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The Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology (ISSN: 2161-0681) deals with research on infectious disorders associated with immune system and immunological disorders, infectious diseases, treatment of infectious diseases, infectious medicine, epidemiology, diagnostic tests of infectious diseases, infection control, pathophysiology, clinical pathology , preventive medicine. Clinical Pathology deals with patient care, diagnostic services, novel treatments and research on immune infections.
Chromatography is a process for separating components of a mixture. To get the process started, the mixture is dissolved in a substance called the mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance called the stationary phase.
The different components of the mixture travel through the stationary phase at different speeds, causing them to separate from one another. The nature of the specific mobile and stationary phases determines which substances travel more quickly or slowly, and is how they are separated. These different travel times are termed retention time.
Principles of chromatography
- Chromatography is based on the principle where molecules in mixture applied onto the surface or into the solid, and fluid stationary phase (stable phase) is separating from each other while moving with the aid of a mobile phase.
- The factors effective on this separation process include molecular characteristics related to adsorption (liquid-solid), partition (liquid-solid), and affinity or differences among their molecular weights.
- Because of these differences, some components of the mixture stay longer in the stationary phase, and they move slowly in the chromatography system, while others pass rapidly into the mobile phase, and leave the system faster.
Three components thus form the basis of the chromatography technique.
- Stationary phase: This phase is always composed of a “solid” phase or “a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface solid support”.
- Mobile phase: This phase is always composed of “liquid” or a “gaseous component.”
- Separated molecules
The type of interaction between the stationary phase, mobile phase, and substances contained in the mixture is the basic component effective on the separation of molecules from each other.
Types of Chromatography
The twelve types are:
(1) Column Chromatography
(2) Paper Chromatography
(3) Thin Layer Chromatography
(4) Gas Chromatography
(5) High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(6) Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography
(7) Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
(8) Affinity Chromatography
(9) Reversed Phase Chromatography
(10) Two Dimensional Chromatography
(11) Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and
(12) Counter Current Chromatography.
Application of Chromatography
Pharmaceutical sector
- To identify and analyse samples for the presence of trace elements or chemicals.
- Separation of compounds based on their molecular weight and element composition.
- Detects the unknown compounds and purity of mixture.
- In drug development.
Chemical industry
- In testing water samples and also checks air quality.
- HPLC and GC are very much used for detecting various contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in pesticides and oils.
- In various life sciences applications.
Food Industry
- In food spoilage and additive detection.
- Determining the nutritional quality of food.
- Forensic Science.
- In forensic pathology and crime scene testing like analysing blood and hair samples of crime place.
Molecular Biology Studies
Various hyphenated techniques in chromatography such as EC-LC-MS are applied in the study of metabolomics and proteomics along with nucleic acid research. HPLC is used in Protein Separation like Insulin Purification, Plasma Fractionation, and Enzyme Purification and also in various departments like Fuel Industry, biotechnology, and biochemical processes.
On the occasion of its 10 years, Successful Journey, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology decided to provide a partial waiver on its article processing charges to promote quality research from across the nations of the globe to encourage the latest research in the field of Infections, Diseases and Medicine. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology also planning to release a special issue on its new approaches.
Regards, | http://www.escientificjournals.com/blog/chromatography-8178.html |
Distillation steam distillation is the process of distilling a mixture wherein one of the immiscible phases is a steam it is a mild method for separating and purifying volatile liquid or solid organic compounds that are immiscible or insoluble in water. Simple distillation lab report mini crude oil affects birds gas chromatography filtration, colorado, with some organic chemistry at cuny hunter g chromatography-chromatography is the crystals come in one container and an impure liquid, and distillation descriptive lab is the fractional distillation apparatus for dummies james. Fractional distillation lab report you need to separate one of the liquids this experiment aims to study basic principles of batch distillation in bubble-cap column the student should be able to perform a fractional distillation a short lab report is required for this experiment analysis of the data.
2017-10-31 chromatography, distillation, and infrared spectroscopy and boiling point determination (experiments 2-7) these six experiments emphasize understanding these six experiments emphasize understanding. Simple distillation and gas chromatography discussion questions in the chemical literature, there are several different methods of reporting boiling points with the barometric in the first part of the experiment, potassium permanganate solution • anise, caraway on day 1, you will do a simple distillation and on day 2, fractional. Fractional and simple distillation, chromatography paper and gas, vacuum filtration precipatitation, acidification for precio, scaping crystals out of vessels, iodine in turpentine pg 28 37 41 64 76 120 131 588 (4) 602 637 654 689.
Gas chromatography purpose: the purpose of the gas chromatography lab is to find out how different substances interact with the surface of a solid chromatography is a separation technique that depends on the relative distribution of the components of a mixture between a mobile phase and a solid stationary phase. Our pure products will be analyzed with gas chromatography to determine the success of the distillation data and results the distillation curves for our simple and fractional distillation (see page 3) clearly demonstrate that fractional distillation separates the two compounds more completely. Simple and fractional distillation: organic technique the laboratory report of each student must contain a copy of the gc analysis traces – report this essay save paper protocol up until the fractional distillation portion of the experiment) explain the advantage of a fractional distillation over a simple distillation a mixture of. The fractional distillation process is based on the difference of boiling points between the mixtures of two substances which is being used for the distillation as the substances have different boiling points so, with the passage of heat different impurities show different boiling point and separated easily with the help of outlet pipe. Open document below is an essay on gas chromatography from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples.
The individual fractions that were gathered from the distillation were analyzed using gas chromatography (gc) and used to compare the efficiencies of the two different distillation techniques the ultimate goal of this experiment was to determine whether simple or fractional distillation was the more efficient means of separating volatile. Fractional distillation is a three component the bottom of the lab-scale strawberries are striving to the extraction equipment apr 11 courtesy of each liquid extraction with a liquid liquid chromatography lab and make copies of solid phase extraction lle flickr 3453475667 4 carefully remove excess liquid extraction of this experiment. 2018-6-20 the separation of useful products from crude oil by the process of fractional distillation the uses of the fuel gas, lpg, refinery gas, gasoline, petrol, naphtha, paraffin, kerosene, diesel oil, gas oil, fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax and bitumen fractions are tabulated the uses of a fraction is related to its physical properties eg ease of. 2018-7-1 in fractional distillation, an additional apparatus – the fractionating column – is attached to the distillation flask and condenser 38 the fractionating column contains many _____ which provide a large surface.
Fractional distillation fractional distillation is the separation process in which the volatile components (having different boiling points) of a mixture (such as crude oil) are split from one another by heating the mixture in a column and collecting and condensing the vapors drawn from different. 2012-7-3 gas chromatography (gc) is, by all means, the best method, due to its simplicity, rapidity and efficiency, for both the identification and quantification of essential oil components and composition variations. 2018-7-15 fractional distillation iris lopez experiment 6: fractional distillation separation of petroleum hydrocarbons abstract: a mixture of cyclohexane and toluene were separate from one another by fractional distillation in order to measure the composition of each fraction and prepare the sample for gas chromatography.
How is it possible to separate two liquids with the exact same boiling point by gas chromatography (gc) when it cannot be done by fractional distillation the use of a polar gc column will separate the liquids based on differences in. Using helium as the mobile phase, the distillate was analyzed through gas chromatographylow prices on best sellers, new releases & classicsfractional distillations of esters discussion distillation is the separating of mixtures by heating s solution to a boil and then condensing the vapors abovefree essay: finally, the.
After viewing the gas chromatograph data from the fractional distillation we saw that our unknown compounds had almost completely separated, while the fractions from the simple distillation were less pure although distillation is a good separation technique it is still necessary to ensure that proper steps are taken to reduce the chances of. Gas chromatography on kanagroos dissertation reference list, and glassware thoroughly before xmas breakis to simple skin beauty lifetime valocchi, 2011 simple water from e elixirs, and fractional vs mike nixon has also a site. Fractional distillation and gas chromatography a gas chromatograph and isotope ratio mass spectrometer interfaced with turn in an individual lab report and this report must be in your own words a gas chromatograph and isotope ratio mass spectrometer interfaced with turn in an individual lab report and this report must be in your own words.
2018. | http://frpaperjnel.shapeyourworld.info/fractional-distillation-and-gas-chromatography-essay.html |
The Gas Chromatography market was expected to witness a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period.
The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have a slightly positive effect on the market. A study conducted in December 2020 and was published in 'The Lancet'. The study looked into gas chromatography techniques that can rapidly distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory conditions, which can include influenza during the first diagnosis. The study was conducted at two sites in Edinburgh and Dortmund. Results from both sites indicated that patients who had contracted COVID-19 can be rapidly distinguished from patients with other conditions by gas chromatography methods at first healthcare contact. Novel uses of Gas Chromatography in the fight against COVID-19 are expected to boost the market growth.
The factors that are driving the market growth include increasing food safety concerns, the growing importance of chromatography tests in the drug approval process, and rising adoption of GC-MS.
Gas chromatography (GC) is widely accepted in both scientific and legal arenas, as one of the most powerful analytical techniques for separation, quantification, and identification of drug analytes, especially at low levels of concentration. GC is mostly done to analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Gas chromatography is used extensively to test the purity of substances and to separate a mixture into its basic components. It has a profound use in analytical chemistry, owing to its ability to offer excellent features, like accurate separation capabilities, reproducibility, and quicker separation.
It is used in different fields, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and environmental toxins. Moreover, it can be used to analyze samples, which are volatile like exhaled human breath, blood, saliva, and other secretions. Air samples can be analyzed by using GC. Most of the air quality control units use GC coupled flame ionization detector (FID) to determine the components of a given sample.
Gas chromatography/ mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) is another useful method for determining the components of a given mixture, using the retention times and the abundance of the samples. GC method is used in many pharmaceutical applications, such as identifying the amount of chemical in drugs. Moreover, cosmetic manufacturers prefer GC technique to effectively measure the chemicals used in their products. Moreover, the European Medical Agency (EMA) has similar guidelines for drug analytics. Identification to discriminate between compounds of closely related structures are mostly done through GC/MS or HPLC/MS systems. However, the European Medical Agency does not consider the interpretation by chromatography techniques as specific.
Additionally, the use of GC and liquid chromatography for drug testing, especially to determine the purity and efficacy of new drug analytes has been approved by the National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Japan. Thus, increased use of gas chromatography in drug approvals and growing support from the government, in the form of funds, are boosting the market growth
Gas chromatography (GC) was introduced over 60 years ago, and has since become a cornerstone technique for analytical chemistry. Advances in the area of column technology, such as the commercialization of high temperature stationary phases and silica capillaries stable to 480°C, has recently been put in the place. New materials such as sol-gel poly(ethylene glycol), nanoparticles, ionic liquids, and co-polymers have been incorporated in several novel Gas Chromatography stationary phases. Stationary phases have also been discussed for a long time in relation to microfabricated GC, i.e. chip-based GC. Such advancements are expected to propel the market growth over the forecast period all across the globe.
Pharmaceutical & BioIndustries are Expected to Hold Significant Market Share in the Application Segment
The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a positive effect on this segment. Since the pharmaceutical and bioindustry sectors have received huge amount of attention recently, this is expected to positively aid in the development of the gas chromatography market. In July 2020, an article was released in the 'Chromatography Today' magazine which stated that the US Air Force and researchers from the University of Michigan had collaborated to make modifications to an existing gas analysis system so that it can work like a breathalyser that can analyze the breath and detect the chemical signature of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in its very early stages, which is a precursor to most COVID-19 infections. Developments such as these are expected to positively aid market growth.
The high efficiencies of separation power, the extreme detection sensitivity while detecting small amounts of separated species, and the accuracy and precision of the data from quantitative analyses of extremely complex mixtures are the major reasons why GC is used in the pharmaceutical industry. GC analyses are also less hassle-free while automating from sample introduction to separation. GC-MS is exclusively used in bio-analysis of blood, urine for the presence of barbiturates, alcohols, narcotics, residual solvents, drugs, like anesthetics, antihistamine, anticonvulsant, anti-epileptic drug, sedative hypnotics, and food items. Toxins and venoms can also be identified by GC-MS. It is extensively used in clinical toxicology too.
Rise in government funding in pharmaceutical R&D, technological advancements in the area of analytical instruments, increasing life science R&D expenditure, progressing drug discovery, and an increase in the adoption of GC are the key factors driving the growth of gas chromatography market, in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. As a result of the aforementioned main advantages, short analysis time needed and reliable results, GC is extensively used as quality control purposes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry.
North America Dominates the Market and Expected to do Same in the Forecast Period
In the North American region, gas chromatography technology is used in many applications. Chromatography instrumentation has proven to be an effective technology for final production testing, pharmaceutical applications, environmental monitoring, and food testing, among others. Pharmaceutical organizations utilize gas chromatography, in order to get large amounts of greatly immaculate materials, and to examine the cleansed mixes. Other factors propelling the growth of the North American gas chromatography market, include the increasing need for drug discovery, rising prevalence of chronic diseases, and augmented demand for personalized medicines. The increasing focus on the development of improved and novel drug assessment techniques which has been used to discover highly complex drugs is playing a vital role in the evolution of new chromatographic methods in the region. In May 2017, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (SSI) released its new Nexis GC-2030 gas chromatograph, offering a modern approach to a classic chromatographic technique.
The increased adoption of chromatography technique, majorly in food and beverage and pharmaceutical industries, drives the demand for gas chromatography in the region. With the rising number of critical diseases and the increase in the geriatric population in the region, healthcare expenditure has increased significantly in the region. This has increased R&D investments into the pharmaceutical industry for drug discovery and production, which has further increased the demand for chromatography technique in the North American region.
The Gas Chromatography market is highly competitive and consists of a number of players. Companies like Agilent Technologies, Inc., Chromatotec, Restek Corporation, Danaher Corporation, Merck KgaA, Falcon Analytical Systems &Technology, LLC, PerkinElmer, Inc., Scion instruments, Shimadzu Corporation, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., among others, hold the substantial market share in the Gas Chromatography market.
Many strategic initiatives have taken recently in the market by the major players. For example, in January 2021, Sartorius announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire the chromatography process equipment division of Novasep. | https://www.gii.co.jp/report/moi911961-gas-chromatography-market-growth-trends-forecast.html |
Gas Chromatography Explained: What It Is and How It Works
If you study pollutants in the air and water or control food or beverage quality, you’re probably familiar with a GC detector and know quite a bit about Gas Chromatography (GC).
This article is for the rest of us. Those who may be a little familiar with the term but could use a really good definition of what GC is and how it works.
Botanist Mikhail Tswett has been credited for creating the first chromatogram in 1900 to study plant pigments, including chlorophyll and carotenes. Over time, its use has spread to many other applications for separating complex mixtures.
Currently, gas chromatography is widely used for product quality control, analytical research, and safety testing relevant to key aspects of everyday life—from car production to chemical refining and pharmaceutical industrial use, to food and beverage sampling.
Gas Chromatography Definition and Analogy
So, what is GC anyway? It is an analytical technique used to separate the chemical components of a sample mixture and then detect them to determine their presence or absence. It is also used to figure out how much is present in the sample. Organic molecules and permanent gases are the most common chemicals analyzed by GC. It can analyze compounds in the boiling range from nC1 to nC100 as is the case with crude oil; however, the most applications are in boiling point range from nC3 to nC44.
The word chromatography comes from the Greek root words chroma and graph and translates to “color writing.” GC is a technique that separates a mixture of chemicals by letting them move slowly past another substance, typically a liquid or solid. In essence, we have a gas moving over the surface of something else in another state of matter (a liquid or solid) that stays where it is. The moving substance is called the mobile phase and the substance that stays put is the stationary phase.
GC uses an inert or unreactive carrier gas as the mobile phase, and the stationary phase is generally a thin layer of liquid. As the mobile phase moves, it separates the mixture into its individual components in the stationary phase. We can then identify them one by one2.
5 Simple Steps For GC, 1 Giant Leap for Chemists Everywhere
A Gas Chromatograph is comprised of a heated inlet port, an oven, an analytical column, and a detector. Let’s walk through the process:
Step 1: Sample Prep
Samples are generally dissolved or diluted in a solvent and then injected onto the inlet port. Some samples such as essential oils are not diluted. Other methods of sample preparation, include sample introduction techniques such as thermal desorption and headspace. These are easy techniques for there is typically no or minimal sample preparation.
Step 2: Vaporization
This is as simple as it sounds. The liquid sample is vaporized in the hot inlet and becomes a gas.
Step 3: Separation
Here an inert gas such as helium carries the sample through the column. Different substances in the sample interact differently with the column’s stationary phase, depending on their chemistry. This causes them to travel through the column at different speeds, thus separating them.
Step 4: Detection
The separated compounds then leave the column one after the other and enter a detector, such as a mass spectrometer (MS). The use of a MS detector is helpful. Because of the huge amount of organic compounds, at times, compounds may elute at the same time. A MS helps identify what the compound is and separates them by mass. The time taken for a compound to travel through the column is called its retention time.
Step 5: Chromatogram
The GC produces a graph called a chromatogram, which shows peaks: the size of a peak indicates the amount of each component reaching the detector. The number of peaks shows different compounds present in the sample. The position of each peak shows the retention time for each compound.
Figure 1: How does GC work.
As illustrated above, the carrier gas transports the sample molecules through the GC system.
How Does Gas Chromatography (GC) Work?
- The sample is first introduced into the GC, with a syringe most commonly from a liquid autosampler (Figure 1 (2))
- The sample is injected into the GC inlet (Figure 1 (3)) through a septum which enables the injection of the sample mixture without losing the mobile phase. Connected to the inlet is the analytical column (Figure 1 (4)), a long (10 – 150 m), narrow (0.1 – 0.53 mm internal diameter) fused silica or metal tube which contains the stationary phase coated on the inside walls.
- The analytical column is held in the column oven which is heated during the analysis to elute the compounds of different boiling points.
- The outlet of the column is inserted into the detector (Figure 1 (5)) which responds to the chemical components eluting from the column to produce a signal.
- The signal is recorded by the acquisition software on a computer to produce a chromatogram. (Figure 1 (6), (Figure 2) If required, the software can quantitate or produce an amount of that compound referencing a known amount of that compound.
When You Think GC—Think Separation and Detection
Simply said, GC is used to separate the chemical components of a sample and then detect them to determine their presence or absence. It can also be used to know how much of something is present in the sample.
Discover PerkinElmer Gas Chromatography Portfolio and how it can help your lab with GC analysis. | https://blog.perkinelmer.com/posts/gas-chromatography-explained-what-it-is-and-how-it-works/ |
Thin layer chromatography coursework
- 1 - lab course chromatography ss 2010 - tlc thin layer chromatography (tlc) qualitative elucidation of the pigment pattern in green leaves by thin layer chromatography. Thin-layer chromatography thin-layer chromatography (tlc) is an effective means for separating substrate from product and is therefore an effective means for. —a new version of thin-layer chromatography with controlled vapor the composition and properties of the mobile phase are controlled immediately in the course of. An introduction to chromatography using thin layer chromatography as an example. Topics covered: thin-layer chromatography is the most commonly used analytical technique in many research labs this video walks you through every step, from setting up a developing chamber to calculating rf values.
Your full name course date professor’s name forensic chemistry: thin-layer chromatography lab report objectives the experiment aimed to. Thin layer chromatography thin layer chromatography, or tlc, is a method for analyzing mixtures by separating the compounds. Interactive lab primer - thin layer chromatography- learn chemistry pinterest explore thin layer chromatography thin layer chromatography coursework see. E29 preparation of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and thin-layer chromatography of analgesic drugs the task to prepare a pharmaceutical compound and test its purity.
It stands for thin layer chromatography - it's a technique used by chemists in separation of mixtures and supporting the identification. Thin layer chromatography, or tlc, is a method for analyzing mixtures by separating the compounds in the mixture tlc can be used to help determine the number of components in a mixture, the identity of compounds, and the purity of a compound.
93 7 thin-layer chromatography you will need to bring your package of tlc plates on this day not all plates will be used in this experiment some will be needed in. Toxicology using thin layer chromatography arnold c fellman university of nebraska medical center jnd, of' course, the accidental poisoning of children is a. Thin layer chromatography – page 1 thin layer chromatography background information answer the investigation questions throughout the course of the activity.
Of course, there are as the thin-layer plate is not re-used, the unseparated material at the iii/dyes/thin-layer (planar) chromatography 2621. Experiment 5 – thin layer chromatography pg 2 a number of commonly used tlc solvents are listed in figure 1 this listing of solvents is. Discussion using the thin layer chromatography experiment, caffeine was found to be the most polar due to the fact that it stayed closer to the stationary. Thin layer chromatography this chromatography is done on thin layer plates of • 102 and 107 objectives for north carolina standard course of study.
Samantha huffman september 11, 2015/ chemistry 231 lab 3 experiment 1: thin layer chromatography for the identification of an unknown objective: using a tlc plate, classify certain solutions of compounds and identify an unknown over-the-counter painkiller (#31) determined by its active ingredients in solutions constructed in the. The getty conservation institute is an operating program of the j paul getty thin-layer chromatography, a course held at the getty conservation institute from. | http://hzpaperdyyt.artsales.biz/thin-layer-chromatography-coursework.html |
Analytical Answers has recently implemented a new chromatographic separation technique known as Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). This technique complements current chromatographic techniques available at AAI such as GC/FID (Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection), GC/FTIR (Gas Chromatography with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and GC/MS (Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy). Areas where UPLC can be applied to provide information which cannot be obtained by any of the gas-phase chromatographic techniques will be described.
What is UPLC?
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (Figure 1) represents the latest advancement in liquid chromatographic separation, characterization, and quantitation. While nearly everyone has heard of Gas Chromatography (GC), typically in conjunction with Mass Spectroscopy (MS), liquid chromatography represents a complementary separation and characterization technique for compounds and solvents which cannot be vaporized for GC analysis. However, the two techniques do share some similarities.
Both GC and UPLC work with very small sample volumes, typically on the order of 1 – 10 µL. Both use microvolume syringes to inject a small volume of the sample into the system, sometimes with additional ‘splitting’ (dumping a measured fraction of the sample out the GC waste port) or dilution (with the UPLC mobile phase). The sample then flows onto the separation column. For GC, the column is a very small diameter (ca. 30 µm) open tubular column with the a thin (~2 µm or less) cross-linked organic compound which selectively absorbs individual components of the sample matrix. For UPLC, the column is based on a dense packing of fine (~2 µm or less) inert inorganic, such as silica, with a similar thin cross-linked organic ‘stationary phase’. These silica particles are themselves covered in fine pores, typically measured in the nm (nanometer) size range, increasing the surface area of the stationary phase to interact with the components of the sample mixture. Both GC and UPLC columns come in a wide range of different sizes, diameters, particle size, stationary phase chemistry, lengths, sample capacities, and other variables, allowing selection of column specifics to meet specific analytical needs.
In GC separations, the temperature of the column is gradually ramped under a constant flow of the gas mobile phase (typically helium). Increasing temperature reduces interactions between heavier or more strongly absorbing compounds with the stationary phase, and speeds the analysis. In LC separations, the temperature of the column is held constant, and the composition and characteristics of the liquid mobile phase is changed. AAI’s UPLC system is equipped with a quaternary pumping system, allowing four different solvents to be blended in simple to complex gradients. This permits varying ionic strength, pH, hydrophilic / hydrophobic character, and others, again modifying interactions between different analyte molecules and the stationary phase to increase the efficiency and speed of the separation.
After passing through the column, the now separated individual components of the mixture then flow into the detector(s) modules. For GC, these have been optimized for gas-phase detection, through flame ionization (FID), or infrared absorption (FTIR) or mass spectral fragmentation (MS) characterization. For LC, these are optimized for liquid-phase detection, and include techniques such as refractive index (RI) changes, or UV-Vis absorption using a PhotoDiode Array spectrometer (PDA). Like the different detectors for GC applications, individual LC detectors are used depending on the nature of the matrix, analyte, and objectives of the analysis.
Evaluation of Sugars in Carbonated Beverages
As an example of where UPLC analysis can provide information on materials which would be difficult by other techniques, we examined two different carbonated ‘root beer’ beverages. For the non-diet formulations, such beverages are based on a heavily sweetened ‘syrup’. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is commonly used in such beverages due to cost, ease of handling, consistency, and other factors. However, there is a significant consumer demand for carbonated beverages sweetened with cane or similar sugars based on sucrose, due to individual taste, health concerns over HFCS, and other factors.
Aqueous-based mixtures present a challenge for gas-chromatographic techniques, as a water solution typically cannot be directly injected into a gas chromatograph, nor are aqueous solutions compatible with high-vacuum mass spectrometers or infrared gas transmission cell component. Likewise, water-soluble compounds, such as sugars, starches, proteins, and other macromolecules do not volatilize in high-temperature GC injection ports, but instead decompose to form a solid ‘char’ blocking flow to the GC column.
For aqueous mixtures, especially those containing larger, nonvolatile or temperature-sensitive compounds such as dyes, surfactants, chelates, and others, UPLC offers the ability to separate, characterize, and measure the amount of such compounds without the need to perform initial extractions, derivations (chemically reacting the analyte with another compound to form a volatile product), or other sample/matrix pre-processing.
AAI’s UPLC system was configured with a column optimized for the separation of low molecular weight organic acids, sugars, water soluble carbohydrates, and similar compounds. Figure 2 presents two chromatograms using the Refractive Index (RI) detector of aqueous reference solutions of ~10% sucrose or ‘cane sugar’ (green) and fructose (red).
Here, we see the sucrose elutes from the column just after 4 minutes, while the fructose, with a greater degree of interaction with the stationary phase, elutes at almost six minutes. Two different root beer sodas were acquired from the local supermarket, one listed as containing HFCS and the other advertised as using cane sugar. Other than pouring small volumes out of each, allowing each to go ‘flat’ (gas bubbles will interfere with UPLC sampling), the two were injected and produced the chromatograms as presented in Figure 3.
While the cane sugar-based root beer generated a profile consistent with sucrose, the HFSC root beer profile shows a ‘shoulder’ on the leading edge of the fructose peak, indicating additional compounds than fructose. In addition to the RI detector, AAI’s UPLC system’s UV-Vis PDA (PhotoDiode Array) detector can provide additional information on these systems.
Figure 4 presents the PDA ‘hypercube’ chromatographic profile of the cane sugar-based root beer. In this plot, increasing elution time is presented along the front axis, wavelength increasing from back to front on the side axis, and absorbance intensity increasing from bottom to top. For the cane sugar root beer, this data shows a major peak with strong UV absorbance just before four minutes, consistent with the sucrose. However, a broader ‘tail’ is seen, most likely due to the caramel coloring component.
Figure 5 presents the PDA profile of the HFCS based root beer. Here, the strong UV absorption of the fructose is seen just before 6 minutes, but interestingly, a strongly UV absorbing response is also seen around the same time as the sucrose. This is consistent with the caramel coloring, which is based on partially oxidized sucrose and similar sugars.
Conclusion
With the acquisition and implementation of UPLC technology, Analytical Answers is now able to offer additional chromatographic separation and characterization of systems not amenable to GC/MS, GC/FTIR, or GC/FID analysis. These systems could include water soluble organics, such as organic acids, detergents, surfactants, biological macromolecules, temperature-sensitive organics such as amines, antioxidants, dyes, nonvolatile compounds such as some plasticizers, polymer additives, oils, lipids, and others. We look forward to discussing how we might best provide you with the information you need through UPLC analysis. | https://analyticalanswersinc.com/case-studies/introducing-ultra-performance-liquid-chromatography-uplc/ |
Org chem liquid phase chromatography
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (rplc), relying largely upon the hydrophobic characters of sorbent j org chem, 77 (2012), pp 9313-9328, 101021/jo3020566. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography has become the preferred method for optimized nonlinear gradients for reversed-phase liquid chromatography in. Development of liquid chromatography–uv method for simultaneous 2department of chemistry phase chromatography has been reported to. Vapor-phase chromatography (vpc), or gas–liquid partition symposium on oilfield chemistry. Paper chromatography formal report org chem liquid chromatography (lc) refers to any chromatographic process that employs a mobile liquid phase. Basics of chromatography thin layer this is a great preparative tool that is commonly used in the organic chemistry , your stationary phase is a liquid. Reverse-high performance liquid chromatography mechanism explained by polarization of 64 to liquid solutions used in this.
31 liquid-phase cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements cavity ring-down spectroscopy as a detector for liquid chromatography anal chem 75. Separations and purifications mcat review and mcat prep. It is so named because in normal-phase liquid chromatography in some cases, the chemistry within a given column can be insufficient to separate some analytes. Chromatography is a group of laboratory techniques to separate the components of a mixture by passing the mixture through a stationary phase typically, the sample is suspended in the liquid or gas phase and is separated or identified based on how it flows through or around a liquid or solid phase. What is chromatography used for a: the mixture that is to be separated has to be dissolved in a mobile phase liquid before it can be learn more about chem lab.
Prof mat org chem_10chromatography01 gas liquid chromatography here the mobile phase is an unreactive gas cliquid chromatography g. N goalby chemreviseorg 2 gas-liquid chromatography can be used to separate in gas-liquid chromatography, the mobile phase is a.
1 1 types of liquid chromatography 2 3 we focus on the stationary phase chemistry: • normal and reversed phase – ion-pair chromatography • size exclusion chromatography. Chem 344 thin layer chromatography thin layer chromatography one phase is a mobile liquid solvent phase and the other phase is a stationary solid phase.
Org chem liquid phase chromatography
Teaching notes: chromatography these teaching notes relate to section 3316 of our a-level chemistry dissolved in a mobile phase (which could be a liquid or. A reversed-phase capillary ultra-performance liquid chromatography by normal-phase chromatography and chem (2012) 402: 2923. Supporting information enhancing the possibilities of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography through hyphenation of purely aqueous temperature-responsive and reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
- Reversed phase chromatography acid base chemistry of the mechanism of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography.
- Chemistry math/physics general where the stationary phase is most often a liquid of liquid chromatography, the term ' liquid phase ' had also been used to.
- Chemistry 1215 experiment #6 qualitative analysis by paper chromatography the mobile phase is a solvent that is either a liquid.
- Countercurrent chromatography: due to the liquid nature of the stationary phase, ccc is a liquid chromatography (lc) technique that uses special columns.
Liquid chromatography is a the stationary phase liquid would be an immiscible liquid with the mobile phase liquid-solid chromatography: m organic chemistry. ‘chromatography’ is an analytical technique commonly used for separating a mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that the individual components can be thoroughly analyzed there are many types of chromatography eg, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, ion. Chromatography cu- boulder chem 5181 (gc) & liquid chromatography situation in column chromatography stat phase t = 1 t = 2. Liquid chromatography [ 17-20], exclusion chromatography [21-231 and planar chromatography physical chemistry liquid phase thus. Title: pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to pre/post column derivatization author: paraskevas d tzanavaras. Teaching notes: chromatography chromatography involves a mixture being dissolved in a mobile phase (which could be a liquid or a gas). | http://afassignmentdjvy.gnomes-inc.info/org-chem-liquid-phase-chromatography.html |
TLC on silica, stained with permanganate. Following a reaction for 22 min.
Chromatography has two main uses: it is either used to test how pure something is, or is used as a technique to purify something from a mixture.
Chromatography is vital for any chemical research, because a chemical reaction rarely gives us 100 % pure product; we usually get some side-products, and some unreacted starting material that we need to separate from our desired product.
The Environmental Agency uses chromatography to test drinking water and to monitor air quality. Pharmaceutical companies use chromatography both to prepare large quantities of extremely pure materials, and also to analyze the purified compounds for trace contaminants. Chromatography is used for quality control in the food industry, by separating and analyzing additives and proteins, and is used for finding drug compounds in urine or other body fluids, for example when testing athletes for drug use. To read more about industrial applications of chromatography, click here.
The word ‘chromatography’ comes from the greek ‘chroma‘, meaning colour, and ‘graphein’, meaning write, as the technique was originally used to separate pigments. However, chromatography can be applied to almost any chemical separation of mixtures, and is not restricted to coloured compounds. Chromatography can be used to analyse the purity of a sample (analytical chromatography) and to separate a sample into its different components (preparative chromatography). The only difference between these two uses is the scale at which you perform the separation; to analyse the sample, you only need to separate enough to be able to visualise what is in your system (typically nanograms of material, i.e. 10-9 g, are separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC)), whereas the separation of several grams of material requires large columns packed with the stationary phase.
All chromatog raphic techniques depend upon the chemicals distributing differently between two phases; the mobile phase and the stationary phase. The mobile phase may be either liquid or gas, and the stationary phase may be either solid or liquid.
The molecules interact differently with the mobile and stationary phase, and therefore travel (‘elute’) down the column at different speeds, separating out; in the video above the green molecules adsorb better to the stationary phase than the red molecules, and are therefore carried slower in the solvent.
Adsorption chromatography – usually on silica or alumina gel, to separate many organic molecules, as long as they are not too polar that they ‘stick’ to the stationary phase.
Reverse-phase chromatography – this is usually done on special pre-packed columns with high pressure to flow the eluent through, to separate polar molecules. In the organic laboratory this is normally performed using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography).
Size-exclusion chromatography – this is technique used to separate large macromolecules (such as polymers) based on their size. To find out more click here.
Electrophoresis – this technique is often used in biosciences to analyse DNA. Electrophoresis is a type of chromatography that uses an electric field to separate mixtures. To read more, take a look at the University of Birmingham resource here.
If the chemicals that you are trying to separate are relatively volatile gas chromatography (GC) can be used. This technique is usually only used analytically, and the components you are trying to separate must be able to get into the gas phase and remain stable at temperatures under 300 oC. | https://chembam.com/techniques/chromatography/ |
The drugs 2-, 3-, and 4-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine, 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine are identified by spectroscopic techniques. The ultraviolet and mass spectra of isomers are similar, but proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectra are distinctly different, and reference spectra and data are provided. Gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic systems for the analysis are discussed.
A series of N-substituted, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamines (MDP-2-B) is prepared from piperonal via the 2-butanone intermediate. The analytical properties of these compounds are compared with the structurally similar 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) derivatives, a popular series of drugs of abuse. The ultraviolet absorption properties of these compounds are determined by the methylenedioxyphenyl ring, which shows major absorption bands in the 285- and 235-nm range. The primary amine (MDP-2-B) and the N-substituted derivatives of MDP-2-B are separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography under acidic mobile-phase conditions. The compounds are not completely resolved by gas chromatography on an HP-1 phase, and the separation is complicated by extensive thermal degradation of the N-hydroxy derivative (MDP-2-OHB). The mass spectra for these compounds provide specific structural information for the identification of these compounds. The amines undergo -cleavage reactions to produce ions at [M-135]+ from the loss of the 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl radical and [M-29]+ from loss of the other -group, the ethyl radical.
The 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-butanamines (HMDAs) are prepared via reductive amination of the corresponding ketone with a series of low molecular weight alkylamines. These amines are homologues of the N-substituted 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDAs). Compounds of the HMDA series have UV absorption properties similar to the MDAs because both series contain the same 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl chromophore. The HMDAs are separated via reversed-phase liquid chromatographic methods using a C,0 stationary phase and an acidic aqueous acetonitrile mobile phase. The mass spectra of these potential designer drugs are very similar to the spectra of the MDA homologues having the same N-substituent.
Three regioisomeric 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamines having the same molecular weight and major mass spectral fragments of equivalent mass have been reported as components of clandestine drug samples in recent years. These drugs of abuse are 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N, N-dimethylamphetamine, and N-methyl-1 -(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine. These three compounds are a subset of a total of ten regioisomeric 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamines of molecular weight 207, yielding regioisomeric fragment ions of equivalent mass (m/z 72 and 135/136) in the electron impact mass spectrum. The specific identification of one of these compounds in a forensic drug sample depends upon the analyst's ability to eliminate the other regioisomers as possible interfering or coeluting substances. This paper reports the synthesis, mass spectral characterization, and chromatographic analysis of these ten unique regioisomers. The ten regioisomeric methylenedioxyphenethylamines are synthesized from commercially available precursor chemicals. The electron impact mass spectra of these regioisomers show some variation in the relative intensity of the major ions with only one or two minor ions that might be considered side-chain specific fragments. Thus, the ultimate identification of any one of these amines with the elimination of the other nine regioisomeric substances depends heavily upon chromatographic methods. Chromatographic separation of these ten uniquely regioisomeric amines is studied using gas chromatographic temperature program optimization.
Jack DeRuiter, C. Randall Clark and F. Taylor Noggle, Jr.
The title 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-propanamines represent positional isomers of the N-substituted 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines, clandestinely produced drugs frequently encountered by forensic laboratories. These propanamines are prepared by reductive amination of 3,4-methylenedioxypropiophenone with a series of N-alkylamines. Analytical methods are developed to distinguish these compounds from the MDA series. The ultraviolet spectra of the propanamines are very similar to those of the MDAs with absorption maxima at 284 and 236 nm. The propanamines are separated under reversed-phase liquid chromatographic conditions by using a C18 stationary phase and a mobile phase of acidic (pH 3) acetonitrile containing methanol and triethylamine. The relative retention properties of these compounds parallel those observed in the MDA series. The electron impact mass spectra of the propanamines are determined by GC-MS, and the fragmentation pattern clearly distinguishes these compounds from those of the MDA series having the same molecular weight.
The 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-propanamines are prepared from 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propanoic acid via amide formation followed by hydride reduction. The 3-propanamines are regioisomeric with the 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanamines MDA and MDMA, a series of popular drugs of abuse. The N-substituted 3-propanamines were separated via reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) using an acidic mobile phase (pH 3). Similar reversed-phase conditions were used to separate the N-methyl derivatives of the regioisomeric 1-, 2-, and 3-propanamines. The electron impact (EI) mass spectra for the 3-propanamines show the characteristic amine base peak and can be used to differentiate these compounds from the regioisomeric 2-propanamines.
The infrared and mass spectra of N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanamine (MDMA) and 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine are quite similar. These two compounds differ only in the position of substitution of a single methyl group. MDMA is a controlled street drug known as Ecstasy, while the isomeric butanamine is a member of a new class of potential psychotherapeutic agents called entactogens. These two compounds produce similar mass spectral fragmentation patterns including a common base peak at m/z 58. Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) methods consisting of a C18 stationary phase and an aqueous acidic mobile phase were used to separate these two compounds. Thus, LC methods can be used to differentiate MDMA from the isomeric butanamine for forensic analysis.
The C1 to C3 N-alkyl, N,N-dimethyl, and N-hydroxy analogues of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) are identified by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and spectrometric techniques. The compounds are separated using reversed-phase procedures on C18 stationary phase with an acidic (pH 3) aqueous methanol mobile phase. The mass spectra of the compounds are distinctive and reference spectra are provided. The N-hydroxy derivative is unstable at high temperatures and decomposes to MDA and the oxime of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone.
Note that no yields are given, and that the chromatograms of their 'products' are highly impure. These papers are not to be taken as descriptions of a working procedure.
The various samples from a clandestine drug laboratory reported to be involved in the synthesis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstacy, or XTC) are analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Safrole, the starting material for the synthesis, is obtained from the roots of the sassafras plant. GC–MS of the sassafras oil reveals the presence of safrole (4-allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene) as the major component, as well as smaller quantities of camphor, eugenol, a dimethoxyallyl- and trimethoxyallylbenzene. A second sample obtained from the clandestine laboratory is from the treatment of the sassafras oil with HBr. Although this sample contains many brominated and several nonbrominated components, the major constituent is the synthetic precursor for MDMA, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-bromopropane, along with quantities of the regioisomeric 3-bromopropane. The samples from the clandestine laboratory do not reveal the presence of any MDMA. However, upon treatment with methylamine, the brominated sassafras oil gives MDMA as the major amine product.
One method used for the synthesis of the illicit drug N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanamine (methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) involves the treatment of safrole with HBr to form the intermediate 2-bromosafrole, followed by bromide displacement with methylamine. The starting material required for this synthesis, safrole, may be obtained from sassafras oil which is isolated from the roots of the sassafras plant. In addition to safrole, sassafras oil contains other allylbenzenes such as eugenol and 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) studies show that these allylbenzenes may also be brominated and undergo amine displacement to yield the corresponding N-methyl-1-aryl-2-propanamines. These studies also show that the regioisomeric 3-bromosafrole intermediate and 3-propanamine are not formed during this synthesis. Furthermore, the isomeric allylbenzenes isosaf role and isoeugenol that are generated in these reactions do not form stable bromo products and therefore no N-methyl-1-aryl-1-propanamine products are produced during the course of the bromination and amine displacement reactions.
Myristicin, a natural product found in nutmeg oil and nutmeg extract, contains the carbon skeleton for a series of drugs of abuse related to the 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDAs). Myristicin, 1-(3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propene, was identified as the major component of commercially available nutmeg oil and in the organic extract of nutmeg powder. The starting materials, intermediates, and products in the synthesis of the drug of abuse N-methyl-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanamine (MMDMA) from myristicin were characterized by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. MMDMA and several primary amine derivatives including 1-(3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-ethanamine, -propanamine, and -butanamine were also prepared from the commercially available aldehyde, 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde. Each of these amine derivatives has a distinct mass spectrum characterized by amine-dominated fragmentation. All four amines in this study were resolved by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using an acidic aqueous mobile phase. Relative retention in this system was determined by differences in the hydrophobic surface area of the four amines.
The street drug Nexus (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) has appeared in clandestine samples in recent years. This hallucinogenic phenethylamine is prepared from the commercially available aldehyde, 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, and other readily available precursor chemicals and reagents. Nexus and some designer analogues are separated by liquid chromatography using a C18 stationary phase and an acidic (pH 3) mobile phase. Nexus, a brominated phenethylamine, shows enhanced reversed-phase retention relative to the unbrominated precursor phenethylamine. The mass spectra of these amines show fragment ions consistent with amine-dominated reactions common to phenethylamines and substituted phenethylamines. The gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric analysis of mixtures of the amines and the synthetic precursor nitroethenes show on-column reaction products that complicate the analytical results. These reaction products are identified as the imines that result from condensation of the amine with the substituted benzaldehyde, which is generated from the 2-nitroethene.
The brominated products from all six positional isomers of dimethoxyphenethylamine are prepared, and their analytical properties are evaluated. The major bromination product from 3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine is the 2,6-dibromo isomer; all other regioisomers of dimethoxyphenethylamine yield a monobromo species as the major product. The mass spectra divide these compounds into two distinct groups: one group showing a strong m/z 180 ion via loss of bromine from the molecular ion (M-Br)+ and a second group showing no significant m/z 180 ion. The three compounds that do not show the m/z 180 ion in their electron-impact mass spectra are brominated 2,4-; 2,5-; and 2,6-dimethoxyphenethylamine. These compounds are well-resolved by reversed-phase liquid chromatographic methods using a Hypersil Elite C18 stationary phase and a mobile phase of phosphate buffer (pH 3) and methanol-acetonitrile.
The six regioisomeric dimethoxyamphetamines are prepared from the commercially available dimethoxybenzaldehydes. The dimethoxyamphetamines show very similar mass spectra, and chromatographic methods must be used to differentiate the positional isomers. Bromination of the six isomeric dimethoxyamphetamines yields a monobromination product as the major component in all cases except for 3,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, which yields the 2,6-dibrominated species as the major product. Mass spectrometric analysis readily divides the regioisomeric bromodimethoxyamphetamines into two groups of three compounds each. Only those isomers having a bromine substituent "ortho-" to the alkylamine side-chain show a major fragment at m/z 194 from loss of bromine from the molecular ion. The major drug of abuse 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOB) is one of three compounds that do not yield the m/z 194 ion. Though the mass spectra for the three "non-m/z 194" isomers show some subtle differences, these compounds are best differentiated by a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic system.
The conversion of 1-phenyl-2-nitropropene to amphetamine is investigated under a variety of reaction conditions using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This versatile intermediate is prepared by treating benzaldehyde with butylamine and nitroethane. GC—MS analysis revealed that amphetamine is produced as the major product upon catalytic reduction of 1-phenyl-2-nitropropene. However, a number of partial reduction products are also present in the mixture. Reduction of the nitropropene with a 5-molar excess of lithium aluminum hydride yields 1-phenyl-2-propanoxime as the major component. A variety of other partial reduction products and products of competing reactions are also present in this product mixture, as well as amphetamine. When this reduction is carried out with a large excess of lithium aluminum hydride, amphetamine is formed as the major product. 1-Phenyl-2-nitropropene is also converted to the ketone, 1-phenyl-2-propanone, by partial reduction and hydrolysis. Amination of this ketone under Leuckart and reductive amination conditions provide amphetamine as the principle product. GC—MS analysis reveals that these samples also contain several by-products characteristic of these routes of synthesis.
The analytical profiles are described for five amines, methamphetamine, and four isomeric phenethylamines of MW = 149. These five amines all contain an unsubstituted benzyl moiety, thus the regioisomerism is within the carbon-carbon bond located - to the amine moiety. Therefore these phenethylamines are regioisomeric within the imine fragment (m/z = 58), which is the base peak in the electron impact (EI) mass spectrum of methamphetamine. The ultraviolet absorption spectra for these compounds show the characteristic phenethylamine absorption bands in the (250-260 nm) range. These amines are best differentiated by chromatographic separation and are well resolved by liquid chromatographic techniques. The five regioisomeric amines are separated using an isocratic reversed-phase system consisting of a C18 stationary phase and a mobile phase of pH 3 phosphate buffer and methanol. The elution order under these conditions appears to parallel the length of the carbon chain attached to the aromatic ring.
Eighty urine specimens collected from drug rehabilitation programs, which had been screened by immunoassay and confirmed positive by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for methamphetamine, were further analyzed for a-benzyl-N-methylphenethylamine (BNMPA) and its urinary metabolites, N-demethyl-BNMPA, diphenyl-2-propanone (DP2P), diphenyl-2-propanol, p-OH-N-demethyl-BNMPA, and p-OH-BNMPA. BNMPA is an impurity of illicit methamphetamine synthesis. Analysis of BNMPA and its metabolites was performed by quantitative GC–MS following -glucuronidase hydrolysis, liquid–liquid extraction, and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. Two urine specimens contained detectable amounts of BNMPA and/or its metabolites. One contained trace amounts (greater than the limit of detection but less than the limit of quantitation) of N-demethyl-BNMPA and DP2P, as well as 0.04 mg/L p-OH-N-demethyl-BNMPA. The other contained trace amounts of BNMPA, p-OH-BNMPA, and p-OH-N-demethyl-BNMPA, as well as 0.03 mg/L N-demethyl-BNMPA. Prior to analyzing these urine specimens, pure reference material of p-OH-BNMPA was made available, and analysis confirmed our previous tentative identification of p-OH-BNMPA as a major metabolite of BNMPA. Detection of BNMPA or its metabolites in biological samples may serve as a marker of illicit methamphetamine administration.
-Phenylethylamine was recently identified in samples from several judicial cases using chromatographic (high-performance liquid chromatography–diode-array detection, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography–Fourier transform infrared detection) and spectrometric (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques. In the first case, 1 kg of a white powder was found in a basement laboratory. It contained caffeine and more than 15% -phenylethylamine. In the second case, two white powders were seized from a female. One powder consisted of pure amphetamine, and the other was a mixture of caffeine, amphetamine, and -phenylethylamine. Four months later, a couple, who were known drug users, were found dead in their apartment. Urine samples of both victims contained large amounts of amphetamine together with -phenylethylamine. Recently, 0.13 kg of a white powder and 0.30 kg of an orange powder were seized during a law enforcement operation. Both powders were mixtures of caffeine, amphetamine, and -phenylethylamine. The data presented demonstrate the recent and unrelated repetitive occurrence of -phenylethylamine in the circuit of illicit drugs.
Impurity profiles of methamphetamine samples seized in Japan have been investigated. The samples are extracted with small amounts of hexane under alkaline conditions and the extracts are analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Several impurity peaks are found in each chromatogram and the comparison of impurity profiles permits the establishment of common or different origins of methamphetamine seizures. The presence of ephedrine, which is a starting material for illegal methamphetamine preparations, is confirmed in all samples. In addition, methamphetamine dimer is newly found as an impurity and its structure is elucidated by the comparison of its retention time on GC and its mass spectrum with that of the authentic compound synthesized by condensation of cis-1,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl aziridine and (+)-methamphetamine.
The synthesis of methamphetamine from allylbenzene is investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Treatment of allylbenzene with HBr yields 1-phenyl-2-bromopropane as a major product. Smaller amounts of 1-phenyl-3-bromopropane, as well as 2,3-, 1,2-, and 1,3-dibromopropane, are also formed during the course of this reaction; both diastereomeric forms of 1,2-dibromopropane are detected in the product mixture. Amination of the crude bromination product with methylamine yields primarily methamphetamine and other amines characteristic of this synthetic method, including the methamphetamine isomer, N-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanamine.
The qualitative analysis of the aromatic bromination products of the 6 isomeric dimethoxyamphetamines and their hydrochloride or hydrobromide salts is described. Their ultraviolet, mass, and proton magnetic resonance spectra are not sufficiently different for distinction but infrared spectra allow a positive identification to be made and reference spectra are provided for the bromination products of 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 4,5-, and 3,5-dimethoxyamphetamines. The application of gas-liquid and thin layer chromatography for the analysis of these products is discussed. The bromination of 2,3-dimethoxyamphetamine consistently gave mixtures which could not be separated satisfactorily; spectra are included for completeness of the comparison of products.
The identity of samples of 2-, 3-, and 4-Methoxyamphetamines and 2-, 3-, and 4-Methylamphetamines is conclusively established by comparison of their spectra. Ultraviolet, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectra distinguish and identify the two series and infrared spectra differentiate isomers; reference spectra and data are provided. Thin layer and gas-liquid chromatographic systems suitable for distinguishing these compounds are described.
Three impurities have been identified in illicit methamphetamine samples. One of these, N-formyl-methamphetamine, is an intermediate in the synthesis of methamphetamine by the Leuckart reaction. The remaining two, N,?,?-trimethyldiphenethylamine and ?-benzyl-N-methylphenethylamine are by-products of methamphetamine synthesis. Ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gas chromatographic-mass spectral techniques were used to identify these compounds. The data obtained are discussed and synthetic pathways are postulated to explain the presence of each compound in samples of methamphetamine.
Thirteen mono, di, and trimethoxy-N-methylamphetamines have been synthesized and characterized. Gas-liquid chromatographic data and ultraviolet, infrared, proton magnetic resonance and mass spectra are presented. The specificity of each technique for the identification of methoxy-N-methylamphetamines is discussed.
The 2,3- and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine isomers can be distinguished using the sulfuric acid color test, gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance.
Can you get Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Vol. 22, No. 4, 1974 pages 658-664? It has IR spectra and NMR, mass spec and UV data for apiole, dill apiole and myristicin in it.
The IR, UV, and NMR spectral data as well as the pKa' values of a series of 18 phenylpropyl amines are presented and discussed. The series includes the amphetamines and many of the commercially available phenylpropyl amines being used in the field of medicine as sympathomimetic agents. These data provide a basis for rapid identification of samples from biological, forensic, and medical research.
The qualitative analysis of the 6 isomeric dimethoxyamphetamines and their hydrochloride salts is described. Their ultraviolet spectra are insufficiently different for distinction, but mass, proton magnetic resonance, and infrared spectra allow a positive identification to be made, and reference spectra are provided. The application of gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic systems for the analysis is discussed.
The six dimethoxyamphetamine hydrochlorides give weak but distinguishable mass spectra useful for analytical purposes. The principal fragmentation pathways are discussed in terms of the changing aromatic substitution pattern.
Several amphetamine-like drugs has been differentiated using thin-layer chromatography on a range of supports, with several different solvent systems and two-dimensional development. Electrophoretic data is also supplied, as is TLC data on the dansyl derivatives of the substances. The following drugs were included in this study: Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Dimethamphetamine, Ethylamphetamine, Methoxyphenamine, Phentermine, Methylphenidate, Phenmetrazine, Mephentermine, Prolintane, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Phencamphamine, Tranylcypromine and Diethylpropion.
Isolation and Characterisation of Simple Psychotropic Substances as 2C-I and 2C-T-2, Hard to Get Standard Compounds: How to Save a Million!
The use of simple psychotropic compounds as standards in the analysis of forensic samples demands a reliable source for providing the necessary references. Even though there is a wide spread use of these reference substances the commercialisation has been hampered by several factors. First of all the time, paperwork and money, which have to be spend on written applications for import and export certificates. These are usually time limited, issued on a case-to-case basis and relatively costly. Secondly, more companies only offers the desired compounds in small 1 ml ampoules containing e.g. 1 mg of the active compounds at prizes exceeding 50 EUR a piece. Thirdly, companies as e.g. Sigma-Aldrich import many controlled substances from the USA. Due to the stringent rules of exportation from the USA and the decision that controlled substances may not be re-exported within Europe they can not be distributed via the usual routes i.e. through Germany for Scandinavian deliveries, but has to be send directly from the USA to the recipient country. This does not improve on the practicability and time of delivery, which can exceed several months if possible at all, if the compounds have to be imported from e.g. the USA. However, even for pan-European deliveries one usually has to be armed with patience. Finally, novel designer drugs will usually not be commercially available for a long period of time. All these facts contrast the often-enormous amounts of police seizures that contains the wanted compounds and at no cost, for the forensic laboratory, what so ever. The sole problem is to be able to isolate or synthesise, purify and of course thoroughly characterise the compounds in order to meet the requirements of a chemical reference substance.
A simple and general extraction methodology has been used to isolate and purify MDMA (pKa 8.5), methamphetamine (pKa 9.9), 2C-I (pKa ~9) and 2C-T-2 (pKa ~9) in amounts ranging from 1-15000 mg from different seizures. The procedure, which is quite straight forward, involves a liquid-liquid extraction of a neutralised aqueous phase containing the street sample with ether. Adjustment of pH with HCl delivers the insoluble hydrochloride salt of the active alkaloid, which can be re-crystallised from IPA and ether to give the desired compound. The procedure is tolerant to many of the usual additives and adulterants present in street samples such as caffeine (pKa 3.6), phenazone (pKa 1.5), salicylic acid (pKa 3.0) and salicylic acid amide (pKa 8.2). These impurities can either be removed by careful adjustment of pH during the acidification of the mother liquor or by re-crystallisation of the crude hydrochloride salts. It can, however be noted that most of the alkaloidic impurities are less basic than the psychotropic compound itself making the selective protonation of the designer drug relatively easy. The obtained compounds all give satisfactorily chemical analysis (i.e. GC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, HPLC, IR and micro elemental analysis) and therefore meet the requirements for reference substances. Moreover, it can be mentioned that quantification of e.g. the purified MDMA hydrochloride gave a concentration of exactly 100%. In the case of 2C-I and 2C-T-2 no reference compounds or spectra were available and since standard 1H and 13C NMR does not give conclusive evidence to establish the position of the substituents on the aromatic ring, a series of 2D-NOESY NMR experiments were conducted. Based on these results it was possible to verify the structure of these relatively new designer drugs.
Profiling of drugs appears a useful method in criminal investigation aimed at searching for illicit drug production and distribution. It is based on physical and chemical characterisation of seized samples of drugs. Profiling serves as a tool to relate different street drug seizures to a common source, to determine the origin of drug manufactured from natural sources or synthetic routes for synthetic drugs and to identify addictives or impurities found in illicit drugs which may cause public health risks because of their inherent chemical or biological hazards. Concerning 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), the main synthesis routes used for its production has been already well known, though only a few articles deal with profiling of MDMA seizures. One of the most popular synthesis method of MDMA is the low pressure reductive amination of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P or PMK) which can be prepared by two different routes, i.e. by oxidising isosafrole in an acid medium or from piperonal via 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-nitro-1-propene. The main aim of our study was to establish which impurities found in the prepared PMK are also present in the final product (MDMA) as well as to establish which of the impurities found in PMK are parent compounds for other impurities found in MDMA final product. PMK was obtained by oxidising isosafrole and from piperonal. Each synthesis was repeated three times in order to establish variety in composition of impurities between different batches of PMK. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for identification of the final products. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were applied to identify precursors, intermediates, and by-products. The impurity profile of 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)- 2-nitro-1-propene, which is an intermediate in the 'nitropropene route', and the profiles of PMK prepared by different routes, were obtained, and ’route specific’ impurities were found. The impurities in commercially available precursors, isosafrole and piperonal, were also analysed by means of TLC and GC-MS. MDMA was prepared by low pressure reductive amination from PMK. Each synthesis route was repeated in triplicate in order to establish variety in composition of impurities between different batches of MDMA. MDMA hydrochloride was obtained from both - crude and distilled MDMA in its basic form.
Impurities of MDMA were extracted as follow: 200 mg of the final product of MDMA hydrochloride synthesis was dissolved in 2 ml of buffer (extraction was performed in two different buffers: phosphate buffer of pH 7 and carbonate buffer of pH 10), the suspension was vigorously shaken for 25 min at 1800 rpm, then a volume of 200 µl of n-heptane, containing 35 mg/l diphenylamine as an internal standard, was added and again vigorously shaken for 30 min. The organic phase was subjected to TLC and GC-MS analysis. TLC impurity profiles of both PMK and MDMA were obtained on Merck aluminium plates (Kieselgel 60 F-254) and spots were visualised with UV and/or ninhydrine. The mobile phase was a mixture of chloroform: methanol (9:1, v/v). GC-MS analysis was carried out on Hewlett-Packard 6890 series gas chromatograph coupled to 5984B mass spectrometer. Chromatographic separation was achieved on HP5-MS fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 µm) and helium 6.0 was used as a carrier gas (1.0 ml/min). The injection (2 µl) was made splitless by the autosampler. The following temperature program was applied: 50°C maintained for 1 min, then ramped at 10°C/min up to 150°C, maintained 5.5 min, and again increased to 280°C at 10°C /min ramp, and then maintained for the final 10 min. Mass spectrometer was operated in positive electron ionisation mode (EI). A full-scan mass spectra 40-500 amu were obtained. The repeatability of the procedure was tested by triplicate extractions of MDMA impurities and triplicate injections of each extract. The analysis of the distilled reaction mixture after PMK synthesis from isosafrole showed the presence of different oxygenated products of isosafrole, including acetonide, carbanate and diformate.
