to respond with the release of hormones, or neuromodulators, that can alter the cognitive processing in cortical areas as well as activate the body for an appropriate response via the hypothalamus.
In terms of information flow, sensory input goes to the thalamus and then directly to the amygdala (except olfaction, which goes directly to the amygdala), while it is sent also via a slower path to the neocortex. The amygdala is especially activated by surprising, ambiguous, and uncertain situations or stimuli. If the amygdala perceives a correspondence between the record of experiences in the hippocampus and incoming information, and judges that the stimulus warrants a fight, flight, or freeze response, then it will trigger the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and “hijack” the prefrontal cortex (PFC), partly in the form of blood flow being redirected from the PFC to the limbic system. This amygdala activity processes information milliseconds earlier than the neocortex, so in the case where implicit memory matches an incoming stimulus, the amygdala acts before any possible direction from the neocortex can be received. On the other hand, if the amygdala does not perceive a match to the incoming stimulus, it acts according to the directions received from the neocortex. This means that when the amygdala perceives a threat, it initiates a response to keep us safe from that threat, although this may not be the most adaptive response. We know a lot more about the fear response of the amygdala than its other functions, but there is likely much more going on in this structure than we yet realize.
In the case of depression, the amygdala is often found to be enlarged from continual hyperactivation, with studies showing that there is an increased metabolic activity in the amygdala of depressed subjects. There is a positive correlation between the degree of amygdala activation and the severity of the depression. The depressive symptoms do not seem to dampen the anxiety-readiness for negative events or the ability to recall negative memories to ruminate upon.
Hypersensitivity and overactivity of the amygdala are at the core of anxiety-based disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, PTSD, and other limbic-driven states that inhibit positive, rational (cortical) responses to stressors. Down-regulating amygdala reactivity and the resulting HPA axis stress-response cascade is of primary importance when treating clients suffering from fear-driven conditions. Cognitive therapeutic techniques are of little value to someone who cannot function cognitively (or “be cognitive”), so a bottom-up approach should be employed to bring the PFC back online, as it were. Creating an environment of safety and calm becomes the first step in helping the client regulate their amygdala reactivity. Allison and Rossouw (2013) describe the importance of a safe and controlled environment to effect change: | https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/glossary/amygdala/ |
Similar to other instincts, satisfaction and dissatisfaction of this instinct are perceived emotionally. These specific emotions related to knowledge are called aesthetic emotions.
Is aesthetic a feeling?
Aesthetic emotions are emotions that are felt during aesthetic activity or appreciation. These emotions may be of the everyday variety (such as fear, wonder or sympathy) or may be specific to aesthetic contexts. Examples of the latter include the sublime, the beautiful, and the kitsch.
What are aesthetic emotions Menninghaus?
Aesthetic emotions entail motivational approach and avoidance tendencies, specifically, tendencies toward prolonged, repeated, or interrupted exposure and wanting to possess aesthetically pleasing objects.
What is aesthetic emotion to art?
Aesthetic emotion arises in an individual at the particular moment when he or she is captivated by the unique beauty of a work of art, by a shape or a word that reveals a deeply intimate yet universal truth.
What is considered aesthetic?
Aesthetics, also spelled esthetics, the philosophical study of beauty and taste. It is closely related to the philosophy of art, which is concerned with the nature of art and the concepts in terms of which individual works of art are interpreted and evaluated.
Why do we like aesthetics?
We enjoy looking and using aesthetically pleasing design, because it satisfies our senses, it gives us pleasure. Designers tend to think of aesthetics as the visuals of the design. However, aesthetic design consists of more elements than just how it looks.
What is an aesthetic relationship?
I take this to imply that to engage in an aesthetic relationship means to engage in a cognitive relationship. I use the term “cognitive” here in a very broad sense, encompassing all perceptive, conceptual, and imaginative activities we engage in, in order to understand the world, ourselves, and other humans.
What is aesthetic appreciation?
Aesthetics is the area of philosophy that studies the nature of beauty and art. Aesthetic appreciation, then, is the admiration of beauty, such as valuing the fine arts of music, literature, dance, and visual art. The word aesthetics comes from the Greek word aisthanomai, which means to perceive. …
What is definition of art?
Art is a diverse range of human activities involving the creation of visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), which express the creator’s imagination, conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.
How does art express emotion?
One view of emotional expression in art is that it is preceded by a perturbation or excitement from a vague cause about which the artist is uncertain and therefore anxious. The artist then proceeds to express feelings and ideas in words or paint or stone or the like, clarifying them and achieving a release of tension.
Is Beautiful an emotion?
Beauty is felt, not discerned. Still, the pleasure of beauty depends on a subtle relationship between emotion and cognition. Beauty, unlike most emotions, entails no concrete behavioral goals. …
What is art as a communication of emotion?
Expressionism is a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer expresses an inner emotional response rather than merely depicting an external reality. A deliberately exaggerated or altered rendition of reality allows the portrayal of subjective inner feelings.
What is the opposite of aesthetic?
Antonyms: unaesthetic, unartistic, inaesthetic, inartistic, tasteless. Synonyms: artistic, esthetic, esthetical, aesthetical. aesthetic, esthetic, artistic(adj)
What are examples of aesthetics?
Aesthetic means the pleasant, positive or artful appearance of a person or a thing. An example of the word is aesthetic is to say that a particular car is beautiful. The definition of aesthetic is being interested in how something looks and feels. An example of someone who is aesthetic might be an artist.
What is a sentence for aesthetic?
Aesthetic sentence examples. Most of the sculptures on display were not made to become subject to aesthetic contemplation in western art museums. Maybe it was time they started paying more attention to the aesthetic value of things. I have an aesthetic appreciation of John’s looks, personal style and creativity. | https://cpack.org/diseases/is-aesthetic-an-emotion.html |
Teen Boys With Immature Behavior
Although teens generally strive for more independence, some still lack the emotional maturity they need to act responsibly. In an article published on the website for the Catholic Education Research Center, educator and psychologist JoAnn Deak explains that the brains of teenage boys function differently than teenage girls, including how they process emotions and react to challenges 1. A teenage boy’s moodiness or tendency toward argumentative or reckless behavior might be related to his brain being wired differently.
Developing Brain
Research suggests that a young person’s reasoning and judgment continue to develop into the early to mid-20s, according to Temple University psychology professor Laurence Steinberg, as reported at Foxnews.com. What that means is teenagers don’t always consider the consequences of their actions and therefore might act impulsively and with a lack of self-control that leads to immaturity.
