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General NotesStudents explore media and techniques used to create a variety of 2-D artworks through developing skills in drawing, painting, printmaking, and collage. Students practice, sketch, and manipulate the structural elements of art. Investigation of artworks from Western and non-Western cultures provide a means for students to expand their understanding and appreciation of the role of art in global culture. Student artists use an art criticism process to evaluate, explain, and measure artistic growth in personal or group works. This course incorporates hands-on activities and consumption of art materials. English Language Development ELD Standards Special Notes Section: Teachers are required to provide listening, speaking, reading and writing instruction that allows English language learners (ELL) to communicate for social and instructional purposes within the school setting. For the given level of English language proficiency and with visual, graphic, or interactive support, students will interact with grade level words, expressions, sentences and discourse to process or produce language necessary for academic success. The ELD standard should specify a relevant content area concept or topic of study chosen by curriculum developers and teachers which maximizes an ELL’s need for communication and social skills. To access an ELL supporting document which delineates performance definitions and descriptors, please click on the following link: http://www.cpalms.org/uploads/docs/standards/eld/SI.pdf For additional information on the development and implementation of the ELD standards, please contact the Bureau of Student Achievement through Language Acquisition at [email protected]. General Information Educator Certifications Student Resources Original Student Tutorials Learn how writers and speakers create arguments by stating a claim and backing it up with reasons and evidence. In this interactive tutorial, you'll hear speeches from candidates for Student Council President and complete practice exercises. Type: Original Student Tutorial Investigate the limiting factors of a Florida ecosystem and describe how these limiting factors affect one native population-the Florida Scrub-Jay. Type: Original Student Tutorial Investigate how temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions in this interactive tutorial. Type: Original Student Tutorial Tutorials This resource helps the user learn the three primary colors that are fundamental to human vision, learn the different colors in the visible spectrum, observe the resulting colors when two colors are added, and learn what white light is. A combination of text and a virtual manipulative allows the user to explore these concepts in multiple ways. Type: Tutorial The user will learn the three primary subtractive colors in the visible spectrum, explore the resulting colors when two subtractive colors interact with each other and explore the formation of black color. Type: Tutorial Parent Resources Teaching Ideas In this hands-on and web interactive project, students design and build a bird wing powerful enough to spin them in an office chair when it is flapped. By modifying the shape, size, and/or materials used in their design based on observations of natural and man-made transportation methods, students will learn about thrust, forces, durability, and energy use. Type: Teaching Idea In this hands-on and web interactive project, students design and build a machine inspired by animals where the entire structure flips or jumps (vertically or horizontally) using basic materials such as sticks and rubber bands. The students will explore concepts including power amplification, elastic potential energy, and kinetic energy by manipulating physical objects. Type: Teaching Idea Congratulations You have successfully created an account. A verifications link was sent to your email at . Please check your email and click on the link to confirm your email address and fully activate your iCPALMS account. Please check your spam folder.	https://www.cpalms.org/Public/PreviewCourse/Preview/13730
The present invention relates to displays and more particularly to a method and apparatus for implementing pixels in a two or three dimensional volume and to provide individual pixel intelligence. 2. Background Art Modern digital display devices commonly employ a two dimensional (2-D) array of pixel elements arranged in columns and rows. Each pixel typically contains a red, a green, and a blue element. Each sub-pixel or element is connected to one corresponding row wire trace and one column wire trace on the supporting substrate as shown in FIG. 1. For a typical M×N pixel display, the image is constructed by first loading each of the 3N column drivers with a separate digital value corresponding to the color amplitude of the sub-pixel for the first row. Then 3N Digital-to-Analog converters transform these digital values to a corresponding analog voltage for each sub-pixel. Column wire traces route this signal to every sub-pixel in that column. After the analog data is ready, the first row wire is momentarily set to an enable state that causes only the sub-pixels in the first row to sample their input value while the other rows ignore the input. When thus enabled, the circuitry in each sub-pixel captures and holds the sub-pixel display value. Each sub-pixel is designed to transform the applied analog voltage to a visible display appearance. After row 1 is thus activated, the process repeats for row 2, then row 3 etc. The fill order, or even the roles of the rows and columns, may be reversed by the designer. In this way, two 1-dimensional arrays of control wires are used to drive a 2-D display. The 2-D display described above can also be extended to 3-dimensions (3D) in at least two ways: 1) layering the 2D displays; or 2) true 3D fabrication. In either case, three 1-dimensional arrays are used to control the 3-dimensional display. FIG. 2 shows an implementation of a 3-D display of M×N×J pixels using layered 2-D displays. Each plane can be filled either in parallel or sequentially from the signal source. In a sequential implementation, the rastor scan is a 1-dimensional “row” (whose “columns” data is loaded in parallel for a single plane). The rastor scan steps through a 2-D pattern, first covering rows 1-M and then repeating to cover layers 1 through J. If the implementation allows all J layers to be loaded in parallel, the output scan shape becomes in effect, a plane that steps through a 1-D pattern to cover all “row” wireplanes in parallel. FIG. 3 shows a more truly 3-D (more symmetric) implementation of a 3-D display with M×N×J pixels. In this case each 1 dimensional control array output signal is routed in two (2) dimensions to all subpixels in a plane. The three control arrays correspond to three orthogonal wireplanes that collectively can uniquely address each pixel. The scan shape for this display is a 1-D line of pixels (tied to the XZ wireplane driver array in FIG. 3) that must step through a 2-D scan pattern to render the 3-D display. Such 2-D displays utilize complex two-dimensional mechanical structures normally consisting of substrates or superstrates with two or more individual electrical signal lines connected to each pixel to carry the image signal that is to be displayed. Implementing pixels in a 3-D volume is even more problematic, requiring a 3-D mechanical structure. Each of these structures consists of a multitude of microscopic elements fabricated within a relatively macroscopic matrix structure, which poses a difficult problem for fabrication and with inherent fragility that limits reliability of fabrication and operation. The nature of the matrix also requires a complex external mechanism be used to first create the signal image as a whole and then decompose it into individual signals to be routed to each sub-pixel in sequence. In so doing, the matrix mechanism limits how the pixels can be controlled: Pixels must take turns with only one row for 2D or true 3D displays or one plane for layered 3D displays receiving a signal at any time. Because of this approach, the display update rates are limited by the time it takes to propagate the raster “scan shape” down one row or plane at a time in order to refresh all pixels. The above-mentioned problems with conventional displays are inherent in most or all current mass-produced displays. The cost of fabricating the conventional display limits low-end display cost. The complexity and fragility of the fabricated display ensures that most displays will develop, when manufactured or subsequently during operation, one or more pixels that are defective and reduces the perfection of the display image. Building larger displays can be approximated in some situations by using multiple independent smaller display assemblies. This can increase production yield, but does not reduce significantly the manufacturing precision requirements or fragility problems. The display industry has spent decades solving these difficult manufacturing problems in order to manufacture higher resolution, larger displays with microscopic pixel elements embedded in a macroscopic matrix with sufficient repeatability to produce modestly priced, modestly reliable displays of a limited size. For general purpose imaging displays, all manufacturers' design solutions seem to be similar. All solutions are aimed at meeting the challenge of performing the difficult mechanical fabrication as well as possible. Some prior art references attempt to solve some of the problems raised above, but fail to accomplish a solution as disclosed in this patent application. These include U.S. Pat. No. 5,838,337, entitled “Graphic system including a plurality of one chip semiconductor integrated circuit devices for displaying pixel data on a graphic display” which teaches a method for storing graphic data and a circuit using the method which enables a higher-speed execution of dyadic and arithmetic operations on graphic data with a memory circuit which performs read, modify, and write operations in a write cycle so that the number of dynamic steps is greatly reduced in the software section of the graphic processing. This method supports a display device having a graphic display area, which includes a plurality of display portions and a plurality of one-chip semiconductor integrated circuit devices. Another prior art device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,850 entitled “Portable large scale image display system”. This device is a large scale, portable light emitting diode image display system including one or more display panels comprising a web or netlike structure, preferably formed of interconnected flexible foldable strap members arranged in plural vertical columns and horizontal rows. Yet another prior art device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,290 entitled “High-rise building with large-scale display device inside transparent glass exterior”. This invention is a high-rise building with a large-scale display device on its exterior consisting of a large scale display device which can be constructed inside the transparent glass exterior by installing multiple modules in rows and columns. Because of their dependence on a row/column structure, the prior art approaches have similar problems for rendering a large display in a 3-D volume or 2-D displays in a non-rectangular shape. These problems include that prior art displays are very complex mechanically and require expensive, highly engineered manufacturing tooling and processes to produce acceptable yields for large displays and production of displays much larger than those currently available are desirable, but made costly or impractical by yield limitations as display resolution increases. A number of undesirable design and manufacturing constraints are inherent to current techniques. These include: a) precision manufacturing of microscopic elements in a macroscopic structure; b) making pixels part of a large physically-monolithic matrix makes bad pixels in displays difficult to repair; c) use of row-column encoding in the matrix to get the activation signal to each pixel means that the rest of the display is inaccessible while each raster set of the pixels is receiving its value. Such a display cannot directly accept stroke inputs or multiple inputs; and tends to have a lower maximum refresh rate. d) it is difficult to flexibly omit portions of rows or columns in order to make a display that is not rectangular in shape. Further, using the prior art techniques to implement pixels in a 3-D volume would require several extraneous elements, such as row, column wiring and potentially layer wiring to each pixel, row and column decoding circuits, and drivers that are located outside of the pixels themselves, and additional software and memory resources added to the image generator to support mixing signals from multiple sources. There are no known displays that replace one or more of the wires routed individually to each pixel row or sub-pixel column with a signal that is available from a single source in common to all pixels or use internal pixel controls as provided in the present invention. The present invention is a departure from common display technologies presently in use which rely upon external means to determine how each pixel will respond to each part of a time-varying image signal. Examples of display types include light emitting diodes (LED) and liquid crystal displays (LCD), video raster displays, stroke displays such as analog oscilloscopes, advertising displays with lamps or elements controlled through dedicated point to point wiring and motion picture projection that uses external film to determine image appearance at each point of the image in parallel. The unique and new aspect of the present invention is the relocation of the pixel control “intelligence” from outside of the display material to the inside of the display material or the pixel itself. Each display element identifies its own position or pixel identification. The display signal can be injected into the signal-conducting display media from a single point without special decoding. Each pixel element's algorithm decides when to activate and the value to display. The algorithm can be enhanced to allow the display to modify itself if defined events occur in the display. This function is presently done in a display generator. The pixels can also be disabled and removed if they malfunction. Since each pixel is autonomous, each can be made programmable. A primary object of the present invention is to eliminate the physical row and column (and layer) organization of displays and their attendant restrictions on display form, fabrication, and scan pattern. The primary advantages of the present invention is that it simplifies the manufacture of certain displays, it allows unlimited novel display scales and shapes, and it allows single or multiple simultaneous scan patterns to be rendered in the display, including combinations of random access (stroke) scan patterns and rastorized scan patterns. Other objects, advantages and novel features, and further scope of applicability of the present invention will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and, in part, will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate several embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings: FIG. 1 shows a typical prior art 2-D color display. FIG. 2 shows a prior art 3-D color display using a layering technique. FIG. 3 shows a prior art 3-D color display using true 3-D technique. FIG. 4 shows a schematic of the generic functional elements of the preferred display. FIG. 5A shows use in a video or computer display. FIG. 5B depicts an irregular shaped display. FIG. 5C shows a scattered pixel display. FIG. 5D shows a large display. FIG. 5E shows a very large display that encompasses square miles of area. FIGS. 5E and 5F show two types of 3-D displays. FIG. 6A shows a preferable construction of a billboard-scale display. FIG. 6B depicts the preferable carrier for the billboard display of FIG. 6A. The present invention is a novel apparatus and method for rendering displays; instead of commonly used methods of generating a display, the present invention makes each of the pixels internally intelligent. FIG. 4 shows the generic functional elements of the preferred display in a schematic depiction. A 2-D or 3-D display 100, with not-necessarily-rectangular sides is filled with a plurality of self-decoding pixel assemblies 102. FIG. 4 shows an exploded functional diagram of pixel assembly 102. The implementation technology of the pixel assembly 102 can encompass any available technologies including mechanical, micro-electromechanical, electronic, photonic, chemical, biological or other. Each pixel assembly 102 preferably has the means to obtain power from a power source 104 to operate the pixel and a positioning or identity sensor 106. Positioning or identity sensor 106 can be a sonic, electrical, electromagnetic, gravitational, pressure, or satellite navigation sensor to access absolute or relative position of pixels using a defined coordinate system. Pixel assemblies 102 may also contain similarly diverse types of output transducers to allow them to participate in cooperatively determining the relative positioning of the pixel set. Additionally, pixel assemblies 102 preferably have a management function structure 108 for receipt of control signals as needed to manage pixel operation. Some examples of management functions are: ON/OFF control, brightness control, contrast control, color control, control of pixel algorithm reprogramming, control means to coordinate action with adjacent pixels, Built-In-Test control and reporting, pixel repair/removal mode control, and other controls. Some of these may require additional input signals that are applied to the pixels. Pixel assemblies will also preferably have a pixel decoder 110 for decoding external image signals to determine the intended display state at the pixel's location and activate the pixel as required. The decoder may include multiple input channels to allow drawing of multiple simultaneous scans to the display. Since the pixels and display inputs may not precisely be aligned, the pixel decoder will preferably use an algorithm—nearest value, interpolation, or other—to assign the exact pixel value. The decoder 110 may also receive inputs from adjacent pixel transducers to allow cooperative action such as anti-aliasing, masking of dead pixels, special effect modes, localized special behavior and other functions. A pixel activator 112 is also preferably included to produce two or more observable or operative output states. Observable states may include on/off, greyscale-monochrome, color, and others. Operative states may include transparency/opacity states, reflectivity states, or transmissivity states that alter the flow or emission of visible or invisible electromagnetic radiation, particles, or fluids at the pixel location. Each of the pixel assemblies 102 is disposed on/within one or more conductive media 114 which is used to convey the various external signals to the pixel assembly 102. All pixel assemblies 102 share the conductive media 114 without individual wiring from any external entity. Examples of the preferred conductive media 114 include conductive planes bounding pixel layers for analog or serial electrical signals, transparent material or vacuum for infrared or other electromagnetic transmission; solid or fluid material for electrical, sonic, fluid motion, biological, or chemical signals. Further, all pixels share a positional or identity signal source 120 which can be a coordinate system with X, Y, and optionally Z axes, for communicating with positioning or identity sensor 106 within the pixel. Positional or identity signal source 120 can be either external or emitted by the pixel assemblies 102 themselves. The system also preferably has one or more image signal generators 122 for providing one or more image signal sources. A power source 124 is also needed to provide power or energy to power the system 104. Power source 124 is nominally external to pixel assembly 102, but could be integrated into each pixel. The power source may be chemical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, solar, wind/fluid-flow, electromagnetic, magnetic, radioactive, energetic particle, or other well-known devices. Control signals 124 provide the desired behavior control for the pixel assembly 102 and may be received from a combination of external and inter-pixel sources as required. With the abolition of individual wiring to pixels as defined in this invention, displays can be of any size from square micro-inches to square miles. Many embodiments of this invention are possible depending on the size and the optical and performance characteristics desired. Examples of these embodiments are: FIG. 5A shows use in video or computer displays. This embodiment can include multiple inputs and mixed stroke and raster displays. FIG. 5B depicts an irregular shaped display. FIG. 5C shows a scattered pixel display. FIG. 5D shows a large display and FIG. 5E shows a very large display that encompasses square miles of area. FIGS. 5E and 5F show two types of 3-D displays. Each of these embodiments uses the aforementioned internal intelligent pixel configuration and design. An example of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6, the construction of a billboard-scale display. FIG. 6 shows how individual pixels 200 could be constructed and used in a billboard-scale display in accordance with this invention. A printed circuit board (PCB) 210 supports light emitting diodes 212 to act as red-green-blue sub-pixels. Circuitry components 214 mounted on PCB 210 include all electronics and ultrasonic sensors. A carrier 202 is used to provide the remaining electrical and mechanical elements of an autonomous pixel 200. A lower rim 220 of the carrier 202 is a conductor that serves as a return. A similar upper rim 222 serves as the primary input signal conductor. A mounting plate 224 receives and holds the PCB 200 in contact with carrier pads 226 bonded via conductors 228 to the upper 222 and lower 252 rims. A spring insulator 230 holds the upper 222 and lower rims 220 apart but allows them to be squeezed together. A complete pixel assembly 204 is formed when PCB 200 and carrier 202 are combined as shown. The components of the carrier 202 may be designed to separate from each other and from the pixel assembly 200 when the pixel assembly 200 (or external maintenance equipment) initiates a pixel destruct action to allow the pixel to drop out of its position in the display. Multiple pixels 244 are inserted into billboard assembly 206. Billboard assembly 206 consists of two conductive plates. Rear plate 240 is a conductor. Front plate 242 is a transparent or partially transparent conductive plate. The two plates 240, 242 carry power, image signal and control signals. A pair of linear ultrasonic transducers 246 on the top and bottom of the display area emits sonic pulses from opposite sides of the display as reference signals that each pixel assembly 204 uses to determine its vertical position in the display. A similar pair of transducers 248 on the ends of the display is used to sense horizontal position. A control box 250 provides power and image signals to the billboard rear plate 240 and front plate 242 and position timing signals to the ultrasonic transducers 246, 248 and the image signal. Multiple pixels 244 are squeezed between the plates 246, 248 so that the upper rim 222 and lower rim 252 contact the rear conductor plate 240 and front conductor plate 242. Common power from the plates 240, 242 energizes the pixel assemblies 204. The image signal is similarly delivered to all pixel assemblies 204 electrically. Each ultrasonic transducer 240, 248 in each axis emits coded pulses that the pixel assembly 204 times to assess its position. Each pixel assembly 204 monitors the video signal (e.g. raster or stroke with embedded XY tags) and turns on and holds the image value appropriate to the XY position of each individual pixel assembly 204. Each pixel assembly 204 does this independently. The pixel assembly 200 may be designed to include built-in-test capability to detect malfunctions and means to initiate mechanical breakup of the combined pixel so that its components fall to the bottom of the display and its place is filled in by the settling of other pixels 244. The mechanization of the position detection means, power means, image signal transmission means, and pixel control means are incidental to the operation of the invention. This display embodiment may be altered to create spherical or other pixel configurations to create a 3-D volume display. The present invention supports displays that accept multiple independent image input sources and display them simultaneously. It also supports displays with random access and stroke input capability to allow pixels to be activated in a non-raster fashion. This capability can be supported in combination with one or more simultaneous raster inputs. Pixel visual mechanisms can use any means to create a visible image, including light emitting, light filtering, light absorbing, light reflecting using electrical, chemical, electromechanical, and mechanical or other means. Because there is no physical row-column wiring, the display can have multiple novel attributes including regular, irregular or variable-shapes; fixed/variable pixel-density; and contiguous/discontiguous areas. Construction of the display may include fixed (fabricated-in-place) pixels or movable, interchangeable pixels including pixels that have fluid-like properties that can be “poured” or “pressed” into a 2- or 3-dimensional cavity. Optionally, such fluid-like pixels can be designed to self-destruct or otherwise remove themselves from the display if they fail so that their place can be automatically filled by another pixel. This invention includes displays that do not require a precision substrate or any substrate. A large display can be made by suspending autonomous pixels on a simple fiber mesh. Substrate-less displays can be created by simply scattering autonomous pixels on a surface or by floating pixels in water, air, or space, etc. Displays of any scale can be created. Standalone pixels using batteries, solar or other power sources and radio positioning and image signals could be used to create outdoor displays. Integrated circuits can be used to create desktop and television-scale 2-D and 3-D displays. With the advent of suitable micro-electromechanical, molecular, or atomic-scale circuitry fabrication techniques, higher density and smaller displays can be fabricated. Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of all references, applications, patents, and publications cited above, are hereby incorporated by reference.	http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0043003.html
Encom EM Vision is an interactive program for the earth sciences. Applications include mineral exploration, engineering geophysics, groundwater studies, salinity investigations and pollution monitoring. Encom EM Vision allows you to display, analyse and manipulate time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) data in a variety of ways, and to control forward and inverse modelling. key elements in the design of EM Vision are its speed and ease of use. Fast computation and the ability to access large amounts of memory allows EM Vision to read, manipulate and simulate large datasets rapidly (including airborne data). EM Vision supports single and complex displays for TDEM data. You can use EM Vision for filtering data, mathematical operations, resistivity and conductivity conversions plus decay analysis. The EM Vision software is the result of collaborative research by the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), Encom Technology and the exploration industry through AMIRA (Australian Minerals Industries Research Association Ltd).	http://poqsoft.com/gis/774.html
Crowdskout’s Power Editor allows you to query off of Crowdskout Query Language. Crowdskout Query Language is based on Structured Query Language (SQL) which is a programming language used to retrieve data from your database. You can segment on any data point or interaction that is found in your account. The major difference between the regular segmenting interface and Power Editor is that you can choose groupings of data using the AND, OR, and NOT functions. This allows you to drill down on mixtures of data points from the same field at once. For instance, if you want to see all the people who clicked OR unsubscribed to an email, this is where you can create those segment commands. Technical Terms: Before explaining how to use Power Editor, let’s define some technical language: Queries: Queries are commands that are used to retrieve the profiles in your account that meet certain criteria set. These can have multiple lines of criteria in a query that filters your data in Power Editor. Boolean operators are used to string queries together to create a unique subset of your audience. These are created by putting together criterions and filters. Queries are written in a specific language, Crowdskout Query Language, which is a simplified version of SQL. Criterions and Values: Filters: This example shows the criterion: Phone Call, and its filters: PhoneCallName = "Test", CallResult = "Successful", PhoneCallUser = "Peter Test.” This query will show all the people who received the phone call named “Test” by Peter Test that was successful. Boolean Operators: If there are multiple criterion and filters in a query string that are unique of one another, they will need to be separated by Boolean Operators. We call these the “AND,” “OR,” and the “NOT” functions in Crowdskout. These function to combine multiple queries together to make one long query string to segment your data. The AND Function: Choosing the “AND” function between two or more query strings will display all the profiles that match both of the criterions or filters you selected. For example, if you have the query: The results will show only people who are veterans AND male AND who are also Hispanic. Additionally, the first query in your string auto starts with an “AND” function even though it is not visibly written in the string. For example, if you have the query: The results will show all the people in your database who match the criterion of being a veteran. You can start out a query by using another boolean operator (AND/OR/AND NOT function) to put multiple queries together. The OR Function: The “OR” function enables you to choose multiple data points without them being mutually exclusive. For example, you could create a query that segments on all the people who have been sent an email OR have filled out a form on your website. Using the “OR” function makes the audience in a segment larger. f you create a segment based on emails sent and form fills in basic segmenting, the universe that would be selected would be all the people who have been sent both an email AND have filled out a form on your website. The NOT Function: The NOT function refines your segments by excluding data that matches your criteria and filters. An example of this would be: This query would show you all the profiles that ARE NOT male. This function is especially helpful for attributes (such as custom tags and custom radios) that only have one option. An example would be a custom radio attribute that is named “Favorite Color is Red” that only has the option “Yes.” By putting the NOT function in front of the criterion (Favorite Color is Red = “Yes”) this would show all the people in your database that have NOT been tagged as their favorite color being red. Parentheses: Parentheses punctuation marks are used to separate individual query criterion and filters from one another. They make sure the criterion and filters are contained and are separated from the boolean operators (the AND, OR, and the AND NOT functions). Take this query for example: The single parentheses keep the criterion of Veteran and Gender independent of one another. It also allows the boolean operator to join both criterions and filters together to make one query. You can put another set of parenthesis around a query string to separate queries from one another. You can add multiple parentheses around a query string to separate queries from one another. Here’s an example: The above query will show all the people who voted in both the 2012 AND 2008 Missouri General elections but did not vote in the 2014 OR 2008 Missouri primaries. As you can see the double parentheses keeps the queries separated so the criterion and filters from the first set does not affect the second set in double parentheses. The two sets are mutually exclusive. The double parentheses are required separate the 2012 and 2008 Missouri General Election voter with voters who did not vote in the 2014 or 2008 Missouri Primaries. For more information about creating queries in Power Editor, check out our FAQ on how to use Power Editor.	http://support.crowdskout.com/en/articles/886693-power-user-guide-power-editor
Automate Windows tasks and manipulate Windows functions, with AutoIt AutoIt is a free scripting language able to automate a lot of tasks in Windows. Its was designed for PC “roll out” situations to reliably automate and configure thousands of PCs. AutoIt has evolved and become a language that supports very complex expressions and functions. You can use AutoIt to script mouse movements and keystrokes, to handle processes and interact with Windows. AutoIt can create GUIs. It can also cooperate with Windows DLLs and APIs. The program provides detailed documentation, and more.	https://www.thefreewindows.com/1223/automate-windows-tasks-with-autoit/