The results of the study show that the extraction of impurities from MDMA at pH 10 was significantly more efficient compared to pH 7. Therefore the impurity profiles (pH 10) were richer and chromatographic peak areas were bigger. Extraction at pH 7 revealed only one possible 'MDMA route specific' marker, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylbenzylamine, whilst extraction at pH 10 enabled also to detect other markers, e.g. N,N-dimethyl-[1,2-(methylenedioxy)-4-(2-aminopropyl)]benzene and N-ethyl,N-methyl-[1,2-(methylenedioxy)-4-(2-aminopropyl)]benzene. The proposed analytical procedures enable identification of the precursors (isosafrole, safrole, piperonal), intermediates (e.g. 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-nitro-1-propene) and some reaction by-products (N,N-dimethyl-[1,2-(methylenedioxy)-4-(2-aminopropyl)]benzene and N-ethyl,N-methyl-[1,2-(methylenedioxy)-4-(2-aminopropyl)]benzene), and determination the 'route specific' impurities.
Impurities in illicit amphetamine 6.
By means of GC-MS analysis three impurities, amphetamine, N,N-dimethylamphetamine and phenyl-2-propanol could be found in methylamphetamine synthesized by a high pressure reductive amination of methylamine and benzylmethylketone.
according to a laboratory validation procedure.
Two new clandestine synthesized derivatives of amphetamine were seized in the FRG. They show a propiophenone-structure. A well known representative of this class of compounds is 2-Diethylaminopropiohenone. The compounds are not submissed under the German law. NMR, IR- and MS-datas of these compounds and additionally synthesized derivatives are reported.
Methamphetamine hydrochloride is one of the most widely used illicit drugs in the Philippines. In this study, we describe the application of cluster analysis of trace impurities in the profiling of the seized methamphetamine drug samples.
Thirty milligrams of a homogenized drug sample were dissolved in 1 mL of pH 10.5 buffer solution and extracted with ethyl acetate containing three internal standards. The trace impurities were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and quantified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC–FID).
Following previously reported methodologies, 30 impurity peaks were selected from the GC–FID chromatograms. The peak areas and retention times were referenced to the internal standards. The peak areas of the selected peaks were then grouped for cluster analysis. In order to check for consistency of clustering, two further cluster analyses were performed using 40 and 50 impurity peaks. Changes in clustering were observed in going from 30 to 40 impurity peaks, while analyses using 40 and 50 impurity peaks gave similar results. Thus, for the seized drug samples used in this study, cluster analysis using at least 40 impurity peaks showed better consistency of clustering as compared to analysis using 30 peaks only.
Ten of the impurity peaks were identified, of which four were identified for the first time in methamphetamine drug samples. These are p-bromotoluene, N-benzyl amphetamine, N-ethyl amphetamine, and N-ethyl methamphetamine. The presence of phenyl-2-propanone (P2P), N,N-dimethyl amphetamine, and N-formyl amphetamine is indicative that these casework samples were synthesized using the Leuckart method.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) UV and fluorescence (FL) detection, and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection were investigated for the analysis of acidic extracts derived from illicit methamphetamine. These compounds include major impurities from the hydriodic acid/red phosphorous reduction method, i.e., 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylnaphthalene and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene, and other trace-level, structurally related impurities. For certain of these solutes, HPLC with conventional FL detection gave at least a 603 increase in sensitivity over UV detection. In addition, other highly fluorescent impurities were detected in methamphetamine produced via four other synthetic routes. The use of a rapid scanning FL detector (with acquisition of ‘‘on the fly’’ excitation or emission) provided structural information and gave ‘‘optimum’’ excitation and emission detection wavelengths. CEC with LIF detection using UV laser excitation provided greatly improved chromatography over HPLC, with good detection limits in the low ng/ml range. Both methodologies provide good run-to-run repeatability, and have the capability to distinguish between samples. | https://www.thevespiary.org/talk/index.php/topic,12528.0.html |
please explain chromatography in detail...........
it is a broad range of physical methods used to separate and or to analyze complex mixtures. The components to be separated are distributed between two phases: a stationary phase bed and a mobile phase which percolates through the stationary bed. A mixture of various components enters a chromatography process, and the different components are flushed through the system at different rates. These differential rates of migration as the mixture moves over adsorptive materials provide separation. Repeated sorption/desorption acts that take place during the movement of the sample over the stationary bed determine the rates. The smaller the affinity a molecule has for the stationary phase, the shorter the time spent in a column. In any chemical or bioprocessing industry, the need to separate and purify a product from a complex mixture is a necessary and important step in the production line. Today, there exists a wide market of methods in which industries can accomplish these goals. Chromatography is a very special separation process for a multitude of reasons! First of all, it can separate complex mixtures with great precision. Even very similar components, such as proteins that may only vary by a single amino acid, can be separated with chromatography. In fact, chromatography can purify basically any soluble or volatile substance if the right adsorbent material, carrier fluid, and operating conditions are employed. Second, chromatography can be used to separate delicate products since the conditions under which it is performed are not typically severe. For these reasons, chromatography is quite well suited to a variety of uses in the field of biotechnology, such as separating mixtures of proteins.
Gas chromatography makes use of a pressurized gas cylinder and a carrier gas, such as helium, to carry the solute through the column. The most common detectors used in this type of chromatography are thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. There are three types of gas chromatography that will be discussed here: gas adsorption, gas-liquid and capillary gas chromatography.
Gas adsorption chromatography involves a packed bed comprised of an adsorbent used as the stationary phase. Common adsorbents are zeolite, silica gel and activated alumina. This method is commonly used to separate mixtures of gases.
Gas-liquid chromatography is a more common type of analytical gas chromatography. In this type of column, an inert porous solid is coated with a viscous liquid which acts as the stationary phase. Diatomaceous earth is the most common solid used. Solutes in the feed stream dissolve into the liquid phase and eventually vaporize. The separation is thus based on relative volatilities.
Capillary gas chromatography is the most common analytical method. Glass or fused silica comprise the capillary walls which are coated with an absorbent or other solvent. Because of the small amount of stationary phase, the column can contain only a limited capacity. However, this method also yields rapid separation of mixtures
There are a variety of types of liquid chromatography. There is liquid adsorption chromatography in which an adsorbent is used. This method is used in large-scale applications since adsorbents are relatively inexpensive. There is also liquid- liquid chromatography which is analogous to gas-liquid chromatography. The three types that will be considered here fall under the category of modern liquid chromatography. They are reverse phase, high performance and size exclusion liquid chromatography, along with supercritical fluid chromatography.
Reverse phase chromatography is a powerful analytical tool and involves a hydrophobic, low polarity stationary phase which is chemically bonded to an inert solid such as silica. The separation is essentially an extraction operation and is useful for separating non-volatile components.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is similar to reverse phase, only in this method, the process is conducted at a high velocity and pressure drop. The column is shorter and has a small diameter, but it is equivalent to possessing a large number of equilibrium stages.
Size exclusion chromatography, also known as gel permeation or filtration chromatography does not involve any adsorption and is extremely fast. The packing is a porous gel, and is capable of separating large molecules from smaller ones. The larger molecules elute first since they cannot penetrate the pores. This method is common in protein separation and purification.
Supercritical fluid chromatography is a relatively new analytical tool. In this method, the carrier is a supercritical fluid, such as carbon dioxide mixed with a modifier. Compared to liquids, supercritical fluids have solubilities and densities have as large, and they have diffusivities and viscosities quite a bit larger. This type of chromatography has not yet been implemented on a large scale. | https://www.topperlearning.com/doubts-solutions/please-explain-chromatography-in-detail-09de0hh/ |
The major difference between HPLC and LCMS is that HPLC uses Non-volatile and Volatile buffers whereas LCMS uses Only volatile buffers.
Common Difference between HPLC and LCMS/HPLC-MS
HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a chromatographic technique used to separate and analyze compounds in a mixture using liquid chromatography. It is a highly efficient and precise method used in pharmaceuticals. HPLC separates compounds based on their physical and chemical properties and can detect even trace amounts of a substance.
LC–MS: Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (LC) with the identification and quantification capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). Mass spectrometry is used to find out mass to charge ratio of charged particles. LC-MS allows for the identification and quantification of a wide range of compounds, including small molecules, proteins, and peptides, in complex mixtures. It is highly sensitive and can detect trace levels of substances in a sample.
HPLC-MS: The combination of HPLC-MS is commonly known as LC-MS, Combining both techniques lower error and increases accuracy, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is highly required in the case of a variety of compounds.
Difference between HPLC and LCMS
Advantage of LCMS over HPLC
In general, LC-MS is a more sensitive, accurate, and fast analyzing method than HPLC, but it is also more complex and requires more specialized equipment and training to operate. The choice of which method to use will depend on the specific needs of the compound analysis and the resources available. | https://pharmaguddu.com/difference-between-hplc-and-lcms/ |
Which of the following substances passes through the partially permeable membrane in reverse osmosis? Section B : Structured Questions 21 marks Answer all questions in the space provided.
A versatile statistics tool purpose-built for scientists—not statisticians.
gravity separation mcq
What is chromatography? It is technique for rapid and efficient separation of components of a mixture and purification of compounds. It is based on differential migration of the various components of a mixture through a stationary phase under the influence of a moving phase. What is the basis principle of chromatographic process? It is based on the differential migration of the individual components of a mixture through a — stationary phase under the influence of a moving phase. What type of solvents are generally employed in chromatography? Generally solvents having low viscosities are employed in chromatography.
Diagram showing the distillation of a mixture of salt and water. Fractional distillation of a mixture of ethanol and water. Fractional distillation of crude oil occurs in a fractionating column which has a range of temperatures with the hottest at the bottom. Diagram showing the process of crystallisation. The colours in ink or plant dye can be separated using paper chromatography. Separating funnel being used to separate kerosene and water. Test yourself with our topic questions.
Paper Chromatography Lab Answer Key
K - 10th grade. Played times. Print Share Edit Delete. Live Game Live. Finish Editing. This quiz is incomplete! To play this quiz, please finish editing it.
Vedantu academic counsellor will be calling you shortly for your Online Counselling session. Related Questions. Which of the following is a separation technique to separate kerosene oil, water and salt? Separation B. Evaporation C. Distillation D.
Separation Techniques
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures. The best way to remember the information in this chapter is to get a pen and paper and write down your answers before clicking on the Answer link which will take you to the correct page. You may have to read through some of the page before you find the answer. If the answer you have written is not right , change it to the correct answer by copying down the information from the correct page.
В другой стороне комнаты зазвонил телефон. Это был Джабба. ГЛАВА 107 Сьюзан понятия не имела, сколько прошло времени. Жжение в горле заставило ее собраться с мыслями.
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Я не сказал ему про спутницу. - Взмахом руки Клушар величественно отверг вопрос Беккера. - Они не преступницы - глупо было бы искать их, как обычных жуликов. Беккер все еще не мог прийти в себя от всего, что услышал. - Может, там был кто-нибудь .
Сьюзан глубоко дышала, словно пытаясь вобрать в себя ужасную правду. Энсей Танкадо создал не поддающийся взлому код.
Куда он делся. - Понятия не имею. Я побежал позвонить в полицию.
Это невозможно. Да мы только вошли. Но, увидев прислужника в конце ряда и два людских потока, движущихся по центральному проходу к алтарю, Беккер понял, что происходит. Причастие.
Клуб Колдун, - повторил он, напомнив таксисту место назначения.
Сьюзан пришлось сделать крюк, притворившись, что она направляется в туалет. Нельзя, чтобы Хейл что-то заподозрил. ГЛАВА 43 В свои сорок пять Чед Бринкерхофф отличался тем, что носил тщательно отутюженные костюмы, был всегда аккуратно причесан и прекрасно информирован.
Тогда дело будет только за Дэвидом. Когда он найдет копию ключа, имевшуюся у Танкадо, оба экземпляра будут уничтожены, а маленькая бомба с часовым механизмом, заложенная Танкадо, - обезврежена и превратится во взрывное устройство без детонатора. Сьюзан еще раз прочитала адрес на клочке бумаги и ввела информацию в соответствующее поле, посмеялась про себя, вспомнив о трудностях, с которыми столкнулся Стратмор, пытаясь самолично запустить Следопыта.
2 comments
Multiple Choice Question Separation Techniques (MCQ), the separation techniques quiz answers pdf to study grade 6 science for online undergraduate courses. | https://hc4hcommunityfair.org/and-pdf/1176-separation-techniques-questions-and-answers-pdf-287-356.php |
Nimbis Services, Inc. is growing, and we are looking for an Administrative Office Specialist that can work from our new Columbus, Ohio office opening June 2020. The Administrative Office Specialist will be the first point of contact to all visitors, customers, and vendors. Responsible for assisting the Executive Assistant with various clerical/office tasks and projects as needed. This individual will be responsible for planning various types of meetings and events that will be held at the office for guests and employees. The coordination will involve all aspects of planning from start to finish (meeting invitations, agenda’s, travel/hotel information, technical/equipment set up, room arrangement and cleanup, etc.). This individual must be creative and enjoy working within a small, entrepreneurial environment that is mission- and results-driven. The ideal individual will have the ability to exercise good judgment in a variety of situations, with strong written and verbal communication, administrative, and organizational skills, with the ability to maintain a realistic balance among multiple priorities. The Administrative Office Specialist must have the aptitude to work independently on projects and must be able to handle a wide range of activities and confidential matters with discretion. Ideal candidate will also have experience interacting with government agencies and representatives.
What You'll Do
- Serve as primary liaison for Nimbis front office reception- maintaining personable and professional demeanor at all times; receiving visitors and handling incoming/outgoing calls while ensuring compliance with security and safety procedures.
- Plan, prepare, coordinate, and execute a number of meetings (e.g., training, customer and employee meetings, etc.) occurring in the office conference room and common areas. Organize refreshments, meals, beverages, etc. proactively, as needed for scheduled events. Transcribe scheduled events as needed. Maintain accurate meeting schedule of conference room use and availability while communicating incoming guests to on-site staff 24-hours in advance of arrival.
- Provide clerical support to on-site staff primarily utilizing Microsoft Applications (e.g., Outlook, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, SharePoint, etc.). Familiarization with standard office equipment.
- Assist local and remote Nimbis staff with special projects while contributing to needs of business.
- Asist with preparation and production of business documentation and quality assurance reviews of documentation.
- Provide data entry support to on-site staff within Nimbis related applications.
- Assist with preparation of Visitor Welcome Packages (Nimbis Info, area info, dining/hotel info, TSS info, etc.)
- Assist with travel arrangements as needed for employees and/or visitors.
- Custodian of all on-site staff calendars; understand and be ready to communicate status at any given time; schedule and confirm appointments with visitors/guests.
- Receive, sort, and distribute incoming mail and deliveries. Prepare outgoing mail and deliveries.
- Ensure cleanliness, organization. and functionality of our entire office space.
- Landlord/Engineering POC (point of contact); for office related issues (light bulb replacement, HVAC, cleanliness, plumbing, notifications, etc.)
- Maintain office inventory and supplies as needed.
- Assist with preparation of office safety (emergency preparedness/exit) and Security Policies.
- Assist with preparing for the arrival of any new hire and when they arrive assisting with new hire orientation.
- Screen call and take clear and concise phone messages.
- Courier duties as necessary (post office; FedEx, office supplies, Costco, etc.)
- Ability to lift up to 15lbs.
Specifications
Job Closing Date:
Position is open until filled.
What we need:
- 2 - 4 years’ experience with the following administrative responsibilities: supply management, scheduling, equipment maintenance and travel logistics.
- Must have strong written and verbal communication skills.
- Must have strong organization and time management skills.
- Proficient in Microsoft Office (Outlook, Word, Excel, and Power Point), Adobe Acrobat, web-based business support tools and Social Media web platforms.
What we would like to have:
- Computer Proficiency with O365
- Bachelor’s degree
About NIMBIS
Nimbis Services, Inc. is a privately held software company delivering web-based technical computer application services hosted on cloud and high-performance computing (HPC) platforms. Our software development environment is an open and collaborative one that is team oriented, creative and fun, with a focus on high integrity and customer satisfaction. Our goal is to outperform the competition in the areas of employment, service, security and safety. We strive to provide high quality products and services to our customers. We consider the employees of Nimbis to be our most valuable resource. The work and attitude of our employees is important to the success of Nimbis.
We offer competitive benefits that include a flexible work schedule, competitive salary and full benefits. The benefits include medical, dental, vision and 401K. In addition, you will receive paid time for holidays, vacation, sick days and end of year shutdown.
Nimbis Services is an Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Employer.
Applicants have rights under Federal Employment Laws: Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA).
If you are interested in joining the team, please fill out our online application. We look forward to talking to you further! | https://blue.nimbisservices.com/careers/aministrative-office-specialist-columbusohio/ |
Bend the Arc is a movement of progressive Jews across America who are building a country that lives up to our values of justice and equality for all. We are the only national Jewish organization focused solely on promoting these values here in the U.S.
Our vision at Bend the Arc is to build and activate the power of the Jewish community to help transform our country to be inclusive, equitable, and supportive of the dignity of every person across race, class, gender and faith. But we live in a moment when the President and his allies in Congress are fanning bigotry and hatred, and their disregard for democracy, religious freedom, and human rights present an existential threat to our values and our country. As Jews, our history and moral tradition call us to be bold and courageous in the face of this threat — we know it will take many of us, coming together to take collective action alongside partners in frontline communities, to resist and to win.
The Bend the Arc family of organizations consists of:
- Bend the Arc: Jewish Action, our 501(c)(4) organizing and advocacy arm
- Bend the Arc: Jewish Action PAC, a political action committee dedicated to supporting candidates for federal office who champion our values
- Bend the Arc: A Jewish Partnership for Justice, our 501(c)(3) education and leadership arm.
Headquartered in New York City, we have offices in Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, and Oakland, with a network of staffed chapters, volunteer-led local groups, and affiliates organizing nationwide.
Department and Position Overview:
The Development department is responsible for revenue generation for Bend the Arc’s family of organizations. The Development Officer is a critical member of the Development team and is responsible for stewarding regionally based donors and prospects of $1,000 plus (east of the Mississippi). The ideal candidate will be a proactive frontline fundraiser, and an enthusiastic and persuasive advocate of Bend the Arc’s mission and leadership programs.
The Development Officer works closely with a New York-based team, including the Director of Development, CEO, the CEO’s Executive Assistant, the Director of the PAC, the Deputy Director of Development, and the Associate Development Officer to create, implement, and oversee a comprehensive stewardship program for those donors, including annual revenue projections and multiple opportunities for engagement.
Key Responsibilities:
- Create and implement a city based stewardship program and solicitation strategies for a portfolio of individual donors and prospects giving $1,000 plus
- Partner with the CEO, Director of the PAC, and other members of the senior leadership team to provide stewardship of and strategies for donors they solicit
- Monitor and track revenue for all assigned donors
- Gain fluency on Bend the Arc’s work and stay up to date on organizational activities
- Maintain and update donor files in Raiser’s Edge NXT
- Brief solicitors prior to and following meetings and events
- Conduct donor research, prepare donor packets for meetings, and gather and maintain relevant and timely donor collateral materials
- Work with the CEO’s Executive Assistant to schedule meetings, travel, and draft personalized updates and other correspondence to donors and prospects
- Increase retention rates and maximize support from current donors by creating and implementing donor engagement plans for donors and prospects including individual meetings, events, donor briefing calls, and other opportunities to “see the work”
- Plan and own logistics of creating engaging donor and prospect events (for all entities of the organization, including the PAC)
- Identify, prioritize, and cultivate potential new individual major donors
- Establish benchmarks for progress and success in partnership with the Director of Development, and monitor results against revenue goals
- Travel to other cities to meet with donors, support the CEO’s travel, and run donor events
- Provide support to the Development team on any programs or special events
Skills and Qualifications
- Minimum of 3-5 years of experience in nonprofit fundraising or a related field
- Strong commitment to and passion for the mission of Bend the Arc
- Demonstrated commitment to racial equity, inclusion, and anti-oppression practices, and ability to bring this orientation into all areas of the work, internally and externally
- Excellent written and verbal communication skills and experienced storyteller
- Strong interpersonal skills and relationship management experience
- Ability to initiate and manage multiple complex projects and work effectively in a results-oriented team environment and meet established deadlines
- Meticulous attention to detail
- Experience cultivating donors and moving them up a ladder of engagement
- Experience fundraising in an organization with a 501(c)3, 501(c)4, and political action committee (PAC), or knowledge of the distinctions between these entities strongly preferred
- Proficiency in Microsoft Office Suite (Word, Excel, Power Point) and Google platforms and ability to learn new systems
- Experience working with development databases, preferably Raiser’s Edge
- Ability to work evenings or on weekends based on need
Compensation and Work Schedule:
This is a full-time, exempt position, with occasional evening and weekend work based on need. The annual salary range is $70,000 - $78,000 commensurate with experience.
Bend the Arc offers a comprehensive benefits package including:
- Medical, dental and vision benefits fully paid for by Bend the Arc for individual coverage and generous employer contribution of 80% toward monthly premiums for dependent and family coverage;
- Long and short term disability benefits fully paid for by Bend the Arc;
- 401K with employer contribution of 2% after your first year;
-
Paid time off including:
- 15 vacation days during your first three years with an increase to 20 vacation days in your fourth year
- 12 sick days per year
- 23 paid holidays each year
- Generous Caregiving / Personal Leave of Absence policy with a Paid Leave Benefit that covers 3 weeks of paid leave for each year of employment, up to 12 paid weeks after four years on staff
- Fully paid Sabbatical of up to 12 weeks for long-term employees;
- Adoption Assistance Program providing reimbursement of up to $1,500 for qualified adoption expenses;
- Dependent Care Flexible Spending Account;
- Flexible Spending Account or Health Savings Account for eligible health related expenses
- Commuter Benefits;
- Employee Assistance Program;
- Life Insurance fully paid for by Bend the Arc
- And more!
In addition to this benefits package, Bend the Arc has a commitment to a thriving and intentional organizational culture, as well as a commitment with staff and board to be in ongoing practice and learning around racial equity and inclusion.
To Apply:
Please submit your resume and a cover letter to [email protected] with “Development Officer - NYC” in the subject line of your message. Your cover letter should highlight why you want to join the staff at Bend the Arc and in this particular role. Please combine resume and cover letter in one document. Only those applications submitted with a cover letter will be reviewed by our hiring team.
Due to the number of applications we receive, we sincerely regret that someone from our hiring team will not be able to respond to all applicants. Only those considered for the position will be contacted to interview. No phone calls please.
Bend the Arc values a diverse workforce and an inclusive culture because we recognize that diversity within our staff helps us organize and work well with diverse Jewish and progressive constituencies. Candidates should be willing to work within the Jewish community, but may be of any (or no) faith or background.
We encourage applications from all qualified individuals without regard to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, national origin, marital status, citizenship, disability, veteran status, record of arrest or conviction, or any other legally protected status. Bend the Arc is an equal opportunity employer and encourages applications from women, people of color, persons with disabilities, and LGBTQIA individuals.
This job description is intended to convey information essential to understand the scope of the position. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list of skills, efforts, duties, or responsibilities associated with the position. | https://www.bendthearc.us/development_officer |
Kalmar keeps global trade moving. Our innovative solutions contribute to every fourth container movement in the world and help transform the future of cargo handling. We believe in collaboration, delivering on our promises and that people make the difference.
Making your next move count
The primary focus for this role will be to supervise a production floor department with responsibilities related to production and material handling of equipment manufactured in the MAU. This position is on the front line between company management and bargaining unit employees and must ensure that the overall operational objectives are achieved in the areas of Safety, Quality, Delivery, and Cost.
Main tasks and responsibilities:
• Lead assigned personnel to achieve production schedule
• Ensure work is being conducted in a safe manner
• Maintain compliance to all company policies and procedures
• Coach/mentor assigned personnel in lean principles
• Perform daily assignments guided by SQDC principals
• Meet all SQDC goals
• Focus on proactive activities to eliminate or reduce potential of accidents and or injuries
• Maintain required documentation pertaining to safety requirements
• Safety subject matter expert in area of responsibility
• Responsible to drive process
• Drive quality initiatives
• Provide support for the team leaders and members meetings
• Address challenges to the work environment / production schedule
• Drive departmental approach to elimination of waste and reduce operation expenses
• Support two-way communications as a resource to team leaders and members
• Assist the group to make decisions via consensus
• Learn and understand the Union Contract
What you’ll need to succeed:
Education:
• Minimum of 4-year BS degree in Production Management, Business or related technical field
Experience:
• Minimum of 3-5+ years of relevant production and supervisory experience
• Able to work with minimum or no supervision
• Willing to work overtime including weekend depending on nature of work
Competencies:
• Skills – Organizational and manpower planning
• Knowledge – Electrical systems, mechanical systems, budgeting, ability to read Bill of materials, blue prints, ability to use ERP & Sovelia, ISO9001 & 14001, EHS management, and MS office
• Experiences – Supervision of Assembly/Production groups, preferably in a Union environment
• Competencies – Leadership skills, Coaching/Mentoring/Motivating personnel
You will be part of:
With us, you will have the opportunity to realize your potential and become an important member of our global team. We offer a supportive, challenging and diverse working environment with competitive compensation and fantastic best-in-class benefits packages, including 401(k), medical, dental, vision and life insurance plans with paid vacation and ten paid holidays.
If you are seeking a challenging and rewarding career, are motivated and have a strong work ethic, and are interested in working in a world-class, global environment with state-of-the-art projects and technology then we invite you to apply for our role.
Interested to join?
Please submit your resume/CV today for consideration! | https://jobs.cargotec.com/Kalmar/job/Ottawa-Production-Supervisor-KS-66067/755593301/ |
School is in Session…NOW WHAT?Wednesday, September 7th, 2011
Jumping on the bus for the first day back to school is an exciting time for kids. The opportunity to sign up for a new continuing education class can create the same sense of excitement and anticipation for adults, or it can create a sense of dread and loathing. What changes our love for learning into an all out avoidance of the classroom?
Every day as I pick up my daughter from grade school she is in quite the hurry to tell me about all the amazing things she did that day. I know 90% of what she tells me is something she has done before. When I ask her what new things she learned the response is always the same, “…nothing really, I already knew that stuff, but it was so much fun to share with my friends.” My conclusion is she is excited about learning even when she is reviewing things she already knows. Why then do more adults not engage with expanding their skills and awareness around their careers?
Do adults think they know everything they must know to make it in the world? Do they believe that there is nothing new happening in their field? I actually believe most adults do understand that continuing education is important, and they certainly know there are new processes, discoveries and theories popping up all the time. Most adults actually hunger for stimulating and exciting educational opportunities. The problem may lie with how they are being trained. I know many adults that are turned off by the thought of being trained or worse yet, being re-trained. These adult learners have invested considerable time and effort getting to know the finer points of their profession. Wouldn’t you feel a little slighted if you were told you just had not been trained quite right and had to attend a week-long training? Today’s employees are happy to engage with up to date and well presented information. What many will not do is sit in an icy cold training room and listen to someone lecture them around sensitivity training or some other mandated training. While those “trainings” are necessary and in most cases even tolerated, but what today’s adults desire is meaningful dialogue, human interactions, better communications and information they can use to increase their contribution to the company.
At The Inspired Business Center we focus on the soft skills of building teams, empowering individuals and creating a culture that can serve the organization as well as the individual. Recently we have begun offering an adult educational opportunity that brings executives together in an informal virtual based “classroom” and allows them the space to share ideas, best practices and still absorb information from trusted experts. Our new Masterful Intentions Programs are filling up almost as fast as we can offer them. We also are working diligently to bring the Visioning process to local non-profits and for profit companies so they may experience the intuitive depth of their collective expertise.
Using your organization’s human potential to drive innovation is not a new theory; however we are striving to make that theory a reality through the use of Visioning and other team building concepts. The Inspired Business Center is all about creating opportunities to bring “Spirituality, Leadership and Profitability” together in a way where everyone benefits. We are pleased to offer you a unique collection of tools, processes and programs that do just this. We also invite you to take advantage of a complimentary offer to experience what we do. Simply call us at our office and schedule a no-cost Visioning session for you and your key leadership. If you are local to the Denver metro area we’ll even come to you, and if you’re a bit farther away we’ll help schedule a virtual presentation and demonstration that shares the power of the Visioning Process. Either way you gain the benefit of experiencing one of the most powerful processes available to catch a vision of your organizations future. We are also happy to discuss developing a unique “Back to School” series of classes that will motivate your workforce, empower your leaders and create a more peaceful and profitable workplace environment. Simply Click HERE to go to our contact page and give us a call or send an e-mail and one of our experts will be happy to explore the possibilities of creating an engaging learning environment that adults will enjoy.
Until next time,
Robert
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Robert Brzezinski is an expert team member of The Inspired Business Center based in Lakewood Colorado. The Inspired Business Center collaborates with Entrepreneurs and Executives to transform their companies through a balance of practical spirituality, value-centered leadership and consistent profitability. Our team of experts guides clients on a path starting with an articulated, shared stakeholder vision to the results of fulfilling their organization’s purpose, satisfying customers, increasing profit margins and enhancing owner equity. Our approach combines purposeful people, best business practices, and proven systems. You are welcome to more fully explore “Where Spirituality, Leadership and Profitability Meet” by visiting: http://www.theinspiredbusiness.com
Photo Credit: | http://blog.theinspiredbusiness.com/tag/robert-brzezinski |
The Irving Harris Foundation (Foundation) enhances the quality of life for children, families, and communities by advancing human potential, social justice and equity, and creative experience and expression. The Foundation is a strategic grantmaker, investing approximately $13 million annually in the fields of early childhood development, infant and early childhood mental health, reproductive health and justice, arts and culture, and Jewish values in the U.S. and Israel. The Foundation’s grants aim to address root causes, leverage public and private resources, provide technical assistance, and foster collaboration through public-private and funder partnerships.
The Foundation has embraced and worked to advance Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) in our philanthropic efforts. For the Foundation, DEI is not a goal to be accomplished, but a reflective, intentional journey in which we are consistently striving toward more equitable policies, systems, and communities. We continue to lean into the commitments we made as a Foundation in solidarity with Black Lives and the Foundation’s decision in 2021 to center intersectional racial equity. This includes internal work to deepen our efforts to be an antiracist organization including racial equity and culture change training, strengthening our policies and procedures, and new grantmaking practices. External we are centering racial equity in our grantmaking, field leadership, and special initiatives which includes increasing the amount we invest in Black Indigenous People of Color (BIPOC) led organizations, exploring how to lift-up parent voice, focusing on community driven solutions and using our grants and field leadership to support efforts designed to dismantle systems of oppression that have and continue to cause harm.
POSITION SUMMARY
The Program Associate (PA) is part of our diverse team dedicated to supporting equitable care and outcomes for pregnant and birthing people, infants, young children, and families; and working with partners to advance community-driven solutions, build movements and power for systemic change, address racial, gender, and economic disparities, and cultivate and support BIPOC leadership in the fields in which we work. Reporting to the Program Director (PD), Early Childhood (EC), and in partnership with the Program Director, Reproductive Health and Justice (RHJ), the PA works to advance the vision, goals, and objectives of the EC and RHJ Program areas. The PA will work closely with the EC and RHJ Program teams to implement an array of grantmaking, capacity building, grants management, technical assistance, evaluation, communications and funder and stakeholder organizing efforts, while supporting and fostering key relationships within the Foundation and with our external field and foundation partners. In particular, the PA will assist with grantmaking, provide administrative support; including scheduling, data entry, and notetaking; conduct research, and support internal program team meetings and external partner tables that the Foundation leads. The PA will provide support to the overall EC and RHJ Program areas and help support collaboration and shared work across the EC, RHJ, IECMH, and JV Program areas. Finally, the PA works collaboratively with the full program team, staff, and Board to advance an intersectional approach across our work and deliver on the goals and objectives of the Foundation.
PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES
Support Strategic Grantmaking
- Support EC and RHJ Program Directors in the grant review process including reviewing grant materials to ensure application submission is complete, following up with grant partners for missing information, scheduling and conducting notetaking for grant review meetings/calls, reporting calls, and organizational check ins, conducting data entry and filing grant partner materials into grants management system, SmartSimple
- Manage scheduling and calendar maintenance for EC and RHJ Program Directors, including coordinating calls, meetings, and travel
- Primarily work with EC and RHJ Program teams to prepare grant communications on grant renewals and new grants
- Engage with organizations through meetings/calls to conduct due diligence, gather additional information, and cultivate relationships
- Provide administrative support to EC and RHJ Program teams when conducting landscape and/or field analyses to develop strategies to inform and advance new and ongoing grantmaking as appropriate
- Support Program Directors with planning for Program Team meetings, virtual and in person retreats, workplan review meetings, and individual EC and RHJ program team meetings
- Support, maintain and contribute to the development of strong, efficient administrative systems and practices to improve the work
- Manage the updating of grantmaking calendar and project management tools to ensure the EC, RHJ and JV Program teams meet key deadlines throughout the year
Assist with Field Leadership and Special Initiatives
- Assist with field leadership efforts including scheduling meetings and conducting notetaking during meetings related to the Illinois Early Childhood Funders table and the Reproductive Health and Reproductive Justice Funder table
- Develop and cultivate relationships with foundation colleagues in the field in the fields in which we work
- Represent the Foundation at funder convenings, committees/workgroup meetings, conferences, and other events
- Provide support to the EC and RHJ Program teams on the development of special initiatives and projects
- Provide administrative support to EC and RHJ Program teams for funder organizing needs and activities, including providing logistics and planning support for meetings, events, briefings, webinars, etc.
Research, Evaluation and Learning
- Support EC and RHJ Program teams on tracking developments in the fields in which the Foundation works – including policies, best practices, model programs, advocacy and organizing campaigns, trends in funding, and movement needs
- Conduct research and literature reviews, prepare summaries and analyses, and synthesize trends and opportunities in the fields in which the Foundation works
- Supports the Program Directors and Program Officers to advance collaborative work across the Foundation’s program areas of EC, RHJ, IEMHC, and JV
- Support the Program team’s ability to evaluate its work through grant partner surveys or other tools, following up with grant partners, analyzing survey results, and managing contact lists
- Collaborate with other members of the Foundation team to support internal project priorities
- Deepen own learning and knowledge and professional growth in the field through conferences, meetings, webinars, etc.
- Engage in professional development and continuous learning including involvement in funder networks and other field building/professional development opportunities that will enhance leadership development
- Plan, coordinate and/or participate in Program team projects as needed
Reporting and Communications
- Support the Program Team’s efforts to track and communicate the Foundation’s work, investments, and impact across different strategies internally and externally
- Assist Program Team with materials in preparation for Board meetings
- Work with Program Team to help develop visual materials that highlight the Foundation’s initiatives, field leadership, and grantees for internal use and for external use (including website, meetings/conferences, or other events) as needed
Overall Foundation Effectiveness
- Work across the Foundation’s program areas and the Foundation overall to help advance the vision, mission, internal and external goals, and overall effectiveness of the organization
- Support updates and revisions to grantmaking processes as we continue to advance our commitments to Trust Based Philanthropic practices
- Participate in full team and relevant Program team meetings
- Perform administrative and other tasks developed by Program team to support the Foundation’s vision and mission
Foundation Organizational Culture
- Support Foundation-wide efforts to build a thriving and supportive organizational culture that is joyful, inclusive, equitable and trusting
- Support the Foundation’s commitment to live into its values of becoming an anti-racist organization
- Engage and participate in workshops and consultation on racial equity including activities of the Equity Belonging and Transformation Committee
Qualifications
- Commitment to Irving Harris Foundation’s mission
- Team member who values diversity, equity and inclusion and takes pride in working with and collaborating on a team that brings together diversity of thoughts, perspectives, and expression
- Minimum of three to five years of relevant experience in a related field
- Bachelor’s Degree required and preferably in a related field such as public policy, early childhood, child development, education, social justice, public health, maternal child health, psychology, community development, social work, journalism, and humanities.
- Knowledge of issues related to early childhood, maternal and child health, organizing and movement building, policy, advocacy and systems-building, and racial, gender and economic justice preferred
- Demonstrated passion for advancing social justice and equity through community driven approaches and solutions
- Independent and highly motivated
- Strong program and time management skills
- Strong interpersonal skills, and ability to collaborate and work well with internal and external partners
- Ability to meet deadlines, independently conceptualize and manage project plans, and work on several projects simultaneously
- Ability to be flexible, adaptable, and to think conceptually, strategically, and learn quickly
- Demonstrated problem-solving and strong analytical, written, and verbal communication skills
- Tech savviness – able to creatively navigate multiple platforms from Microsoft Office to survey tools, basic web-design/updating, databases, social media platforms, video conferencing software (Zoom), etc.
- Candidates with high levels of integrity, thoughtfulness, curiosity around creating equitable and just internal processes, and sense of humor will be prioritized
- Show strong growth mindset, receptivity to feedback, the ability to learn from successes and challenges, and be adaptable
WHY THE FOUNDATION?
The Foundation offers a competitive salary/benefits package and the opportunity to work with a small, passionate, collaborative, and dedicated team.
- Competitive Fulltime Salary – salary range $75,000 – $80,000 commensurate with experience
- Annual performance-based bonus, 3-7%
- Professional Development Opportunities
- Tuition Reimbursement
- 401(K) contributions of 15% after 1 year (no match required)
- Generous employer paid Health, Dental and Vision package
- Vacation accrual of 3 week in year one increasing in year 2
- 13 PTO days (up front) upon hire
- Bank Holidays plus 3 floating holidays
- Closed the week between Christmas and New Year
- Work week 4 ½ days per week
- One in-person collaboration day a week and access to an office at any time
The position is based in Chicago, Illinois. The Program Associate may travel on occasion.
COVID VACCINATION REQUIREMENTS
All staff are required to be fully vaccinated upon hire with the Foundation as of their first day of employment with the Foundation. Upon hire, all individuals are expected to provide a photocopy of their vaccination card during the onboarding process.
HOW TO APPLY
For consideration, interested individuals should submit a cover letter and resume to the following link: https://smrtr.io/cvrPM
Equal Employment Opportunity: The Irving Harris Foundation is committed to an inclusive, fair and equitable workplace where everyone is a respected and valued member of the team. The Foundation values and actively seeks diversity in its workplace. The Foundation’s inclusive and equitable practice is embedded in recruitment, hiring, training, and promoting persons in all job classifications. The Foundation does not discriminate against any individual with respect to the terms and conditions of their employment based on that individual’s race, ethnicity, color, religion, national origin, citizenship, sex, age, disability, pregnancy, childbirth, medical condition, marital status, military service or veteran status, sexuality or status in any other group protected by federal, state or local law. In addition, the Foundation administers all personnel decisions such as compensation, benefits, transfers, layoffs, returns from layoffs, etc. in accordance with the principles of equal employment opportunity.
To apply for this job please visit www.irvingharrisfdn.org. | https://caaip.org/job/irving-harris-foundation-chicago-il-4-program-associate/ |
Executive AssistantApply NowApply Later Job ID 768420BR Location Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey Business Direct-to-Consumer and International Date posted Nov. 18, 2020
Job Summary:
Responsibilities:
- Managing calendars, organising meetings and travel logistics, taking meeting minutes, managing email correspondence, answering and directing incoming calls, business contacts update
- Welcoming guests, organising food and drinks delivery, managing stationary, paperwork administration
- Preparing and submitting vacation forms, employment requisition forms, vendor and compliance forms.
- Track contract signatures and deliveries via courier, file executed contracts on the server
- First point of contact for the VP’s in communicating with stakeholders
- Managing PO’s, setting up new vendors
Appointments/Meetings
- Maintain calendar; ascertain which events require executives’ presence
- Schedule and moderate weekly status meetings
- Maintain calendar of VP’s. Coordinate a high volume of often-changing appointments, meetings and conference calls with department staff, agencies, production companies, senior management and external executives. Reserve and confirm conference rooms and other meeting locations.
- When VP’s chairs meetings: Prepare agenda in advance, arrange meeting facilities, act as recording secretary; prepare action minutes
Communication
- Compose correspondence/reports for own or executives’ signature
- Check deadlines on incoming requests and put preliminary work in play
- Process replies on own initiative or from VP of Marketing, PR & Creative’s and VP of Digital Media’s dictation or notes
- Field and direct a high volume of calls for executives. Keep call logs for all messages
- Handle all inquiries and arrange call-backs and video conferences
- Provide back-up materials for call-backs and video conferences
- Route calls to other personnel as needed
- Screen to control interruptions, meet & greet
- Arrange amenities, pick up and drop off transport as needed
Travel
- Arrange travel through internal or outside agents
- Organise market schedules, accommodation and transport.
- Arrange travel documents and visas application in advance
- Prepare itinerary, trip file and supplies
Basic Qualifications:
- Fluency in both verbal and written English and Turkish
- At least 5+ years of full-time, recent administrative experience directly supporting 1 or more Director level
- Experience of supporting the leadership team within a fast-paced, international team environment, preferably in the television/entertainment field
- Strong calendar management, travel scheduling
- Effective organisational skills, with a demonstrated attention to detail and the ability to handle multiple priorities in a fast paced environment
- Team player with strong interpersonal and communications skills
- Experienced with Outlook, Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint
About Direct-to-Consumer and International:
Comprised of Disney’s international media businesses and the Company’s various streaming services, the Direct-to-Consumer and International segment aligns technology, content and distribution platforms to expand the Company’s global footprint and deliver world-class, personalized entertainment experiences to consumers around the world. This segment is responsible for The Walt Disney Company’s direct-to-consumer businesses globally, including the ESPN+ sports streaming service, programmed in partnership with ESPN; Disney+, the dedicated streaming home for entertainment from Disney, Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars, National Geographic; and the Company’s ownership stake in Hulu. As part of the Direct-to-Consumer and International segment, Disney Streaming Services, developer of the ESPN+ and Disney +, oversees all consumer-facing digital technology and products across the Company.
About The Walt Disney Company:
The Walt Disney Company, together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, is a leading diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise with the following business segments: media networks, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products and interactive media. From humble beginnings as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to its preeminent name in the entertainment industry today, Disney proudly continues its legacy of creating world-class stories and experiences for every member of the family. Disney’s stories, characters and experiences reach consumers and guests from every corner of the globe. With operations in more than 40 countries, our employees and cast members work together to create entertainment experiences that are both universally and locally cherished.
This position is with The Walt Disney Company Ltd., which is part of a business segment we call Direct-to-Consumer and International. | https://jobs.disneycareers.com/job/istanbul/executive-assistant/391/17861028 |
POSITION SUMMARY – A Studio in the Woods seeks a dedicated intern to assist with planning, implementation and evaluation of its annual festival, FORESTival: A Celebration of Art and Nature. This family-friendly day of celebration features live music, artist presentations by current and former residents, special guest artists, guided walks in the woods with scientists, and a silent auction. There are hands-on art activities for kids of all ages and local food and drink are available for purchase. The festival attracts roughly 700 visitors to A Studio in the Woods annually.
The intern will assist with conceptualizing programming, creating marketing and promotional materials, soliciting auction items, creating evaluation systems and all aspects of event implementation. This internship is ideal for a candidate interested in learning about grassroots event production from start to finish in a supportive and creative environment. This is an unpaid internship.
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
- Assist with event packing, unloading and re-loading, and the organization of all event materials.
- Assist with volunteer coordination and event ticketing.
- Assist development with donor benefit packages and auction donations.
- Attend all FORESTival planning meetings, take notes and distribute.
- Collaborate in creating an event marketing plan and promotional materials.
- Perform other work-related duties as assigned.
EXPERIENCE AND SKILLS REQUIRED
- Interested in learning about art management and event production.
- Interested in working with visual and performing artists from New Orleans.
- Excellent written, verbal, and interpersonal communication skills.
- Proficient computer skills, including Microsoft Office Suite (Word, PowerPoint, and Excel).
- Ability to work outdoors in all weather conditions and handle stress in a production setting. Some lifting is required.
- Must be able to stand on your feet for an extended period of time.
- Reliable transportation to travel to and from A Studio in the Woods, located in Lower Coast Algiers.
- Must be 18 or older.
SCHEDULE – Approximately 5-10 hours per week around the intern‘s schedule, increasing to 20+ hours in the two weeks proceeding and one week following the festival. FORESTival will take place on November 16, 2019.
TO APPLY – Please send resume and letter of interest (can be in the body of the email) to Grace Rennie at [email protected] by Wednesday, August 7, 2019. The position will begin in late August. | http://www.astudiointhewoods.org/2019/07/17/forestival-2019-internship/ |
Litigation Associate | Burlington, VT
We are seeking an associate attorney to join the litigation team in our Burlington, Vermont office. The position requires 2 to 5 years’ litigation experience and will involve all phases of trial work from drafting pleadings, working on discovery, engaging in motion practice, and participating in evidentiary hearings. We are seeking candidates with strong academic credentials and excellent research, writing, and analytical skills.
Our associate attorneys benefit from a formal mentorship program designed to merge the goals of the attorney and the firm. In addition, associates regularly participate in performance evaluations and goalsetting meetings to determine professional development and advancement opportunities. We believe in creating a work environment that fosters professional and personal growth, ultimately leading to long and successful careers at our firm.
Both attorneys and staff may choose to work primarily in the office or a hybrid schedule of remote and in-office workdays to ensure a positive work-life balance. We are proud to say that we are the only law firm in Vermont to be named to the Best Places to Work list. This accomplishment reflects the ongoing collaboration between staff and firm leadership to create a welcoming and healthy work environment.
Requirements:
- 2 to 5 years’ litigation experience
- Currently licensed to practice in Vermont
- Experience appearing in court preferred
- Taking and defending depositions preferred
- Strong analytical and writing skills
Responsibilities:
- Draft and prepare discovery and motions
- Take and defend depositions
- Argue motions before federal and state courts
- Conduct interviews and gather material
- Coordinate, collaborate, and support other attorneys
- Organize filing of litigation documents and processes
- Ensure compliance with all local, state, and federal laws related to matters
Benefit Summary:
- 401K savings plan and company match
- Basic Life Insurance
- Critical Illness Insurance
- Medical Insurance
- Dental Insurance
- Vision Insurance
- Pet Insurance
- Pre-tax flexible spending accounts: medical and dependent care
- Paid maternity and paternity leave
- Long & Short-Term Disability
- Accident Insurance
- Paid parking
- Paid Vacation
- 11 Paid Holidays
- Paid CLE’s and Bar Dues
- Hybrid work schedule option. | https://www.primmer.com/careers/litigation-associate-btv |
On Wednesday, September 30th at 10:00 -11:30 am BST, the Women’s Budget Group (WBG) will be a hosting a webinar titled “Creating a Care Economy” which will discuss the work being done within the Commission on a Gender-Equal Economy and the launch of its digital final report. This report comes at a unique time in our history, amidst a devastating global pandemic and on the brink of a harsh economic recession. The commission has taken this unprecedented time to pose the question: “do we really want to go back to business as usual?”
The Women’s Budget Group, (WBG) based out the United Kingdom, is an independent network of policy experts, academic researchers, and campaigners, harboring a vision of a “caring economy that promotes gender equality.” This non-profit organization works hard toward producing vigorous analysis intended to influence policymakers while also building the knowledge and confidence of individuals to talk about feminist economics. WBG achieves this through offering training and creating resources that are accessible and informative.
In February of 2019, WBG launched the Commission on a Gender-Equal Economy. This project works proactively to develop policies that promote gender equality across the UK, and is the first of its kind. This commission is chaired by Diane Elson.
The commission has thus far produced a number of helpful resources. To begin they have produced a short video entitled Spirals of Inequality which delves into how unpaid care is at the heart of gender inequality. This video is also accompanied by a short brief and a longer, more in-depth accompanying paper. They also have an ongoing blog, and have commissioned a number of papers focusing on four areas: Public Services, Social Security and Taxation, and an Enabling Environment. Additionally, they have gathered a number of calls for evidence, which collects evidence from many experts in varying sectors.
The final report that will be explored within this upcoming webinar will lay out a roadmap in which to build a more caring economy, outlining out the how, the why, and acting as a call to action across all the four nations encompassed within the United Kingdom.
Learn more and register for the webinar here. | https://research.american.edu/careworkeconomy/blog/2020/09/21/webinar-09-30-2020-creating-a-caring-economy/ |
We transform small outdoor spaces.
Are you a new homeowner and not sure where to start with your yard?
Are you frustrated that landscapers don’t return your calls?
Are you interested in creating a garden yourself, but need guidance on the vision?
If you answered 'Yes' to any of the above, talk to us and imagine (or re-imagine) the possibilities.
A member of our design team comes to meet you on-site. This is all about exploration and usually lasts an hour. We talk about your goals for the space, your preferences, brainstorm ideas and discuss options.
Our clients tell us that the consultation is a fun and informative experience and that they always come away with something they hadn’t thought of or knew before about their space or plants.
The design process starts with a set of concept sketches from the designer. With your input and feedback, your designer creates a final design with specific plant varieties and material choices for hardscape elements. The output of the design is something that you can take to contractors to bid.
We work with local contractors and gardeners we know and trust to make the design into a reality. We also provide on-going maintenance to ensure that your garden looks its best. | https://www.yardpanel.com/welcome |
Boy scout committee meeting agenda template, When conducting meetings, it is best to get a meeting schedule template. This is a guide to have a successful and beneficial meeting. It features everything that is needed to be mentioned, and what actions are there at the assembly – every particulars needed in the assembly . This isn’t just for the person who called the assembly but the agenda template is presented to the participants because of their guide on what to anticipate in the meeting.
What’s an program? The Meeting Wizard Website defines it as a street map for all meetings. Your agenda should inform when the meeting begins, when it is supposed to finish, where it’ll be held, and the topics to be discussed. “Indicate the time each topic is forecast to last,” guides the site. You’ll discover a variety of agenda templates online.
Estela Kennen discusses agendas in her post,”Sample Meeting Agenda: Meeting Agenda Purpose and Template,” published on the Suite 101 Site. Kennen says an effective agenda has four purposes. It makes participants aware of the goals of the meeting. Two, it is a”heads up’ for participants and lets them know exactly what to anticipate. It acts as a blueprint for future meetings. Fourth, they it is a visual reminder of the work to be done. Agendas should include action words, according to Kennenwords such as approve and adopt. Though actions words can liven up agendas and meetings, I believe that they should be selected carefully. Some actions words, for example”execute,” have been over-used and therefore are a turn-off for others. In the event you use action words, then choose simple ones and phrases that represent reasonable targets.
Business meeting is a significant agenda in your office. The assembly has the important role to communicate with different staffs. Many important company decisions emerge during the company meeting. In the company meeting, 1 person should take a note about the meeting advancement. The notice is known as as the agenda. The key aspect in the company meeting is your agenda. You have to make the schedule for the company meeting inside the company or between firms. The agenda may be utilized as the evidence once the representative cannot remember or understand a few factors.
In creating the schedule template, you will need to understand its design. For your info, the layout is made up of the header and the body. It’s difficult to get the standard and mixed meeting schedule template. The principal reason is because the template could be different from 1 company to the other.
Request input before you produce an agenda. Staff members, volunteers, and community experts may suggest subjects. The subjects should be listed in order of new company to old. You may add extras to the schedule, including a symbol or inspiring sentence like”We’ve got lots to discuss and want your own thoughts .” Send the agenda to participants well before the meeting. The seat controls the assembly. When you run short of time, and most of us do, jot down the subjects and add them to the next schedule. | https://idtcenter.org/boy-scout-committee-meeting-agenda-template/ |
Role Title: Construction Manager
Role Summary: As the Construction Manager you will oversee construction from pre-construction (early pricing exercises, sub selection) through closeout (punch list, turnover). You will be responsible for bidding, streamlining procurement of critical path items (millwork, lighting, etc.), establishing relationships with national vendors and developing buying power. You are an expert at solving day-to-day issues & emergencies connected to build out and will be charged with keeping the project on schedule and on budget as well as coordinating all external consultants. You will serve as the bridge between consultants and the Tia team through regular check-ins and progress reports.
Tia Company values you “spike” on:
- Make something that people want
- Achieve excellence, with regard to impact over effort
- Act as a pack, not a lone wolf
- Insist on diversity
- Find joy and gratitude every day
- Teamwork centric but with respect for top down directives when necessary
- Ownership mentality
Abilities:
- Holding people accountable
- Strongly adheres to process
- Ability to set a plan, and manage to the plan, metrics of success and manage to it
- Cross-functional collaboration
- Clear communication style - directive and straight-forward, not dramatic or passive
- Extremely good at prioritization, even when multitasking
- Time management
- Detail-oriented
- Holding people, organizations accountable
- Highly organized
- Incredibly high bar for excellence
- Proven ability to learn from mistakes, ability to reflect
- Motivates others, despite changing expectations
Skills:
- Proficiency in MS/Google Suite, and Smartsheets
- Customer service skills
- Process of creating and implementing SOPs
- Problem perception + escalation
- Skills to motivate. You can build a team of leaders
- Timeline management/ deadline delivery
- Planning and goal setting
- Budget management
- Knowledgeable of the construction industry and up to date on the ever-changing trends
- Risk management
- Strong negotiation skills
- Builds trust
- Tech-minded
- Enthusiastic
- Thrive in a start-up environment and be comfortable with change
Responsibilities:
1. Oversee Construction from precon through close out. Responsible for keeping the build out on schedule and under budget.
- Oversight
- Review all architectural plans, shop drawings, lighting proposals, and other documentation related to design development and construction processes
- Ensure work is done in compliance with all relevant building and safety codes
- Provide direction over contracts and subcontracts
- Ensure that the project is constructed in accordance with the contract requirements and specifications and with the required quality
- Coordinate and work with departments on the punchlist and post-opening phase
- Travel and oversee construction on the ground, as needed
- Budget
- Manage responsibility of maintaining, overseeing, tracking, evaluating and refining the overall construction budget and schedules including progress reporting on capital expenditures
- Prepare bid packages for General Contractors, level and negotiate bids, and award contracts
- Maintain cost estimates of assigned projects and assist in soliciting and obtaining bids from contractors, subcontractors and material suppliers
- Timelines
- Ensure target dates, milestone events and deadlines are being met
- Keep teams on schedule, strategize and work toward solutions to avoid unforeseen delays
-
2. Responsible for construction consultant and external vendor coordination and relationships. Serve as the bridge between external teams and the internal Tia team. Strong, consistent communication between all teams.
- Issue progress updates as needed regarding costs and timelines
- Attend weekly construction meetings and design meetings and produce status reports
- Coordinate efforts across entire project between architects, designers, engineers, and subcontractors
- Manage phases of project build outs, closely collaborating with internal departments, external designers, landlords, and external partners and consultants
- Join weekly meetings with the development team and report on construction updates inclusive of; review timelines, designs, and strategic questions related to build outs
- Monitor permit process: work to ensure all permitting is completed and sign offs are obtained in a timely manner
3. Develop the procurement process as it relates to new clinic medical equipment, and long lead construction items. Work to find savings wherever possible.
- Help coordinate owner supplied procurement items with vendors and general contractors
- Work with national vendors to set up national contracts
- Negotiate contracts, terms and deadlines with vendors and suppliers
- Source and interview vendors; negotiate contracts and costs
- Create a tracking and inventory system for FF&E in all new spaces
Additional Information:
- Must be able to work some flexible/non-traditional hours
- 2-5 years of construction experience (multi-unit experience is a plus)
- Experience successfully managing and building relationships with consultants, contractors, and vendors
- Experience opening new brick and mortar locations
- Hospitality background a plus
- Paid holidays, vacation, and sick leave
- Open to travel 60% of the job (to other markets, offsites, new space openings)
Benefits:
- Unlimited vacation
- Free Tia membership
- Competitive stock option package
- $300 one-time WFH stipend
- $50/month phone and internet reimbursement
- Medical, dental, and vision benefits
- 401k program (no matching at this time)
- Top of the line 13” Macbook Pro
- Travel stipend for team off-sites
This position may require attendance at company and team off-sites and is subject the Company’s vaccine requirement, as permitted by law and subject to reasonable accommodation. | https://boards.greenhouse.io/tia/jobs/4691176003 |
8 Reasons Why Sustainable Agriculture is Important
- Nourishes and restores the soil. Generally, conventional agriculture is characterised by heavy tillage and heavy use of fertiliser to increase farm output.
- Saves energy. One distinguishing feature of industrial farming is its heavy reliance on energy-intensive machinery, especially fossil fuels.
- Conserves and protects water. …
- Values diversity. …
What are the pros of sustainable agriculture?
“The benefits of innovative farming systems become increasingly … Kingdom there is clearly a very important role for greenhouses to play in agriculture and the healthy, sustainable production of our food.” As more agribusinesses in Saudi Arabia …
What are the disadvantages of sustainable farming?
- Improvement of air quality. Sustainable agriculture aims to get rid of such harmful activities as the use of nitrogen fertilizers and agricultural burning. …
- Zero world hunger. This is one of the main advantages of sustainable agriculture. …
- New technologies. …
What is sustainable farming and best sustainable farming practices?
The hard work of our farmers paired with a dedicated agri-food value chain where innovation, technology and agricultural mechanization work together are the milestones to deliver more sustainable farming practices … can check our Best Of Video here.
Why is agriculture important and its role in everyday life?
Agriculture Important and its Role in Everyday Life. In most parts of the world, agriculture is an important source of livelihood. This entails hard work, but it contributes to the nation’s food safety and health. Agriculture was the primary source of the economy prior to the industrial revolution.
Pesticides in agriculture – are they dangerous?
Now, ask anyone what they think of pesticides and I am guessing the majority of them will have a negative view, they would be right – pesticides are poisons.
How am I exposed to pesticides?
PAN-UK (Pesticide Action Group) advise that exposure to pesticides can occur in many ways. Exposure can occur in agriculture, through the treatment of crops, plants and grain stores. It can occur in forestry, gardening, professional and domestic pest control and through the spraying and use of amenities e.g. our parks, pavements and playgrounds.