Hormones
While raging hormones usually are blamed for unpredictable teen behavior, slow brain maturation might be more responsible. A teen’s risky or inappropriate behavior is more likely associated with a lack of myelin that helps transmit messages to the brain 3. Fewer nerve connections in the prefrontal cortex of the brain also contribute to poor impulse control. A 2005 article published by "The Guardian" newspaper points out that changes occur in the brain during puberty. These changes affect mood and can lead to risk-taking. While reduced numbers of nerve cells and connections in the prefrontal cortex is a normal stage in brain development, it affects how the brain processes information.
Prefrontal Cortex
The prefrontal cortex, which is where rational thinking occurs, is one of the last regions of the brain to develop, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Because of the delay in maturation in this area of the brain, some teens have difficulty exercising sound judgment. Teens have less white matter in the frontal lobes of their brains, which explains why they can’t yet regulate strong emotions and might have trouble with impulse control. A 2008 article published in "Harvard Magazine" also supports the theory that there are gender differences in brain development 3. | https://howtoadult.com/teen-boys-immature-behavior-7034.html |
New research has found that when it comes to the ability to regulate emotions, the brain activity in autistic people is significantly different from the brain activity in people without autism.
Researchers from the University of North Carolina School of Medicine say their findings suggest that improving prefrontal cortex activity could help autistic people regulate their emotions and improve serious symptoms associated with the disorder.
The findings, published in the Journal of Autism Developmental Disorder, show that “emotion regulation” symptoms have a biological explanation that can be visualized using functional MRI (fMRI).
The researchers contend that these emotional symptoms are not “merely associated” with or a result of the core autism symptoms, which include repetitive behaviors, communications problems, difficulties with social interactions, and other cognitive issues.
“This research adds to the growing awareness that although autism is diagnosed on the basis of social impairment and repetitive behaviors, the importance of emotion regulation and all the behaviors that come with it — depression, tantrums, meltdowns, irritability — are very real and should be a focus of clinical services,” said Gabriel Dichter, Ph.D., an associate professor of psychiatry and psychology and senior author of the paper.
“Any parent of a child with autism knows that these symptoms can be pervasive. Children with autism often lack the ability to cope with difficult emotional situations that result in meltdowns and tantrums.”
There are only two FDA-approved medications to treat autism and neither treats core symptoms, he said, noting they treat high rates of irritability and aggression.
“We’ve known for a while that we need to pay attention to emotion regulation in people with autism, but we think these data suggest a neural basis for these problems and add credence to their ubiquity as core features of the disorder,” he said.
For the new study, Dichter’s team recruited 30 young adults between the ages of 18 and 30; 15 had autism, the remaining 15 did not.
The researchers noted that because it is well documented that people with autism often have trouble regulating their emotions, they spent 45 minutes with each participant to teach them how to change their perception of an emotional stimulus before they entered the MRI scanner.
While in the fMRI scanner, each participant viewed a series of pictures of human faces with no expression. Partway through viewing each picture, the participants were asked to generate positive thoughts about the picture, or negative thoughts, or leave their emotional response unchanged.
The researchers also used eye-tracking to ensure all participants continuously viewed the picture and to measure at high resolution the size of each participant’s pupils. It’s known that pupils dilate when people exert cognitive effort, such as trying to recall someone’s name or trying to change an emotional response to situation, the researchers explained.
These methods, along with self-reporting from the participants, created checks and balances that ensured the accuracy of the data collected from the brain scans, the researchers reported.
The researchers discovered that in the control group, the prefrontal cortex worked hard to modulate the emotional response that originated in the limbic system — an evolutionarily old part of the brain associated with basic emotions and needs.
The brain scans of people with autism were different, according to the researchers.
“The prefrontal cortex did not come online to the same extent,” Dichter said. “It was as though the brain region that’s needed to work hard to regulate emotional responses couldn’t activate to the same degree as it did in people without autism. This limited activation of the prefrontal cortex, not surprisingly, resulted in less modulation of the limbic regions.”
The pupil data suggested that participants worked hard to fulfill the requirements of the study. They changed their emotional responses to the picture. But their brain scans suggest that people with autism did not use their prefrontal cortex to the same extent as people without autism.
When faced with emotional situations, since people with autism do not use their prefrontal cortices to regulate emotions, this may lead to the “associated symptoms” seen in many autistic people, such as anxiety, tantrums, and irritability, which can be pervasive, the researchers explained.
The research team also found a correlation between the level of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and the severity of a person’s autism.
“There does seem to be an association between the ability to bring these brain regions online as needed during emotional situations and the severity of a person’s autism symptoms,” Dichter said.
Dichter next wants to conduct a similar study with children.
“Studying children with autism helps us tease apart the affects of having autism from the affects of living with autism for years as a teenager and an adult,” he said.
Future intervention research based on these findings could use cognitive behavior techniques to improve emotion regulation abilities for people with autism or brain stimulation techniques to improve activity in the prefrontal cortex during emotion regulation. | https://psychcentral.com/news/2015/02/01/inability-to-control-emotions-linked-to-impaired-brain-activity-in-autistic-adults/80601.html |
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 3 (HealthDay News) -- People with stress-related psychiatric conditions have faulty circuitry in the part of the brain that helps govern memories, a new study suggests.
For the study, researchers presented a list of word pairs to two groups of patients, those with major depression and those with other personality disorders, and a healthy control group.
The researchers then used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to view the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain involved in the formation of memories during traumatic events, while patients were given one word from the pair and asked to either recall or suppress their memory of the other word.
"The dorsal prefrontal cortex is hyper-activated during tasks which require suppression and retrieval of memory" in these patients, said Dr. Nivedita Agarwal, a radiology resident at the University of Udine in Italy, where the study is being conducted, and a research fellow at the Brain Imaging Center of McLean Hospital at Harvard Medical School in Boston. "Patients with major depressive, anxiety and borderline personality disorders who have undergone some kind of major trauma cannot suppress unwanted memories of the event."
The findings, to be presented Wednesday at the Radiological Society of North America annual meeting in Chicago, pose a number of questions for future research, and may lead to new treatments for people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other stress-related mental illnesses, the researchers said.
"Are people born prone to these types of psychiatric disorders or are the chronic events the cause of later dysfunction?" asked Agarwal. "What comes first, the chicken or the egg?"
Dr. Charles Marmar, a psychiatrist and chief of mental health services at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, said the study was interesting but questioned its importance relative to other research.