Singleton — restricts the creation of a class to a single instance, and provides access to that single instance. Factory — used when we have a superclass with multiple subclasses and we need to return a subclass based on input. Abstract factory — uses a super factory to create factories, which we then use to create objects. Builder — used to create complex objects using simple objects. It gradually creates a large object from a small, simple object. Prototype — helps improve performance when creating duplicate objects; instead of creating a new object, it creates and returns a clone of an existing object. Adapter — a converter between two incompatible objects. We can use the adapter pattern to combine two incompatible interfaces. Composite — uses one class to represent a tree structure. Proxy — provides the functionality of another class. Flyweight — reuses objects instead of creating a large number of similar objects. Facade — provides a simple interface for a client, which uses the interface to interact with the system. Bridge — makes specific classes independent from classes implementing an interface. Decorator — adds new functionality to an existing object without tying into its structure. Template method — defines a basic algorithm and allows descendants to override some steps of the algorithm without changing its overall structure. Mediator — provides an intermediary class that handles all communication between different classes. Chain of responsibility — makes it possible to avoid strict dependence between the sender and receiver of a request; moreover, the request can be processed by several objects. Observer — allows one object to monitor and respond to events occurring in other objects. Strategy — allows for strategies (algorithms) to be changed at run time. Command — an interface that declares a method for performing a specific action. State — allows an object to change its behavior depending on its state. Visitor — used to simplify operations on groups of related objects. Interpreter — defines a grammar for a simple language in the problem domain. Iterator — sequentially accesses elements of a collection without knowing its underlying form. Memento — used to store an object's state; this state can be restored later.	https://codegym.cc/groups/posts/design-patterns-in-java
VisIt has evolved from a simple prototype into the application that we have today and perhaps we could have done some things differently. In addition, the machines that we run on are starting to look different. Here is a list of ideas that I've jotted down over the past couple of years would be nice to include in UberVisIt. These are in no particular order: Brad's list - Asynchronous mdserver/engine interfaces - would allow for multiple engines to do progress simultaneously - would allow for regular viewer behavior -- no more waiting for engine output and hoping the vis window remains responsive. - Make viewer teach client about the state object structures so we can write clients in other languages without having to provide state object plugins. Viewer would send attribute subject descriptions to client where the client could assemble them into a tree data structure of all of VisIt's state. Xfer could update into this structure. - Make the viewer UI be created via a plugin or shared library that implements the UI components. This could allow us to implement different viewer UI's more effectively. It also could allow us to create a UI that embeds the viewer in another application's main window. Example: embed the viewer into a Java app. Make the viewer callable without a client[reverse launch] Make it easier to create new clients. Plugins and startup sequence are complex for a client right now.[embedded viewer apps] - Perhaps make a kvisit that looks like a koffice application with MDI, koffice look & feel. - Make it possible to incorporate all components in a single address space, if desired. All components would share the event loop or execute on different threads. - Add pipe connection mode for local host connections - Add shared memory communication between viewer/engine for local connections so we could allocate our VTK objects into it, making transfer from engine to viewer unnecessary. This could be a large speed increase on local Windows systems with largish datasets. - Allow for parallelism over time -- with speculation if there are enough procs. This, along with the millions of procs requirement, means that there will need to be several master processes within the entire program group and they can coordinate the actions of their slaves. It might even be that some procs perform specialized roles. We could make the mpi communicator part of the pipeline attributes so it gets used instead of global communicator. This could also help with parallel error handling. - Parallel error handling - Engine interruption that works in parallel - Allow for the engine's components to be multithreaded instead of MPI to make lighter-weight use of multicore procs. This would remove requirement for MPI on platforms like Windows, which would be a good feature. - Streaming from data read to SR rendering so we don't have to have all of the dataset in core at once. - MPI and threaded engine to run on 1.5M cores. - Animated plots (e.g. balls along a stream line, textured flow, bending beams) - Textures for things like the FilledBoundary plot (procedural textures, ...) Example: FilledBoundary plot of geological strata could use different procedural textures for different strata. - Faster vis window that dispatches events better to our event handlers. -- Might need to be completely re-written? - Render to texture and then texture a single polygon on the screen for when we're not interacting via rotation, etc. This would not really cost anything but it would make expose events much cheaper. - Fast pick mode (rasterize values into an image and display balloon with the data as you mouse over) - Scriptable GUI, customizable menus - File readers: less work in constructor. Change to "Identify" method that tries to do the hard work of identifying the first file. - Allow nested .visit file or .visit file composed of many file formats - Allow for .visit file to union 2+ file formats together to create combined metadata. The database would then route requests for a variable to the right plugin for the file being accessed. Make it possible to statically link a version of the code[done] Cross-platform make system (cmake)[done] - Cross-platform testing Ability to get more metadata about dataset to show in the plot attributes. An example would be showing a histogram in the Volume plot attributes. We'd like this before the real plot is executed[done PlotInfoAttributes] - More intelligent caching/compression of actors - Add dictionary to pipeline contract so plots/operators/expressions can tack on different data for enabled components and database readers. - Multiple viewports - Heck, make the vis window be a web page or powerpoint-like environment that can have vis-windows as elements. This assumes an integrated annotation mode. - Good text and font support in OpenGL rendering, Greek fonts, equation rendering Python-based expressions and queries[Cyrus did it for 2.0] - Expression plugins - Query plugins - Control query output format via style sheet... - Expressions that can be dynamically compiled and concatenated into a new expression that operates on data all at once. For example, expression classes could have a virtual method that returns whether they operate on just a local array element. The expression could also have a method to return its C++ code as a string. If all of the expressions used to make up an expression have true for that method and all of the data is the same (zonal, nodal) then the C++ code from all of the expressions could be combined into a new C++ expression that could be dynamically compiled and applied to the data once, saving memory and probably making the calculation faster. This process could be used on subtrees of an expression if the whole expression does not meet the criteria outlined. - Execute different branches of expression tree on multiple processors when dealing with single block data if procs > 1. This would allow some concurrency when executing expression sub-trees with no dependencies. - Better caching of pipelines on the engine. - Better library organization and coding practices. Use namespaces. - Low res preview image/dataset while rotating plots - Collaborative vis environment -- users have viewers at different sites that look at same data using same compute engine resource. Implement chat, scribble on vis window pen, etc. - Edge, face data - Higher order elements - Ability to save the output of a plot as a new database from which further plots could be made. - Add a tab in the File Selection Window to better support finding simulations as they are currently implemented - Ability to connect VisIt to external file systems (LDAP, ftp) so we could retrieve data from storage or data warehouses. - Finish LIC plot, make it fast. - Pervasive use of advanced OpenGL rendering capabilities - DirectX implementation of graphics rendering for windows? - AMR with no holes at patch boundaries -- automatically create intermediate mesh to deal with the resolution changes - Improved display of file metadata in File information window (tree view) - Operator that reads Paraview's XML files so it would be able to mimic any pipeline that can be set up in Paraview. - Simplify AVT inheritance. Could sink/source go away? Maybe everything is just a filter? - Add support for meshless variables and extend expression language to manipulate them. Specifically, a meshless variable would be an array read from the database that is not associated with any mesh. As an array, it could have N dimensions so indexing the individual elements is necessary. Slicing/copying elements to new meshless arrays is needed as are expressions to combine multiple meshless arrays into meshes. Example: take x,y,z arrays and make a point mesh or rectilinear mesh. Also, map meshless array onto a mesh like conn_cmfe. - Make it possible to use query output in annotations - Ability to add associations to custom tools. For example, support adding custom movie encoders, text editors, 1d-plotting, etc. - Embed VisIt "document" in a MS document and be able to edit the plots in-line within Word/PowerPoint, etc. I saw this once with Visio, a diagram editing app. - Package VisIt a version of VisIt that can be used from a Web page. That is, the remote side of VisIt could serve up images for a web site. Maybe a pure Java lightweight viewer could communicate with a full-blown compute engine on a remote computer. Requires Java implementation of EngineProxy, maybe a daemon. - Take a VisIt plot/operator pipeline and encapsulate it into a new plot and give the user controls for designing a custom UI for it. - Take a VisIt plot/operator pipeline and give the user enough controls to drill down into the pipeline, showing the various filters that make up each plot/operator. This would give the user a network designer interface. - Keyframing of absolutely everything. This requires the viewer state to be much more centralized. - Unlimited undo capability in gui/viewer, benefits from more centralized state - Ability to redistribute data among processors, redecomposing a problem when appropriate. Mostly, I'd like automatic support for decomposing single block data among many processors - Ability to delegate certain operations to the data reader. - Is it possible to have VisIt's viewer connect to a front end engine manager that would intercept engine RPC's and dynamically recompile a small, static engine based on the requested pipeline? This is geared towards getting VisIt working on machines with simple OS, small memory. Could we allocate nodes and then keep running other programs into them? I can allocate procs using MOAB and then do multiple sruns with different programs. Could the "engine manager" do this by spawning srun commands with the tiny engine programs. - Agressive platform-specific optimization of certain filters. - When in SR mode, only process domains that fit in the current current view. If view changes, process any missing data and cache. - Ruler that can be inserted into a scene for sense of scale and for measuring. Improved libsim (there's a wiki page for this in here somewhere)[done] - Would it be possible or desirable to provide Python wrappers for AVT filters so you could create small Python programs (similar to visitconvert) to do custom analysis? - Should the engine executable be Python and then we just "import visitengine", set up an engine, and execute? I ask because as Python filters are added, we need a Python interpreter somewhere. We'd currently have to embed that interpreter in the engine somewhere, which is kind of a sucky approach. It might be better to just have the engine be Python. - Add Earth plot that lets you pick various data files for earth texture, ocean temp, bathymetry, cloud cover, height, etc that lets us render a beautiful Earth with data. It would be sweet if we could map GIS vector data to it (roads, country outlines). - Add a Cartography operator that lets us apply various Cartographical map projections to data.	http://www.visitusers.org/index.php?title=%C3%9CberVisIt
Lessons from Antwerp: Designing Child Friendly Neighbourhoods Image: Children demand the right to healthy air in Belgium. Photo: MO News In numerous cities around the world, children and young people are increasingly frustrated with the inaction of governments relating to the climate change emergency. Led by young activists such as Greta Thunberg, children are demanding their right to a future planet where humans can survive. In Belgium there is a growing number of schools taking part in protests for reduced air pollution and carbon emissions. The headline "Help! Ik Stik" i.e. "Help! I’m chocking" shockingly highlights the growing recognition of the impact that air pollution has on both our environment and on human health. Increasing activism from children and young people was one of the topics discussed at the ‘Child in the City’ conference held in Belgium last month, the theme of which was children in a sustainable city. Antwerp in Belgium was the perfect place to host this conference, as the city is taking numerous steps to ensure sustainable development of neighbourhoods by investing in increased urban greenery, access to natural playspace, children's active transport and a transition away from car-reliant lifestyles. Below are 3 initiatives from the city of Antwerp which are focused on creating a more child-friendly city, while simultaneously aiming to ensure urban sustainability. 1. Living Streets Walking through the residential streets of Antwerp, it is hard not to notice the amount of greenery which fills the streets. This is no accident, but an initiative from the city council encouraging residents to create more lively and nature-filled streets. Streets which coordinate between 8 or more residents are eligible for funding from the council for soil and plants for their street, as well as advice from an expert who can suggest appropriate species for the local area. Residents are also free to remove pavers from the sidewalk adjacent to their walls (provided the sidewalk width is sufficient) to create a 'facade garden'. Apart from these initiatives which seek to increase greenery in cities, the council also encourages neighbourhoods to shut down their streets to traffic during the summer months and provides them with a budget for seating, play structures and other equipment necessary to create a ‘living street’. This is all part of a strategy to return the street back to people, encouraging social interaction between adults and providing car-free space for children's play. Wim Seghers one of the leaders of the initiative from the City of Antwerp noted that his street is shut down every year for a camping event where all residents (particularly the ones with children) camp out together for the night in the street. The intent is to make initiatives such as this easy to achieve by local residents and supported by the council both through funding and expert advice. If we are serious about encouraging less car-reliant lifestyles, then returning the streets back to people is a fundamental step in highlighting the benefits to both the environment and our social lives. Children play out in a 'Living Street' in Antwerp Photo: Antwerpen Leefbaar Children playing and adults socialising in a 'Living Street' in Antwerp Photo: Antwerpen Leefbaar Neighbours working together to create a 'living street' in Antwerp. Photo by Stads Lab 2050 Children play out in a 'Living Street' in Antwerp Photo: Antwerpen Leefbaar 2. Car-free neighbourhoods With public transport and bike infrastructure placed as a development priority in Antwerp, many potential buyers are increasingly seeking opportunities to live in car-free neighbourhoods. One neighbourhood designed with the aim to create a car-free lifestyle is the former 'Millary Hospital' redevelopment in the centre of Antwerp. Here car parking is significantly reduced and pushed to underground garages, which allows for space in-between the buildings to be entirely car-free. The project consists of 404 residential units, which includes a mix of refurbished historic buildings as well as new apartments and dense townhouse clusters as well as a shared rooftop garden, co-working spaces and a neighbourhood cafe. One clear benefit of pushing cars away from the front door of the homes, is the increase in opportunities for children's outdoor play. Without fear of traffic, children are able to safely use the green spaces directly outside their homes for play and socialising. Children are also free to roam around the neighbourhood, visit their friends independently and gather in the neighbourhood playground. Most of the larger family units are placed on the ground floor, to provide direct visibility to the play spaces and the ability for families to easily spill outdoors. As there are no fences separating the front yards, there is a natural sense of community as parents and grandparents sit outside to watch the kids play out in the afternoons. The benefits to children's active mobility and play are clear as they are able to safely reclaim the streets which once belonged to the car. Children's natural playspace at the Groen Kwartier, Antwerp Photo by: Publieke Ruimte Children playing within the car-free courtyards of the Groen Kwartier, Antwerp Photo by: Publieke Ruimte Shared rooftop and co-wroking spaces at the Groen Kwartier, Antwerp. Photo by the '500 Hidden Secrets' Children's natural playspace at the Groen Kwartier, Antwerp Photo by: Publieke Ruimte 3. Creating a walkable playspace 'web' Apart from providing every child in Antwerp a play opportunity nearby to their home (preferably on their doorstep), the city is also serious about ensuring that play spaces throughout neighbourhoods are linked with pedestrian and cycling infrastructure to enable active mobility. Through consultation and workshopping with neighbourhood children, the city has invested in mapping how children travel to school, where they play, and where they meet their friends. The collected data allows the city to start building a “speelweefselplan” or a ‘Play Web’ which networks children’s common travel routes and all neighbourhood play spaces, youth centres and schools. This in turn provides the city with a framework for infrastructure improvements along children’s common travel routes and further investments in creating more accessible journeys. Safety improvements include traffic calming or additional street signage and networks of green infrastructure are overlayed onto designated children’s routes. The city also considers how ‘play stimuli’ could be added to the travel routes to improve the desirability of active travel and increase physical activity of children. Playful elements such as tree logs or willow tunnels are included along routes to create moments of play. Creating a neighbourhood ‘Play Web’ ensures that spaces for play can be accessed independently by prioritising active mobility and reducing the dangers posed by traffic. Additionally to this, by consulting directly with children, the council has a greater understanding of children's movements and play behaviours which in turn creates a diversity of unique and connected play opportunities. Neighbourhood 'Play Web' created by the City of Antwerp An example of an intervention to increase children's play opportunities along designated 'play web' routes by the City of Antwerp Neighbourhood 'Play Web' created by the City of Antwerp Video: One of many 'Nature Play' areas around Antwerp connected via the neighbourhood Play Web. Video: City of Antwerp Spending the week in Antwerp highlighted the importance of local council taking initiative in creating more child-friendly neighbourhoods and supporting grassroots movements to improve the liveability and sustainability of cities. A key lesson from Antwerp is that a child-friendly city is one which not only looks at improving the lives of children but also ensures security of their future within a sustainable world. There is no doubt that a child-friendly city and a sustainable city are fundamentally interlinked. Author: Natalia Krysiak Natalia is currently undertaking a Churchill Fellowship exploring best practice for designing high density, child friendly neighbourhoods. Through an 8 week period she will travel to Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, London, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Toronto and Vancouver. Stay up to date with her travels on twitter or instagram. #citiesforplay #childfriendlycities For previous chapters please visit the links below:	https://www.citiesforplay.com/lessonsfromantwerp
Mobility in Brussels is Bigger than the City Centre Brussels unveiled the test phase of its new car-free centre at the weekend, with temporary barriers and new road markings almost springing up around the cars at noon on Sunday. As someone who moves around the city easily without a car, but who is regularly faced with the congestion, pollution and noise that cars inflict on the neighbourhoods they pass through, this should be a good thing. I also received an email inviting me to take part in a survey organised by the public transport companies of the capital region, Flanders and Wallonia, as well as NMBS/SNCB, the national railway company. Since a large part of Brussels’ traffic problems come from car dependence from commuters in the suburbs and metropolitan area, it should also be a good thing that there are efforts being made to improve ticketing and integration of public transport across regional borders. Integrated ticketing could be the sort of initiative that could support the GEN/RER trains when they come into service, making it as easy to pay for travel from a commuter town to an urban office, as it is for me to swipe my MoBIB card on the tram. But despite all the lovely initiatives, I keep finding myself taking critical positions against them, for the simple reason that they make little reference to one another. A car-free zone in the pentagon will naturally have massive consequences for traffic in almost all neighbouring municipalities, but it was developed without reference to them. Even within the City of Brussels, I remember the public consultation for the car-free zone, in which questions about how it would interact with the same municipality’s plans for more multi-story car parks and a ‘parking ring road’ around the city (bisecting the car-free zone in a couple of places) were not allowed. There will be positive elements of removing cars from the main avenues in the centre of the city, but without joined-up thinking, providing, for example, comprehensive park-and-ride facilities on the periphery of the city for commuters who must use their cars, and boosting rail capacity in the commuter ‘catchment area’ of Brussels, initiatives that displace cars risk causing resentment among residents, pedestrians, cyclists, and, naturally, drivers. Is it so hard to find a mechanism that can work across the borders of Brussels’ municipalities? In other areas of city policy, tools such as ‘axis contracts’ which, seek ‘to offer a transversal solution for problems that are linked on a degraded axis, following a logic of connection and alignment between neighbourhoods’*, work around the institutionally-created dysfunctionality and attempt to fix problems that cross from one part of the city to another. I cross through 6 municipalities on my way to work every day; I don’t think my sort of commute is abnormal: mobility in this city needs to mean mobility in the whole city.	https://tomredford.eu/archives/36
London's main roads need action now Ten ways to improve our main roads: ‘Smoothing traffic flow’ has been at the heart of transport policy in London for, well, pretty much ever. This policy of facilitating journeys by motor vehicle has had a huge impact, largely negative from the point of view of Londoners wanting to walk short trips, or cycle, or breathe clean air: 30mph and higher speed limits were largely unquestioned; pedestrian crossing timings were geared to keeping motor vehicles moving; signalised pedestrian crossings were removed; and road capacity was increased, for example by adding more lanes, narrowing pavements or building wide turning radii at intersections. Since the introduction of the current Mayor’s Transport Strategy in 2018, things have moved on and new priorities are emerging including: - Fewer people driving cars, more people walking, cycling and using public transport, especially encouraging ‘active travel’ as a means to healthier lifestyles - ‘Vision Zero’ – working towards (by 2041) zero fatal or serious casualties on London’s roads - the ‘Healthy Streets’ model with its ‘wheel’ illustrating the ten characteristics needed for a street to be regarded as fit for purpose for all users and not just drivers - and most recently, Low Traffic Neighbourhoods and ‘School Streets’. Guided by real-time navigation software like Waze, drivers are encouraged to leave main roads and cut a few minutes off their journey by driving through residential neighbourhoods instead and this, along with a general increase in traffic has led to the introduction of ‘Low Traffic Neighbourhoods’ where bollards are used to prevent motorists from taking these ‘rat-runs’ (while allowing cyclists and pedestrians through). Once installed, Low Traffic Neighbourhoods become popular with residents because they experience quieter local streets, cleaner air, and much safer conditions in which to walk, cycle, shop, accompany children to school and so on. Some people fear Low Traffic Neighbourhoods will result in more traffic on main roads – but evidence suggests the impact isn’t as great as some fear. Read London Living Streets’ recent blog for more evidence and experience here. We need urgent action to improve London’s main roads. Here’s what we need to do and why: Main roads are London’s arteries, leading towards, or running through, many local town centres, as well as the City and the West End. They are the roads on which most buses, HGVs and other commercial vehicles travel. But they are also places where many people live, many people visit (if they are high streets), many people use as walking or cycling routes and where many children attend school (a significant number of schools are situated on them). But by and large they are dangerous, polluted, unwelcoming places especially for people walking or cycling. The measures we advocate for our main roads are those designed make high streets safer, less-polluted, less congested, quieter, more pleasant places to be. For the most part, they do this by discouraging car trips in favour of walking, cycling and public transport. Many of these measures have multiple, sometimes unexpected, benefits, for example cycle lanes reduce pollution and make streets better for pedestrians too, while also of course encouraging people to make more trips by bike and fewer by car. Here are 10 things we want London Boroughs and the London Mayor to do improve our main roads. 1. Remove car parking bays on main roads, particularly free or uncontrolled parking. While disabled and loading parking bays are essential, much of the parking provision on our high streets is not. Removing parking discourages car trips and creates space for greening, seating, tables & chairs for cafes, wider pavements or ‘parklets’. It can also create space for cycle lanes. High streets can become places people go to socialise and linger. Evidence shows high street businesses do better when parking is removed as part of improvement schemes, despite concerns it might damage business. Images: Plans for removal of parking on Grey Street in Newcastle will make way for a more pleasant and safer street environment while discouraging unnecessary car journeys. 2. Introduce bus gates and bus lanes. Prioritising space to keep buses moving is vital to encourage people to use public transport. 3. Establish 20 mph speed limits on main roads. This will dramatically reduce danger, pollution and noise. Speed limits need to be enforced and automatic speed-limiters used by responsible fleets. Find out more at Living Streets and 20sPlenty. 4. Put in extra cycle and pedestrian crossings and make side-roads running off main roads easier to cross. These measures all contribute to making walking and cycling safer and so promote ‘active travel’ and in doing so also reduce car trips. 5. Improve existing crossings and junctions. Improvements should focus on safety but should also include shorter wait times at pelican and ‘tiger’ (combined cycle and pedestrian) crossings. Prioritising cyclist and pedestrian safety will encourage walking and cycling. ‘Island’ crossings, where people must wait in the middle of the road for a gap in traffic are particularly dangerous and polluted and should be replaced with safe zebra, pelican or tiger crossings where people can cross the whole road in one go. Read more on how crossing and junctions can be improved. 6. Install wider pavements. This promotes walking and makes a place more pleasant to be and every metre away from the kerb means less pollution for pedestrians. 7. Reduce the number of lanes on the road, reclaiming space for bus lanes, pavement and protected cycle track. Many of London’s main roads are extremely wide, take an enormous amount of space but are allocated entirely to general traffic, often with unnecessary lanes. This space can be redeployed to much better effect (for bus or cycle lanes, wider pavements, trees and greening, parklets and so forth). But recent research on reducing road danger in Oslo also showed the key role reducing road lanes can have on the numbers of casualties. 8. Put in protected cycle track on main roads to tap latent demand for cycling by dramatically improving safety. This also reduces pollution and improves the pedestrian environment. There is a lot of evidence on the positive impact of protected cycle track particularly on safety. But there are also other positive impacts. When protected cycle track is put in: - Pollution levels decrease. Evidence is available for Waltham Forest Mini Holland and the Embankment. In both cases, main road pollution decreased after cycle tracks went in. - Pedestrians are moved further away from the traffic, pollution and noise, making their experience more pleasant. - Safety increases. When cycle tracks go in, junctions become a big focus in general, so most cycle track schemes have seen: - Improvements to main road junctions with: safety for cyclists; more green-man crossings and time for pedestrians - Improvements to side road junctions with: continuous footways; priority for pedestrians crossing the side road; raised surfaces; shortened crossing distances - More crossings – zebras, tigers (for both pedestrians and cyclists), parallel, signalised, ‘mid-link’ (crossings between junctions), etc. - Side roads often become calmer 9. Other measures to discourage car trips. Other measures are needed to discourage car trips in favour of walking, cycling and public transport. Key ones we support are: Low Traffic Neighbourhoods; strong borough-wide parking controls (including Controlled Parking Zones and a workplace parking levy which covers public as well as private sector work places); expansion of the Ultra-Low Emission Zone initially to the north and south circulars (October 2021) and then as quickly as possible in all 33 London Boroughs; smart road-user charging in all the 33 London Boroughs; planning policies which require car-free development; development of sustainable delivery/consolidation hubs to reduce the number of vans using main roads; secure, affordable cycle parking; incentives for car clubs to help people transition away from car ownership; and Low Emission Bus Zones. 10. Where no bus or cycle lane exists, green screens and other “mitigation” measures may also reduce localised pollution impacts of main road motor traffic by creating a division between the road and pavement, taking the form or hedges or screens to separate pedestrians from vehicles. The closer pedestrians are to traffic the more exposed they are to pollution and road danger. Every metre away from traffic reduces exposure to pollution. However, these measures really should be a last resort only where simply reducing main road traffic capacity isn’t possible. This blog is adapted from London Living Streets’ blog published December 2019 (thanks to Robert Molteno) and was created with input from our Healthy Streets Scorecard coalition partners. Picture credits:	https://www.cprelondon.org.uk/news/main-roads/