How does farming cause pollution?
When air and soil pollution is mentioned, the commonplace assumption would be that this pollution is a result of chemical pesticides. This would be true, in part; however the overcrowding of livestock has a big part to play in the worlds increased emissions.
Are farmed animals mistreated?
With the overcrowding of animals brings with it the concerns over animal welfare.
Why is sustainable agriculture important?
In terms of human health, crops grown through sustainable agriculture are better for people. Due to the lack of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, people are not being exposed to or consuming synthetic materials. This limits the risk of people becoming ill from exposure to these chemicals. In addition, the crops produced through sustainable agriculture can also be more nutritious because the overall crops are healthier and more natural.
How does sustainable agriculture benefit the environment?
One major benefit to the environment is that sustainable agriculture uses 30% less energy per unit of crop yield in comparison to industrialized agriculture. This reduced reliance on fossil fuels results in the release of less chemicals and pollution into the environment.
What are the goals of sustainable agriculture?
In addition to producing food, there are several overall goals associated with sustainable agriculture, including conserving water, reducing the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and promoting biodiversity in crops grown and the ecosystem. Sustainable agriculture also focuses on maintaining economic stability of farms and helping farmers improve …
How can agriculture be more sustainable?
There are many farming strategies that are used that help make agriculture more sustainable. Some of the most common techniques include growing plants that can create their own nutrients to reduce the use of fertilizers and rotating crops in fields, which minimizes pesticide use because the crops are changing frequently.
How does agriculture help the environment?
Sustainable agriculture also benefits the environment by maintaining soil quality, reducing soil degradation and erosion, and saving water. In addition to these benefits, sustainable agriculture also increases biodiversity of the area by providing a variety of organisms with healthy and natural environments to live in.
What are the main goals of agriculture?
The main goals of this type of agriculture are to produce food, conserve water, reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides, promote biodiversity, and maintain a stable economy and lifestyle for farmers.
What is the best way to reduce the risk of disease destroying crops?
Another common technique is mixing crops, which reduces the risk of a disease destroying a whole crop and decreases the need for pesticides and herbicides. Sustainable farmers also utilize water management systems, such as drip irrigation, that waste less water. An error occurred trying to load this video.
What is the goal of sustainable agriculture?
The goal of sustainable agriculture is to meet society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Practitioners of sustainable agriculture seek to integrate three main objectives into their work: a healthy environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equity.
Who can play a role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system?
Every person involved in the food system—growers, food processors, distributors, retailers, consumers, and waste managers —can play a role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system. There are many practices commonly used by people working in sustainable agriculture and sustainable food systems.
How do consumers contribute to the food system?
Through their purchases, they send strong messages to producers, retailers and others in the system about what they think is important. Food cost and nutritional quality have always influenced consumer choices.
What is the principal resource that has helped agriculture and society to prosper?
Water . Water is the principal resource that has helped agriculture and society to prosper, and it has been a major limiting factor when mismanaged. Water supply and use. In California, an extensive water storage and transfer system has been established which has allowed crop production to expand to very arid regions.
What is the food system?
The “food system” extends far beyond the farm and involves the interaction of individuals and institutions with contrasting and often competing goals including farmers, researchers, input suppliers, farmworkers, unions , farm advisors, processors, retailers, consumers, and policymakers.
Why is sustainability important?
Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Therefore, stewardship of both natural and human resources is of prime importance. Stewardship of human resources includes consideration of social responsibilities such as working …
Why did food and fiber production increase?
Food and fiber productivity soared due to new technologies, mechanization, increased chemical use, specialization and government policies that favored maximizing production. These changes allowed fewer farmers with reduced labor demands to produce the majority of the food and fiber in the U.S.
Why is sustainable agriculture important?
Sustainable agriculture is not the only step in the wave of preserving our planet, but it is an important building block in taking preventative measures in order to maintain the resources we have left.
What is sustainable agriculture?
Sustainable agriculture is designed with the intention of preserving the environment, expanding the earth’s natural resources, all while creating a quality of life for animals and humans. Sustainable agricultural allows for the desires of society’s food and textile needs to be met without the fear of inhibiting the earth’s natural resources …
How is single crop farming eliminated?
Through sustainable farming practices, single-crop agriculture is eliminated by placing multiple crops on the same plot of land by combining tall, sun-loving plants with shorter shade-loving plants.
What are the disadvantages of sustainable agriculture?
Although with this approach, one of the biggest disadvantages to sustainable agriculture is that you are unable to grow as many crops at a single time considering a more sustainable approach typically leads to fewer crops in one plot so plants don’t leach nutrients out of the soil.
How does sustainable agriculture help animals?
Sustainable agriculture creates a humane environment for farm animals by limiting the quantities of animals per farm while also implementing a healthy plant-based diet with sufficient room for animals to roam.
How long will agriculture be sustainable?
This gives us 40 years to make a change towards sustainable lifestyles in preserving our agriculture and food sources. Sustainable agriculture is not the only step in the wave of preserving our planet, but it is an important building block in taking preventative measures in order to maintain the resources we have left.
Why do agriculturalists focus on sustainability?
In order to maintain a sustainable lifestyle, agriculturalists focus on certain criteria in order to compete with current sustainability practices. This criteria consists of creating a healthy environment, while ensuring economic profitability in addition to maintaining social and economic equity. Every member of the food system can manage …
What Is Sustainable Agriculture?
In agriculture, sustainability is a comprehensive concept with many facets, including the following:
Best Sustainable Agriculture Practices from Around the World
The concept of sustainability is eminently practical in farming. Here are the three significant farming practices that help 21st-century farmers sustainably produce better crops.
Top Benefits of Sustainable Agriculture
Today’s industrial farming methods, many of which date back to the 1950s and 1960s’ Green Revolution, are depleting our natural resources through monocultures and the overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, among other practices. It affects the bottom line, leaving people around the world with unequal access to food and nutrition.
Sustainable Agriculture Is More Important Now than Ever
It is essential to understand that the ecological health of the area in which food is grown determines our ability to produce food. We won’t be able to continue farming endlessly if we deplete and harm farms.
What Does Sustainable Agriculture Mean
Sustainable agriculture is farming that focuses on the production of food and textile materials necessary to meet society’s present needs while having minimal effect on the environment. Its main goal is to reach a perfect balance between food production and the preservation of the ecological system.
Why Is Sustainable Agriculture Important
Due to modern environmental issues, the importance of sustainable agriculture is undeniable. Unlike industrial farming, it focuses on soil nourishment, which leads to significant improvement of environmental conditions. Sustainable agriculture promotes the use of natural fertilizers.
Benefits of Sustainable Agriculture
Have you ever wondered: “What are the benefits of sustainable farming?” Although there are several problems, the advantages mentioned below certainly outweigh the drawbacks:
Best Sustainable Agricultural Practices
The years of research have significantly contributed to the development of sustainable farming. Right now, you can get acquainted with the examples of the most efficient practices used to overcome sustainable agriculture issues:
Conclusion
Green farming is a sure way to reach agricultural sustainability and deal with such serious problems as world hunger and climate change. The numerous benefits of sustainable farming prove the importance of this industry for modern humanity, future generations, and our planet. | https://agrifarmingtips.com/what-is-sustainable-agriculture-and-why-is-it-important/ |
Question: Explain how National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture will help in transforming Indian agriculture into profitable and sustainable venture.
Answer: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) has been formulated for enhancing agricultural productivity especially in rainfed areas focusing on integrated farming, water use efficiency, soil health management, and synergizing resource conservation.
NMSA derives its mandate from Sustainable Agriculture Mission which is one of the eight Missions outlined under National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
How NMSA will help in transforming agriculture
- Reduction in input costs
NMSA aims at increasing income of farmers, especially those that practice subsistence form of agriculture. It will focus on issues such as Zero Budget Farming so as to reduce input costs and make farming profitable.
- Sustainable use of resources
The components also include sustainable use of resources such as water, soil, land so that agricultural ecosystem is not degraded. Inculcating practices such as micro irrigation, soil health management are given focus.
- Reduce negative impact on climate
Measures are taken to make agriculture less harmful on climate. This includes reducing use of harmful fertilizers, avoiding methane producing crops, reduce pollution of water and land. Sustainable practices such as solar energy, organic fertilizers are recommended.
- Value addition to farm products
Current agricultural products are far from valuable. There is a need to add value to products generated through agricultural processing as well as organic products. High demand for organic products provides opportunity for farmers.
Thus, NMSA is a holistic plan that covers various aspects of agriculture not only on the basis of profitability but also on sustainability and climate resilience. | https://www.upsciq.com/explain-how-national-mission-for-sustainable/ |
We are part of a vibrant agricultural community in Kansas, and one of our main motivations is to share our knowledge with our neighbors. The Flickner Innovation Farm holds regular field days and workshops so that our partners can meet with other interested producers and stakeholders, in order to help promote positive environmental stewardship. We want to provide meaningful information through our work and research. Workshop presentations, field day information and other research materials can be found here.
About Us
Ongoing projects at the Flickner Innovation Farm will help fine-tune existing irrigation, soil-health and other agricultural technologies while exploring ways that new innovations can improve soil health and conserve water on Kansas farmland. We hope to harvest the advantages of new technology and current research with our comprehensive team of experienced growers, agronomists, watershed specialists, university researchers and industry specialists.
Together, we hope to extend the reach of standard agricultural practices while improving yields and preserving natural resources.
The work of the Flickner Innovation Farm is just beginning, and will extend for the next three to five years. Experts will investigate the efficacy of different methods and technologies, including:
- Irrigation technologies, including precision mobile drip and sub-surface drip irrigation
- Precision agriculture using soil moisture and cosmic-ray neutron probes, irrigation scheduling and plant sensors
- Various types of imagery, including satellite and fixed-wing aircraft
- Scientists from Kansas State University will support specific research on soil health, fertilizer response and nutrient losses
With these advanced technologies and expertise, this project hopes to reduce irrigated water use on the farm by 15 percent.
Farm History
The Flickner Farm, located in Moundridge, Kansas, has a long history reaching back to the 1870s. Ray Flickner is the 5th generation to farm this land, which now consists of more than 850 acres with 10 individual water rights. The Flickner Farm uses sub-surface drip irrigation (SSDI) and precision mobile drip irrigation (PMDI) to grow corn, wheat and soybeans; many of the fields are no-till or limited strip till, and soil conservation techniques continue to be implemented. The family's commitment to improved soil health and sustainable water use makes the Flickner Farm a perfect location for testing new technologies and innovative solutions for these issues. | https://www.kcare.k-state.edu/wrip/flickner/Flickner_Farm.html |
1.
Introduction:
Indian
agriculture had sustained its production with organic matter recycling
methods over the past 60 centuries. The productivity, however, started
reducing in this century, primarily due to environmental pollution,
arising through burning of fossil fuels. Farmers had to switch
over to the use of chemical fertilisers (and pesticides) to sustain
food production. The old method is referred to as organic farming
whereas the new method is termed as chemical farming. The latter
method, however, has now been found to be unsustainable due to its
negative impact on the environment and increasing costs to the farmers
as well as to the national economy. Scientists are now rediscovering
the secrets of organic farming, with modern knowledge of soil biology
and ecology. Vermiculture ecotechnology has been found to facilitate
the conversion from chemical farming to organic farming without
drop in the agricultural output. This paper discusses a farmer centred
approach to wastewater treatment and resource recovery, to facilitate
organic farming.
2.
What is chemical farming?
Chemical
farming involves the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides
to increase the agricultural output, a method that was promoted
during the past four decades to boost the food production.
The
limiting nutrient of plants is carbon dioxide, next comes nitrogen
and other nutrients. The output is controlled by the limiting nutrient,
that is, by the availability of carbon dioxide. Modern greenhouses
show spectacular results primarily due to increased supply of carbon
dioxide. It should be noted that one needs to supply carbon dioxide
in the plant vicinity, without polluting the whole atmosphere. The
latter produces global warming that disturbs the climate and food
production.
In
chemical farming one has to use excessive amounts of nitrogenous
fertilisers (such as urea or ammonium nitrate) to start the denitrifying
reaction in the soil. This involves converting the nitrates back
into nitrogen gas, quite a wasteful reaction for nature. This reaction
also cracks the capital reserve of the soil organic matter and produces
the carbon dioxide that increases food production. Obviously this
cannot be a sustainable method because it exploits the soil's organic
reserves created over the centuries. These reserves need to be maintained
and built up because they give the soil its ability to hold moisture
and nutrients. After a few decades of chemical farming, we have
witnessed a drop in the soil fertility and hence reducing yields.
Soil organic content has been depleted and even the response to
the chemical fertilzers is poor nowadays.
In
chemical farming, farm residues (such as straw) cannot be used to
build up the soil organic matter. Uncomposted organics rob the nitrates
and delay the denitrifying reaction necessary for the production
of carbon dioxide. Hence farmers have to compost the organic residues
first, even if they are well stabilized (they are non-polluting
and are not in the stage of decomposition). Composting process burns
50-90 percent of organic matter wastefully, producing carbon dioxide
that can pollute the atmosphere. Composting also produces leachate
that pollutes the groundwater. Chemical farming cannot sustain without
an input of compost, about 20 tons per hectare per year, a recommendation
evolved out of research at the agricultural universities. Farmers
cannot get the raw materials to produce this amount and hence, farmers
neglected this aspect, only to lose the soil productivity. Such
soils with depleted organic matter cannot hold moisture and nutrients
and farmers have to spend more on irrigation and fertilizers. If
irrigation or rain is in deficit, there is a crop failure.
To
promote the denitrification in the soil, chemical farming involves
the use of excessive amount of inorganic nitrogen fertilisers, much
more than the actual needs of the plants. This results in pollution
of ground and surface water with nitrates, that have a negative
impact on physical and mental health of humans and pet animals.
Each year the farmer needs to increase fertiliser use to sustain
output because soil develops its ability to denitrify more speedily.
All beneficial soil life gets destroyed in the denitrification region.
The farmer has to spend more each year and the nation has
to import more oil to produce these fertilisers. The Punjab farmers
produced higher yields, no doubt, but got reducing profits each
year.
Since
more than required nitrogen is supplied, the plants get surplus
nitrates in their sap. This has harmful effect on plant growth because
each plant grows well only in a narrow bandwidth of soil nitrates.
Other plant nutrients, such as phosphorous, potassium and other
major and micronutrients, are required to counter the harmful effect
of extra supply of nitrogen. Again, an extra cost to the farmers
and to the nation as many of these need to be imported. There is
also pollution of water bodies due to leaching of soluble nutrients.
Plants
having surplus nitrates are unsuitable for human consumption. Nature
has developed pests to attack such plants and check the food quality.
Not knowing this, farmers were advised to use (spend for) pesticides
that poisoned the whole ecology and only produced resistant pests,
forcing farmers to use a stronger (more toxic) pesticide each year,
adding to the burden on his pocket. Use of pesticides also resulted
in the production of food polluted with pesticides and nitrates,
both harmful for human consumption. Such plant produce also has
more moisture, making the extra food production superfluous. This
produce also has a poor shelf life due to the nitrate content. It
is found that food spoilage due to fungi, insects or rodents is
due to residual nitrates in food. These are nature's mechanisms
to destroy the faulty food.
Apart
from the extra input costs, one needs to use higher irrigation in
chemical farming, just to adjust the nitrate level to the plant's
required bandwidth. Increase in chemical farming has depleted (and
polluted) our water resources.
Wastewater
treatment needs to be planned differently for organic and chemical
farming. In organic farming, free nitrates (nitrites and ammonia)
need to be locked, while conserving the organic content because
the latter is the base of organic farming. In chemical farming,
however, organic matter in the wastewater needs to be biologically
incinerated in the wastewater treatment plants, using electricity,
which is often produced by techniques that are polluting. Current
pollution control laws are formulated with chemical farming in mind.
The treated wastewater, without the organic content (COD) and enriched
with inorganics, is suitable only for the chemical farming, but
highly harmful to the nature and natural organic farming. High inorganics
to organics ratio, which is characteristic of the secondary treated
wastewater, is ideal food for water hyacinth, mosquitoes and pathogens.
It is found that while raw sewage may lead to the breeding of ordinary
mosquitoes in the water bodies, the secondary treated sewage encourages
breeding of malaria and dengue mosquitoes. It is also an ideal food
for other pathogens. Allowing the secondary treated sewage and other
wastewaters in the water bodies should not be permitted unless the
inorganic content, too, is removed. This is very costly (called
tertiary treatment), hence not practiced.
3.
Eco-friendly Wastewater Treatment:
We
need to understand nature's requirements and treat wastes (solid
wastes and wastewaters). Fish can utilise organic matter in water
if the inorganic content is reduced. Use of cowdung in fisheries
is a good example. Use of poultry manure (this has higher inorganic
to organic ratio) leads to mosquito production after the fish get
killed due to the nitrate toxicity. Human excreta and urine, too,
has high inorganic content that is harmful to the environment.
The
soil, too, needs the supply of organic matter, with minimal inorganic
load. The soil life is managed by the earthworms that aerate the
soil, maintain the pH and cull the harmful soil pathogens, encouraging
the beneficial soil microorganisms that use organic matter and rock
soil minerals, to produce the plant nutrients as per the plants'
genuine needs. This leads to healthy plant production, without the
need to use polluting agrochemicals.
Soil’s
fertilizer factory, thus is managed by the earthworms that process
the rock particles to produce the plant nutrients. The energy source
is organic matter, available from dead roots and organic inputs
to the soil (in the form of organic fertilizers). The earthworms,
however, cannot tolerate salinity of soil and the water used for
irrigation.. Hence wastewater needs to be processed to produce a
high organic to salt ratio and only the toxic organic content needs
to be removed. Use of BioSanitizer makes this an easy task.
4. BioSanitizer
This
concept was developed by Dr Uday S. Bhawalkar of Bhawalkar Ecological
Research Institute (BERI), Pune. It is based on the following concepts:
Wastes
(solid or liquid, the latter being known as wastewaters) are actually
resources if they are treated to become food for the ecology.
If
toxic organics and inorganics are managed, nontoxic organics (sugars,
starch, cellulose, etc.) are food for the ecology and need not be
bioincinerated, as done in the conventional secondary treatment
of wastewaters and in composting.
BioSanitizer is a catalyst produced from natural ingredients and
is a simple tool to manage the toxic organics, and inorganics, converting
the waste ingredients into resources. The action is known as biosanitization
and controls the pathogens too, because the pathogens prefer inorganic
and toxic organic pollution.
BioSanitizer can be used to biosanitize both the solid as well as
liquid wastes, only the moisture content is different in these two
catagories. Human excreta, if healthy, is produced as a solid waste.
We pour costly and scarce drinking water to produce sewage. Sewage
is conventionally treated to produce sewage sludge that needs to
be treated as solid waste. Since the inorganic load of sewage sludge
is high, wooden chips are mixed to start composting reaction. Carbon
dioxide is produced in the stages of electricity generation, secondary
sewage treatment and in composting. This is equivalent to loss of
resource (organic matter). Environmental pollution takes place only
when we waste a resource.
BioSanitizer locks the inorganic content of the wastes and cracks
the toxic organics to produce safe organics, retaining food organics
during this treatment. The locked inorganics become safe for the
aquatic life and the soil. These also become a resource in healthy
soil (with earthworms). Plants can derive nutrition from the locked
inorganics in healthy soil. To produce healthy soil, one just has
to feed the soil with wastes that have been biosanitized with BioSanitizer
BioSanitizer harnesses interesting natural mechanisms to convert
wastes into resources. These were learnt after reading the "books
of nature" over the past forty years.
5.
Using BioSanitizer:
Solid
wastes or wastewaters can be stabilized in two ways:
By
bioincinerating the simple organics, to stop the decomposition reaction
(production of carbon dioxide), or
By
locking the inorganics. This also stops the carbon dioxide production
and produces stabilized wastes.
BioSanitizer uses the latter method that conserves the resources
totally.
To
stabilize solid wastes, one can add 1 gram BioSanitizer per
10 tons of waste. BioSanitizer is added in the top layer and the mass
sprinkled with water, to produce stabilized waste in 10 days. This
is the time for mixing, not the reaction time. The reaction is quite
fast, over within a few minutes. One can reduce the mixing time
with the use of mechanical mixing methods, if necessary.
To
treat wastewater, one can add 1 gram BioSanitizer to the
wastewater stream of 10 m3/day. BioSanitizer is added at the
beginning of the sewer line or open nalla carrying wastewater, or
in the first tank of the wastewater treatment unit. BioSanitizer locks
the inorganics, cracks the toxic organics and also produces active
oxygen that takes care of BOD and pathogens. A minimal treatment
time, of few hours, depending upon the level of pollution, is required.
Since no mechanical aeration or mixing is required for BioSanitizer
action, this method is best used for "on-line" treatment while the
wastewater flows in the underground or open channels. It is also
useful for treatment of polluted lakes, rivers and wells/borewells.
1 gram is a good dose for a well/borewell and one gets results within
few hours. Brackish water becomes sweet and one also gets free of
pathogens, toxic organics and heavy metals..
6.
Success Achieved:
BioSanitizer
has been used successfully to clean the Powai Lake in Mumbai and
Pashan lake in Pune. BioSanitizer has shown efficacy to clean the Ambil
nalla in Pune. This carries sewage and pours it into the Mutha River.
BioSanitizer also has been used in the sewers in Pune. Several individuals
and industries have used BioSanitizer in their septic tanks to get water
that is an asset for their gardens. Several industries have stopped
mechanical aeration in their activated sludge plants and have found
that BioSanitizer generates no sludge for disposal. The wastewater treatment
plants require no machinery, electricity and operators. Several
farmers have used BioSanitizer to treat their wells/bore wells to manage
the inorganic pollution. and by cities and industries to treat wastewaters
in eco-friendly manner. These methods are also easy to operate and
maintain because BioSanitizer has auto-control action. The
treated water becomes an asset for the soil.
7.
Conclusion:
BioSanitizer makes wastewater treatment a simple task. It converts
pollution into an asset. The method pays for itself in a short time
because of value-addition to the wastes. Capital investment is low
and there are no recurring expenses. People accept it readily during
the period of ongoing recession. It also makes sense ecologically.
Dr. Uday S. Bhawalkar
©Copyright
Bhawalkar Ecological Research Institute (BERI).
All rights reserved. | https://www.wastetohealth.com/farmer_centred_approach.html |
Contemporary world is being transformed technologically at an alarming rate. While many appreciate the fact that technology changes life by making it easier than the beginning, there is another group of people who perceive the development as a dangerous trend. Environmental advocacy group have been very vocal and have played a pivotal role at the frontline in opposing technological development that they deem can be a threat to the environment. It is, indeed, very true saying that technological development have been one of the genesis of environmental degradation. Other causative agents of the ever deteriorating conditions of environmental pollution are extreme human activities such as deforestation, natural calamities such as landslide, wildly animals, and change in climatic and weather patterns. Nevertheless, many forms of environmental pollution can be traced from adverse effects of the technological development. This paper is set to evaluate various forms of environmental pollution. Current paper will assess and devise effective strategic plan that will mitigate various forms of environmental degradation.
Forms of Environmental Degradation
Environmental pollution is a term that can be explained in an extensive manner. It covers all forms of behavioural misconducts that deteriorating status of various natural resources such as soils. As a result, it is worth highlighting some of these forms pollutions and how they occur. One of the major environmental pollution is deforestation of natural as well as artificial forests. With the recent technological advancement, demand for forests resources has more than quadrupled. There are factories that rely on trees as the sole source of fuel while others use it as a raw material that is later transformed to final products such as papers. Adding the above mentioned demand to the traditional purpose of forest resources of providing firewood to homesteads, especially in the developing nations, the tree felling malpractice has increased at an alarming rate. The ever deteriorating condition of soils has sound a warning for various advocacy groups, which are concerned with good posterity. Continuous use of synthetic fertilizers exacerbated the natural condition of the soils. One of the major reasons behind the phenomenon is alteration of the soil PH, thus, resulting to low crop yields. Additionally, farming malpractices such as loosening and exposing of the soil has acted a major led to massive loss of soil through erosion, thus compromising the soil fertility due to loss of nutrients.
Air is another natural resource that has been subjected to the draconian nature of technological development. The industrial boom has led to increased release of harmful and poisonous gases such as sulphur and carbon dioxide. When some of the dangerous gases are inhaled, they make a person susceptible to chronic related diseases such as asthma. Additionally, massive accumulation of gases such as carbon dioxide has led to depletion of protective ozone layer. As a result, harmful ultra-violet sun rays reach the earth, thus, causing deadly diseases such as cancer. Intensive sun rays have adverse effects on forest resources. They lead to land desertification. Indeed, it is very true that world’s major deserts such as Sahara and Kalahari have continued growing extensively as a result of reduced rainfall duration and increased sun heat.
Major water bodies such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers have been subjected to environmental pollution. They have been increased inflow of eroded soil leading to massive siltation. Moreover, deadly farm chemicals end being deposited in the water bodies. Chemical fertilizers that end up in the soil as a result of not being utilized by plants end up being deposited in seas and oceans. They end leading to proliferation of aquatic plants resulting to unnecessary competition for the limited oxygen with the aquatic animals. Moreover, excessive loss of water through vaporization has increased basicity and saltiness interfering with the aquatic life.
Industrial innovation has also increased the pace of innovation and production of items that are perceived as harmful by the goodwill ambassadors of environmental conservation. Some of the final products are completely transformed to chemicals that cannot be decomposed or broken down at all. For instance, plastics are artificially industrial made products, which cannot decompose no matter length of time they remain discarded. Most of non-biodegradable industrial products end up being dumped in landfills. Many others are thrown all over, thus, littering the environment. Despite there being innovative ideas that can help manage the waste, a large population burn the waste releasing harmful gases such as sulphur, nitrogenous, and carbon dioxide. Most of the plastics are formed as a result of chemical bonding of poisonous chemicals, which are later released in the gaseous form upon combustion. Briefly, there are many forms of environmental pollutions within the contemporary society.
Most of them fall under the aforementioned categories. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that there is one thing that is common with all forms of environmental pollution, many of them are caused by the adverse effect of the technological advancement. This leads to a general assumption that environmental advocacy groups could have a point when they oppose some forms of the technological development. It must be that the environmentalists carry out an analytical study and arrived with conclusion perceived side effects to the environment will surpasses expected benefits. Therefore, such developments ought to be opposed in the highest terms possible since they will do more harm than good to the future generations. However, is it possible to reverse the already caused damage to the environment and restore it backs to its natural condition? The question is worth pondering on as various environmental rehabilitation remedies remained under evaluation in the nest step of the research.
Application of Mechanisms that Mitigate the Environmental Degradation
Afforestation or Re-afforestation of Bare Land
Agenda of rehabilitating any bare land by planting trees should be prioritized. Public forests that have been subjected to massive cutting down of trees should be restored by planting trees in it. Same case should applied to the any bare land was naturally bare in order to increase forest cover. Furthermore, farmers should be encouraged to use environmental friendly ways of farming such as embracing of agroforestry. Here, they should be taught the importance of increasing the tree cover in their farms to a minimum of 10% of their total land size. Increasing tree population is significant with regard to changing microclimatic of an area. It may result to making the area start receiving rainfall even if it never used to in the beginning. However, one major challenge in achieving an optimal tree cover is the over-reliance on forest resources for fuel especially in the developing nations.
One cannot deny the fact that tree acts as the sole source of cooking fuel for majority of households in such countries. In order to address the challenge, the people need to be encouraged to embrace friendly ways in the use of trees. For instance, they should use energy saving cooking stoves that are efficient in minimizing firewood consumption and optimizing on heat energy utilization. They should also be taught on the importance of using innovative products such as bio charcoal. Bio charcoal is a fuel product made from charcoal dust, which is considered waste. Such ideas would be of immense contribution towards reducing the rate at which forest resources are being degraded. The pace of cutting trees for firewood would reduce ensuring that “a tree” is conserved for the future generation. Industries that rely on forestation for their operation should be encouraged to donate trees as a form of carbon credit. As a result, they would be deemed active in terms of operating green companies.
Use of Organic Fertilizer and Embracing Quality Farming Practices
An organic fertilizer refers to any chemical free substance obtained from the natural resources and has capability of improving soil fertility upon application. The organic fertilizers can be categorized into green, farmyard, or compost manure depending on its source. Application of the organic fertilizer is very beneficial as it leads to increased soil fertility, regulates soil PH, conforms the soil nutrients to a form that be readily absorbed by plants, improved the soil structure and texture, as well as, binding the soil particles together. Continuous use of the fertilizer has no adverse effect to the soil unlike the synthetic fertilizer. Instead, it keeps on improving soil fertility. Moreover, the organic fertilizer helps restore acidic soil backs to its natural PH. On the other hand, use of quality farming practices would help to increase its compaction reducing its erosion susceptibility. For instance, minimal tillage is an excellent environmentally friendly farming practice since there is minimal disturbance of the soil. Combination of the two farming practices would mitigate soil degradation in terms of quality and quantity.
Enactment of Air Pollution Regulatory Policies
Companies and industries that release poisonous chemicals to the air should be made to pay for the harm they cause to the environment. For instance, they should be able to should be made to fund environmentally related projects and initiatives. As such, they would be deemed to have taken an active role towards the environmental conservation through a program that is referred to as carbon crediting. Amount of contribution should correspond with level of pollution the industry is causing in order to encourage it seek ways that will mitigate such pollution. The companies that shows strong will towards the idea should be declared “green” in order to encourage others participate towards the noble course.
Discouraging Excess Use of Chemicals in Farming
The farmers should be encouraged to embrace minimal use of chemicals in their farms. As such, they would have an indirect impact in terms of reducing the level of chemical deposition in large water bodies such as the oceans. Moreover, use of organic farming practices where possible would help ensure that the water bodies would remain safe in case the organic farming substances are washed to the rivers and lakes. It would be hard experience the adverse effects such as proliferation of aquatic plants. Moreover, the aquatic life would not be under any form of threat. Unlike chemicals, organic fertilizers among other substance have zero side effects towards living organism.
Recycling On the Non-Biodegradable Industrial Wastes
As it has been discussed earlier, plastic wastes from industries cannot decompose at all. Therefore, it becomes a menace whenever a question about their deposition arises. In fact, it has become a very big challenge whenever an authority is devising proper ways of managing the non-biodegradable waste. Use of such products is on the rise, so is release of the waste. Eventually, people end up littering the environment or accumulating all spaces left in the landfills. Some councils end up burning such waste, thus, releasing poisonous gases in the atmosphere. Indubitably, this is not the best management option of such waste. There is need to think outside the box and embrace practices such as recycling the material. The plastic waste products can be made useful again by making plastic post among other items. Incidentally, plastic poles are the best compared to wooden ones as they cannot be destroyed by pests such as termite. The organizations should be encouraged to buy such products in order to promote the environmental conservation initiative.
Conclusion
The initiative to save and make environment look good should declared the sole responsibility of each and every individual, organization, the government bodies, among other agencies. Everybody needs a safe a clean environment in order to thrive. One of the best was to become the environmental ambassador is trying as much as possible to change the daily habits. A good idea is to begin by embracing ways that would decrease the rate of water and energy consumption. Changing transportation habit can also be of significant contribution in relation to environmental conservation. For instance, using public means when going to work instead of personal means would help reduce carbon emissions to the air. | https://best-writing-service.org/essays/exploratory/how-to-better-the-environment.html |
If the right believes that cultural appropriation is not offensive, why are they making paper dolls that ridicule other cultures? Lionel Shriver was the keynote speaker at a private party for the libertarian magazine Reason held in New York City this week. At the party, Reason circulated a paper doll of Shriver, along with several options for “dressing” her. The paper outfits included Native American women’s clothing, a cowgirl’s, a South Asian woman’s sari, and of course a sombrero. The images in the handout originally ran in the February 2017 issue of Reason as illustrations for an interview with Shriver (though the full set of images did not appear in the article’s online version).
The sombrero is a reference to Shriver’s comments at the Brisbane Writers Festival in 2016. During her speech, Shriver described “the bramble of thorny issues that cluster around ‘identity politics.’” A group of students at Bowdoin College who wore sombreros at a tequila-themed birthday party, she lamented, were subsequently accused of cultural appropriation by the student government. Shriver believed that the outrage over this incident would have serious implications for fiction writers, who would feel they could not create a variety of characters. As Reason’s editor in chief Katherine Mangu-Ward put it, “Shriver raised the specter of being ‘obliged to designate my every character an aging 5-foot-2 smartass, and having to set every novel in North Carolina,’ which would surely make for dull reading.” Shriver then took out a sombrero and placed on her head in front of the audience, claiming that writers needed to “preserve the right to wear many hats.”
Shriver makes a critique of cultural appropriation that is shared by many on the right. Cultural appropriation, she argued in her Brisbane speech, is actually a mark of appreciation for other cultures: “Exchanging ideas and practices,” she proposed, “is self-evidently one of the most productive, fascinating aspects of modern urban life.” In a similar vein, New York Times opinion writer Bari Weiss recently insisted that “culture should be shared, not hoarded.” In her Reason interview, Shriver said that her “only regret with the way it became this international incident” was that “in the very act of dismissing a concept with no merit,” she had in fact “helped to perpetuate it.”
At Brisbane, Shriver argued that the concept of cultural appropriation was crushing free expression; it was a freedom of speech issue, she said. Yet it wasn’t Shriver’s words that made her speech attract so much attention. Shriver turned the wearing-of-hats metaphor (the author must become many people, do many types of thought) into a literal hat. I personally responded to this nonverbal gesture more strongly than to her words: the donning of a sombrero, an item commonly used to summarize and deride Mexican culture by, say, drunk white college students on Cinco de Mayo.
The paper dolls that Reason distributed reenact this gesture yet again, and give the lie to Shriver’s claim that appropriation is mere appreciation. There’s a difference between sharing in another culture and making use of it in a condescending way. The paper outfits, which are in some cases strongly marked ethnically, reduce identity down to costuming. The figures are headless. The illustration is lighthearted, but this gesture of reduction—of complex peoples and histories to empty and headless outfits, interchangeable and undifferentiated—makes the joke feel clumsy and shallow. A culture is not something that you can shrug on and off like a jacket. People are not dresses. People are not hats.
That Reason distributed these images at a private party in promotion of its keynote speaker is further testament to the right’s lack of understanding of the actual issues that surround “cultural appropriation” and make it a sensitive subject. | https://newrepublic.com/article/144922/right-really-think-sombrero-just-straw-hat |
Is Cultural Appropriation an Issue?
Cultural appropriation has been the topic of endless heated debates, especially in America. The meaning behind the term has been warped by the ignorance of numerous Americans who have never been on the receiving end of the one-sided blade of cultural appropriation. With many citizens taking a strong position on the topic, those who aren’t part of the disputes have been left wondering: what is defined as cultural appropriation, and can it be considered as a real issue?
In the words of the Oxford Living Dictionaries, cultural appropriation is “the unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society.”
Some speculators deny the fact that cultural appropriation exists and in the case that they accept its existence, they claim that it is not an issue and that it is simply the blending of cultures to make people of different races and backgrounds more united. These types of claims and ideas are often made by the aforementioned ignorant and privileged Americans. Those who can fathom the true nature of cultural appropriation understand that it is a glaring issue, and its sensitive and offensive nature make it absolutely unacceptable in modern society. Cultural appropriation only demonstrates the arrogant, narrow-minded, prejudiced, and socially-uneducated nature of the perpetrators.
As it happens, culture cannot be bound within strict borders and one-dimensional definitions. However, some situations demonstrate cases of obviously distasteful uses of the culture of people who have been racistly deemed as an “inferior” society.
In the Whitney Museum of American Art’s 2017 Whitney Biennial event, a painting called Open Casket by Dana Schutz became controversial. The female Caucasian artist’s painting depicted the maimed body of Emmett Till, a 14 year old black boy who was falsely accused of flirting with a white woman and was lynched in 1955. The black artist community was outraged by the fact that Dana Schutz was profiting from the suffering of an African American child. His death was caused by the false accusations of a white woman, and his death was benefitting yet another white woman. African American protesters informed Schutz that she was using black death and torture as a spectacle, and a group of these protesters stood in front of the painting nearly the whole time that it was on display in the Whitney Museum. Schutz’s appropriation of African American culture was offensive and unacceptable, and the protesters were justified in their anger at her piece and its underlying message of white privilege and black suffering.
Furthermore, cultural appropriation has affected Americans’ views even before such a wide range of citizens was aware of the issue. One of the most prominent examples of cultural thievery that many have heard of and fewer understand is the so-called “king of rock and roll,” Elvis Presley.
According to K. Tempest Bradford of the National Public Radio, “Before he [Elvis] even came along, systematic oppression and segregation in America meant black musicians didn’t have access to the same opportunities for mainstream exposure, income, or success as white ones.”
Elvis Presley and other rock and roll artists of the time were obviously influenced by black culture, but the lack of exposure and abundance of racist listeners caused the black pioneers of rock and roll to be hidden away as Elvis Presley became the face of their genre. Unfortunately, he is seen by numerous ignorant citizens as the icon of rock and roll, the inventor, and the legend. Elvis caused the whole genre to be perceived as a form of art “perfected” by whites and accessible only to them, which is completely false, and it is unjust that the African Americans who introduced the genre were given no credit for their art.
Cultural appropriation is a real issue, and it is offensive when those who have been perceived as, or still perceive themselves as, a superior race or culture use elements of the culture that was seen, or is currently seen, as “inferior” without showing the proper respect for the custom and its people.
As Aubrey Drake Graham, a successful African American musician specializing in rhythmic poetry (rap) has said, “We just want the credit where it’s due.”
I’m Ola Elmahdi, a young, less than energetic editor of the Ubiquity. My favorite article from the Ubiquity is probably “Modesty: Not Always a Virtue”... | https://qhhsubiquity.com/2510/opinion/is-cultural-appropriation-an-issue/ |
When Justin Bieber attended the iHeartRadio Music Awards in Los Angeles this past April, his appearance created quite a stir. Why? He was wearing his hair in dreadlocks. The question arose: was this cultural appreciation, or an offensive form of cultural appropriation? In a multicultural society, where do we draw the line?
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- Opinion & Critical Thought
Cultural appropriation is the adoption or use of elements of one culture—ideas, symbols and artifacts—by members of a different culture. Some views distinguish between “appropriation” and “misappropriation”—when cultural elements are used outside their original context, in a disrespectful way. It's a form of cultural theft.
Was it offensive for Justin Bieber to wear dreadlocks, or is it just hair? CBC reporter Lauren O'Neil outlined criticisms of Bieber's choice: “It's not just hair to those who wear dreadlocks for cultural, political or religious reasons. Rastafarians in Jamaica for many years faced discrimination based on their appearance, for example. It's not 'just hair' for men and women who've been fired, sent home from school and even physically assaulted over what's on their own heads, either.”
It's not clear to me that wearing dreadlocks is outright (mis)appropriation. A clearer example would be when white people wear “black face.” The historical struggle faced by people of colour is diminished when their appearance is used for fun and amusement. For me, this is disrespectful and offensive and has no place in society.
We need to be aware of how cultural appropriation can creep into our lives in small ways, in the jokes we tell or laugh at, in the things we say or don't say
Consider also the names of the following sports teams: Edmonton Eskimos (Canadian Football League); Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball); Chicago Blackhawks (National Hockey League); Washington Redskins (National Football League). I believe these team names, and their logos, are belittling and offensive to our Indigenous neighbours and friends. The last two, the Chicago Blackhawks and the Washington Redskins, present an interesting case.
The Chicago Blackhawks take their name from an infantry division that fought in the First World War. The division was named for Chief Black Hawk, a Sauk leader and an important figure in the history of the state of Illinois. Some argue that this name is not offensive because it's based on an individual, not an entire community. I'd like to know how the Sauk community feels about the name. If they are offended, I would side with them.
Washington Redskins is an offensive team name, period. It dehumanizes an entire community of people. I've read that some sports magazines will not print the word “Redskins,” referring to the team as solely “Washington.” This past season, Phil Simms, a former NFL quarterback and current broadcaster with CBS, refused to use the word “Redskins” when working a game featuring Washington. We would never accept a professional sports team called the Washington N-words or the Washington Whiteys. It's time to change the name.
Cultural appropriation has theological, spiritual and practical implications. As Christians, we believe everyone is created in the image of God. We need to reflect carefully on how our attitudes and actions impact other people. We need to be aware of how cultural appropriation can creep into our lives in small ways, in the jokes we tell or laugh at, in the things we say or don't say.
Perhaps there are positive ways to appreciate other cultures. For example, singing a spiritual to commemorate Black History Month; celebrating a seder meal in solidarity with Jewish friends; or creating an Indigenous craft in Sunday school to learn about our First Nations. In each instance, it's important to take our cues from others who “own” these traditions. Even in writing this article, I'm aware that, as a white male, I'm coming from the perspective of the dominant culture, and I have much to learn.
As The Salvation Army, we need to ask ourselves if we are sensitive to other cultures and ethnicities in our church congregations and as an organization. Are there times when we belittle or offend other cultures without knowing it? How can we acknowledge, encourage and respect cultural differences without stereotyping people? How do we make room for people to express themselves in their own way? Where do we need to change?
Captain Mark Braye is the corps officer at Sarnia Community Church, Ont.
Comment
On Monday, September 5, 2016, Michelle said:I agree with you enitrely Mark. Political correctness is never a negative thing and just boils down to treating people with dignity and respect. Your article has left me thinking how can I be more sensitive to the needs and feelings of others and make sure I am respecting the people around me.
On Wednesday, July 20, 2016, Jac said:Whoa Mark,
The mention of sports teams seems to have struck a nerve and the point of the article is being missed. I thank you for your emphasis that we need to be sensitive to the cultures that own the traditions, rather than arrogantly assuming we have the right to imitate or reproduce for our own purposes.
On Tuesday, July 19, 2016, Ian Scott said:I think we need to be careful when we post online. And this section of the Salvationist.ca is titled, on purpose, opinion and critical thought. It is an opinion, and only one opinion. For official Salvation Army policy and thought you must go to where such things are posted for anyone to see and read.
To make assumptions based on one writer's comments is to be falsely informed.
That being said, there is usually an element of truth in what is written. If it were not so then it would not inspire reflection and opinion and comment in the first place. That being said, we in The Salvation Army must certainly be aware of what we are posting, writing, saying, and representing since we are part of a large world-wide organization and we are subject to cultural norms, expectations, nuances, and the public's expectation of who we are and what we do.
As always, read on.
On Wednesday, July 13, 2016, Tom Jeraldson said:I have often wondered whether the Salvation Army is itself guilty of cultural appropriation or rather, misappropriation. I wonder how the men and women who wear uniform on the front lines , getting shot at, risking their lives each and every day, feel about an organization that "plays" soldier. Firing their cartridge and firing volleys. Is the Army paying homage to or making fun of real soldiers in real armies. The ones who wear their uniforms proudly not taking them off when they head to Swiss chalet for lunch after their meeting. The Salvation Army does excellent work. It little game of playing soldier with military names for its clergy, except commissioner which is sort of weird because it's not military it's police ( someone screwed up) could conceivably seen to be immature at best and demeaning at worst to real soldiers who put their lives on the line. Misappropriation of a culture?
On Wednesday, July 13, 2016, Gerald Thompson said:I think the letters in response to this article speak for themselves, so I can only add a brief comment. If The Salvationist is "The Voice of the Army", then I assume this is the view the entire Canadian SA must hold. Indeed, the Captain must have better use for his time than to engage in such divisive rubbish. It reminds me of President Obama's recent speech at the Dallas police officer's memorial service. When one is perpetually aggrieved, there can never be a satisfactory solution.
On Monday, July 11, 2016, Murray D Clare said:How did this slip by the editors ?
This article on Hijacking culture is a real eye opener. Ever hear the comment( I believe Mark Twain)
"Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery." . clothing styles and hair have always been a statement about self. If they imitate another culture, that is even cooler
Sometimes mimicking another culture's dress code is respectful, especially if in their country. Sometimes it is even practical ! In our country, it is simply one's personal choice. No judgement implied or spoken. It is just cool.
The big thing with me though, is for the writer to suggest that Christians (he didn't mention from what part of the world or culture he is talking about (because that could maybe throw his argument askew) but suggests that the white christian population( which incorrectly does not represent the majority of the christian world ) needs to be more sensitive. Perhaps we can be more sensitive if we take off our self righteous blinders and realize that our clothes and dress code is not what needs to be the sensitive "issue" but rather
our universal and common desire to be worthy of our community's respect.
On Sunday, July 10, 2016, Ada Niseworthy said:Wow this is so disappointing to see the Salvation Army has now gone politically correct. It is unbelievable that they think the name Redskins and Blackhawks is inappropriate when the people themselves don't, when the natives don't when the Americans don't! I am shocked and saddened, so so sad. Political correctness is a curse that is destroying what little civilization we had. And what moral standards we had. When you give in to this garbage nothing good comes from it.
On Saturday, July 9, 2016, T Fensch said:It's disappointing to see the Salvation Army slide into the morass of Political Correctness.
I wonder, does Captain Braye know that surveys show that Indians/Native Americans in the US basically don't care about the name "Redskins"? So if it doesn't bother them, isn't Captain Braye imposing some sort of superior morality on them by insisting that they should?
Many sports names for Indigenous people in the USA were created to honor those people. The Cleveland Indians, for example, were so named to honor an early player on the team, Chief Sokalexis, who was, legend has it, an astonishingly good player. I can think of no team that chose an Indian/Native American/Indigenous Peoples name for the purpose of mocking or belittling that group.
The Florida State Seminoles are, of course, named after the tribe that still lives in Florida. When the National Collegiate Athletic Association told the school to remove its Indian mascot, the Seminole tribe basically asked the NCAA why they didn't consult with the tribe first. They also told the NCAA to MYOB. The mascot stayed. Same with the San Diego Aztecs whose student body, many of whom are Native Hispanics, voted overwhelmingly to keep the mascot.
In the vast majority of cases, people protesting Indian/Native American/Indigenous Peoples names are the same small group of agitators who demand the world live by their angry point of view.
I have the utmost respect for the SA, but I have to wonder if Capt. Braye doesn't have more pressing things to do in God's service than to further the PC agenda. | https://salvationist.ca/articles/2016/07/hijacking-culture/ |
It works through the use of art representation to depict something about an object in society. For example, the Readymades of Marcel Duchamp portray visual arts appropriated. Appropriation isn’t acceptable.
Is appropriation still acceptable?
It works through the use of art representation to depict something about an object in society. For example, the Readymades of Marcel Duchamp portray visual arts appropriated. Appropriation isn’t acceptable.
What is the purpose of appropriation art?
What’s the Intent of Appropriation Art? Appropriation artists want the viewer to recognize the images they copy. They hope that the viewer will bring all of his original associations with the image to the artist’s new context, be it a painting, a sculpture, a collage, a combine, or an entire installation.
What is image appropriation?
Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. The use of appropriation has played a significant role in the history of the arts (literary, visual, musical and performing arts).
Which means the thirteen arts and crafts of Bhutan?
Zorig Chosum
Is art appropriation unethical or illegal?
Appropriation art borrows images and ideas from popular culture, advertising, mass media, and other artists, and incorporates them into new works of art. But from the perspective of intellectual property law, the appropriation of protected works without permission from the owner is – quite simply – a form of theft.
Is there a difference between appropriation and copying art?
What’s the Difference Between Plagiarism and Appropriation? Artistically, appropriation simply means to take a source image that is not your own and change it SIGNIFICANTLY to suit your own personal vision. Plagiarism means to directly copy something from someone or somewhere else.
What is the difference between Apprepation and appropriation?
Appreciation is when someone seeks to understand and learn about another culture in an effort to broaden their perspective and connect with others cross-culturally. Appropriation on the other hand, is simply taking one aspect of a culture that is not your own and using it for your own personal interest.
What is the relationship between attribution and appropriation?
Attribution is giving credit where credit is due. Appropriation is the complex borrowing of ideas, images, symbols, sounds, and identity from others. Cultural appropriation is the use of elements of one culture by another culture, such as music, dress, imagery, or behavior and ceremony.
How do you know if something is cultural appropriation?
In short, if your use of cultural items or practices exploits that culture in any way, you’re appropriating — whether you realize it or not. Other markers of appropriation include presenting elements of a culture in ways that: give a skewed or inaccurate perspective of that culture. reinforce stereotypes.
What is another word for appropriation?
What is another word for appropriation?
|seizure||expropriation|
|takeover||arrogation|
|commandeering||taking|
|usurpation||annexation|
|assumption||confiscation|
What do you think are some issues that might arise because of borrowing and appropriating works of art?
The appropriation of existing artistic works creates a risk of copyright and moral rights infringement. We will call the work being appropriated the Source Work and the work being produced the Resulting Work.
Are friendship bracelets cultural appropriation?
Our friendship bracelets were also made to comment on the appropriation of Native American cultures, which often fall victim to the subject of fashion trends and offensive clothing. While the exact origin of friendship bracelets is unknown, common Native American motifs are shown on such bracelets.
Why is art appropriation bad?
While appropriating, remixing, and sampling images and media is common practice for artists, it can cause conflict and hurt, particularly if the materials are culturally or politically sensitive.
What is the opposite word of appropriation?
Answer: Opposite words for appropriation: bestowal, keeping, refusal, rejection, return.
Can food cultural appropriation?
The cultural appropriation of foods is defined as culinary appropriation, a common phenomenon in America. There are clear reasons why one should avoid cultural appropriation. Oftentimes it trivializes a history of violent oppression, for example dressing up in ‘blackface’ for Halloween.
What is creative appropriation?
On Saturday, November 22, MoMA presents the one-day studio course Creative Appropriation with Artist Michael Mandiberg. Appropriation is a way to experiment with images and objects by shifting the context around them, and reframe their meaning in the process. | https://www.orderwithme.com/is-appropriation-still-acceptable/ |
In this practice intended to heal, are we inadvertently causing harm?
Yoga teachers will already be well aware that the yamas are one of the eight limbs of yoga. According to Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, the word yamas can be translated as “abstinences”; in other words, these are things yogis should avoid doing (Satchidananda 2012).
The first of the yamas—and possibly the best known—is ahimsa, which translates to “nonviolence.” Some connotations of this term are obvious; for example, people should not physically harm others. But ahimsa is a more nuanced principle that refers to all kinds of harm, including mental, emotional and spiritual. Yogis are tasked with living in a manner that avoids harming sentient beings in any way.
The notion that we are not to cause harm feels like common sense. You are unlikely to find a yoga practitioner who consciously rejects the notion of ahimsa as a principle. However, is it possible that the way yoga is practiced and taught by some teachers is unwittingly propagating harm? Is cultural appropriation a concern in some yoga settings? If so, what can we, as mind-body practitioners, do about it?
What Is Cultural Appropriation?
Cultural appropriation is the act of adopting elements such as knowledge, practices and symbols from another, often minority, culture without understanding or respecting the original culture and the context in which those elements have traditionally been taught or applied.
We are beginning to hear the term a lot—whether in debates over Halloween costumes or expressions of frustration when people casually adopt clothing or hairstyles of those from other cultures.
Borrowing Versus Appropriation
For many of us, the concept of cultural appropriation is confusing, and globalization has only served to muddy the waters. Is borrowing okay—or not? “Borrowing and cultural mixture are widespread . . . . Cultural boundaries are fluid and shifting,” says Olufunmilayo B. Arewa, PhD, a professor of law and anthropology at the University of California, Irvine (Arewa 2017).
And, in fact, physical yoga postures, or asanas—particularly as they are understood in the West—are the result of a blending of cultural influences. While researching yoga’s roots, Mark Singleton, PhD, author of Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice (Oxford University Press 2010), discovered “that asana was rarely, if ever, the primary feature of the significant yoga traditions in India” (Singleton 2011).
According to Singleton’s research, yoga asanas like those we know today were designed by Krishnamacharya, who taught such notable yoga leaders as B.K.S. Iyenger, Indra Devi and T.K.V. Desikachar. The system Krishnamacharya created was “a marriage of hatha yoga, wrestling exercises, and modern Western gymnastics” that “eventually grew into several contemporary styles of asana practice, most notably what is known today as Ashtanga vinyasa yoga” (Singleton 2011).
Given that this type of yoga is itself a mix of cultures, why are some people worried that yoga is being culturally appropriated? Where do we draw the line between the natural blending of cultural boundaries and the harmful act of cultural appropriation? “Distinguishing borrowing from appropriation can sometimes be challenging because context plays a critical role in delineating acts of borrowing from appropriation,” says Arewa.
Rina Deshpande, MA, a yoga teacher, researcher and writer in New York City, makes the following distinction: “Cultural appropriation is when borrowing and sharing between cultures becomes exploitation. It’s cherry-picking what looks cool in a cultural practice without learning and acknowledging its complex history” (Deshpande 2017). So, while a certain degree of borrowing between cultures is natural and can even be celebrated, context, respect and acknowledgment are key.
Good Intentions, Bad Practices
It is important to note that most yoga teachers have good intentions and are probably unaware of the issue of cultural appropriation in yoga. But this lack of awareness can add another layer of confusion, especially considering that both “students and teachers [likely don’t know] how certain words and actions can mar the religious or spiritual significance of yoga” (Deshpande 2017).
Identifying specific aspects of yoga practice that constitute cultural appropriation is challenging. It’s more about taking the cultural origins out of context or adopting authentic yoga practices and related items and using them or marketing them without an attitude of respect.
Some are troubled by the misconception that yoga is an exclusionary practice, accessible only to those with certain body types. Others find it problematic when people perpetuate the notion that you can do yoga only if you’re wearing luxury yoga clothes or practicing at an elite facility.
So, what are the potential causes of appropriation?
A DIFFERENT TYPE OF TEACHER TRAINING
Michele Hébert, co-founder of the Raja Yoga Institute, believes that the problem of cultural appropriation in the West may have started when certifying organizations began training teachers. While Hébert sees this education as an honest attempt to provide standards for yoga teaching, she believes that yoga traditions have been lost along the way.
Speaking with Fitness Journal, Deshpande adds that, originally, “yoga was something passed down through a devoted teacher who carried years of practice and depth of knowledge.” Hébert explains that “the teacher-student relationship was more like an internship . . . [that] often took several years because, in the teaching, there was also a transference of energy, allowing the student to grow in spiritual strength and stature.”
It would appear that some of the all-important context—a key to avoiding cultural appropriation—can be lost when yoga teachers are trained in “2-week to 3-month teacher-training programs [that] do not allow for this development,” says Hébert.
EXTREME COMMERCIALIZATION OF YOGA
While everything gets commercialized to a degree, the issue lies in moving completely away from yoga’s mind-body-spirit connection and monetizing the practice’s spiritual values and symbols. For example, there can be a problem with “modifying yoga to [conform to] the values of Western lifestyle, such as how one looks in yoga,” says Lawrence Biscontini, MA, mindful movement specialist and an award-winning group exercise instructor. “The fact that there is a fashion to yoga clothes is insensitive. Plus, the phrase ‘nama-stay in bed’ appears everywhere these days. It bastardizes the traditional meaning of a sacred word with several connotations and denotations.”
The underlying problem is not that aspects of yoga have been adopted into regular life, but rather, that they are being adopted without respect for the original intention.
IGNORING PAIN
It is not unusual for cultures to intermix, borrow and reinvent. However, it’s inappropriate when this natural borrowing turns to stealing without regard for the personal pain that people of the given culture may have experienced. “It’s clear that many people don’t realize the suffering that India went through under British colonization, where practices like yoga were suddenly regulated or oppressed by people who came from a different land,” says Deshpande.
Proceeding with a Westernized practice without considering the pain that many have experienced is problematic. “Yoga has a really complex, painful past for the people who originally created it,” says Deshpande. “It’s similar to how we ought to feel when we consider Native Americans and their practices and what’s happened to their community. There is fracturing, stealing and pain.” To facilitate space for healing in our yoga classes, we must be willing to acknowledge a difficult truth.
What Can Yoga Teachers Do?
While the problem of cultural appropriation can be confusing and disheartening, we can bring about positive change. Reflect on these suggestions:
ASK QUESTIONS
“Consider if there is harm being done through neglect, suppression or shaming [of] the values of another culture,” says Deshpande. We need to ask challenging questions—and be willing to hear the answers.
LISTEN
It can be difficult to learn that the way we are doing something—no matter how well-intentioned—is hurtful. But one of the best things we can do is to listen and be receptive to what we hear. Deshpande says yoga is more than just a beautiful experience: “[It’s also about] touching a painful history to show how much we value and understand the yoga that we choose to practice.”
EDUCATE
We have a wonderful platform, not only for facilitating personal change in yoga, but also for educating our students. Biscontini suggests we “weave into educational cuing some historical or cultural focus for [the day’s] practice, like one of our eight limbs of yoga, and how a pose can be a metaphor for what happens in our lives off of our mat.”
ADJUST
If you discover that something in your approach to yoga or yoga culture is harmful, don’t be afraid to make changes. When you choose yoga apparel that depicts a deity or symbol, consider what it represents, recommends Deshpande (2017). This doesn’t mean not wearing this type of apparel altogether, but it does mean considering the message with which you’re aligning yourself.
MEDITATE
One of the professed goals of many seasoned yoga practitioners and teachers is to connect with something beyond themselves. Whenever you’re at a loss for answers, turn to meditation for increased clarity. “If every yoga instructor had a regular personal meditation practice, the concept of cultural appropriation would not exist,” says Hébert. “We would all be connected to pure consciousness, which is the ultimate goal of yoga.”
Recommended Reading
Would you like further insights into this topic? Try these resources:
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- Borrowed Power: Essays on Cultural Appropriation, edited by Bruce Ziff (Rutgers University Press 1997)
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- The Ethics of Cultural Appropriation, edited by James O. Young and Conrad G. Brunk (Wiley-Blackwell 2012)
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- Roots of Yoga, translated and edited by Sir James Mallinson and Mark Singleton (Penguin 2017)
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- Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture, by Andrea R. Jain (Oxford University Press 2014)
- Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, by Mark Singleton (Oxford University Press 2010)
References
Arewa, O.B. 2017. Love, hate, and culture wars. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 97 (1), 26–29.