"In the modern industrialized world with war, terrorism, traffic accidents and other terrible things that happen in the world, people are overexposed to life threats and it's not particularly helpful or adaptive to be heavily traumatized by that," said Marmar. "But this study has some significant limitations, including a small sample size, a heterogeneous patient population, and lack of information about whether the controls were trauma controls or not."
Marmar also pointed out that the brain's complexity makes drawing conclusions from such a small study impossible.
"It's definitely true that the prefrontal cortex modulates the emotional value associated with memories, but it's not necessarily true that it suppresses the actual memories," Marmar said.
Agarwal also cautioned against drawing premature conclusions from the study, but believes the research might lead to more empathy for those with mental disorders and possible future treatments.
"When patients are depressed sometimes there is a reason, and a vacation or something won't help," said Agarwal. "The next step is how can we make things better."
More information
There's more on psychiatric disorders at the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health. | http://alabama.md/articlepage_cn.aspx?cn-documentid=621865&s=346&cat=con |
Digestive tract utilizes various mechanisms to protect the body (internal environment) from the external environment.
It specifically protects against:
- Chemical damage
- Exposure to toxins
- Microorganism entry
KEY PROTECTIVE FEATURES
(found throughout the entire GI tract)
1. Tight junctions
- Dense network of claudins and other proteins just below the apical surface of the GI epithelium.
- Intrinsic barrier of the digestive tract. They form a nearly impermeable barrier that prevents GI tract luminal contents from freely leaking through the mucosal layer.
Tight junctions prevent entry of microorganisms and other potentially harmful substances or toxins (such as HCl produced in the stomach) into the digestive tract wall.
2. Mucus lining
- Feature of all mucous membranes (mucosa).
- Mucus = alkaline (bicarbonate) secretion that protects against shear stress and chemical damage throughout the digestive tract.
Secreted by:
1. Mucous cells in oral cavity
- Forms mucus lining
- Secreted as a component of saliva to primarily aid food bolus formation.
- Minor protective role in the oral cavity (protects the mouth from acidic food and pathogens)
2. Mucous neck cell in stomach.
- Mucus lining provides a chemical barrier between the stomach lumen and its epithelium
Specifically…
- Neutralizes acidic secretions during a meal (with its bicarbonate component), and
- Prevents autodigestion of the mucosa by proteases.
3. Goblet cells in small intestine.
- Mucus lining continues as a chemical barrier between the acidic chyme present in the intestines and the intestinal mucosa.
Unique protective features in these three GI organs.
ORAL CAVITY
Secretes saliva, which contains:
- Lysozymes, which lyse bacteria.
- IgA antibodies, which maintain mucosal immunity, and
- Defensins, which are host defense antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity.
STOMACH
Parietal cells
(in the epithelium of the mucosal layer, which lines the lumen of the stomach)
- Secrete HCl, which primarily digests protein; however,
- HCl creates a harsh environment, which kills many microorganisms. The gastric mucosa is largely protected from this harsh environment by the alkaline mucus lining.
Clinical Correlate: Gastric Ulcers
- Breaks in the mucosal barrier exposes the GI wall to corrosive HCl and proteases
- Causes gastric wall erosion and inflammation
- Common cause: H. pylori (bacteria) is a common cause of gastric ulcers, which erodes the epithelial barrier.
- Ulcers can also occur in lower esophagus and in the small intestine (specifically, the duodenum).
High Cellular Turnover Rate
- GI epithelium sheds frequently as it becomes damaged from continued exposure to its lumen’s harsh chemical environment and continuous shear stress gastric motility.
- Regeneration: epithelial stem cells replenish damaged or dead epithelial cells.
- The GI epithelium divides, or turns over, almost constantly to replace damaged cells with new, mature ones – unlike the heart, which almost never replaces its cardiac cells.
Stem cells
- Located at the top of gastric glands
- Replenish gastric secretory and mucous cells that protect the stomach surface.
SMALL INTESTINE.
Paneth cells
- Found in its villi crypts
- Contain secretory granules filled antimicrobial peptides, which are secreted into the GI lumen.
- Provide another layer of host defense in the small intestine.
Stem cells
- Replenish damaged, or dead, absorptive and goblet cells that are shed from villi; they reside adjacent to paneth cells in villi crypts.
Paneth cells = “protectors of stem cells”
- Secrete factors to maintain these stem cells to promote cellular renewal. | https://dentowesome.in/2020/06/27/protection-in-the-digestive-tract/ |
Pulmonary artery Aorta Pulmonary Vein s. vena cava Left Atrium i.vena cava Left Atrio-ventricular valve Right Atrium Right Atrio-ventricular valve Left ventricle Right ventricle Semi-lunar valves Coronary artery
6.3: DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE Pathogen: an organism or virus that causes a disease.
6.3.1: Antibiotics Antibiotics block specific metabolic pathways found in bacteria. Viruses reproduce using the host cell’s metabolic pathways, which are not affected by antibiotics.
6.3.1: Skin and Mucus membranes Mucous membranes line cavities that are exposed to the external. They are at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the mouth, the lips, the eyelids, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and glands is termed mucus
SkinThe outer layer of skin is dead and difficult for pathogens to grow on or penetrate. The best way to prevent disease is to prevent pathogens from entering the body. Skin forms a physical barrier that prevents most pathogens from entering the body. Glands in the skin secrete lactic acid and fatty acid, which make the skin surface acidic, preventing bacterial growth. The outer layer of skin flakes off, which removes bacteria. Cuts allow pathogens to gain entry to the body. | https://fr.slideserve.com/keely-gross/topic-6-human-health-and-physiology-powerpoint-ppt-presentation |
# Integumentary system
The integumentary system is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal's body. It comprises the skin and its appendages, which act as a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain the body of the animal. Mainly it is the body's outer skin.
The integumentary system includes hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails. It has a variety of additional functions: it may serve to maintain water balance, protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors which detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature.
## Structure
### Skin
The skin is one of the largest organs of the body. In humans, it accounts for about 12 to 15 percent of total body weight and covers 1.5 to 2 m2 of surface area.
The skin (integument) is a composite organ, made up of at least two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. It is separated from the dermis by the basement membrane (basal lamina and reticular lamina). The epidermis contains melanocytes and gives color to the skin. The deepest layer of the epidermis also contains nerve endings. Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular layers, and contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.
Between the integument and the deep body musculature there is a transitional subcutaneous zone made up of very loose connective and adipose tissue, the hypodermis. Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the deeper tissue layers.