This is a comprehensive travel guide for Hosur in India. From budgeting tips to finding the best spots, this travel guide has got all the insider information to explore Hosur like a local. Hosur is located at a short trip away from Bangalore a major city in India. Bangalore, is a worth visiting city owing to its prime attractions like Mysore Palace, Brindavan Gardens, Jaganmohana Palace. If you want to fly to the destination, you can choose the nearest major airport to take a flight. The nearest major airport is Kempegowda International Airport. A vacation to Hosur can typically be of 1-2 days. Immerse in the spirit of the city and you'll not miss your home. Don't just take a trip, let the trip take you! Have a enjoyable time at Hosur. Are you looking for a Hosur travel itinerary? Create an itinerary within minutes, on your own! Travel to Hosur- Know before you go to Hosur Facts and Stats for Hosur* - Pollution Statistics in Hosur Know the pollution level of Hosur before you plan your visit. - Air Pollution 74.56 (High) - Water Pollution 78.05 (High) - Noise and Light Pollution 63.98 (High) - Unattended dirt and garbage 71.1 (High) - Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility 62.73 (High) - Dissatisfaction with Garbage Disposal 78.84 (High) - Dissatisfaction to Spend Time in the City 69.37 (High) - Dissatisfaction with Green zones and parks 50.26 (Moderate) - - Hosur: Crime and Safety How safe is Hosur for tourists? Understand risks and safety concerns that can hamper your travel experience in Hosur. - Burglary and Theft 44.02 (Moderate) - Mugging and Robbery 49 (Moderate) - Assault and Armed Robbery 42.76 (Moderate) - Corruption and Bribery 77.15 (High) - Car Stealing 43.63 (Moderate) - Robbery of Car belongings 48.9 (Moderate) - Attacks 46.29 (Moderate) - Drug offense 39.24 (Low) - Safety walking alone during daylight 73.62 (High) - Safety walking alone during night 42.52 (Moderate) - Insulting and offensive behaviour 46.63 (Moderate) - Hate crime due to Racism, Religion, ethnic origin 34.66 (Low) - Property crimes and Vandalism 50 (Moderate) - - Living in Hosur - Quality of Life Quality of Life Index of Hosur is 127.81 (High) - Safety Index 51.42 (Moderate) - Climate Index 89.39 (Very High) - Pollution Index 83.2 (Very High) - Traffic Commute Time Index 54.71 (High) - Cost of Living Index 27.2 (Very Low) - Health Care Index 68.25 (High) - Property Price to Income Ratio 8.17 (Moderate) - Purchasing Power Index 96.76 (High) - Indices such as Quality of life, Climate & Healthcare index are good to be high whereas others such as Property price, Traffic & Cost of living Index are good to be low. - - Cost for Essentials in Hosur Here's how much it will cost to shop in Hosur - Local calling per minute on Prepaid mobile 0.01 USD - International Movie per seat 4.42 USD - Summer clothing in a chain store 39.38 USD - Pair of Basic Nike Shoes 53.8 USD - Pair of Basic Levis Jeans 35.16 USD - *Stats and figures mentioned are crowd-sourced and subjected to change without notice.	https://www.triphobo.com/places/hosur-india
This warm abode of Teronoh is a delightful place to visit in Malaysia. This city is located in the close proximity of a major city Taiping, Malaysia. Taiping, is a worth visiting city owing to its prime attractions like Penang Hill, Kek Lok Si, Pinang Peranakan Mansion. If you want to fly to the destination, you can choose the nearest major airport to take a flight. The nearest major airport is Tekah Airport. Popular vacation packages of Teronoh are of 1-2 days. Don't just take a trip, let the trip take you! Have a enjoyable time at Teronoh. Are you looking for a Teronoh travel itinerary? Create an itinerary within minutes, on your own! Travel to Teronoh- Know before you go to Teronoh Facts and Stats for Teronoh* - Pollution Statistics in Teronoh Know the pollution level of Teronoh before you plan your visit. - Air Pollution 37.5 (Low) - Water Pollution 62.5 (High) - Noise and Light Pollution 50 (Moderate) - Unattended dirt and garbage 68.75 (High) - Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility 43.75 (Moderate) - Dissatisfaction with Garbage Disposal 68.75 (High) - Dissatisfaction to Spend Time in the City 50 (Moderate) - Dissatisfaction with Green zones and parks 50 (Moderate) - - Teronoh: Crime and Safety How safe is Teronoh for tourists? Understand risks and safety concerns that can hamper your travel experience in Teronoh. - Burglary and Theft 71.15 (High) - Mugging and Robbery 87.5 (Very High) - Assault and Armed Robbery 75 (High) - Corruption and Bribery 87.5 (Very High) - Car Stealing 81.82 (Very High) - Robbery of Car belongings 79.17 (High) - Attacks 75 (High) - Drug offense 68.75 (High) - Safety walking alone during daylight 53.85 (Moderate) - Safety walking alone during night 15.38 (Very Low) - Insulting and offensive behaviour 68.75 (High) - Hate crime due to Racism, Religion, ethnic origin 61.36 (High) - Property crimes and Vandalism 77.08 (High) - - Living in Teronoh - Quality of Life - Safety Index 24.53 (Low) - Pollution Index 56.03 (Moderate) - Traffic Commute Time Index 52.5 (High) - Property Price to Income Ratio 10 (Moderate) - Indices such as Quality of life, Climate & Healthcare index are good to be high whereas others such as Property price, Traffic & Cost of living Index are good to be low. - - Cost for Essentials in Teronoh Here's how much it will cost to shop in Teronoh - Local calling per minute on Prepaid mobile 0.06 USD - International Movie per seat 3.86 USD - Summer clothing in a chain store 34.21 USD - Pair of Basic Nike Shoes 72.88 USD - Pair of Basic Levis Jeans 52.56 USD - *Stats and figures mentioned are crowd-sourced and subjected to change without notice.	https://www.triphobo.com/places/teronoh-perak-malaysia
If you are looking for travel information of Heathfield in United Kingdom, you've come to the right place. Heathfield is located at a short trip away from London a major city in United Kingdom. So, ideally any vacation planner would recommend you to visit London for its bountiful attractions like The London Eye, British Museum, Tower Of London on your trip to Heathfield. Also, to reach Heathfield, you'll have to take a flight to London; so its not really a detour. And even if it is, the city is worth paying at least a quick visit. To explore Heathfield, set aside 1 to 2 number of your days. You'll be coming back for more! Don't just take a trip, let the trip take you! Have a enjoyable time at Heathfield. Explore the travel itinerary planning tool for your visit to Heathfield and create a flawless plan in few simple steps! Travel to Heathfield- Know before you go to Heathfield Facts and Stats for Heathfield* - Pollution Statistics in Heathfield Know the pollution level of Heathfield before you plan your visit. - Air Pollution 11.25 (Very Low) - Water Pollution 25 (Low) - Noise and Light Pollution 37.5 (Low) - Unattended dirt and garbage 37.5 (Low) - Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility 21.15 (Low) - Dissatisfaction with Garbage Disposal 28.85 (Low) - Dissatisfaction to Spend Time in the City 13.24 (Very Low) - Dissatisfaction with Green zones and parks 15.38 (Very Low) - - Heathfield: Crime and Safety How safe is Heathfield for tourists? Understand risks and safety concerns that can hamper your travel experience in Heathfield. - Burglary and Theft 31.45 (Low) - Mugging and Robbery 32.5 (Low) - Assault and Armed Robbery 29.84 (Low) - Corruption and Bribery 16.96 (Very Low) - Car Stealing 25 (Low) - Robbery of Car belongings 33.87 (Low) - Attacks 34.68 (Low) - Drug offense 56.45 (Moderate) - Safety walking alone during daylight 88.71 (Very High) - Safety walking alone during night 69.53 (High) - Insulting and offensive behaviour 45.16 (Moderate) - Hate crime due to Racism, Religion, ethnic origin 18.33 (Very Low) - Property crimes and Vandalism 41.67 (Moderate) - - Living in Heathfield - Quality of Life Quality of Life Index of Heathfield is 173.61 (Very High) - Safety Index 66.15 (High) - Climate Index 89.36 (Very High) - Pollution Index 21.85 (Low) - Traffic Commute Time Index 28.11 (Low) - Cost of Living Index 76.26 (Moderate) - Health Care Index 62.58 (High) - Property Price to Income Ratio 11.88 (Moderate) - Purchasing Power Index 84.6 (Moderate) - Indices such as Quality of life, Climate & Healthcare index are good to be high whereas others such as Property price, Traffic & Cost of living Index are good to be low. - - Cost for Essentials in Heathfield Here's how much it will cost to shop in Heathfield - Local calling per minute on Prepaid mobile 0.06 USD - International Movie per seat 13.02 USD - Summer clothing in a chain store 37.41 USD - Pair of Basic Nike Shoes 73.97 USD - Pair of Basic Levis Jeans 81.88 USD - *Stats and figures mentioned are crowd-sourced and subjected to change without notice.	https://www.triphobo.com/places/heathfield-england-united-kingdom
A place in France, Wittenheim is an interesting place to visit, given its unique culture, history and character. After your splendid visit to Wittenheim, you can proceed to an important near-by city of Nancy. Nancy is bestowed with interesting set of attractions like Place Stanislas, Pepiniere Park, Musee De I'ecole De Nancy. Also, to reach Wittenheim, you'll have to take a flight to Nancy; so its not really a detour. And even if it is, the city is worth paying at least a quick visit. Popular vacation packages of Wittenheim are of 1-2 days. Don't just take a trip, let the trip take you! Have a enjoyable time at Wittenheim. Explore the travel itinerary planning tool for your visit to Wittenheim and create a flawless plan in few simple steps! Travel to Wittenheim- Know before you go to Wittenheim Facts and Stats for Wittenheim* - Pollution Statistics in Wittenheim Know the pollution level of Wittenheim before you plan your visit. - Air Pollution 25 (Low) - Water Pollution 29.41 (Low) - Noise and Light Pollution 26.47 (Low) - Unattended dirt and garbage 17.65 (Very Low) - Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility 16.18 (Very Low) - Dissatisfaction with Garbage Disposal 29.41 (Low) - Dissatisfaction to Spend Time in the City 21.43 (Low) - Dissatisfaction with Green zones and parks 31.25 (Low) - - Wittenheim: Crime and Safety How safe is Wittenheim for tourists? Understand risks and safety concerns that can hamper your travel experience in Wittenheim. - Burglary and Theft 15 (Very Low) - Mugging and Robbery 11.93 (Very Low) - Assault and Armed Robbery 8.89 (Very Low) - Corruption and Bribery 9.24 (Very Low) - Car Stealing 3.26 (Very Low) - Robbery of Car belongings 9.66 (Very Low) - Attacks 15 (Very Low) - Drug offense 27.33 (Low) - Safety walking alone during daylight 96.81 (Very High) - Safety walking alone during night 80.98 (Very High) - Insulting and offensive behaviour 19.57 (Very Low) - Hate crime due to Racism, Religion, ethnic origin 13.59 (Very Low) - Property crimes and Vandalism 21.2 (Low) - - Living in Wittenheim - Quality of Life Quality of Life Index of Wittenheim is 205.63 (Very High) - Safety Index 84.22 (Very High) - Climate Index 82.85 (Very High) - Pollution Index 28.54 (Low) - Traffic Commute Time Index 21.78 (Very Low) - Cost of Living Index 131.01 (Very High) - Health Care Index 70.26 (High) - Property Price to Income Ratio 8.7 (Moderate) - Purchasing Power Index 148.79 (Very High) - Indices such as Quality of life, Climate & Healthcare index are good to be high whereas others such as Property price, Traffic & Cost of living Index are good to be low. - - Cost for Essentials in Wittenheim Here's how much it will cost to shop in Wittenheim - Local calling per minute on Prepaid mobile 0.41 USD - International Movie per seat 20.98 USD - Summer clothing in a chain store 56.27 USD - Pair of Basic Nike Shoes 122.39 USD - Pair of Basic Levis Jeans 123.98 USD - *Stats and figures mentioned are crowd-sourced and subjected to change without notice.	https://www.triphobo.com/places/wittenheim-alsace-france
If you are looking for travel information of Vedelago in Italy, you've come to the right place. The nearest major city to Vedelago is Venice. So, ideally any vacation planner would recommend you to visit Venice for its bountiful attractions like Grand Canal, St Mark's Square, Saint Mark's Basilica on your trip to Vedelago. Also, to reach Vedelago, you'll have to take a flight to Venice; so its not really a detour. And even if it is, the city is worth paying at least a quick visit. A holiday in Vedelago can generally be of 1-2 days. Don't just take a trip, let the trip take you! Have a enjoyable time at Vedelago. Are you looking for a Vedelago travel itinerary? Create an itinerary within minutes, on your own! Travel to Vedelago- Know before you go to Vedelago Facts and Stats for Vedelago* - Pollution Statistics in Vedelago Know the pollution level of Vedelago before you plan your visit. - Air Pollution 52.08 (Moderate) - Water Pollution 37.5 (Low) - Noise and Light Pollution 50 (Moderate) - Unattended dirt and garbage 25 (Low) - Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility 20.83 (Low) - Dissatisfaction with Garbage Disposal 12.5 (Very Low) - Dissatisfaction to Spend Time in the City 41.67 (Moderate) - Dissatisfaction with Green zones and parks 33.33 (Low) - - Vedelago: Crime and Safety How safe is Vedelago for tourists? Understand risks and safety concerns that can hamper your travel experience in Vedelago. - Burglary and Theft 34.38 (Low) - Mugging and Robbery 9.38 (Very Low) - Assault and Armed Robbery 15.63 (Very Low) - Corruption and Bribery 46.88 (Moderate) - Car Stealing 15.63 (Very Low) - Robbery of Car belongings 43.75 (Moderate) - Attacks 25 (Low) - Drug offense 31.25 (Low) - Safety walking alone during daylight 93.75 (Very High) - Safety walking alone during night 78.13 (High) - Insulting and offensive behaviour 25 (Low) - Hate crime due to Racism, Religion, ethnic origin 18.75 (Very Low) - Property crimes and Vandalism 37.5 (Low) - - Living in Vedelago - Quality of Life Quality of Life Index of Vedelago is 165.78 (Very High) - Safety Index 71.88 (High) - Climate Index 89.73 (Very High) - Pollution Index 47.27 (Moderate) - Traffic Commute Time Index 48 (High) - Cost of Living Index 74.99 (Moderate) - Health Care Index 91.67 (Very High) - Property Price to Income Ratio 7.35 (Low) - Purchasing Power Index 84.09 (Moderate) - Indices such as Quality of life, Climate & Healthcare index are good to be high whereas others such as Property price, Traffic & Cost of living Index are good to be low. - - Cost for Essentials in Vedelago Here's how much it will cost to shop in Vedelago - Local calling per minute on Prepaid mobile 0.07 USD - International Movie per seat 10.03 USD - Summer clothing in a chain store 34.95 USD - Pair of Basic Nike Shoes 100.32 USD - Pair of Basic Levis Jeans 103.28 USD - *Stats and figures mentioned are crowd-sourced and subjected to change without notice.	https://www.triphobo.com/places/vedelago-italy
Lambeth Council has introduced timed closures on streets around schools in the borough to make the journey to school safer for pupils. School Streets is a scheme set up by the council to restrict vehicle access to streets around schools in the borough during pick up and drop off times. This will help to reduce road danger, tackle congestion and improve air quality, creating safer and more pleasant environments outside of schools in the borough, while helping to facilitate walking, scooting and cycling. School Streets will also create space to aid social distancing, while COVID-19 guidelines remain in place. Why do we need School Streets? Even in a borough with low car ownership such as Lambeth, roads around schools are often clogged with traffic at the beginning and end of the school day. Limited parking around most schools in the borough means drivers often park in the most dangerous places right outside the school gates, or stop in the middle of the road, putting their own and other children arriving at school at risk; local residents are often inconvenienced and annoyed by inconsiderate parking and poor driving practices. In some parts of the borough, rat running along streets with schools on them increases the safety fears of parents - the resulting environment for those walking, cycling or scooting to school is far from ideal and discourages some families from choosing active means – with a knock-on effect for children’s activity levels, as well as potential to create dangerous levels of air pollution in the immediate vicinity of the school. A guiding principle within the Lambeth Transport Strategy is the “Focus on people rather than traffic to enable people to travel safely and live healthier, more enjoyable lives”. The implementation of “school road closures” is recommended as a means of enabling “walking and cycling to school, particularly where car use is high, to reduce motor traffic, tackle health issues and improve air quality.” How does it work? School Streets introduce temporary restricted vehicle access to the streets around the school gates, creating Pedestrian and Cycle zones during drop off and pick up times. These zones are supported by signage at each entry/closure point, informing drivers of the timed restrictions in place. Vehicle access is restricted by way of additional enforcement, including physical barriers and/or automatic number plate recognition cameras (ANPR). During the times of operation, vehicles are not able to access the School Street zone without a granted exemption. Penalty charge notices may be issued to vehicles entering the zones without an exemption. Please see the FAQ's for more information about exemptions. Existing School Streets In 2019, Lambeth introduced two School Streets around Jessop Primary School on Lowden Road, Herne Hill and Immanuel and St Andrew CE Primary School on Northanger Road, Streatham. New School Streets As part of Lambeth Council’s Emergency Transport response to COVID-19, a further 19 School Streets were implemented in September and November 2020. These schemes currently operate between the hours of 7.45am to 9.15am and 2.15pm to 3.45pm and are supported by physical barriers and signage. These School Streets were initially introduced on a temporary basis, during which feedback was received via the ‘Have your say’ Commonplace page. During a six-month informal engagement period, between 2 September 2020 and 2 March 2021, 1692 contributions were made on the Commonplace website. 80% of respondents commented in support of the schemes, 15% of comments were negative and 5% were neutral. These 19 new School Streets will transition to an Experimental Traffic Order, at which point a six-month formal consultation will be initiated. A date for the formal consultation period will be shared soon. Feedback provided during this period, as well as monitoring data collected by Lambeth, will decide whether to make these schemes permanent going forward.	https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/parking-transport-and-streets/streets-and-roads/school-streets
Worried about climate change, as well as the quality of life of their inhabitants, cities have been implementing car free zones, especially in the centres. Although action to hinder climate change has only recently become more serious, the idea of car free cities is not new, Singapore having established a program to charge drivers who wanted to enter the centre of the city-state all the way back in 1975. 1. Car free cities With Singapore’s example, general awareness of vehicle emissions and their role in the climate crisis has increased considerably. The impact of the emissions caused by vehicles has also been studied more in depth. An article on the greenhouse gas emission reduction cities around the world estimates that 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from cities, with transport being responsible for about a third of the emissions. Furthermore, cities regularly register significant numbers of traffic fatalities, while millions of children develop asthma every year due to air pollution from cars and trucks. Consequently, cities around the world have been trying to limit, as much as possible, motorised traffic, especially from historic centres. Ljubljana has been basically car free for over a decade, central Oslo also enjoys a ban on motorised vehicles. Other capitals like Brussels and Paris are in the middle of their plans, Brussels’ centre being expected to close to traffic by this autumn, while Paris aims to finish implementing the restrictions in time for the 2024 Olympics. In order to achieve such ambitions of de-motorizing, cities have to update the infrastructure, making it suitable for pedestrians and bicycles. Besides the environmental benefits, eliminating the use of cars for short trips within cities may also be economical, especially since the cost of fuel has been increasing as a result of the conflict in Eastern Europe. Bicycle path infrastructure is essential for providing an alternative means of transport. Furthermore, advocates in Berlin are asking for the establishment of a car-free zone bigger than Manhattan. The centre of the city is a relatively dense location, where 15% of the surface area is used for road traffic. Supporters of the proposal argue that it will spur investment in public transportation. People would be allowed to register 12 car trips per year, with a car sharing service, for reasons such as getting to the airport, while those who need the use of a car for health reasons, could apply for special driving permits. In fact, the perception of cars as an urban design flaw may hold whether they spew carbon or use electric power. An advocate for the proposed car-free zone in Berlin said the aim should not be transitioning to electric cars within cities, but “the removal of vehicles in general.”John Letzing 2. General applicability In an analysis for the World Economic Forum, John Letzing asks the important question of whether similar strategies to those mentioned above are could be generally applied in any city. He gives the example of Madrid, where an attempt at banning certain vehicles from the city centre failed, the rule being scrapped shortly after having been implemented. Letzing asks what can big citied like Los Angeles do to decrease traffic? Could “a sprawling megalopolis where a nearly equal percentage of surface area is used just for parking – on top of the hundreds of square kilometres occupied by essential roads and clogged freeways” manage to reduce the number of cars on its roads? He argues that the vast amount of parking space “inhibits the density conducive to public-transportation use and only makes driving more convenient.” Nevertheless, all hope is not lost. The mayor has announced intentions of reducing the driving done in the city by half over the next decades. One of the ways to achieve this will be by charging entry fees for some vehicles. Moreover, the subway system of the city is expanding, while bicycle ridership has boomed during the pandemic. A legacy of planning hinged on cars has left many urban areas both disjointed and disadvantaged in terms of designing for a more sustainable future. But it’s possible to undo some of that damage.John Letzing An example Los Angeles could look up to for its astounding turn and success in reducing traffic is Bogotá. The city did not even have a public transport system until 1999 but it has managed, in this short period of time, to regulate the number of privately owned cars that can be on the roads at any given time.	https://traveltomorrow.com/cars-could-be-an-urban-design-flaw-regardless-of-their-energy-source/
through. 2. POLICY INTEGRATION We welcome the Government's significant efforts to provide better integration of transport between the modes, with land use planning, at different levels of Government across the policy sectors. 3. REVERSING RISES IN TRAFFIC It was a disappointment that the Government has lowered its sights to curbing further rises in traffic, rather than reversing them. We supported the principle of a national target for road traffic reduction earlier this year when the Road Traffic Reduction (UK National Targets) Bill came before Parliament. As the White Paper acknowledges, a target is a valuable benchmark against which to measure progress. The Trust's embrace of a target to reduce the proportion of car-borne visitors by 30 per cent is an acknowledgement of this: the target itself is somewhat arbitrary, but it still provides a goal at which to aim. 4. CHANGING DRIVERS' ATTITUDES The White Paper has undoubtedly raised the level of debate on transport, although in some ways it provides too much reassurance that car drivers will not be coerced to do anything they do not want to. What the White Paper needed to do was to set out to change people's attitude towards the car, and to educate them that small changes to travel habits (for example leaving the car at home for short journeys) can make a big difference. A national target embracing traffic/congestion/pollution reduction could provide an initial powerful focus for educationa bid to capture the public's imagination. Public education making the link between burning fossil fuels, emission of greenhouse gases and sea levels rising (demonstrating what areas of coastline would disappear)not to mention health risks associated with emissionscould help initiate a shift in public attitude. 5. THE ENHANCED ROLE OF REGIONS The Trust welcomes the greater emphasis on decision making at local levels and indeed wherever resources allow we would like to participate in this. However, we feel that local government will need help with knowledge, skills and resources to promote the new transport agenda. In particular we would welcome reassurance that Regional Planning Conferences and/or Chambers will have ample guidance and resources for their new responsibility for conducting studies on the future of major trunk road schemes. Trunk road planning aside, the Trust would like to see a greater role for Regional Policy because transport networks often span several authorities, and journeys are often commenced in one local authority and completed in another. 6. HYPOTHECATION AND FUNDING FOR LOCAL TRANSPORT SCHEMES In our response to the consultation leading up to the White Paper we recognised the need for "sticks" as well as "carrots". We therefore endorse the fiscal proposals contained in the White Paper and the Government's decision to allow local authorities to spend income derived from congestion charging and taxes on business cars. We trust that the revenue local authorities will gain from hypothecation of taxes will be additional to, not a replacement for, the Revenue Support Grant which central government pays annually for local transport schemes. It would be helpful to the delivery of integrated transport if the Government were to publish a timetable for the introduction and implementation of legislation on the new revenue streams. 7. CAR PARKING STANDARDS Firm regional guidance on car parking standards would be welcomed, in order to reduce competition between local authorities over the provision and prices of car parking. Out of town retail centres should charge for their parking and the revenues should be collected by local authorities for investment in public transport. 8. RECOGNITION OF THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF RURAL AREAS The White Paper's efforts to provide a real transport choice to all people and in particular people without access to a car is to be congratulated. Similarly, we applaud the efforts not to penalise unduly those who are unlikely to find an alternative to the car for the majority of journeys through the remoteness of their location. This is particularly important for rural dwellers, and to an extent for visitors to the countryside. We would request that the Government takes this into account when looking at parking taxesbusinesses which operate predominantly in rural areas should be exempt from car space taxing. 9. NATIONAL AIRPORTS STRATEGY The Trust welcomes the commitment to produce a national airports strategy; we believe moreover that the Government should adopt a demand management approach to developing an aviation strategy in a similar way in which it is addressing road capacity. We hope that swift progress will be made towards implementing a national airports strategy, otherwise targets for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions will not be met, and other environmentally harmful consequences of airport development such as habitat degradation, land take, noise, and consequential development will continue to threaten our landscapes. 10. FUEL DUTY REBATE The Trust is particularly pleased to see one of its key recommendations on the White Paper regarding the improvement of rural public transport, namely to increase the rebate on Fuel Duty for buses, and target in on rural services. This should ensure that the cost of bus travel will rise by less than the cost of motoring. This measure, combined with the new Rural Bus Grants could also give new services a better chance to take root, helping sustain them over the difficult first two seasons of operation. 11. ENCOURAGING LESS "CAR-CENTRIC" LIVING Stronger signals should be given towards the encouragement of car-free development, car-free or traffic-restricted areas and car "clubs". The latter was advocated in the Trust's submission to the 1997 House of Commons Inquiry into Housing as one strategy to free up land for housing (this means that residents have access to a communal pool of cars once they have agreed to not to run a car and not to have a parking space provided). 12. LEISURE TRAVEL There seem to be few measures aimed at persuading the leisure traveller to use alternative modes of transport, save the door-to-door information hotline. We recognise that this sector of travel is by nature complex and unpredictable (unlike business and commercial travel) and therefore difficult to tackle comprehensively. We feel there should be more research into the travel motivations and preferences of leisure travellers, particularly those visiting the countryside. The National Trust will be publishing the results of a targeted research programme into Visitor Travel Patterns in 2000.	https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmenvtra/32ii/32154.htm
The Coalition for Healthy Streets and Active Travel (CoHSAT) is a group of voluntary and campaigning organisations working across Oxfordshire to create attractive, accessible and people-friendly streets. We do this by encouraging efficient active, low carbon and sustainable travel, which will reduce traffic, air pollution and noise, and enable healthy and thriving communities. We call on all candidates in the forthcoming local Council elections on 6 May 2021 to put walking and cycling at the heart of their plans for a fairer, healthier future. Commit to increasing funding and delivery of ambitious walking and cycling schemes. This should include making temporary schemes permanent, fast tracking local walking and cycling infrastructure plans, and ensuring residents and businesses are engaged and consulted. 75% of residents in Bike Life cities across the UK support increasing space for walking and cycling on high streets and 59% support restricting through traffic on residential streets. Aim to create walkable neighbourhoods which put the services people need within a 15-minute walk of their homes. This in turn supports neighbourhood development, high streets, jobs and the local economy while reducing transport poverty and isolation. 65% of UK adults agree that people should be able to meet most of their everyday needs within a 20 minute walk from their home. Yet evidence suggests most new settlements and urban extensions are located and designed in ways that exacerbate car dependency. Design walking and cycling plans to address, and be evaluated against, how they reduce inequity. Prioritise infrastructure improvements in more isolated neighbourhoods, especially those which suffer from deprivation. Back this up with programmes and support for disadvantaged and marginalised groups to make walking and cycling inclusive. The Marmot and Health Foundation Review published in February 2020 reported that inequalities have grown in the last 10 years across the UK. Covid-19 has exacerbated inequity further and disadvantaged and marginalised groups have been disproportionately affected in terms of health, education and employment. This must include steps to reduce car use as well as electrifying vehicles. We must also continue existing commitments to reduce air pollution, including introducing Clean Air Zones and take more action to tackle particulate matter. This must be done fairly and alongside improvements to make walking, cycling and public transport more attractive than driving. The Oxfordshire Climate Action Framework commits to “Enabling a Zero Carbon Oxfordshire by 2050”. Given the urgency of the climate emergency, we want to see a commitment to a zero carbon Oxfordshire by 2040. This will help to ensure that people and their access to services is prioritised, while reducing car dependency. The principle is well established in the Local Transport Plan “Connecting Oxford”, but is not always followed when decisions are made. The hierarchy places people on foot at the top and people in private cars last: CoHSAT wants a future where no journey has to be made by private car as there is always an alternative travel choice. People walking and cycling will often use the most direct route to a destination, which will usually be along main roads. Main roads are often more dangerous for people cycling than quieter residential roads, especially at junctions. Cycling should be on segregated routes, physically separated from pedestrians and vehicles. More on the Strategic Active Travel Network here. Private cars have received numerous economic advantages over public transport in recent years and this needs to be reversed. There are some critical roles that OCC can fulfil to help this and the development of bus services: we need to start investing in public transport and only rarely subsidise the private car in future. The starting point must be England’s Economic Heartland Transport Strategy: “In identifying future investment requirements we will prioritise those which contribute to a reduction in car journeys in line with the recommendations delivered by the UK Climate Assembly: to facilitate a reduction in the number of private car journeys by a minimum of 5% per decade (of total traffic flow compared with 2019).” Every town and city needs traffic restrictions, parking reductions and the Workplace Parking Levy to make active travel and public transport the natural choice. A quick intervention would be to remove the subsidy of free parking, for example in Witney. All refurbishment and maintenance schemes must take the opportunity to improve conditions for walking and cycling. The default speed limit should be 20mph for all built-up areas, not just on residential streets. The County Council should sign up to Vision Zero – a target of zero deaths and zero serious injuries in the road traffic environment. When a new road is built, new traffic will be generated. Many people may make new trips they would otherwise not make, and will travel longer distances just because of the presence of the new road. This well-known and long-established effect is known as ‘induced traffic’. For these reasons, CoHSAT asks the Oxfordshire Councils to oppose the planning and building of any new high-speed roads.	https://cohsat.org.uk/manifesto/