Deshpande, R. 2017. Yoga in America often exploits my culture—but you may not even realize it. Self Magazine. Accessed June 25, 2019: self.com/story/yoga-indian-cultural-appropriation.
Satchidananda, S.S. 2012. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Buckingham, VA: Integral Yoga Publications.
Singleton, M. 2011. The ancient & modern roots of yoga. Yoga Journal. Accessed June 26, 2019: yogajournal.com/yoga-101/yoga-s-greater-truth.
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As the world continues to diversify, there begins to arise a question of how to share culture, and how to do it properly. Cultural exchange is a positive result of globalization, but on the flip side is the consequence, cultural appropriation.
And on October 31, people have to look no further than their front door to find cultural appropriation. Halloween tends to have the highest rates of direct cultural appropriation, due to Halloween being the time of year where people can don “costumes” that any other time of the year would be considered inappropriate and rude.
Problematic Halloween costumes seem to be widespread, from indigenous wear, to sexualized traditional wear, to stereotyped representations of minorities. These “costumes” are a huge disrespect to all cultures from around the world.
The big issue with cultural appropriation is that it takes a complex culture, and reduces it to a stereotyped aesthetic, which is incredibly dehumanizing – especially in the case of most “cultural” women’s costumes.
“[Cultural appropriation] creates a false representation of a culture that spreads around and then people start getting false perceptions of a culture and begin to make assumptions of what it is,” said senior Fatima Almousawi.
The stereotyping of cultures can have devastating consequences. It can erase symbolic meaning by taking things rich in history and culture, and limiting it to just being seen as something for fashion. It turns culture into a prop, into something that can just be used and then thrown away.
Which is why people oftentimes don’t understand that they are appropriating a culture, even more so during Halloween. Things that may appear to be costumes, oftentimes aren’t just a costume. They are representations of culture, and the way they are represented do have effects on people.
“I’m fighting against a lot of people who don’t actively support cultural appropriation but still do it anyway,” said senior Celeste An.
Appropriation makes people who are a part of that culture feel less than human, feel disrespected, feel like they are nothing beyond this caricature of their culture. And when people only embrace a culture for aesthetic reasons, they hurt the people involved.
Culture can be shared without appropriation. It’s when people take sacred parts of culture and twist it to fit themselves, and when they shut out the opinions of people from that culture, that there is a problem.
Setting harmful standards for future generations should not be our Halloween legacy.
Your donation will support the student journalists of Oviedo High School. Your contribution will allow us to purchase equipment and cover our annual website hosting costs. | https://oviedojournalism.com/5190/opinion/cultural-appropriation-in-halloween-costumes/ |
This month, and next, I’d like to offer this perspective on Music and Cultural Misappropriation from Rev. Jason Shelton. In April, I will share some of my own thoughts and perspective.
Rev. Jason Shelton is an award-winning composer, arranger, conductor, song- and worship leader, workshop presenter, and coach for clergy and musicians looking to deepen their collaborative relationships. In 2017 he stepped down as Associate Minister for Music at the First Unitarian Universalist Church in Nashville, Tennessee, which he served since 1998, and is now engaged in a music ministry at-large, focused on serving the musical resource needs of UU (and other liberal) congregations around the country.
A Perspective on Music and Cultural Misappropriation
Racial Justice & Multicultural Ministries – PART ONE
By the Reverend Jason Shelton (reprinted with permission)
I. Background
The question of cultural appropriation (sometimes called misappropriation) is a hot topic among ministers and other worship leaders in our time. I first remember hearing about it couched in a story of worship leaders who had adapted certain First Nations rituals for use in Unitarian Universalist worship without the permission of the tribe or nation with whom the ritual had been associated. The story raises complicated questions about ownership and rights, about race and race relations, and about who can legitimately participate in rites and rituals which have their origin in a cultural “other.”
As our congregations have begun moving into new musical directions in recent years, the question of cultural appropriation seems to be taking on a new shape. Namely, should people be making use of musical traditions which have a cultural heritage other than that of the musicians (or congregations) involved? It is a question that needs to be addressed carefully, especially as we welcome the wealth of diverse music found in our new hymn supplement, Singing the Journey, into our congregational worship experiences.
I would like to begin by questioning the idea that the rituals or musical traditions of any culture can ever really be “owned” by any person or group, no matter what their cultural background might be. Cultural anthropologists have pointed out for many years that all cultures are profoundly affected and necessarily changed by interaction with the “other.” Cultural exchange happens under both positive and negative circumstances, in peaceful trade relations as well as in situations of oppression and theft.
This is not to say that rituals and musical traditions cannot be traced back to particular peoples or cultures. Rather, I am saying that the possibility that any one ritual or custom can be claimed by a people or culture as solely their own invention, without any influence from the cultural other, is remote at best. True, there are moments when peoples express their particular genius in a truly unique and unaffected manner, but these moments are rare indeed. More often, cultural traditions evolve over long periods of time through experiences of contact and exchange with others.
I want to make this point very clear not because I somehow wish to devalue the qualities that make our cultural traditions special, but because I believe that our tendency to guard those traditions with references to cultural appropriation or even accusations of racism (or at the very least insensitivity) cut off the possibility of dialogue and real learning that can come from the sharing and exchange of ideas and traditions which is possible in our world today as never before.
II. Who Owns It?
Who owns a particular musical or cultural tradition? Who has the right to invite others to participate? Once invited, must a person seek permission again and again in order to bring that tradition into her or his own life?
I once participated in a retreat which was focused on earth-centered spirituality and led by a Catholic nun. She had ministered among a group of First Nations people in North Dakota for many years, and as she had gained the trust of the tribe she was, with time, invited to participate in some of their most sacred rituals. After nearly twenty years she was reassigned to another ministry, and when she left the leaders of the tribe gave her permission to build, use, and invite others to participate in their traditional sweat lodge ritual. What’s more, she was given permission to adapt their ritual so that it fit within a more traditional Catholic framework. I had the privilege of participating in a sweat under her leadership, and it was a deeply transformative, life-changing spiritual experience.
However, when I have spoken of this experience with other persons of First Nations descent, I have been told that what the nun had done was totally inappropriate, that she had no right to build and use a sweat lodge, much less to adapt the ritual in any way. Further, the tribe which had given her permission to do so, they said, had betrayed their heritage by their actions.
I have also participated in various workshops on singing in the African American traditions. And I have seen non-African American participants in these workshops go forth from them and try to put into practice what they have learned—what they have, by all accounts, been given permission to use by the workshop leaders—and been reviled by some African Americans in their congregations who claim that the person had no right to lead or sing those songs.
Again, I recognize that these are extraordinarily complex issues. They bring up questions related to personal cultural heritage, and our differing levels of comfort in sharing these traditions with others. But we, as people of faith who claim to celebrate our diversity in all its forms, cannot afford to make assumptions about the legitimacy of a person’s participation in what seems on the surface to be a ritual or tradition which comes from a cultural tradition which is not his or her own. We cannot know whether a person making use of a particular musical tradition or religious rite has come to that usage through respectful, disciplined study or through haphazard, careless conscription simply by looking at the color of their skin.
So how can we approach this issue in a way that is both respectful and invites full participation from the whole community of faith? I would first look at the history of a truly great American musical art form—jazz. | https://www.uucwc.org/a-perspective-on-music-and-cultural-misappropriation/ |
Cultural appropriation is defined in the Cambridge Dictionary as: "the act of taking or using things from a culture that is not your own, especially without showing that you understand or respect this culture."
Especially, when members of a dominant group take (sacred or traditional) bits of another culture or exploit the culture of an oppressed or less privileged group, such as Deaf, First Nations or Native Americans.
The author of Who Owns Culture? Appropriation and Authenticity in American Law, defined cultural appropriation as follows:
“Taking intellectual property, traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, or artifacts from someone else's culture without permission. This can include unauthorized use of another culture's dance, dress, music, language, folklore, cuisine, traditional medicine, religious symbols, etc.
"It's most likely to be harmful when the source community is a minority group that has been oppressed or exploited in other ways or when the object of appropriation is particularly sensitive, e.g. sacred objects.”
For example, a Caucasian person wearing a Native American headdress on Halloween Day is inappropriate because the headdress is a sacred artifact of the indigenous people. It's viewed by Native Americans as offensive.
There are certain areas of cultural appropriation that are disrespectful and not acceptable to Deaf people. Sign language is our Deaf people's core of cultural identity and pride. It's our sacred.
"Nico Lang, a guest blogger for the Los Angeles Times, pointed out in a post that cultural appropriation highlights the power imbalance that remains between those in power and those who’ve been historically marginalized." -- Nadra Kareem Nittle.
Not all cultural borrowing is bad or inconsiderate, but it's important to understand the difference between "cultural appropriation" and "cultural appreciation". Sharing is welcome. Unauthorized taking or adopting a cultural bit into your dominant culture is not.
Our language is our sacred core of our cultural-lingustic identity.
There are some areas of cultural appropriation that is unacceptable and disrespectful such as 'baby sign language', hearing people using our language ASL in songs, vlogs, teaching (especially for money), and/or using our language for fame, privilege, or position.
Scenario: Baby sign language is no more illusion than the non-existence of "Baby Speech Language". The concept of 'baby sign language' is an unfortunate appropriation from the authentic, human language of the American Deaf community - American Sign Language. The ASL signs are still ASL words (which are not baby words). Many linguistic and neuroscience studies confirm that ASL is not easier to learn, nor it come earlier, nor more iconic than a spoken language. Many in-depth posts on this topic are available on this site.
Do appreciate our language by learning our language (ASL) and (definitely not without) culture including history. Use it with Deaf people, families and friends. Don't teach our language with profits (when you're a hearing person) nor use our language with hearing privilege or with disrespect.
Do learn and appreciate Deaf talents' language arts from ASL poetry and storytelling to ASL music. Don't appropriate our language into music lyrics and showcase on the Internet. Don't assume we enjoy your hearing lyrics by translating them into ASL. You may try to be benevolent but it would be offensive or unimpressive to us.
Scenario:
"Just like how it is OK for hearing babies to learn ASL, and NOT OK for Deaf babies to learn ASL and BE naturally Deaf." -- Robyn Mackie (2017) in reference to the image above she posted on her FB.
Scenario: "I remember sitting at an audition for a TV show years ago and one hearing woman asked another Deaf actor to teach her a few signs from the sides that we all were auditioning for as a Deaf character. It was awkward." -- Deanne Bray, Deaf actor, in her FB comment, Nov. 11, 2017.
Scenario: A hearing artist makes profits from a signed language into their works of art whether they are murals, sculptures, or paintings, while there is an oppressed minority of talented Deaf artists with their MFA degrees, losing their opportunities. ASL is the identify of our culture and language. Hearing artists do NOT represent us nor speak for us, period!
Scenario: A hearing actor plays a deaf role. It's equivalent to a white actor painting his/her face black. Or, a "hearing" actor with some hearing loss and little understanding of culture and language. It's called "hear-washing" (if you understand "whitewashing").
And a lot of stories.
Related post: signing songs by hearing signers (cultural appropriation), hearing privilege. | https://www.handspeak.com/culture/index.php?id=141 |
Cultural Appropriation is Harmful. Here is why…
What is Cultural Appropriation? Cultural appropriation is the practice of using or taking something from another culture without giving proper recognition or respect to that culture, Mia Moody-Ramirez, PhD, professor and chair of the Baylor University department of journalism, public relations, and new media. This includes:
● Intellectual property ● Artifacts ● Dance ● Clothing and Fashion ● Language ● Music ● Food ● Religious symbols ● Decorations ● Medicine ● Makeup ● Hairstyle ● Tattoos ● Wellness practices
Usually, the culture that is being appropriated has been or is marginalized. "Cultural appropriation is about power," Neal Lester, PhD, founding director of Arizona State University's programming initiative Project Humanities says. "It's about who has the power to steal from somebody else and not offer any consequences." Why is cultural appropriation harmful? Cultural appropriation can perpetuate stereotypes and exploit groups that are discriminated against. This sort of “borrowing” is exploitative because it robs oppressed groups of the credit they deserve and often the capital owed to them as well.
If you are unsure how to decide if something is cultural appropriation, here are some questions to ask yourself:
What is your goal with what you are doing?
Are you following a trend or exploring the history of a culture?
Are you deliberately trying to insult someone's culture or are you being respectful?
Are you purchasing something (e.g., artwork) that is a reproduction of a culture or an original?
How would people from the culture you are borrowing from feel about what you are doing?
Are there any stereotypes involved in what you are doing?
Are you using a sacred item (e.g., headdress) in a flippant or fun way?
Are you borrowing something from an ancient culture and pretending that it is new?
Are you crediting the source or inspiration of what you are doing?
If a person of the original culture were to do what you are doing, would they be viewed as "cool" or could they possibly face discrimination?
Are you wearing a costume (e.g., Geisha girl, tribal wear) that represents a culture?
Are you ignoring the cultural significance of something in favor of following a trend?
How to Avoid Cultural Appropriation You can avoid cultural appropriation by taking a few steps, such as these:
Ask yourself the list of questions above to begin to explore the underlying motivation for what you are doing.
Give credit or recognize the origin of items that you borrow or promote from other cultures rather than claiming them as your original ideas.
Take the time to learn about and truly appreciate a culture before you borrow or adopt elements of it. Learn from those who are members of the culture,visit venues they run (such as restaurants) and attend authentic events (such as going to a real luau).
Support small businesses run by members of the culture rather than buying mass-produced items from big box stores that are made to represent a culture.
What to do if you’ve crossed a line When someone points out an instance of cultural appropriation, what should you do?
● First, apologize. Then immediately stop what you’re doing. Change your clothes, take the accessory off, scrub the phrase from your vocabulary. ● If you don’t understand how you messed up, do some work to understand why so you can avoid it in the future.
Remember, appreciation involves learning and sharing with permission. Appropriation generally exploits other cultures and reinforces stereotypes.
Content Based On: What is Cultural Appropriation and How You Can Avoid Doing It Nittle, Nadra Kareem. "A Guide to Understanding and Avoiding Cultural Appropriation." thoughtCo, Feb. 7, 2021, thoughtco.com/cultural-appropriation-and-why-iits-wrong-2834561.
Article written by Denise Young, CEO/Founder/Consultant: Tiger’s Eye Advisory Group. Reach out to Denise ([email protected]) if you or your organization is interested in Diversity and Inclusion, Leadership or Communication workshops, Keynotes or Facilitation Services.
Connect with Denise: | https://www.womeninleadership.ca/post/cultural-appropriation-is-harmful-here-is-why |
Added by: Carl FoxPublisher's Note: Written by Phil Parvin and Clare Chambers, who are current political philosophy lecturers and leading researchers, Political Philosophy - The Essentials is designed to give you everything you need to succeed, all in one place. It covers the key areas that students are expected to be confident in, outlining the basics in clear jargon-free English, and then providing added-value features like summaries of key thinkers, and even lists of questions you might be asked in your seminar or exam. The book's structure follows that of most university courses on political philosophy, by looking at the essential concepts within political philosophy (freedom, equality, power, democracy, rights, the state, political obligation), and then looking at the ways in which political philosophers have used these fundamental concepts in order to tackle a range of normative political questions such as whether the state has a responsibility to alleviate inequalities, and what interest liberal and democratic states should take in the cultural or religious beliefs of citizens.
Comment: 'Phil Parvin and Clare Chambers have produced a state of the art textbook, which provides students with a comprehensive and bang up-to-date introduction to contemporary political philosophy. Topics are introduced in a clear and eminently readable fashion, using accessible real world examples whilst drawing on sophisticated scholarly literature. There is no comparable book which covers such a wide range of topics in such a student-friendly manner.' (Dr Daniel Butt, Lecturer in Political Theory, University of Bristol.) 'A lively, accessible and engaging read. Comprehensive and well organized, it provides an updated account of key concepts in contemporary political philosophy, and highlights their relevance to political life in the 21st century. A valuable book for anyone taking their first steps in the world of political philosophy, or anyone who seeks to understand the normative challenges faced by our society today.' (Dr Avia Pasternak, Lecturer in Political Theory, University of Essex.) 'Written in a clear and accessible style, it is an engaging introduction for those who are new to political philosophy and wish to think through some of its most important questions. In addition to offering outlines of key arguments, each chapter also contains a summary of main concepts, self-test questions, a wonderful selection of quotations and some attention-grabbing 'nuggets'' (Dr Zosia Stemplowska, University Lecturer in Political Theory, University of Oxford)Export citation in BibTeX formatExport text citationView this text on PhilPapersExport citation in Reference Manager formatExport citation in EndNote formatExport citation in Zotero format
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Added by: Erich Hatala MatthesSummary: Todd (Métis) situates contemporary acts of cultural appropriation in the colonial appropriation of indigenous land. She offers a normative definition of cultural appropriation according to which it is understood as the opposite of cultural autonomy. In the course of her discussion, she responds to a number of defenses of cultural appropriation that, she argues, fail to recognize the asymmetries of power in which appropriation from indigenous communities is embedded. | https://diversityreadinglist.org/tag/political-power/ |
Over the years, our special features addressing identity politics—from the 1971 women’s issue to the queer edition of 1993—have both appealed to and tested our readers for the challenging exchanges these topics inevitably generate. This issue on Race and Culture has inspired both an unprecedented quantity of contributions and stimulating controversy within the Fifth Estate (FE) collective.
We have had months of debate within our editorial collective on the topics raised in this issue. At times, the discussions were intensely personal and even divisive. Trouble started as soon as the theme was announced. The first call for submissions, printed in the Fall FE, read: “When radicals adopt, appropriate, or adapt the cultures and rituals of marginalized minority groups, they...” followed by a list of choices. This was immediately challenged because it assumes that no “radicals” are members of those “marginalized minority groups.”
Despite our disagreements, the FE staff is unanimous about the importance of the larger radical community discussing anti-authoritarian identity politics. The powerful continue to exploit existing divisions and exacerbate historical problems. The tactic of divide-and-conquer is ancient, with current cynical manifestations all around us. We all need to work towards formulations for new modes of solidarity in order to combat our mutual foes.
It is important not to forget that the US is a country where white supremacy still reigns. People of color face a criminal “justice” system that targets them through racial profiling, convicts them at higher rates than whites and sentences them more harshly. Politicians campaign by race-baiting and attack affirmative action. Polluting industries place hazardous factories and waste plants in communities of color. Hate crimes against people of color continue. “English only” ordinances proliferate. The list goes on and on.
We are aware that this issue may prompt some of the emotional reactions we have already shared with each other in the collective; we welcome these as an important part of the learning process. In examining race, we realize that we may have to face uncomfortable realities but hope to avoid the semantic squabbling that all too often characterizes discussion of race in radical communities. However, it is important to think about some basic definitions of the concepts that have fueled so much contention—race and cultural appropriation. Race is a construct, but one that acquires reality both when we use it and when it is used against us. Race can be a tool of economic hegemony. Race can be a basis for solidarity. Race is a way of thinking learned at an early age by most Americans.
In a globalizing world, practices, forms and styles that might have once been the basis of cultural identity are now available to nearly everyone. Since the market logic of capitalism dominates the globalization process, these cultural forms are treated primarily as commodities, sucked dry and tossed onto the compost heap of history. This is the context for cultural appropriation.
How can anti-authoritarians seeking egress from empty consumerism practice borrowed cultural forms or play borrowed musics without unwittingly hastening the demise of these very practices? And where do we draw the line? Is it acceptable for white musicians to play hip-hop or sing the blues? For a non-native to conduct a sweat lodge? Clearly, activists from the dominant culture need to develop ethics of cultural appropriation based on more sustainable economic models than that of capitalism.
Simply declaring ourselves free of racism is no longer enough. We can forge bonds within and between communities, struggling together against the blatant racism of capitalism and the state. But we must go deeper than that. In combating racism, we have to start with ourselves. We must recognize that backgrounds and privileges influence people’s outlooks on life.
It may be foolhardy to think that we can destroy racism (or race) with mere words. But to continually discuss and debate the subject through critique and reappraisal can move the project closer towards realization. This is only the beginning of a long conversation, so we have more questions than answers. We hope this issue will open up a discussion that fosters greater understanding and ultimately expands the outlooks of anti-authoritarians. We look forward to your feedback. | https://fifthestate.anarchistlibraries.net/library/363-winter-20032004-an-introduction-to-race-and-culture |
Examples of cultural appropriation are everywhere you look in pop culture, fashion, and even food. The "is it appropriation, or appreciation?" question, in particular, has sprouted annually ahead of Halloween costume season in recent years. Yet there's no true consensus on the definition of cultural appropriation and how serious of an offense it is—nor on who gets to act as judge and juror when it comes to the latter.
While the term itself is decades old, it became more widely known in 2013. "The idea of cultural appropriation certainly started to hit the mainstream with Miley Cyrus and twerking," says Erika Niwa, assistant professor of psychology at Brooklyn College, who has studied how culture impacts ethnic and racial identity. Cyrus sparked a tidal wave of online conversation over the fact that she'd lifted, without credit, her dance style from the Black bounce music scene in New Orleans—a culture that millions of her fans had never heard of—for her own great commercial and financial reward.
The debate resurfaced often over that following year, as Cyrus's pop music peer Katy Perry took flak for appropriation gaffes that included performing in Japanese geisha garb, donning cornrow braids with gelled-down baby hair while singing about "getting our nails did all Japanese-y" in her "This Is How We Do" video, and dressing like an Egyptian Queen in the clip for "Dark Horse," which also drew accusations of anti-Muslim blasphemy for a since-deleted scene. Few could've predicted then that society was only just at the dawn of an ongoing dialogue, one that now surges anew on social media daily.
Perry's annoyed response to her controversies at the time reflected how some people still feel today whenever an instance of cultural borrowing is deemed out of pocket: "I guess I'll just stick to baseball and hot dogs, and that's it," she said in a 2014 Rolling Stone profile, adding, "I can't appreciate a culture? I guess, like, everybody has to stay in their lane? I don't know."
The thing is, most people don't 100 percent know what's acceptable and what's not. And there are layers; not every instance of cultural appropriation is worthy of being "canceled" (if such a phenomenon even exists). And as white, female pop stars, Cyrus and Perry were more likely to garner attention for their problematic album promotions—but really, they were just two stars in a broad galaxy of people who participate in complex inter-cultural borrowing. Here's a brief explanation of what cultural appropriation is, why it's so complicated, and a few expert-suggested ways to avoid crossing a line.
First things first: What is cultural appropriation?
"The term cultural appropriation has been defined as 'the taking—from a culture that is not one's own—of intellectual property, cultural expressions or artifacts, history and ways of knowledge,' the editors of Borrowed Power, a collection of essays focused on indigenous cultures, wrote back in 1997. The sentences that follow pose questions people still struggle to answer more than 20 years later: "This simple description bristles with uncertainty: What do we mean by 'taking'? What values and concerns are implicated in the process of appropriation? And how, if at all, should we respond?"
Niwa elaborates that those things being "taken," or appropriated as one's own, include "ideas, dress, food, artifacts, history, or spiritual practices—such as yoga, and the language around things like tantric sex." (Though yoga and tantric sex are rooted in ancient Indian traditions, the U.S. culture surrounding the former is so overwhelmingly white that some consider it a form of appropriation. And no, as this article explains, this does not mean you can't practice yoga if you're not of South Asian descent).
In rarer instances, appropriation has entailed borrowing an entire racial identity, as two white women famously did in recent years: Rachel Dolezal, who for years altered her appearance to pose as a Black woman, and Jessica Krug, a white professor who confessed to inventing a false Afro-Latina persona for professional gain.
While widely discussing appropriation may be fairly new, the act itself is not. "The practice of repurposing culture is as old as culture itself, and America has been making other cultures appropriate to its amusement and ambitions since the very beginning," Lauren Michele Jackson writes in White Negroes: When Cornrows Were in Vogue ... and Other Thoughts on Cultural Appropriation.
Pointing out examples in jazz, hip hop, sports team names like "Redskins" and "Braves," and slang that came from Black and gay subcultures, Jackson writes that to try and keep track would be an exhausting exercise in futility. "Appropriation is everywhere, and is also inevitable," she writes.
If you've noticed that the majority of headline-making visual examples seem to focus on women, you're right. "The conversation primarily centers on women," says Mia Moody-Ramirez, Phd, Professor and Chair of the Baylor University Department of Journalism, Public Relations and New Media. "Cultural appropriation is often about people 'stealing' things they deem beautiful, or unique. It may be overgeneralizing, but those are more often things traditionally worn by women." Examples include bindis, kimonos, or the Chinese qipao-style dress that incited a deeply thorny debate after Twitter eviscerated a white high school student who wore one to prom.
We see appropriations iterated everywhere across social media—where the lion's share of fiery debate on the topic occurs—though it's not solely white people who borrow. Black pop stars such as Nicki Minaj and Beyonce, for instance, have respectively sparked controversy for lifting from Asian and Indian cultures. "Situations like that are a little more complicated," Niwa says. "Because you're talking about two different cultural groups where the power differential isn't as obvious."
And ultimately, Niwa and Ramirez-Moody agree, determining how problematic a cultural appropriation moment is—and not every instance is worthy of uproar—is all about power. It's important to remember that the give-and-take of cross cultural borrowing doesn't happen on a level playing field. As actress Amandla Stenberg pointed out in a viral 2015 video, many non-Black Americans who heavily borrow from Black culture for clout or career advancement don't always support actual Black Americans in their lived experiences of structural racism and violence at the hands of police.
"What would America be like if we loved Black people as much as we love Black culture?" Stenberg says in summary.
"Are you imitating a culture that has a history of oppression, marginalization, exploitation? Are you benefitting from that borrowing?" says Niwa. "And when you're tired, or over it, or it's November 1st, can you take it off? Because there's inherently power and privilege in that."
And now: A few tips on avoiding culturally appropriative Halloween costumes.
First? A simple test.
A few simple gut-checks can help ensure that your, or your child's, Halloween costume won't offend. "I always tell people that the test is: Say you go trick-or-treating. If someone from that culture opens the door, will they be offended by your costume?" Moody-Ramirez says. "If you could say yes, I’d advise you not to wear it.”
Educate yourself on the cultures you're drawing from.
Say your child wants to dress as a specific character they love, such as Moana or Mulan (as opposed to a dicier, vague choice like "little Chinese girl"). There is an opportunity for you both to learn a bit more about that character's culture, while helping to ensure the costume is as respectful as possible. Then, in a way that's age-appropriate, "maybe talk about how appropriate it is to wear the costume," Moody-Ramirez says.
The same goes for adults. If you're applying a bindi and you're not of Indian descent, would you be able to say that you know the traditional meanings behind the symbol? Are you wearing a qipao as a fashion statement, yet remaining silent when you hear anti-Chinese sentiment during the Covid-19 pandemic? Being somewhat informed about the accessory or garment's cultural significance is ideal.
Ask yourself: Are you sexualizing the sacred?
Whether it's picking an outfit for the club or devising a "sexy [fill-in-the-blank]" Halloween costume, Moody-Ramirez says another reason to learn more about the culture or cultural item you're repurposing is so you'll know whether the item is sacred to the community it comes from.
For example, Native American headdresses, or warbonnets, hold deep meanings that vary from tribe to tribe. But feathers were often earned through acts of bravery, and typically worn by elder men. When Karlie Kloss walked the Victoria's Secret catwalk wearing a replica Native American-style headdress, lingerie, and be-fringed high heels in 2012, the corporation had to issue an apology shortly after.
"We have gone through the atrocities to survive and ensure our way of life continues," Navajo Nation spokesman Erny Zah told USA Today. "Any mockery, whether it's Halloween, Victoria's Secret — they are spitting on us. They are spitting on our culture, and it's upsetting."
One blanket rule: Blackface is never okay.
It may sound like something that doesn't need to be said by now, but we'll say it just in case: Painting your skin darker is not acceptable in any scenario. Even when intended as an homage to a specific person or character that you love, such as when Julianne Hough dressed as the inmate known as Crazy Eyes in Orange Is the New Black for Halloween in 2013. (Calling it an "unfortunate event," Crazy Eyes portrayer Uzo Aduba accepted Hough's public apology.)
"If dressing up like that person requires you to darken your skin, or wear a wig to change the texture of your hair to represent someone of color, that’s going to be seen as offensive," says Moody-Ramirez. But, she says, that doesn't necessarily mean that every race is prohibited from channeling the spirit of a celebrity or character from another culture—there may be ways to do that respectfully. "If you want to dress as your favorite basketball player, you can still wear that person’s jersey, but you don’t have to darken your face and put on an Afro so that you look like that person."
Not everyone will agree with the latter distinction, of course. There will never be universal agreement among all members of a given race or culture about whether a tribute is okay or not, because everyone's opinion is informed by their individual experiences. Case in point: A 2020 photo of Adele wearing a Jamaican flag bikini top with her hair in Bantu knots—worn to honor Notting Hill Carnival, an English celebration of Jamaican culture—drew an equal mix of anger and defenses from Black Americans, Jamaicans, and Black British citizens who are long familiar with the festival. There is no one right answer to settle on.
Ultimately, it's most important to remember that if you're not a member of the culture that is being borrowed from, you are not best qualified to weigh in on whether an instance of appropriation is or is not offensive. "You can’t really walk in a person from another culture’s shoes, and that’s another reason people get offended," says Moody-Ramirez. For instance, she says, "they might say, 'Well, you’re dressing up like a Black person, but then when you go home, you can take the costume off. Whereas a Black person can never change their skin color, and can’t avoid systemic racism and the other pressures that come with that.'"
Finally, when it comes to cultural appropriation in general: Keep the conversation constructive.
Calling out perceived violations on a case-by-case basis has yet to resolve the conversation, particularly when one's aim is to humiliate, not inform. “In its proliferation, the term cultural appropriation has become charged. Conversations about it are radioactive,” Refinery29’s Connie Wang writes, reflecting on covering a decade’s worth of news on the topic. She goes on to write, “The do-or-die way we talk about cultural appropriation has somehow made it easier to punish those who have the most to learn, and reward those who know just the bare minimum.”
That said, the solution isn't to let exploitative appropriation go unchecked, especially when it's being used to sell something—be it music, clothes, or sponsored Instagram posts. When done well, there's value in difficult conversations that can help us understand each other better. Katy Perry shared her own process of realizing her past "mistakes" in a 2017 interview with activist and Pod Save the People host DeRay Mckesson, including her misappropriation of traditionally-Black hairstyles and her "geisha girl" outfit.
"I listened and I heard, and I didn't know, and I won't ever understand some of those things because of who I am. But I can educate myself, and that's what I'm trying to do along the way," Perry said.
Instead of railing against one musician or reality star and the offscreen creative team they might've dreamed up their look with, it might be more helpful to examine the larger systems that reward celebrities who cherry-pick from another culture for artistic and monetary profit and consider how we all participate in it. (Though on the celebrities' part, hiring a diverse creative team wouldn't hurt.)
And owning up to our participation may require some tough exchanges, but it's important to try to engage with as little defensiveness or rancor as possible—another challenge in what's been called the "callout culture" of the internet.
"The question of appropriation versus appreciation is a question of intent," Niwa says. Online conflicts tend to arise when someone's good intentions make a harmful impact.
"On the one hand, you've got to have the strength of character to be able to hear when you've hurt somebody's feelings, even if you didn't mean to," she continues. "So that we can be better. But if you're not purposely hurting somebody, there has to be some capacity for dialogue. If you are willing to change and grow, then you can change and grow."
For more stories like this, sign up for our newsletter. | https://www.oprahmag.com/life/a34058415/what-is-cultural-appropriation/ |
10. What challenges are raised by the dissemination & communication of knowledge?
Object 1 : Hokusai’s “The Great Wave”
This is The Great Wave by Katsushika Hokusai. It is the first and most well-known piece in Hokusai’s series, 36 views of Mt Fuji. This piece depicts a monstrous wave before it crashes with Mount Fuji seen in the background. People outside of Japan recognize this piece as a Japanese cultural symbol. However, people in Japan just see this piece as an example of the woodblock printing style that was popular among Japanese artists during Hokusai’s time period.
This piece holds a cultural significance in the West that it does not in Japan. Because of this, we can say that this piece has lost its original meaning, however, the loss of said meaning is not considered to have negatively impacted the nature of the piece. In fact, it is more accurate to say that this piece gained something positive out of being given a new meaning. Despite this, Japanese art historians and government officials were against this piece’s newfound popularity in the West, believing that there are many other examples of great Japanese artworks that Westerners can view as representative. This demonstrates that one possible challenge in the dissemination/communication of knowledge is the unwanted assignment of a cultural symbol that holds a different meaning in its own country of origin.
Despite the negative attitude Japanese art historians and government officials initially had for this piece’s popularity, Japan has more recently adopted the significance that foreigners have given this piece. This is a direct result of the miscommunication of knowledge. This object enriches this exhibition by presenting an anomaly in the consideration of the challenges raised in the dissemination/communication of knowledge; it shows how these challenges were overcome and embraced. Now, it is no longer regarded as some commercial woodblock print, but rather one of the most influential and recognizable pieces of Japanese art.
Object 2 : Tweet from twitter user @daumkeziah
On April 22nd, 2018, a Caucasian woman posted photos on twitter of her wearing a traditional Chinese Qipao to her prom. Upon posting these pictures, she was met with a wave of backlash from people accusing her of cultural appropriation for failing to acknowledge its cultural significance, but also received just as many compliments and approval for her use of the dress.
The group of people accusing her of cultural appropriation believed that wearing this dress for the sole purpose of wanting to be “different” among her peers at her prom is disrespectful to the cultural significance that this dress holds: it symbolized beauty, elegance and wealth among Chinese women. Many twitter users expressed their views by saying this use of the Qipao is parallel to colonial ideology, in the sense that something with a background of a marginalized group overcoming extreme barriers of oppression has become subject to American consumerism to cater to a white audience. Others argue that, when someone appreciates the aesthetics of cultural garments, it is cultural appreciation rather than appropriation. People often have misunderstandings, as many believe that is you are not explicitly appreciating another culture, it should immediately be labelled as cultural appropriation. The fear of the appropriation of cultures and being accused of cultural appropriation hinders the dissemination/communication of culture/knowledge.
This object enriches the exhibition by showing how cultural appreciation can open doors for people looking to learn more about a certain culture. When this woman wore this garment, even if just for the aesthetic value, she actively made a statement that she likes and wants to learn more about the culture. Even though this could encourage the dissemination/communication of knowledge, people continue to defend their culture from outsiders. The fear that foreign consumers may take traditional garments and denounce its history is a valid reason for appointing certain measures against the dissemination of knowledge and spreading of cultures.
Object 3 : Strawberry Blond by Mitski
Mitski Miyawaki is a musical artist who writes music about her struggles with mental illness and being a mixed raced person of colour. An example of one of her most popular songs about the latter topic is Strawberry Blond, released on August 1st, 2013. This song illustrates the struggles of being in an interracial relationship with significant cultural differences.
Mitski wrote this song about the struggles of being a person of colour in a society that praises beauty according to Western beauty standards and condemns anything that falls outside of this standard. Her lyrics have been interpreted by white listeners who change the narrative in favour of their experiences as a white person multiple times. Strawberry Blond has become subject to the same fate. While songs going viral have great benefits for the original artists, the loss of this particular song’s meaning was not worth its virality, as it can be seen as a white audience speaking over the struggles of people of colour. The challenge that this brings to the dissemination/communication of knowledge is the fact that this song gained its popularity through a false narrative that speaks over the original meaning.
This object enriches this exhibition because it illustrates the issues raised in a context that would usually be considered a step forward in the dissemination/communication of knowledge. Of course, fans are completely free to interpret the meanings of songs they like; however, an issue arises when it actively dismisses specific issues the artist struggles with.
Knowing the meaning/story could be dismissed in this manner hinders artists from sharing their work, therefore raising another issue in the dissemination/communication of knowledge.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Keziah, @daumkeziah. “PROM Pic.twitter.com/gsJ0LtsCmP.” Twitter, April 22, 2018. https://twitter.com/daumkeziah/status/988115815068139520.
MacGregor, Neil. “A History of the World in 100 Objects, Mass Production, Mass Persuasion (1780 – 1914 AD), Hokusai’s The Great Wave.” BBC Radio 4. BBC, October 14, 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00v72n6.
Mitski. “Strawberry Blond.” Spotify, August 1, 2013. https://open.spotify.com/track/3eGsNpXzcb1BDkfSJI54NY?si=763fbf7b6b224e1b.
Shanghaiist.com. “American Girl Wears Qipao to Prom, Gets Accused of ‘Cultural Appropriation’.” Medium. Shanghaiist, May 1, 2018. https://medium.com/shanghaiist/american-girl-wears-qipao-to-prom-gets-accused-of- cultural-appropriation-891f5dfd97d2.
Stonard, John-Paul. “Hokusai: The Great Wave That Swept the World.” The Guardian. Guardian News anD Media, May 19, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/may/19/hokusai-japanese-artist-late- blossoming-great-wave-mount-fuji
Wong, Lina. “Gatekeeping Mitski .” Unpublished. Unpublished Magazine, March 11, 2021. https://www.unpublishedzine.com/music-1/gatekeeping-mitskinbsp. | https://marymountmessenger.com/2021/05/26/parkinson-ava/ |
Commentary: Cultural Appropriation Is, In Fact, Indefensible
Last week, the New York Times published an op-ed titled "In Defense of Cultural Appropriation" in which writer Kenan Malik attempted to extol the virtues of artistic appropriation and chastise those who would stand in the way of necessary "cultural engagement." (No link, because you have Google and I'd rather not give that piece more traffic than it deserves.) What would have happened, he argues, had Elvis Presley not been able to swipe the sounds of black musicians?
Malik is not the first person to defend cultural appropriation. He joins a long list that, most recently, has included prominent members of the Canadian literary community and author Lionel Shriver.
But the truth is that cultural appropriation is indefensible. Those who defend it either don't understand what it is, misrepresent it to muddy the conversation, or ignore its complexity — discarding any nuances and making it easy to dismiss both appropriation and those who object to it.
At the start of the most recent debate, Canadian author Hal Niedzviecki called on the readers of Write magazine to "Write what you don't know ... Relentlessly explore the lives of people who aren't like you. ... Win the Appropriation Prize." Amid the outcry over this editorial, there were those who wondered why this statement would be objectionable. Shouldn't authors "write the Other?" Shouldn't there be more representative fiction?
Yes, of course. The issue here is that Niedzviecki conflated cultural appropriation and the practice of writing characters with very different identities from yourself — and they're not the same thing. Writing inclusive fiction might involve appropriation if it's done badly, but that's not a given.
Cultural appropriation can feel hard to get a handle on, because boiling it down to a two-sentence dictionary definition does no one any favors. Writer Maisha Z. Johnson offers an excellent starting point by describing it not only as the act of an individual, but an individual working within a "power dynamic in which members of a dominant culture take elements from a culture of people who have been systematically oppressed by that dominant group."
That's why appropriation and exchange are two different things, Johnson says — there's no power imbalance involved in an exchange. And when artists appropriate, they can profit from what they take, while the oppressed group gets nothing.
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I teach classes and seminars alongside author and editor Nisi Shawl on Writing the Other, and the foundation of our work is that authors should create characters from many different races, cultures, class backgrounds, physical abilities, and genders, even if — especially if — these don't match their own. We are not alone in this. You won't find many people advising authors to only create characters similar to themselves. You will find many who say: Don't write characters from minority or marginalized identities if you are not going to put in the hard work to do it well and avoid cultural appropriation and other harmful outcomes. These are different messages. But writers often see or hear the latter and imagine that it means the former. And editorials like Niedzviecki's don't help the matter.
Complicating things even further, those who tend to see appropriation as exchange are often the ones who profit from it.
Even Malik's example involving rock and roll isn't as simple as Elvis "stealing" from black artists. Before he even came along, systematic oppression and segregation in America meant black musicians didn't have access to the same opportunities for mainstream exposure, income, or success as white ones. Elvis and other rock and roll musicians were undoubtedly influenced by black innovators, but over time the genre came to be regarded as a cultural product created, perfected by, and only accessible to whites.
This is the "messy interaction" Malik breezes over in dismissing the idea of appropriation as theft: A repeating pattern that's recognizable across many different cultural spheres, from fashion and the arts to literature and food.
And this pattern is why cultures and people who've suffered the most from appropriation sometimes insist on their traditions being treated like intellectual property — it can seem like the only way to protect themselves and to force members of dominant or oppressive cultures to consider the impact of their actions.
This has lead to accusations of gatekeeping by Malik and others: Who has the right to decide what is appropriation and what isn't? What does true cultural exchange look like? There's no one easy answer to either question.
But there are some helpful guidelines: The Australian Council for the Arts developed a set of protocols for working with Indigenous artists that lays out how to approach Aboriginal culture as a respectful guest, who to contact for guidance and permission, and how to proceed with your art if that permission is not granted. Some of these protocols are specific to Australia, but the key to all of them is finding ways for creativity to flourish while also reducing harm.
All of this lies at the root of why cultural appropriation is indefensible. It is, without question, harmful. It is not inherent to writing representational and inclusive fiction, it is not a process of equal and mutually beneficial exchange, and it is not a way for one culture to honor another. Cultural appropriation does damage, and it should be something writers and other artists work hard to avoid, not compete with each other to achieve.
For those who are willing to do that hard work, there are resources out there. When I lecture about this, I ask writers to consider whether they are acting as Invaders, Tourists, or Guests, according to the excellent framework Nisi Shawl lays out in her essay on appropriation. And then I point them towards all the articles and blog posts I've collected over time on the subject of cultural appropriation, to give them as full a background in understanding, identifying, and avoiding it as I possibly can.
Because I believe that, instead of giving people excuses for why appropriation can't be avoided (it can), or allowing them to think it's no big deal (it is), it's more important to help them become better artists whose creations contribute to cultural understanding and growth that benefits us all.
K. Tempest Bradford is a speculative fiction author, media critic, teacher, and podcaster. She teaches and lectures about writing inclusive fiction online and in person via WritingTheOther.com. | https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/06/28/533818685/cultural-appropriation-is-in-fact-indefensible |
We promote learning and sharing earth-friendly living skills to all individuals in a safe and inclusive atmosphere through accessible education and social action.
The volunteer organizers of Reeds & Roots Skillshares are committed to maintaining an inclusive, welcoming community for all participants. We take every step we can to ensure that no one is mistreated, disadvantaged, or made to feel unwelcome–and we encourage anyone to give feedback on how we can improve these efforts.
We are also committed to diversifying our volunteer base of organizers, teachers, and work traders. We recognize the importance of polycultures not only in plant communities, but in people communities, too! We solicit teachers from a variety of backgrounds and levels of experience. If you see gaps in our workshop topics, or cultures not represented, please help us recruit to fill these needs!
Cultural Appropriation
As an earthskills gathering, we receive workshop applications from practices rooted in cultures from around the world. In order to maintain an inclusive atmosphere, it is important for us to understand what is, “Cultural Appropriation,” so that we contribute towards healing and connectivity (rather than alienation and imperialism). We encourage those unfamiliar with the pitfalls of practices from a culture you didn’t grow up with to read this wonderful article, explaining both problems and solutions.
Acknowledgement of Occupied Land
The organizers of Reeds & Roots Skillshares acknowledge our occupation on native land. Territory in Northeast Ohio was taken by the U.S. in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, in which most of the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan were officially colonized. The Treaty came after years of battle between the United States and an Indian confederation headed by Miami chief Little Turtle. The Trail of Tears proceeded in 1830-1850, in which 100,000s of native peoples were killed or pushed west in forced government removal.
We are actively inviting individuals and organizations working on social justice issues to teach and organize with us to build our network of doers, and improve our Skillshare events. Many First Americans are still working for equality, recognition, and violence against women. Here are a few links: | https://reedsandroots.org/diversity-inclusion/ |
What happened after the Spanish empire collapsed?
And yet, 300 years later, the Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War, and with it, the Spanish colonial empire died. Cuba was lost, as was the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. In an attempt to salvage whatever could be saved, Spain sold her remaining Pacific colonies to the newest European power, Germany.
What was the impact of the Spanish Empire?
It shaped North America, Central and South America, North Africa, East Asia, the Caribbean, and once dominated Europe. Just over a century ago, Spain gave up some of its last colonies — the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. Texas is unlikely to ever match the impact of Spain’s empire on the world.
What was the downfall of the Spanish Empire?
At the end of the century most of the remaining Spanish Empire ( Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam ) was lost in the Spanish American War in 1898.
What were the problems that weakened the Spanish Empire 4?
What problem helped to weaken the spanish empire? The inflation or increase of taxes, spain exporting goods to other countries which made spain’s enemies rich, and the dutch revolt weakened spain.
What happened as a result of Spain’s early exploration of the New World apex?
The Spaniards brought their own language along with their Catholic religion to their new territories and founded new towns and cities, such as St. Augustine, Florida, which was founded in 1565, making it the oldest European city in the United States.
Why did the Spanish colonies fail?
Frigid winters and scurvy claimed several settlements; starving settlers abandoned others. Indians laid siege to settlements or attacked them outright. Rebellion by brutalized soldiers or starved African slaves ended two colonies.
What were the effects of Spanish colonization on the Americas?
“The destruction, dismantling, and dispersion of the missionized California Indians was further exacerbated by the genocide, kidnapping, and legalized servitude of Indians by European Americans.
What were the changes brought by the Spanish colonization?
Spanish conquest eventually wrought fundamental changes in the lives of the native population. The Spaniards introduced new customs and a new religion. They brought over new practices and institutions from their earlier colonial experiences in Latin America.
What impact did Spanish colonization have on Spanish society?
At first, Spaniards destroyed Mexican culture(civilizations, heritage buildings). They slaughtered many natives and took lots of resources, such as silver and gold from Mexico, however, they never gave anything in return. Spain made Encomienda system and enslaved natives.
When did Spain lose its colonies?
After some 15 years of uprisings and wars, Spain by 1825 no longer had any colonies in South America itself, retaining only the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Why did some of the early colonies fail?
Some European attempts to colonize the New World failed not only because of physical hardships and deprivation but also because of cultural misunderstandings on the part of both the colonizers and the native inhabitants.
What was the most significant result of the Spanish colonization of Central and South America quizlet?
What was the most significant result of the Spanish colonization of Central and South America? Spain became rich by stealing the wealth of the American colonies. Paying tribute included giving gold or human sacrifice victims to a larger, more powerful empire.
How did Spain defeat the empires of the New World?
By 1565, Spanish forces looked to expand their influence and Catholic religion in the New World by attacking the French settlement of Fort Caroline. The Spanish navy overwhelmed 200 French Huguenot settlers and slaughtered them, even as they surrendered to Spain’s superior military.
Was the Spanish colonization successful?
With ‘colonization’ defined as “the establishment of a colony; the establishment of control over the indigenous people of a colony; appropriating a place for one’s own use”, it is clear that there was indeed substantial Iberian success, evidenced by the large-scale exportation of goods, the effective operation of …
What was the impact of the Spaniards arrival in the New World?
The so-called Columbian Exchange brought European goods and ideas to the New World—including the horse, which was not native to the Western Hemisphere—and returned new plants and animals to the Old World, including potatoes, corn, tomatoes and other crops.
How did Spain defeat the indigenous empires of the Americas?
Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitlán. In August 1521, Cortés claimed Tenochtitlán for Spain and renamed it Mexico City. The Spanish also brought smallpox, which took a heavy toll on the people in Tenochtitlán.
What was the effect of the Spanish on the Aztec Empire?
The Spanish had a positive effect on Aztec civilization because they helped modernize the society. They introduced the Aztecs to domestic animals, sugar, grains, and European farming practices. Most significantly, the Spanish ended the Aztec’s practice of human sacrifice.
How did the Spanish defeat the Aztec Empire?
Spanish conquistadores commanded by Hernán Cortés allied with local tribes to conquer the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlán. Cortés’s army besieged Tenochtitlán for 93 days, and a combination of superior weaponry and a devastating smallpox outbreak enabled the Spanish to conquer the city.
What did the Spanish bring with them that caused the Aztec Empire to collapse?
When the Spanish arrived, they brought with them smallpox. The Aztec had no immunity to European diseases. Smallpox spread among the indigenous people and crippled their ability to resist the Spanish.
What were 3 major reasons for the fall of the Aztec Empire?
The four major factors that were obvious to the downfall of the Aztecs was the bloody sacrifices, religion, diseases, and the Spanish tactics used against the Aztecs.…
What happened to Tenochtitlan after the Spanish took over?
In May 1521, Cortés returned to Tenochtitlán, and after a three-month siege the city fell. This victory marked the fall of the Aztec empire. Cuauhtémoc, Cuitláhuac’s successor as emperor, was taken prisoner and later executed, and Cortés became the ruler of a vast Mexican empire.
What happened to the Aztec religion after the Spanish conquest?
It was an unhappy circumstance in which the Aztecs were defeated by Hernan Cortes, leader of the invasion of the Aztec empire, and his men. The Spanish conquerors then began the gradual process of converting the Aztecs to Christianity.
What ended the Aztec Empire?
Invaders led by the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés overthrew the Aztec Empire by force and captured Tenochtitlan in 1521, bringing an end to Mesoamerica’s last great native civilization.
What happened to the Aztec and Inca empires?
Both the Aztec and the Inca empires were conquered by Spanish conquistadors; the Aztec Empire was conquered by Cortés, and the Inca Empire was defeated by Pizarro. The Spanish had an advantage over native peoples because the former had guns, cannons, and horses.
How did the Aztecs react to the arrival of the Spanish?
The Aztecs decided it was time for the Spanish to leave. They did not want to kill them because they might be gods after all, but the Aztecs wanted them to move along. The Spanish were secretly glad to leave. For some time, they had been wondering how to escape alive.
Why do you think the Spanish were able to defeat the Aztecs and Inca?
The Spanish were able to defeat the Aztec and the Inca not only because they had horses, dogs, guns, and swords, but also because they brought with them germs that made many native Americans sick. Diseases like smallpox and measles were unknown among the natives; therefore, they had no immunity to them.
How the Spanish conquered the Incas?
On November 16, 1532, Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish explorer and conquistador, springs a trap on the Incan emperor, Atahualpa. With fewer than 200 men against several thousand, Pizarro lures Atahualpa to a feast in the emperor’s honor and then opens fire on the unarmed Incans.
What were the consequences of the Spanish takeover of Peru for the Inca people?
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
|Date||1532–1572|
|Location||Western South America|
|Result||Decisive Spanish victory Inca Empire destroyed Last Inca emperor Atahualpa executed Resistance broke out but ultimately destroyed|
|Territorial changes||Former Inca lands incorporated into the Spanish Empire|
What caused the downfall of the Inca Empire?
The Inca Empire was pushed to its fall by external forces such as diseases brought by outsiders and the Spanish conquistadors. A website called Discover Peru informed me that diseases such as smallpox, measles, chickenpox, and influenza killed between 50% to 90% of the Inca population (The Fall of the Inca Empire). | https://mvskokecountry.online/what-were-the-consequences-of-the-bankruptcies-of-the-spanish-empire_8010/ |
Why did Disease ravaged Indians
Native Americans often contracted infectious disease through trading and exploration contacts with Europeans, and these were transmitted far from the sources and colonial settlements, through exclusively Native American trading transactions.
Warfare and enslavement also contributed to disease transmission..
How many Aztecs did smallpox kill
The 1545 cocoliztli pestilence in what is today Mexico and part of Guatemala came just two decades after a smallpox epidemic killed an estimated 5-8 million people in the immediate wake of the Spanish arrival. A second outbreak from 1576 to 1578 killed half the remaining population.
How long did smallpox pandemic last
Smallpox was fatal in up to 30% of cases. Smallpox has existed for at least 3000 years and was one of the world’s most feared diseases until it was eradicated by a collaborative global vaccination programme led by the World Health Organization. The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977.
Did the British give smallpox blankets
At that meeting, after the Native American diplomats had tried unsuccessfully to persuade the British to abandon Fort Pitt, they asked for provisions and liquor for their return. The British complied, and also gave them gifts—two blankets and a handkerchief which had come from the smallpox ward.
Did the pilgrims bring smallpox
When the Pilgrims landed in 1620, they brought diseases like smallpox and diphtheria. Some English purposely distributed diseased blankets to the unsuspecting Wampanoags, thus wiping out entire villages.
Was there a smallpox pandemic
Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated, the other being rinderpest, which was declared eradicated in 2011….Epidemics in the Americas.YearLocationDescription1902Boston, MassachusettsOf the 1,596 cases reported in this epidemic, 270 died.21 more rows
When did smallpox become a pandemic
The Smallpox Pandemic of 1870-1874.
Did anyone survive smallpox
Smallpox was a terrible disease. On average, 3 out of every 10 people who got it died. People who survived usually had scars, which were sometimes severe.
Did smallpox really kill the Aztecs
Smallpox took its toll on the Aztecs in several ways. First, it killed many of its victims outright, particularly infants and young children.
What killed the Aztec empire
Scientists Uncover New Clues. The mysterious epidemic that devastated Aztecs may have been food poisoning. In 1545, an unknown disease struck the Aztec Empire. … Over the next five years, the disease—then called “cocoliztli,” or “pestilence”—killed between seven and 17 million people.
Who gave smallpox blankets
Francis ParkmanIn 1851, Francis Parkman was the first historian to document Lord Amherst’s “shameful plan” to exterminate Indians by giving them smallpox-in- fected blankets taken from the corpses of British soldiers at Fort Pitt in 1763 (Parkman 1991:646–651).
Where did smallpox come from
The origin of smallpox as a natural disease is lost in prehistory. It is believed to have appeared around 10,000 BC, at the time of the first agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa (3, 4). It seems plausible that it spread from there to India by means of ancient Egyptian merchants.
What disease killed the pilgrims
smallpoxWhen the Pilgrims landed in 1620, all the Patuxet except Tisquantum had died. The plagues have been attributed variously to smallpox, leptospirosis, and other diseases.
How many Native Americans are left
Today, there are over five million Native Americans in the United States, 78% of whom live outside reservations: California, Arizona and Oklahoma have the largest populations of Native Americans in the United States.
Did Europeans give Native Americans smallpox
There are historical references of deliberate transmission of smallpox from Europeans to Native Americans. In 1763, the British general Jeffrey Amherst gave blankets taken from infected corpses to deliberately infect nearby natives.
Can smallpox survive on blankets
They remained contagious until their last smallpox scab fell off. These scabs and the fluid found in the patient’s sores also contained the variola virus. The virus can spread through these materials or through the objects contaminated by them, such as bedding or clothing.
Why did smallpox kill so many
The cause of death from smallpox is not clear, but the infection is now known to involve multiple organs. Circulating immune complexes, overwhelming viremia, or an uncontrolled immune response may be contributing factors. In early hemorrhagic smallpox, death occurs suddenly about six days after the fever develops.
Is smallpox still around
The last naturally occurring case of smallpox was reported in 1977. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eradicated. Currently, there is no evidence of naturally occurring smallpox transmission anywhere in the world.
When was the last smallpox epidemic
Thanks to the success of vaccination, the last natural outbreak of smallpox in the United States occurred in 1949. In 1980, the World Health Assembly declared smallpox eradicated (eliminated), and no cases of naturally occurring smallpox have happened since.
Who brought smallpox to America
They had never experienced smallpox, measles or flu before, and the viruses tore through the continent, killing an estimated 90% of Native Americans. Smallpox is believed to have arrived in the Americas in 1520 on a Spanish ship sailing from Cuba, carried by an infected African slave.
Who brought smallpox to the Aztecs
Francisco EguíaThe introduction of smallpox among the Aztecs has been attributed to an African slave (by the name of Francisco Eguía, according to one account) but this has been disputed. From May to September, smallpox spread slowly to Tepeaca and Tlaxcala, and to Tenochtitlán by the fall of 1520. | https://epilatorsrecommend.com/qa/question-did-the-british-spread-smallpox.html |
No, Americans didn't kill "100 million Native Americans", diseases did.
A popular meme or 'argument' that is hugely popular on social media goes like this : 'Americans slaughtered 100 million native Americans.'
First, it's nonsense to claim that there were 100 million native Americans living in north America. Up to 18 million native Americans were living in North America around the 17th century. On the whole, It is estimated that the population of Native people in the Americas was anything between tens of millions to over 100 million in pre Columbian times. In any case, the native population declined to less than six million by 1650 in South America. If you want to blame someone for the deaths of Native Americans, in south and north America, you should blame European settlers who brought with them the bubonic plague, chicken pox, pneumonic plague, cholera, diphtheria, influenza, measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhus, tuberculosis, and whooping cough.
The scope of the epidemics over the years was tremendous, killing possibly in excess of 90% of the population in the hardest hit areas, and creating possibly the greatest human catastrophe in history, far exceeding even the disaster of the Black Death of medieval Europe. With the influx of European settlers into North and South America, more native population were exposed, and were eradicated as a result. In fact It was the European germs that did most of the actual conquering of South and North America, as they decimated the local population and literally depopulated both South and North America out of their indigonous populations. These germs and diseases were already introduced to South America in 1492, with Columbus first voyage. They worked their way up from South America to North America and wrecked havocks. It's estimated that most of the local population that dies from contracting these diseases, tens and tens of millions, died during the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th. Historians suggest that if it wasn't for these pandemics sweeping allover the continent empires such as the Inca would have never fallen to the Spanish conquistadors.
Aztecs Dying of Smallpox, 16th Century.