#### Epidermis
The epidermis is the strong, superficial layer that serves as the first line of protection against the outer environment. The human epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells, which further break down into four to five layers: the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale. Where the skin is thicker, such as in the palms and soles, there is an extra layer of skin between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum, called the stratum lucidum. The epidermis is regenerated from the stem cells found in the basal layer that develop into the corneum. The epidermis itself is devoid of blood supply and draws its nutrition from its underlying dermis.
Its main functions are protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis. In structure, it consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells.
The predominant cell keratinocyte, which produces keratin, a fibrous protein that aids in skin protection, and is responsible for the formation of the epidermal water barrier by making and secreting lipids. The majority of the skin on the human body is keratinized, with the exception of the lining of mucous membranes, such as the inside of the mouth. Non-keratinized cells allow water to "stay" atop the structure.
The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form fingernails. Nails grow from a thin area called the nail matrix at an average of 1 mm per week. The lunula is the crescent-shape area at the base of the nail, lighter in color as it mixes with matrix cells. Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves.
The epidermis of vertebrates is surrounded by two kinds of coverings, which are produced by the epidermis itself. In fish and aquatic amphibians, it is a thin mucus layer that is constantly being replaced. In terrestrial vertebrates, it is the stratum corneum (dead keratinized cells). The epidermis is, to some degree, glandular in all vertebrates, but more so in fish and amphibians. Multicellular epidermal glands penetrate the dermis, where they are surrounded by blood capillaries that provide nutrients and, in the case of endocrine glands, transport their products.
#### Dermis
The dermis is the underlying connective tissue layer that supports the epidermis. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue such as a collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern.
The dermis has two layers: the papillary dermis and the reticular layer. The papillary layer is the superficial layer that forms finger-like projections into the epidermis (dermal papillae), and consists of highly vascularized, loose connective tissue. The reticular layer is the deep layer of the dermis and consists of the dense irregular connective tissue. These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging. The dermal layer provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves. Many chromatophores are also stored in this layer, as are the bases of integumental structures such as hair, feathers, and glands.
### Hypodermis
The hypodermis, otherwise known as the subcutaneous layer, is a layer beneath the skin. It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin fibers. It is essentially composed of a type of cell known as adipocytes, which are specialized in accumulating and storing fats. These cells are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue.
The hypodermis acts as an energy reserve. The fats contained in the adipocytes can be put back into circulation, via the venous route, during intense effort or when there is a lack of energy-providing substances, and are then transformed into energy. The hypodermis participates, passively at least, in thermoregulation since fat is a heat insulator.
## Functions
The integumentary system has multiple roles in maintaining the body's equilibrium. All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body. The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body's first line of defense against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis.
Its main functions include:
Protect the body's internal living tissues and organs Protect against invasion by infectious organisms Protect the body from dehydration Protect the body against abrupt changes in temperature, maintain homeostasis Help excrete waste materials through perspiration Act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold (see Somatosensory system) Protect the body against sunburns by secreting melanin Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light Store water, fat, glucose, vitamin D Maintenance of the body form Formation of new cells from stratum germinativum to repair minor injuries Protect from UV rays. Regulates body temperature It distinguishes, separates, and protects the organism from its surroundings.
Small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats respire using the outer layer (integument). This gas exchange system, where gases simply diffuse into and out of the interstitial fluid, is called integumentary exchange.
## Clinical significance
Possible diseases and injuries to the human integumentary system include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integumentary_system |
A body with an acidic pH has a much higher chance of diseases with the lungs, brain, bones, liver, heart, stomach, kidneys, skin, and intestines. Also known as acidosis, when the body lacks alkalinity, it becomes the ideal environment for bad bacteria to thrive.
This further elevates the inflammation, one of the major causes for a lot of health problems. And, to make things worse, the standard American diet is doing us no good- it chronically keeps the body in a state of acidosis.
Why Is Acidosis Bad for Our Health?
In an acidic body, important minerals are being removed from organs and bones in order to neutralize the surplus acid and expel it from the body. This is why today there is a rise in osteoporosis patients, i.e. the bones are deprived of their minerals that keep them safe and healthy, including sodium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. When the reserves are depleted, the body’s acidity will only rise and elevate the chance for cancer.
Acidic Foods Contribute to Acidity
These are the most acidic foods most of us consume on a regular basis:
- Grains
- Dairy
- Soy
- Meat
- Alcohol
- Coffee
- Processed foods
- Refined sugar
- Sugar replacement
- GMOs
When we consume acidic foods, the body’s metabolism processes them and creates acidic waste. This waste needs to be neutralized or removed and this is where alkaline foods are needed- they have the power to neutralize acidity. But, how can we know if our body is acidic or not? Check out the major symptoms in the following section to find out more.
Major Indicators of an Acidic Body
- Sinus problems
- Pain in the chest
- Surplus mucus
- Tiredness
- Osteoporosis
- Neurological conditions like Parkinson’s
- Poor mental clarity
- Cardiovascular damage
- UTIs
- Skin problems like acne, rashes, and eczema
- Digestion issues like acid reflux, bloating, and gas
- Yeast infections and candida overgrowth
- Diabetes
- Weight gain
- Stiff neck
- Sciatica
- Cavities
- Sensitive gums
- Allergies
- Painful muscles and joint ache
Though the body has the capacity to adjust its own pH; this process happens at a price. Namely, the tissues and fluids in the body are alkaline, except the stomach. When the body’s acidity elevates, tissues start taking alkaline-forming elements from different body parts and reduce their optimality. This being said, other bodily systems suffer when the body tries to adjust the acidity-alkalinity balance. Continue reading the article to learn how to boost your pH naturally…
10 Useful Tips to Fight Off Acidity
- Consume sufficient water on the daily to help the body expel toxins faster and more efficiently
- Reduce your consumption of acidic foods to a minimum
- Boost your consumption of fruits and veggies, as well as green juices, salads, and green smoothies
- Meditate or practice yoga to reduce the stress- negative emotions like fear and anger contribute to acidity
- Stay away from GMO foods
- Eat more beans, legumes, nuts, and seeds
- Consume lemon water on the daily
Sources: | https://bestfolkmedicine.com/2019/01/20-symptoms-of-an-overly-acidic-body-7-useful-ways-to-alkalize-it/ |
Do you really know what the pH of the skin is and why you have to take special care with it? We will tell you about it in this article.
The first thing you need to know is what we call skin pH, or hydrogen potential. It is a chemical parameter whose measurement tells us how acidic or basic a certain solution is. The neutrality value is 7, below are the acid values (the lower the more acidic) and the basic values are above (the higher the more basic).