The London Borough of Redbridge is looking to make big changes to the road network in Ilford Town Centre. In the 60s and 70s, the London Borough of Redbridge was reconfigured for car travel. Redbridge Borough Council are now keen to improve the environment for residents who choose to walk and cycle, as this improves the environment for everyone and allows for more walking, resting, meeting and congregating. The council set out a vision to ensure an attractive, liveable and convenient town centre for Ilford. This will help turn Ilford’s highways into streets, reducing the impact of vehicles and better connecting surrounding neighbourhoods for people walking and cycling. Redbridge council's vision includes... regeneration of the “island” site which is currently isolated by the gyratory improvements to the pedestrian environment, safer crossings and cycle routes redesign of the gyratory enlargement of Ilford station and connection of the Elizabeth Line renewed central shopping area reduction of through traffic cultural and artists quarter construction of residential tower blocks LB Redbridge commissioned our team of community engagement and technical specialists to engage with a wide range of community stakeholders including residents, business owners, elected members and local authority officers, to carry out Community Street Audits and produce recommendations to help inform the scheme design. Our engagement work supported the design process by providing an understanding of the barriers faced by people walking; and made specific recommendations to overcome them. We completed 202 surveys and eight CSA’s, allowing us to make recommendations to Redbridge Borough Council. Our engagement work asked those who travel on foot or by bicycle how the roads served them. The impact of traffic, noise, pollution, dangerous crossings, inconvenient routes and poor signage were all highlighted. Our Community Street Audits are a way of effectively involving community stakeholders in the process of evaluating the quality of the walking environment. They explore the environment from the viewpoint of the people who use it, not just those who manage it. CSAs provide recommendations to overcome physical and emotional barriers to walking for everyday journeys; and to feed into schemes to ensure places are fit for walking. The maintenance and quality of the public realm was also highlighted – the lack of greenery, poor lighting, the litter, neglect and street clutter of some areas, creating unattractive spaces. 25% people of those surveyed specifically mentioned concerns about feeling safe or anti-social behaviour when walking around Ilford. The feedback illustrated clear themes regarding key locations where people felt unsafe, either due to traffic or due to a risk of being a victim of crime. Overall, there was a desire to improve the public areas around Ilford. Greenery, attractive artworks, colour and good lighting could all play their part. Introducing more human activity and repurposing some areas such as the underpasses, could transform the space from threatening to welcoming. As these areas are safe from traffic, they have the potential to be a place for people to play, meet, eat, relax and not just an area to pass through. Residents provided ideas and suggestions through the surveys and many expressed a willingness to play their part in the changes. With the wealth of information we collected, resident concerns and priorities are clear and can help redirect council resources to where they are needed. Our work with Redbridge Council will help bring about big changes for walking around the Ilford Western Gyratory area and will be a key step in making Ilford a place which supports those walking, living in and visiting the town.	https://www.livingstreets.org.uk/about-us/our-work-in-action/community-engagement-project-ilford
\| Our ability to make music is a skill that makes us uniquely human. There are some researchers who suggest music is a by-product of language development, and that music plays a vital role in the development and function of the brain. Other researchers say music came before the development of language, and that language is another form of musical expression. Regardless of the point of view, music and other forms of creative activity have played a strong evolutionary role in the development of language, cognitive, and social skills.\| Unfortunately, when public schools across the country slash their budgets, one of the first programs that get cut are the music programs. Some people view music education as a fun but unimportant pursuit that takes time away from more important subjects like math, science, history, and language arts. What they may not realize is that music education can help a child excel in these subjects and in other areas of life. Neuroscience researchers have found that the brain of a musician works harder than the brain of a non-musician. This is because the musician must use more of their brain to play an instrument. Children who are given just a few weeks of music instruction show better-developed sound discrimination and fine motor skills than children who do not receive any musical instruction. One of the skills that are needed for success in math and science is spatial-temporal intelligence, and research has shown that there is a link between music and the development of spatial-temporal intelligence. Spatial-temporal intelligence is the ability to see patterns in multistep problems that are common in both math and science. Over time, researchers have found that students who have had music instruction tend to have better spatial-temporal intelligence than students who have not had music instruction. Standardized testing has become the norm in public schools across the country. A quality music education program plays a strong role in determining how successful students can be on a standardized test. Learning how to play music involves developing concentration and memory recall, both of which are necessary for a good outcome on standardized tests. Research has shown that elementary schools who provide a rigorous music program have students who score around 20 percentage points higher on standardized tests than schools who do not offer a music education program. There are a lot of benefits to having musical abilities, and researchers are still exploring how music affects learning and other non-music tasks. Discipline, learning a new skill, memory recall, performing in front of an audience are all areas that a child can benefit from participating in a good music program. If a school doesn’t have a music program, then parents can go to any number of private music studios like Kenmore Piano Studio, where students can receive music training and gain the benefits of what a music education can provide. \|http://www.kenmorepianostudio.com/ Nate Marks enjoys writing snippets here and there.	https://hearyoumusic.com/why-music-education-matters?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=why-music-education-matters
The main goal of the research that is conducted in the Brain and Education Lab is to create a better understanding of the cognitive and neural systems that support learning and academic performance across development. To pursue this goal, lab members draw on theories and methods from developmental and cognitive psychology, educational sciences, and cognitive neuroscience. Research Topics Our basic interest in learning and neurocognitive development leads to a number of questions that can be clustered around 4 main topics of research: Learning and Memory: Individual and Developmental Differences How do children, adolescents, and adults learn? Are there quantitative or qualitative differences in learning strategies between individuals, depending on their age, background knowledge, and cognitive abilities? Using behavioral tasks as well as cognitive neuroscience methods we try to gain insight into the cognitive processes that occur during learning and identify possible sources of difficulties as well as opportunities for learning. We examine these questions using both neuroimaging and behavioral methods, including research in field settings such as in schools. This research is partially funded by the Jacobs Foundation (D.D.J.). Development and Training of Executive Functions (cognitive control) In what way does the development of executive functions contribute to age related change in scholarly tasks such as reading comprehension, mathematics, and learning in general? Is immature cognitive control always disadvantageous or does it also have benefits for learning and exploratory behavior? And is it possible to train executive functions in a way that is beneficial for functioning in everyday life? We examine these questions using different methodologies, including cognitive tasks, questionnaires, dual-task studies, and intervention studies. Development of Reading comprehension How do reading comprehension skills develop, and how can we explain individual differences in reading comprehension abilities from childhood through adolescence? Are adolescents less motivated to read than children, and how does the development of social cognitive skills influence reading comprehension in this age range? How does brain development support our ability to comprehend and learn from texts? We examine these questions using both neuroimaging and behavioral methods, including research in field settings such as in schools. Development of Spatial and Mathematical skills How do spatial and mathematical skills develop, and why do some children have more difficulty learning these skills than others? How can we train spatial abilities in a way that benefits math performance? And what is the role of working memory? These questions are examined in a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network (MSCA-ITN) project examining the role of spatial cognition in STEM learning. For more information, see the SellSTEM website.	https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/brain-and-education-lab/research
Within the field of developmental science, there is a general agreement of the need to work together across academic disciplinary boundaries in order to advance the understandings of how to optimize child development and learning. However, experience also shows that such collaborations may be challenging. This paper reports on the experiences of bidirectional collaboration between researchers in a multidisciplinary research team and between researchers and stakeholders, in the first randomized controlled trial in Swedish preschool. The objective of the trial was to investigate the effects of two pedagogical learning strategies evaluating language, communication, attention, executive functions and early math. The interdisciplinary team includes researchers from early childhood education, linguistics, developmental psychology and cognitive neuro science. Educational researchers and theorists within the field of early childhood education in Sweden have during the last two decades mainly undertaken small-scale qualitative praxis-oriented and participative research. There is a widespread skepticism with regards to some of the core principles in controlled intervention methodologies, including a strong resistance towards individual testing of children. Consequently unanticipated disagreements and conflicts arose within the research team, as RCT methodology requires the measurement of effects pre and post the intervention. The aim of this article is to discuss the conditions for bidirectional collaboration both between researchers and stakeholders and between researchers in the research team. The findings illustrate strategies and negotiations that emerged in order to address ontological and epistemological controversies and disagreements. These include (a) the negotiation of research ethics, (b) making divergences visible and learning from each other, (c) using a multi-epistemological and methodological approach as a complement to the RCT design and (d) the negotiation of research problems that are shared between educators and researchers. Background During the preschool years, children develop abilities and skills in areas crucial for later success in life. These abilities include language, executive functions, attention, and socioemotional skills. The pedagogical methods used in preschools hold the potential to enhance these abilities, but our knowledge of which pedagogical practices aid which abilities, and for which children, is limited. The aim of this paper is to describe an intervention study designed to evaluate and compare two pedagogical methodologies in terms of their effect on the above-mentioned skills in Swedish preschool children. Method The study is a randomized control trial (RCT) where two pedagogical methodologies were tested to evaluate how they enhanced children’s language, executive functions and attention, socioemotional skills, and early maths skills during an intensive 6-week intervention. Eighteen preschools including 28 units and 432 children were enrolled in a municipality close to Stockholm, Sweden. The children were between 4;0 and 6;0 years old and each preschool unit was randomly assigned to either of the interventions or to the control group. Background information on all children was collected via questionnaires completed by parents and preschools. Pre- and post-intervention testing consisted of a test battery including tests on language, executive functions, selective auditive attention, socioemotional skills and early maths skills. The interventions consisted of 6 weeks of intensive practice of either a socioemotional and material learning paradigm (SEMLA), for which group-based activities and interactional structures were the main focus, or an individual, digitally implemented attention and math training paradigm, which also included a set of self-regulation practices (DIL). All preschools were evaluated with the ECERS-3. Discussion If this intervention study shows evidence of a difference between group-based learning paradigms and individual training of specific skills in terms of enhancing children’s abilities in fundamental areas like language, executive functions and attention, socioemotional skills and early math, this will have big impact on the preschool agenda in the future. The potential for different pedagogical methodologies to have different impacts on children of different ages and with different backgrounds invites a wider discussion within the field of how to develop a preschool curriculum suited for all children. During the preschool years, children’s development of skills like language and communication, executive functions, and socioemotional comprehension undergo dramatic development. Still, our knowledge of how these skills are enhanced is limited. The preschool contexts constitute a well-suited arena for investigating these skills and hold the potential for giving children an equal opportunity preparing for the school years to come. The present study compared two pedagogical methods in the Swedish preschool context as to their effect on language and communication, executive functions, socioemotional comprehension, and early math. The study targeted children in the age span four-to-six-year-old, with an additional focus on these children’s backgrounds in terms of socioeconomic status, age, gender, number of languages, time spent at preschool, and preschool start. An additional goal of the study was to add to prior research by aiming at disentangling the relationship between the investigated variables. The study constitutes a randomized controlled trial including 18 preschools and 29 preschool units, with a total of 431 children, and 98 teachers. The interventions lasted for 6 weeks, preceded by pre-testing and followed by post-testing of the children. Randomization was conducted on the level of preschool unit, to either of the two interventions or to control. The interventions consisted of a socioemotional and material learning paradigm (SEMLA) and a digitally implemented attention and math training paradigm (DIL). The preschools were further evaluated with ECERS-3. The main analysis was a series of univariate mixed regression models, where the nested structure of individuals, preschool units and preschools were modeled using random variables. Results The result of the intervention shows that neither of the two intervention paradigms had measurable effects on the targeted skills. However, there were results as to the follow-up questions, such as executive functions predicting all other variables (language and communication, socioemotional comprehension, and math). Background variables were related to each other in patterns congruent with earlier findings, such as socioeconomic status predicting outcome measures across the board. The results are discussed in relation to intervention fidelity, length of intervention, preschool quality, and the impact of background variables on children’s developmental trajectories and life prospects. Förskolan är viktig för barns språk- och kommunikations- utveckling, särskilt för dem som inte har optimala förutsättningar. Den som har lätt för kommunikation har en fördel i livet. Genom att stötta barns samtal kan pedagogerna stärka språk och kommunikation.	http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22personId%22%3A%22sito2453%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&language=en&query=
- PsychologyFront. Hum. Neurosci. - 2014 This contribution provides an overview of the most relevant hypotheses in the present day's literature regarding possible deficits that lead to MLD and of possible classifications of MLD subtypes and proposes a classification model for MLD describing four basic cognitive domains within which specific deficits may reside. Subitizing or counting as possible screening variables for learning disabilities in mathematics education or learning - Psychology - 2009 The contribution of general cognitive abilities and approximate number system to early mathematics. - PsychologyThe British journal of educational psychology - 2014 Memory and ANS seemed to influence early mathematics almost independently, and general and specific precursors seemed to have a crucial role in early math competences, despite the lower involvement of ANS. Mathematics learning performance and Mathematics learning difficulties in China - Business - 2011 Mathematics is a critical ability of human beings in modern society. Cross-cultural studies provide us with information about the way specific variables and processes contribute to mathematics… Cognitive Characteristics of Children With Mathematics Learning Disability (MLD) Vary as a Function of the Cutoff Criterion Used to Define MLD - PsychologyJournal of learning disabilities - 2007 Differences in student characteristics based on the definition of MLD are highlighted and the value of examining skill areas associated with math performance in addition to math performance itself is illustrated. Beyond the “Third Method” for the Assessment of Developmental Dyscalculia: Implications for Research and Practice - PsychologyInternational Handbook of Mathematical Learning Difficulties - 2019 There has been a continuous debate on different criteria on assessment of mathematical learning disability (MLD). Originally, MLD was defined as an unexpected failure to acquire basic mathematics… The Cognitive Origins of Mathematics Learning Disability: A Review - Philosophy - 2020 Mathematics learning disability, or dyscalculia, is a specific learning disability that affects an individual’s ability to learn about and process numerical or mathematical information. Although… Observing and analyzing children’s mathematical development, based on action theory - Education - 2017 Children who experience difficulties with learning mathematics should be taught by teachers who focus on the child’s best way of learning. Analyses of the mathematical difficulties are necessary for… Can we predict mathematical learning disabilities from symbolic and non-symbolic comparison tasks in kindergarten? Findings from a longitudinal study. - PsychologyThe British journal of educational psychology - 2012 Regression analyses showed that non-symbolic skills in kindergarten were predictively related to arithmetical achievement 1 year later and fact retrieval 2 years later and AN comparison was predictivelyrelated to procedural calculation2 years later. Mental Arithmetic in Children With Mathematics Learning Disabilities - PsychologyJournal of learning disabilities - 2008 The adaptive use of approximate calculation was examined using a verification task with third graders with mathematics learning disabilities, typically achievingThird graders, and typically achieving second graders were sensitive to answer plausibility on simple problems, and both typically achieving groups were faster at rejecting extremely incorrect results than at accepting correct answers on complex addition problems. References SHOWING 1-10 OF 90 REFERENCES Numerical and arithmetical cognition: patterns of functions and deficits in children at risk for a mathematical disability. - PsychologyJournal of experimental child psychology - 1999 Performance on the experimental tasks provides insights into the cognitive deficits underlying different forms of LD, as well as into the sources of individual differences in academic achievement. Cognitive Analysis of Children's Mathematics Difficulties - Education - 1984 The aim of the study is to investigate the informal and formal mathematical knowledge of children suffering from "mathematics difficulty" (MD). The research involves comparisons among three groups:… Numerical and arithmetical cognition: a longitudinal study of process and concept deficits in children with learning disability. - PsychologyJournal of experimental child psychology - 2000 The children with variable achievement test performance did not differ from the academically normal children in any cognitive domain, whereas the children in the LD groups showed specific patterns of cognitive deficit, above and beyond the influence of IQ. A componential analysis of an early learning deficit in mathematics. - PsychologyJournal of experimental child psychology - 1990 Development of arithmetical competencies in Chinese and American children: influence of age, language, and schooling. - EducationChild development - 1996 The pattern of arithmetical development across the academic year and across the Chinese and American children suggests that a mix of cultural and maturational factors influence the emergence of early arithmetic competencies and that the Chinese advantage in early mathematical development is related to a combination of language- and school-related factors. Cognitive Addition: Comparison of Learning Disabled and Academically Normal Elementary School Children - Psychology - 1987 A longitudinal study of mathematical competencies in children with specific mathematics difficulties versus children with comorbid mathematics and reading difficulties. - PsychologyChild development - 2003 At the end of 3rd grade the MD only group performed better than the MD-RD group in problem solving but not in calculation, while the NA and RD only groups performed better in most areas. Performance across different areas of mathematical cognition in children with learning difficulties. - Psychology - 2001 The performance of 210 2nd graders in different areas of mathematical cognition was examined. Children were divided into 4 achievement groups: children with difficulties in mathematics but not in… Developmental Differences in Solving Simple Arithmetic Word Problems and Simple Number-fact Problems: A Comparison of Mathematically Normal and Mathematically Disabled Children - Psychology - 1998 The research reported in this paper was designed in a cross-sectional perspective to examine differences between mathematically disabled children (MD children) and mathematically normal children (MN… The acquisition of arithmetic in normal children: assessment by a cognitive model of dyscalculia. - PsychologyDevelopmental medicine and child neurology - 1993 The authors conclude that this battery assesses number knowledge, and use of the fifth centile as a cut-off point will aid in identification of children with mental dyscalculia.	https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Learning-Disabilities-in-Arithmetic-and-Mathematics-Geary-Hoard/a83351e24e08da3986e3490fed01fb6977543bdc?p2df
Grand Canyon University's Bachelor of Science in Behavioral Health Science with an Emphasis in Infancy and Early Childhood Studies program provides students with an introductive study on the development and behavior of infants and young children. Students gain the knowledge and skills necessary to work with young children and advocate the importance of the family structure and other caregiving systems. In the behavioral health science program for infancy and early childhood studies, students take courses on behavioral science and health, counseling, human development, abnormal psychology, family dynamics, infancy and early childhood development and more, in addition to a capstone project. Why Earn Your Behavioral Health Early Childhood Degree at GCU? GCU’s early childhood studies degree program addresses the university’s five critical competencies, including: effective communication, critical thinking, Christian worldview, leadership and global awareness, perspective and ethics. This program also upholds six academic domains: Domain 1: Concepts of Behavioral Health Analyze various concepts of behavioral health, such as the history and current trends, theories, approaches and techniques, along with research and best practices. Domain 2: Behavioral Health Skills Analyze key behavioral health skills, such as the DSM manual and ICD codes, emerging brain technology, clinical and documentation skills, along with ethics and specific laws and rules. Discuss the role of assessment, diagnosis and treatment for clients and analyze the scope of practice for behavioral health paraprofessionals and technicians. Domain 3: Cultural Competency Discuss how culture, diversity and social justice impact the behavioral health field. Define the role of religion and spirituality in providing behavioral health services and examine the values and belief systems of behavioral health disorders among cultures. Domain 4: Behavioral Health Information Technology Evaluate the use of diverse technology for behavioral health, such as electronic medical and health records, record keeping and other related software. Analyze the importance of privacy, security and confidentiality with patient records. Domain 5: Professional Network Examine the importance of a professional network in the field of behavioral health, such as roles and expectations, internal and external multidisciplinary teams, along with local and national service entities. Discuss the role of managed care and integrated health system. Domain 6: Infancy and Early Childhood Studies Identify various concepts of early childhood behavioral health and development, different assessment and treatment approaches and the DC: 0-5 disorders affecting young children. Describe how culture and environment, early risk and protective factors and the caregiving system contribute to the development and well-being of young children. Behavioral Health Early Childhood Careers Graduates of the early childhood studies and infancy program can pursue a career in behavioral health, health services management, human services, government and law enforcement. Additionally, this curriculum offers a strong foundation for students who want to pursue a master’s degree in mental and behavioral health, criminal justice, clinical or forensic psychology or human services. General Education Requirements General Education coursework prepares Grand Canyon University graduates to think critically, communicate clearly, live responsibly in a diverse world, and thoughtfully integrate their faith and ethical convictions into all dimensions of life. These competencies, essential to an effective and satisfying life, are outlined in the General Education Learner Outcomes. General Education courses embody the breadth of human understanding and creativity contained in the liberal arts and sciences tradition. Students take an array of foundational knowledge courses that promote expanded knowledge, insight, and the outcomes identified in the University's General Education Competencies. The knowledge and skills students acquire through these courses serve as a foundation for successful careers and lifelong journeys of growing understanding and wisdom. Requirements Upon completion of the Grand Canyon University's University Foundation experience, students will be able to demonstrate competency in the areas of academic skills and self-leadership. They will be able to articulate the range of resources available to assist them, explore career options related to their area of study, and have knowledge of Grand Canyon's community. Students will be able to demonstrate foundational academic success skills, explore GCU resources (CLA, Library, Career Center, ADA office, etc), articulate strategies of self-leadership and management and recognize opportunities to engage in the GCU community. Course Options - UNV-112, Success in Science, Engineering and Technology & Lab: 4 - UNV-103, University Success: 4 - UNV-303, University Success: 4 - UNV-108, University Success in the College of Education: 4 Requirements Graduates of Grand Canyon University will be able to construct rhetorically effective communications appropriate to diverse audiences, purposes, and occasions (English composition, communication, critical reading, foreign language, sign language, etc.). Students are required to take 3 credits of English grammar or composition. Course Options - UNV-104, 21st Century Skills: Communication and Information Literacy: 4 - ENG-105, English Composition I: 4 - ENG-106, English Composition II: 4 Requirements Graduates of Grand Canyon University will be able to express aspects of Christian heritage and worldview. Students are required to take CWV-101/CWV-301. Course Options - CWV-101, Christian Worldview: 4 - CWV-301, Christian Worldview: 4 Requirements Graduates of Grand Canyon University will be able to use various analytic and problem-solving skills to examine, evaluate, and/or challenge ideas and arguments (mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, geology, astronomy, physical geography, ecology, economics, theology, logic, philosophy, technology, statistics, accounting, etc.). Students are required to take 3 credits of intermediate algebra or higher. Course Options - MAT-154, Applications of College Algebra: 4 - MAT-144, College Mathematics: 4 - PHI-105, 21st Century Skills: Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: 4 - BIO-220, Environmental Science: 4 Requirements Graduates of Grand Canyon University will be able to demonstrate awareness and appreciation of and empathy for differences in arts and culture, values, experiences, historical perspectives, and other aspects of life (psychology, sociology, government, Christian studies, Bible, geography, anthropology, economics, political science, child and family studies, law, ethics, cross-cultural studies, history, art, music, dance, theater, applied arts, literature, health, etc.). If the predefined course is a part of the major, students need to take an additional course. Course Options - HIS-144, U.S. History Themes: 4 - PSY-102, General Psychology: 4 - SOC-100, Everyday Sociology: 4 Core Courses Course Description This course provides foundational knowledge regarding addiction and substance use disorders. Topics studied include biopsychosocial dynamics; stages, processes, and impact of addiction and substance use; and the role of the addiction professional in prevention, intervention, relapse prevention, and aftercare. In addition, the course provides overviews of the substance abuse counselor's code of ethics, HIPAA, and legal issues involved in counseling. Course Description This course provides foundational knowledge in theoretical approaches to counseling. Theoretical models studied include psychodynamic, existential, Gestalt, person-centered, cognitive and behavioral therapy, family systems, and narrative- and solution-focused therapies. Course Description This course provides a broad understanding of group development stages, group dynamics, group counseling theories, and ethical standards pertaining to group work. In addition, this course explores theoretical approaches to group work. The course also addresses the growth and development of group members. Course Description This writing-intensive course provides a broad understanding of ethics, legal standards, and responsibilities in behavioral health. Students explore basic ethical concepts, legislation, and current trends in behavioral health ethics. This course pays special attention to technology and its effects on lawmaking and ethics in behavioral health. Important goals of this course are to help students develop a comprehensive understanding of the history and current application of ethics in the behavioral health field. Course Description This course provides a comprehensive foundation through exploring the content areas of cultural diversity, social justice, and religious and spiritual values. Examination of these areas strives to offer an overarching framework to guide students and gain perspectives for working with multicultural populations in the behavioral health field. This course assists students with developing knowledge and application of cultural diversity, cultural competency, and the importance of self-awareness, social justice, and advocacy. In addition, this course provides students a blended approach of the beliefs and values associated with religion and spirituality as a component of cultural competency. Course Description This course provides an understanding of the nature and needs of individuals across the life-span development. This course covers physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development across various points in human development. Additionally, students learn about the influence of spiritual and moral beliefs throughout the life span. Course Description This is a writing intensive foundation course in the science of abnormal behavior that offers students the opportunity to study the origin and development of abnormal patterns and disorders. This course is designed to assist students in recognizing and understanding mental illness through increased awareness of emotional, functional, and physiological factors influencing mental health. Specific topics include symptoms, diagnoses, etiology, epidemiology, and treatment of various psychological disorders and syndromes. Course Description This course is a study of elementary theories of probability, distribution, and testing of statistical hypotheses. Practical experience is provided in the application of statistical methods. Prerequisite: MAT-134, MAT-144 or MAT-154. Course Description This course provides a comprehensive understanding of the various documentation styles used in the behavioral health field. Students critically examine evidence-based research in the field of behavioral health. The course offers an introduction to conducting applied clinical research. Course Description This course introduces the historical and theoretical perspectives of family dynamics and systems. Topics include roles, communication styles, boundaries, generational patterns, cultural influences, and couples and parenting dynamics. Skills and modalities relevant to working with families in the behavioral health field are explored. Course Description This course offers an overview of various types of trauma, and effects of traumatic experiences within the physical, emotional, sociological, cognitive, and spiritual domains of a human being. It studies the dynamics of trauma throughout the human life-span development. It offers a brief overview of trauma, informed care assessment and treatment, and ethics associated with working with trauma victims. Course Description This course provides a comprehensive overview of the cognitive, physical, and socioemotional developmental stages and sensitive periods of early human development. The course addresses the critical influence the care-getting environment has on brain development and how relationships change the structure of the brain both positively and negatively. The stages of human attachment and a brief overview of styles of attachment as they relate to development throughout the lifespan are also reviewed. Additionally, the course addresses the effects of prenatal maternal care, environment, and premature birth on developmental stages. Students understand how culture and socioeconomic status affects development. Course Description This course provides an overview of a variety of assessments commonly used to diagnose disorders in early childhood. Students learn the importance of ongoing assessment, assessment in a variety of settings, and the importance of the caregiver-child relationship in assessment. Students are provided an overview of common disorders found in early childhood, and how the DC: 0-5 is used to accurately identify early childhood disorders. Students understand the role of cultural and familial influence on assessment and diagnosis. Prerequisite: BHS-480. Course Description The capstone project is a culmination of the learning experiences while a student is within the behavioral health science program at Grand Canyon University’s College of Humanities and Social Sciences. Students prepare a written proposal for a community-based behavioral health organization related to the student’s specific area of focus. The proposal includes the name, geographical location, identified service gap, target populations, types of service/treatments, potential challenges, ethical considerations, and supervision/oversight considerations. The professional capstone project proposal needs to reflect synthesis and integration of course content. This capstone course needs to be completed at the end of program. Prerequisite: BHS-350. Pursue a next-generation education with an online degree from Grand Canyon University. Earn your degree with convenience and flexibility with online courses that let you study anytime, anywhere. Grand Canyon University’s evening programs cater to the demands of working professionals who prefer an in-person learning environment. Our night classes meet just once per week and offer the interaction and discussion of a typical college classroom. * Please note that this list may contain programs and courses not presently offered, as availability may vary depending on class size, enrollment and other contributing factors. If you are interested in a program or course listed herein please first contact your University Counselor for the most current information regarding availability. * Please refer to the Academic Catalog for more information. Programs or courses subject to change.	https://www.gcu.edu/degree-programs/bachelor-science-behavioral-health-science-early-childhood-studies