It's important to note that the European settlers, or colonizers, had no idea of the devastating effect they had on the native population. Historical myths that they used their diseases as some sort of bio weapon against local native populations, as in giving them blankets or other toold infected with contagious diseases are just that, historical myths. However, this is in no way should be interpreted as a defence of Spanish, English, French and American colonists horrendous, brutal crimes and actual conquest against the indigenous local population of south and north America. Crimes which included enslavement, massacres, rape and plunder on an industrial scale, destruction of whole civilizations and way of life, and the uprooting and ethnic cleansing of whole populations and people. However it is important to remember who, or actually what, was responsible for the deaths of the overwhelming majority of the indigenous population in the Americas, were diseases, not people and certainly not Americans, or the USA. Bibliography - "Guns, Germs, and Steel." by Jared Diamond. "Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest." by Noble David Cook. "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus." by Charles C. Mann
Tags: | https://www.dispropaganda.com/single-post/2016/12/11/no-americans-didnt-kill-100-million-native-americans-diseases-did |
When Hernando Cortés and his Spanish army of fewer than a thousand men stormed into Mexico in 1519, the native population numbered about 22 million. By the end of the century, following a series of devastating epidemics, only 2 million people remained. Even compared with the casualties of the Black Death, the mortality rate was extraordinarily high. Mexican epidemiologist Rodolfo Acuña-Soto refers to it as the time of "megadeath." The toll forever altered the culture of Mesoamerica and branded the Spanish as the worst kind of conquerors, those from foreign lands who kill with their microbes as well as their swords.
The notion that European colonialists brought sickness when they came to the New World was well established by the 16th century. Native populations in the Americas lacked immunities to common European diseases like smallpox, measles, and mumps. Within 20 years of Columbus's arrival, smallpox had wiped out at least half the people of the West Indies and had begun to spread to the South American mainland. ...
There seemed little reason to debate the nature of the plague: Even the Spanish admitted that European smallpox was the disease that devastated the conquered Aztec empire. Case closed.
Then, four centuries later, Acuña-Soto improbably decided to reopen the investigation. Some key pieces of information—details that had been sitting, ignored, in the archives—just didn't add up. His studies of ancient documents revealed that the Aztecs were familiar with smallpox, perhaps even before Cortés arrived. They called it zahuatl. Spanish colonists wrote at the time that outbreaks of zahuatl occurred in 1520 and 1531 and, typical of smallpox, lasted about a year. As many as 8 million people died from those outbreaks. But the epidemic that appeared in 1545, followed by another in 1576, seemed to be another disease altogether. The Aztecs called those outbreaks by a separate name, cocolitzli. "For them, cocolitzli was something completely different and far more virulent," Acuña-Soto says. "Cocolitzli brought incomparable devastation that passed readily from one region to the next and killed quickly."
After 12 years of research, Acuña-Soto has come to agree with the Aztecs: The cocolitzli plagues of the mid-16th century probably had nothing to do with smallpox. In fact, they probably had little to do with the Spanish invasion. But they probably did have an origin that is worth knowing about in 2006.
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Chapter 10A Deadly Meeting “How might the differences in Worldview contribute to the dominance of one culture over another?”
Chapter 10: A Deadly Meeting • Think about it…based on what you have learned about the Spanish and the Aztecs, what aspects of technology, religion, and culture do you think might affect the meeting between them? • Hernan Cortez was a Spanish Conquistador, pretend that you are giving a speech introducing him at a banquet to the King and Queen of Spain. Write a draft of the speech using the information in your text found on page 216 of your text:
EXAMINE the MAP on page 217 in your text book. Answer the following questions based on this map. • Using the information on this map, make a TIMELINE of Spanish settlements in the Americas? What does this timeline tell you about the peoples Cortes met on his way to the capital city of the Aztecs? • What is the purpose of this map? How do the title, the legend, and the content contribute to understanding its purpose?
Cortes was a skilled conquistador. He thought the Americas would be a good place to acquire his fortune and become a powerful ruler. Fill in the following chart outlining the formula he used to conquer the Americas:
Who was Romeo Dallaire? • Do you think we was a hero? Why or why not? • What qualities make someone a hero?
Fill in the blanks (page 221): • Cortes remained in _____________. After sometime he wanted to explore the land mass west of Cuba. The governor of Cuba, __________________ sent out two expeditions which brought back exciting news. This was the opportunity Cortes had been waiting for. What civilization do you think the expeditions were talking about? ____________________________________ • Write a report on what the Captain of the ships would have reported when coming across this “new civilization”. What would the expeditions have seen? Why would they be so excited?
Read page 222 – Respond to the OVER TO YOU question # 3 on page 222. • Imagine you were a fighter in Cortés’s army. Write a diary entry about Cortés’s decision to sink his ships. Now imagine you were an Aztec who witnessed the ships sinking. Write a brief message to Moctezuma about the event. • Some points to consider for both the diary entry and the message include the following: • Did Cortés have any other options besides sinking the ships? • Why was Cortés so concerned with the grumbling of his men? • Was Cortés so insecure in leadership that he needed to worry about his army leaving him? • Was Cortés treating his men in such a way that he had a reason to worry about revolt?
An Unequal Fight • Complete the following chart using pages 223-229: • In what ways did technology and disease contribute to the Spanish dominance over the Aztecs
Weapons • The Aztec weapons included war clubs, wooden spears, atlatls (spearthrowers), bows • and arrows and slings. The Spanish used swords, halberds ( long spears with metal blades, an axe point and a hook ), and crossbows • Because the Aztecs • weapons were mostly wooden, they could not withstand the force of metal weaponsusedby the Spanish. The Spanish also had muskets and cannons and they rode on horses which gave them further advantages.
Strategy • Cortés established a colony on the coast as a power base. On his march to the Aztec empire, he either conquered or befriended other Indigenous peoples. Totonac, and Tlaxcalan, warriors joined with the Spanish against the Aztecs. The Cholulans, who were allies of the Aztecs, were conquered so they could not join forces with the Aztecs. • Cortés also defeated the Tabascan people. Malinche, a slave of the Tabascanpeople, became an intermediary, advisor and spy for Cortés. She became an essential part of Cortés’s success. Cortés made sure that the Aztecs saw and heard his muskets and cannons at their first meeting together. This created fear amongst the Aztecs. Cortés and his warriors enter the city in a friendly manner and then later turn on Moctezumaand the Aztec people.
Disease: • Disease also gave the Spanish an advantage. The Aztecs had no resistance to European diseases like smallpox. An epidemic broke out in Tenochtitlan at a critical time in the conflict. Many Aztecs died which weakened the ability to defend the city and empire. • Later many Aztecs became sick from lack of food and drinking contaminated water.
Read ZOOM IN page 227. Answer the three bulleted questions on page 227. • What was the primary effect of the epidemic? • The primary effect of the epidemic was the quick death of about one-third of the population. • What was the secondary effect? • The secondary effect was that many others died of starvation as there was no one to search for food and prepare it. • Why do you think there is no mention of medical help? • The Aztecs would not have any idea how to treat a disease they had never before encountered. Medical science was limited during this time period. There was little anyone could do to treat smallpox until the vaccination was developed in 1796.
Using pages 229-234 Create a timeline of events for the battle and invasion of Tenochtitlan and the Aztec Empire: • Now that you have a timeline, write a newscast from the Aztec point of view during the Spanish conquest. Be sure to include details on weaponry and smallpox in your report. | https://www.slideserve.com/enoch/chapter-10-a-deadly-meeting |
Let Knowledge Keep Us Alive During Catastrophes
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (d. 925), or commonly Muhammad al-Razi, was a renowned 9th century Muslim physician in the so-called Golden Age of Islam.
Regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of medicine, al-Razi mastered several fields of knowledge including alchemy, logic, astronomy, grammar, and philosophy. He also pioneered the scientific experimental method in medicine.
Al-Razi was the first to differentiate between smallpox and measles, describing their characteristics in his treatise al-Judari wa al-Hasbah (Smallpox and Measles) which was later translated into Latin and other European languages.
In the early 10th century, Caliph al-Muktafi (d. 908) appointed al-Razi as chief physician of Baghdad and commissioned him to choose the site of a new mustashfa (hospital). Conducting an experiment by hanging fresh meats in several districts in Baghdad, he decided the spot where the meat was slowest to rot as having the cleanest air and healthiest environment therefore most suitable.
Al-Razi’s scientific practice adhered to an epistemology which, in addition to true and corroborated reports, accepts observation as a means of obtaining knowledge and a basis for verifying calculation.
In his career, al-Razi made significant paradigm shifts in the medical field through his critique of Greek medicine. He also criticised medical practitioners who had neither accreditation nor proper training in another of his work with a long Arabic title which can be translated as Why People prefer Charlatans and Liars to Skilled Doctors.
In his view, medical knowledge is ever expanding. In order to keep treatments effective, a medical practitioner or a doctor should keep up to date with the latest medical knowledge by always studying the texts and obtaining new information.
In addition to the medical classification method al-Razi introduced in his voluminous work al-Hawi (Virtuous Life), which became the standard reference in Europe for hundreds of years, he also gave alchemical recipes for producing glycerine from olive oil and making pleasant smelling hard toilet soap.
The notion of diseases-causing infective agents, such as microbes and viruses, was unknown during al-Razi’s time, but today we know that cleaning with soap is the best defence against them. The hybrid structure of soap contains pin-shaped molecules with hydrophobic tails which destroy pathogens by wedging in and breaking apart their lipid (fat) membranes.
Apart from soap export from Syria to Europe and other parts of the Muslim world, it is known that Europeans imported copiously from the scientific and medical tradition of the Muslims in their encounters during the Crusades.
Meanwhile, the deadly bubonic plague called “Black Death” was spreading in Europe and killing between 75 to 200 million people, about 45–50 per cent of the European population, around 1347–1351.
At that time, the world had yet to come up with inoculation and antibiotics, therefore it appeared that the Europeans merely survived the plague until its disappearance. Whatever preventive measures and treatments they developed were adopted by the Muslims when the plague afflicted them too.
Jared Diamond wrote in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997) that when the Spanish conquistadors went to colonise the Americas in the early 16th century, they brought along disease-causing viruses of smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, and bubonic plague.
The Spanish had failed in their first attack to conquer the Aztecs, but soon smallpox began to spread among the Native South Americans, severely weakening them. Over time, the diseases brought by the Europeans killed “an estimated 95 percent of the pre-Columbian Native American population.”
After smallpox killed the Inca emperor Huayna Capac and most of his court in 1526, an epidemic of the disease led the disputing claimants of the imperial throne into the Inca Civil War of Succession.
The Spanish took advantage of the internal strife, “killing thousands of natives” without losing a single soldier of the 168-strong Spaniard army at the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532.
On the one hand, the Spanish had the advantage over the natives from their literacy, superior military equipment and logistics, and strategy in exploiting the Incan political division and disease-induced vulnerability.
On the other hand, the Incas were neither known to be a literate society, save for the small elite class, nor did they possess any scientific thinking or medical knowledge to treat new maladies, both political and physiological, which had left them exposed to conquest and extermination.
How does history relate to the present pandemic situation? From the above, it can be surmised that it is the culture of knowledge and scientific thinking that allowed the Muslim and Western civilisations to survive disasters and calamities. Instead, failure to develop them is the surest road towards downfall.
Despite today’s advances in science and technology, we can still fail when we let ignorance manifest selfish acts amidst crises which can threaten to frustrate efforts to overcome any major catastrophes. Indeed, history speaks for itself. | http://www.ikim.gov.my/index.php/2020/05/18/let-knowledge-keep-us-alive-during-catastrophes/ |
The Spanish Conquistadors tend to be a controversial topic. Many view them as brutal and believe what they did to the natives to be barely human. While some view them as heroes who blazed a trail for the New World. They would become infamous and wealthy and it all occurred because of the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
There is a good chance that the path to the New World would have never been found by some of the famous explorers if it had not been for the blockade of the Silk Trade Route. With the Ottoman Empire in complete control of the Middle East and some of Eastern Europe under their control, it was impossible to trade with India, which meant that the valuable spices were blocked.
Christopher Columbus opened up the New World for exploration. Although the Vikings arrived in the New World close to 500 years before they kept it a secret and as a result, it stayed dormant until 1492. Upon Columbus’s arrival there were two empires that existed in the Americas:
- The Aztecs
- The Incas
Each would greet the Spanish Conquistadors and each would fall to them. The first empire to fall would be the Aztecs in 1519 to Hernan Cortes and the Incas in 1533 to Francisco Pizarro. Cortes and Pizarro were able to use the same tactic to defeat both empires. They each recruited other tribes that sought to free themselves from their rule.
Each was able to defeat vast empires with only a handful of men. Although it was not an empire at this point the remnants of the Mayan civilization would eventually be conquered as well.
With each of the two empires falling the Spanish grew wealthier and established a New World empire of their own that would extend from South America into the Western part of the present-day United States and Canada.
During this time of great wealth, the Spanish Main became a place for privateers and pirates. With so much wealth flowing out of the Caribbean each of the European powers tried to establish a colony there.
The Spanish Conquistadors, English, Dutch, and French all had colonies and were often at war with each other. Eventually, Great Britain would gain an advantage with the defeat of the Spanish Armada and begin to slowly take control of the New World.
Spanish influence would diminish and two new powers would surface with England and France. These two nations would engage in bloody wars for many years eventually resulting in the Seven Years’ War that ended with the British taking control of Quebec.
Soon after, the 13 original Colonies declared Independence and enlisted the European Allies of the French and Spanish. At this point, the Spanish had little power and controlled little of the Caribbean. The American Colonies went on to win the American Revolutionary War and begin a new nation.
With the arrival of a new nation that was a great experiment many of the old empires were forgotten and replaced by classic European empires such as Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Spanish control faded also and soon the new nation purchased Florida. The age of the Spanish Conquistadors had been over for some time, but their influence cannot be denied.
Their conquest of two of the largest empires in the world set the stage for European exploration which would lead to the United States of America.
Spanish Conquistadors: Motives
The motives of the conquistadors were diverse, but mainly concentrated on 3 reasons
- The first and primary reason was wealth and power. They did not care too much for the people who were poor and those who gained the most fame were not what one would consider missionaries. Cortes conquered the Aztecs and in doing so secured himself a fortune. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and in doing so became wealthy.
- The second reason was to spread Christianity. At this point in Spanish history, most of the people claimed to be Catholic and were zealous. They believed it was their duty to bring Christianity to pagans. Unfortunately, they did so in such a cruel way that it did not echo the message of Christ. If the pagans did not give in they were brutally destroyed. While it was not Spain’s intent to oppress the pagans the conquistadors acted in ways that they believed were best. The lack of accountability meant that many people were driven from their homes and lost their culture, religion, and families.
- Thirdly was economic reasons. The Spanish Main became a place of trade and made Spain an economic powerhouse.
Each of these reasons would result in the building of a Spanish Empire.
Spanish Conquistadors: Military Tactics
When the Spanish arrived in the Americas they were vastly outnumbered by the natives. The Spanish military never rose past 2% of the native population during this time, yet they were able to conquer the largest empires of that time. They accomplished these great feats by any means.
Firstly, the technology the conquistadors used was superior to the technology of the natives. They fought most nude troops with weapons made of wood and lesser metals. Their armor was made of steel and iron which made it difficult for the natives to pierce.
Their swords were often considered the greatest of European craftsmanship and could run a man through quite easily. Gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 14th century had created a greater reliance on well-trained heavy infantry.
Secondly, to bolster their numbers they allied themselves with other natives. This was certainly one of the reasons that the Aztecs and Incas fell so quickly. Cortes raised an army of 200,000 men and less than 1% of the army was Spanish.
The Incas and Aztecs were harsh to the native tribes which allowed the conquistadors to take advantage and bolster their numbers while also having superior technology. The Europeans would often use a tactic called divide and rule which systematically separated large enemies into smaller factions. By defeating one small faction at a time you weaken the large enemy. It is effective in conquering a larger enemy and by prohibiting smaller entities from forming alliances.
Thirdly, the war in Europe had raged for centuries after the fall of Rome. This resulted in men being well-trained and well-educated in warfare. Europe had some of the best soldiers in the world and they knew how to kill men and how to devastate populations.
They were unmerciful and unforgiving. They would kill men, women, and children to establish absolute fear. The natives knew war, but their tactics were sophomoric and based on their religious beliefs. They would not fight to kill but to capture. After capturing the army they would sacrifice them to their gods. These tactics were ignorant and allowed the Spanish to easily crush them.
Fourthly, The Spanish brought with them their germs and disease. The diseases ran through the natives and killed many.
The Aztecs were devastated by smallpox and did not have the antibodies to fight them off. While men died from the disease in Europe many of these conquistador armies were hardened men whose bodies had fought the disease off, therefore it did not devastate them like it did the natives.
Fifthly, The Spanish had trained animals for war for centuries. The Spanish Mastiff was a full armored war dog that was fearless and unleashed against nude troops. These dogs had been trained to kill men and were highly effective in intimidating native armies.
Also and most notably, the Spanish introduced the use of horses to the natives which allowed them great mobility and were highly effective.
Lastly, the cultures of these two civilizations were different. The natives had a hunter-gatherer mentality and wars were often fought over long periods of time with many rituals. Their resources such as metals and animals were used to support their hunter-gatherer culture and not war.
The Europeans were war-like people and had used their resources to progress in the war. Their dogs, metals, and innovations were typically put to use in the war which resulted in a strong military. When the two civilizations collided the natives did not stand a chance.
Below is a list of famous Conquistadors and Explorers. | https://thehistoryjunkie.com/spanish-conquistadors/ |
Mayans VS Aztecs
Some of the weirdest, longest wars around have been on the other side of the Big River, but for some reason most American war nerds would rather read about Eurasian battles. Not sure why, except I remember when I was growing up, Mexico just seemed like a depressing place. That was because us gringos don’t go much past the border towns, which are as scummy as border towns anywhere. Once you get past the zebra-striped burro zone, it gets a lot more interesting—still depressing, but a lot more interesting.
I’ve written about a few of the bigger Mexican battles like Celaya, and Black Jack Pershing’s Elmer-Fudd hunt for Pancho Villa, but there was (still is, in fact) a longer, weirder war down in the Yucatan.
The Yucatan is where the Maya had their wacky world. The Mayans are the leading candidate for alien-bred humans, and you can see why when you look into them. They were weird even by local standards, little big-nosed people who had lots of interesting habits including building uninhabitable mini-pyramids, mutilating themselves to celebrate every holiday—you know it’s Arbor Day if the local Mayans are sticking sharp thorns into their dicks. An interesting set of people, with a kind of depth you don’t get from the Aztecs. Those Aztecs were pretty straightforward: We’ll kill ya, period. In that way the Aztecs were a good match for the Spanish, another bunch of shoot-firsters. The difference came down to weapons and the fact that the Spanish, who were a new brand in Mexico, hadn’t had time to piss off all potential allies like the Aztec had. By the time the Tlaxcalans and other tribes got their buyers’ remorse, they were already enslaved and the Aztecs were gone, another top-heavy over-centralized empire that fell fast.
The Maya were always a deeper, stronger people. By the time the Spanish arrived, their glory days were over, but they still had a sense of themselves as being worth something, empire or no empire, and they held on a lot longer than the Aztecs. It helped that the Spanish didn’t like the hot Mayan lowlands as much as the Aztecs’ central highlands, so the Mayans kept the numbers advantage. Not by much, though; fifty years after the Spanish arrived, the Mayan population was down to 150, 000, maybe a tenth of what they had been. They died of European imports like smallpox, but the Spanish overlords died of good old tropical favorites like yellow fever and malaria, so they kept pace—in numbers, anyway: three Mayans for every Spaniard on the semi-healthy west side of the Yucatan, five Mayans for every Spaniard in the hotter east-side lowlands.
Disease discriminates, always has. The whites were able to settle North America because they came from a bigger gene pool than the Injuns; the Africans were able to hold on to Africa in spite of losing damn near every battle against the Euros for the simple reason that the white folks (red folks, if you asked the Africans—Euro skin turns red fast when it’s sweating in 110-degree heat yelling at slaves) came from a middling-big gene pool, compared to the Africans—they say there’s more genetic diversity in some African villages than in a lot of whole European countries.
So if Africa was a clear win for the local genes, and North America overall a clear win for the Euro imports, the Yucatan was a sort of a draw: the Europeans were able to kill off a lot of Mayans with new imported diseases, but the Mayans could count on their friends the mosquitoes and a whole bunch of parasites and gut worms to stand up for the home team.
I’m not even talking about intent here. War isn’t a law court; I don’t know how much the Euros wanted to donate smallpox to the Injuns, although we’ve all heard those stories about the Anglos generously contributing blankets crawling with the virus to the Algonquin. Intent doesn’t mean much; it’s a matter of death rate vs. death rate, and whether the other team cries or cheers at your funeral doesn’t make much difference.
The Mayans are harder to put out than a tire fire, and slower than a peat fire in the Delta. I remember those fires–we used to go up to fish Frank’s Tract every fall and you could smell the peat burning under your feet. Good way to think about guerrilla war: a peat fire in wet delta dirt.
What is good info. About the aztec.
It was against the law to be drunk in public in the Aztec empire, unless you were over 70 years old! use the link for more info! | http://the-maya.eu/HumanSacrifice/mayans-vs-aztecs |
Native American tribes were infected with deadly diseases almost immediately after the arrival of European settlers.
European explorers to the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries brought several diseases with them that proved deadly to the native population. Diseases such as smallpox, influenza and measles killed approximately 90 percent of the Native American population. The indigenous people did not have any previous exposure to these deadly diseases, and had no natural immunity. Sometimes the illnesses spread after direct contact with European settlers, often resulting in deadly outbreaks that decimated entire villages. In the eighteenth century, smallpox outbreaks during the French and Indian and American Revolutionary Wars killed more than 100,000 Native Americans.
Several European diseases, including smallpox, were introduced to the indigenous peoples of North America by the Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors of the late 15th and early 16th centuries. In fact, historians report smallpox was instrumental in the fall of the ancient Aztec and Inca empires. Smallpox, which was also introduced by French and British settlers, is similarly said to be responsible for the severe reductions of the Wampanoag and Abenaki peoples of modern New England, as well as the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy. The death toll among just one of those tribes, the Mohawks, during a 1633 outbreak, reduced the tribe’s population from 8,500 to fewer than 2,000.
Smallpox was the weapon behind one of the first known cases of biological warfare. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, the commander of the British Army in North America, reportedly suggested contaminating the native tribes who were hostile to British forces with the virus during the French and Indian War (1754-1767). The British Army reportedly used smallpox-contaminated blankets to spread the virus among natives, resulting in an epidemic with an estimated 50 percent mortality rate.
Smallpox made its way to Boston by the early conflicts of the American Revolutionary War in 1775-1776. The infection spread to Canadian indigenous tribes during the Continental Army’s invasion of Quebec. In a letter to his wife Abigail, founding father John Adams wrote of the horrors of smallpox, but added that it was a “small consolation” to know that the “scoundrel savages” fighting against American forces had been infected with the deadly disease. The ailment spread West to the Iroquois, before eventually making its way South and contaminating the native tribes surrounding Mexico City, Texas and New Mexico by 1781.
The disease (in addition to warfare and enslavement) that Native American tribes met as a result of contact with European settlers resulted in a 50 percent population drop shortly after 1500 -- almost a decade after Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World. The sudden, extreme decline indicates the population reduction was almost exclusively the result of infectious diseases sweeping through native communities, according to a 2011 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.
Portero, Ashley. "Deaths Caused by Diseases Among the Native Americans in the 18th Century." Synonym, https://classroom.synonym.com/deaths-caused-diseases-among-native-americans-18th-century-16655.html. Accessed 24 April 2019. | https://classroom.synonym.com/deaths-caused-diseases-among-native-americans-18th-century-16655.html |
Why: Diseases were unintentionally transferred during the trading of other goods throughout the Columbian Exchange.
Cartoon illustrating the spread of Smallpox in the Americas.
The Columbian Exchange did more than just transport goods from one area to another; it changed the scope of the entire world. The Columbian Biological Exchange brought new diseases to areas that had no immunity to them, such as Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox, Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, the common Cold, and the most influential: syphilis. The native people of the Americas had no immunity to the diseases, which would become the European’s strongest weapon against the native populations, greatly depopulating them. However, the unintentional exchange of diseases also had a negative impact on Europe. Although some believe that Syphilis was already present in the Old World but went unnoticed until the Columbian Exchange, the most highly regarded theory is that syphilis came back with Columbus’ explorers and other ships from the Americas during the exchange. Within five years, the disease had wide spread across Europe, and it would continue to spread across the globe in the following seventy years. | http://apworldwiki2011-12.weebly.com/case-study-disease.html |
As the Inca did not have as strong a writing tradition as the Aztec or Maya, it is difficult for historians to estimate population decline or any events after conquest. But, it is sometimes argued, and equally disputed among scholars. that the Inca began to contract these diseases several years before the Spanish appeared in the region, as it was possibly carried to their empire by traders and. The Incas were most notable for establishing the Inca Empire in pre-Columbian America, which was centered in what is now Peru from 1438 to 1533, and represented the height of the Inca civilization. The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cuzco before 1438. Over the course or the Inca Empire, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate the territory of modern-day Peru.
The earliest date that can be confidently assigned to Inca dynastic history is 1438, when Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, a son of Viracocha Inca, usurped the throne from his brother Inca Urcon.Under Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438-71) the Inca conquered territory south to the Titicaca Basin and north to present-day Quito, making subject peoples of the powerful Chanca, the Quechua, and the Chimú The Conquest of the Inca Empire. Little did the residents of the massive Inca empire know that they would soon be learning Spanish in Peru. Their adoption of the rapidly-spreading Spanish language would be symptomatic of the loss of their culture and land (one of the richest in America) at the hands of the Spanish invaders
.By 1527, the Inca Empire spanned an area of about 770,000 sq mi (2,000,000 km 2), making it one of the largest empires in the world during the 16th century. The Inca Empire covered parts of the modern-day countries such as Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru The Incas conquered a vast territory using reciprocity or alliances. Once the Incas arrived in a new region they tried to establish a relationship with the tribe's head. He offered gifts such as wool clothing, coca leaves and mullu (shell believed to be food for the Gods). If the gifts were accepted they also accepted the Inca's authority The Incas did, of course, meet more than their match when the Europeans arrived with their cavalry and firearms. Their fall was not sudden, though. After initial dramatic defeats and the loss of their king, the Inca actually won some battles and resisted the superior armed invaders for another 50 years
The Inca Empire was a vast empire that flourished in the Andean region of South America from the early 15th century A.D. up until its conquest by the Spanish in the 1530s Francisco Pizarro, the governor of Peru and conqueror of the Inca civilization, is assassinated in Lima by Spanish rivals.. The illegitimate son of a Spanish gentleman, Pizarro served under. However Inca resistance did not end. The puppet Sapa Inca fled to the east of Cuzco with his supporters and ruled a small Inca state called Vilcabamba. It was finally conquered by the Spaniards in 1572. Pre-Inca Peru. The daily life of the Aztecs. The daily life of the Mayans. The Olmecs. Home. Last revised 202
In 1533 CE the Inca Empire was the largest in the world. It extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south. However, the lack of integration of conquered peoples into that empire, combined with a civil war to claim the Inca throne and a devastating epidemic of European-brought diseases, meant that the Incas were ripe for the taking Francisco Pizarro (ca. 1475-1541) arrived in present-day northern Peru late in 1531 with a small force of about 180 men and 30 horses. Taking advantage of a civil war, he and his compatriots toppled the ruler, Atahualpa, in 1532. Over the next several decades the Spanish suppressed several Inca. The Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro invaded the Incan Empire in 1532, seeking riches. The Inca had already had some contact with Europeans, and many had died of European diseases. The empire was also weakened by a civil war between two ruling brothers. Pizarro manipulated the two sides, eventually defeating both He conquered the Incas. Why did the Incas get conquered by Spanish? After Huayna died of smallpox, a civil war broke out between his two sons. That made the empire weaker, and that was when the Spanish arrived. When did the civilization exist? It existed between 2500 BC and 1532 CE Spanish Conquer the Aztecs and Incas. Fall of the Aztecs. After Columbus discovered the New World, the Spanish sent conquistadors across the Atlantic to claim land for Spain. In 1519, Hernan Cortés arrived in Mexico with horses and 500 soldiers. He had heard about the powerful Aztecs who ruled much of Mexico and he went in search of them
. The son of a Spanish soldier, Pizarro, like Hernan Cortes, was not of royal descent Through the lands they had conquered and the rebellions they crushed, the Aztecs had encouraged many rivals, who wanted them removed. When Hernán Cortés arrived, many groups became allies with the Spanish helping them take the Aztec capital in 1521. The Incas were just coming out of a bloody civil war when Pizarro and his men arrived The following quiz and worksheet combo will check your understanding of the Incas. While taking the quiz, you will be tested on topics such as the Requerimiento and how they were conquered. Quiz.
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, his brothers, and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca The Inca invented many things. They believed in many gods. About 100 years after they had grown into an empire that stretched the length of South America, the Spanish conquered the Inca civilization. Today, in South America, in the modern county of Peru, you can still find ancestors of the incredible Incas
No one would have expected that the Inca empire, called Tawainitsuyu, has all in all ruled the Andes for as little as 100 years. Their huge empire has historically fallen because of an epidemic of smallpox brought to their world be early visitors of Europe (mainly Spanish), the civil war between Atahualpa and Huascar, the last two Sapa Incas, and last but not least, the conquista of the. The Inca (also spelled as Inka) Empire was a South American empire that existed between the 15th and 16th centuries. The Inca Empire was the largest pre-Hispanic civilization in South America and ruled the area along the continent's Pacific coast. At its height of power, the Inca Empire stretched from northern Ecuador all the way south to central Chile and ruled over a population of 12. The Inca were conquered by the Spanish and conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1533. The empire was already severely weakened by civil war and diseases such as smallpox when Pizarro arrived. Share Did you know? 1525 AD - The sons of Emperor Huayna, Atahualpa and Huascar, fight over the crown
The Inca called their empire Tahuantinsuyu, or Land of the Four Quarters.It stretched 2,500 miles from Quito, Ecuador, to beyond Santiago, Chile. Within its domain were rich coastal settlements, high mountain valleys, rain-drenched tropical forests and the driest of deserts The Incas Get Conquered; 18. The Incas Get Conquered. Sep 11, 2018. How did a group of 200 Spaniards conquer a civilization of 80,000 people? What happened afterward? It's a pretty ridiculous story.. Not many people today know a lot about the Incas, which is unfortunate. They had one of the most incredible ancient societies in human history. Their kingdom was based in the city of Cusco, which is now in modern day Peru. While the Inca society started quite small, they managed to amass an empire that spanned about 2,500 miles in less than one hundred years How 200 Conquistadors Conquered an Empire of 10 Million. Battle of Cajamarca and the capture of Atahualpa. by Wendy Graham. August 29, 1533 — The Inca people named their empire Land of the Four Quarters or Tahuantinsuyu and in 1533 it was the largest in the world . They instead used the mita for the support of the empire. The Inca diet consisted primarily of fish and vegetables, supplemented less frequently with the meat of cuyes (guinea pigs) and camelids
The Spanish conquered Peru, with the aim to westernize the country, changing the dynamics of the land completely, similar to the intentions of the other colonial powers during the era of exploration and colonization.In 1527 another Spanish explorer commanding a Spanish ship, saw a raft with 20 Incas on board, was amazed to discover numerous luxuries, including gold and silver Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conqueror of the Inca empire and founder of the city of Lima. Pizarro was the illegitimate son of Captain Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisca González, a young girl of humble birth. He spent much of his early life in the home of his grandparents. According to legend he was fo What role did conquered peoples play in Incan society? The Growth of the Inca Empire For the few hundred years that the Inca ruled their vast empire, they conquered and grew constantly 1. When did the Inca civilization thrive? a. between 800 and 900 CE b. between 14100 and 1553 CE c. between 1400 and 1533 CE d. between 2012 and 2020 2. The Inca empire was the largest empire ever seen where? 3. The Incas conquered people and exploited landscapes in what settings
The Incan Empire was conquered by the Spanish, led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers, between 1532 and 1572. Though the Incas resisted, they were weakened by smallpox and civil war, which helped the Spanish defeat them and subsequently destroy much of their culture The Incas may have decorated llamas with jewellery and buried them alive in a bid to appease native populations they had recently conquered, new discoveries suggest. The ancient civilisation.
The Incredible Incas. Question: To maintain control of the empire, what three things did the Inca government do when they conquered a new tribe? Answer: Show Answer. Built roads, counted everything, appointed a government official to run the new territory (5 themes movement) Inca Expansion Start studying Aztecs, Mayans, Incas. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools In the end, did the Inca generally improve the lives of those they conquered or assimilated into the empire? In some ways, life was much better under the Incas than it had been previously, and in. The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The civilization emerged in the 13th century and lasted until it was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cusco (also spelled Cuzco) in modern-day Peru
Jared Diamond: This is Francisco Pizarro, a Spaniard who conquered the most powerful state in the New World, the Inca Empire. Why did Pizarro and his men conquer the Incas instead of the other way. Play this game to review World History. Here are two facts about the Inca Empire: • It stretched about 2,500 miles. • It did not have a written language. These facts explain why the Incas Early Inca 45s are prized by music snobs for their raw production value. They can fetch up to twenty bucks on eBay. Francisco Pizarro is believed to have conquered the Incas with 180 men, 1 cannon and only 27 horses
they did and reliably sail them out into the endless tracts of the deep ocean, get to where they wanted to go and get back again. >And a case might also be made that the Incas were more peaceful than the >Spaniards - just compare the areas either invaded. Likely. While I'm not that well versed on the subject, I don't recal Inca Sacrifices and Facts. Mountains were the prevalent sites of sacrifice, since the Incas believed that there, they were as close as possible to the heavens. When a child was sacrificed, the place of burial was regarded from then on as a huaca, the sacred home of someone who lives on in the other world
The Incas were masters of their harsh climate, archaeologists are finding—and the ancient civilization has a lot to teach us toda The Incas were a well civilized race, however they still had their downfalls. The man who conquered this fierce tribe was Pizarro. He didn't just conquer them with pure force though. Before Pizarro arrived a great civil war had occurred, leaving the Inca military weak, which made it easy for Pizarro to destroy them (when Pizarro, p.1) About 70 % of the territory ever ruled by the Incas has been conquered during the rule of Túpa Inca, the son of Pachacuti Inca. Cuzco has served as capital between 1197 and 1533, but the Spanish attacks on in and finally its occupation by them has made the Incas construct other strangleholds, like Vilcabamba and Vitcos
Huayna Cápac was a notable Inca who consolidated the plans outlined by his grandfather Pachacútec and preserved the territories conquered by his father Túpac Yupanqui, his empire was great and he faced many attempts at rebellion by the conquered peoples, however he managed to stifle every one of them and preserve the unity of the Tahuantinsuyo in its maximum expansion How Did The Incas Control Such An Enormous Area. There were no phones, no way of communicating during the Incan times. They imposed their language - Quechua- on conquered peoples, and for this reason, various forms of Quechua are spoken throughout the Andes The Incas began by enlarging their hold beyond the immediate valley of Cusco. By 1350, during the reign of Inca Roca, they had conquered all areas close to Lake Titicaca in the south as well as the valleys to the immediate east of Cusco. To the nort Get an answer for 'How did the Inca first react to the arrival of the Spanish?' and find homework help for other Pre-Columbian Civilizations questions at eNote
Manco Inca was born in 1516 and was another son of Huayna Capac. He was a puppet of the Spaniards and did all that Francisco Pizarro wanted. At first he cooperated with them, giving them gifts. But when Pizarro went on an exploration trip, Manco Inca was treated so badly by Pizarro's brothers (who Pizarro left in charge), that he tried to escape So, how did a well-trained group of warriors that outnumbered the Spanish could have been beaten so quickly? The answer is, as we already saw, a sum of two main factors: Castellan swords and diseases brought by the Spanish, for which the Mexica had no antibodies nor effective cure, plus a crucial one: the winning military strategy of the Spanish, and the alliance with other local Aztec tribes Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. Several cultures flourished in Central and South America from about 300 c.e. in the modern-day nations of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.Of the many early civilizations first living in this area, the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas are the best known and offer a broad understanding of early life in these areas In 1470 the Incas conquered the Chimú and absorbed much of their culture. This Chimú flute is part of the Library's Dayton C. Miller Collection in the Music Division. Enlarge. South American Indian avian whistle vessel. Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (077.00.00
Why Did The Inca People Buried llamas Alive With new understandings and meanings that helped to legitimise and justify their actions to both the conquerors and the conquered,' the. The Incas are a Native American civilization introduced in Age of Empires II HD: The Forgotten.They focus on infantry.. The Incas were best known for establishing the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cuzco in modern-day Peru whose framework constituted of officials or Kamayuks who kept important records by. | https://svar-doivent.com/story/10-minute-task-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztecs-and-incas--xSeg58FBFz68G7nVNDpcvfKndj9p461368p |
Both the Aztec and Inca empires fell under the control of Spanish conquistadors, with Cortés being responsible for the conquest of the Aztec Empire while Pizarro was responsible for the fall of the Inca Empire. The Spanish were more powerful than the local peoples because they had firearms, cannons, and horses at their disposal. To view the complete response, click here.
As soon as the Spanish came, the once-powerful Inca and Aztec empires began to crumble quickly. Even though they were much outnumbered and operating in an unfamiliar territory, the Spanish Conquistadors were able to easily triumph over these formidable civilizations.
After that, the emperor was killed by being strangled, bringing an end to the 300-year reign of the Inca Empire. Significant shifts occurred as a result of the Spanish conquistadors’ victory over the Aztec and Inca empires. These shifts had an impact on both the Americas and Europe. These civilizations were eradicated and suffered a setback as a result of the extensive damage.
From the 1400s until the arrival of the Spanish in 1519, it exercised control over a large portion of the territory.
Hernán Cortés and a small band of soldiers were able to bring down the Aztec empire in Mexico between the years 1519 and 1521. Francisco Pizarro and his troops were able to bring down the Inca empire in Peru between the years 1532 and 1533. These victories created the groundwork for the colonial governments that would go on to radically alter the American continent.
Conquistadors from Spain led by Hernán Cortés formed an alliance with indigenous peoples in order to take Tenochtitlan, the capital city of the Aztec empire. The Spanish were able to take control of Tenochtitlan because to their superior armament as well as a terrible outbreak of smallpox that occurred during the 93 days that Cortés’ army laid siege to the city.
This marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of South America.
Both the Aztec and Inca empires fell under the control of Spanish conquistadors, with Cortés being responsible for the conquest of the Aztec Empire while Pizarro was responsible for the fall of the Inca Empire.
Even though the invading Spanish army were vastly outnumbered by the native people, they managed to conquer the Aztec and Incan civilizations in the early 1500s by sailing across the Pacific Ocean and landing on the other side of the continent. The contrasts in expertise and technology that existed between the two sides contributed, in part, to this victory.
The mighty Aztec and Inca empires were defeated by the Spanish by introducing illnesses that killed the majority of the people in a short amount of time, frightening the natives with horses, and killing them with their more advanced and superior weaponry.
After the fall of the Aztec empire, the beautiful art that had been kept in its temples was turned into currency and the buildings themselves were defiled or destroyed. The common people suffered from the illnesses brought by the Europeans, which killed out up to fifty percent of the population, and their new masters turned out to be no better than the Aztecs had been.
On April 20, 1519, Hernán Cortés and his party arrived to the island of San Juan de Ula, which is located off the coast of the Aztec province of Cuetlaxtlan, which is now known as Veracruz. Soon after that, the Spaniards began communicating with Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, the monarch of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, through the exchange of messengers.
Aztecs did not had any protection to the illnesses brought by Europeans. The indigenous people were ravaged by a smallpox epidemic that greatly reduced their capacity for resistance against the Spanish. The epidemic decimated the Aztec people, causing a significant drop in their population and causing an estimated fifty percent of the people living in Tenochtitlan to perish.
These illnesses included the likes of chickenpox, measles, and the common flu. The local people had a tough enough time defending themselves against a recognized opponent like the Spanish; nevertheless, it was impossible for them to protect themselves against the onslaught of these illnesses since they were unseen to the native population.
After routing a significant portion of the Aztec army at Otumba, the Spaniards eventually located and reestablished contact with their Tlaxcaltec allies. Cortés made his way back to Tenochtitlan in May of 1521, and after a siege that lasted for three months, the city was taken. The Aztec empire was destroyed as a direct result of this triumph.
Fewer than two hundred Spanish conquistadors were responsible for the collapse of the enormous Inca Empire. These conquistadors were responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of Inca soldiers. The first Europeans to establish contact with the Inca Empire were Pizarro and his 168 conquistadors. Pizarro was the leader of this expedition.
What were some similarities and differences between the Aztec conquest and the Inca conquest? Both the Aztecs and the Incas fell under Spanish colonial rule. On the other hand, the Inca were defeated by a massive force, whereas the Aztecs were primarily wiped off by sickness.
The Incas lived within the Andes Mountains, whereas the Aztecs were in Central Mexico. This is the primary distinction between the two peoples. The Incas would preserve the bodies of their dead by exposing them to the elements on the ledge of a mountain. The wind would remove the moisture from their skin as it passed over them. | https://www.mundomayafoundation.org/mayan/what-european-empire-conquered-both-the-aztecs-and-incas.html |
Do you know that smallpox vaccine is made from inactivated smallpox viruses?. Do you know that polio vaccine is composed of inactive polio viruses?. Get to know WHY inactive form of microorganisms are used in vaccinating humans against infections here.
Contents
- 1 Storytime …
- 2 Types of vaccines
- 3 Examples of vaccines
- 4 HOW THE BODY BECOME IMMUNE TO DISEASE AFTER VACCINATION
- 5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
- 6 IMMUNIZATION QUIZ
Immunization is the artificial induction of immunity on an individual. This can either be through active or passive means. The last week of April (usually 24-30th of April) is usually dedicated for immunization and is often referred to as world immunization week.
Active immunization is the stimulation of the immune system to protect individuals against disease through the use of vaccine.
Passive immunization is the stimulation of immunity on a non-immune individual by administering sensitized lymphoid cells or serum from immune persons to such individual.
Storytime …
History had it that the Chinese and the Turkish were able to reduce the rate of mortality to smallpox among their population through inoculation (whereby scabs from infected individuals were blown through the nostril of healthy individuals to prevent them from getting infected with smallpox). The idea of inoculation of healthy individuals with scabs from infected individuals was introduced to England by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of a British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Edward Jenner, a British physician observed that people who were previously infected with cowpox were resistant to smallpox infection. In May 14, 1796 he extracted the fluids of pustule from a milkmaid named Serah Nelmes who had been infected with cowpox and injected it into 8-years old James Phipps and observed for symptoms. On the seventh day, he complained of mild cold and a slight headache and recovered completely the following day. Six weeks later, James Phipps was inoculated with extracts from smallpox pustule. The boy showed no symptom of smallpox. He had been completely immune against smallpox. This birthed the beginning of modern-day vaccination. This delightful discovery became a step stool for the discovery of Anthrax, Cholera and Rabies vaccine by Louis Pasteur and many other discoveries by other scientists in the field of medical microbiology.
Types of vaccines
There are two (2) type vaccines:
-
Inactivated vaccines
This type of vaccine is composed virulent microorganisms made ineffective by either chemicals or irradiation.
-
Attenuated vaccines
Vaccines are produced from virulent microorganisms which are grown under adverse conditions or passed through different host until they become avirulent.
Examples of vaccines
The Table Below Shows Bacteria/Viral Agents And Their Vaccines To Prevent Diseases In Humans:
|Viral agent||Vaccine|
|varicella zoster virus (Chicken pox virus)||Varivax (Attenuated Oka Strain)|
|Hepatitis A virus||Havrix (inactivated virus)|
|Hepatitis B virus||Engerix- B, Recombinant HB (HB viral antigen)|
|Influenza A virus||Inactivated/ live attenuated virus Influenza A virus|
|Poliovirus||Attenuated polio virus|
|Rabies virus||Inactivated rabies virus|
|Smallpox virus||Live attenuated smallpox virus|
|Yellow fever virus||Attenuated Yellow fever virus|
|Bacterial agent||Vaccine|
|Bacillus anthracis (causal agents of Anthrax)||Extracellular components of un-encapsulated B. anthracis|
|Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)||Fraction of Vibrio cholera|
|Clostridium tetani (causal of Tetanus)||Tetanus toxoid|
|Yersinia pestis (causal of Plague)||Fraction of Yersinia pestis|
|Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Causal of Tuberculosis)||Attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (BCG)|
|Salmonella typhimurium (Typhoid fever )||Attenuated Salmonella enterica Typh Ty21a|
|Rickettsia prowazekii (Typhus)||Killed Rickettsia prowazekii|
HOW THE BODY BECOME IMMUNE TO DISEASE AFTER VACCINATION
Immunity via vaccination is enhanced by B-Cells. When inactivated or attenuated vaccine (composed of weakened infectious agents) is introduced into the body of an unhealthy individual. The humoral immunity mediated by antibodies takes charge. The antibodies which are produced by the B- cells opsonize the target weakened infectious agent and present it to T- cells, macrophages that eliminates the bacteria and viruses.
It should, however, be noted that Memory B cells and Memory T-Cells keep long term information pertaining to the vaccine (weakened bacteria/ virus) introduced into the body.
Whenever the body subsequently encounter live (active) or virulent form of such bacteria or virus, the Memory B- cells and T- cells initiates the body to quickly produce antibodies that quickly help to eliminate such infectious agent without the infected person showing any symptoms. Thus, immunity is conferred vaccinated individuals.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Vaccine: a preparation containing weakened or dead microbes of the kind that cause disease, administered to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against that disease
Virulent: pertaining to highly pathogenic or infectious microorganism.
Avirulent: pertains to a uninfectious microorganism
Toxoid: modified toxin from a pathogenic microorganism, which is no longer toxic but is still antigenic and can be used as a vaccine
See Also:
- INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY
- IMMUNOLOGY: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
- IMMUNOLOGY: SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
- Immunology: the antibodies
- IMMUNOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
- HYPERSENSITIVITY: ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS
- HYPERSENSITIVITY: CYTOTOXIC REACTIONS
- HYPERSENSITIVITY: IMMUNE COMPLEX REACTIONS
- HYPERSENSITIVITY: DELAYED IMMUNE REACTIONS
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IMMUNIZATION QUIZ
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I have chosen to do my public field site on the Mission of San Gabriel for my research paper. The Mission of San Gabriel connects to historical events, starting with the Native Americans who lived in Los Angeles area, who were known as Gabrielino after the mission of San Gabriel. In 1774, Juan Bautista de Anna arrived and established a route from Mexico City to California. In 1779, the building of the San Gabriel Mission was build. By 1805 the building of the Mission was completed, however a tragedy happened in 1812 when an earthquake damaged the buildings.
Once again, the Mission of San Gabriel was rebuild in 1908, but once more another earthquake hit in 1987. Taking it back to history, when the Native Americans who once occupied most of what is now Los Angeles county, were one of the wealthiest, and one of the most powerful ethnic nationality, who lived in over 50 villages, before the Spanish arrived and wiped out almost all of the population. and New Mexico expanded, giving Santa Fe traders the opportunity to deal directly with Californian ranchers. In January of 1830, Armijo arrived with 60 men and mules to pack woolen goods.
Armijo arrived at San Gabriel Mission in California with his group unharmed, resulting of his men to rely on mule meat during their final days on the trail. In California, these men traded goods for horses and mules. The route was also used to trade horses with Chihuahua and St. Louis. With the Old Spanish Trail being born, there was finally a trade and a communication route was finally established between New Mexico and California. Separated by tough topography and climatic extremes, in 1829 a route was successfully opened, despise the separation of the two provinces of Mexico.
Following the success of Armijos expedition, the San Gabriel Church became known as a profitable trade. The Spanish Trail lapsed after the Trade between the U. S. War with Mexico ended in 1848, were there was no longer any need to link Santa Fe with Los Angeles by the difficult mule trail because other routes were opened. is an old cannon that was forgotten after the Mexican War in In the Mission there 1847 were it was found in a river flood in 1914. From 1778 to 1865 it was revealed that 6,000 Indians were interred in the cemetery called, “The Campo Santo. Many Indians died from holera and small pox epidemics of 1825.
There were about 18 million Native Americans living north of Mexico at the beginning of the European invasion. Before the arrival of the Europeans, American Indians were one hundred percent free of diseases. For example, when the European explorers and colonists arrived, the peace of the Native American got destroyed. The Indians were disease-free because of the lack of certain animals being eaten. European Diseases like smallpox, typhus, and measles were all harmful to the natives.
Other European diseases included malaria, yellow fever, chickenpox, whooping ough, scarlet fever, diphtheria, plague, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis, cholera, and trachoma. All of the diseases were introduced in the Americas by the Europeans. Hundreds of thousands of Indians died of European diseases during the first two centuries following contact. Smallpox killed the greatest number of Indians, followed by the influenza and the bubonic plague. Children resisted the smallpox virus better than teenagers and adults. Nearly all children came in contact with smallpox.
Smallpox became a childhood disease for the natives. When smallpox was introduce to the population, such as the Native Americans, the death rate was high, among adults and elders. It was like a circle, going around because when the disease hit them it wiped almost all natives away, and once recovered or would strike one more wiping all the population away not leaving allot of Native American alive. It first struck American Indians in the 1500s. It was not common for the Native people to encounter European diseases. The new European diseases easily followed trade routes, carried by both the traders and their goods.
No wonder the Europeans brought so many deadly diseases. The smallpox virus can live in cloth, especially cotton cloth, for many many years. The European diseases devastated many nations and consequently European explorers, particularly in the southeast and northeast. It led to finding empty villages and fields especially in North America which was populated by Indians. Before the Europeans arrived the Muskogee population was two hundred thousand. It decreased to about twenty thousand people by the time Europeans actually visited their villages.
Traditional Native American curing techniques were not effective against smallpox nd many of the other European diseases. When dealing with disease among most of the tribes there cures was the sweat bath which increased Indian mortality from diseases such as smallpox, measles, and chickenpox. This provided an opening for the Christian missionaries who were immune to the disease. Since Christians didn’t seem to die from smallpox, some Indians began to reason, that it was their religion that saved them. In conclusion, the Tongva Indians renamed Gabrielino by the Spanish, which were the original people of the Los Angeles Basin.
The Tongva arrived around 7,000 years ago and their ulture they had was wiped out by the arrival of the Spanish. There were an estimated 5,000 Tongva in the region when the first Spanish settlers arrived in 1781. The name they had was lost due to the cultural assimilation into Spanish and Mexican culture, so they came to be called Gabrielinos due to the association with the Mission San Gabriel. The Indians were brought to small villages and there they began the building of the Mission. The villages where cities from today’s century like El Monte, La Puente, Pomona, San Marino, Santa Fe Springs, and Santa Anita.
The Tribe has been indigenous to the Los Angeles Basin for 7,000 years. The Tongva were enslaved to build the San Gabriel Mission in the City of San Gabriel and the San Fernando Mission in the City of Los Angeles. However they were denied there treaty rights. According to the “gabrielinotribe. org,” “In 1950, under the Eisenhower policy of Assimilation of Native American Tribes, the Gabrielino-Tongva were effectively terminated. ” One of the languages they spoke was one of the Cupan languages. The natives lived in 50 villages, which meant that each held an average between fifty to two-hundred natives.
Before the Spanish arrived the total population was about 5,000. The Tongva were the people who canoed out to greet Spanish explorer Juan Rodriquez in 1952. They once inhabited all of Los Angeles County and northern parts of Orange County. Warfare was not frequent for the Tongva and robbery and murder was rare. The Tongva did not believe in evil spirits or in hell or the devil until Spanish missionaries introduced these ideas. Tongva communities and culture fell into a huge decrease with the arrival of the Mission de San Gabriel in 1771.
Many of he Tongva joined the mission like the Missions of San Fernando and San Juan Capistrano. Upon their conversions, they were compelled to abandon their villages and culture. It was their association with the Mission San Gabriel that gave the Tongva their Europeanized name Gabrielino. By the time the first American settlers arrival in the Los Angeles area in 1841, Tongva survivors were scattered and working at subsistence level on Mexican land grants. Disease further decimated the Tongva population. Today, it is estimated that a few hundred to a few thousand Tongva still live in California. | https://studyboss.com/essays/san-gabriel-research-paper.html |
From the first steps of Europeans to the New World missionaries and military might paved the way for the complete cultural conquering of the native people. When the people of the Aztec culture came in contact with the Europeans their lives changed in many facets from the introduction of new technological advances to mass religious conversions of the people. The lives of Aztec women changed as their roles and power from their society dwindled from war and disease. With the introduction of steel tools such as cookware and knives their lives changed for the better, but with the conquest of the Spanish into their civilzation came great hardship. They witnessed their loved ones die from disease and the Spanish religious and political edicts encompassed their lives and led to generations of suffering and renewal into the onslaught of forced, oncoming European cultural assimilation.
How it affected their people and some of the surrounding people and justification by the Spanish for war against the Aztecs. Secondly, what the Aztecs believed to be the return of the god Quetzalcoatl, the Spanish conquistador, Cortes and his Spanish army. Disease played a huge part in the fall. Small pox brought upon the Spanish spread quickly to the people and no cure for the disease was known therefore leading to many deaths. Lastly, the skillful tactics used by Hernan Cortes that leads to the surrender of the last Aztec emperor.
In the 1500s, the Spanish arrived in the New World with the intent to convert natives to Catholicism, trade, and discover riches. Juan de Onate, one of these explorers, killed thousands of natives in order to gain fame and wealth. The Spanish and Indians also developed the Columbian Exchange; a trade of goods, livestock, and crops, which was beneficial to both sides as it brought new items to both groups. Most of the products that the Spanish gave to the natives brought diseases that the Indians had no immunity to. Cortez even intentionally gave out
Other Spanish explorers came to the Americas and conquered large amounts of land in the name of Spain. Between 1531 and 1536, Francisco Pizzaro entered and seized the wealthy and prominent Incan Empire in South America. At its peak, Spain conquered four viceroyalties in the New World; all of which existed and had laborers solely for the benefit of the monarchy. Wealth from the New World flowed into Spain’s port of Seville because Spanish expansion was based on finding and transporting precious metals, such
| 5.) Who was Juan de Onate? | Juan de Onate was the son of a wealthy mining family. He financed a colonization expedition made up of Indians and Mestizo soldiers for the purpose of mining gold and souls. He was a very ruthless man that killed 800 Pueblo men, women, and children.
The European voyagers were adamant and eager to claim the new land and all of its riches almost immediately. In this time of claiming the land, many of the Native American people were brutally murdered
In the history of Native Americans the discovery of gold on their land caused great tragedies and devastation and became a significant factor of Native American history. Native Americans were invaded by European explorers who took their land and built the United States we have now. Europeans were driven to North American to seek freedom from the European rulers. They went through the many struggles of long travel, adapting to new environments and dealing with the native populations. As a result of European settlement, many populations of Native Americans were brought to near extinction.
In 1519, he and his men took over and established what [now is Veracruz]; dismissing the authorities of Velazquez and placed himself directly under Charles V’s orders. Velazquez, not pleased about any of this, set out an expedition to capture Cortes. Once Cortes set out to fight, the Aztecs began to rebel back in Tenochtitlan [and Montezuma died]. Cortes’ hunger and determination for power drove him back to Tenochtitlan, [taking advantage of retrieving belongings and possessions that could contribute to his power]. Three months later, the Aztec empire fell and Mexico became New Spain.
After an initial wave of conquistadors, Spain advantages was that the military had aided and infected diseases that decimated the native populations and defeated the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. Spain organized a huge imperial system to exploit the land, labor, and mineral wealth of the New World. Their disadvantage was that when they were conquering Maya, because of the Yucatan jungle, their metal weapons would rust. Spain treated the Native American very badly like they were animals. For example, altogether, they execute a large group of people such as the Natives in Cuba, Dominica, and Mexico, and those who weren’t in the massacre was turned into slaves; and those whoever refused to convert to Christianity. | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Effects-Of-Native-American-Colonization-PKKLPKRMK5V.html |
The English treated the Natives as inferior, believed they stood in the way of their God-given right to the land in America and tried to subject the Natives to their laws as they established their colonies.
How did the English colonies interact with Natives?
Trade was one of the first bridges between New England colonists and local Native American populations. … The Native Americans provided skins, hides, food, knowledge, and other crucial materials and supplies, while the settlers traded beads and other types of currency (also known as “wampum”) in exchange for these goods.
What did the colonizers do to the Natives?
Colonization ruptured many ecosystems, bringing in new organisms while eliminating others. The Europeans brought many diseases with them that decimated Native American populations. Colonists and Native Americans alike looked to new plants as possible medicinal resources.
How did the southern colonies treat the natives?
Relations with American Indians in the Southern Colonies began somewhat as a peaceful coexistence. As more English colonists began to arrive and encroach further into native lands, the relationship became more violent.
How did the Native American help the early colonists?
The Indians helped the settlers by teaching them how to plant crops and survive on the land. But the Indians did not understand that the settlers were going to keep the land. … They soon learned that the Indians were satisfied with their own spiritual beliefs and were not interested in changing them.
How were Europeans impacted by natives?
Native peoples of America had no immunity to the diseases that European explorers and colonists brought with them. Diseases such as smallpox, influenza, measles, and even chicken pox proved deadly to American Indians. Europeans were used to these diseases, but Indian people had no resistance to them.
What are the effects of colonization?
Colonialism’s impacts include environmental degradation, the spread of disease, economic instability, ethnic rivalries, and human rights violations—issues that can long outlast one group’s colonial rule.
What was one positive effect of European colonization?
Another positive effect is seen in document three called “Colonial Governments and Missionaries. ” It shows how the colonial governments introduced improved medical care, and better methods of sanitation. There were new crops; tools and farming methods, which helped, increase food production.
How did the Spanish treat the Natives?
What did the Spanish do to the Natives? They enslaved them and took their food.
What did the English call Metacom?
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Metacomet (1638 – August 12, 1676), also known as Pometacom, Metacom, and by his adopted English name King Philip, was sachem (elected chief) to the Wampanoag people and the second son of the sachem Massasoit.
What were the reasons for the English colonization of America?