Our skin, or rather the protective acid mantle that covers it and that is formed by the union of the aerial mantle (layer of water vapor and carbon dioxide that is released from the metabolism of cells) and the epicutaneous emulsion (or hydrolipidic film ), it has a certain pH. Specifically, it is an acidic pH that varies under normal conditions between 4.5 and 5.9.
The hydrolipidic film is formed by the mixture of the secretions of the sweat glands (sweat) and sebaceous (fatty acids, squalene and ceramides) with the products from the keratinization of the cells of the stratum corneum.
The substances that give the acid pH to our skin are mainly lactic and urocanic acids, which are eliminated by sweat, and the fatty acids provided by the sebaceous gland.
What pH Levels are Harmful to Skin
The pH scale is a numerical scale, between 0 and 14. Zero indicates a very low and extremely acidic pH, while 14 is the highest or most alkaline pH. The average pH of the skin is between 4.5 and 5.9. This means skin is slightly acidic, all thanks to its "acid mantle," the protective barrier on the surface of the stratum corneum (the top layer of skin) that helps keep moisture in and environmental aggressors out. Maintaining an acidic environment creates more resilient skin to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and neutralize alkaline aggressors.
What are the signs that your skin's pH is out of balance? When your skin starts to get too red, too dry, itchy, too flaky, too oily, or something similar, it is because there is no balance in the skin and the pH has changed. When a pH is too alkaline it causes dryness and dehydration in the skin, causing eczema breakouts and potentially highlighting signs of aging (such as fine lines and wrinkles), and if your pH is more acidic than normal , your skin will become red and inflamed more easily.
Why is The Acidic pH of The Skin Important?
Variations in the pH of your skin can cause pathologies. For example, a more basic pH than normal can cause itchy skin, so it is important that we know the pH we have to take care of our skin. With an inappropriate pH, we lose water and dehydration occurs.
The increase in pH also produces an inadequate functioning of the enzymes necessary for the defense function of the skin to be carried out correctly.
On our skin, in the acid mantle there is an important colonization of microorganisms that form the natural microbiota of the skin. These microorganisms begin to appear already at the moment of birth and remain - with certain variations - in balance as long as the pH of the skin is at the usual acid values, hovering around pH 5.5.
But if there is an increase in the pH value, that is, if the skin is alkalinized for a time, the defense function will not work properly and the growth of other types of microorganisms will occur that are, or can be, harmful and could cause any pathology or the appearance of infections.
Factors That Can Alter The pH of Your Skin
There are different factors that can lead to an alteration in the normal pH values of your skin:
👉 Cleaning:
How and with what you do the daily hygiene of your skin is very important in maintaining an adequate pH in the skin.
Too intense or frequent hygiene, even with a suitable product, will cause dryness and irritation
Most soap, gels, shampoos and other cleaning products are alkaline, causing a change in the pH of the skin. This change in pH can take from one to two hours to neutralize in healthy skin, to a few hours in certain cases. During the time it takes your body to readjust the pH, the skin will not be adequately protected.
When we talk about neutral pH in hygiene and skincare products, we are not referring to a pH around 5.5, which is the average value for healthy skin. These products will be "neutral" with the skin and will not cause changes in its pH.
👉 Unsuitable Cosmetic Products:
In addition to hygiene products, any other cosmetic that we put on the skin without an adequate pH can cause an imbalance and with it a dysbiosis (alteration of the microbiota) and an alteration of the barrier function of the skin.
That is why it is advisable to use products that are respectful of the pH of healthy skin. Additionally, products that contain alcohol can also disrupt the acid mantle.
👉 Age:
The skin of babies and children up to puberty has a higher pH. With old age, the tendency to alkalinity reappears, while in intermediate ages the pH is more acidic.
These naturally occurring differences mean that both children and the elderly have more delicate skin and that it is even more important to properly choose the cleaning and care products they use.
Changes in Temperature and Humidity:
Temperature and humidity, by altering the amount of water present in the hydrolipidic film, can also produce variations in pH.
In addition, a dehydrated skin is a more sensitive skin and less protected against the action of external agents.
💢 Some Medications:
Medications such as antibiotics, diuretics and chemotherapy, among others, can alter the pH, eliminating its function as a protective barrier.
💢 Hormonal Changes:
During adolescence, pregnancy and menopause, changes in hormonal levels can also lead to changes in the pH of the skin, especially in some areas such as the genitals.
You know, clean and take care of your skin with perfect products that do not alter its optimal pH and you will be able to keep your skin beautiful and healthy. | https://www.greenpaze.com/2022/01/importance-of-ph-in-your-skin-care.html |
A simple sample of the protective mucus layer that coats a frog's skin can now be analyzed to determine how susceptible the frog is to disease, according to new research.
The basis of the study is microbes. The mucus that coats amphibians hosts a community of microbes and also contains biochemical defenses secreted by the animal itself. The interplay between these microbes and the biochemical defenses determine how susceptible the amphibian is to a particular disease.
To test the theory, the researchers studied midwife toads, which live in Europe and are highly susceptible to the chytrid fungus. All chytrids are aquatic and they pose a risk to amphibians. Chytrids have been isolated from a variety of aquatic habitats, including peats, bogs, rivers, ponds, springs, and ditches, and terrestrial habitats, such as acidic soils, alkaline soils, temperate forest soils, rainforest soils, arctic and Antarctic soils.
The scientists collected samples from the frogs' skins and then incubated spores from the chytrid fungus in the mucus. The ability of the mucus samples to kill the fungal disease was related to how prevalent the infections were among the frog population in the field as well as the survival rate of frogs raised in the laboratory that were exposed to the disease.
From this patterns were analysed and successful predictions made. The research could help scientists successfully reintroduce endangered amphibians into the wild by reducing the chance that the amphibians will be killed by diseases.
The research was developed at the University of Colorado Boulder. The findings have been reported to the journal PLOS ONE, in a paper titled “Interacting Symbionts and Immunity in the Amphibian Skin Mucosome Predict Disease Risk and Probiotic Effectiveness”. | http://www.digitaljournal.com/science/frog-skin-offers-disease-clues/article/383659 |
When large amounts of acidic stomach contents are regurgitated past the stomach’s valve and up into the gutter, heartburn occurs. Small amounts of acid reflux are normal and harmless, since constantly swallowing saliva quickly washes it back into the stomach. However if the amount of refluxed material is greater than normal and persists over a period of time, this can result in debilitating heartburn , which affects the enjoyment of food. It can lead to inflammation, bleeding, narrowing of the gutter, anemia and in some cases, results in cancer.