POSITION SUMMARY: The Senior Compensation Analyst, as a key member of the Total Rewards (TR) Team, collaborates with HR consultants and clients to design, analyze and implement components of the full compensation life cycle; including job descriptions, job matching to market data, salary structure creation, benchmarking, salary planning and communications. The Analyst will advise on complex compensation matters with in-depth analytics and strategic alignment to business goals. The Analyst role is primarily client-facing and aligned to the consulting teams to support their clients’ unique needs. Internally, will collaborate with the TR Team to develop tools, templates and trainings for the consulting team. DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES Client Leadership - Lead on the full lifecycle of compensation work; creating/reviewing job descriptions, job matching to market data, salary structures, benchmarking, education and communication. Collect and analyze compensation information to determine market competitiveness and internal equity in support of project-based and outsourced client engagements. Partner and collaborative with consultants to develop and deliver compelling compensation recommendations and program reports. - Build a consultative and collaborative relationship with HR consultants, client leaders and staff on compensation programs evolution and compensation initiatives. - Analyze data sets to distill insights, convey findings and make recommendations to client leadership and consultants. Also, support internal client data capture efforts and provide analytical perspective to leveraging data for consultant’s supporting clients. - Collaborative with client’s Boards of Directors in support of Executive Director/CEO compensation benchmarking project. - Proactively research best practices and trends. Present findings and thoughtful alternative solutions that are aligned with client’s established philosophy with an understanding of fulfilling business need and impact on client’s employee base. Ensure timely and relevant information to stay abreast of trends, inform consultants so that they may inform and educate their clients. Administer and evolve firm’s market pricing tools and benchmarking methodology. - Build and deliver compensation-related training and education materials for client and internal teams. Subject Matter Expertise and Thought Leadership - In collaboration with the Total Rewards Team ensure that TR Library maintains up to date and relevant. Partner with Total Rewards Team to identify opportunities to improve the accuracy and efficiency of core compensation business processes. - Actively listen to gain understanding of clients’ changing business and operational needs in order identify opportunities to deepen the client engagement. - Collaborate with consulting practice leadership to upsell and cross-sell client service solutions to ensure achievement of existing client objectives and firm revenue goals. - Develop and deliver public speaking opportunities in specific subject matter expertise which aligns with Nonprofit HR’s marketing and business development strategies including client roundtables and firm-sponsored events and webinars - Keep abreast of HR best practices and trends and participate in creating collateral to share and market expertise (e.g., blogs, case studies, white papers) - Champion and embody the Nonprofit HR culture, mission and values. KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS & ABILITIES: - College degree in Business or related field plus a minimum of 10 years of experience in compensation, finance or consulting with an in-depth knowledge of core compensation terminology and best practices. - CCP certification highly desired. - Experience with maintaining and administering domestic compensation and incentive plans (international experience a plus not a requirement) - Extremely strong analytical and quantitative skills and a track record for executing and auditing work - Ability to gain alignment and represent a common point of view across multiple stakeholders. - Excellent attention to detail. - Willingness to roll up sleeves and be hands on. - High-level proficiency in Excel and Microsoft Office - Solid eye for business and the ability to influence and develop strong working relationships with multiple partners, including client executives and peers. - Prefer experience in a client-facing role - Strong project management skills - Strong written, presentation, and verbal communication skills - Ability to periodically travel domestically – less than 15% ADA SPECIFICATIONS: This position is largely sedentary in nature however one must possess the ability to speak, hear, and write as well as the ability to use a computer and related software programs, and lift up to 20 lbs. Ongoing local and/or national travel periodically required. The above statements are intended to describe the general nature and level of work being performed by the individual(s) assigned to this position. They are not intended to be an exhaustive list of all duties, responsibilities, and skills required. Management reserves the right to modify, add, or remove duties and to assign other duties as necessary. HOW TO APPLY: Send resume and cover letter to [email protected]. Make subject line: Senior Compensation Analyst. For questions regarding this career opportunity, email Lisa McKeown, Total Rewards Practice Leader at [email protected].	https://www.nonprofithr.com/13137-2/
Was da Vinci autistic? Van Gogh? Aristotle? We’ll never know for sure – and it matters little to the world today. But a recent research project confirms that autistic savants, or ASD individuals who boast a near-inhuman degree of brilliance in one or more niche areas like memory recall, spatial composition and mathematical problem solving are fairly common. Their skills are exceptional in relation to both their other abilities and those of the general public. The idea that neurological abnormalities can facilitate masterpieces is not a new one – but it is based at least partly in fact. This savant personality type, most famously depicted in the “Rain Man” role that earned an Oscar for Dustin Hoffman, is much more than a cliché. While previous consensus held that approximately 10% of autistic individuals had savant-like skills, the number may be closer to 1 in 3. These extraordinary skills are difficult to measure on any objective level, but British researchers went further than any of their predecessors in attempting to do just that. A group based at the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College in London solicited testimony from the parents of autistic children who believed that their kids possessed such gifts. And they used a variety of standards to determine how many of the claims were legitimate. Some of the skills, used as benchmarks in this study, that have been repeatedly observed among savants: the ability to quickly name the day of the week for any given date in the past or future; the possession of perfect musical pitch; the uncanny ability to name a complex or obscure composition based on a single chord. Researchers also used intelligence tests designed to measure an individual’s specific skills in the mathematical, spatial and memory-related fields in order to identify those with exceptional gifts. The study’s subjects were all adults who had been observed in a clinical setting from time to time since their initial diagnoses years earlier. Almost half of the responding parents believed their children to possess savant qualities. The researchers’ findings held that, while the parents of these subjects were perhaps a little overeager in labeling them geniuses, a significant number (approximately 28.5%) did indeed have either an abnormal niche skill or exceptional cognitive abilities in one specific area. Our perspective on this phenomenon is changing. Not only is it more common than scientific consensus held it to be; we have begun to understand its mechanisms more intimately than before, and with this knowledge come new theories about the neurological and behavioral roots of the savant. One longstanding theory regarding savants is that the energies most people use to empathize and communicate with others are so severely underdeveloped in autistic individuals that their otherwise normal brainpower is devoted to an abnormal degree to other non-social skills such as math, problem solving, music theory, etc. Another theory that appears to be gaining credibility in the face of studies like this one is that autistic individuals are drawn to the sort of restrictive, repetitive, socially isolated behaviors that breed mastery of a given skill. For example, many autistic individuals are obsessed with detail and have a great gift for noting miniscule differences in repeating patterns. Their brains are more oriented toward noting these patterns, memorizing them and theorizing about their variations than explaining them to others. They're far more attentive to minute details than to the shape of the greater "big picture." This sort of behavior would naturally lead someone to enjoy spending countless hours performing complicated math problems, practicing a musical instrument or applying scientific theories to collected data sets. Other, more socially oriented individuals would presumably find such pursuits far less appealing. Does this mean that autistic individuals are inherently predisposed toward these talents or the personal discipline necessary to refine them? The question oversimplifies the issue. We do have good reason to believe that the repetitive tics and obsession with statistical data that are so common to autistic individuals may in some cases facilitate the development of a very unique and abnormally well-developed skill set. The most important conclusion to be drawn is that the skills of savants are not miracles or freak occurrences but the hard-earned real-world gifts of those who have them. And they should be celebrated and encouraged, not ridiculed.	http://www.treatmentonline.com/blog/index.asp?blog_id=2608
Why might a child need an evaluation? To gain a better understanding of their: General cognitive abilities Present level of academic achievement Current psychological functioning Areas of strength and weakness To understand the causes of difficulties with schoolwork To obtain accurate diagnoses To determine an appropriate course of treatment To receive services at school Common referral questions for psychological testing might include (but are not limited to): Does my child have: ADHD? A learning disability? Conduct disorder or other behavioral problems? An anxiety disorder? Depression? Impaired executive functions? Does my child need: Accommodations and/or modifications within the school environment? An Individualized Education Program (IEP) or 504 Plan? Tutoring or other cognitive remediation services outside of school? Psychotherapy? Social skills training? A medication consult? What might be assessed in a comprehensive evaluation? General cognitive functioning Verbal abilities Nonverbal abilities(e.g. visual-spatial skills) Fluid reasoning skills Academic achievement Language skills Information-processing abilities Attention and concentration Executive functions Processing speed and efficiency Visual-motor skills Memory Personality structure Psychological symptoms What types of treatment or intervention might be recommended after reviewing the results?	http://www.melissabsingerphd.com/psychologicaltesting
The Director of Professional Development and Publications oversees the association’s professional development facilitation and offerings, as well as all NAfME publications, juried and non-juried. Pursuant to these roles, the Director serves as staff liaison to the NAfME Professional Development Committee, and supports the music education higher education community, including the association’s two higher education societies (Society for Research in Music Education and Society for Music Teacher Education). Additionally, the Director serves as the association’s writer/facilitator for government grants and opportunities, with a strong focus on ensuring equitable access to music education. ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Coalition Building Government Grant Development and Oversight Management Professional Development Publications Research and Policy Analysis SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES BUDGET QUALIFICATIONS Knowledge of music education professional development materials and models, including knowledge of trends in the field of education PD. Experience implementing professional development materials and models. Experience managing large conference and professional development events, both in person and online. Knowledge of online learning management systems. Experience developing and managing partnerships. Thorough knowledge of education and/or music/arts education research including data regarding access to music education, including how to synthesize, analyze, document and present findings. Experienced and successful grant writer and manager, particularly with government grants and granting agencies. Excellent project management skills, including ability to establish priorities and accomplish goals. Excellent interpersonal communication skills, especially with regard to political, foundation and corporate leaders, directed at establishing relationships with those leaders in ways that materially support the mission of the association. Excellent verbal and written communication skills. Excellent analytical skills, especially applied to professional learning, research review and fund development. Experience utilizing social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) as a communications tactic. Experience in building and working with coalitions, particularly dealing with educational policy and programming. EDUCATION AND/OR EXPERIENCE Bachelor’s degree in music or music education (Master’s or equivalent preferred). At least 10 years directly relevant work experience. *Supervisory experience, including working with volunteer leadership, staff, and contracted positions. SKILLS Language Skills: Mathematical Skills: Reasoning Ability: The ability to analyze information and solve complex problems. Reasoning tasks involve skills such as: Computer Skills:	https://careers.aencnet.org/jobs/14939715/director-of-professional-development-and-publications
Rhythms of Learning: Creative Tools for Developing Lifelong Skills. Brewer, Chris; Campbell, Don G. This document contends that there is a meaningful connection between artistic abilities and academic abilities, notably in the relationship between musical and mathematical/scientific abilities. Based on the premise that music makes it possible to master difficult abstract concepts faster and with greater retention, this handbook encourages learning through music, sound, and rhythmic activities. Organized in seven chapters, chapter 1, "Patterns of Listening," indicates that lifelong learning begins as hearing evolves into listening. The journey from listening to lifelong learning begins with the attainment of attentive listening skills and includes the development of inner speech and inner listening. Chapter 2, "Creative Teaching: Phase Forward Education," aims to produce reflective awareness of rhythmic teaching delivery and instruction. Chapter 3, "Observing Inner Rhythms," suggests that sensitivity to inner rhythms allows educators to intentionally create synchronous learning experiences. Chapter 4, "Rhythms of Discovery," looks at neurologic rhythms. Chapter 5, "Emotional IQ," argues that to perceive and nurture emotional rhythms is an essential skill. Chapter 6, "Orchestrating Lifelong Learning," and chapter 7, "Orchestrating Intelligence," offer methodologies for rhythmic teaching and learning. Each chapter includes extensive suggestions for teacher and/or student activities and learning experiences. These activities are interdisciplinary and include both music and movement activities. Appendices include: "The Tomatis Method and Empowering Learners" (Billie Thompson); "Suggestology and Suggestopedy" (Georgi Lozanov from "The Lozanov Report to UNESCO"); a 23-item resource guide; and a 132-item bibliography. (MM) Descriptors: Affective Behavior, Cognitive Processes, Elementary Secondary Education, Emotional Intelligence, Interdisciplinary Approach, Listening Skills, Movement Education, Music, Music Activities, Music Education, Professional Education, Psychological Patterns, Reflective Teaching, Rhythm (Music), Teaching Methods Zephyr Press, 3316 N. Chapel Ave., Tucson, AZ 85716 ($24.95). Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher; Guides - Non-Classroom Education Level: N/A Audience: Practitioners; Teachers Language: English Sponsor: N/A Authoring Institution: N/A Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A Note: Foreword by Dee Dickinson.	https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED407346
Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). - Psychology, BiologyJournal of experimental psychology. General - 1986 Two pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) have spontaneously begun to use symbols to communicate with people and have begun to comprehend spoken English words and can readily identify lexigrams upon hearing the spoken words. Gestural Communication in Nonhuman Species - Biology, Psychology - 2015 A brief overview of its history is provided and current trends and future avenues are pinpointed, to get a better insight in this intriguing scientific field. Observational word learning in two bonobos (Pan paniscus): ostensive and non-ostensive contexts - Psychology - 2000 Gestures of apes and pre-linguistic human children: Similar or different? - Psychology - 2008 The majority of studies on animal communication provide evidence that gestural signalling plays an important role in the communication of non-human primates and resembles that of pre-linguistic and… Distal Communication by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for Common Ground? - PsychologyChild development - 2015 This study exposed 166 chimpanzees to food and an experimenter, at an angular displacement, to ask, "Do chimpanzees display distal communication?", and found that apes do communicate distally. Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees - Psychology, Education - 1987 These findings complement naturalistic observations in suggesting that chimpanzee tool-use is in some sense «culturally transmitted» — though perhaps not in the same sense as social-conventional behaviors for which precise copying of conspecifics is crucial. Artificial Language Comprehension in Dolphins and Sea Lions: The Essential Cognitive Skills - Computer Science - 1988 It is concluded that both dolphins and sea lions can be taught to comprehend sentence-like instructions, and the simplified language learned by these marine mammals depends on the following learned cognitive skills. From Animal Communication to Linguistics and Back : Insight from Combinatorial Abilities in Monkeys and Birds - Biology - 2018 Here, a twostep approach is adopted in order to discuss: what forms sound combination takes in animals, based on structural and functional criteria and when it may or not be appropriate to use linguistic terms; why sound combination may have evolved in some species more than others. References SHOWING 1-10 OF 25 REFERENCES Early Signs of Language in Child and Chimpanzee - PsychologyScience - 1975 Early results indicate that the new conditions are significantly superior to the conditions of Project Washoe, and more valid comparisons can now be made between the acquisition of language by children and by chimpanzees. Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol - Psychology - 1986 In this pioneering study, the author traces the acquisition of symbols by two chimpanzees, from their simplest beginnings to their use as representational statements about future actions. The… Can an ape create a sentence? - PsychologyScience - 1979 More than 19,000 multisign utterances of an infant chimpanzee (Nim) were analyzed for syntactic and semantic regularities, showing similar non-human patterns of discourse. Verbal behavior at a procedural level in the chimpanzee. - PsychologyJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior - 1984 It is concluded that the behavior-analytic framework, and the procedures devised to produce language skills in apes, provide strong support for several of the major positions set forth in Skinner's (1957) Verbal Behavior. Transfer of signed responses in American Sign Language from vocal English stimuli to physical object stimuli by a chimpanzee (Pan) - Psychology - 1976 Social behavior of wild pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba: A preliminary report☆ - Psychology, Biology - 1980 The Locomotor Behavior of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest - Biology - 1984 In spite of the importance of locomotion in the homidid career, relatively little is known of the locomotion of free-ranging primates, particelarly the great apes. Symbolic Communication Between Two Pigeons, (Columba livia domestica) - Psychology, BiologyScience - 1980 Through the use of learned symbols, a pigeon accurately communicated information about hidden colors to another pigeon that engaged in a sustained and natural conversation without human intervention.	https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Language-learning-in-two-species-of-apes-Savage-Rumbaugh-Rumbaugh/3239f2ccc66d8baa1dcf0364d8031b8d069a652f
NZ Landcare Trust is developing a bi-lingual guide to the Waikato River catchment with funding from the Waikato River Clean-up Trust. The guide forms a key element in a project that also includes plans to host a series of practical hui linked directly to content within the guide. In addition an online area will be developed on the Trust website to promote the project and enable access to information and resources. The bi-lingual guide will be written in an engaging style designed to inspire community groups and individuals to get involved in practical work. It will focus on managing land effectively and restoring key habitats within the Waikato River Catchment. Ideas for content will evolve during the foundation building and development of the project. During the course of development the decision was taken to expand the scope of 'Waikato River Restoration: A Bi-lingual Guide.' While this may have extended the development time, it has also resulted in a more comprehensive guide which should have broader appeal. The guide seeks to promote the idea that people with a shared vision and a willingness to take action can achieve extraordinary things. This is especially relevant to biodiversity restoration work around the Waikato River. Maori have a very intimate relationship with the river, so this publication seeks to highlight what that means in the 21st century and how recent co-governance and co-management agreements have reinforced historic ties. The publication is now in the final stages of design, and includes a Te Reo translation which was carried out by the highly respected Pania Papa and her expert team. The Trust is currently working with project parters to determine an appropriate launch date. A great deal of work has gone into developing the material for this publication and as a result initial feedback on the draft copy has been overwhelmingly positive. We have recieved some excellent comments that will help us to further refine the information over the next few weeks. We have identified a working title, which may yet develop further as we move to completion - 'Waikato River Restoration: A Bi-lingual Guide.' Design and layout is progressing well. A focus has been on presenting information in both English and Te Reo, together on the same page or either side of a double spread, so the reader can consider both languages at the same time. We have support from the Waikato River Authority to extend the scope of the guide by developing an additional chapter that looks at four case studies, designed to illustrate a range of initiatives (science led, industry led, farmer led and urban community led) and introduce a more technical perspective. A number of valuable hui have taken place as part of the initial consultation phase of the project. The response has been very positive with everyone in agreement that this project represents an excellent opportunity to celebrate the relationship Māori communities have with the land and water, and also give non-Māori the opportunity to better understand the cultural links. Encouraging communities to take an active role in restoring the Waikato River is very welcome and will build on the good work already underway. The meetings have had two main objectives. Firstly to identify a suitable protocol to adopt for gathering information - who to talk to and how best to go about it? Secondly to clarify the content and how it should be presented. In addition to first-hand information the Trust has also been invited to consider a range of previously published reports - will help increase our understanding of the Maori perspective on key issues relating to the Waikato River. Enough information has been gathered to allow early content development to take place soon. The consultation based approach will continue but it will evolve into content review, providing an opportunity to feedback and develop ideas.	http://www.landcare.org.nz/Regional-Focus/Hamilton-Office/Waikato-River-Catchment
London City Airport provides a unique stress free experience for business and leisure travellers. Serving 48 European destinations with over 1300 flights per week, our continuing success and rapid growth is creating exciting career opportunities. To provide leadership for the shift team and through them safely deliver a service of excellent value, ensuring that everything works when it needs to and experiences minimal downtime. Responsibilities: To undertake a supervisory role in terms of team leadership, technical authority, training and performance management, ensuring high quality of work from the team. Assisting in the co-ordination of contractors in response to scheduled works & emergencies using appropriate working systems e.g. documented escalation procedures. Ensure shift based personnel and sub contract staff undertake works in accordance with safe working practices, quality standards and conform to best practice methods. Carry out routine and essential planned preventative maintenance tasks as required across LV distribution systems, associated plant and equipment and HVAC mechanical cooling and heating systems as determined by the Concept systems work orders, in a safe, efficient and effective manner. Carry out isolation of plant and systems in accordance with safety requirements. Investigate faults, identify root causes of faults and prepare accurate and timely reports on plant and equipment failures and communicate findings with all relevant stakeholders. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the building layout, function and complexities through developed practices through continuous assessment, staff training and personal development. To assist with various ad hoc duties as reasonably required from time to time. Pay due care and attention to health and safety procedures and recommendations both on and off site to ensure the safety of yourself, your team and others. Ensure health and safety legislative requirements are met such as DSE assessment and health & safety awareness and ensure your shift are adequately trained for the tasks they carry out. Experience and Personal Attributes: City & Guilds, BTEC or NVQ 3 in Engineering related subject Minimum of 5 year experience in Building Services and Engineering Excellent technical knowledge of HVAC and critical engineering plant and systems Ability to remain calm under pressure and think on their feet To monitor and uphold a high quality of service and products to clients. Manages time, plans and organises work tasks, monitors and meets deadlines. Experience with managing or supervising operations in critical facilities or environments. Evaluate situations on facts not opinions, analyse, problem solve and identify core issues Continuously learns from experiences. Seek out feedback and development opportunities. Build awareness of strengths and development needs. Share knowledge and experiences with others. Gives clear directions, positive and constructive feedback, in particular acts as an advisor to new team members. Hours of Work:	https://www.jobvacanciesdirect.com/company/53770/london-city-airport/
Web Accessibility Policy If you need assistance accessing something on our website, please let us know through our contact form. The Tokenist is committed to accessibility. Our policy ensures everyone — to include persons with disabilities — has full and equal access to our digital offerings. We strive to satisfy the accessibility standards outlined in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 as well as PDF/Universal Accessibility per the International Organization for Standardization — in order to ensure our digital offerings are ADA compliant. The following are just a few of the many ways in which The Tokenist remains accessible and meets the accessibility standards outlined above: - Every meaningful image on our website features descriptive alt text - Our website features a consistent and predictable layout and interface throughout the entire domain - All PDFs hosted on our website meet the minimum PDF/Universal Accessibility criteria - All text to background color contrast meets at least a 4.5:1 ratio - Our website can be navigated by keyboard only, without a mouse - A form of text transcript is available for all video and audio on our site To ensure we continually adhere to all remediation measures, we periodically review our website to ensure the best known practices for accessibility are always implemented. We take the following steps to make sure The Tokenist remains accessible: - Our web accessibility coordinator monitors our digital operations to ensure everything remains accessible - This coordinator reviews our website to assess its accessibility on a bi-annual basis - We encourage all users to provide feedback on their accessibility experience, as we are constantly seeking ways to improve Through our commitment to accessibility, we believe we not only satisfy — but exceed — the digital accessibility standards as required by Title I, II, & III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 & 508 of the Rehabilitation Act. The Tokenist continuously seeks ways to improve accessibility. If you have feedback or suggestions, we would love to hear from you. You can reach us through our contact form. For more information the effort to make websites more accessible everywhere, please see the following resources:	https://tokenist.com/web-accessibility-policy/