◦ England wanted to start an American colony to increase their wealth and power so that they could compete with other European countries like Spain and France. ◦ They were hoping to be able to find silver and gold in America. | https://billanglin.com/for-travelers/best-answer-how-did-the-english-colonies-treat-the-natives.html |
Recent scientific discoveries have opened an era where humans can alter the genetic makeup of any organism at will. Is this type of power safe in our hands? What will our future world look like, and who will decide?
A technology developed from a bacterial immune-system protein (CRISPR/Cas9) will change life on Earth faster than we think. CRISPR/Cas9 allows scientists to edit genomes at specific target sites, theoretically altering the genome of any organism (e.g., yeast, bacteria, plant, mosquito, animal, or human) at will. And with more than 30,000 researchers using CRISPR/Cas9, the potential changes already at hand are staggering.
We find ourselves facing the first CRISPR/Cas9 human clinical trial in the United States and the first manipulation of healthy human embryos with CRISPR/Cas9 in a UK lab. Despite some significant challenges in using CRISPR/Cas9, such as off-target activity, the science speeds ahead. Christians better keep up.
Researchers Use CRISPR/Cas9 for Good Causes
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have cleared the first hurdle in using CRISPR/Cas9 in human clinical trials.1 The NIH Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) has granted approval to alter T cells of 18 cancer patients using CRISPR/Cas9 in hopes of making tailored T cells better at fighting myeloma, melanoma, and sarcoma.
This trial will apply CRISPR/Cas9 technology in a highly focused and limited arena. By removing a patient’s T cells, altering the DNA coding for three proteins, and then reintroducing the modified cells back into the person from whom they originated, these trials should be fairly safe. Genetic modifications should affect only the specific T cells, improving their ability to fight and persist in their anticancer activities. If successful, this could reduce cancer recurrence in patients, and it would be a significant advancement in the fight against cancer.
Across the pond at London’s Francis Crick Institute, researcher Kathy Niakan has been granted permission to study early human development in embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Niakan will examine multiple specific genes in order to identify those most critical for normal human development. It is hoped that her research findings will lead to treatments preventing miscarriages and facilitating healthy pregnancies and births.
Unlike the proposed cancer treatment, where the scope of CRISPR modification is limited to specific T cells in a few individuals, the genetic modification of human embryos by CRISPR/Cas9 has the potential to affect all subsequent generations. When genetic manipulation introduces changes into a zygote, every cell in the resulting adult organism will contain the modification, including the germ cells (eggs or sperm). It follows that such genetic modifications (both intended and unintended) will be passed on to any subsequent offspring and enter the human population.
Gene-Editing Research Needs Regulation
Niakan required permission before she could embark on her manipulation of human embryos. UK law allows research in human embryo development up to 14 days under careful regulation and only upon informed consent by the germ cell donors. UK regulators ensure, through periodic inspections, that the embryos are only being used for specific, approved research projects. Each embryo is documented and traceable through each step, from the time it enters a research facility to the time it is used in an approved project.
No such federal regulation occurs in the United States. Federal regulations ban federal monies from funding such research, but if funding comes from a private (nongovernmental) source, these types of experiments are largely unregulated. US federal regulation of science occurs only if experimentation crosses into human trials or commercial veterinary or agricultural uses. Otherwise, any specific regulations vary from institution to institution, state to state, and internationally, from country to country. Some countries tightly regulate human embryonic research, some only have unenforceable guidelines, but in our global village, changing the human genome at a germ-line level in any country has the potential of altering human genetics for the broad population in every country.
For this reason, many are calling for caution, others for a moratorium, and still others for international consensus on regulating gene-editing of human embryos.
As I see it, only God can be all-powerful without danger, because his wisdom and justice are always equal to his power. Thus there is no authority on earth so inherently worthy of respect, or invested with a right so sacred, that I would want to let it act without oversight or rule without impediment.
–Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
Christianity’s Moral Compass Is Essential
Altering the human genome for future generations is not the only disconcerting application of CRISPR/Cas9. In a recent Time magazine article, Harvard researcher George Church said, “I worry a lot. And I have every reason to encourage citizens at large to worry as well.”2 His reasons for concern are echoed among many others in regard to a new and powerful technology like CRISPR/Cas9 that could help engineer superbugs for biological warfare or terrorism. Additional worries spring from scientific and political cultures that are often filled with those whose desire to do something first for the sake of personal recognition, advancement, and financial gain might lead them to take risks that could have far-reaching implications for all of us. So the voices of caution raised within the community need to be strongly heeded.
Selfishness, unchecked ambition, greed, power, and hubris are a few of the things we must guard against when a developing technology possesses such radical potential. A society that is fixated on science to the neglect of religion, philosophy, and the humanities is not a healthy or safe society. Our society is beginning to adopt a dangerous ideology that says all things are reducible to materialistic processes and physical entities.
When we embrace this, we have no rational basis to claim any action as immoral, and social norms will be set by those with political and economic power. Alongside a survival-of-the-fittest or social-Darwinism mentality, these ideologies could decimate our future.
Furthermore, as I’ve mentioned elsewhere, hubris can mask ignorance. There are significant complexities still poorly understood in the human genome. In 2016, there is still much of the genome that is unsequenced and unassembled (about 10 percent). Most of this is heterochromatin, but even euchromatic gaps in the human genome still persist.3
These sequences do not appear in reference genomes and are therefore omitted from genomic analyses, including considerations involving targeting of the CRISPR/Cas9 editor. Yet the significance of heterochromatic and highly repetitive sequences is being recognized more and more (at least by some) as regulatory elements, pseudogenes, and actively transcribed sequences are continually being uncovered within these once enigmatic and highly variable sequences.
Filtered through a Darwinian paradigm, many have often insisted that such sequences are nothing more than artifacts of evolutionary processes that only contribute nonspecifically to structural designations. The rhetoric of others is grossly misleading and negligent, claiming a “post-genomic era,” and repeatedly uttering that we completed the human genome more than a decade ago. Such thinking not only has hindered scientific discovery but may even threaten society with its hubris and neglect of details.
The potential good uses of CRISPR/Cas9 are exciting and promising. Cures for many diseases may lie in the not so distant future. But there is still much to be worked out and understood before we adopt widespread gene-editing as a medical treatment option. Our genome is far more complex than we understand, as anyone involved in personal genomic studies will confirm. Manipulating genomes before we know what’s there is rather cavalier, if not irresponsible, behavior.
Actions driven by desire and curiosity must be tempered by moral restraint. The Christian moral and ethical voice needs to temper that of rogue materialism and blind naturalism.
Next week I’ll look at some other ecological applications of CRISPR/Cas9 and consider our charge of stewarding creation.
BIO Following an extensive career in research science and teaching, molecular biologist Anjeanette “AJ” Roberts joined Reasons to Believe (RTB) as a visiting scholar in 2015 and, in 2016, became a permane…
Read more about Anjeanette Roberts.
Time to confess. I now consider myself an evolutionary creationist. I have no choice. The evidence for biological evolution is so overwhelming…
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Few things in life get your attention like the subject of infectious disease. And this is especially true of pandemics (“all people” threatened by illness). It is, of course, natural to experience fear and concern during extraordinary times like this. There is great alarm about the illness and death caused by the coronavirus both in our country and worldwide. And there is also genuine anxiety about how society’s response to this health crisis (sheltering in or lockdown) will affect the world’s economy.
Among the many questions I have received on my social media pages is this one: Why would an all-powerful and all-loving God create a world in which viruses exist?
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In wake of paper describing genetic modification of human embryos, scientists disagree about ethics.
In a world first, Chinese scientists have reported that they have used powerful gene-editing techniques to modify human embryos. Their paper1, published in the Beijing-based journal Protein & Cell on 18 April, came as no surprise to the scientific community, but it has ignited a wide-ranging debate about what types of gene-editing research are ethical. The publication also raises questions about the appropriate way to publish such work.
In the paper, researchers led by Junjiu Huang, a gene-function researcher at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, describe how they used a system of molecules called CRISPR/Cas9, known for its ease of use, to cut DNA in human embryos and then attempted to repair it by introducing new DNA.
In a deliberate attempt to head off ethical concerns, the team used non-viable embryos obtained from fertility clinics, in which eggs had been fertilized by two sperm and so could not result in a live birth.
Gene-editing techniques such as those that rely on CRISPR/Cas9 had previously been used to modify DNA in adult human cells and animal embryos. Earlier this year, rumours were circulating that the methods were being applied in human embryos too, but the Huang paper is the first published report of this.
The team used CRISPR/Cas9 to modify a gene that can cause a potentially fatal blood disorder called β-thalassaemia when it is mutated. Some researchers have suggested that such a procedure, if done in a viable embryo, could eradicate devastating genetic diseases before a baby is born. Others say that such work crosses an ethical line: in response to the rumours that the work was being carried out, researchers warned in Nature2 and Science3 in March that because the genetic changes to embryos — a procedure known as germline modification — are heritable, they could have an unpredictable effect on future generations.
Researchers have also expressed concerns that any gene-editing research in human embryos could be a slippery slope towards unsafe, unethical or non-medical uses of the technique.
Huang’s team says that its results reveal serious obstacles to using the method in a clinical setting. The team injected 86 embryos with CRISPR/Cas9, along with other molecules designed to add in new DNA. The researchers then waited 48 hours, by which time the embryos would have grown to about eight cells each. Of the 71 embryos that survived, 54 were genetically tested. This revealed that just 28 were successfully spliced, and that only 4 of those contained the genetic material designed to repair the cuts. “That’s why we stopped,” says Huang. “We still think it’s too immature.”
His team also found a surprising number of ‘off-target’ mutations assumed to be introduced by the CRISPR/Cas9 complex acting on other parts of the genome. The effect is one of the main safety concerns surrounding germline editing because these unintended mutations could be harmful.
The rates of such mutations were much higher than those observed in gene-editing studies of mouse embryos or human adult cells. And Huang notes that his team probably detected just a subset of the unintended mutations because their study looked at only a portion of the genome known as the exome. “If we did the whole genome sequence, we would get many more,” he says.
Huang wonders whether there might be something intrinsically different that makes the human embryo more susceptible to extra mutations than animal embryos are. Another possibility — suggested by some critics of the work, he says — is that CRISPR/Cas9 worked differently in the embryos that his team used because they were the product of two sperm fertilizing an egg.
For some, these technical challenges support arguments for a moratorium on all research on human germline modification. “I think the paper itself actually provides all of the data that we kind of pointed to,” says Edward Lanphier, president of Sangamo BioSciences in Richmond, California, and a member of the group that wrote the Nature article2 calling for a moratorium.
But George Church, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, disagrees that the technology is so immature. He says that the researchers did not use the most up-to-date CRISPR/Cas9 methods and that many of the researchers’ problems could have been avoided or lessened if they had.
Although researchers agree that a moratorium on clinical applications is needed while the ethical and safety concerns of human-embryo editing are worked out, many see no problem with the type of research that Huang’s team did, in part because the embryos could not have led to a live birth. “It’s no worse than what happens in IVF all the time, which is that non-viable embryos are discarded,” says John Harris, a bioethicist at the University of Manchester, UK. “I don’t see any justification for a moratorium on research,” he adds. Church, meanwhile, notes that many of the earliest experiments with CRISPR/Cas9 were developed in human induced pluripotent stem cells, adult cells that have been reprogrammed to have the ability to turn into any cell type, including sperm and eggs. He questions whether Huang’s experiments are any more intrinsically problematic.
Modifying human embryos is legal in China and in many US states. Asked whether Huang’s study would have been funded under its rules, the US National Institutes of Health says that it “would likely conclude it could not fund such research”, and is watching the technology to see whether its rules need to be modified.
Because the embryos Huang’s team used were initially created for in vitro fertilization, not for research, the work would already have overcome many of the ethical hurdles it would face in other countries too, adds Tetsuya Ishii, who studies bioethics and policy at the University of Hokkaido in Sapporo, Japan.
Applying gene editing to human embryos could answer plenty of basic scientific questions that have nothing to do with clinical applications, says George Daley, a stem-cell biologist at Harvard Medical School, who supports editing of human embryos in vitro for research purposes.
For instance, altering developmental genes with CRISPR/Cas9 could help to reveal their functions. “Some questions about early human development can only be addressed by studying human embryos,” he says.
Gene editing could also be used to engineer specific disease-related mutations in an embryo, which could then be used to produce embryonic stem cells that could act as models for testing drugs and other interventions for disease, says Daley.
Huang now plans to work out how to decrease the number of off-target mutations using adult human cells or animal models.
Still, researchers expect to see more gene-editing studies in human embryos. “The ubiquitous access to and simplicity of creating CRISPRs,” says Lanphier, whose company applies gene-editing techniques to adult human cells, “creates opportunities for scientists in any part of the world to do any kind of experiments they want.” He expects that more scientists will now start work on improving on the results of the Huang paper. A Chinese source familiar with developments in the field said that at least four groups in China are pursuing gene editing in human embryos. | http://primanexus.com.my/news/embryo-editing-sparks-epic-debate |
Above: Salk scientists Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte and Jun Wu are seen in this undated photo.
Salk scientists were involved in a new study that raises the possibility of curing certain genetic diseases in future generations. But the prospect of editing a child's DNA before they are born remains very controversial.
Scientists at the Salk Institute in La Jolla have helped to edit the DNA of human embryos for the first time in the United States.
They contributed to a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature showing that a mutation linked with a deadly, inherited heart disease can be successfully corrected in early-stage embryos using the gene editing tool CRISPR.
The researchers, led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov at the Oregon Health & Science University, say their results suggest CRIPSR could be a powerful technique for correcting disease-causing genetic mutations in developing human embryos.
But in an interview with KPBS, a Salk scientist involved in the study said more scientific work and ethical consideration is needed before using this approach in the creation of any future human children.
"We need much more basic studies like this to answer the question of whether this is a feasible approach," said Salk staff scientist Jun Wu, who contributed to the study along with Salk researchers Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte and Keiichiro Suzuki.
"At this stage, I would say this is still basic research," Wu said. "And we need more basic research like this before we can even consider going forward."
The scientists targeted a mutation in the gene MYBPC3. Having one bad copy of this gene can lead to heart failure and sudden death. The disease affects 1 in 500 people, and is a leading cause of death in otherwise healthy athletes. A patient with this mutation donated his sperm and skin cells for the study.
The scientists in Oregon obtained the eggs for the research and brought their expertise in embryo biology to the study. The Salk scientists contributed by developing the gene editing strategy, initially testing it in stem cells derived from the patient's skin cells.
In 2015, scientists in China conducted the first known attempt to use CRISPR on human embryos. But they found that their edits were imprecise.
Those results raised concerns that any effort to manipulate genes in a human embryo could lead to unintended edits in other genes — known as "off-target effects" — or could lead to embryos containing a mixture of cells with corrected genes and cells with uncorrected genes, a problem known as "mosaicism" that could end up failing to prevent disease.
Wu and his colleagues were able to avoid these problems in their experiments, leading other scientists to describe their results as a "step forward" in comparison to previous studies.
"The very low level of off-target effects (actually apparently not distinguishable from background genomic variation) is very encouraging for future applications," said MIT scientist Richard Hynes, who co-chaired a National Academy of Sciences report on human genome editing released earlier this year.
"Their method is not yet proven to work for other genes and is not yet 100 percent efficient," Hynes wrote in an email to KPBS. "So more work would be needed before this could potentially be used for heritable germline editing."
Wu said timing was key for preventing off-target effects and mosaicism. The scientists made the gene edits early in the embryos' development and saw the efficiency of DNA correction go up.
"We delivered the editing tools earlier. At the one-cell stage, the embryo has enough time to make the repair before they make copies of the DNA," Wu said.
Scientists contacted by KPBS saw these results as a small yet successful step toward the development of new strategies for fighting genetic diseases in future generations. But the prospect of editing a child's DNA before they are born remains very controversial.
Because these edits would not only affect that child, but could also be passed down to their descendants, some ethicists are firmly opposed to editing of the human "germline." In a 2015 statement regarding its policy against funding research on gene-editing in human embryos, the National Institutes of Health said germline editing "has been viewed almost universally as a line that should not be crossed."
The Salk scientists and their colleagues say they never intended to implant any of the embryos used in their research, much less to bring any of those embryos to term. Their work was largely funded by private donations and university money.
Other strategies currently exist for preventing genetic diseases in offspring. Embryos can be genetically screened before they are implanted during in vitro fertilization.
But the scientists note that in certain rare cases, existing strategies are not enough to help parents conceive a child free of a genetic disease. They say it remains to be seen in future studies whether this approach will be successful at correcting other mutations.
"One thing clear at this stage is that we shouldn't apply this technology in any shape or form toward designer babies," Wu said. "The technology is not there yet. And even if it was there, there is still a lot of ethical considerations and scientific limitations. For many of the traits that people want in their next generation, there's not a single underlying gene."
Ethicists told KPBS the researchers have not raised any new problems that were not already known prior to the study's publication.
"This is not the dawn of the era of the designer baby," said University of Wisconsin bioethicist and law professor Alta Charo in an email. "The need for embryo editing to avoid passing a serious disorder to one's children is limited to a small number of situations. In addition, we are already in clinical trials for use of editing to treat diseases in those already born."
Michael Kalichman, director of the Research Ethics Program at UC San Diego, agreed that the study did not signal that parents will soon have the option to pick and choose from a menu of desired traits for their offspring.
"Although it implies a future in which we could choose to have children without particular genetic diseases, or even design for particular traits, that is still likely a very long time from now," he wrote in an email to KPBS.
"On the other hand, the trajectory is for this technology to be sufficiently robust that it will eventually be used," Kalichman wrote. "In anticipation of that use, it is essential that the general public, not just the scientists and clinicians, needs to learn about and consider the implications of the potential applications."
This is not the first time Wu and his Salk colleagues have been involved in research that, even if it has not crossed ethical lines, has raised ethical questions. Earlier this year, they reported creating partially human pig embryos as a way to explore the idea of growing humanized organs in animals in order to address shortages of transplantable organs. | https://www.kpbs.org/news/2017/aug/02/salk-scientists-contribute-first-gene-editing-huma/ |
All the same, Nobel personifies the notorious Janus nature of scientific advance. The phrase ‘dual use’ doesn’t do it justice, though: many important discoveries have complex social implications and applications not readily categorised as merely good or bad. The work awarded this year’s Nobel prize in chemistry illustrates this more emphatically than ever.
Crispr controversies
The Crispr technique for precise editing of genomes – enabling specific genes or DNA sequences to be accurately targeted and snipped out or replaced – was always a shoo-in for a Nobel, given how profoundly it has changed the science and technologies of gene editing since its introduction around 2012. It was merely a question of ‘when?’ – and more problematically, ‘who?’ No one doubts that this year’s laureates, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, deserve recognition; the question was who else (if anyone) should be included.
Yet that’s a minor controversy compared with the matter of how Crispr should and might be used. The Nobel citation alludes only very briefly to the fact that ‘the power of the Crispr-Cas9 technology also raises serious ethical and societal issues.’ (Cas9 is the main DNA-cleaving enzyme used in the method.) But a capability for making precise changes to the human genome raises all kinds of difficult questions about how far we should go with it. Should genome engineering be restricted to the avoidance of genetic disease, or might it be justified for genetic enhancement? How can we distinguish one from the other? Where are the limits on the possible or permissible – giving us infrared vision, say, or tolerance to extreme cold, or the ability to photosynthesise?
What would such uses mean for the status of people with existing genetic diseases or impairments, if these are ‘edited out’ of future generations? Can we hope to ensure equitable access to these powerful techniques, or would they widen the divide between haves and have-nots? Should we use Crispr on the human germline, so that modifications are inherited by future generations?
Unknown consequences
The last issue has become particularly explosive since the revelation that Crispr was used in 2018 by Chinese biologist He Jiankui to modify twin embryos used for IVF, resulting in the birth of two girls allegedly containing alleles that would confer protection from infection by HIV. It wasn’t just that He bypassed ethical regulations, nor even that he chose to use germline editing for pre-emptive protection. It was also that he did the job rather poorly and without any clear evidence that the procedure was safe.
Quite aside from the ethical questions about inheritable modifications, Crispr may be risky at this point because it is not necessarily as accurate as it is sometimes portrayed. It can and does lead to off-target modifications, the health consequences of which are unknown and unpredictable. So far the twin girls born from He’s procedure seem to have normal health, but it is still early days. He’s actions were almost universally condemned by the biological community – including Doudna, who said that genome editing of embryos should be countenanced at all only where a ‘clear unmet medical need exists’.
He has now been given a three-year jail sentence and a fine of Yuan3 million (£345,000) for ‘illegal medical practices’. Nonetheless, his demonstration that Crispr germline editing need not be obviously catastrophic has opened the floodgates. Other researchers are now petitioning to use it for reproductive purposes. Many, however, advise a global moratorium until the social, medical and ethical issues have been properly considered. Doudna favours clear regulation instead, and as the Nobel citation states, the World Health Organization has established a committee to make recommendations about what form that might take.
Many scientists and bioethicists share Doudna’s view that human genome editing is both inevitable and justified – and some feel that its medical potential should not be unduly delayed. One of the most libertarian is biologist George Church of Harvard University in the US, who stresses that Crispr is just one of several ways of doing it. Ultimately he advocates rewriting rather than (somewhat messy) editing, and explained to me last summer his goal of rewriting the entire human genome from scratch, raising the prospect of much more extensive but also more accurate modification – for example, to make our DNA unrecognisable to pathogenic viruses. Such vaulting ambition might now look more attractive than it did a year ago.
The real lesson of Nobel’s own work is that science is not divorced from society and that its goals and implications are neither neutral nor Manichean. In that respect, Crispr is a fitting choice indeed. | https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-ethical-debate-around-crispr/4012573.article |
CRISPR inventor Feng Zhang calls for moratorium on gene-edited babies
Feng Zhang, one of the inventors of the gene-editing technique CRISPR, has called for a global moratorium on using the technology to create gene-edited babies.
The call from Zhang, a member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, comes a day after a Chinese researcher claims to have created twin girls with modified genes to make them resistant to HIV.
“Given the current state of the technology, I am in favor of a moratorium on implantation of edited embryos,” Zhang said in a statement provided to MIT Technology Review.
The researchers in the Chinese trial edited human embryos to remove a gene called CCR5, which they said would make the children resistant to HIV. The study was carried out in secrecy, however, and medical experts question whether it was necessary or safe.
Zhang said the risks of the experiment outweigh the benefits and said he was “deeply concerned” that the Chinese project was undertaken in secrecy.
Previously, academic bodies including the US National Academy of Sciences have said genetically modified children should be made only under strict conditions of safety and oversight.
Feng’s call for a complete moratorium comes the day before a major genome-editing summit being held in Hong Kong. The Broad Institute said Zhang was on a flight heading to the conference and was unable to comment further.
In 2013, Zhang was first to show how the CRISPR tool could be used to edit DNA in human cells, a step that allowed its eventual use to modify human embryos.
Here is Zhang’s complete statement:
Although I appreciate the global threat posed by HIV, at this stage, the risks of editing embryos to knock out CCR5 seem to outweigh the potential benefits, not to mention that knocking out of CCR5 will likely render a person much more susceptible for West Nile Virus. Just as important, there are already common and highly-effective methods to prevent transmission of HIV from a parent to an unborn child.
Given the current state of the technology, I’m in favor of a moratorium on implantation of edited embryos, which seems to be the intention of the CCR5 trial, until we have come up with a thoughtful set of safety requirements first.
Not only do I see this as risky, but I am also deeply concerned about the lack of transparency surrounding this trial. All medical advances, gene editing or otherwise and particularly those that impact vulnerable populations, should be cautiously and thoughtfully tested, discussed openly with patients, physicians, scientists, and other community members, and implemented in an equitable way.
In 2015, the international research community said it would be irresponsible to proceed with any germline editing without “broad societal consensus about the appropriateness of the proposed application.” (This was the consensus statement from the 2015 International Summit on Human Gene Editing.)
It is my hope that the upcoming summit will serve as a forum for deeper conversations about the implications of this news and provide guidance on how we as a global society can best benefit from gene editing.
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Rapid advances in technologies in the field of genomics such as high throughput DNA sequencing, big data processing by machine learning algorithms and gene-editing techniques are expected to make precision medicine and gene-therapy a greater reality. However, this development will raise many important new issues, including ethical, moral, social and privacy issues. The field of exercise genomics has also advanced by incorporating these innovative technologies. There is therefore an urgent need for guiding references for sport and exercise genomics to allow the necessary advancements in this field of sport and exercise medicine, while protecting athletes from any invasion of privacy and misuse of their genomic information. Here, we update a previous consensus and develop a guiding reference for sport and exercise genomics based on a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. This SWOT analysis and the developed guiding reference highlight the need for scientists/clinicians to be well-versed in ethics and data protection policy to advance sport and exercise genomics without compromising the privacy of athletes and the efforts of international sports federations. Conducting research based on the present guiding reference will mitigate to a great extent the risks brought about by inappropriate use of genomic information and allow further development of sport and exercise genomics in accordance with best ethical standards and international data protection principles and policies. This guiding reference should regularly be updated on the basis of new information emerging from the area of sport and exercise medicine as well as from the developments and challenges in genomics of health and disease in general in order to best protect the athletes, patients and all other relevant stakeholders.
- genes
- genetics
- genetic testing
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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Introduction
Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology enable the analysis of a large number of genomes1—a genome is a complete set of DNA, including all the genes of an organism. The generation of large data combined with new and improved methods of analysis, which includes machine learning and artificial intelligence, is collectively predicted to advance precision medicine considerably to facilitate optimal tailored medical therapies for the individual based on the individuals complete clinical and risk profiles which includes their l genomic information. This new reality has the potential to revolutionise healthcare by substantially enhancing the efficacy of treatment with a promise to significantly reduce the costs associated with healthcare provision.2 To achieve the necessary progress in precision medicine, many countries have established large scale biobanks and are performing analyses on large datasets (table 1).3 For example, the UK Biobank (2006–2010) has already genotyped approximately 500 000 participants using the UK BiLEVE Axiom Array and the UK Biobank Axiom Array and performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in the largest to date single population-based cohort involving more than 20 000 traits.4 5 The 100 000 Genomes Project, launched in the UK in 2012, is the first national whole-genome sequencing project targeting National Health Service (NHS) patients to complete the sequencing of 100 000 whole genomes.6
These rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology have also introduced many new ethical and confidentiality issues such as reidentification of anonymised genotype data,7 data ownership,8 newborn screening9 and incidental findings.10 These advances and the anticipation of a true revolution in precision medicine have created a lively market for direct to consumer (DTC) genetic testing companies.11 At present, the vast majority of company claims are more in line with future aspiration and promise rather than current evidence-based reality. Most DTC companies are too small to have any significant research and development (R&D) and therefore are solely dependent on the scientific community to generate new and clinically relevant data. There are also no guarantees that these companies will be allowed to freely exploit the data that will emerge due to patient confidentiality and data protection issues. It is likely that elaborate algorithms will be developed using big data processing methods and controlled by the larger companies that have the R&D resources to invest in the necessary analytical technology such as supercomputers, programmers and specialist bioinformaticians. At present, DNA sequencing technologies are able to generate data at a much faster rate than our ability to interpret and therefore appropriately exploit these data.
In addition to DNA sequencing technologies, gene-editing technology has also made significant advancements in recent years. In particular, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) together with CRISPR-associated proteins (eg, Cas9, CasX, Cas12a and Cas13), known as CRISPR/Cas systems are poised to make gene-editing truly revolutionary by enabling easy, rapid and cost effective editing of DNA sequences.12–15 Since inception in 199316 CRISPR technology has now advanced to the point of smart technology gels for drug delivery.17 This pioneering approach, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, is already being used to develop lifesaving/altering gene therapy in monogenic diseases such as sickle cell disease,18 Huntington’s disease,19 cystic fibrosis20 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy21 and poised to make big advances in the near future also in cancer treatment22 This promising and effective tool also allows the editing of DNA sequences of human germlines.23 24 CRISPR, however, is not without limitations. For example, insertion-deletions (INDELS) delivered through CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism have been shown to induce foreign mRNA or proteins in approximately 50% of cell lines through ribosomal entry, thereby causing mutations and reduced production of viable genes.25 While gene-editing tools in human germline have been restricted to research and prohibited in human reproduction by all countries that have established gene editing regulations, CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing was recently used for reproductive purposes with claims of generating the first gene-edited babies.26 This was a direct breach of Chinese law and led to a joint statement of 122 Chinese scientists calling for urgent legislation against further ‘direct human experimentation’.27 There is therefore an urgent need to create the necessary regulatory framework to safeguard against the real threat of ‘genetic pollution’ of the human gene pool, a controversial term to describe the process of intentional, uncontrolled and potentially unlawful, introduction of genetic material for the purpose of increasing the ‘fitness’ of a population or subsample of a population.28
In the field of sport and exercise sciences and medicine, dissecting the relationship between genetic factors and health-related fitness, athletic performance, trainability and susceptibility for exercise-related health risks (eg, musculoskeletal injury) were previously attempted. Identification of specific sport and exercise-related genes are expected to be used for precision sports medicine to provide tailor-made training as well as to select optimal sports and/or other exercise activities for each individual. However, from previous candidate gene approaches and GWAS, there are very limited outcomes with clinical utility, and therefore a paradigm shift in sports genomics is urgently needed.29–33 However, with the exception of the Genetic-Biological Physical Activity Consortium (GenBioPAC),30 which is aimed at understanding genetic and other biological factors in the regulation of physical activity, there are no significant funded international consortia to meet this aim. Progress towards such a significant development in the field of sport and exercise genomics will require a paradigm shift in line with recent recommendations for international collaborations such as the Athlome Project Consortium (see www.athlomeconsortium.org) which was launched in 2015 for the advancement of ‘omics’ in exercise sciences and medicine.31 The Athlome Consortium aims to collectively study the genotype and phenotype data currently available on elite athletes, in adaptation to exercise training and on exercise-related musculoskeletal injuries both from individual studies and from consortia worldwide. One of the consortium projects, the 1000 Athlomes Project, aims to sequence 1000 genomes of sprinters and distance runners of West and East African descent to clarify the genetic architecture of extreme athletic performance. To date, 72 world class Ethiopian and Kenyan distance runners have been sequenced and their genotype distribution has been compared with that of region-matched general population from the 1000 Genomes Project.31 34
As in other biomedical fields, large-scale genomic research is helping develop sport and exercise science and medicine in realising goals towards precision sports medicine and exercise prescription. Terms such as individualised response, personalised medicine, stratified medicine, personalised prescription are increasingly being used as primarily inspirational concepts rather than current realities in terms of genomic technologies. Ross et al recently reported large interindividual differences in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in response to standardised exercise and introduced measures to identify determinants and modifiers of CRF response.32 However, these necessary advances also introduce many ethical problems that would be an obstacle to achieve precision sports medicine, particularly in terms of ethical and data protection issues. Given the rapid advances in gene-editing technology such as CRISPR/Cas9, and the fact that gene-edited babies are now a reality,23 24 gene doping or creating talented sports children by using gene-editing technique combined with the knowledge of sport and exercise genomics would be realistic in the very near future, however currently immature at this stage. Therefore, advances in human genomics if left completely unregulated would inevitably become a ‘weapon’ that would threaten the health and well-being of athletes and the general worldwide population.
Considering the rapid changes in circumstances surrounding genomic research and the threats described above, ethics and data protection policies (eg, GDPR/Data Protection Act 2018 in the UK and EU) should continuously be updated. As the first sequencing studies of elite athletes are being conducted,31 34 there is an urgent need for a guiding reference for sport and exercise genomics to allow the necessary advancement in sports genomics while also protecting athletes from any invasion of privacy and misuse of their genomic data. This reference guide attempted here is presented as a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. This guiding reference will be regularly updated, based on new and emerging evidence, from the area of sport and exercise medicine and from valuable lessons being learnt from the developments and challenges in genomics of health and disease in general.35 36
SWOT analysis
Strengths
Previous twin and familial studies suggest that there is moderate heritability of ‘sport and exercise-related traits’ (eg, athletic performance, response to exercise training and fitness level).37–40 Identification of genetic variants determining variabilities in sport and exercise-related traits may offer significant benefits to athletes and the general population. For example, the Heritage Family Study demonstrated a considerable heterogeneity in the change in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in response to a 20 week standardised exercise training programme (the range in training response: –114 to 1097 mL/min).32 37 Similarly, large individual variabilities in response to resistance training,41 and high-intensity interval training were also reported.42 Collectively, evidence from human twin and family studies suggest that there are considerable interindividual differences in the response of CRF and other cardiometabolic traits to a given dose of exercise, and are partly dependent on genetic factors.32 If the genetic variants that predict which type of exercise training is the most effective for each person are identified, then individualised therapeutic exercise programme can be used in early intervention and chronic disease prevention.
From the perspective of athletes, musculoskeletal injuries such as soft tissue disruption (eg, Achilles tendon injury, anterior cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations), muscle strain, and stress fracture are serious medical conditions that inhibit regular training and may shorten an athlete’s career. As genetic factors have been suggested to contribute to the susceptibility of musculoskeletal injuries,43 identification of musculoskeletal injury-related genetic loci may provide information required to optimise training load that is tailored for training volume and intensity. Previous candidate gene approaches have demonstrated that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with soft tissue ruptures,44–46 muscle strain47 48 and stress fracture.49 50 However, these SNPs have no current clinical utility because they have been replicated in limited independent populations. Functional analysis of these SNPs is, however, needed to achieve a greater understanding of the mechanisms of susceptibility to musculoskeletal injuries.
Genetic variants associated with elite athlete status in various sporting disciplines may contribute to talent identification or selection of optimal sports to maximise the talent of specific athletes in the future, notwithstanding the serious ethical concerns that athletes should have the right to freely select sports they want to play regardless of their genes as well as the fact that athletic performance is polygenic (no single gene should be held accountable for athletic success). For example, Mikami et al reported that Japanese sprinters with the RR+RX genotype of alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene had significantly faster personal best times for the 100 m than those with XX genotype; however, no such association was found in the 400 m sprinters.51 Nevertheless, given the polygenic nature of athletic performance and sports skill, talent identification or selection of optimal sports by using only limited genetic variants is unlikely to ever be a possibility.
Although cardiomyopathies and channelopathies (eg, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital long-QT syndrome)52 are usually non-fatal diseases, they are the major causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes.53 Most cases of SCD in young athletes are probably caused by the combination of inherited cardiomyopathy or channelopathy with intensive exercise training. Therefore, cardiovascular screening is essential to prevent SCD in young athletes. Currently, preparticipation screening of young athletes for prevention of SCD includes screening for family history and cardiovascular symptoms, physical examination, and often a 12-lead ECG, as recommended by the European Society of Cardiology.54 Cardiac screening, which includes the ECG, has been shown to have a high sensitivity for detecting conditions at elevated risk of SCD such as cardiomyopathy or channelopathy and has been associated with reduced mortality in competitive athletes.55 Nevertheless, accurate diagnosis of cardiomyopathy and channelopathy in athletes remains a challenge because of the difficulty of distinguishing between a so-called athlete’s heart based on physiological adaptation to intense training and cardiac diseases.56 However, most cases of inherited cardiomyopathy and channelopathy are monogenic and numerous causative mutations have been identified for each disorder.57–59 Thus, genetic testing may be an important tool in the evaluation of athletes with abnormal cardiovascular screening, inconclusive cardiac imaging and in athletes with a family history of an inheritable cardiac disorder. In the future, genetic testing may also have a potential role in cardiac screening.
Identification of genetic variants associated with sport and exercise-related traits is of great importance in terms of understanding the molecular basis of trainability. For example, deficiency of ACTN3, the most replicated and studied sports performance-related gene,60 61 turned out to influence metabolic enzyme activity in skeletal muscle and a shift in the properties of fast fibres towards those characteristics of slow twitch fibres.62 These findings are consistent with that the null allele of the ACTN3 p.R577X polymorphism (ie, a point mutation that usually results in a non-functional protein product) are over-represented in endurance athletes than in power athletes in ancestrally diverse populations. Thus, identification of genetic variants associated with individual variabilities in sport and exercise-related traits could provide novel insights into molecular adaptations in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, integrating other ‘omics’ responses to exercise such as transcriptomics and proteomics will undoubtedly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of adaptative response to exercise and its individual variability.
Weaknesses
Although a large number of studies have been conducted to identify sport and exercise-related genes, the findings are mostly inconclusive because of a lack of replication. Some studies reported completely opposite associations across different populations (eg, ACE gene).63–65 Sport and exercise-related genes and genetic loci confirmed to influence the health status of the athlete have not been identified to date mainly due to the lack of replication in independent populations. Furthermore, GWAS of world class endurance athletes identified no genetic variants associated with extreme endurance performance at the genome-wide level of significance although several SNP associations might be missed in that study because low-density arrays (Illumina Cardio-MetaboChip) were used for genotyping without imputation.66 Previous studies teach us that two major problems underlie the lack of discovery of novel sport and exercise-related genes.
One of the major problems is small sample size. Common SNPs associated with polygenic traits (including sport and exercise-related traits) generally show modest OR of 1.1–1.567. For example, approximately 5500 cases and equal number of controls are needed to detect an OR of 1.2 at alpha error of 5.0×10–8 and power of 80% in a case-control GWAS if minor allele frequency is assumed to be 0.3.68 The difficulty of recruiting a large number of elite athletes for sufficient power explains one of the bottlenecks in the discovery of novel variants of small effects associated with athletic performance. Another major problem is the deficiency in how the phenotype is being assessed. The factors shaping athletic performance are diverse. For example, endurance performance that is one of the more simple traits in sports, is shaped by VO2max, VO2 at the lactate threshold, economy of movement and other parameters.69 However, each physiological marker of performance is also a complex trait, regulated by a network of genes and pathways. In most case-control studies of elite athletes, the physiological, anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics of the athletes are not well phenotyped. Consequently, the definition of ‘elite athlete’ in such studies is often ambiguous. The experience of participating in a world championship or national competition is usually used for defining elite athlete status.70 However, there is no biological explanation for clearly distinguishing world class athletes from national level athletes. The opportunity and level of athletic achievement needed to participate in the Olympics or World Championships varies considerably depending on the country of origin. This raises the importance of ‘phenomics’, which is defined as the acquisition of high-dimensional phenotypic data on an organism-wide scale,71 in the field of sport and exercise genomics.
Both large sample size and precise phenotyping are necessary to reduce the SE and increase statistical power to detect a significant SNP-trait association. However, it is difficult to perform comprehensive and precise phenotyping while keeping adequate sample size. For example, The Heritage Family Study, which is the only large-scale standardised exercise intervention study consisting of well phenotyped participants (n=720) to explore genetic variants associated with response to exercise training by using Illumina HumanCNV370-Quad v3.0 BeadChips (containing approximately 370 000 markers),72 did not yield any SNPs associated with VO2max response to exercise training at the genome-wide level of significance.73 This study suggests that a sample size of less than 1000 is still insufficient despite a well standardised intervention protocol and precise phenotyping, while the use of a low-density array without imputation may also have contributed to the finding of no significant SNP associations. The development of technology such as multifaceted wearable devices74 is needed for comprehensive and precise high-throughput phenotyping of sport and exercise-related traits while keeping adequate sample size for genetic association analyses. Furthermore, multiple large-scale cohorts with well phenotyped participants are needed to replicate and validate the genetic variants detected in a discovery cohort, which might require a substantial budget. In the current environment of a general ‘research grant famine’, it is often difficult to obtain funds in the field of sport and exercise science and medicine to perform such large-scale studies compared with medical science which directly contribute to health and disease prevention for the general population. Financial constraints may also prevent the introduction of large-scale genetic approaches into screening programmes.75–78 Whether to screen and what precisely the preparticipation screening should comprise will be hotly debated for years to come, but in the meantime, progress in this field would be greatly advanced if in SCD cases in in sport, molecular considerations were part of the standardised routine autopsy79 as well as the genetic screening of first-degree relatives.80
Understanding the genetic architecture of human athletic performance, the widely ranging sport phenotype and other sport and exercise-related traits is challenging because of its high complexity. Human athletic performance has long been assumed to be polygenic except for some rare cases where single mutation(s) confers extreme phenotype as in the example of a gain-of-function mutation erythropoietin receptor in the Olympic cross-country skiing gold medalist.81 An accumulation of common variants with small effect size has been suggested to explain a large proportion of phenotypic variance of complex traits.82 However, to date, only a very small number of common variants have been reported to be associated with sport and health-related fitness phenotypes.83 Furthermore, recent advances in genomics have revealed that an individual carries approximately 40 000–200 000 of rare variants (minor allele frequency of <0.5%) per individual genome,84 which can help explain the phenotypic variance of complex trait,85 justifying the necessity to adopt whole genome sequencing technology in the field of sport and exercise genomics. In addition to single nucleotide variants in the gene regions, other type of genomic variation such as structural variation (eg, copy number variation, large insertion and deletion),86 variants in non-coding RNA (eg, micro RNA, long non-coding RNA)87 may also contribute to the complexity of the athletic phenotype. Integration of various types of genomic variation by multiomics approach will be needed to fully elucidate the complexity of athletic performance.
Opportunities
There is considerable commercial opportunity associated with the use of genomics in the sport and exercise sciences. A means to attract research funding for large-scale sport and exercise genomic studies is to collaborate with industry given the recent increase in public interest and use of commercial genetic testing. For example, one of the largest DTC genetic testing companies 23andMe, has collected genetic data from approximately 5 million consumers. Although the primary service of 23andMe is to provide genetic health risks and ancestry information to consumers, they also conduct research by using genotype and phenotype data obtained from consumers that are collected through internet surveys.88 23andMe analyse these data89 and also share the data with academic institutions to enhance large-scale genetic association studies. Several research groups have managed to identify additional loci for various diseases or traits using these large datasets.90–92 Furthermore, 23andMe sell their data to the pharmaceutical industry for drug development research93 as well as support scientists through collaboration agreements whereby scientists collect data in the field for analysis by 23andMe with the fundamental aim of elucidating a greater understanding of the diversity of genomics data globally. In this way, scientists and the wider community benefit from this additional access to grant funding.94 In addition, new research investments by industry into genomics of sport and exercise has real potential to impact the field of genetics of disease with particular emphasis on lifestyle-related disorders by helping, for example, identify risk factors associated with sedentary lifestyles for wider society and public health gain. Such collaborations and commercial partnerships with industry should be pursued, although with care. To date, 23andMe is the only personal genomics and biotechnology company to offer these opportunities but others are expected soon to follow this example given their success.
Threats
Collaboration with industry for genomic research in the sport and exercise sciences is not without serious threats. Industries including DTC genetic testing companies may support researchers with the expectation of handing over some of the intellectual property that may be generated during the study life cycle. Commercial pressure in most cases results in the premature exploitation of data that have limited or no scientific bases given no or limited replication and validation. For example, DNAFit, a DTC genetic testing company active in the UK, has recently performed a GWAS of sprint performance in collaboration with Russian and Polish scientists, aimed at identifying novel genetic markers for their genetic testing product.95 These authors reported several SNPs to be associated with sprint performance; however, the clinical significance of these results is unknown given the small sample size of the discovery cohort and the inappropriate replication study (ie, small sample size, different outcomes and heterogeneous characteristics of participants among the cohorts). Many DTC genetic testing companies have already offered genetic testing products for predicting athletic performance and talent identification although sport and exercise genomics has provided very limited evidence and predicting athletic performance and talent identification by using genetic information is almost impossible to this date.96 Some athletes, coaches and parents of young individuals may believe the results of genetic testing regardless of the accuracy and quality of genetic testing products commercially available at present. Use of such unproven technology can lead to incorrect decisions such as inappropriate early specialisation for sports, inappropriate training, genetic discrimination and even increased health risks. Genetic testing should therefore be provided with appropriate genetic counselling as described in the statement of The European Society of Human Genetics97 and The American Society of Human Genetics.98 The vast majority of DTC companies sell genetic testing to consumers without providing adequate genetic counselling.99 Thus, collaboration with industry has the potential danger to misuse the data despite the intention of scientists, consequently misleading athletes, their coaches and families.
Given the development of gene-editing technology such as CRISPR/Cas9,102 genetic variants determining athletic performance and elite athlete status may be used for gene-doping or creating talented sports children in the future. In fact, gene-editing of Myostatin in zygotes successfully enhanced muscle hypertrophy in several adult mammals.103–105 Even in humans, researchers have used gene-editing techniques targeting human adult cell for disease therapy18–21 and human germlines.23 24 A pertinent recent example is the aforementioned revelations of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to delete both copies of the CCR5 gene in embryos to give twin babies resistance to HIV infection in violation of the laws and regulations in respective countries. This should not have been performed because there is no consensus on how to counsel ‘gene-edited individuals’ as well as a limitation in understanding of the long-term effects of gene-editing on mature body. In fact, although basic research involving gene-editing in human germlines has been admitted in several countries (eg, UK, USA, Sweden, China and Japan),106–110 human gene-editing for reproduction is prohibited by law or regulation in many countries.111 The fact that there are gene-edited babies alive today confirms that gene-edited human babies are already technically possible. Designing athletes with extraordinary athletic performance by using gene-editing technique would be a real threat in terms of keeping sport fair, clean and protecting athlete health.
Guiding reference for sport and exercise genomics
The present SWOT analysis suggests that sport and exercise genomics has the potential to contribute to the health and well-being of athletes as well as real and necessary advances in the field of sport and exercise sciences and medicine. Large-scale studies in collaboration with industry may help to provide sufficient scientific evidence to adequately and ethically use genetic information of athletes, mainly to protect their health status. On the other hand, there are many potential dangers associated with the use of genomics in sport and exercise medicine such as reidentification of anonymised genotype data, inaccurate genetic testing based on insufficient evidence, discrimination and gene doping by using novel gene-editing technique. These threats must be addressed to protect privacy and health of athletes and to keep sports clean.
We therefore propose the following rules of conduct:
All research on sport and exercise genomics should be conducted in strict accordance with the local university and any associated medical trust ethical guidelines, relevant Data Protection Acts and EU General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) or similar instruments in other regions of the world. Given the transnational nature of genomic work, policies of sponsors and partners must also be GDPR compliant.
Scientists must establish strict rules about acquisition of data, data flow management, anonymisation, security and data release policy before starting the project and collaboration with industries and other research partners.
Scientists must not receive funds from industries to develop the project unless industries completely agree with the scientist’s host institute rules based on independent ethical committees and are prepared to sign an comprehensive agreement that include ethics, data protection, legal safe guards, intellectual property.
Scientists must respect rules regarding the acquisition of biological material to prevent exploitation of vulnerable individuals and societies.
Scientists must not receive funds from industries if they aim to exploit the data in return for giving funds.
Scientists must not release any data to industries and other research groups unless there are strict rules about data flow management, anonymisation, security and data release policy. Scientists should handle the data to protect individuals from privacy invasion and abuse of their personal data.
All experiments and analyses should be performed in house or the analysis process and data management are clearly protected by rules set out by the service providers and agreed by the researchers before commencing the analysis to minimise the risk of data leakage, privacy invasion and misuse of personal data.
The IP landscape on CRISPR/Cas9 is complex and constantly evolving. Issues surrounding intellectual property rights (IPRs) have broad international legal implications; however, for the purpose of these guidelines, consideration is given to domestic legislation under the Patent Act 1977 (as amended 2005) and the European Patent Convention 2000. Legally, IPRs relating to the research project belong to the institution of the principal investigator although the inventor may be entitled to compensation. However, a patent holder may infringe their own IPRs where rights are transferred to the licensee; therefore, explicit contract terms will need to be negotiated ensuring IPRs, where possible, remain with the academic institution.
Feedback of genetic data to individuals is not recommended unless the accuracy and precision of prediction by genetic information is assured by replication and validation studies. Scientists must minimise the risk of misinterpretation of genetic information by proper genetic counselling if feedback of genetic data is required or beneficial for the individuals (eg, incidental findings of mutations causing genetic disorders).
Scientists in sport and exercise genomics should perform replication and validation studies as much as possible to verify the results to improve our understanding of the scientific merit of the findings.
Scientists should keep enhancing their knowledge of ethics and data protection policies pertaining to existing big genome projects.
Scientists should try to implement best practice and develop a secure encrypted domain to reduce the risk of data leakage.
There should be regular interactions between scientists and practicing sports medicine doctors or practitioners to facilitate the transfer knowledge of any advancement in the arena for example on tools such as gene editing and gene therapy—or any other tools to reduce risk and promote the health of the athlete.
Scientists must not use gene editing techniques in somatic human cell aimed at enhancing athletic performance. In addition, scientists must not use gene editing techniques to modify DNA in human germlines for creating talented sports children. Scientists should keep learning from current guidelines for gene editing and gene therapy to establish the regulation to protect sports and athletes from threat of gene-doping and creating talented sports children.
Sport and exercise genomics is in transition from focused research performed by single research groups to large-scale discovery research involving many research groups and industry partners.29 33 The advancements in sport and exercise genomics parallel the increase in the risk of data leakage, privacy invasion and abuse of personal data. At this moment, without strict rules about data flow management, anonymisation, security and data release policy that is standard practice in the large biobank studies,112 113 releasing any genotype and phenotype data to industry, other research groups and public databases is not recommended. All scientists of sport and exercise genomics need to be well-versed in ethics and data protection policy to protect individuals from threats of privacy invasion and abuse of personal data in preparation for the era of large-scale collaborative science.
The application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques to skeletal muscle as well as hematopoietic stem cells for treatment of monogenic diseases is becoming more commonplace.18 21 Given these rapid advances in gene editing, it is expected and totally desirable that these techniques are harnessed by the sports medicine physician to treat sports-related injuries. This broader application of gene editing techniques to sports medicine will inevitably result in gene-doping being a real prospect.114 Knowledge gained from gene-editing research for disease therapy could be misused for enhancement of athletic performance. To the best of our knowledge, no gene editing techniques have been applied in healthy individuals to enhance athletic performance. This threat poses new ethical dilemmas and hence the urgent need for gene-editing guidelines and regulation constantly updated to deal with all eventualities. It is the responsibility of those involved in the field of sport and exercise sciences and medicine to keep abreast of the gene-editing guidelines.115 It is necessary to prioritise research in antidoping with particular reference to gene-doping. Although gene doping is already prohibited on the list of banned doping agents developed by the World Anti-Doping Agency,116 robust and effective antidoping measures to detect the use of gene doping have not been developed. Several PCR-based strategies to detect vector-mediated gene transfer of several candidate genes (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, insulin-like growth factors 1, growth hormone) for gene doping have been developed.117–119 However, gene transfer of unexpected target gene cannot be detected by using these candidate gene approaches. Furthermore, the strategy to detect gene doping by CRISPR/Cas9 based on DNA modification has not been developed so far. Omics technologies have been shown to enhance the detection of blood doping,120 121 and these cutting-edge technologies could be further harnessed to develop effective methods for the detection of gene doping in sport. Funding institutions should be encouraged to offer grants for further developments in the rapidly emerging field of antidoping strategies providing the antidoping laboratories with the tools to significantly improve their abilities.
Concluding remarks
The present guidelines in sport and exercise genomics developed following an extensive SWOT analysis, advocates the need for clear and universal standards as they relate to the collection, management and storage of DNA/data with the overriding objective to protect individuals from privacy invasion and misuse of genomic information. Given the increased availability of high-throughput genomic information, there is an urgent need for such a guiding reference in sport and exercise genomics with a clear and consistent data handling and release policy for all individuals who potentially handle any genetic information. It is essential that sports physicians, scientists and all those involved in supporting the athlete keep abreast with new developments in genomics including new technologies and methods such as CRISPR/Cas9 and are well informed of the laws and regulations pertaining to the collection, storage and use of genetic data. Given the rapidly advancing field of sports genomics, regular updates to this guiding reference will be needed in order to best protect the athletes and all the relevant stakeholders. Conducting research in accordance with the present guiding reference will reduce the threat brought about by inappropriate use of genomic information and allow further development of sport and exercise genomics in accordance with ethical principles.
References
Footnotes
Twitter @rinsho, @JBilzon, @Dora_Sportmed
Contributors All authors contributed significantly to this manuscript and all fulfilled the requirements for authorship as declared in the BJSM instructions to authors.
Funding This study was supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (16J09593 to KT) and the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number (16H01872 to MT) (Tokyo, Japan). Open access was paid by MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities, 2015-2019 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (S1511017).
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. | https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/54/16/969.full |
ΔpΔq ≥ ħ/2*
In 1927, Heisenberg wrote a landmark paper in which he called the tenets of classical physics into question. Physicists had believed that it was possible to predict the behaviour of a system infinitely, provided that the initial system had been measured with infinite precision. In contrast, Heisenberg stated that the more precisely the position of a quantum particle is determined, the less precisely the momentum is known in that instant. In other words, because it is impossible to measure the initial state of the system with unlimited precision, we cannot calculate exactly what a quantum particle will do in the future. Taken a bit further, the principle implies that the past and future events of quantum particles are uncertain.
What, if anything, does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle have to do with the practice of family medicine? Perhaps nothing. After all, the principle is based in the world of subatomic particles, in contrast to the macroscopic (and microscopic) world in which we live. Maybe the world we see has a different set of rules. A more predictable set of rules. Some scientists, however, postulate that the line between the subatomic and macroscopic worlds is blurred. They think the rules governing the subatomic world might also be at play in our macroscopic world of trees, streams, people, and butterflies.
I once had a frail elderly patient in a geriatric hospital. Late one night she suddenly went into profound septic shock. The nurses and I did everything we could to reverse the shock, but it became quite clear by midmorning that our efforts were futile. No blood pressure. No urine. I met with the family and explained the bad news. By the middle of the afternoon, however, she had a measurable blood pressure. By early evening she was producing urine, and by the time I left for home that evening, she was eating a snack. Why did she survive? I don’t know. By the rules of our macroscopic world, she should have died. But by the rules of the quantum world, who knows?
Several articles in this issue of Canadian Family Physician take a novel look at family medicine. Bawa ( page 386) further explores the relationship between quantum physics and the practice of family medicine, focusing on uncertainty and probabilism. Smith ( page 496) describes the difficulties of dealing with uncertainty in day-to-day practice, and Reynolds ( page 385) turns the whole idea of “hard knowledge” in medicine upside down.
Challenging ideas. Worth a read.
Footnotes
-
↵* In this expression of Werner Karl Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation, Δp is the uncertainty in momentum, Δq is the uncertainty in position, and ħ is derived from Planck’s constant. | https://www.cfp.ca/content/53/3/383.1 |
Quantum mechanics imposes a limit on what we can know about subatomic particles. If physicists measure a particle’s position, they cannot also measure its momentum, so the theory goes. But a new experiment has managed to circumvent this rule—the so-called uncertainty principle—by ascertaining just a little bit about a particle’s position, thus retaining the ability to measure its momentum, too.
The uncertainty principle, formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, is a consequence of the fuzziness of the universe at microscopic scales. Quantum mechanics revealed that particles are not just tiny marbles that act like ordinary objects we can see and touch. Instead of being in a particular place at a particular time, particles actually exist in a haze of probability. Their chances of being in any given state are described by an equation called the quantum wavefunction. Any measurement of a particle “collapses” its wavefunction, in effect forcing it to choose a value for the measured characteristic and eliminating the possibility of knowing anything about its related properties.
Recently, physicists decided to see if they could overcome this limitation by using a new engineering technique called compressive sensing. This tool for making efficient measurements has already been applied successfully in digital photographs, MRI scans and many other technologies. Normally, measuring devices would take a detailed reading and afterward compress it for ease of use. For example, cameras take large raw files and then convert them to compressed jpegs. In compressive sensing, however, engineers aim to compress a signal while measuring it, allowing them to take many fewer measurements—the equivalent of capturing images as jpegs rather than raw files.
This same technique of acquiring the minimum amount of information needed for a measurement seemed to offer a way around the uncertainty principle. To test compressive sensing in the quantum world, physicist John C. Howell and his team at the University of Rochester set out to measure the position and momentum of a photon—a particle of light. They shone a laser through a box equipped with an array of mirrors that could either point toward or away from a detector at its end. These mirrors formed a filter, allowing photons through in some places and blocking them in others. If a photon made it to the detector, the physicists knew it had been in one of the locations where the mirrors offered a throughway. The filter provided a way of measuring a particle’s position without knowing exactly where it was—without collapsing its wavefunction. “All we know is either the photon can get through that pattern, or it can’t,” says Gregory A. Howland, first author of a paper reporting the research published June 26 in Physical Review Letters. “It turns out that because of that we’re still able to figure out the momentum—where it’s going. The penalty that we pay is that our measurement of where it’s going gets a little bit of noise on it.” A less precise momentum measurement, however, is better than no momentum measurement at all.
The physicists stress that they have not broken any laws of physics. “We do not violate the uncertainty principle,” Howland says. “We just use it in a clever way.” The technique could prove powerful for developing technologies such as quantum cryptography and quantum computers, which aim to harness the fuzzy quantum properties of particles for technological applications. The more information quantum measurements can acquire, the better such technologies could work. Howland’s experiment offers a more efficient quantum measurement than has traditionally been possible, says Aephraim M. Steinberg, a physicist at the University of Toronto who was not involved in the research. “This is one of a number of novel techniques which seem poised to prove indispensible for economically characterizing large systems.” In other words, the physicists seem to have found a way to get more data with less measurement—or more bang for their buck. | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/particle-measurement-sidesteps-the-uncertainty-principle/ |
German physicist Werner Heisenberg is most famous for his statement, published in 1927, that the position and the velocity of a subatomic particle cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time, even in theory. This he called the uncertainty, or indeterminacy, principle. Heisenberg’s work on this principle and other formulations profoundly influenced the development of atomic and nuclear physics. (See also atomic particles; Heisenberg.)
Ordinary experience provides no clue of this principle. It is easy to measure both the position and the velocity of, say, an automobile, because for ordinary objects the uncertainties implied by the uncertainty principle are too small to be observed. Only for the exceedingly small masses of subatomic particles does the product of the uncertainties become significant. Any attempt to measure precisely the velocity of a subatomic particle will knock it about in an unpredictable way, so that a simultaneous measurement of its position has no validity.