SYMPTOMS:
Heartburn is usually described as a burning sensation in the chest and upper abdomen. It is hardly surprising t hat heart burn is painful, since it is associated with the production of gastric acid. The stomach wall secretes hydrochloric acid to help kill bacteria that enter the body via food and drink. The stomach lining is coated with a thick layer of mucus to protect it form this acid. The throat and mouth have no such protection, hence the pain associated with refluxed material. If reflux is regurgitated into the mouth, it also creates an unpleasant acidic taste.
TREATING HEARTBURN
Most women treat heartburn with over-the-counter or prescribed antacid preparations. These usually contain sodium, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium.
FOODS TO ADD:
Lean meats, fish, poultry, and low-fat dairy products are all rich in protein and appear to enhance the tone of the valve at the top of the stomach. Making sure that all meals and snacks contain some protein may help to tighten the valve over time and diminish the problem.
- Wholegrain cereals, whole meal breads, and brown rice are rich in insoluble fibre. This fibre bulks the stools and prevents constipation, which may otherwise cause a build-up of pressure in the colon. This pressure can move up into the stomach and force the stomach valve to open. When this happens, heartburn occurs. It is important when increasing intakes of wholegrain foods to increase fluid intake to six to eight cups a day, to keep the stools soft. Increasing fibre without extra fluid can make the stools hard.
Apple cider vinegar mixed with water and sipped during a meal can help those who are affected by heartburn. One tablespoon of apple cider vinegar should be mixed with a glass of water.
FOODS TO AVOID:
- Fried foods, fatty meats, pies, cakes, biscuits, margarine, butter, oils and cream appear to weaken the stomach valve.
- Peppermint taken as tea or as a sweet following a meal relaxes the smooth muscles in the stomach valve and encourages reflux. Coffee, tea, and cola all contain caffeine, which encourages extra acid production and weakens the stomach valve.
- Chocolate contains methyl xanthines, which are related to caffeine and appear to have a valve weakening effect. Those with reflux should avoid chocolate and cocoa after evening meals.
- Fruit and vegetable juices may irritate the lining of the throat if it has previously been damaged by chronic heartburn.
- Onions and garlic may have adverse effects on stomach-valve tone.
OTHER MEASURES:
- Alcohol weakens the stomach valve and may increase heartburn.
- Large meals are best avoided, especially during pregnancy. The stomach is pushed out of position by the growing fetus, forcing the stomach’s acidic contents up into the throat.
- Being overweight can cause the stomach to be pushed out of position, forcing the stomach contents up into the throat.
- Eat meals and snacks slowly and chew food well, preferably in a stress-free environment.
- Bending over or lying down after a meal tips the stomach contents and encourages reflux.
- Avoid prolonged use of antacids as it can lead to a mineral imbalance. | https://www.womenfitness.net/finding-ways-fight-heartburn/ |
Copper (Cu) has been widely used in the under bump metallurgy of chip and substrate metallization for chip packaging. However, due to the rapid formation of Cu–Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) at the tin-based solder/Cu interface during solder reaction, the reliability of this type of solder joint is a serious concern. In this work, electroless nickel–phosphorous (Ni–P) layer was deposited on the Cu pad of the flexible substrate as a diffusion barrier between Cu and the solder materials. The deposition was carried out in a commercial acidic sodium hypophosphite bath at 85 °C for different pH values. It was found that for the same deposition time period, higher pH bath composition (mild acidic) yields thicker Ni–P layer with lower phosphorous content. Solder balls having composition 62%Sn–36%Pb–2%Ag were reflowed at 240 °C for 1 to 180 min on three types of electroless Ni–P layers deposited at the pH value of 4, 4.8 and 6, respectively. Thermal stability of the electroless Ni–P barrier layer against the Sn–36%Pb–2%Ag solder reflowed for different time periods was examined by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersed X-ray. Solder ball shear test was performed in order to find out the relationship between the mechanical strength of solder joints and the characteristics of the electroless Ni–P layer deposited.
The layer deposited in the pH 4 acidic bath showed the weak barrier against reflow soldering whereas layer deposited in pH 6 acidic bath showed better barrier against reflow soldering. Mechanical strength of the joints were deteriorated quickly in the layer deposited at pH 4 acidic bath, which was found to be thin and has a high phosphorous content. From the cross-sectional studies and fracture surface analyses, it was found that the appearance of the dark crystalline phosphorous-rich Ni layer weakened the interface and hence lower solder ball shear strength. Ni–Sn IMC formed at the interfaces was found to be more stable at the low phosphorous content (∼14 at.%) layer. Electroless Ni–P deposited at mild acidic bath resulting phosphorous content of around 14 at.% is suggested as the best barrier layer for Sn–36%Pb–2%Ag solder. | https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/1071/ |
Approximately, 60% of the human body consists of water and every cell present in our body requires water to function smoothly. This is the reason why, though we can survive for some weeks without eating, it is impossible to stay alive without drinking water as it can adversely affect your health and wellbeing. The human body comprises of 2/3 water and if we don’t replace the water that we lose it can lead to dire consequences. Drinking tea, coffee or soda, which most of us prefer drinking are not sufficient enough to keep us hydrated. This is the reason why it is advisable to drink clean and pure water to stay hydrated. In this blog, we discuss some of the severe consequences of dehydration or lack of drinking water on the body.
Table of Contents
Health Effects of Drinking Less Water
Below mentioned are some effects of drinking less water on your body:
Dehydration
Dehydration is the primary effect of not drinking enough water. Even 1% of dehydration may adversely affect your cognitive performance such as mood, motor coordination, and memory. Dehydration concentrates your blood, thereby triggering your kidneys to hold water. As a result, you are unable to urinate. The more concentrated and thicker your blood becomes, the harder it becomes for your cardiovascular systems to compensate the increasing heart rate to maintain your blood pressure. Lack of water intake also affects your body temperature. The reason is your body’s cooling system does not work properly, which can lead to cramps, dizziness, and heat stroke. Children and elderly people are more prone to dehydration, which makes it necessary to ensure that they stay hydrated.
Stomach Ulcers
The stomach has a coating of mucus, which is 98% water and 2 % of sodium bicarbonate. This mucus protects your stomach by neutralizing acidic digestive fluids. However, dehydration interferes with this process and can’t produce the mucous lining. In such a scenario, you have an excessively acidic stomach, along with indigestion, which eventually leads to ulcer of the stomach lining.