ESOURCING CAPABILITY MODEL FOR CLIENT ORGANIZATIONS PDF The eSourcing Capability Model for Client Organizations (eSCM-CL) is the best practices model that enables client organizations to appraise and improve their. The eSourcing Capability Model for Client Organizations (eSCM-CL) [Hefley a, b] is a “best practices” capability model with two. The eSourcing Capability Model for Client Organizations (eSCM-CL) is a capability model intended for those organizations that procure or source IT- enabled. \|Author:\|\|Majar Faejin\| \|Country:\|\|Belgium\| \|Language:\|\|English (Spanish)\| \|Genre:\|\|Video\| \|Published (Last):\|\|20 December 2005\| \|Pages:\|\|393\| \|PDF File Size:\|\|4.28 Mb\| \|ePub File Size:\|\|15.90 Mb\| \|ISBN:\|\|601-8-76273-172-7\| \|Downloads:\|\|1588\| \|Price:\|\|Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]\| \|Uploader:\|\|Jugul\| This effort was motivated by a premise that good sourcing outcomes require that best practices be followed by both the service providers and the clients in a relationship. Initial efforts proved the need capabbility a client-focused model, especially in light of the multitude of challenges that client organizations face, including:. Thus, the eSCM-CL was developed to provide compatible, effective sourcing practices for client orgahizations. Client organizations will use this Model to improve their:. Existing quality models and standards were analyzed to understand their intent and scope, and to identify their potential applicability to the sourcing process and critical issues of sourcing. This analysis was conducted to determine the need for a sourcing model and to identify and confirm critical issues. The Table below shows the existing quality models and standards that were analyzed. As a result of this analysis, it was determined that existing frameworks do not comprehensively address the best practices needed to successfully source IT-enabled services. Preliminary investigation shows most current quality models do not:. Development of the eSCM-CL A key outcome of this workshop was industry validation of the need for best practice guidance such as the eSCM-CL. Workshop participants concluded that there was need for best practices in strategic sourcing, and that the best practices model capturing these practices needed to be more comprehensive than existing frameworks. Additionally, this workshop esourcjng key issues to be addressed by the Model. Building on the extensive literature review [Kumar ] conducted in the development of the eSCM SP, an update [Khera ] to this literature review was begun, focusing on two key aspects: This updated literature review focused on identifying best practices what clients are currently doingchallenges from the client perspective, and existing Frameworks or Models. As a second priority, it also capabjlity on identifying case studies, organizational outcomes from sourcing, and the skills and competencies needed in a client organization to be effective at sourcing, as well as trends in sourcing activities. This workshop gathered community inputs on guiding principles for the eSCM-CL and reconfirmed key issues by obtaining a better understanding of issues from both client and service provider perspectives, and the differences between these perspectives. eSCM-CL – Wikipedia This workshop also focused on potential scope of the proposed Model and its structure. Participants were asked to work capabilitty small teams and develop a proposed structure for the Model. Workshop participants also identified the need for groupings of Practices at the basic, advanced, and world-class fr, validating the need for a set of capability levels in the eSCM-CL. Also discussed at this second workshop were the proposed eSCM-CL product suite and the need for multiple Capability Determination methods. Interviews with organizations actively involved in sourcing began in January Interview participants were asked to identify specific incidents which they experienced personally and which had an important effect on the final outcome [GremlerFlanagan ]. We sought both incidents where successful outcomes resulted, as well as those incidents that led to failures or problems. Sourcing clients and service providers identified a set of critical issues that cover the formation, management, expansion, and completion cpability sourcing relationships. Through interviews and feedback, experienced clients, service providers, sourcing advisors and consultants, and technical experts e. The Table below summarizes the organizations that have been involved in the eSCM-CL development activities; whether they be workshop participation or interviews. It should be noted that some organizations participated in interviews under non-disclosure arrangements, and asked that their organizational identities not be disclosed. Based on the working group cluent, literature reviews, interviews, and analyses of other frameworks, three dimensions were identified for the eSCM-CL Model: The Sourcing Phases represented the temporality of the Practices; some Practices were relevant to a particular Sourcing Phase, while others covered multiple Phases. The Capability Areas were Practice groupings that represented the need clienh the Practices to work as a system across the sourcing process, ensuring the analysis, establishment, management, expansion, and completion of sourcing relationships. Capability Levels describe an improvement path and provide a means to differentiate between Practices at the basic, advanced, and world-class levels of capability. The eSCM-CL development team validated the proposed model framework through the third Working Group meeting in Juneadditional meetings with Working Group participants throughoutand the fourth Working Group meeting in February This workshop also examined groupings of Practices into prospective Capability Areas. A fourth Workshop in February focused on the definition of the Capability Areas within the model architecture. Initial Practices in each Capability Area were identified. ITSqc staff developed a strawman set of best practices within the model framework, which was distributed to members of the Working Group following the fourth Workshop. These draft Practices and framework were reviewed by the Working Group. Based on feedback from the Working Group, an additional synthesis was completed to group the Practices into Capability Areas and Capability Levels that provide a conceptual structure for continuously improving organizational performance and managing service provider relationships. This completed the first round of the validation of strawman best practices, which was followed by revisions and a second round of review by Consortium and Advisory Board Members. Those individuals who have expressed interest in reviewing the eSCM-CL were invited to provide constructive comments, and a public workshop was held to introduce the Model and solicit feedback. Pilot Capability Determinations using the Model and associated method provide insights into the use of the Practices in broad, real-world settings, and provide information that can be esohrcing to suggest further refinements to the eSCM-CL. Since its release, it has been used globally by clients for capability organizatkons, gap analysis, and as guidance for improving their sourcing practices, establishing new processes, or establishing common sourcing processes across their organization. Providers have recommended eSCM-CL to their customers, and improved relationships have resulted from the use of the eSCM Models by both clients and their service providers. This translation was completed by Eric Baussand and Eric Herr. The Model has evolved, and will continue to evolve as data is collected from a number of major sources. Based on these early learnings from use, the eSCM-CL may be revised to create a baseline model for certification purposes. The baseline eSCM-CL Model will not change for at least four years to ensure orvanizations stable baseline for certification and data collection, although the eSCM-CL is a living model that can be expected to grow and adapt to the changing needs of the sourcing community. Bill Hefley and published by Van Haren Publishing. Input from industry and government participants is vital to the improvement of the Models. To provide feedback or suggest changes to any of our publications, please use the Change Request form. Existing quality models and standards analyzed. Extensive Background Research Throughout these data collection ortanizations validation efforts, eSCM-CL developers had begun developing a database of potential client tasks, and two researchers independently rated each task to identify those critical tasks which would become candidate Practices for eSCM.	https://teamoperazionetrionfo.club/esourcing-capability-model-for-client-organizations-34/
A review service assessing emergency preparedness for nuclear and radiological emergencies in countries around the world is 20 years old this year. It continues to generate interest from Member States, who invite IAEA experts and other peers to assess their preparedness and response plans. Launched in 1999, the Emergency Preparedness Review (EPREV) is a service provided by the IAEA’s Incident and Emergency Centre to review countries’ emergency preparedness based on international safety standards. The IAEA has conducted 48 EPREV missions in 43 countries around the world. “EPREVs reinforce global nuclear safety by helping host countries identify where they need to strengthen their emergency preparedness and response (EPR) capabilities for nuclear and radiological emergencies,” said Juan Carlos Lentijo IAEA Deputy Director General and head of the Department of Nuclear Safety and Security. “We see a growing interest in EPREVs, in particular from countries that are operating nuclear power plants. Canada, which hosted an EPREV just a few months ago, is one example”. Michael Scott, Director of the Division of Emergency Preparedness and Response in the Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), who has led several EPREV review missions, said “it is important to understand that an EPREV mission does not intend to ‘solve’ issues. It is the requesting State that finds the optimal solutions to address EPREV recommendations, tailored to their own context and building on their existing strengths.” EPREVs have adapted as the international EPR framework has grown. In 2015, the EPREV report was restructured in line with the publication of revised IAEA safety requirements on EPR and, in 2016, it became a pre-requisite for host countries to carry out a self-assessment on the IAEA Emergency Preparedness and Response Information Management System before an EPREV mission. In 2018, the EPREV Guidelines were published in the IAEA Services Series and are now publicly available. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) requested an EPREV Follow-Up mission for 2019, as they near completion of their first nuclear power plant. “The cooperation with the IAEA, by hosting EPREV missions, has been instrumental in supporting the UAE’s efforts to build its EPR system. It also reflects the UAE’s commitments in applying international best practices to ensure safety of the public and the environment,” said Christer Viktorsson, Director-General of the UAE’s Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation (FANR). “Hosting the EPREV’s Follow-Up mission in 2019 is yet another acknowledgement of the UAE’s commitment to recommendations made by international experts to continuously improve its emergency preparedness system to address any nuclear or radiological emergency that might occur in the country in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders nationally and internationally.” The future of EPREV The IAEA continues to evolve the EPREV service, based on feedback from its Member States. This includes setting goals for including more diverse regional and technical expertise as well as reaching gender parity in EPREV teams; strengthening support for Member States’ development and implementation of the post-EPREV national action plans; and more effectively sharing good practices identified during EPREV missions internationally through new databases and regularly scheduled technical meetings. “The IAEA continues its work to strengthen this service based on the experience of the experts and on feedback from the host countries”, said Mr Lentijo.	https://eea-greens.eu/2019/09/12/peer-review-service-for-emergency-preparedness-and-response-reaches-20-year-milestone/
Call for Demos and Exhibits The MobiCom demo session solicits the submission of research, platform, and product demonstrations and exhibits from both academia and industry. Demonstrations should showcase innovative research or product prototypes, platforms, and applications in the areas of mobile computing and wireless and mobile networking. We strongly encourage live demos based on novel applications in the domain of mobile computing and wireless systems. We also welcome live demos reproducing evaluation results of papers appearing in ACM Mobicom 2018 or past editions as well as other relevant venues. Please refer to the main conference introduction and CFP for the general areas that are relevant to the typical MobiCom audience. Presenting a demo is a great opportunity, especially for students and industry, to obtain valuable feedback on ongoing research from the knowledgeable crowd at the conference. Accepted demos will be posted on the conference website and published as a three-page abstract for the archived conference proceedings and the ACM digital library. The MobiCom 2018 Demo committee will review all submissions to select the accepted demos. All accepted demos will be considered for the Best Demo Award. A committee will decide the winner on-site after evaluating all demo presentations. Please submit a proposal of your demo or exhibit at https://mobicom18demos.hotcrp.com/. It should be a summary or extended abstract describing the research to be presented, maximum 3 pages in US letter size (8.5 x 11 inches) with fonts no smaller than 10 point size, in PDF file format. Please ensure that the proposal includes: The following default setup will be available for each demo: AUTHORS TAKE NOTE: The official publication date is the date the proceedings are made available in the ACM Digital Library. This date may be up to two weeks prior to the first day of your conference. The official publication date affects the deadline for any patent filings related to published work. (For those rare conferences whose proceedings are published in the ACM Digital Library after the conference is over, the official publication date remains the first day of the conference.) Best Demo Award - Winner:	https://sigmobile.org/mobicom/2018/demos.php
• A Property Management General Manager is responsible and accountable for the overall operation and management of the function. Inclusive but not limited to the following: • Develop and implement an effective property management strategy that is aligned with company’s overall strategic objectives: • Enhance the value of existing portfolio assets by improving growth and profitability; developing strategic opportunities and integrating proper governance framework; • Strengthen and optimize the overall portfolio by pursuing appropriate activities (Property Management). • Monitoring Portfolio and Leading Transaction Execution: • Establish and maintain a monitoring system of the local and regional real estate market and any legal or legislative changes that could affect investment decisions or property management. • Prepare annual plans and budgets for all aspects of the business within position responsibility and integrate these into the Company annual business plan. • Ensure Company properties achieve high levels of occupancy and are managed to a high standard through in house capabilities or outsourcing. • Enhance Company’s local brand and recognition amongst real estate community; promote Company’s attributes as a key partner for renowned real estate entities. • Develop and Implement Robust and Efficient Property Management Policies and Corporate Governance framework: • Develop, continuously refine and administer Company’s Property Management Policies and Procedures; ensure that such Policies and Procedures are consistent and synchronized with all other of Company Policies and Procedures; • Supervise assigned Team such that all direct and indirect reports fully understand and comply with Property Management Policies and Procedures, and all other relevant Policies and Procedures of Company; • Oversee the management of all portfolio assets and provide ongoing review and oversight while maintaining compliance with Property Management Policies and Procedures; • P&L and Liquidity Management Responsibility: • Lead Property management team’s coordination with key functional groups on the annual business-planning and investment capital budgeting process; • Team Leadership: • Build and manage, on a continuous basis, the assigned Property Management Team that is fully capable of executing the business strategy and objectives of Company; • Oversee, train and motivate a broad group of professionals to ensure the best performance of the effort and allocation while emphasizing high levels of customer service both internally and externally; • Lead annual performance appraisal process for assigned Team and provide constructive feedback to members on a continuous basis. • Carry out any other reasonable duties within the scope, spirit and purpose of the job as requested by the line manager and/or Head of Department/Function. • Adhere and follow Company policies that may change from time to time. • Acting as key influencer and resource to clients while promoting the company’s projects. • Determines organizational need for additional properties and conducts market research to tap target properties. • Identifies, research, evaluates and conducts transactions for all properties. • Draw objective conclusions from analysis and present recommendations. • Ensure full disclosure and verification of all details about properties and transaction by completing due diligence activities including obtaining, reviewing and confirming all diligence documents such as third party reports, market analysis, rent surveys, property inspections, etc. • Understands the market of all properties’ locations and compare similar properties in the area. Advising clients on market conditions, prices, mortgages, legal requirements and related matters. • Direct financial management of property to enhance property value. • Coordinates negotiations with owners of targeted properties and manages pertinent deal. • Inspects the targeted properties, checking and evaluating property condition. • Identifying market opportunities and potentials including potential markets, target segments and clients • Maintaining and expanding a good customer base • Meeting sales financial objectives by forecasting requirements, preparing budgets scheduling expenditures, analyzing variances and initiating corrective actions • Improving processes, policies and practices so as to achieve company’s goals and ensure regional sales adhere to company-wide laid down rules and guidelines • Presenting purchase offers to local clients for consideration • Administer valuation of the properties, review and approve property valuations prepared by external valuators for real estate deals. • Assist in deal structuring, deal sourcing and examining the real estate industry in relation to legislation and law in Bahrain. • Conduct post-tenancy monitoring and manage exit process. • Acting as an intermediary in negotiations between clients and the company, generally representing one or the other • Generating lists of properties that are compatible with clients’ needs and budgets • Accompanying clients during visits to and inspections of property, advising them on the suitability and value of the properties they are visiting • Conducting and attending events, conventions, seminars, and staff and association meetings to remain knowledgeable about real estate markets • Maintaining property files and appropriate records of owned properties. • Negotiating and preparing of leases, including amendments and renewals • Managing the rent collection system. Ensure that all rents and late fees/check charges are collected, posted and deposited in a timely manner. • Ensures that properties are rented to fullest occupancy. • Manage properties to maximize long-term economic value. • Conducts meetings with government authorities and other internal departments on regular basis to receive feedback and updates on operations. • Providing relevant advices on leasing/purchasing property based on knowledge, experience, understanding of property market. • Providing legal and technical support to the clients • Draft, review and implements subject matter related policies, regulations, procedures and systems of operation. • Marketing the real estate projects, as applicable, via social media. Managing and organizing events and opening ceremonies of properties. • Maintaining property files and appropriate records of owned real estate • Negotiating and preparing of leases, including amendments and renewals • Influence, communicates, motivates and inspires team members to achieve departmental objectives. • Recommends training and development, career planning and succession planning in the Property Management department. • Determines staffing levels and participates in the recruitment and selection process Required Qualifications Bachelor Degree Required Experience A minimum of 7 years of professional experience.	http://www.cparkerworldwide.com/Search/JobDetailsView?jobid=235&loc=jobs%20in%20BAHRAIN%20-%20Manama&name=General%20Manager
The Corporate Group (TCG) is committed to providing its customers and partners with professional services that fully comply with company standards and world-class excellence. Understanding the needs and requirements of customers and fulfilling them with the best approach and service. Establishing long-term partnerships with customers through feedback and relationship management, encouraging customer retention and sales growth. Providing effective and prompt service to achieve total customer satisfaction at all times. Continuously upgrading our technology, service quality, communication facilities and the skill sets to meet customer requirements efficiently. Endeavor to achieve operational excellence by abiding by all statutory and legal regulations while conducting our activities. Ensure employees have the competence and resources to discharge their individual responsibilities and encourage a positive quality culture, upgrading their professional skills to keep pace with business needs. This policy shall be communicated to all employees, customers, and stakeholders and be made available publicly. The policy will be reviewed periodically to ensure it is relevant and appropriate to the company activities. The health and safety of our employees is of utmost importance. The Corporate Group (TCG) is committed providing and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment and promoting safe work practices. Comply with all local safety and health legislative requirements and will strive to eliminate any unforeseeable hazards. Create a work environment where potential work-related stressors are avoided, minimized or mitigated through good management practices, effective human resources policies and staff development. Generate continual effort for the improvement and prevention of work-related accidents through awareness, training and setting of measurable objectives and targets. The Corporate Group (TCG) recognizes the impacts on the environment arising from our operations and facilities due to consumption of resources such as energy, waste generation, and management. We strive to minimize our direct impacts on the environment while simultaneously enhancing our services and solutions for our clients. Adopting the “3-R” (reduce, reuse and recycle) philosophy for all types of waste, in line with regulatory requirements or industry best practice. Minimizing our impact on the environment by minimizing the use of paper, using energy efficient measures and equipment. Encouraging reusing or recycling waste by disposal at recycling facilities. Raising environmental consciousness, developing environmentally sustainable practices, encouraging participation and training employees in environmental practices within the Group.	http://www.thecorporategroup.ae/corporate-group-environmental-policy.php
The Purchasing and Office Services Director is responsible for organizing and managing the operations and activities involved in the purchasing of supplies, equipment, and services for the agency and overseeing office services at the agency. The Purchasing and Office Services Director evaluates and selects vendors based on stability, performance and service/product offerings; coordinates and directs the bidding process to meet agency needs and assures smooth, efficient, and cost-effective results are achieved. The Director operates within the agency’s specified purchasing policies and procedures to assure that the highest quality resources and services are obtained. Additionally, the Director is responsible for managing administrative support within the office to ensure smooth office operations, including reception area, mailroom, conference rooms and general office services. Responsibilities: Purchasing: - Responsible for the daily operation of the agency’s purchasing department, including timely feedback to relevant staff on delays or barriers. - Work in conjunction with other agency departments to select vendors who can provide the agency with exceptional services and pricing, and who exhibit an understanding of the agency’s mission. Manage vendor relationships and track vendor performance. - Develop, in conjunction with senior management, strategic procurement practices, including recommendations and implementation of technological and reporting improvements. - Utilize best purchasing practices as specified in the agency purchasing manual to effectively procure goods and services at the best strategic advantage to the agency, maintaining the highest ethical standards at all times. - Develop, implement, enforce and maintain agency purchasing policies and procedures to provide an efficient and effective purchasing operation. Maintain and periodically update the agency’s purchasing policy manual. - Prepare or approve specifications for all purchases, create bid documentation and manage the bid process as specified in the agency purchasing policy manual. Ensure competitive bidding requirements are met. Review recommendations to ensure accepted bids meet the specifications, terms and conditions of the request and that the best value and service levels are achieved. - Reconcile all invoices and receiving documents for submission to the fiscal department for payment. Resolve any discrepancies that may delay the payment process. Ensure requests for payment are allocated properly. - Develop and roll-out training for key staff on purchasing procedures and processes. - Develop and implement cost saving measures, identifying waste and recommending improvement. - Develop purchasing activity reporting. - Work with agency staff to develop refurbishment and replenishment schedules that best suit the agency’s needs. - Manage the agency-wide copier and printer service contracts. - Maintain inventory of agency’s fixed assets. - Provide input and cost analysis on complex contracts and current vendor services as needed. Office Services: - Provide supervision to assigned staff so that agency and program goals are communicated effectively, job performance is continuously evaluated, and appropriate training is given. - Oversee functioning of reception area, mailroom and office operations. - Oversee conference room services, including set-up and clean-up for all central office conference rooms. - Oversee the processing of all work orders for 2 Washington Street and provide timely follow-up to relevant staff regarding any incomplete work orders or projects. - Oversee set-up and management of agency-wide landlines, phone systems, CCTV systems, perimeter alarms, keys, FOBS and band-width. - Oversee management of agency cell phones, including review of usage and recouping overage charges. - Attend and participate in supervision, meetings and training sessions, as required. - Perform other duties as assigned. Skills: - Have an understanding, appreciation, and commitment to the philosophy and mission of the agency. - Minimum of seven of ten years of experience in purchasing/procurement services, in healthcare/social service or related industry, preferred. - Minimum of five years of administrative and supervisory experience. - Possess basic knowledge of accounting principles related to supply chain and purchasing. - Experience effectively evaluating and comparing bids submitted by vendors. - Experience in accurately preparing/approving specifications for purchases, selecting vendors for bids, and analyzing quotations. - Minimum of a high school diploma or equivalent (GED) - Bachelor’s degree in related field, preferred. - Excellent organizational skills, time management and planning skills. - Advanced analytical and innovative problem solving abilities. - Demonstrated leadership skills and ability to work as part of a team. - Excellent oral and written communication skills. - Ability to utilize various computer programs, specifically Microsoft Word and Excel. - Be creative and flexible. - Show initiative and be responsible for follow through. - Ability to maintain confidential information, as related to position. - Ability to communicate effectively across all levels of the organization. - Ability to accurately advise the agency management and staff on all phases of purchasing.	https://www.tempositions.com/job/purchasing-and-office-services-director/
With over 100 years of rich history and strongly positioned as a local bank with regional and international expertise, a career with our family offers the opportunity to be part of this exciting growth journey, to reset our future and shape our destiny as a proudly African group. Job Summary Plan, execute and manage monitoring assignments in accordance with the Africa Compliance Monitoring plan and relevant policies, procedures and quality standards. The Head is responsible for setting the quality standards for the Assurance Function, ensuring that these adhere to external and internal regulations and policies, and ensuring implementation, embedment and adherence of these within the Compliance Assurance Function. Job Description Maintain a robust and comprehensive Quality Assurance and Improvement Program, and perform key administrative and managerial activities for the QA Compliance department - Utilisation of in depth knowledge of the Assurance Methodology to design, manage and report on the QA reviews performed - Responsible for maintenance of the Assurance Methodology and associated templates - Develop, lead and co-ordinate the M&T training programme - On an ongoing basis and through review of deliverables, provide real-time coaching to the M&T teams and feedback to the Heads of Compliance on any corrective actions or process enhancements identified during reviews - Develop, maintain, and report on key M&T metrics to measure the quality and timeliness of the M&T activities and other deliverables - Provide a holistic view on all M&T activities performed across AGL through consolidated reporting on the outcome of M&T activities on a monthly basis included status of actions as well as reviews in progress - Ensure consistency in quality of reports issued by being a standing member of the Quality Circles - Ensure an effective planning process including facilitation of the completion of the Assurance Coverage plan - Co-ordination of any Group-Wide Compliance Assurance activities such as System Developments and Audits - Seek opportunities to continuously improve the department including identifying areas to automate and streamline existing processes - Bring a systematic, disciplined, risk based approach to the Compliance Monitoring & Testing activity by being an integral part of the review planning process - Build an effective and trusting relationship with the M&T teams and various internal and external stakeholders - Assist the department in keeping current on changes and emerging best practices of the QA profession; undertake research into other emerging issues and opportunities - Demonstrate professional skepticism and personal accountability - Perform key administrative and managerial activities for the QA Compliance department - Fulfilment of any adhoc activities as required Education Postgraduate Degrees and Professional Qualifications: Financial Sciences (Required) Absa Bank Limited is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer. In compliance with the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998, preference will be given to suitable candidates from designated groups whose appointments will contribute towards achievement of equitable demographic representation of our workforce profile and add to the diversity of the Bank.	https://jobsrytr.com/job/head-quality-assurance-vacancies-in-absa-group-johannesburg-metropolitan-area/