Every subatomic particle has a wave associated with it. The particle is most likely to be found in those places where the undulations of the wave are greatest. Experiments have shown that the more intense the undulations of the associated wave, the more indeterminate is the velocity of the particle. On the other hand, a particle with a well-defined velocity may be almost anywhere on the wave. An accurate measurement of one observable characteristic involves a large uncertainty in the measurement of the other. | https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/uncertainty-principle/277497 |
Fabian Oefner Takes on Quantum Physics With His Chopped-Up Sculptures
Sculptor Fabian Oefner sliced and diced all kinds of ordinary objects in his latest project, reassembling them to give us a unique view of the familiar.
Titled “Heisenberg Objects,” the collection features six objects – two shoes, a camera, a black box, a clock, and a tape recorder – that the Swiss artist cut apart and pieced back together on acrylic rods for absolutely explosive results.
Oefner based this series on Werner Heisenberg’s quantum physics uncertainty principle, which states that the momentum and position of a particle cannot both be precisely determined at the same time. “You can either determine one parameter and ignore the other or vice versa, but you can never know everything at once,” the artist says on his website, adding that “as an observer you’re never able to observe the object as a whole and its inner workings simultaneously. The more accurately we see one view, the less clearly we see the other.”
Each object in the series is mostly recognizable from far away, but as the viewer moves closer, the optics become distorted, changing the perspective. “Your interaction with the sculpture ultimately determines its appearance,” adds Oefner in an interview with Designboom.
To create his sculptures, the artist had to first resin-cast the objects in vacuum and pressure chambers, after which they were painstakingly sliced and polished before being precisely placed into their final shapes. The artist chose these specific objects to represent memory, things that record time, sound, or events.
How do shoes fit into that theme? To Oefner, “sneakers are like recording machines that keep track of our motion. The shoes used are 1985 Nike Cortez. I often wonder about all the different places around the world they were walked to. So in a way, the series is not only about the uncertainty principle but also about the fragmentation of memory.”
The artist also made a cool discovery in the course of deconstructing a Leica M6 camera, explaining that “there was a note from the engineer written on the inside of one of the inner metal plates. It was in German, something about the precision of the shutter mechanism. I said to myself: ‘he or she probably never expected that this note ever would see daylight again. But here it is. 30 years after the camera was assembled.’”
He adds that: “I love the thought that I am the first one, in some cases after 40 or 50 years, to look at the inside of these objects…it’s a bit like modern archeology.”
Oefner has made quite the name for himself through his fragmentation work, previously focusing on objects like “exploded” cars and exposed innards of coffee pots. When asked why he has such a fascination with dissection, he mused: “It ultimately has to do with trying to understand the world around me. I remember when I was a little boy, together with my brother, we used dad’s hydraulic press to crush our toy cars, just to see how they come apart. I guess that fascination has stayed with me ever since, only that I disintegrate things in a more sophisticated way these days.”
More of views of his “Heisenberg Objects” are available on his Instagram page @fabianoefner. | https://dornob.com/fabian-oefner-takes-on-quantum-physics-with-his-chopped-up-sculptures/ |
Murphy’s Law is especially quoted in engineering and as most of you would well know says: “If anything can go wrong, it will”. Often, we add: “and at the worst possible time, in the worst possible way”.
The Law’s (supposed) origin was in engineering where Captain Ed Murphy, an engineer at Edwards Air Force Base, was dealing with a technician who incorrectly wired a strain gauge bridge (wired backwards) for doing gravity tests which as a result gave a (totally wrong) zero reading. There is vigorous debate about whether the engineer gave the incorrect wiring diagram to the technician or whether it was just mistakenly wired up. Whatever happened, the law is now firmly linked with Captain Murphy. And the set-up should have been meticulously tested before being put into service (which it wasn’t).
I reckon this is a reflection of a fundamental principle of engineering about the lack of precision which results in measurement uncertainty. We can never know precisely the value of anything to any arbitrary level of precision. At the sub-atomic level, Heisenberg’s principle makes this point, that for example that the more precisely you try and measure the location of a particle, the less precisely you will measure its momentum (and vice versa for trying to measure momentum precisely). This doesn’t reflect on your ability to measure, but on the nature of the system itself.
In Safety engineering, we do what is called a risk analysis where we identify what types of harm could arise from what we are planning to make or do. We can then establish the probability of the occurrence and then multiply this by the severity of the harm (broken finger, to amputated arm) and we end up with the Risk. If the Risk is great enough, we can then apply a $ value to it and determine how much time and money to spend in reducing it to a tolerable risk. It is impossible to make anything totally unequivocally safe. So as far as Murphy’s Law and risk management is concerned, if you have conducted your risk assessment correctly, then you must expect that the consequences it predicts will eventually come to pass.
And remember: “Absence of proof is not proof of absence”. For example, many years ago with the ill- fated space shuttle launch, a proper risk analysis would presumably have shown that the foam chunks falling off its booster and damaging its thermal tiles would have correctly predicted the deaths and destruction of the craft during re-entry due to the defective tiles. However, NASA believed that because they had not seen such problems so far, they would continue not to see them.
So please continue to embed awareness of Murphy’s Law into your daily engineering life and constantly seek to minimise the consequences of risk. | https://www.eit.edu.au/cms/news/blog-steve-mackay/the-truth-behind-murphy-s-law |
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Karolina Markiewicz
& Pascal Piron
Works
/
About
The Uncertainty Principle
Video projection, brick wall, 75 minutes.
This work consists of a video projection showing the construction and deconstruction of a grey brick wall. The video is partially projected on a brick wall of the same size, in such a way that the projection of the wall fits exactly the real one.
We have two informations, or forms of information (medium), about this simple brick wall. The material, immobile object, and a representation of it being build and destroyed.
The observer is placed between objective reality and subjective interpretation and representation.
The title is a principle in quantum mechanics, discovered by Werner Heisenberg, describing the limit of the precision in measuring two different characteristics of a particle. For example, the more precisely the position of a particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known. | http://markiewicz-piron.com/work_uncertainty.html |
Econintersect: A fundamental concept of the statistical probability model for the structure of elementary matter is that it is impossible to know at exactly the same instant in time both the precise energy and position in space for any elementary particle. Heisenberg postulated an uncertainty principle: the product of the uncertainty for energy (more exactly Heisenberg used momentum, not energy) multiplied by the uncertainty of spatial position could never be smaller than a factor related to a specific amount, called the quantum of action, or Planck’s constant. The idea of an uncertainty related to Planck’s constant is a very logical extension of the idea that constant represents the minimum packet of energy that can exist.
New research has raised questions about whether the Heisenberg principle may not have universal applicability. A corollary to the principle is that it is impossible to measure a property of an elementary particle without disturbing it. If you measure its energy you must necessarily disturb its position; if you measure its position the energy will be perturbed. The research questions that corollary, and thus the Heisenberg Principle itself.
Ph.D. students at the University of Toronto found a way to measure properties of a photon by a “weak measurement technique” that barely disturbs the particle. Each measurement yields an imprecise value for the property but making very many repeated measurements of photons going through an identical process allows the precision to be refined to a very small uncertainty.
The students then sent many photons through the exact same traditional measurement process with the weak measurements applied both before and after the traditional process. Because uncertainty is decreased by averaging repeated measurements of the same thing, a precise measurement result is obtained from a large volume of repeated imprecise weak measurements.
The students found that the disturbance of a photon by a traditional measurement process was less than predicted by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The implication is that some fundamental concepts, such as the indivisable quantum of action, may be open for further definition.
If a quantum is no longer a quantum, what is next? The speed of light is not a universal constant? The flow of time is not only one direction? E does not equal mc2 and the laws of thermodynamics are only occasionally obeyed?
Would only that Robert A. Heinlein could return to write a science fiction novel to explain it all to us.
The lead author of a research note in Physical Review Letters publishing the results is Lee Rozema, a Ph.D. candidate in Professor Aephraim Steinberg’s quantum optics research group at University of Toronto.
Here is the abstract of the paper from the American Physical Society:
Violation of Heisenberg’s Measurement-Disturbance Relationship by Weak MeasurementsPhys. Rev. Lett. 109, 100404 (2012) Published September 6, 2012
When first taking quantum mechanics courses, students learn about Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, which is often presented as a statement about the intrinsic uncertainty that a quantum system must possess. Yet Heisenberg originally formulated his principle in terms of the “observer effect”: a relationship between the precision of a measurement and the disturbance it creates, as when a photon measures an electron’s position. Although the former version is rigorously proven, the latter is less general and—as recently shown—mathematically incorrect. In a paper in Physical Review Letters, Lee Rozema and colleagues at the University of Toronto, Canada, experimentally demonstrate that a measurement can in fact violate Heisenberg’s original precision-disturbance relationship.
If the observer affects the observed, how can one even make such a measurement of the disturbance of a measurement? Rozema et al. use a procedure called “weak” quantum measurement: if one can probe a quantum system by means of a vanishingly small interaction, information about the initial state can be squeezed out with little or no disturbance. The authors use this approach to characterize the precision and disturbance of a measurement of the polarizations of entangled photons. By comparing the initial and final states, they find that the disturbance induced by the measurement is less than Heisenberg’s precision-disturbance relation would require.
While the measurements by Rozema et al. leave untouched Heisenberg‘s principle regarding inherent quantum uncertainty, they expose the pitfalls of its application to measurements’ precision. These results not only provide a demonstration of the degree of precision achievable in weak-measurement techniques, but they also help explore the very foundations of quantum mechanics. – David Voss
Editor’s note: A story that was told to me in my student days was that Heisenberg’s thesis defense was rejected by his faculty committee because they would not accept the postulate he made therein which was later to be called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Once the thesis was rejected a revision could not be submitted for six months. After the required interval Heisenberg resubmitted the same thesis with the citation of the uncertainty principle removed to a footnote. The committee accepted the thesis. I have not found these details documented in what I have reviewed currently in Heisenberg references.
Heisenberg’s Ph.D. was awarded in 1923 (at the age of 21). Two years later he published his theory of quantum mechanics which addressed the probabilistic nature of atomic structural properties (and thus was incorporating the concepts of the uncertainty principle), for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for 1932. Even in that case Heisenberg had to wait. The Nobel committee in 1932 found that no work was qualified for the award and the 1932 prize was actually awarded in 1933 after another year of deliberative gestation had been endured.
So, it might be said, in real life Heisenberg actually lived his own uncertainty principle.
Sources: | https://econintersect.com/b2evolution/blog1.php/2012/09/11/was-heisenberg-too-uncertain |
Science Daily reports:
Werner Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, formulated by the theoretical physicist in 1927, is one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics. In its most familiar form, it says that it is impossible to measure anything without disturbing it. For instance, any attempt to measure a particle’s position must randomly change its speed.
The principle has bedeviled quantum physicists for nearly a century, until recently, when researchers at the University of Toronto demonstrated the ability to directly measure the disturbance and confirm that Heisenberg was too pessimistic. […]
The findings build on recent challenges to Heisenberg’s principle by scientists the world over. Nagoya University physicist Masanao Ozawa suggested in 2003 that Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle does not apply to measurement, but could only suggest an indirect way to confirm his predictions. A validation of the sort he proposed was carried out last year by Yuji Hasegawa’s group at the Vienna University of Technology. In 2010, Griffith University scientists Austin Lund and Howard Wiseman showed that weak measurements could be used to characterize the process of measuring a quantum system. However, there were still hurdles to clear as their idea effectively required a small quantum computer, which is difficult to build. | http://www.technoccult.net/2012/12/10/scientists-cast-doubt-on-heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle/ |
The position and momentum of a particle cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrarily high precision. There is a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of these two measurements. There is likewise a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of the energy and time.
This is not a statement about the inaccuracy of measurement instruments, nor a reflection on the quality of experimental methods; it arises from the wave properties inherent in the quantum mechanical description of nature. Even with perfect instruments and technique, the uncertainty is inherent in the nature of things.
Graphical interpretation of uncertainty principle
|Index|
Uncertainty principle concepts
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Uncertainty Principle
Important steps on the way to understanding the uncertainty principle are wave-particle duality and the DeBroglie hypothesis. As you proceed downward in size to atomic dimensions, it is no longer valid to consider a particle like a hard sphere, because the smaller the dimension, the more wave-like it becomes. It no longer makes sense to say that you have precisely determined both the position and momentum of such a particle. When you say that the electron acts as a wave, then the wave is the quantum mechanical wavefunction and it is therefore related to the probability of finding the electron at any point in space. A perfect sinewave for the electron wave spreads that probability throughout all of space, and the "position" of the electron is completely uncertain.
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Particle Confinement
The uncertainty principle contains implications about the energy that would be required to contain a particle within a given volume. The energy required to contain particles comes from the fundamental forces, and in particular the electromagnetic force provides the attraction necessary to contain electrons within the atom, and the strong nuclear force provides the attraction necessary to contain particles within the nucleus. But Planck's constant, appearing in the uncertainty principle, determines the size of the confinement that can be produced by these forces. Another way of saying it is that the strengths of the nuclear and electromagnetic forces along with the constraint embodied in the value of Planck's constant determine the scales of the atom and the nucleus.
The following very approximate calculation serves to give an order of magnitude for the energies required to contain particles.
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Confinement Calculation
If you examine this calculation in detail, you will note that a gross approximation was made in the relationship Δp = h/Δx. This was done to get a qualitative relationship that shows the role of Planck's constant in the relationship between Δx and Δp and thus the role of h in determining the energy of confinement. The other reason for doing it was to get an electron confinement energy close to what is observed in nature for comparison with the energy for confining an electron in the nucleus. If you actually use the limiting case allowed by the uncertainty principle, Δp = hbar/2Δx, the confinement energy you get for the electron in the atom is only 0.06 eV. This is because this approach only confines the electron in one dimension, leaving it unconfined in the other directions. For a more realistic atom you would need to confine it in the other directions as well. A better approximation can be obtained from the three-dimensional particle-in-a-box approach, but to precisely calculate the confinement energy requires the Shrodinger equation (see hydrogen atom calculation). | http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/uncer.html |
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Heisenberg was a physicist who realized that one can not discover both the momentum and position of a sub-atomic particle. Measuring one affects the other and both may not be measured simultaneously. This means that one will always be uncertain about the exact properties of a sub-atomic particle.
I'm not an expert, but isn't the reality (if that word applies at the quantum level) that these particles actually do not have a measurable instantaneous momentum and position pair. It isn't that measuring one changes the other, but rather that there is no measurement to be made.
[Correct. The first theory described on this page is the
HeisenbergCouchCushionPrinciple
.]
That rings a bell. Didn't
RichardFeynman
suggest that Heisenberg's principle as usually stated is required only if one is trying to understand quantum phenomena using a classical vocabulary? And that if one abandons classical thinking and proceeds by his path-integral method then the uncertainties in measurement arise automatically. So, Heisenberg's principle correctly identifies incompatible quantities, but leads people to muddy their mental waters by reverting to some classical notion of measuring hidden "absolute" quantities.
Way before Feynman, Heisenberg deduced this inequality from his alternative formalism for quantum theory in 1925, "matrix mechanics", which later turned out to be mathematically equivalent to Schroedinger's "wave mechanics" which arrived a year later. The formula provides absolute limits on how clearly position and momentum can be defined simultaneously, whether they're "measured" or not. And "reality" surely does apply to the phenomena described by Schroedinger's equation, just as Maxwell (or any other nineteenth century physicist) would have considered his electromagnetic equations to refer to "reality". In both cases, the reality concerned has been increasingly uncovered and confirmed by vast numbers of experiments. --
RichardDrake
Do you know the third theory that was found mathematically equivalent to wave mechanics? IIRC, Feynman's sum-over-histories theory is
not
equivalent to wave mechanics. Personally, I think the HUP is complete nonsense; does anyone have any recommendations for books that explain modern concepts like quantum entanglement and mutual unobservables without resorting to magical thinking and "duality of light" BS? --
RichardKulisz
I think that you are thinking of JulianSchwinger
?
's model, but I'm not sure. If memory serves, that proved to be a sub-set of QuantumChromoDynamics
?
. -
JayOsako
The mathematics of quantum mechanics doesn't have any duality built in; particles are just field quanta, i.e. waves, all of the time. So all you have to do is explain why they show up like particles in certain experiments, right? I think multi-universe does this fairly well; observers interacting with superpositions go into superpositions (just like other fields would) with different slices of the observer corresponding to different particlish states. Does that count as magical thinking, even though it goes more or less from the premises?
Or as
JohnPolkinghorne
's T-shirt has it,
EpistemologyEntailsOntology
- a
WikiName
to dream of?
It seems to me that what we really need to do is discard the usual terminology of 'waves' and 'particles' entirely. Funny thing, I thought that was exactly what was being done in the 1920s... but the old terms reappeared because most people couldn't get a suitable mental model for matrix mechanics. --
JayOsako
A Doctor Writes:
Particles are just field quanta - just waves. Yep. The waves come in short pulses because they are generated by short-term events (decay of energy level.) And I mean
short
pulses. That's partly why they look like particles. The other reason is that many of them have very high frequencies (high energies.) So it's all waves. If you insist on interpreting it as particles, then you can try to measure the "position" but there isn't one. That's
HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple
in a nutshell. You get a random answer because you're misinterpreting the real answer. Try measuring the position lots of times, and you'll slowly, statistically build up a picture of the real thing: a wave. Wave functions don't collapse.
This theory is often used in connection with super-atomic events or objects. This is not accurate however because it is possible to measure both momentum and position of large objects. Sometimes it is difficult to imagine how, but enough money and thought will eventually solve the problem. Heisenberg *proved* that this was not the case with the sub-atomic world. --
BryanDollery
It isn't possible to measure the
exact
momentum and position of large objects. The matter wave, however, is absorbed in the error in measurement, so we don't notice. On another note, IBM once published an article on "Hungarian Ghoulash and Matter Transportation" which described how to measure the exact momentum and position of a proton. Link anybody? IBM seems to have lost it in their great rewebbing.
A large (bigger than a handful of molecules anyway) object travelling in sunlight over a piece of paper will have its speed constantly affected by the bombardment of photons and air resistance. It is possible to measure the position and speed of its shadow without actually adding any additional energy to the object. Therefore the matter wave isn't absorbed in the error in measurement because it never interacts with the object. Given an error free measurement device (which may be impractical but probably not impossible) one would have the position of the object. Two such measurements over a short distance would at the second measurement give the speed and position at the time the speed was recorded. Therefore it is *possible* to accurately measure the speed and location of a large object without affecting either.
Just not
exactly
accurate. There exists a positive lower limit to the error in such a measurement. The fact that photons are striking the object in this example is the flaw in the example. Regardless, no matter what measurement method is used (photons, neutrinos, whatever), there is a lower limit to the error in that measurement. See the paragraph*.
Careful, the fact that we have to bounce particles off something to measure it is
not
what is responsible for the HUP. If they had some sort of position and momentum to find interference wouldn't work. In fact, I think a while ago some people came up with a way of measuring something without disturbing it - anyone remember that
SciAm
? Of course, HUP still applies even then.
If you're talking about Non-Destructive Measurement then it does allow a way around the HUP. NDMs are premised on an object being in only one of a finite set of positions and testing all of the wrong positions to find out the object isn't there. Done successfully, you know where the object must be without having disturbed it.
I
think
that's what I'm talking about... I don't remember it very well. But being able to take a measurement without disturbing something isn't good enough to get you around the HUP, since that's not was causes it in the first place. What causes it is the fundamental wave-ish nature of the particles, which don't have precise parameters to measure.
Wait a second. This NDM you're talking about is another example of a QuantumMisunderstanding
?
. How exactly do you know that the object is in one of two positions? Why because its wave function specifies two positions. But as soon as you detect that the object isn't in one of those positions, you've collapsed the wave function, so you
have
disturbed the object. The Feb 2001 issue of
ScientificAmerican
has an article called
100 Years of Quantum Mysteries by Max Tegmark and John Archibald Wheeler
that deals with this very subject. It ought to clear up a lot of the misconceptions floating around. --
RobHarwood
Two things to keep in mind, though. First, collapsing the wave function is something that only takes place within the
CopenhagenInterpretation
, and so the procedure need not be interpreted as disturbing the object. Second, no matter how you look at it, this is very little like the bounce-photons-off-it-type disruption that most people refer to, and I think it wouldn't be too good to pretend the two effects were at all related. I'm simply reiterating that because the point that disruption is not what causes the limitations imposed by the HUP, but rather the underlying reality we are looking at, is important. --
JoshuaGrosse
But we're talking about quantum mechanics, so what 'most people refer to' doesn't really count. After all, most people don't think of an object as a wave-function that can be in two places at the same time. If you want to debate the underlying reality, I'm afraid nobody really knows for sure so it won't be much of a debate. I concede that 'striking the object' is wishy-washy, but then so was the point I was refuting.
"
After all, most people don't think of an object as a wave-function that can be in two places at the same time.
" -- seems like most people get it right ;)
An object is not a wave-function. The system as a whole (including an object, a piece of paper, photons, air molecules and, of course, an observer) is. --
NikitaBelenki
BellsInequality
possible consequence 2 implies that the
HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple
is fundamental to the universe and not just some artificial limitation.
Although the more general principle that "Observing a thing changes it", is not strictly speaking Heisenberg's, it is nevertheless useful and deserves a name.
Yep, like all QuantumAnalogies
?
, this one can be used and abused. Which no doubt is rich coming from the "wooly thinker" who wrote the first line of
WikiUncertaintyPrinciple
. The reason I enjoyed
TheQuantumSelf
so much was precisely
because of
its daring use of such analogies in respect of human identity, personal responsibility, "realistic" psychotherapy (ie anti-Freudian and other self-obsessed approaches), intimate relationship and community. Even if the book is lousy science (which I'm not at all sure that I concede), it's a great kick in the teeth for the fatalistic individualism that does appear to have been spawned in the social arena by the now discredited mechanistic and atomistic Cartesian/Newtonian world view. --
RichardDrake
The effect can be observed at a macro level - a new plastic garbage bag has no open end until it is inspected, at which point the other end becomes open.
Similarly, DB-9 and DB-25 plugs are not polarized until you try to connect them to a socket, at which point they become polarized opposite to the way you are trying to plug them in.
Toast is similar in that the moment it leaves your plate then each side of toast becomes neither buttered or unbuttered, but the moment it hits the floor the wave function collapses and the butter is on the bottom. Either that, or God does not like me, personally.
Toast falls buttered side down because the height it typically falls from (just above 1 meter) allows it to make half a revolution but never a full revolution.
If your toast does happen to fall butter side up that is because you buttered the wrong side. Next time do it right.
The Heisenberg Inequality of quantum mechanics (position times momentum is greater than a fixed, non-zero lower bound) has analogs in several other fields. Radar engineers speak of the time-bandwidth product (time duration of a radar pulse times its half-height bandwidth in the frequency spectrum), which is bounded away from zero for all radar systems. The Nyquist bound of a communication system governs how much information can be transmitted in a given time interval.
This looks like the best place to add this.
I never really understood the Heisenberg Inequality until I ran across it in information theory. It turns out that what Heisenberg actually proved is a simple mathematical result, that if you take any signal, its localization in time times the localization of its Fourier transform has an absolute minimum that you cannot go below. (That minimum is achieved by a bell-curve.) This purely mathematical result about Fourier transforms says something about physics when two physical properties (eg position and momentum, or energy and time) are related to each other by a Fourier transform.
I cannot honestly claim that I really understand the
HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple
now that I have learned how the it limits what wavelet transforms of sampled data can do. But at least I know that I am misunderstanding something different than I thought I was misunderstanding before. :-)
--
BenTilly
Heisenberg Paradox: I have a subatomic particle. I put it in a chamber with a device which measures its exact position and one which measures its exact momentum. I have one of these activate, randomly selected based on measuring the spin of an electron with indeterminate spin. They both display their output on a screen on the side of this setup. I leave the room, and the whole thing occurs.
Until I walk into the room
, both the position and the momentum of the particle have been measured.
This is simplistic and inaccurate.
Shouldn't the statement be: "Until I walk into the room, both the position and the momentum of the particle have been both measured and not been measured."?
That is even more inaccurate.
If anyone can grow up to President, why can't me and my best friend grow up and be President together?
But there is a more subtle misconception too, because the uncertainty principle is not strictly about how precisely you can measure, but about how repeatable any precise measurements are. If both your detectors run together, they both produce precise numbers on the screen - Heisenberg does not come out with a big hammer and wreck the display panel!
Let's set up both pieces of kit to work every time, then both screens will display an answer, a precise measurement of the subatomic particle. It is quite possible to get an exact measurement of both quantities at once, in the sense of a very long decimal displayed on a screen. The uncertainty is that
those values will not be repeated if you make the same measurement of the same particle again
.
So lets change the experiment again, so that each device makes
three
very precise measurements, and so the position device always works, but the momentum is only sometimes measured. Possible outcomes are either three identical measurements of position, or three different measurements of position and three different measurements of momentum.
Until you walk in the room, the three numbers on the position display are all the same and are all different. --
RiVer
What is an "exact" position and what is an "exact" momentum? Try to answer that question and you will begin to understand the impossibility of measuring these things.
Take as a 'very precise' measurement of both position and momentum a pair of measurements that appears to be more precise than the HUP allows. Those measurements can indeed be made to that precision, but the catch is that if you repeat the measurements you are very likely to get different results. You can measure as precisely as you like, whether that means anything is philosophy not physics because beyond the HUP limit your measurements are not repeatable.
And the classical mechanics view I think it behind the "exact" statement about doesn't lead to impossibility, either (it does lead to a considerations of limits etc, but classically exact momentum and position are perfectly well defined
[This section mixes up quantum entanglement and the uncertainty principle. First for the entanglement: the wave function of the whole apparatus collapses by interaction with many particles outside the apparatus. You cannot prevent this, for whatever you do, you cannot shield gravity. The bigger the system the faster its wave function collapses. So walking into the room doesn't change anything, the observer is completely irrelevant and anyone who starts sentences with "Until I walk into the room" is megalomanical.
Back to the uncertainty: it's not about measurement, it's about what is there that could be measured. The particle in question cannot even
have
precise momentum and position. You can set up your experiment so that the position is essentially precise, but then the momentum will be completely undetermined. You are implicitly doing this whenever you try to measure position. Likewise you can fix momentum and information about position will be lost. These two are also a completely insufficient description of a particle.]
it turns out that a universally complete understanding of both metaphysics and quantum mechanics is not possible by a single individual-- it's either one or the other, but never both at the same time. ;-) [copied from personal page of
CarstenKlapp
]
A disk, rotating at a speed alpha rad/s. Mark a point on the disk. Plot the vertical position of the point. A sine wave, no?
Let's say we don't know exactly what alpha is. Alpha +/- Delta. As we proceed from a known initial state, our "point on the disk" becomes spread out. Plot the average of its vertical location. After enough rotations, the initial position is smeared evenly around the disk. We get the classic "wave packet" trace. The greater that delta is, the more bunched-up the wave packet.
If we know exactly what alpha is, we get a wave-packet spread over infinity. If we know exactly the "location" (a single spike), we get a fourier transform spread evenly over infinity. Between these two extremes, the uncertainty in location and the uncertainty in frequency vary inversely.
This is somewhat different from the physical Heisenburg uncertainty principle, since it still relies on a point having a location to know exactly, but is closely related. In general, the smaller support a function has, the larger its Fourier transform must have. All the rest are just special cases of this.
The play
Copenhagen
(which was very interesting and entertaining, btw) shed some light on the two versions of the HUP. Apparently, the explanation Heisenberg originally came up with, and published, was the one about measurements affecting the underlying reality of the object in question. The other explanation, about complimentary aspects of particles, was suggested by Bohr and made it into the paper as an addendum. Apparently, not many people paid much attention to it initially, which explains how common the former explanation is.
See also:
QuantumPhysics
,
QuantumMechanics
,
NielsBohr
,
ErwinSchroedinger
,
AlbertEinstein
,
StephenHawking
,
BohrBug
,
HeisenBug
,
IntellectualRevolution
, | http://www.c2.com/cgi-bin/wiki?HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple |
March 13, 2018; revised April 18, 2020; August 28, 2022
1. Waves involve the transport of energy without the transport of matter. When you drop a pebble onto a water reservoir, you can see the ripples move out. There is no water displacement from one place to another, but the disturbance moves out.
- Therefore, a wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium, transporting energy from one location (its source) to another without transporting matter.
- On the other hand, a particle can move and transfer matter. The most important characteristic of a particle is that its position is localized at any given time and is detected as a single detection event or a “single click” on the detector. That means a “whole particle” arrived at the detector.
- Those are the ways waves and particles were expected to behave before the advent of quantum mechanics. But starting around 1900, our ideas about waves and particles became somewhat confusing due to many drastic changes that took place over many years.
2. The fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics (QM) were worked out roughly from 1900 to 1930. Andrew Whitaker gives a good description of the evolution of QM within this period and beyond in his book “Einstein, Bohr and the Quantum Dilemma” (second edition, 2006).
- That book describes how the keywords like waves, particles, and wave functions related to QM evolved. Some of the old — and unnecessary — concepts like “wave-particle duality” linger because of the impressions made at that time.
- Experiments carried out within the past 20-30 years (some key experiments within the past few years) show that such lingering ideas on “wave-particle duality” are an obstruction to grasping the reality revealed by QM.
3. For a long time, the light was thought to be a wave, specifically an electromagnetic wave. That idea still lingers on.
- Light consists of particles (photons.) That was firmly established only in 1986. See “Photons Are Particles Not Waves.”
- The most distinguishing characteristic of a particle is that its detection is recorded as a single event (“a click”) at the detector.
4. However, the motion of a particle — including a photon — can be represented by a wave function, which is a mathematical function, not a wave. A wave function is extremely useful for calculating experimental results but does not have a physical reality. Rather it represents the physical reality.
- It is easier to see the differences among the terms waves, particles, and wave functions by looking at what happens when waves and particles go through two adjoining slits.
5. When normal particles that we are familiar with go through two slits and fall on a screen to make their imprints, we will see two “line images,” as shown on the left in the figure below. On the other hand, a wave (like a water wave) will give rise to “fringes,” as shown on the right.
- In normal life, we will see particles (say marbles) going through two large slits leading to those marbles hitting the screen, as shown on the left.
- With a water wave going through two slits, we will see ripples giving rise to water wave crests, as shown on the right.
Those are the scenarios with normal particles and normal waves.
6. If quantum particles (like electrons or photons) are going through two slits where slit openings are LARGE (say a cm or more), then we will again see the “normal particle pattern” shown on the LEFT.
- However, if quantum particles (like electrons or photons) are going through two slits where slit openings are SMALL (say less than an mm), then we will see the “wave pattern” shown on the RIGHT. If the aperture dimensions are of the order of h/p (where h = Planck’s constant and p is the particle’s momentum), then such diffuse wave patterns can be expected.
- Those experimental results can be CALCULATED in such cases by using wave functions to represent the motion of such particles.
- However, a particle is never spread out. A given particle will always be detected at a certain point within that diffraction pattern. To get that diffraction pattern, one must repeat the experiment with a single particle many times.
7. April 18, 2020: Here is a youtube video that simply explains the above:
We will discuss the above and the following related issues in detail in this section: “Quantum Mechanics and Dhamma.”
Light is a Wave or a Particle?
8. Newton’s concept of light consisting of particles prevailed for a long time in the early days. But Newton’s corpuscular theory of light was abandoned around 1850 because it could not explain interference and diffraction phenomena. Young and Fresnel showed that the wave picture could explain those experimental results.
- However, a wave needs a medium to support it. A “water wave” propagates in water, and a sound wave can propagate in a solid or a liquid and needs at least air to propagate. Still, light can travel in a vacuum, and therefore the existence of a yet unknown “aether” was proposed as the all-pervading medium through which light could propagate.
- The “ether theory” itself ran into several objections and was finally abandoned after the famous Michelson–Morley experiment performed in 1887 conclusively proved the absence of an aether.
9. Now we know that light doesn’t need a medium through which to travel. Furthermore, the speed of light is constant. It is independent of the movement of the source or detector or the direction in which it travels, as shown by Einstein’s theory of relativity (discovered in 1905).
- Therefore, light is not a wave. This was confirmed by an experiment conducted with single photons in 1986, which we will discuss in the next post. I just wanted to present the background in this post.
Matter as Waves?
10. While the debate was going on about whether light is a wave or a particle between the 1850s to early 1900s, and even up to 1986 to some extent, another related development came with the early studies in quantum mechanics beginning around 1900.
- The issue was whether solid particles could be treated as waves.
11. After Planck, Einstein, Compton, and others established that light behaved as particles (photons), in 1913, Bohr came up with an idea to quantize the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. He was able to explain why discrete lines in the spectra of hydrogen.
- Yet another groundbreaking hypothesis by de Broglie in 1924 clarified why Bohr’s idea worked. He proposed that just like photons can be represented by a wave (specifically with electromagnetic wave equations of Maxwell), a “wave can represent the motion of electrons.” At that time, it was not clear what this “wave” would be. Now, we know that it is a wave function.
12. Light has been considered a wave for a long time, as discussed above. But the idea that waves could represent electrons with no-zero rest mass was unanticipated.
- Then in 1927, Davisson and Germer produced clear diffraction patterns for electron scattering from a nickel lattice, just like a diffraction pattern due to light. This led to the speculation that maybe particles sometimes behave as waves.
- That is how the idea of “wave-particle duality” evolved in the confusing period of 1900 to about 1930. Even though an accepted “quantum theory” was established around 1930, the idea of “wave-particle duality” lingers to the present.
- Nowadays, those diffraction patterns seen with electrons can be explained via the wave functions representing electrons’ motion. However, a given electron can be found only at one location at a given time.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
13. To make things even more complicated, in 1927, Heisenberg came up with his famous uncertainty principle. This principle says that the uncertainty of the position of a particle (σx) multiplied by the uncertainty of the particle’s momentum ( σp) must be larger than what is known as Planck’s constant, ℏ:
σx . σp ≥ ℏ
- Planck’s constant is extremely small; it has a value of about 10-34 Js.
- For any particle that we can see with our eyes, any uncertainty in the particle’s position will be much smaller than the size of the particle. Therefore, we don’t notice this in our normal lives.
14. However, when it comes to microscopic particles like electrons, the uncertainty in position is normally very large. If you have seen a pictorial representation of the orbit of an electron in a hydrogen atom, it is shown as an area; the electron could be anywhere within that area.
The following picture shows some examples of such electron orbitals. An electron could be anywhere within a given orbital at a given time.
- Therefore, the key point to remember is that the uncertainty in a particle’s position and the momentum (or velocity) becomes significant only for small particles like electrons and photons.
15. We can make the following statements about the location of such a “quantum particle” at a given time.
- The significance of this uncertainty is that we cannot say precisely where such a small particle is to be found. We can only say that it should be located within a certain region. We can calculate the probability of finding it at a given point within that region.
- But that does not mean “the particle is spread out in that volume.” At any given time, the particle is located at only one point. It is just that we cannot say precisely at which point due to the uncertainty principle.
16. I hope you can see the difference. Some people make the grave mistake of saying a quantum particle is “spread over space” like a wave. That is a grave mistake and a key reason people have difficulty understanding quantum mechanics. | https://puredhamma.net/quantum-mechanics-buddhism-buddha-dhamma/quantum-mechanics-a-new-interpretation/what-is-a-wave-and-what-is-a-particle/ |
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle turns up everywhere in quantum mechanics. The idea is that certain types of measurements like position and momentum are paired. By measuring one of the pair, we generate uncertainty in the other. This is also referred to as quantum back-action: the thing you are measuring pushes back on the measuring system, which generates uncertainty in some other property. This fundamental idea has some serious consequences when it comes to measuring very small stuff, like gravitational waves.
There is, however, an end run around Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. If you choose to measure things that aren't paired, the precision with which we measure these properties is limited only by how good our measuring stick is. It is important to realize that these measurements are not back-action free, but that the back-action is self-canceling. In the past, researchers have decided that these types of measurements, called quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements, are either trivial or useless. Now, a paper in Physical Review X uses a more general description of QND, along with examples, to show that it is useful and that it is being applied already.
Authors Mankei Tsang and Carlton Caves start by defining the idea of a quantum-mechanics-free sub-system. The idea is that, although you have a quantum system, you can describe a certain part of it by classical dynamics. Normally this would mean that there was sufficient noise and that the quantum behavior was washed out. But this is not what they mean. What they are referring to is that the way in which a quantum system changes is often continuous and precisely described by some mathematical representation, it is only the measurement of some property that has some uncertainty. So, if you can create a measurement that has no intrinsic uncertainty, then the mathematical description looks like a classical description where everything changes and is predicted by a set of equations.
That description appears to violate the very principles of quantum mechanics, but it cannot be dismissed out of hand, because Tsang and Caves are very precise in their wording. An entire quantum system cannot be described this way, only a part of it. The back-action that would create uncertainty does not vanish but instead turns up in some property that is not of interest. Everything that can be measured without uncertainty goes in the box labeled "quantum-mechanics-free," and everything else doesn't. This cannot be done arbitrarily, though. For instance, one cannot take a position and momentum pair, and measure them without uncertainty. Instead, one has to measure some combination of positions and momentums that jointly have no uncertainty.
It is perhaps easiest to describe this in terms of one of their concrete examples: a harmonic oscillator. A harmonic oscillator can be described by the position and momentum of the particle undergoing oscillations. Any measurement on the particle position destroys knowledge of the particle momentum and vise-versa. This is a quantum mechanical system.
The same system can also be described by two harmonic oscillators, one of which has a negative mass. Now, instead of measuring the position of one particle, we have four different possible measurements that form two pairs. One pair is given by the summed position of the two particles, and their average momentum. The second pair is the separation between the particles and the difference in their momentum. When we examine these, we find that we can measure the difference in momentum and position of the two oscillators as accurately as we like, because the back action affects the sum of the particle positions and their average momentum. This is the definition of a QND, and some think it is useless because you only get the difference in position for two oscillators, not the absolute position of either of the oscillators.
You might be thinking that a harmonic oscillator with a negative mass is entirely unrealistic, but nothing could be further from the truth. A concrete example is the mechanical vibration of a mirror that forms part of an optical cavity. The light in the optical cavity consists of a series of discrete colors: the light should travel an integer number of half wavelengths as it travels from one mirror around the cavity and returns to the starting mirror. These different colors or frequencies are referred to as the modes of the cavity. If the cavity mode spacing is chosen such that it is the same as the natural frequency of the mirror's mechanical vibrations, then something very cool can happen. The movement of the mirror doppler shifts the frequency of the light, and light starts to build up in the cavity at two colors, one at a slightly redder wavelength than the original and the other at a bluer wavelength.
Let's ignore the mirror and look instead at the light. In fact, let's jump right into the picture and ride along with the light at the center frequency. In this picture, that light vanishes because we can't see it oscillating anymore. Instead we see two oscillators, the red and blue shifted light fields associated with doppler-shifts from the mirror. In this picture, riding along with the center mode, the red shifted field has a negative frequency, and to increase its amplitude involves adding a unit of negative energy. In other words, it behaves exactly like an oscillator with a negative mass. The blue shifted light field still requires positive energy to increase its amplitude, so it is a positive mass oscillator.
As a result, measurements of the amplitude and phase of either one of these light fields—which would tell you the position and momentum of the mirror—are limited by the uncertainty principle. However, the amplitude difference and phase difference can be measured with no uncertainty whatsoever. From this, the force on the mirror can be derived without uncertainty (but not the absolute position or momentum). If we go back to gravitational wave sensing, this is exactly what you want to achieve.
As mentioned earlier, the feature example is gravitational wave sensing, where very tiny fluctuations in the very fabric of space are supposed to be sensed by the shifting of a mirror. Currently, these shifts are within the noise of the measurement system, and the systems are limited by the uncertainty principle. The idea of using squeezed light to improve these instruments is not new, and that idea fits right into this description of QND.
Those of you who know something about this will be thinking "there is nothing new here." In some respects, you are absolutely right; this paper doesn't present new results as such, and in fact the examples they use are all published. So what's special? Tsang and Caves have created a more general framework. They show how disparate examples, from electron spins in a magnetic field, to vibrating mirrors, to qubit implementations can all be described by the same mathematical ideas. Knowing this, it becomes possible to construct new experimental implementations that take advantage of these QND measurements. | https://arstechnica.com/science/2012/09/demolishing-heisenberg-with-clever-math-and-experiments/ |
“Having a baby is like getting a tattoo on your face. You really need to be certain it’s what you want before you commit.” Elizabeth Gilbert
I love this quote because it basically sums up parenthood. Before you have kids, you hear all the time how hard it is, but you don’t grasp what hard truly means until you are in the thick of it. When my son was first born, I thought those first few months were the hardest when my days were a blur of diapers and 3 am feedings. Then, I realized it only gets harder. Instead of worrying only about his physical needs, I am trying to nurture his emotional health and make sure he is progressing intellectually. I am trying to set boundaries and find clever ways to trick him into sitting on the potty chair. In between all of this, I am trying to work, clean, cook, carpool…need I go on? There are days I look at him when he is throwing a tantrum or refusing to share, and I think How do I teach this little person to become a responsible, compassionate, functional adult? I take a deep breath and remind myself to take it one day at a time, and do my best to just be there for him.
Right now, we are in a stage where he is becoming more independent, and that means teaching him to care for himself and make decisions on his own. As much as I want to step in and just take care of everything (because most of the time it would be so much faster), I have to let him try things on his own. This extends from eating on his own to picking out his clothes, and it is a crucial step in their development. He is learning to brush his teeth on his own and comb his own hair and taking pride in how he looks. With this new stage, he has taken an interest in his clothes. He has a favorite color and of course he wants his clothes to reflect his interests such as cars, trucks, and more cars and trucks. It gives him confidence to pick out his clothes, and it makes me feel so proud when I see him dress himself. Who would have thought watching a toddler put his arm in the right hole in his t-shirt be such an emotional moment?
It is the perfect place to start teaching children how to make their own choices that reflect who they are and what they want and inspire a sense of self that encourages them to think on their own. However, clothes shopping kids is never easy. It can be so expensive for something they are going to grow out of quickly or get so dirty you can’t tell the original color. Plus, if you have ever gone clothes shopping with a two year old boy, somehow it turns into a game of hide and seek in the clothing racks. I cannot imagine how hard it must be with multiple kids. Ordering online can be an even bigger pain because you just never know how it will fit, and not all companies have friendly return policies. This is why I jumped at the chance to try a sample from Wee Blessing, a child clothing subscription. I barely have time during the day to feed myself so anything that helps me take care of my son’s needs is a huge deal.
Wee Blessing was created by a busy mom of two that understands how hard it can be to clothes shop with kids. She designed this service to help moms and give kids clothes they will love at prices parents will love, guaranteeing 40-60% off retail prices. They handpick top brand clothes specifically for your child and ship them right to your doorstep. In the comfort of your home you get to try them on and send back anything you don’t want. They offer clothes for kids in infancy to fourteen years of age. You can choose a one time order, monthly or quarterly deliveries for your child, but it is so much more than everyday outfits (and pajamas). Wee Blessing is perfect for birthdays, baby showers, new outfits for school photos, even formal and prom wear! To get started…
- Fill out a style profile which includes sizing, favorite colors, and everything they love from superheroes to princesses.
- Choose your delivery frequency which comes with 4 outfits or a onetime outfit for a special occasion or as a gift
- Wait for your package, and when it arrives, you have 10 days to decide if you want to keep all the items sent. If not, send back what you want for FREE! No return shipping or restocking fee.
- You are only charged for what you keep, and there is just a flat $5 shipping and handling fee. If you love everything you received, you get an additional 10% off.
- The best part is you get brand name clothes for your kids that are 40-60% off retail price.
This is an amazingly convenient way to shop for your kids, and it gives you more time to do the things you really love with your family. Instead of wasting time and energy at the store trying to coax your child into trying on clothes or bargain hunting, do something fun and have clothes your kids will love shipped to your doorstep. This is a totally new way to shop for your kids.
When the box arrived, my son was thrilled to open it up and see what he had received. The items they picked were spot on with what he likes, and he loved to try them on at our own pace while mixing and matching the pieces. Each piece was well made and from a name brand kids clothing line. It was adorable to see how excited he was about the new clothes. When he wore his car sweatshirt to music class the next day, he was so proud to show it to everyone! Wee Blessing has made buying new clothes for my son actually fun again, and it gives him the chance to begin to learn how to express what he likes…without having a meltdown in a store dressing room.
With St Patrick’s Day coming up and Easter right around the corner, it is the perfect time to try it out Wee Blessing and order a special gift for your wee one. Once you try it, be sure to refer a friend because when they sign up, you get a $25 credit. | https://www.surfandsunshine.com/kids-clothes-delivered-to-your-doorstep/ |
For me personally, it's very important to me that my characters feel like real people—in both how I write them, and also what they look like.
It's not necessarily about them being realistic (although my art has certainly taken a more realistic slant as of late and that is related)—I mean, a significant chunk of them are demons, they're certainly not realistic I am very much making fantasy characters—but that they feel like.. People.
Like they've lived the lives that they've lived, and it has made them who they are, and like you could just kind of? Meet a person like that, under the right circumstances?
It's like... I don't really ever see myself in media, and the people I love, my friends, my family, there's such a wide variety of people I know that I really am not seeing reflected back? And this void is what makes me want to create in the first place. It's a void that shouldn't be there.
So, if people can see themselves in my art, people like myself, my mother, my friends, those who are so often told they should not exist at all, then I've succeeded at something, I think. It's a philosophy so intrinsic to my design process that it's impossible to talk about my approach without talking about this first, as it underpins every decision that I make!
Phase 1: Body
So when I design a character I have at least some vague idea of the kind of life that theyve lived and the sort of person that they are. This effects their physique to some extent, i.e. It determines whether or not I make them buff (my characters who sail, for example, have more muscle mass than those that don't), but also importantly it effects how they carry themselves.
A character's body language is one of the very first things I think about—how a character moves, how they interact with the world, to me it's the core of depicting them as a person. We talk a lot about silhouette in character design, an oft forgotten part of this I feel is the character's body language!
As an example here are some of my girlies—physically they have various different physiques, but even those who are similar have different ways of holding themselves.
Phase 2: Face
A characters face I put a lot of thought into—I try to think of a face that I haven't really drawn before. It's not so much that I'm avoiding "same-face" so much as everyones face is just so wonderfully different, you know? Some faces have sharper features, some are softer, some faces look older and some younger... It's fun to explore the different kind of faces there can be :)
I know it's pretty common to have faceclaims for your characters, but personally I don't really have those—I just think about the different kind of features I've seen and combine them to create new faces... A little bit like making miis, honestly. But with like, real people faces. (Even when my work was more abstracted I was still thinking of real people faces!)
My hot tip: the nose carries in it so much life and character, and shapes the rest of the face! It is into a character's eyes and nose that I put the most thought, personally.
A lot of art seems to kind of diminish the nose until its almost not there (including a lot of my own older art), but personally speaking I have a big nose... And every time I draw a new nose it delights another person who has a similar nose :) So I'm doing my best to get better at drawing them 😤
Phase 3: Outfit
Tip: while figuring out designs especially for outfits and hairstyles, I use the symmetry ruler to save some time while I try new things. I disable snapping when I want to break the symmetry! I like to have a mix of symmetrical and asymmetrical elements in a design.
A fun place to add some asymmetry is in the hair, but symmetrical hairstyles are easier to figure out from different angles... I dont have any specific advice for designing hairstyles I just go buckwild and make it look like theres logic to it after the fact LMAO..
Anyway! Let's actually talk about shapes!
The majority of my characters have multiple outfits—I simply like to dress up my little guys ❤️ but every character starts with one outfit, their hashtag #look if you will, which then influences every other outfit I make them.
My process for designing these outfits is as follows:
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I first answer this question: what image does this character consciously project?
E.g.: Tempest is a woman who cares a lot about her image and projects an aura of confidence and self assurance, whereas Callisto does not and projects an aura of unimportance and humbleness.
Ergo Tempest's outfit is carefully chosen by herself to create the image she wants to project and is bold and eyecatching, whereas Callisto does not want to draw attention to herself and as such she wears much more subdued clothing.
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Then it's time to open up Pinterest
By this point in time I know who this character is or at the very least their concept, and ergo I have a solid idea about what their aesthetic vibe is E.g. Pirate, fruity wizard, goth, etc. So I open up pinterest and I begin to make a fashion board for this character.
I look at a mixture of real world fashions both modern and historical for this, as well as LARP fashion for that specific fantasy flavour. It's a good idea to draw from a wide variety of influences, including those that do not fit the specific vibe you are going for.
Note: I do not look at other fantasy/concept art for this.
The reason is, quite a lot of fantasy art is like a one-time image, and a lot of concept art is very removed from reality, so a lot of the time things only work from one specific angle and don't have any underlying logic to them.
Being that all my characters are created for a comic, I need to be able to draw them from any angle. I am not a costume designer, I do not know how to make clothes. But looking at real life clothing ensures everything I design is at least drawing inspiration from something that can be physically worn, so it gives my outfits some grounding in reality.
The further abstracted your sources get, the less grounded in reality your designs will become—which for me personally and my specific tastes and goals, is not desirable.
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Look for recurring motifs in what makes up the specific aesthetic vibe you're going for
(e.g. Pirates: fancy jackets, loose cotton shirts, sashes and belts)
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Fashion is all about the shapes you create with the clothes that you wear.
Different fashion trends are all about what shape is currently considered "in"—it's not about "high waisted pants", its about the new shape that the higher waistband creates.
To create fantasy outfits that feel fresh, look at current and past fashion trends and figure out what shape theyre creating—then recreate that using the motifs you found and try use other kinds of clothing not necessarily often used to create this shape.
Tempest's outfit recreates the high waisted shape with a sash tied around her waist. Her loose poet shirt obviously creates the same shape as a loose jumper being tucked in, but I cropped the front of her jacket short and gave it large sleeves to create the same shape.
This is why its good to draw from a variety of influences—it gives you a wider pool of shapes to draw from, and you can then combine them to create something new! I may be designing a pirate character, but the shapes are pulled from modern fashion.
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When creating another outfit for a character, using a new shape can be used to symbolise a drastic change, while maintaining the same shape but changing the overall value can symbolise a more subtle shift.
For example, a drastic change of shape can be used to supplement a character arc with a more extreme change, or perhaps supplement a situation wherein there is a drastic shift in how a character is acting or the role they are performing even if they as a person have not changed.
On the other hand, maintaining the same shape but changing the value balance of the outfit can indicate a more subtle change—such as a character slowly letting their walls down! Hairstyle too is great for this, such as a character slowly letting down their hair as the story progresses... A pun and a great way to gradually change their shape :)
Or, another way to put it—keeping the same shape will keep the same general vibe, while changing the shape will create an entirely new vibe.
Here's some examples of this in action!
Lavandula is simultaneously a very guarded woman with a very controlled image who does not like to let any of her true self show through, and also a woman who is incredibly transparent and easy to read the second you find the crack in the mask.
She has two very drastically different shapes that she alternates between because she is as a person, very extreme. I wanted her silhouette while wearing her full regalia to be extremely distinct from any other character I have bc she is not in the least bit subtle ❤️
Charity and Rosalie don't specifically have arcs as their story happened in the past and it isnt relevant to the events of Heart of the Storm as their role in this story is a supportive one, but their past is still reflected/contrasted in their current designs! | https://diosmaden.art/tutorials/characters/ |
Study emotions, needs, desires, and barriers experienced by in-store occasion wear shoppers. Also discuss coping strategies used by shoppers to overcome barriers.
A report of findings from qualitative analysis and design suggestions for smart mirrors, which are used to augment the shopping experience.
This project, which was completed for an Affective Interaction module, studied the emotions of people shopping in-store for occasion wear. Research was conducted with three other students and analysis was completed independently. The study, which spanned three months, focused on females aged 18-25 shopping for graduation and wedding guest outfits.
Our goal for phase 1 was to familiarize ourselves with the experience of shopping in-store for a special occasion. Each researcher conducted either auto-ethnography (shopped for a formal outfit) or auto-elicitation (reflected on a past experience). We opted for methods that didn't require participants because of recruitment limitations (ethics restrictions, difficultly finding people who shopped in-store for an occasion).
In the second research phase, we studied five female MSc HCI students aged 21-25. Two participants were accompanied by researchers on a shopping trip (ethnography) and interviewed about the experience. Three participants were asked about a shopping experience from the past year (micro-phenomenological interview). We included this second method because we had trouble finding enough participants with upcoming events.
All participants completed a questionnaire asking details of the upcoming/past special event (occasion, location, season, etc.) to to collect information about the context of the shopping experience. In addition, they self-reported emotions felt before and after a shopping experience using the Geneva Wheel.
Jordan's Four Pleasures Framework was used to analyze qualitative data from observations and interview, because it’s categories helped categorize factors that contribute to finding the perfect outfit. For example, socio-pleasure covers interactions with friends and family, physio-pleasure covers the tactile sensation of clothing, psycho-pleasure covers emotional issues in shopping, and ideo-pleasure covers the role of a shopper’s self-image. Self-reports using the Geneva Wheel were analyzed by visually combining responses to identify patterns.
When starting the shopping process, participants reported feeling fear, stress, confusion, and nervousness. Based on the research, it appears that these emotions occurred because participants were uncertain if they will be able to accomplish their goal (to find the perfect outfit for an upcoming special occasion).
Two main strategies were used by participants to overcome emotional barriers: (1) seeking guidance on where to begin looking and (2) soliciting opinions/feedback on specific outfits.
Participants sought guidance from both people shopping with them and people that were not there. In some cases, guidance came in the form of a friend or family member recommending a specific brand, which narrowed down choices. We found that reduced choice reduced the stress participants were feeling due to a time crunch. In other cases, friends/family/shop assistants provided guidance by choosing specific outfits for the participant to try. This guidance reduced feelings of regret because participants were less likely to feel like there was something better out there.
All participants reached out to someone for opinions and feedback. Many of the participants that went shopping with friends/family received instant feedback both when they picked up the clothes from the rack and when they tried on the outfits. Positive reactions were found to reduce fear that they were making the wrong decision.
Participants in the study used mobile phones to solicit feedback from friends and family. Specifically, they used phones to take pictures of potential outfits and share those pictures with people that were not present. The role and efficiency of mobile phones in augmenting the shopping experience was analyzed using the Jordan Framework.
Participants often referred to a fabric's feel to explain why they did or didn't like an outfit. Tactile information of clothing cannot be shared through photos taken on a mobile phone.
Looking at pictures of themselves in an outfit allows shoppers to reflect on how they feel about the outfit. Some participants gained psycho-pleasure from seeing how they looked in photos they took and from positive feedback resulting from sharing those photos. Other participants, however, felt displeasure when seeing themselves in the photos they shared.
Participants often mentioned what values and aspirations they wanted an outfit to represent. If a participant felt that the photo reflected this desired self-image, she may feel ideo-pleasure. Smart phones provide users with many tools to control the way they represent themselves in a photo filters, background, angles, etc.), which can facilitate ideo-pleasure.
Getting feedback on photos shared using their phone often provided socio-pleasure to participants. When participants received positive feedback, they often felt confident enough to buy the item. If participants didn't receive timely feedback, they either relied on the opinions of people that were present or, if shopping alone, put off buying the item.
In retail, smart mirrors are often implemented in dressing rooms of high-end stores such as Nieman Marcus, Ralph Lauren, and Rebecca Minkoff. However, fast fashion company Mango recently partnered with Vodafone to develop smart dressing rooms with augmented mirrors. If Mango’s move is a sign of a new trend, then it is important that this technology is able to address the needs of people in different emotional states. This analysis focused on the Memomi mirror used by Nieman Marcus.
One area of exploration could be how to reduce uncertainty related to choosing the right clothing size. Perhaps in the future, the camera in the mirror could identify a customer's size before any clothing is tried. Reducing uncertainty could help fearful shoppers rely more on their own impulses rather than external inputs. Since reducing uncertainty also increases confidence in a desired outcome, it could also lead to action (buying something).
A second area of exploration could how to improve the request and receipt of feedback. Currently, customers using the Memomi mirror can share videos via email. A more real-time solution, like live video chat, could significantly decrease feedback time. Having feedback available while shopping, even if alone, could reduce uncertainties that lead to fear of making a mistake. Feedback time could also be reduced by allowing customers to link their social media to the mirror and display a list of friends that are currently online (and therefore available to give feedback). Reducing fear could lead to a customer to make a purchase. | https://www.marinapardini.com/shopping-research |
When children spend their adolescence texting and instant messaging, that is all they will ever want to do. They will not feel comfortable speaking to people in person, in front of people, or on the phone. This will affect them drastically in life outside of high school when they are interviewing for a job. I remind my students constantly that effective communication is a valuable quality, and will be a rare quality, that employers will look for in the years to come.
Allowing your child a smart device at a young age will also hinder them from effectively communicating how they feel or communicating the things that they want in life. They will most likely learn to send angry and immature texts to you, or their peers, as their own way of expressing their needs. This is not how you want them to learn how to resolve their problems in life.
Low Reading and Writing Level
As an English teacher, I struggle tremendously with this issue. A part of this comes from the parents, and another part comes from their exposure to smart devices at a young age. Children and teenagers today believe that it is okay to send professional letters to people in the form of texting. Others know that it is not okay, but they physically cannot write appropriately because they do not know how. They must break this habit, and they must stop relying on autocorrect. It is hurting their writing skills, as well as my own I have sadly noticed.
Instead of giving them a smart device to keep them busy for your own sake, give your child something that they would be interested in reading. Promote literacy in your household by exposing them to different genres that they can select from. Having options for your child can help them find their own love in reading. There are also educational devices and resources out there that turn learning into a game for your child.
Helplessness
Most children today are helpless because of how much they have relied on their smart devices. They have learned that Google will have all of the answers for them. As a result, they never want to think for themselves. They think that the most simplest tasks are the biggest ones, and I know smart devices are mostly to blame for this. Do not let this be your child. Show them and teach them how to help themselves. They will grow up with this mindset, and it will reflect in their work ethic inside and outside of school.