You may also Read: Side Effects of Drinking Too Much Water
Joint Pain
One of the ways to maintain your bone health is by drinking enough water. The reason is cartilages present in the joints consist of about 80% of water. If you are dehydrated, your bones grind against each other, leading to joint pain. When you drink enough water, the joints in your body are lubricated and capable of dealing with sudden movements, such as running, jumping or falling awkwardly, without any pain.
Digestive Problems
Water is essential to help you deal with your digestive problems. Water keeps your intestines smooth and flexible, making it easy for food to move through it. You also need to drink sufficient water to avoid constipation and maintain proper bowel motions. Lack of drinking water results in toxic build-up which will also affect your health. Long-term constipation can also be the beginning of various digestive disorders such as abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, nausea, loss of appetite and bloating.
Premature Ageing
The body of an infant is made of 80% water. However, with age, the amount of water present in your body keeps declining. As we age, our body naturally holds a less amount of water, which is the reason why we need to increase water consumption. Lack of water in your body also leads to internal and external aging. So, if you have noticed symptoms such as flakiness, dryness or skin irritation, which lead to premature aging, it indicates that you are not drinking enough water.
Always Drink Pure Water
All in all, water is crucial element in every aspect. Drinking tea, coffee, or sodas can’t replace water and its benefits. If you are dehydrated, drinking 2-3 glasses of water is not sufficient to recover from the problem. As a result, you need to pay some special attention to check whether your body is dehydrated. If you notice any of the symptoms mentioned below, you are suffering from dehydration and need to take appropriate steps to compensate the water loss. The symptoms are:
- Dark yellow urine
- Rapid heartbeat
- Rapid breathing
- Dry mouth
- Extreme thirst
- Headache
- Sleepiness
- Ways to Stay Hydrated
Considering the health problems that you may face as a result of dehydration, it is essential to keep a record of the liquids that you drink. In addition to drinking sufficient amount of clean and safe water, you also need to include foods and vegetables in your diet that keep you hydrated. Foods such as cucumber, lettuce, watermelon, muskmelon, and oranges help you stay hydrated. Keeping a track of the amount of liquid you drink can help you stay hydrated.
Always Drink Pure Water
Drinking water is not enough. You need to ensure that you drink safe and clean water which is free of contaminants. Installing a water purifier from a renowned brand ensures that you drink water that is free of contaminants. A decent water purifier uses a combination of purification technology to remove physical impurities, microorganisms and different types of chemicals present in water. Some of the best water purifiers that you can choose from are Kent, Aquaguard, and Pureit. | http://water-purifiers.com/how-lack-of-drinking-water-affects-body/ |
pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25 °C. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline.
Adult skin is naturally mildly acidic having what is often referred to as an acid mantle. This acid mantle is formed by the skin’s natural secretions sebum and sweat, which together create a protective layer on the skin surface. This layer has a pH of about 4 to 5.5 and helps to protect the skin both physically and chemically. Physically it is a barrier that screens the skin from the environment (e.g wind and pollutants). Chemically, its natural acidity inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi.
The skin’s acid mantle develops at puberty, which is why children are more susceptible to disease, viruses and fungal infections such as ringworm. The pH of children’s skin is closer to neutral (pH 7). In adult skin, if the acid mantle is disrupted or loses its acidity, the skin becomes more prone to damage and infection. For this reason highly alkaline products such as soap and detergents are poorly tolerated by sensitive or problem skin.
The role of pH in Acne
Changes in the pH are reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases like irritant contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis, acne vulgaris and Candida albicans infections. When such diseases are present skin pH frequently measures above 6, suggesting that disruption of the skin’s acid mantle is a significant factor in skin disease.
In the case of acne, the loss of the acid mantle encourages the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. P. acnes bacteria are found naturally in human skin, regardless of the presence or absence of acne. However, the number of P. acnes is greatly increased when a person suffers from acne. It has been shown that P. acnes thrives when the skin becomes more alkaline. On the other hand, the growth of P. acnes is inhibited when the skin pH is slightly acidic. Therefore, maintaining the skin’s acid mantle may help to control acne.
References: | https://www.blog.ishtarskin.care/ph-and-the-skin/ |
Health Matters – The Body’s Defence System
What is the immune system?
The immune system protects the body from infection by pathogenic organisms. It is composed of a complex constellation of cells, organs and tissues, arranged in an elaborate and dynamic communications network. The immune system is, in its simplest form, a cascade of detection and adaptation, culminating in a system that is remarkably effective.
Overview
The immune system protects the body from infection by creating and maintaining barriers that prevent bacteria and viruses from entering the body. If a pathogen breaches the barriers, and gets into the body, the innate immune system is equipped with specialized cells that detect, and often eliminate, the invader before it is able to reproduce, potentially causing serious injury to the host. A pathogen that successfully evades the innate immune cells faces a second, adaptive immune system. It is through the adaptive response that the immune system gains the ability to recognize a pathogen, and to mount stronger attacks each time that pathogen is encountered.
Surface Barriers
Several barriers protect the host from infection; including mechanical, chemical and biological barriers.
The skin is a mechanical barrier and is often the first line of defense against infection. The skin is made up of the epidermis, outer layer, and dermis, and most infectious agents find it to be impenetrable.Coughing and sneezing causes tiny hairs, called cilia, to move in an upward motion mechanically ejecting both living things and other irritantsfrom the respiratory tract. The flushing action of saliva, tears, and urine also mechanically expel pathogens, while mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to protect the host by trapping microorganisms
The skin is comprised of tightly packed cells rich in keratin, this serves as a chemical barrier, because it impedes water and is slightly acidic, which inhibit bacterial growth. Enzymes, in saliva and tears and breast milk are antibacterial. Gastric acid, the low pH and destructive enzymesthat exist in the stomach, are powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.
Within the intestines, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space, diminishing the probability that pathogens will be able to reach sufficient numbers to cause illness. Antibiotics do not discriminate between pathogenic bacteria and the normal gut flora, and ingestion of oral antibiotics can sometimes lead to an “overgrowth†of fungus (fungus is not affected by antibiotics), such as a yeast infection.
If microorganisms successfully breach the surface barriers, the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system are present, and ready to be mobilized to defend the the host. Innate immune defenses are non-specific, meaning that the innate system recognizes and responds to, pathogens in a generic way. The innate system does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. It is thought to constitute an evolutionarily older defense strategy, and is the dominant system of host defense in fungi, insects, and in primitive multicellular organisms. The innate immune system protects the host by establishing humoral, chemical and cellular barriers to infection.