Corrosion is a natural process that is continuously active and impacts much of what we produce and use in the electrotechnical community. Due to the distributed nature of equipment and its criticality, the impact of corrosion can be costly and threaten the reliability of power delivery. In recognition of the importance of this impact, WG D1.71 has produced Technical Brochure 765 “Understanding and mitigating corrosion” led by Joe Tusek, who was a recent convenor of Australian Panel D1. The brochure provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of corrosion and is a valuable reference document. In most developed countries the cost of corrosion has been estimated at around 3.4% of global Gross National Product. It is also estimated that one quarter of the cost could be saved if the best corrosion practices were applied. Electrotechnology is using an ever-greater variety of materials and placing them in novel and sometimes aggressive environments. There are also new manufacturing techniques and processes that create unique circumstances which at times result in unexpected corrosion problems. Thus, the industry faces old and new threats from corrosion that impact asset performance, service life and cost of ownership. Throughout the Technical Brochure, examples are provided of different corrosion processes in action, either from the electrotechnical community or common situations with which the reader is likely to be familiar. Pictures of a couple of examples are shown in Figure 1 below. Figure 1 – Examples of corrosion, galvanic processes between a copper earth strap and copper cable joined by a galvanized plate (left), and pitting on a steel surface (right) The brochure provides a resource for matters relating to corrosion. In doing so, it should be acknowledged that corrosion is its own discipline and has its own technical community and terminology. The brochure provides an introduction to corrosion and its mitigation, it defines the terminology and concepts that can be used for effective communication of corrosion issues. It is not endeavouring to make the reader a corrosion expert. Rather, it enables the reader to be well informed in relation to corrosion and to understand when a problem requires expert input. The need for corrosion specialists is continuing and the use of these experts is always recommended when the risk or impact warrants it. The brochure contains 12 chapters: The content of the brochure is highly relevant to design and maintenance of many types of electrical power equipment such as generators, transformers and transmission lines. The publication is free to members and €300 for non-members.	https://www.cigreaustralia.org.au/news/in-the-loop-news/nwg-d1-71-understanding-and-mitigating-corrosion-ew-article/
Reducing carbon emissions from transport The Scottish Government is committed to having near zero carbon emissions from road transport through changing from petrol/diesel fueled vehicles to electric vehicles. Below are some tips on how you could reduce your carbon footprint from transport: - Do not use the car for short journeys. Walking instead will not only reduce carbon but is healthier and will save money. - Take up cycling as an alternative way to commute to work and generally get around. It’s fun and healthy. - Use public transport such as buses and trains rather than using the car for all journeys. - If you and your colleagues need to drive to work, could you car-share? This would mean fewer cars on the road and you can share fuel costs. Look out for any car-sharing schemes in your workplace. - Efficient driving can save fuel and reduce carbon – see External Links on this page. - Consider purchasing a hybrid or electric vehicle which will both reduce emissions and could save you money in terms of fuel costs in the long run. See External Links on this page. - Avoid flying for journeys within the UK. Booking buses or trains in advance can be as cheap and they leave and arrive in town and city centres rather than airports miles outside. Rather than flying abroad for holidays every year, consider holidaying in the UK. There are lots of great places to visit and it helps the UK economy.	https://www.inverclyde.gov.uk/planning-and-the-environment/climate-change/reducing-carbon-emissions-from-transport?displaypref=large-contrast
Image Source: https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/greenhouse-gases-epa Many companies are feeling growing urgency to address their carbon emissions. This can be derived internally from employees, externally from corporate headquarters, or simply from the company’s commitment to sustainability. To address your carbon footprint, it’s important to understand where your emissions are coming from. Carbon emissions are classified into three areas: scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3. Scope 1 emissions are from sources owned by the company, such as fleet vehicles or gas burning equipment. Scope 2 emissions are from purchased energy (think electricity). Scope 3 emissions are linked to a company’s value chain and activities both up and downstream (think suppliers). It can be difficult for organizations to know where to begin their journey to sustainability. It is important to maximize your environmental impact while also keeping budget at the forefront. So where to start? We recommend four easy steps to address your carbon emissions: track, reduce, neutralize, and remove. Track: First, it’s critical to identify and measure your current emissions to establish a baseline. Reduce: Once that baseline is established, reduce your overall emissions as much as possible through energy efficiency measures. Neutralize: After reducing your overall emissions, neutralize scope 2 emissions by installing onsite renewable energy (e.g. solar panels) or purchasing Renewable Energy Certificates. Remove: Finally, to remove your remaining carbon emissions, purchase carbon offsets or invest in carbon sequestration projects. If you are interested in learning more or want assistance in addressing your carbon emissions, visit https://viridi.eco.	https://viridi.eco/2021/10/25/addressing-your-organizations-carbon-footprint/
Sustainable Travel: 7 Actionable Steps to Lower Your Carbon Footprint/ A few weeks ago, students from all around the world held a climate strike, a global protest against the inaction of governments in the face of a rapidly degrading climate. More and more, people are starting to talk about sustainability with more seriousness. And rightly so. As superstorms become the norm, as the oceans warm and sea levels rise, the issue of climate change has forced itself to the forefront of the global conversation. It’s an issue unlike no other, an existential threat to the very foundations of our existence as a species. I know it sounds dramatic, but it’s an issue I’ve spent a long time reading about and learning about…and things are not looking good. As travelers, we have an impact on the climate that is larger than most others. I don’t eat meat, I don’t drink alcohol, I don’t have kids or a vehicle, and I live in a solar-powered home. Yet my climate impact is still equal to or above the average footprint from someone living in North America or Western Europe. Pretty much all because of flying. (Want to check out your own carbon footprint? Use this calculator. It’s for the UK but you can extrapolate. Another option is this one.) But there is more to lowering your carbon footprint than just flights. In this post, I wanted to share some tips to help you live a more sustainable life — both at home and abroad. 7 Actionable Steps to Lower Your Carbon Footprint 1. Fly Less This should be obvious by now, but it’s worth stating: flying is terrible for the environment. Really terrible. If there is ONE thing you should try to minimize, it’s you’re flying. I know, it’s super inconvenient. But the onus is on us to be better, more sustainable travelers. So when it comes to sustainable travel, take more buses. Or trains. Or hitchhike. Whatever works for you. Just try to fly less. 2. Purchase Carbon Offsets If you do have to fly, make sure you purchase carbon offsets. Not only will this repair some of the damage done by your flight but it will remind you of the true cost of flying. All too often we are alienated from the consequences of our actions. We buy phones and computers but never have to worry about the toxic waste they create; we purchase cheap clothing made in factories a world away that pay workers pennies while polluted the local environment; we eat tasty food from the grocery store that is responsible for rainforest deforestation. All too often, we get the benefits without the consequences. It’s time we start considering the consequences. Purchasing carbon offsets when you travel is one simple way to mitigate the damage flying does. If you can’t afford offsets than you really can’t afford to fly. 3. Eat Less Meat I know I ramble on about this a lot, but meat consumption is HUGE when it comes to personal carbon impact. We’re seeing unprecedented deforestation all around the world so that we can grow more crops to feed cattle. Forests not only consume the carbon we produce but they act as carbon sinks, preventing even more carbon from escaping. When we cut down these forests, we not only lose our ability to capture more carbon but we let loose all the carbon stored in the forest itself — which is a lot! A plant-based diet can cut your carbon impact by as much as 50%. Of course, you don’t need to go vegan right this minute…but you do need to be aware of the effects of your diet on the climate. Gorgeous places like the Maldives and the Pacific Islands are going to be utterly overwhelmed by the impacts of climate change. As travelers, we have a responsibility to make sure the places we are visiting are not being harmed by our lifestyle. Cutting back our meat consumption is a simple way to do your part. 4. Buy More Local/Organic Foods When you’re on the road, it can be tempting to want to eat familiar foods. After weeks (or months) of travel, sometimes you crave a taste of home. I get it. But on a day to day basis, consider ensuring that the food you buy is both local and organic. This will not only help support the local economy, but it will cut down on the carbon footprint of your meal. Transportation is a huge cause of pollution, so the closer to home you can get your food the better. Plus, local and organic food just tastes better and supports the local economy. Buying organic food will also keep pollutants from contaminating local water sources (as well as your body). This is a great habit to embrace at home too! Having spent over a decade working on an organic farm, this is one I feel particularly strong about. 5. Drink Less Alcohol Booze isn’t going to be the biggest contributor to your sustainable travel carbon footprint, but it certainly adds up. All the cans and glass (that might not get recycled in certain countries) as well as the transportation and refrigeration costs can do a number on your footprint. Regularly drinking imported beer can add up to a TONNE of CO2 emissions to your yearly footprint. Local beer will have a much lower footprint (almost 70% lower) so if you are going to drink, drink local. I’ve been sober for almost 15 years, and I still manage to have plenty of fun. Plus, no hangovers. Double win! 6. Stop Using Single-Use Plastic This one has been in the news more and more recently, which I think is a good thing. Recent studies show that the ocean will have more plastic than fish by 2050 — an incredibly disturbing thought. I’ve seen tons of plastic waste of my years of travel. From beaches in Japan littered with debris to the thousands of plastic bags and bottles that dot the polluted plains of East Africa. Single-use plastic is everywhere. Do your part to limit your consumption by avoiding things like single-use water bottles, plastic grocery bags, and straws. If you plan ahead, you can easily reduce your single-use plastic footprint. Yes, it’s not as convenient, but we all need to start making some concessions. I always travel with a reusable water bottle and a simple day bag that I can use for groceries. I also carry a Steripen for sterilizing tap water. That way I can avoid palstic bottles without worrying about getting sick. It has saved me tons of plastic waste (literally!) . I can’t recommend it enough. 7. Travel Light How does this help? It means you’re not buying unnecessary stuff. It means you’re keeping your purchases to a minimum and not creating new waste. The less you own/buy, the smaller your carbon footprint will be. There’s no need to buy tons of new gear or items for your travels. Cutting back on what you buy — including souvenirs — as well as what you bring on trips will not only lower your carbon footprint but it will make your travels easier and cheaper. You won’t need to pay to check your luggage and you won’t have to worry about your luggage getting lost or stolen. A single travel backpack of 40 litres and day bag should be more than enough for most trips. Less is more! *** The climate crisis is real and travel can do a lot to exacerbate the issue. But it doesn’t have to. As long as we all start making lifestyle changes while demanding changes from the industry itself, things will slowly start to improve. Will the changes happen in time? That depends on us and how quickly we are to embrace sustainable travel and the habits that make it possible.	https://www.lessonslearnedabroad.com/blog/sustainable-travel-tips
Until recently, many businesses focused on cutting emissions by reducing energy consumption and improving efficiency in their own facilities. But have you considered the other emissions your company is responsible for throughout your value chain? By definition, indirect greenhouse gas emissions are beyond your company’s direct control, so reducing them can be a major challenge. But what are Scope 3 emissions, exactly, and how can you tackle them? What Are Scope 3 Emissions? Scope 3 emissions, also known as value chain emissions, are all the indirect greenhouse gas emissions not captured by Scope 1 and 2 reporting. (In case you need a reminder: Scope 1 emissions are direct carbon emissions from sources that you own or control. This includes manufacturing and process emissions, onsite fuel combustion and emissions from company vehicles; Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from the use of energy that your organization buys such as electricity, heating and cooling, and steam.) Scope 3 includes emissions from your suppliers as well as consumers of your products and services (upstream and downstream activities). These indirect emissions often represent the largest portion of your corporate footprint; in some cases, they account for as much as 90% of an organization’s total emissions. How Can Scope 3 Emissions Be Reduced? It’s important to measure your Scope 3 footprint to find out where the majority of your emissions come from. The Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard and accompanying calculation guidance document were developed by the GHG Protocol to help businesses calculate their indirect emissions in 15 different Scope 3 categories. This internationally recognized methodology can help you measure your indirect emissions from sources such as goods and services you buy; transportation and distribution (both up- and downstream); waste; business travel and employee commuting; use and disposal of your sold products; and the impact of investments. For example, if you sell shirts, you will need to consider emissions from the production of the raw material, such as cotton, and its manufacture, followed by packaging, distribution, and delivery. If your employees commute by car, bus or train, or fly to visit customers and suppliers, those are also Scope 3 emissions. The washing and drying of the garment throughout its useful life and, when a customer finally discards the worn-out shirt, the way it is disposed of or recycled also generate indirect emissions. When you have identified the major sources of indirect emissions in your value chain, you are better placed to begin to focus your efforts – and investment – on reducing them. How Does Cutting Scope 3 Emissions Fit into Your Corporate Strategy? The way you choose to tackle Scope 3 emissions will depend on your company’s sustainability goals and your wider corporate strategy. Cutting indirect emissions can help you maximize efficiency in your value chain; redesign products to be lower carbon; or improve your brand reputation, for example. Measuring your Scope 3 emissions can help identify suppliers who are sustainability leaders and those whose perform less well. By engaging with them and supporting the implementation of sustainability initiatives, you can improve efficiency and cut costs in your supply chain, giving you a competitive advantage and increased margins. If travel is one of your biggest sources of indirect emissions, you might introduce flexible ways of working and engaging with employees to reduce business travel and commuting; schemes that support walking and cycling to work can also result in a healthier and more productive workforce. How Does Carbon Offsetting Help Reduce Scope 3 Emissions? Reducing indirect emissions is a complex task, which can only be accomplished with the agreement and participation of others, and eliminating them completely is almost impossible. Carbon offset projects, however, can reduce Scope 3 emissions in two ways. First, by choosing a progressive offset provider such as NativeEnergy, you can invest in a bespoke project that works directly with your supply chain to cut emissions. Ben & Jerry’s has supported projects that lower emissions on farms that supply them with milk, improving the sustainability and resilience of their own supply chain whilst also delivering carbon offsets. Second, carbon offsets allow you to neutralize the Scope 3 emissions that you can’t eliminate, positioning your business as a conscientious, forward-looking sustainability leader. To find out more about NativeEnergy’s carbon offset projects, contact us at [email protected] today.	https://native.eco/2018/02/reducing-scope-3-emissions/
Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland aspires to become a world class city. Reducing our greenhouse gas emissions and being resilient to the impacts of climate change are critical to this vision. The Auckland Plan ensures our city addresses climate change by committing to a low emissions and low carbon future. That includes developing ways to become resilient to the adverse effects of a changing climate. In 2019 Auckland Council unanimously declared a Climate Emergency recognising the need for Auckland to contribute to delivering on the Paris Agreement targets to keep temperature increases below dangerous levels (e.g. 1.5°C). Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland's Climate Plan was endorsed by council in 2020. A Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland response reflects our values and the foundations we need to thrive, including how we embed mātauranga Māori and Te Ao Māori principles. We know that Māori identity - including language and culture - is what makes Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland and New Zealand unique in the world, and embracing this, particularly with respect to mana whenua, must be at the heart of our response. The plan sets out eight priorities for climate action and sets out two main elements: - Clear greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets – to halve emissions by 2030, reaching net zero emissions by 2050. - Preparing Auckland for the impacts of climate change – taking a precautionary approach, planning how we will adapt to climate change given our current emissions pathway and the prospect of a 3.5 degrees warmer region. Auckland Council and Council Controlled Organisations have made a number of infrastructure investments that reduce carbon emissions. These include double decker buses, electric trains, cycle ways, LED streetlights and GreenStar-rated developments. Infrastructure projects are an excellent opportunity to reduce carbon emissions, however the way Aucklanders use this infrastructure and live their lives is an essential part of the solution. What does this mean for Aucklanders? The choices we all make in our everyday lives contribute to our impact on the climate or our 'carbon footprint'. When we consider all the emissions from the products and services individual Aucklanders consume in our daily lives, the average ‘carbon footprint’ is over 9 tonnes CO2e per person (C40 Cities Consumption-based Emissions Accounts, Auckland, 2018). So, what is a carbon footprint? This is an estimate of the amount of greenhouse gasses (measured in carbon dioxide equivalent CO2e) produced by the activities we do and the products we use. While it may not seem like much to choose to take the bus instead of driving, compost your food scraps instead of sending them to landfill, or insulate your home to save energy, the collective impact of doing these things adds up. We can all make a difference to reduce the effects of climate change.	https://livelightly.nz/tamaki-makaurau-vision/
CHIEF OF STAFF FIVE: The climate crisis is here and no one is spared from its impact. That’s why governments around the world are scaling up efforts to prevent a climate catastrophe. Businesses are also putting their best foot forward and have increased involvement in protecting the environment over the past decades. But you are mistaken if you believe that only large corporations are responsible for reducing their carbon footprint by cutting down greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Carbon footprint refers to the amount of GHGs released into the atmosphere due to human activities. Therefore, a company’s carbon footprint is the quantity of GHG emissions produced by its operations. While it is true that the world’s biggest companies can also be the biggest polluters, every organisation, no matter how small, can make a difference. During the Asia-Pacific Climate Week 2021, the United Nations (UN) Climate Change and partners emphasised that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Southeast Asia form the backbone of Asian economies, and have a crucial role to play in tackling climate change in the region. A 2020 report by the Asian Development Bank showed that SMEs account for an average of 97% of all enterprises, 69% of employment, and 41% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the ASEAN region. Here are five ways to reduce SMEs carbon footprint and slow down global warming. 1. Find the right solution to the problem Before companies can come up with eco-friendly solutions, it would be advisable to first quantify their carbon footprint. The baseline can be computed using proven methodologies like ISO 14064 and ISO 14067. There are also several resources available on the internet that can help SMEs measure their environmental impact. The UN SME Climate Hub, a global initiative that empowers SMEs to halve their emissions by 2030 and achieve net zero by 2050, offers a three-step guide towards a more sustainable future. However, precise quantification is not always necessary. Companies can still realise the effects of their operations without doing the math. They may simply identify their procedures, evaluate them, and think of more sustainable alternatives or remedies that can yield the same, if not better, results at a cheaper cost. 2. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle This may be a given, but the principle of the three R’s must be emphasised when talking about the environment. Business and HR leaders can ask themselves what can be reduced, reused, or recycled in every aspect of their business, from planning to purchasing supplies and carrying out operations. What materials are commonly purchased and discarded? Are your products durable and can they last a long time? How much waste does your packaging generate? There’s probably more than you can think of! The next step is to then create an efficient waste management program. 3. Invest in green equipment and energy The physical office or workplace is a good start in making an impact through informed purchasing choices. Start by auditing your office purchases. Create a master list of supplies and equipment that your company uses and identify environment-friendly options and suppliers. There are organisations, such as the Asia Pacific Green Public Procurement Network, that help train HR leaders and procurement officers to purchase sustainable products. SMEs can also do their own research and look for certified pro-environment and energy-efficient equipment and supplies. Investing in renewable energy sources like solar panels to power computers, gadgets, and machines is also a smart move. Solar panels aren't just good for the environment, they're a boon for business too. They lower operating costs, boost green credentials, and help firms stay competitive. Indonesian startup Xurya helps companies switch to solar energy without a big upfront cost. 4. Implement carpooling or support green commuting Business and HR leaders are becoming more aware of the impact of their employees’ transportation to work on air pollution. Carbon emissions can be reduced through carpooling or providing shuttle services for employees to go to and leave work, instead of having them travel individually using their cars. Moreover, SMEs are also encouraging employees to switch to green commuting, which can be in the form of walking, biking, or taking public transportation. 5. Consider carbon offsetting Carbon offsetting is basically the act of neutralising CO2 emissions generated by a person or a company’s activities. This can be achieved by investing in projects that fight climate change to compensate for their environmental impact. These projects may include reforestation, renewable energy push, and livelihood support for marginalised communities, among others. Online calculators, such as My Climate, allow companies to estimate their carbon emissions and the costs needed to offset them. An example would be an employee from the Philippines who needs to go to Singapore for an important business trip. Based on the calculator, flying economy roundtrip between Manila and Singapore produces 0.855 tons of CO2, which would cost USD 24 (SGD 34) to offset.	https://www.chiefofstaff.asia/post/five-ways-smes-can-reduce-their-carbon-footprint
Greta Thunberg Is Shunning Transatlantic Flights. Should You? Teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg is on her way to New York this week for the U.N. Climate Summit, but instead of a multi-hour flight, she’ll be making a two-week, low-carbon trip—by sailing yacht. Meanwhile, you may be asking yourself: is that really necessary? It may be an extreme option, but to really rein in your carbon footprint (or, in Thunberg’s case, to maintain your credibility as a climate activist), the answer is, in fact—yes. So much so, that even climate scientists are trying to do it, too. “I swear I had the idea before her!” says Kimberly Nicholas, an associate professor at the Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies, in Lund, in Sweden. “She always beats me!” Nicholas, an admirer of Thunberg’s, is only being partially tongue-in-cheek: the Californian moved to Sweden in 2010 and stopped taking flights within Europe in 2012 after “finally facing the cognitive dissonance I was having about flying to [climate change] conferences.” Now, she and her husband are taking sailing lessons, with the aim of traversing the Atlantic in 2023, in order to visit family in the U.S. The figures Nicholas alludes to are stark. In a paper she and collaborator Seth Wynes at the University of British Columbia published in 2017, they estimated that the total carbon impact of a single flight is so high that avoiding just one trip can be equivalent to going car-free—for a year. “I think it’s important for people to know that every flight you can avoid [is] a major climate move,” says Nicholas. Fly once—or drive for a year Flying is nearly always the most carbon-intensive way to travel, relative to cars, buses, or trains. Exact comparisons to other forms of transport vary, but the difference—particularly compared to rail travel—tends to be one of magnitude. By one European Union estimate, flying is about eight and a half times as carbon intensive as rail, the lowest-carbon form of transport, when measuring the average output per passenger, per kilometer. Other analysis from Michael Sivak, former director of the Sustainable Worldwide Transportation unit at the University of Michigan, presented the data this way: a single economy flight from San Diego to Frankfurt, Germany is about equal in output to driving a light-duty vehicle for a year. Flying first class? Then you’re sat in a heavier seat, taking up more space—leaving you with just a single domestic flight, from Atlanta to Los Angeles. It’s not just long-haul flights that have a huge footprint, either. Because a large proportion of fuel is burned during take-off, a shorter flight can actually have a disproportionate carbon impact per kilometer. Put another way: even the most devoted activist could scupper much of their carbon-reducing efforts for the rest of the year on just a single round-trip. The jet-setter emissions The huge impact of a single flight might seem misleading, because aviation, taken from a distance, doesn’t look like a large contributor to emissions. Transport overall is the largest share of energy-related CO2 output, with 24% of direct emissions according to the International Energy Agency. But aviation makes up about 2% of total emissions, according to the International Air Transport Association. Meanwhile, planes have generally become more efficient every year. Because fuel is such a huge cost for airlines—even though it goes largely untaxed on international flights—operators have a powerful incentive to make a more efficient plane. But gains in efficiency, and increasing industry efforts to set targets to curtain emissions, can’t keep pace with the powerful growth of demand: from 2000 to 2014, the sector grew by 140%, according to the IEA, and the growth of low-cost airlines has increasingly democratized air travel—even on transatlantic flights. That makes aviation one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonize, according to the agency. Your flight footprint On a personal level, that means that if you fly regularly, it will probably be the largest contribution to your personal carbon footprint. Conversely, reducing how much you fly is one of the single most significant things you can do to cut your personal impact, alongside steps like eating less or no meat, and not driving a car. In fact, there is a growing movement against flying, particularly in Thunberg’s Sweden, where flygskam, or “flight shame” has pushed travelers, and not just climate scientists and activists, to choose lower-carbon transit options. But that’s easier for Europeans to do, since the region is relatively well-connected through rail infrastructure. What if you have to fly over an ocean? Then your options, like Thunberg’s, are fairly limited. A round-trip cruise from the U.K. to New York—even if you can afford it—is likely to set you back at least 12 to 16 days, with a carbon output that would surpass a London to New York flight, according to myclimate, a Switzerland-based NGO that offers carbon offsets. By contrast, the yacht Thunberg and her father will be sailing will be zero-carbon, outfitted with solar panels and underwater turbines to supply electricity. But what they gain in energy efficiency, they may lose in comfort: among other things, their sailboat lacks a proper toilet. More must-read stories from Fortune: —The newest threat to cheap European flights? A plan to finally tax jet fuel —Energy company earnings suffer in the gas glut era —Renewable energy is booming. Here’s how to keep it going —Why kids are skipping school to fight climate change —Listen to our audio briefing, Fortune 500 Daily Follow Fortune on Flipboard to stay up-to-date on the latest news and analysis.	https://fortune.com/2019/08/15/greta-thunberg-sailing-climate-change-flight/