Low Self Esteem
Being a teenager is hard enough and is a confusing time. A lot of them are trying to find out who they want to be and are learning from their mistakes. Others do not like how they look or who they are. I cannot imagine what my life would have been like if I had all of these forms of social media when I was a teenager. I see what it does to my students though. It saddens me to see all of the girls killing themselves with the Keto Diet just so they can look like the people they envy on their social media. They feel the need to wear a full face of makeup and heels every day in the hallway just to get noticed by a guy. Boys will post pictures of them doing things that others would be envious of, while other boys make fun of them behind their back. Social media is a cruel enough world for adults. Why have your child exposed to it too?
Negative Behavior
Too much exposure to smart devices can lead to negative behavior in and outside of school. They can become distracted and not focused in the classroom. At home, they can be sitting next to you, but their presence is not truly there. They can learn that instead of telling their crush how they feel, that it is okay to say their feelings over a Snapchat picture. Teach them and have them learn basic manners first before they become old enough for that smart device. In doing so, they may not reflect the terrible habits of our society today that have their heads down in their phones when out with friends and family.
Limit the Screen Time
Be aware of the effects that too much screen time can have on your child. It is okay for children to watch YouTube videos and play games on your smart device every now and then. However, do not let this become a habit that can potentially effect them for the rest of their lives.
Comments
One of my friends hates to see parents of young children using their smart phones while out for a walk with young children. She thinks the children should get the attention rather than the screen. I think for children moderation is the key. Like it or not they are growing up in the age of screens, but that's not to say that their lives should be dominated by them.
I agree with all these things. | https://hubpages.com/technology/The-Repercussions-of-Giving-Your-Child-a-Smart-Device-at-a-Young-Age |
Hello,
this time I thought I would try to be helpful and provide some rules with regard to what you should wear for a photoshoot (this equally applies to your own days out etc. anytime a camera is pointed at you it’s a photoshoot).
So here we go RULE 1
Nobody talks about Fight Club.
Oops sorry that’s not right is it.
Let me try again RULE 1
THERE ARE NO RULES.
Nope that’s not a mistake this time it’s the truth there are no rules only suggestions.
Let’s face it, if there were hard and fast rules someone would only break them and rightly so, because no one is the same, we are all individual, and we all like different things so what could be exactly right for one could be repulsive to another.
Experimentation is crucial to innovation and without it everything would be the same and quite frankly boring.
So as I said here are some suggestions
1. Billy and Bobby syndrome avoidance
Avoid dressing exactly the same, however do coordinate. You could think 50 Shades of Grey, no not that 50 shades, please get your minds under control, I meant shades of the same colour. You could try complimentary colours, the colour Grey for instance and complimentary shades of other colours e.g. browns, blues and greens (autumnal colours). Or maybe pinks or plumbs as I say these are suggestions only, the actual colours you choose are up to you but do try to coordinate. If you do use a muted palette you could also think about having a bright accent colour – for ladies a scarf, bag, hat for the men a tie, scarf, t-shirt under a jumper etc. These suggestions also apply to children of all ages.
2. Location
Think about where your photo-shoot is going to take place. If you are having your photo-shoot in a densely wooded forest then you may disappear if wearing autumnal colours with no accent colours (army camouflage springs to mind). It is also advisable in this example to wear clothes you would be comfortable sitting on damp tree stumps or the ground in.
Even if you are having a more fashion inspired shoot you could need more suitable shoes and a coat etc. to get to the location within the forest.
3. Style
You want your photos to have a timeless feel so wear classic clothing and avoid advertising or slogans on shirts, what is in vogue now may soon go out of date, even if it is your favourite football shirt.
Wear clothes you know you are comfortable in, that favourite outfit that gives you that extra confidence and “va va voom”, it is tempting to buy something new for the shoot, if you do ensure you have at least trial worn it for comfortability (what yes of course that's a word).
It is also tempting to wear loose baggy clothing, but don’t, fitted clothes are far better. You will find them to be much more flattering.
4. Outfits
Depending on the type of photoshoot you have it would be prudent to bring several outfits with you. It is better to have more outfits than you think you need as long as there is plenty of variety. In other words don’t bring seven little black dresses or 5 suits for obvious reasons – all your photos will be in little black dresses and suits. Variety really is the spice of life and several looks will give you much greater scope. Just type “different clothing looks” into your search engine and look at the images. This will give you no end of ideas that you can adapt to your own styles.
Don’t forget to accessorise as well, hats, belts, jewellery and shoes etc. can completely transform how your clothes look, I’m sure I’ve heard Gok say that.
5. Personal
These are obvious but worth a mention just as a way of reminding you.
Ladies: make sure your nails aren’t chipped if you use nail polish, the chips will show in your photographs.
Gents: if you don’t want stubble in your photographs then make sure you haven’t got stubble, stubble will show in your photographs.
Everybody: Try on all the clothes you are going to bring with you before arriving.
In the interest of not offending anybody, the first two reminders could apply to any modern day gender.
So a quick recap to finish, coordinate but don’t be identical and dress to be comfortable. Consider the location and think about what to wear before and during the shoot. Think classic, fitted and confidence building clothing. Check out the interweb thingy for loads of ideas (you can even share these ideas with your photographer). Bring lots of clothes that are different and remember accessories to jazz them up. Check your nails, have a shave (these do not necessarily apply to the same person) and make sure everything fits.
Most importantly have fun and enjoy the day, it is generally not something you do every day so make the most of it. | https://www.ptpuk.co.uk/blog/archives/12-2016 |
In May I decided to do a 30 by 30 Wardrobe Remix Challenge. This is where you pick 30 items from your wardrobe and wear only those 30 items for 30 days.
It was the first time I’ve done this challenge and I’m really glad I did it. It’s definitely not an easy challenge but it is definitely a lot of fun.
This post is to share how I went, and of course to share the outfit of the day posts.
How I went – Did I stick to it?
Yes and no.
I did the challenge for 30 days and did use items from the 30 items picked.
I swapped the red leggings for a white tee almost immediately. I realised I didn’t need 2 pairs of leggings and jeggings for 30 days.
Although there is the rule not to go shopping, I broke this rule and I went shopping… bought accessories though. Many of these accessories end up being used during the challenge though so I guess it’s ok…
Click here for my post on preparing for the wardrobe remix.
There were a few clothing items I wore that weren’t included in the 30 selected items.
I often wore basic black flats to work because they were comfy for long distances walking to the train and I didn’t want to ruin my good heels. I took them off at work and wore the shoes I chose for my outfit for the day.
I also didn’t include coats in this challenge as I often didn’t need them, and the idea was to make new outfit combinations with the items in the challenge. If I included those fists I would probably resort to wearing them all the time. To be honest I could have just worn my red flats (which were actually included in the challenge) most of the time instead.
What the Challenge Taught Me
I learnt a few things about myself when I did this challenge. For example, get bored of my clothes easily. About halfway through the challenge, I got sick of the clothes I had been wearing. Luckily I had my Stylebook app to help me figure out what I hadn’t work and to help me be creative with outfit ideas.
Click here for my post on Stylebook.
However, being forced to wear certain clothes forced me to be creative. I definitely came up with great fashionable combinations during the challenge, and I don’t think that I would have come up with these combinations otherwise.
I realise that some items really should be replaced. I also would like to get some handbags in different colours to jazz up my outfits.
I realised that I often wear a lot of black – that just shows the #lawyerlife that I live!
The challenge made my life a bit easier to as I had less washing/laundry to do.
What I would do differently next time
I think I definitely want to do this challenge again as it was lots of fun. But next time, there are a few things I would do differently. I would definitely try on clothes I haven’t worn in a hot minute – for example, I realise that my flannel shirt is now a little too small and my grey sequin jumper is quite scratchy on my bare skin.
Next time I would definitely include a few more tops rather than pants. When thinking about these tops I would look at the versatility of the tops, making sure I could wear them on weekends as well as at work, which means I have more outfit choices.
It definitely helped that I put my outfits together the night before work and has them ready to go in the morning. This made it even easier to plan my life, but I should have done this for casual outfits too. Next time I’ll do this every night before every night (as much as I can).
Although it’s not a clothing relating object, I would definitely think of ways to do my hair differently for work to change the look of the outfit.
All the Outfits
As part of the challenge, I took photos every day and shared them on Facebook. But it’s interesting seeing all the different outfits together and how creative I was on some days.
Some days I had more than one outfit as I went out or did something after work, so it’s really interesting to see just how many combinations I came up with.
Here’s every single outfit I wore throughout the challenge:
Have you done the 30 by 30 Challenge before? Which one of my outfits above is your favourite? Let me know in the comments section!
Bye for now,
All opinions in this post are my own. Unless otherwise stated, this post has not been sponsored and I have not been paid for this post
See you in the Social Media Atmosphere: | https://adventuresofvintagebarbie.com/2019/06/30/the-results-of-the-may-30-x-30-wardrobe-remix-challenge/ |
Hi friends! Welcome back! I love when cute outfits happen accidentally. This was one of those looks that was supposed to be something else completely and just ended up not working out so I had to improvise last minute. I have a bad habit of creating outfits in my head, assuming they'll work out when I put them on, and then being disappointed when they don't. This happens a lot for me because, well honestly, I'm just too lazy to try on a bunch of outfits ahead of time. I mentally create one outfit and then just hope for the best when it's shoot day. Sometimes the outfits end up coming out exactly how I envisioned, but sometimes they REALLY do not. I originally planned on wearing a very oversized graphic tee with these jeans but when I put them on together it was a disaster. I thought maybe it would be a fun grungy look with the big tee and the wide leg jeans but no. Just no. I couldn't have looked more sloppy if I tried. So there I was again, in the same boat I find myself over and over. Stressed out and trying to figure out how to fix this mess quickly now that it's the day of shooting and I planned on leaving my house in 10 minutes.
I looked over at the pile of new clothes that has been accumulating over the last few months (because I have no idea where I'm planning on putting them) and there it was. My prayers were answered. This top was a random purchase that I saw on an Instagram ad. I planned on wearing it around the house but it just seemed to be calling my name this day. I put it on (not expecting much) and it ended up being perfect! I'm literally laughing to myself as I'm typing because of how dramatic and ridiculous this story is. Anyway, thankfully this crop top worked out because who knows how long it would have taken me to come up with a new look otherwise. The moral of the story is to do better than me and try on your outfits beforehand. For whatever reason I refuse to learn my lesson, but that doesn't have to be you. It'll save you the unnecessary stress of scrambling for a new outfit last minute. In this case it worked out, but a lot of times it doesn't and then you're left wearing something you hate. It's not worth it. Trust me. All outfit details are listed below. Until next time, tootles sugar plums! Xoxo.
Outfit Deetz: | https://www.whatjamloves.com/post/lessons-not-learned |
Packing for a move can be really hectic, but that can’t stop you from moving. Or can it? If you plan to move, you will need to pack your items decently, including your clothes. So, if you don’t know how to fold shirts for packing, we shall guide you through the steps.
In this guide, we plan to talk about the steps you can use when folding shirts. When packing, you need to save as much space as possible. This means you should fold your clothes correctly.
Packing well ensures you save space and minimize the number of luggage you will have to move. There are many packing tips you may like to consider; feel free to check them out. Also, if you are wondering how to do anything while packing for a move, we got you.
Let us now get into the main point and discuss the methods you can use to fold your shirts.
How To Fold Shirts For Packing
Folding is the most popular packing technique. It is common, and almost everyone uses it after doing laundry. When you fold shirts, you end up with many rectangular shapes arranged on each other.
Folding, especially when moving, comes with a lot of advantages. Let’s have a look before we go through the process.
Pros of Folding
i) If you plan to unpack immediately and put the clothes in the wardrobe, this is the best method. Then, when your clothes are already folded, you don’t need to repeat the process after unpacking. All you have t do is unpack and arrange them in the wardrobe, which is time-saving.
ii) It’s the ideal method for packing similar items. This is because you can fold and store them together in one carton, making them occupy specific boxes for easy assembly and organization.
iii) Selecting the outfit for the day is easier if you fold your clothes. This is because you simply have to select the already folded clothes from their specific areas and put them in one place.
Cons of Folding Clothes
i) If you have different size clothes and want to store them in one place, folding may not be the best method. This is because folding consumes more space than most other methods.
ii) Folding can also lead to creases on clothes. So, if you use this method when storing your clothes, you will be forced to iron them before wearing them.
Step by Step Guide on How to Fold Shirts for Packing
Step One: Button it Up
First, you will need to find a working area. This can be a flat surface on the bed or an ironing board. Once you have a nice clean working area, button up your shirt.
Image: Freepik
Buttoning helps prevent creases in transit. Also, a well-buttoned shirt gives better results and is easier to fold.
Step Two: Spread the Shirt
Next, flip the shirt over and spread it neatly on your working surface. Finally, spread the shirt flat with the back facing up, and ensure it is evenly spread to avoid creases.
Step Three: Fold the Sleeves
In the third step, you need to fold the sleeves of your shirt diagonally. To do so, place your finger on the neckline by the collar, then take the left sleeve diagonally till it reaches the center of your shirt.
Image: YouTube
Ensure about a third of the front part is folded over the back. Repeat the process with the other sleeve. Keep them neat and evenly spread.
Step Four: Fold the Sleeves Back Up
In this step, place a finger on one shoulder and grab its sleeve’s cuff. Then, fold the cuff back diagonally to align with that sleeve’s shoulder.
Image: Business Today
Do the same for the second sleeve. Again, try to achieve a flat V-shaped pattern to make it look neat and avoid creases.
Step Five: Fold the Length of the Shirt
Image: The Spruce
Use both hands to grab the tail end of the shirt, then fold it to the collar. If it is a long dress shirt, aim for two folds. On the other hand, aim for one fold if it is a shorter shirt.
Step Six: Flip and Smooth
Once your shirt is well-buttoned, flip it up, so the buttons face the upper side.
Once you have a nicely folded shirt, smooth out all creases and lace it gently in the suitcase or your carton.
Packing Techniques
Did you know that there are other packing techniques besides folding? Yes, you can use other methods to pack your carton or suitcase while moving or traveling.
I’d like us to look into these other methods of packing.
a) Rolling
Rolling is another technique for packing cloches. It is one of the common methods used when space is limited. If you are packing for moving, you can also use this method as it minimizes the use of space.
Image: Crafted Travel Company
Rolling clothes means tightly rolling them and packing them as rolls, just as the name suggests.
Pros of Rolling Clothes
i) This is the ideal packing technique when you have a lot of clothes to pack. It saves space, and you can pack many clothes in a small bag or suitcase.
ii) It is suitable when packing clothes in a backpack or cubes.
iii) Most clothes can be rolled without creasing. Such clothes include anything with polyester or lycra elements like t-shirts, shirts, pants, and even undergarments. You can roll socks and hold them with a rubber band.
Cons of Rolling Clothes
i) Rolling is time-consuming. If you don’t have the time, you can easily pick clothes you have already folded and pack them. On the other hand, rolling clothes takes more time and not he best method to use when packing hurriedly.
ii) If you do not roll clothes well, you can have many creases and wrinkles. To ensure that all your clothes reach their destination without wrinkles, you will have to roll them keenly and without hurry.
b) Bundling
When packing for a move, you must pack all your clothes. So, you will need a great packing technique to save space; try bundling.
Image: TODAY
Bundling is also a good method when packing clothes prone to creasing. So, you can avoid wrinkles by bundling your clothes instead.
Bundling includes arranging and folding all the clothes, one at a time. You can check out this short clip for a clear illustration.
Pros of Bundling
i) As already mentioned, bundling is space-saving. It is appropriate for packing many clothes when the packing space is limited.
ii) Suitable for packing clothes of different sizes. Do you know why? Because you can wrap the small ones with the bigger ones, ensuring all are well folded.
iii) Like the folding method, bundling prevents creases on clothes. If you have clothes that crease easily, how about you try this pacing technique?
iv) Bundling ensures you have your clothes in one place. It also keeps your bag neat.
Cons of Bundling
i) Imagine all your clothes are stuck together, but you need the shirt in the middle of the bundle. You will have to remove all the clothes on top of the ones you want. This creates a mess. It also gives a different task of having to fold the clothes all over again.
So, it is not best if you will need to wear those clothes before unpacking. Also, unless you have all your outfits arranged in the order you will wear them, you will have to unpack daily to get clothes at the center of the bundle.
ii) If you have a lot to pack, expect your result to be bulky. Bundling a large number of clothes will make your storage box look bulky. They may also not fit nicely in the box.
c) Vacuum Packing
Vacuum packing is ideal if you have irregular and space-consuming items like sweaters. This method of packing includes squeezing the air out of the luggage, making them occupy minimal space.
Image: 21OAK
You can save three times more space, making the method great for packing many items. Using the method also ensures you will not have to carry many bags with you. Instead, one bag will carry many items as it saves up to three times the space.
If you want to vacuum pack, you can use shrink film as it works perfectly for the job. If you feel that folding clothes and packing is tiresome and time-consuming, you can get help. With our packing and crating services, you can relax as we do the work for you.
Frequently Asked Questions About How to Fold Shirts for Packing
1) Does folding clothes save space?
Folding clothes makes them look neat and organized. Additionally, folding them saves space compared to leaving them unfolded. Once you fold your clothes, you can easily arrange or pack them in an organized way.
2) How do you unwrinkle a shirt without heat?
If you do not have an iron and your shirt is wrinkled, you can still remove the wrinkles using this method.
i) Place the shirt on a flat surface
ii) Dampen a clean towel and place it on top of your wrinkled shirt.
iii) Gently press down on the towel with your hands. Try using a heavy book if it does not work as you would like. Repeat the process until the wrinkles are reduced. | https://americansmover.com/blog/fold-shirts-for-packing/ |
Trained by Gail Morgan at the Image House in London, Iris, a former hairdresser with an eye for detail, decided to help clients to use their visual appearance to increase their confidence- to look and feel good by wearing the colours that flatter their natural skin tone, and to dress for their body shape, enabling them to develop a wardrobe of outfits that work together, saving time and money. Iris works with clients in a variety of ways, finding out what their struggles are and developing a plan to help them achieve their own individual style.
We heard Iris’s tips and advice for making that special impression and finding the style and colours that suit different people’s skin tones and body shape etc and how she works with her customers and she demonstrated how much better your look when you wear the right clothes and shades. | https://mums-at-work.com/2018/05/20/iris-rowntree/ |
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Welcome! Read about what to wear and how to wear it on the YLF Blog. Join the YLF Forum to ask specific questions or just chat about fashion and personal style. Or check out the curated list of things we love in YLF Finds.
Natalie posted about a fun remixing challenge where we take 12 current basics and mix with 6 new fall items. I have been super busy with work so I didn't have time to actually dress up and snap photos, but I did do some little sketches on the computer which I thought I'd share. #1 shows the setup, and #2-6 show outfits based around each new piece; these are all pieces you've seen before, either in WIW posts or in KeepOrReturn posts (well maybe not the lace top, never quite figured that one out).
I didn't think I'd picked my basics for the challenge very well and yet to my surprise I was able to come up with 48 (!!) new combinations; and far more than that if we include how accessories can drastically change many of these looks. I'd been hoping to take one of these outfits and style 3 versions with accessories as an example of this, but *sigh* no time. Maybe this weekend
My take away from this is... I have a LOT of outfit options at my disposal. Way more than I'd thought, especially since the "old" 12 items are but a fraction of what I've got in my closet. Of course, some of these may be better "on paper" than in practice but it was still a very useful exercise. I have decided that I need to do another pass through my closet and be much more strict about purging those not-quite-perfect or not-quite-my-style items. Thanks for suggesting this great challenge, Natalie!
Comments, critiques, thoughts and questions welcome.
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27 repliesLatest reply was from Aida
Whoa. That's amazing.
Were you that kid in school who was always blowing the curve with your creativity on reports?
Maybe a little 0;)
I echo that. Amazing. And the sketches are so cute! It's impressive to see how many outfits you came up with. Great challenge!
Seriously, this may be the coolest wardrobe-computer related thing I have ever seen. Too bad there isn't an easy way to generate these drawings for any clothing item. If there was, it would be one nifty little app.
I am soooo not techno - is that a dance maybe ? Maybe the word is "techie". I don't even know how to download pics. Yikes. When my kids are a little older who the heck will *ever* hire me ?
But even more impressive than you illustrations is that you got 48 ! new outfits ! I must try this too ; my new anti-cancer regimen is causing some big time bloating and weight gain - well, that and all the eating - so I want to get just a few basics and some great tops. So this idea is timely.
THANKS !
Cciele, thank you!
DL, I think there's an app for iPhone that uses your own photos but probably doesn't position them like I did with my sketches. These are essentially hand drawn though, even the layering had to be adjusted by hand so the layers show correctly. I drew the base items and copy+paste and then fully edit each outfit; if I was smart, I'd have drawn a little croquis to start and traced it so I wouldn't have to edit much but, well, working a lot makes brain mush
Isabel, no need to be computer savvy to do this! Pencil and paper would work just as well I found it much easier to get a grasp on the number of combinations using the drawings instead of just listing them, the visual is very powerful. I know you could make a lot of fab outfits with a few good basics and some fun tops and toppers!
There are a couple apps that use internet pics and photos you take yourself, but I think your drawings actually look better, Aida. The photos never turn out right in the app and the pieces don't layer correctly.
If anyone was able to develop a really solid wardrobe app, they'd make a killing.
what a great exercise. i am also impressed with your tech skills.
Fabulous! And here I was pleased with myself because I bought a sweater today that I can wear alone or with a jacket I already have. I have so far to go! Aida, can I take pictures of my clothes and send them to you for outfit ideas?
Cute! Curious, do these work in real life? I have a knack for envisioning great combos, only to find later that they aren't great once I put them on. You are probably better than me in that respect, though!
This is super duper cute!
DL, to get all those layering changes in place takes a lot of manipulation. I don't want to be the one to program that, but perhaps we need to find someone who would
Renae, if you post a few items I'd be more than happy to help you think of some new ways to wear them, as I'm sure other forum members would too Adding a scarf, pendant, vest, button-up shirt, etc. can quickly change the look of a sweater. I tend to wear my sweaters with few, if any, layers so I included a few layered looks here to try out.
Rae, I haven't tried these all on but I figure at least 2/3 should work which would still be over 30 outfits. I can usually tell in my head whether something will work or not, especially using items from my own closet since I am very familiar with all of them. I'm pretty sure the majority of these would "work" but some, especially the overly layered ones, may not quite fit with my style.
Mellllls and Bella, thanks!
SQUEEEE!!!!
PAPER DOLLS!!!!
Aida, that is seriously awesome. LOVE seeing all those combinations!
Whoaaa!!! That is amazing Aida! I'm out the door in a few minutes for date night, so I'll have to come back to this thread later tonight to digest it properly.
Aida- fabulous!! And so much fun! It reminds me of when I was maybe 10? and spent HOURS on end drawing paper dolls and all their clothes with colored pencils, copying directly from fashion magazines and catalogs and designing my own outfits, too. I wish I'd kept them, but of course as now, fashions change quickly and they soon lost their luster. Haha.
This is great, though. So creative and cool!
@Renae, don't dismay! YLFers are on their way! It is so fun to look at other ladies' choices, styles and post mine for "reviews." I have learned a lot already in the few weeks I've been on the forum.
HOW DID I MISS THIS????
So. Fab.
Oh.
Em.
Gee.
*plonk*
So cool, Aida. I used to draw pictures of my outfit everyday in a calendar when I was in Junior HS. What program do you draw with? I have the app for IPad, Stylebook, but it is cumbersome and the images don't transfer neatly.
Aida, this is awesome! All we need is a paper doll of you to go with the set. Your computerized drawings are more compelling pictures of the actual items from Polyvore, actually. What a great way to use your creativity and artistic skills towards creating endless combinations!
Ditto what Kari said; can you make an Aida sketch and we can print and cut and play paper dolls?
echoing DL; this is the best wardrobe planning exercise I've ever seen executed :D! You get an A+, and when you write the app we will all buy it!
eta, I do think there is value in fine-tuning these by trying them on; you could annotate the sketch with any modifications or photograph as you wear them.
Aida, I applaud the brilliant visual simplicity of your work! It is low-detail, but it communicates the looks of the ensembles very efficiently.
At some point I tried to make a wardrobe planner of my own, so I started obsessively redrawing garments in Illustrator, complete with all topstitching and belt loops and whatnots, and burned out not even mid-process... >_< And now I feel really, really stupid, LOL. Truly, simplicity is the root of all genius. Awesome!
LOVE this! I am blown away. I want to try it. I've been wondering how I can participate in this challenge since I am not mobile for a while. Drawing them is a great answer. Now I have to figure out how to sketch like this.
The visual really speaks for itself. It's amazing how a few simple items can be remixed in so many ways. I need to do something like this. This may really help me continue to wardrobe purge.
And most of these look like some really awesome outfits!
Oh! Thanks so much ladies I am highly amused that I wasn't the only one who loved paper dolls as a girl! My parents worked in architecture/interior decorating when I was young, so they used to have tons of amazing wallpaper sample books; when the new books came my sister and I got the old books and I used those to make all the fun clothing for my dolls. Good memories ^^
For those interested in the process, I did these in Photoshop but any basic drawing software would work. I used the black tank as a croquis, though drawing a real one would have been better; it was a pain to edit the sleeves so they lined up in each outfit and I certainly could have saved a lot of time if they all had the same angle and size. After drawing the basic items, I copied the pieces I needed for each outfit and then reassembled/edited as necessary. I do not think a computer is necessary for this, though I definitely feel the sketches are infinitely more useful than simply listing out the items in each outfit as text.
Lynne, I fully agree! I'm sure a good few of these work better in the drawing than they will in real life (like the layered dress outfits; after wearing the dress yesterday for the first time, I think layering with it is going to be tricky).
YuYu, that sounds like an ambitious endeavor! Do you still hope to finish your drawings? Maybe do one or two a day, with a few outfit creations as you go along? I am pretty lazy hence the simple drawings, plus I _was_ supposed to be working 0:) I was pretty surprised (and pleased) at how well the simple sketches worked to show not only each outfit, but really give such a strong visual impact of the entire exercise.
Lisa, you know one of the things I enjoyed about doing this is that I didn't have to sit and do it all at once. Once I'd selected the items, the outfit ideas just mulled in my brain; whenever I needed a few minutes break from work, I would sketch out a few of them. As I said, the visual really is much more powerful than writing it out especially if you want to get a sense of just HOW different outfits that all contain the same pieces can be. You could do something similar even using MSPaint
Aida, I've sort of temporarily given up on the project, because I realized that stuff that I own and wear just isn't worth the trouble, and needs to be replaced. Pretty much all of it. I am planning to make the drawings of my new clothes as I buy them. That would slowly build up to a handy outfit planner, which could also double as a neat portfolio of technical drawings.
Ooh that's a great idea YuYu! That way it's not so overwhelming, since it'd just be a few pieces at a time. I do hope you'll share a few of your new outfit drawings, I'd love to see them
Totally awesome Aida. I'm also blown away with your gorgeous interpretation of a clothing app and the combinations that you've made.
I've been working with lists and they don't work at all!
Kuddos...
Aida I love these - just like paper dolls! I much prefer them to lists ... | https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/natalies-remix-challenge |
Last month we looked at the different ways organisations get stuck, just like people do. In this article, we’ll think about how best to work with each type of “stuckness”. As you might imagine, we’ll be considering how coaches might best interface and work with each particular situation. Of course, even though we love models and they are very helpful in understanding what’s going on, each organisation is different and good coaches always start from the beginning and find out all the issues before rushing to a conclusion or classification. As they say, if your only tool is a hammer, then all problems look like nails!
Last month, we described the different ways in which organisations get stuck, as originally outlined in an article by Critchley and Casey. Here we explore the options for helping in each situation.
The Suppressed Organisation
These outfits rely heavily on rules and procedures. The organisation seems to be in a state of emotional withdrawal with its people using bureaucratic behaviour as a defensive measure to avoid anxiety. The temptation for the coach is to try to address the problem by encouraging them to explore their feelings and engage emotionally. This won’t work as that is exactly what they are so good at defending against. The better route is to focus on their behaviours and work to help them see that not changing will be a risk to survival. If they don’t see an overriding need to change their behaviour, then they won’t. Once change does start however, they may be more inclined to reconnect with their feelings but it’s probably not the place to start.
The Hysterical Organisation
The people in this kind of organisation respond with emotional excitability. In contrast to the Suppressed Organisation, they go overboard with their feelings and excitement but they find it hard to make sense of it in terms of the health of the organisation. Therefore, the way forward here is to show them how to think through a diagnosis of their situation without offering a ready made solution. Their feelings are the entry point but progress happens when they start to think and develop their own way forward.
The Knowing and Angry Organisation
These organisations are very strong on thinking and everyone will know what the problems are. Trying to compete with this is going to fail as they will play games and have probably thought it all through many times before but not taken any action. Therefore the route to take is one that concentrates on helping them experiment with new ways of doing things. This should help them start to feel better about the organisation and become less resentful, less resigned and more productive and influential. If the process is maintained, not only will they feel better about themselves they will also start to believe in the organisation again and have confidence in what it can achieve.
The Frightened Organisation
These are similar to the previous examples in that they have an underlying passivity which is an unwillingness to solve problems. In this case it is the unresolved fear of taking action that causes them to be stuck. The potential trap for a coach is to try to get them to do something, as this is exactly what they are afraid of, with the little voice whispering in their heads saying “…be careful,…it’s not safe….you’ll be sorry…”. In this case the aim is to try and rebuild trust and create safety around the key individuals. This can be achieved by thinking carefully alongside them to explore the situation and how they might deal with it differently. Diving straight into an emotionally focused team building event for example, would probably do more harm than good as people would feel exposed and the fear would grow, not diminish.
The Task Organisation
Organisations stuck here take themselves very seriously and do lots of things very efficiently but often miss the point and fail to make proper connections with clients and stakeholders. Internal relationships are very task dependent and there is much efficiency but no joy. Working with such outfits can be rather daunting as they appear to do everything really well already. Many helpers may make the mistake of being drawn in by the organisation and asked to be “better than they are” by coming up with the latest bright idea or organisational development. Instead, the best route would be to avoid being dragged into the tasks but concentrate on thinking, refocussing on process and consideration of how things get done. The aim is to move on eventually to feelings and how these change and adapt as the tasks get done. If they can use these feelings to really get down to the ultimate purpose of them as individuals and the organisation as a whole, then the frenetic task orientation may be diluted and they can move on.
As you can see, dealing with top teams, organisational structures and senior people more generally, can be quite a challenge. As we said at the start of this article, models aren’t reality but they are a useful way of trying to make sense of the data that flows all the time when working with individuals and groups. Ultimately, the good coach or adviser makes the best sense that they can of what they are observing, hearing and feeling and then tries sympathetically to identify and then address the issues.
If you recognise any of the situations or modes of behaviour in this article or last month's and would like to explore the issues in more depth, do please drop us an email or call us on +44 (0)1302 746430 to have a chat, as we would love to hear from you.
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Written by Steve Hinton
Steve Hinton is an experienced Executive Coach and Consultant working with Chief Executives, Managing Directors, Senior Executives and other leaders and can work with you to create exceptional and successful leadership teams.
Contact Steve for an informal chat, and take the first step toward your team's super success! | https://www.hintonsheerline.co.uk/blog/our-team-is-stuck-what-can-we-do |
The digital age is numbing the senses that are important to building relationships and positive interactions. I grew up watching our modes of communication evolve, but millennials and later generations have been raised with devices in their hands. Spoken voice and focused listening have evolved as people are using these tools less often and replacing them with digital. How did we get to this point, and how can we balance traditional and digital interaction so it’s not so askew? Any ideas?
I am guilty of allowing the scale to tip toward digital interaction. Like many today, I am a busy working parent. I control my children’s time on their connected devices, but somehow catch myself looking at my phone, my computer, or any other device – for scheduling, communicating, surfing, shopping and research. The old adage “do as I say, not as I do” comes to mind. At some point, I decided to cut the ties to paper and pencil and become a thumb-wielder using apps and online calendars to manage everything from volunteering to homework tracking. My career tools all went digital a while ago from Outlook, Zoom, Skype - all to keep up with everything that gives me “work/life balance” mode. I am a step away from "early adopter" status, but I miss the tradition of talking on the phone. I also miss the reliability (and clarity) of a wired line, but wireless is our future.
Through social media, there are many viral videos and articles about the effects that digital is creating like the lack of face-to-face communications skills of our newer generations. I worry about the generations losing these traditional strengths and tilting the scale even more towards a different way to interact. So, how addicted are adults to their smart phones? This 2017 mobile survey from Deloitte gives a clear rundown of the growth of smartphone addiction. We check our smart phones around 47 times a day. 80% of us check our phones immediately when we get up or go to sleep. 85% use it while actually talking to friends and family. 47% of us are trying to limit our own smart phone use. 30% of us are succeeding by keeping our phones in our pockets as not to be rude to others, turning notifications off, deleting apps, and turning phones off at night. 30% of the 100% of the 47% - those statistics are bleak.
Common Sense Media says that 89% of parents say the primary responsibility for limiting children's time spent on mobile devices is parents and caregivers. 50% of parents are somewhat concerned that these devices are negatively affecting their children’s mental health. We use these devices to research, compare, purchase, view and play. As a mom, I want my kids to look at me, talk to me, and connect on every level. I want them to communicate using more than their thumbs. As a strategist in the home, health and happiness categories, I am challenged to drive growth for my clients, reaching influencers and purchase decision-makers. As a consumer, I need the ability to buy quickly have things delivered to my front porch after searching, review analysis and chatting with friends. It is important to me that the experience is consistent and that goes beyond digital.
For a marketer, staying current and sharing purchase and use experience is catamount to driving results. If it happens to affect my personal purchases, then it’s a win-win. Don’t underrate the power of the customer’s voice. If you actually have the opportunity to hear them on the phone, watch how they shop in a store, and assess how they use their devices. Every conversation is research for me. I find customers today to be interesting and unique. Reading information about their behavior is just not enough for this customer experience junky. I want to see them using their phones to do price comparisons while in store, clicking through pages, researching and pushing the buy button while also plugging in a coupon code they found online. It's like winning the lottery for consumer behavior. Retaildive.com conducted a survey to see how consumers were using their phones in brick and mortar stores. The results prove that mobile is one of the biggest influencers to purchase decision making, but the experiences need to be improved and the connections of brick and mortar to digital, more seamless.
54% of them were checking or comparing prices, 40% were downloading coupons, and 58% were researching products. According to Deloitte and Forrester Research, over $.50 of every dollar spent in stores is influenced by digital interactions, however in a typical month, 69% of US internet users still purchase something in a brick-and-mortar store. 22% purchased online and 9% bought something online for in-store pickup. There was a slight skew toward internet users who started the research process online (53%) as opposed to in-store (48%). An interesting tidbit. Once a shopper started in a particular channel, most completed a purchase in that same way. Roughly 1/3 bought digitally when researching online, and 42% bought in-store when initiating research in a physical store.
Each of us have to determine how much digital is too much for ourselves, our families, and even for our consumers as I write this article on my Mac with my iPhone X sitting next to me on my desk between intermittent text responses to peers and family with my son on a Smart TV with his Nintendo Switch next to him, watching YouTube advice about FortNite. I go to bed lulling myself with my phone and awake to an app for meditation. FOMO comes to mind as I try to detox from digital.
Bill Gates says that "your most unhappy customers are your greatest source of learning." Customers demand and expect positive experiences, most of which are connected through digital. Integrated marketing is necessary for today’s over-exposed customer. Digital show-rooming has become the norm, so you must have a consistent in-store and out-of-store experience. If you care about your customer, every touch point must deliver the same positive experience. If the product experience fails with one customer but succeeds with another, you have to determine how to fix the failure and duplicate the success. Each experience must be crafted to satisfy the customer. If you lose that consistency, you will lose your customer-and s/he will most likely communicate their negative experiences - if left unsatisfied. This leads to more loss. This digital consumer megaphone is not going away, so how do we maintain positive experiences to ensure that we have covered every base in the customer experience continuum? We must fill the gaps with traditional communications and not always rely on digital communication as the answer.
In the book Leading on the Edge of Chaos, by Murphy and Murphy, acquiring new customers (to replace the ones you lost) is 5X more expensive than satisfying and retaining current customers. A 2% increase in customer retention is equal to decreasing your costs by 10%. If you can reduce your customer loss rate by 5%, you can also increase profitability by 25-125%. We have to understand the "why" behind the defection of each customer and not be afraid to make happy with some reward for their business. It is also important to stay in touch to ensure that we don't risk losing them again.
If you get a face-to-face customer interaction, then ask yourself, how would you want to be treated after this experience? What would have made you happy enough to return?
Read what your customers are saying – online, reviews, social media and analyze the phrases for consistently positive and negative trends. Develop ways to use or fix each situation on a consistent basis.
If digital is your mode of customer service, you must have strong written communication skills to get through a chat, a social post or email with a tough customer. Create rules for each to create response consistency.
You must understand customer needs and ask questions on what would satisfy them to know what options you have to keep them happy. Try to apply this consistently, as customers share their experiences with other customers.
Understand your budget for fixing the problem, you don’t want to go bankrupt while trying to satisfy the unreasonable customers.
Some customers are worth losing but replacing their revenue can be more expensive. With digital, everyone has a voice, and they have learned to use it. Anonymity allows them to do things in a passive aggressive way making it tough to remove some of the effects of these types of complaints. These digital relationships are not built from tradition, but they are becoming the new normal and must be nurtured to keep them healthy. Sir Richard Branson says "the key is to set realistic customer expectations, and then not to just meet them, but to exceed them - preferably in helpful and unexpected ways." I like the way he thinks. To be truly helpful and unexpected for your customer, you have to know how listen even when you aren't using your ears. In my next segment on customer experience, I will fill you in on some personal experiences that changed my mind about a certain grocery e-tailer.
Dana is a Chief Outsiders CMO, product and solutions strategist and customer experience specialist. She helps B2C and B2B companies identify growth opportunities using insights to develop, market and implement innovative products and services that meet the evolving needs of today's decision-maker. With successful leadership results in product strategy, development and brand marketing, Dana is passionate about delivering holistic product, brand, user and patient experiences at every touch point, transforming marketing teams, driving client revenue and profit. | https://www.chiefoutsiders.com/blog/tools-fill-digital-gaps-customer-experience |
Packing for a holiday is always difficult. There are so many things we feel we can’t live without, so we cram them into our suitcases only to find that they won’t close on the way back. This can be especially problematic when going away for large amounts of time. If you’re planning a trip for a month or more, be sure to read these tips for packing your luggage strategically.
Research Your Destination:
Before you begin to pack for your trip, it’s a good idea to do some research into your destination. Find out what the temperature will be, and whether there’s a chance of rain during hot weather. By doing this, you can pack the most appropriate clothing for your trip, without overloading yourself with coats and jackets you may not need.
Pack Multipurpose Outfits:
Clothing is one of the hardest things to pack when planning a trip. Most of us over pack, making sure that we have several different outfits for every occasion. By finding clothes that can be worn for different occasions (casual, yet classy), you can significantly reduce the amount you need to include. Don’t pack a dress that only goes with one of your jackets, because then you’ll need to pack that too. Make sure that all of your clothes match each other, so you can mix them up and create a number of different outfits from what you’ve got.
Leave what can be Bought:
Before cramming your bag full of toiletries and other items, check the prices of these things at your destination. See if it’s worth taking your hairspray and toothpaste, or if you can buy them for a reasonable price when you arrive. There’s no point weighing yourself down with excess luggage when you don’t need to. Take a small bag of toiletries in your handbag, and buy the rest when you arrive.
Roll up your Clothes:
Before you leave, experiment with the different ways of packing your clothes. A lot of the time, folding them up neatly and packing them on top of each other is not the most space efficient way to pack. Try rolling up your clothes and squeezing them in side by side. By doing this, you may save yourself a lot of space for other luggage.
If in Doubt, Leave it Behind:
If you’re in doubt as to whether you need to pack something or not, leave it behind. The chances are you can purchase most things at your destination if need be. Unless it’s absolutely essential, leave it behind, and save more room in your suitcase.
Packing for long trips can be stressful, but with these tips you’re sure to find it much easier and more efficient. Be sure to do your research, and leave behind anything that isn’t completely necessary for your trip. For more information about preparing for your departure, visit http://www.travelsim.net.au
. | https://flashpackerguy.com/strategically-pack-trips-month/ |
So are you sick of hearing about this topic yet?
Well if you are, fear not! This will be my official Winter 10×10 Wrap Up post and then you won’t need to hear about it for a good long while.
Hopefully you’re not sick of it yet, and are ready to dive into some of the things that I learned, some exciting new developments, and a look at the actual outfits that I wore each day.
So let’s get started shall we?
Lesson One:
It’s nice to have a very specific excuse to get dressed in the morning. I do typically change out of workout clothes or pajamas into real clothes (to feel more productive), but usually I do so with a bit of grumbling. Having this challenge made me excited to put on each new outfit. I’m wondering how I can channel that excitement into my daily task of getting dressed. Any ideas?
Lesson Two:
Now this was a big one folks, and it might not surprise you if you’ve been paying attention to my posts. I’ve learned that in a lot of ways I’ve been dressing for others instead of dressing for myself… and you know what? It hasn’t been working out. I’ve been unhappy with my outfits and the styling has felt way off. I think part of it is the format of my posting… planning all of my outfits out ahead of time. I’ve been getting in my head a bit too much I think. I have some ideas for how to change that with my spring capsule reveal (first week of March!), so stay tuned. I’m pretty excited about it actually.
Clothing lessons:
Lesson One:
I have come completely full circle on my Everlane denim. Surprising huh? What did it for me was figuring out that they really are meant to be worn lower and slouchier. Duh right? I know. I needed to stop trying to make them something that they are not and celebrating them for what they are. And I do have to say, despite all of my struggles, the denim does keep getting softer with each wear and so I think they are the type of jeans that get better with age. With that said, I still may try to sell them because I do think I could go down a size. If you’re thinking of ordering them, I would suggest going down at least one size (they will be tight at first, but they do stretch out).
Lesson Two:
I have been thinking for awhile that I may have completely transformed into a wearer of colors and this 10×0 completely convinced me of that. I did have the red striped shirt, but my pieces felt a bit blah. I do still really love my neutrals, but I’m realizing I like to thrown in a bit of color as well. This definitely will impact what my spring capsule looks like.
And finally! The big, overarching lesson from this capsule:
Thrifting! A conversation about thrifting was started that just absolutely blew my mind. The 10×10 community is pretty awesome on Instagram, and that showed itself when I brought up the topic that ethical fashion doesn’t always have to be about the ethically made garment (although that is super important too). For a lot of people, the entire movement isn’t accessible without going the route of thrifting or sewing. The conversation led to the creation of a hashtag (so exciting!), and it’s going to lead to some new conversations here at Truncation. I’ll be posting more specifically about all of this on Monday, but I wanted to let you know that I’m really excited about it and you should be too! 😉
And that’s it!
Hopefully you stuck to the bottom because here’s the fun part… you’ve been following along what I imagined I’d wear each day of the 10×10 challenge and now it’s time to see what I actually wore!
Sorry folks, didn’t make it out of lounge wear this day!
I had to forgo the tennis shoes in favor of my more slush appropriate shoes, but I changed into my Vans later on. You can’t see what’s under the coat, but it was my black sweatshirt. 🙂
Put my black converse on later in the day.
And there you go folks! My winter 10×10 wrapped up! Monday, we’ll get back to sharing some regular outfits and I’m excited to dip my toes into some other clothes for the remainder of this capsule!
Is everyone else who was doing it done? What are some lessons that you learned? Let me know in the comments!
Until next time, | https://karinemily.com/winter-10x10-wrap-learned-actually-wore/ |
The Rokeby Venus by Diego Velázquez is a good example of a very common illusion in many paintings:
Most viewers would say this picture depicts a woman viewing her own reflection in a mirror. But based on the orientation of the mirror, it's actually physically impossible for her to see her own reflection. Since we can see her face, then if she could see face in the mirror, her head would have to be positioned between us and the the mirror. At best all she would be able to see is us (or rather, the painter painting her picture).
Art critics have suggested that there's another problem with this particular painting. The head of Venus in the mirror is also much too large, they say: it's roughly the size of her face, which would be impossible if the observer were standing relatively close to Venus -- it should probably be at least half the size of the real thing (though if you assume the viewer is standing a relatively large distance away, this problem disappears).
Marco Bertamini, Richard Latto, and Alice Spooner confirmed this "Venus effect" by asking twelve observers to describe the picture in their own words. Seventy-five percent said it depicted a woman looking at herself in a mirror. So even though the situation they describe would be physically impossible, it's by far the most common explanation of what they see.
After looking a dozens of famous paintings involving people regarding themselves in mirrors, the researchers found that in most cases the painter made some effort to replicate the experience of looking in the mirror, not necessarily what the painter might have seen while painting. Take a look at these two pictures, for example:
The painting on the left, Vasari's Toilet of Venus, shows Venus looking at the familiar mirror. The image we see is a face looking back at her. But if this was a real scene, even acknowledging that she couldn't actually see herself in the mirror at the same time we do, the orientation of the face in the mirror is wrong, too. For us to see a face pointing to the left, the mirror would have to be much closer to use than Venus is. But from the position of the attendant's arm relative to Venus', it's impossible for that to be the case. So the painter couldn't have seen this view while he was making the painting.
The other painting, Couple with Mirror by Hans von Aachen, offers and even more implausible view. It's hard to imagine how it would be remotely possible to see the woman's face based on the orientation of the mirror in the painting. What's more, though it's difficult to see in this jpeg, the mirror-image's eyes are shifted to the left, looking back at the woman, while she stares straight ahead.
The researchers say that artists deliberately manipulated these images to create the impression we get when looking at ourselves in the mirror. If you can see your mirror image, it's always looking straight back at you, just like the images in the paintings appear to be looking back at their beholders. If the painters had actually painted these images the way they saw them, the effect may have been less realistic.
Bertamini, M., Latto, R., & Spooner, A. (2003). The Venus effect: people's understanding of mirror reflections in paintings Perception, 32 (5), 593-599 DOI: 10.1068/p3418
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More like this
one does have to remember... art is only an interpretation of real life, not a reflection.
sigh...
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Frankly, I don't think the artists have much choice in that matter - if the task is to illustrate the concept of 'somebody looking at themselves in a mirror', actually showing the subject's reflection (even if physically impossible) is probably the only way to communicate the idea immediately and directly.
If the artists had depicted realistic reflections (i.e. some nondescript corner of the other side of the room), arriving at the same concept of 'somebody looking at themselves in a mirror' would have required a certain degree of abstract thinking on the part of a viewer ('I see only another part of the room, but judging by the angle Venus would probably see her own reflection'), and thus prevented the immediate and emotional perception the artists likely wanted.
It would have been interesting to have had a kind of control group for this - if the paintings had been modified to feature realistic reflections, would the percentage of viewers that describe them as showing 'people looking at themselves' have gone up or down? I think it might actually have gone down, paradoxical as that might appear.
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I agree with Phillip - the 75% of people who declared that this was a painting of Venus looking at herself in the mirror were correct, even if this is not physically correct.
It would be interesting to see this experiment replicated with a photograph instead of a painting. We expect painterly shortcuts and tricks, but we usually expect a photograph to document reality.
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a tiny quibble,
her face could appear larger in the mirror if it were curved. I don't know when these types of mirrors were first made, but 'magnifying' mirrors are quite common now, especially for examining ones face. Not sure how hard it would be to make a good polished metal surface mirror with the right curvature.
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this is a case where the survey wording/methodology may have been misleading (not necessarily intentionally) enough to cause the "effect" that was supposedly observed.
when i look at these images, it is immediately obvious to me that they are not optically correct and that the mirrors' contents are not depicted realistically. but if you simply asked me to describe what was shown in the painting (which i would interpret to mean, describe what the artist was trying to represent), i might simply say it's a painting of someone looking in a mirror, even though i can see that it's not done in a physically accurate manner.
the full-text of the paper (available here http://www.liv.ac.uk/vp/Publications/BertaminiLattoSpooner2003.pdf ) does not give the word-for-word phrasing of the survey question, but says that they "asked twelve naive observers to describe the scene... Nine volunteered the description that Venus is looking at herself in the mirror."
this question does not seem remotely sufficient to determine whether people are falling for the impossible-reflection illusion--it's just asking what the contents of the painting are. there should be a follow-up question about the realism or accuracy of the depiction.
i think their results say more about a weak methodology than about the reality of a "venus effect."
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As for the size of the object in the mirror - take a mirror, and notice what percentage of it your face takes up. Then walk to the other side of the room, and look again.
Try it, you'll probably be surprised.
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What is more significant about this painting is how Venus' back is towards the viewer, and not her front, as conventionally seen with Venus paintings. Why would Velasquez have chosen the Venus to be in this position? Also, mirrors are often tools used by the artist to show off their painterly skills. Another sidenote, Velasquez' Rokeby painting was attacked TWICE by visitors!
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Here's another illusion: the picture seems to depict a cherub. Cherubs, in the sense of magical winged boys who can fly, are physically impossible. Therefore the picture doesn't *really* depict a cherub after all!
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Matthew:
But that doesn't work for someone else's face in a mirror.
Curious:
This article doesn't really address whether people fall for the illusion, but some other research by this same team suggests that people don't have a very good grasp of the basic physics behind mirrors, including some of the phenomena discussed here. What's most interesting to me is the clear evidence that artists must necessarily have been aware of the "deception" while creating the works, Alex M.'s joke notwithstanding.
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Sounds like an application of the Coconut Effect.
I.E. unrealistic things look more realistic because of how we're used to seeing them depicted. We always see coconuts as being brown hairy things with divots in them, so when we're presented with a green smooth-husked coconut straight off the tree, it's confusing and unrealistic looking.
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It's fiction. To use a parallel example in writing, if anyone wrote dialogue as it actually is (for example when you see it transcribed), it would be unreadable.
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I had an entirely different interpretation of the third picture: the couple's child (not actually in the picture, but would be at bottom) is looking at her reflection in the mirror held by her mother. The mother and father are not looking in the mirror, but just angling it correctly (imagine if the child had her hands full, asking her mother to hold it for her). Still a bit awkward though.
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Why is no one addressing the fact that the first one is of a naked broad on a hefty bag staring at a fat naked baby with a dead bird strapped to its back?
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This whole laboured discussion is based on a misperception. Velazquez's Venus isn't looking at herself in the mirror at all, she's looking at us. She sees the reflection of the onlooker's face, the onlooker sees the reflection of hers. The optical situation as depicted by Velazquez does actually work - not that that is really the point of the painting, it being a densely symbolic and enigmatic work of art, and all.
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Roberto Casati has documented a similar effect for shadows:
http://www.shadowes.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page#Recent_work_on_s…
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Nice blog about mirrors. When will you do smoke?!
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Top 10 Reasons Why the Mirror Reflection Looks Wrong:
10. The speed of light was slower back then
9. The artists all had defective vision, which also explains the short paint brushes
8. Quantum chromodynamics
7. Japanese artists are afraid of losing face
6. As the oil aged and cracked, so, too, did the mirror, distorting the image
5. The impressionists made a poor impression
4. The pointillists didn't see the point
3. The neo-classicists were trying to emulate "The Matrix"
2. The post-modernists got behind with their work (you can actually see the behind in the Rokeby Venus)
1. Hello Dali!
On a serious note, how, exactly, did Bertamini, Latto, & Spooner determine that the angles were wrong? Did they use real people to emulate the pictures, or did they simply do the math? Might the artists have used more than one mirror to get the reflection they wanted in some of those paintings?
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Thanks for another interesting "perspective" on art and perception. The comment threads are always interesting, too. Hope you'll continue to write more on related topics! Regarding the use of mirrors and reflections in paintings: perhaps the artist's intent in using mirrors as a device is to make a symbolic comment on narcissism, or self knowledge, or self reflection. The reflected image, whether larger than it should be, prettier or homelier than it should be, or however distorted it may be, is intended as metaphor, not a mathematically accurate depiction.
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It may only be me, but what you show here of Couple with Mirror (I assume this is cropped from the full image) appears not only to have problems with the mirror, but problems correctly showing the spacial relationship of objects. In particular, the mirror appears to be pointed at, well, nothing, yet it has an image in it. Very confusing to the eyes.
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Ian, you made my day!
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I would like to thank the author of the article and also those who wrote comments. It is nice to know that other people find mirrors interesting. Just a few quick notes to try and answer some questions:
1. We have tried to be careful not to make statements about what the artists intended. The Venus effect is not about that, it is about how observers interpret an image.
2. The Venus effect is not specific to paintings. Indeed the best examples are on TV and in movies. Actors can pretend that they see themselves nicely framed in a mirror while the camera is to the side, showing both actor and the actor's reflection. This is convenient because if the camera were to be behind the actor, without special effects, we would see it in the mirror.
3. We have tried with photographs and even in a real room, the Venus effect is very robust.
4. There are a few other interesting aspects of how we understand mirrors. The issue of size on the glass surface is fascinating, unfortunately it is too complicated to discuss in a couple of sentences (if interested take a look at Bertamini and Parks 2005 in Cognition).
5. What the article says about the size of the head is not correct. The image of the head does not have to be small, it is possible for it to be approximately the same as the head we see as long as we are not too close to the woman (roughly speaking some 6 or 7 meters away). See the paper I mentioned earlier for the geometrical analysis.
6. The "Couple with Mirror" is not cropped.
Thanks again!
Marco Bertamini
http://www.liv.ac.uk/vp/Publications/publications.html
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Blimey! You mean paintings don't actually reproduce accurately the optical image of the world in front of them? Well, there's news! We might learn next that the painting of Rokeby Venus's hair is not actually made up of separate hairs...
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Thanks for your comments, Marco. I fixed the post to clarify the issue with the size of Venus's reflection. | https://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2009/03/26/the-venus-effect-what-we-see-i |
News 8, WTNH-TV, came to Xavier recently to film a segment on how the college application process is being handled during these COVID-19 times.
Guidance counselors are meeting with students as they normally would, but there is a plexiglass divider between the counselor and the student. And, of course, the counselor and student wear a mask. Generally many college representatives visit Xavier, but these are all virtual visits now. Senior financial aid night was held virtually in mid-September instead of in person at the school.
So things are different, yet Xavier remains committed to finding the right college, the right fit, for each senior.
“We’re trying to have the students look at the school virtually, but having them still come to see us and working on their college applications and essays … keeping them doing exactly what we did before except for the plexiglass and masks,” Guidance Director Joan Tomasiello said. “The hard part is many have not physically been able to see schools.
“But let’s say they get into four schools. They still will have accepted student days next April, and God-willing, COVID-willing, they can go see the schools and decide then. They don’t have to make the decision until the last week of April. So we’ve been telling the kids if they can’t physically get there, they at least have that. I feel like we are doing things as normal as possible but not visiting schools is the hardest part.”
To view the News 8 segment, please click here. | https://www.xavierhighschool.org/apps/news/article/1312664 |
I have been to see Kerrie a number of times since and each time I take away something new from the experience. Now the clothes in my wardrobe nearly all compliment each other, shopping is efficient and enjoyable as I know how to find the things that will work for me and with my wardrobe and I find it easier to add the finishing touches that pull an outfit together.
After the last time I saw Kerrie I had about 30 photos of complete work outfits, including accessories. Each night before going to sleep I look through them and choose what I am going to wear the next day – it makes mornings so much less stressful! On the nights I don’t do it I often end up trying on lots of outfits and littering the bedroom with discarded clothes! | https://kerrieellis.co.uk/testimonials/ |
In this role, you will be reporting to the CMO and will be responsible for mentoring junior marketing professionals and building solid teams to perform in this competitive market. <br>
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We are currently supporting our Leicestershire client with the recruitment of an experienced Digital Marketing Executive.
This is an exciting opportunity to work in a stand-alone role providing an in-house marketing function to the company's overseas divisions. This role would suit a digital marketer with B2B marketing experience ideally gained within professional services and in an international context.
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- Proficiency in HTML, CSS, Adobe Creative Suite ideal but not essential
Salary and benefits: | https://www.vanillarecruitment.co.uk/jobs/digital-marketing-executive |
Digital Marketing Manager
Our Client is a successful global denim brand known for its on-trend product and contemporary styles. You will assist in developing the online strategy to maintain a competitive sales platform.
Reporting in the MD you will be responsible for managing the total digital experience of the brand. The purpose of the role is to promote the brand image consistently with a focus on improving the overall customer experience that will drive sales via eCommerce and traditional sales channels.
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Please note, only those applicants with relevant industry the experience will be contacted in relation to their application. | https://www.australiaatwork.com/view-job.php?job_id=161063 |
As a Junior Content Creator, your task is to conduct research and create engaging content for assigned category to be shared across various channels such as websites, social media platforms etc.
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As a Product Marketing Lead, you will be managing the branding and go-to-market strategy. You will oversee content strategy and the execution of communications and media actions across offline, online and social media.
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Public Relations and Media Relations Manager – Executive Solutions
The Public Relations and Communications Manager is responsible for the creation and implementation of proactive campaigns and reactive activity through traditional and new media relating to the Island Destination. Working closely with key stakeholders (internal, external and agencies) to ensure campaigns, messaging, tone of voice, and content is aligned to the brand values – pre, during and post activation. Support the digital and social media teams to oversee that the content is relevant and positioned correctly.
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• Develop, plan and manage the PR strategy to ensure a coherent content and messaging supporting the marketing and communications program to obtain high exposure and results.
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• Ensure the forefront of the media universe, tapping into our key and secondary source markets through our main communication channels.
• Create and manage the brand ambassador program for local and international markets.
• Liaise with relevant and targeted media and influencers to generate awareness amongst the target markets.
• Liaise with relevant influential online channels (for example Trip Advisor, Gleam) to encourage interaction and engagement. | http://uae-jobs.jobzed.com/public-relations-and-media-relations-manager-executive-solutions/ |
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