Humoral and chemical barriers” Humoral and chemical barriers Inflammation Inflammation, characterized by redness and swelling, is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation. Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines, released by injured cells and serves to; establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and to promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens.1
Ultradistance running and the immune system
“In general, the literature suggests that acute exercise—for example, marathon and ultramarathon running—results in an associated reduction in aspects of immune competence so that such athletes may be at increased risk of illness and need to pay particular attention to their nutritional state, hygiene, and exposure to infections.2″
1 Wikipedi
2 Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Immune responses to inflammation and trauma: a physical training model. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;76:469–72.
Multidays.com The home of multiday running news and events. | https://multidays.com/the-immune-system/ |
How pH Affects the Skin
About the author: Dr. Hanan Taha, M.D. is a Contributing Writer to FutureDerm.com. Dr. Taha received her MD from Kuwait University in 2002, and a master’s degree in Dermatology from the University of Alexandria in 2010. She also runs a blog in Arabic dedicated to spreading the knowledge about dermatology and cosmetic dermatology in a simple, concise manner (elbashra.com). For her full bio, please visit our About page.
A week ago, in my article about Dark Knuckles, I advised against using pure lemon juice directly on your skin. Half way through the week though, Nicki mentioned grapefruit as one of the ingredients in one of her favorite products, LUSH Ocean Salt Scrub. But wait, grapefruit is also acidic, what gives? The simple answer is, well, the grapefruit in LUSH Ocean Salt Scrub is not pure fruit juice as the lemon juice you squeeze at home. So it’s pretty obvious, but let’s dive a little bit more into pH in relation to the skin.
WHAT is “pH” anyway?
“Potential Hydrogen”: is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 representing neutrality. Anything below 7 is acidic, anything above is alkaline. The further away you are from 7, the stronger the alkalinity or acidity of the solution is. An example of a very strong acid is sulfuric acid, and an example of a very strong alkali is lye (sodium hydroxide).
The Skin’s Normal pH
The skin
Normal skin pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.5, which means it is always on the slightly acidic side. This acidity of the skin is termed the “acid mantle” and is maintained by sebaceous glands, sweat glands, normal skin flora, among others.(1) It serves many protective functions to the skin, one of which is killing unwanted bacteria.(1) It has even been found that people suffering from acne have a slightly higher skin pH, and that bringing it down helps control acne.(2)
What happens upon applying something alkaline or acidic to the skin?
In either case the pH is affected.
If it is alkaline (or neutral): the stratum corneum (uppermost layer of the skin) is disrupted, damaging the barrier function of the skin, which translates into skin dryness and decreased antibacterial defense. A study has shown that using a skin cleanser that is basic – alkaline – like regular soap, can cause this kind of damage even after one use, and the effect is cumulative, meaning it gets worse with repeated use. These effects will of course be more pronounced in people suffering from dermatitis, people who have sensitive skin, and in the elderly, as this subgroup already has some damage going on, and their skin’s ability to fight these assaults is suboptimal.(3)
As for acids: here is where it gets a little bit tricky. The skin as we said leans more towards the slightly acidic side. Applying a mildly acidic product actually soothes the skin, helping it retain moisture and strengthening the skin barrier even more.(4) But there is a catch: how low can you go! Let’s take citrus fruits as an example.
Citrus fruits have many advantages, whether ingested or applied topically. They’re aromatic, they’re antibacterial, they’re a good source of vitamin C, they’re full of fibers, etc.
I’m Confused. So what’s so bad about pure lemon juice or grapefruit juice or any kind of citrus fruit juice for that matter?
Lemons – not for the skin!
Citric acid is one of the alpha hydroxy acids, or fruit acids: a group that also contains glycolic acid and lactic acid. They are used as skin peels. They exfoliate the skin and help bring youth back to sun damaged and aged skin.
Citrus fruit juice has a pH of about 2-3, and that makes it likely to cause things such as: skin irritation, sun sensitivity, and skin hyperpigmentation. Citric acid is found in citrus fruits at a concentration of about 5-10%, high enough to possibly lead to these side effects, especially in sensitive or broken skin. You’re basically using a mild superficial peel on your skin.
Another point to take into account when considering actual grapefruit or lemon juice is their water content. YES, applying water to your skin WILL dry it out. How? These fruits are made of 80% or more water, but contain NO occlusive ingredients. So when you apply lemon juice on your skin and let it air dry, you’ll end up with even drier skin after it evaporates.
Bottom Line
Yes, lemon or grapefruit have citric acid, an alpha hydroxy acid that is beneficial to the skin. But consider 3 things:
1- The amount of time you leave it on your skin.
2- Its concentration: a little acidity is good for the skin, but stronger acidity turns the product into a peeling agent. That’s when you need to be careful. That said, there are many recipes out there that combine lemon juice with other products for the purpose of brightening the skin. Those I have nothing against, as long as the other ingredients are also healthy. This is, in effect, brining down the acidity (or brining up the pH) of the lemon juice, which would make it milder.
3- Note that, as Lush themselves advice on their website, if you have sensitive, dry skin, you might want to try some of their gentler scrubs.
Side note: contact with very strong acidic or alkaline products causes chemical burns. However, as we are discussing the pH of skin care products, chemical burns are outside the scope of this article and thus were not discussed.
Looking for the best skin care? FutureDerm is committed to having its customers find — and create — the best skin care for their individual skin type, concern, and based on your ingredient preferences. Learn more by visiting the FutureDerm shop!
Sources:
1- W. Joachim et al. Stratum corneum pH: Formation and Function of the Acid Mantle. Exogenous Dermatology 2002; 1(4):163-75.
2- N. Schurer, M. Bock. Lowering Lesional Surface pH in Acne: A New Treatment Modality for Herpifix. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2009; 20(1): 27-31.
3- L. Baranda et al. Correlation between pH and Irritant Effect of Cleansers Marketed for Dry Skin. International Journal of Dermatology 2002; 42: 494-9.
4- E. Kim et al. The Alkaline pH Adapted Skin Barrier is Disrupted Severely by SLS Induced Irritation. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2009; 31: 263-9.
Other Posts You May Enjoy
- Dr. Hanan Taha, M.D.: Is Cold Cream Good for Your Face?
- Dr. Hanan Taha, M.D.: Dark Knuckles – Causes and Fixes!
- Does Ambi Fade Cream Really Work?
- 5 Little Known Facts about Hydroquinone Everyone Needs to Know Immediately
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