7 tips on how you can travel more sustainable for business Do you want to lower your carbon footprint and travel more sustainable for business? You are not 100% sure what choices do you have and what exactly you can do? In this blog post, you will learn about what sustainable travel is, how your decisions have an impact on the environment and what opportunities you have, to travel more sustainable for your business. So, let’s start with some basics. What is sustainable (or also called “Green”) travelling? The concept of sustainability can be traced back to Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645-1714) and meant making use of natural, renewable sources in a way, that people can continue to rely on them continuously and with a long term perspective. Until now, humans exploit natural resources very recklessly. That comes with various problems like global warming, rapid species extinction and break down of entire eco-systems. If the human species, who are fully dependent on a working eco-system, want to survive, a behaviour change is needed in all aspects of our life including travelling as well. Rather sooner than later. Sustainable travelling can contribute to the overall goal lowering the negative impacts of humans on our eco-system. In order to improve our travelling behaviour, we need to understand what has an impact on the environment: - Travel distance - Travel frequency - Choice mode of transport - Choice of accommodation - Human behaviour at destination (e.g. littering, respect of foreign culture & eco-systems, avoiding mass tourism, etc.) The travel distance is often given by the destination of customers and business events (e.g. conferences, exhibitions, seminars, etc.). In case there are similar business events that are closer to your location it would be better to chose those. All the order factors can be strongly influenced by travellers. Where appropriate human behaviour and lowering travel frequency are self-explaining, it is more complex to understand the impact of every mode of transport and the accommodation. So we will cover them in more detail. What impact has my choice of mode of transport on the environment? Obviously, the choice of the mode of transport has a huge impact on your carbon footprint, as shown in the figure below. The modes of transport are mostly compared by CO2 per person and kilometre travelled. Be aware that the number of emitted CO2 per person and kilometre travelled are just example values and can strongly vary depending on vehicle type and countries operated. Further CO2 is not the only gas that leaves the exhaust pipes. There are also CO, SO2, N2, NOx, H2O Travel by car Travelling by car is the most popular travel option for business travel, especially on short distances (< 500 km). However, travelling by car with a single passenger is almost as bad for our environment as flying. In our example we have chosen a small modern car with an average consumption of 5l of fuel per 100 km. It is obvious, that the bigger the car gets and the more fuel it consumes, the more CO2 gets emitted. However, when you travel in groups by 3 or 4 it is a good alternative to other modes of transports as the emitted amount of emissions simply split with every person. Travel by plane Travelling by plane is considered to have the greatest impact on the environment. The real amount of emitted value of CO2 per flight are derived of the average load factor (i.e. passenger and freight load,) the plane type and the average distance travelled per plane type. Further it is important to know, that a lot of fuel is consumed during take-off in order to get the mass of the ground. Hence, if you need to fly it is better to go for the most direct connection rather than choosing a multi-stop flight. Although modern planes do not emit more emissions than average cars, but it is the long distances travelled that ads up on your environmental balance sheet. Travel by train and public transport A detailed estimation of emissions caused by public transport and train connection is more difficult as it varies from city to city, from connection to connection, from operator to operator and from country to country. What does this mean? First the power source needs to be considered. That means if public transport and trains are powered by fossil fuels or electrically. If electrically, then it makes a huge difference how the consumed electricity was generated. Does the electricity stem from renewable energy sources or from fossil fuels (e.g. coal, gas, and oil)? These factors vary from operator to operator and from country to country and are difficult to obtain, but need to be considered, when comparing various modes of transport. Some operators publish, where they buy their electricity from. Further, many countries publish figures about their electricity mix or also called emission factors. The best summary of electricity mix by country that we are aware of can be found on Carbonfootprint.com. Travel by bus Although powered by fossil fuels, long distance busses have a very good overall emission per person factor. This is due to high capacity per vehicle in comparison to their overall mass. The 2 main driving factors how good the emissions balance really is, are the passenger load (e.g. the average number of passengers per trip) and the vehicle type. What impact has my choice of accommodation on the environment? The choice of accommodation contributes to the overall emissions per journey. The following factors drive the impact on the environment: - Building body and insulation - Was the hotel built or renovated with latest technology (e.g. insulation, multiple layer glazing, etc.)? - Heating system - Does the hotel heat with oil, district heating or solar thermal power sources? - Electricity source & consumption - Does the hotel buy electricity from renewable energy providers or from fossil, nuclear power plants? What measures is the hotel taking to reduce electricity consumption (LED lightning, modern kitchen, laundry equipment, etc.)? - Supply Chain - Where does the hotel buy their food and services from? Organic and local food vs. factory farming goods from all over the world. - Hotel services - What kind of hotel services do they offer (over-tourism vs. responsible tourism) - Waste reduction - How do they deal with waste and responsible consumption (e.g. single use items)? Those factors are addressed by certified “eco hotels” also called green hotels or carbon zero hotels. The goal is simply to lower their carbon footprint and to reduce the impact on the environment as much as possible. 7 top tips to travel more sustainable/greener for business Always remember, that the most sustainable business trip is the one that can be avoided. Although the global pandemic has shown us, that we can do more within video conferences than most of us have imagined before, personal contact remains a crucial need of the humans nature and hence remains very important for many business purposes. So, here are our tips and recommendations to travel more sustainable for business. 1. Compare from door-to-door Forced by the travel industry, we only can compare flights vs. trains vs. car routes. This leads to the fact that travellers tend to compare the net flight time against net train and car driving times. Car and public transport routes can be compared from door-to-door, if supported by Google, Apple, HERE maps services. However, flight connections are never shown from door-to-door and therefore often seem to be the fastest travel option. When adding travel times to and from the airports as well as waiting times for check-in security, etc., then the total travel times easily can double up. Especially on short haul trips, with fast train alternatives, the overall travel time by plane can be longer than by train. So, make sure you compare the overall travel times from door-to-door. 2. Choose Green hotels or stay with friends When choosing your place to stay try to find Eco Hotels (Green Hotels) that have sustainability measures in place. A very environmentally friendly way to stay overnight is with friends. If there are some friends around providing a spare bed and the extra travel time does not outperform the energy savings from staying in a hotel, this is the option, you should go for. On top of that, it is always nice to meet some friends. 3. Get around with Public Transport We know Uber is convenient but try to use the public transport offers as much as possible. In many places the offer is very good and can be substantially faster in rush hours when traffic jams block the roads. 4. Avoid stops when flying In case you really need to fly, go for the most direct flight option. Every take-off is very fuel intense. Even though it might be a bit more expensive, every stop that can be skipped and every kilometre less flown will drastically lower your carbon footprint. And look, it always saves some of the most important resource on the globe. Your lifetime. 5. Rent small and electric cars In case you need to rent a car, consider 2 things. The engine type and the vehicle size. - Try to rent an electric car that emits less CO2 if possible. - The smaller the rental car, the less fuel it would consume, regardless of combustion or electric drive. 6. Combine several meetings Instead of travelling to customer and return try to combine several meetings who are in the same area. So, before you start off, have a look at your CRM and see who else you should meet. This will not only lower your ecological footprint, but also improve your overall work efficiency. 7. Offset your carbon emissions Offsetting carbon emissions for travelling is most common to satisfy our guilty conscience after a flight. Although it does not solve our environmental problems per se, it is a good very good idea to donate some money for sustainable projects like education, reforestation, renewable energy projects, tourism, etc. Consider offsetting not only for flights, but also for your car and train connections. And always remember! Offsetting be used as an excuse to travel more. It should be the last option, if a trip cannot be avoided. Wrapping it up If you want travel more sustainable for business, it is important to know about the impact of your decision on mode of transport and accommodation on our environment. You can influence this by thinking of the travel frequency, the choice of mode of transportation and accommodation, and your personal behaviour. Average combustion engine cars with a single passenger are polluting our environment on the same level than travelling by planes. Electrified modes of transport (electric vehicles, trains, and urban public transport) can be way more efficient, but it strongly needs to be considered how the consumed electricity gets generated. If the energy sources are from renewables, then there is a huge potential to lower the carbon footprint. When choosing your accommodation look out for certified green hotels that aim to lower their impact on environment. Since personal meetings remain crucial for many businesses, we provided 7 tips to travel more sustainable for business: - Compare from door-to-door - Choose Green hotels or stay with friends - Get around with Public Transport - Avoid stops when flying - Rent small and electric cars - Combine several meetings - Offset carbon emissions What else can business travellers do to travel more sustainable? Share your ideas in the comments below. Download Global Electricity Factors Impact on international business collaborations The pandemic has a huge impact on how we work, communicate, and organize our business. Face-to-face meetings were fully replaced by virtual meetings overnight. But to what extent will these changes remain permanent and how can this help save costs?	https://www.enterango.com/blog/sustainable-business-travel/7-tips-on-how-you-can-travel-more-sustainable-for-business/
This Earth Day Remember We Have Less Than 10 Years to Combat Global Warming – One Green Planet This Earth Day, we need to remember it’s now or never to move towards a renewable and sustainable future. A new study found devastating increases in global greenhouse gas emissions and says that the world has less than ten years to make a drastic change to combat global warming. Source: DJI Captures/Youtube During the COVID-19 pandemic, emissions dropped because people were not leaving their houses or driving. However, once the economy was back on and restrictions were lifted, the emissions once again went up. Many said that the pandemic would have been the perfect time to switch to renewable energy and clean energy sources, but we missed the mark. The carbon budget is the amount of carbon dioxide that can be released into the atmosphere before reaching 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has set the carbon budget goal, and numerous studies have found that anything above that will be devastating for the planet. To achieve the carbon budget, the IPCC has estimated that there needs to be a 45 percent cut in global greenhouse emissions by 2030 to reach net zero by 2050. The new study calculated that 1.5 degrees Celcius of warming will be reached in or before 2031 if we continue living like we are. Despite the numerous warnings that are coming from studies like this, emissions are still on the rise. Last year, emissions rose 6 to 7 percent in the United States, the European Union, and the United Kingdom. Despite these countries agreeing to many measures to drive down emissions, they continue to rise. Then to top it all off, a report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) found that coal use surged in 2021, accounting for 40 percent of the increase in emissions during the year. While most people believe that transportation is the leading cause of these emissions, many don’t know that the livestock industry accounts for more emissions than the entire transportation sector. That means that animals grown for meat cause more emissions than cars, boats, trains, planes, etc. Source: Earthling Ed/Youtube It is still important to cut emissions in all areas of your life, like choosing public transportation and flying less. However, the fact remains that the best thing you can do for the environment (and your health for that matter) is to stop eating animal products. Hopefully, this new report will give governments and companies the nudge they need to make something happen, greatly reduce their carbon footprints, and switch to renewable energy. Happy Earth Day and remember to do your part to fight climate change! Check out 11 Green Pledges to Take for Earth Day and 10 Ways to Adopt a Zero Waste Lifestyle This Earth Day! Related Content: Learn How to Cook Plant-Based Meals at Home Reducing your meat intake and eating more plant-based foods is known to help with chronic inflammation, heart health, mental wellbeing, fitness goals, nutritional needs, allergies, gut health, and more! Unfortunately, dairy consumption also has been linked to many health problems, including acne, hormonal imbalance, cancer, prostate cancer, and has many side effects. For those interested in eating more plant-based, we highly recommend purchasing one of our many plant-based cookbooks or downloading the Food Monster App, which has thousands of delicious recipes making it the largest vegan recipe resource to help reduce your environmental footprint, save animals and get healthy! And, while you are at it, we encourage you to also learn about the environmental and health benefits of a plant-based diet. Here are some resources to get you started: For more Animal, Earth, Life, Vegan Food, Health, and Recipe content published daily, subscribe to the One Green Planet Newsletter! Lastly, being publicly-funded gives us a greater chance to continue providing you with high-quality content. Please consider supporting us by donating!	https://mothernature.news/2022/04/22/this-earth-day-remember-we-have-less-than-10-years-to-combat-global-warming-one-green-planet/
Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our planet today. With temperatures rising, sea levels increasing, and extreme weather becoming more frequent and intense, it’s clear that we need to take action now. Sustainable living is a great way to help reduce the effects of climate change while also improving our environment and quality of life. In this paper, I will examine how sustainable living can help mitigate the effects of climate change by looking at causes, effects, and various ways to make a positive difference. So let’s get started with a simple yet powerful question: what if every small step we took made a big impact? Background and Context Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our planet today. It is caused by an increase in global temperature due to human activities that emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere. These emissions trap heat and contribute to global warming, leading to rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and other environmental impacts. The effects of climate change are already being felt around the world, and they will continue to worsen unless we take action now. Sustainable living is based on the idea that each individual can make small changes that can have a big impact on reducing their carbon footprint and helping combat climate change. It involves changing behaviors such as taking shorter showers, eating less meat or switching to a vegan or vegetarian diet, buying organic food when possible, using reusable water bottles instead of plastic ones, using programmable thermostats at home to reduce energy consumption, recycling materials instead of throwing them away in landfills or incinerators, and more. By making these simple changes we can make a real difference in reducing our emissions of tons of carbon dioxide every year—and help create a sustainable economy for generations to come. Definition of Sustainable Living Sustainable living is a lifestyle choice that seeks to reduce the negative environmental impact of our actions and behaviors. It involves changing daily habits to become more mindful of our consumption, waste materials, and sources of energy. Sustainable living focuses on reducing our ecological footprint by making conscious decisions about how we use and consume resources. This can include things like reducing or eliminating meat consumption, buying locally produced products, using recycled materials, conserving water and energy, composting food waste, and more. By making these small changes in our everyday lives we can help reduce emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change while also promoting better quality of life for ourselves and future generations. What is Climate Change? Climate change is a global phenomenon that is caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which trap heat and cause global temperatures to rise. This process has led to rising sea levels, extreme weather events such as droughts and floods, melting glaciers, and ocean acidification. Climate change has devastating effects on ecosystems, economies, and human health. It is a major concern of the world today and many countries are taking steps to reduce their carbon footprint in order to combat climate change. The most effective way to address this issue is through reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and shifting towards renewable sources of energy such as solar or wind power. We can also make changes in our lifestyle such as using less water and electricity, eating organic food, using reusable containers instead of disposable ones, or taking shorter showers. These small actions can have a big impact on reducing our individual carbon footprint and helping us fight against climate change. Causes of Climate Change Climate change is the result of an increase in the Earth’s average temperature due to a buildup of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This is caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels for energy production, deforestation, and agriculture. Carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels contribute to about two-thirds of global greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, land use changes such as deforestation cause an additional 10% of these emissions. As more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, it traps heat which warms the planet and affects weather patterns around the world. Climate change has led to extreme weather events like droughts and floods, rising sea levels, melting glaciers, acidification of oceans, and disruption of ecosystems. These changes have significant impacts on our environment and economies around the world. It is essential that we take steps to reduce our carbon footprint in order to slow down climate change and its devastating effects. Effects of Climate Change The effects of climate change are far-reaching and have a devastating impact on our planet. Rising global temperatures lead to melting glaciers and rising sea levels, which can increase the risk of flooding in coastal communities. Warmer temperatures cause droughts, leading to water shortages, crop failures, and food insecurity. The intensity and frequency of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, cyclones, and wildfires can also be exacerbated by climate change. Additionally, warmer temperatures can cause ocean acidification which has negative impacts on marine life and their habitats. Furthermore, shifting weather patterns disrupt ecosystems across the globe and can cause species extinctions due to loss of habitat or competition for resources. With more extreme weather events comes an increased risk of death or injury as well as economic losses from property damages or disruption in agricultural production. Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges facing our world today and it is essential that we take steps to reduce its impacts on our environment and quality of life. How Can Sustainable Living Help Climate Change? Sustainable living is an important part of the fight against climate change. Sustainable living practices can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere and help slow down global warming. Here are some ways sustainable living can help stop climate change: 1. Cut down on plastic Cutting down on the amount of plastic we use is one of the most important things we can do in order to reduce our environmental impact. Plastic production accounts for an estimated 300 million metric tons per year, with only 21.3% recycled worldwide, contributing to a huge build-up of plastic waste in our oceans and other habitats. Simple changes such as using reusable straws, tote bags, and water bottles instead of single-use plastics can help drastically reduce our consumption. Additionally, opting for zero-waste stores over traditional supermarkets can help cut down on unnecessary plastic packaging when stocking up on food items like rice or pasta. By reducing the amount of plastic we use on a daily basis, we can help make a positive difference in protecting our environment from further damage caused by plastic pollution. 2. Shorter Showers Taking shorter showers is one of the most efficient ways to reduce water usage and decrease our environmental footprint. By limiting shower time, we can save up to 10-15 gallons of water per day, which adds up to over 3,000 gallons a year. This helps conserve the world’s limited fresh water resources and reduces the amount of energy used for heating and pumping water. In addition to saving water, cutting down on shower time can also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing usage of hot water heaters powered by natural gas or electricity. Reducing our carbon emissions in this way contributes to combatting climate change and improving air quality. Shorter showers are not only an easy way to save energy; they are also beneficial for our wallets as they help us lower our monthly utility bills. Taking shorter showers is a simple yet effective way for us all to do our part in helping protect the environment and making sure that future generations have access to clean and safe drinking water. 3. Buy (and Eat) Local Eating local food is an easy way to help combat climate change. The context of climate change, and the associated carbon emissions, highlights the need for sustainable lifestyle choices. Supporting local farmers, who use fewer resources in production and transportation than large-scale industrial agriculture, can significantly reduce your carbon footprint. For example, buying organic produce from a nearby farm instead of conventional produce from a distant location can save hundreds of tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year. Additionally, those same farms often use sustainable and environmentally friendly farming methods that further reduce their ecological footprint. By reducing our reliance on mass crop farming and factory-farmed animal products, we are able to improve the quality of life for both ourselves and our planet. Even small changes like replacing meat with vegetarian or vegan alternatives several times a week can make a big difference. Eating locally also allows us to support our local economy while simultaneously reducing our environmental impact; it’s a win-win situation! 4. Consider Your Shopping Habits It is important to consider our shopping habits when trying to reduce our environmental impact. We can make a positive contribution simply by changing the way we buy and use products. For example, using reusable grocery bags instead of single-use plastic bags reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills. Investing in a durable water bottle or coffee cup will help us save money while avoiding unnecessary packaging. Additionally, we should be mindful of our consumption habits. Do we really need the latest gadget, or can we make do with what we already have? By opting for second-hand clothes and furniture instead of buying new items, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint as well as save money. Furthermore, reducing food waste is key; only buying what you need will help ensure that everything you purchase is efficiently used and not thrown away. Overall, it is essential to take stock of our shopping habits and make conscious decisions about what items are necessary and which are superfluous. With some effort on our part, we can easily minimize our environmental impact while still enjoying the goods available on the market today. 5. Buy second hand Shopping second-hand is a great way to reduce our environmental impact while still acquiring the items we need. Second-hand goods can be nearly as attractive and often just as functional as brand new purchases, and giving a household item a second life cuts its carbon footprint in half. Purchasing items from eBay, Craigslist, or other online sources can make it easy to buy pre-owned items at lower prices than buying new. We can also check thrift stores for clothes and furniture with unique styles that won’t break the bank. With a bit of creativity, we can find many great second-hand items that are both stylish and sustainable. A third or fourth life is even better! Not only does buying used save us money, but it also helps keep perfectly good products out of landfills. So next time you’re looking for something new, consider shopping second-hand instead. 6. Don’t invest in idle equipment Investing in idle equipment can be an expensive and wasteful habit, as it often requires significant resources to purchase such items. Many of these investments can quickly become outdated due to advancements in technology, and they may quickly become obsolete. Furthermore, owning more than what is needed increases the cost of maintenance and storage, while also generating more waste materials that need to be disposed of. The best advice for anyone looking to buy new equipment is to think carefully about which items are necessary for the job at hand. Rather than buying something that could become useless soon after its purchase, consider looking into rental options or other alternatives first. This approach allows us to save money by only investing in what we need while reducing our carbon footprint through fewer emissions from manufacturing processes and less waste generation. It’s also important not to forget that unused equipment can have negative environmental effects if not maintained properly, so timely repairs and proper disposal are essential when dealing with idle investments. 7. Donate used goods Donating used goods is a great way to reduce your environmental impact while helping people in need. By donating items that are still usable, you can help disadvantaged individuals enjoy the same quality of life as everyone else while ensuring they do not go to waste. Not only can you donate items such as clothing, furniture and appliances, but computers and building materials can be donated too. When donating used goods, it is important to make sure they are in good condition. Donating broken or damaged items may cause harm to those who receive them and put an unnecessary burden on charities and other organizations. Additionally, it is important to research the organization you plan on donating to ensure that your contributions will benefit those who truly need it. Depending on the organization, there may be tax benefits associated with donating used goods as well. Overall, donating used goods is an effective way for individuals and businesses alike to contribute positively towards society by reducing their ecological footprint and helping others in need. It also gives another life to things that would have otherwise been thrown away unnecessarily, making this a win-win situation for everyone involved. 8. Buy products with less packaging It has become increasingly important to be conscious of the amount of packaging we use when buying products. This is because packaging not only adds significantly to the cost and carbon footprint of consumer goods, but also contributes to landfills as it makes up nearly 30% of all municipal waste. To combat this, businesses should look into ways to reduce their packaging by looking into more efficient and eco-friendly solutions. Consumers can also help reduce their own environmental impact by being mindful of the amount of packaging they buy. Shopping for items with minimal or no packaging is a great way to start, such as buying in bulk or purchasing things that come in recyclable containers. If there are no options available without excessive amounts of packaging, look for ones made from recycled materials instead. Additionally, consider reusing or recycling any plastic or cardboard containers you may have at home before reaching out for new ones. Buying products with less packaging is an easy way for us all to contribute positively towards reducing our carbon footprint and fighting climate change. Not only does it save money and resources, but it also helps create a sustainable economy that works in harmony with nature. 9. Avoid disposable products Disposable products such as paper plates, plastic cutlery, and other single-use items are hugely detrimental to the environment. Not only do these items contribute to waste being sent to landfills, but they also require resources such as water and energy for their production. As a result, it is important to avoid disposable products wherever possible in order to combat climate change. One way of doing this is by investing in reusable items that can be used multiple times before needing replacement. Reusable bottles, cutlery sets, cloth napkins, and even shopping bags are all available in many stores today and make great alternatives to disposables. Additionally, bringing your own containers when buying food from restaurants or takeaways can help reduce waste while saving money at the same time. Aside from reducing our ecological footprint, avoiding disposable products also has other benefits such as improving air quality since these products often use plastics which release toxic chemicals into the air when incinerated or left in landfills for extended periods of time. This can have serious health implications for those living close by so making an effort to switch to more sustainable practices is essential if we want to create a better future for ourselves and generations to come. 10. Give new life to old electronics The need for new technology is ever-increasing, and with it comes a growing problem of what to do with outdated electronics. Many electronics contain valuable materials that can be recycled or reused, but unfortunately, most of these materials end up in landfills where they release harmful toxins into the environment. This not only contributes to climate change but also has far-reaching effects on our health and quality of life. Fortunately, there are many ways to give old electronics a new lease on life. Individuals can donate their devices to charitable organizations who will refurbish them and provide them to those in need. Alternatively, people can look into local recycling centers which specialize in reusing electronic components such as computer motherboards and circuit boards. Finally, businesses can contract with third party recyclers who will extract metals from the devices and return them back into the manufacturing cycle. By giving old electronics a second chance at life, we can reduce our carbon footprint while helping make the world a greener place for future generations. Not only will this improve our environmental efforts in terms of reducing landfill waste, but it will also help create jobs while providing access to technology for those who would otherwise be unable to afford it. 11. Try to walk more and use the car less Walk More, Drive Less With a growing number of vehicles on our roads, it’s becoming increasingly important to consider the environmental impact of car usage. Walking or cycling can help reduce exhaust emissions and are great for our physical and mental health. Even small changes like walking to work or the store instead of driving can make a big difference in reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. In addition to reducing your carbon footprint, walking or cycling also gives you the opportunity to connect with your local environment and community in ways that aren’t possible when traveling by car. Taking the time to appreciate your surroundings while walking can be calming and lead to improved quality of life. By choosing to walk instead of drive whenever possible, we can all help play our part in protecting the planet and combatting climate change. Not only will this help create a more sustainable economy, but it will also ensure that future generations have access to clean air and safe drinking water. 12. Meat-free Mondays Meat-free Mondays is an initiative started by the nonprofit organisation Forum for the Future, with the belief that reducing our meat consumption can make a significant difference in helping combat climate change. By cutting out meat just one day a week, we can reduce our carbon footprint and help to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. Studies have shown that livestock production accounts for up to 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it one of the top sources of environmental pollution. Eating a vegan or vegetarian diet for just one day each week can drastically reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere and help prevent further damage to our planet’s delicate ecosystem. By committing to Meat-free Mondays, we can all do our part in creating a more sustainable environment and protecting future generations from climate change. Not only does this help reduce emissions, but it also provides a great opportunity for individuals to explore new recipes and learn about plant-based diets – something that could lead to long-term lifestyle changes. So why not give it a try? 13. Eating Organic & Minimizing Food Waste Eating organic and minimizing food waste can be a great way to help combat climate change. Organic food is free from chemical pesticides, fertilizers and other artificial additives, meaning that it requires less energy to produce than non-organic food. As a result, there are fewer carbon emissions associated with its production. Additionally, eating organic can help reduce air and water pollution, as well as soil degradation caused by the use of chemical fertilizers. It’s also important to minimize food waste when possible. By planning meals ahead of time and buying only what you need, you can avoid throwing away perfectly good produce or meals that have gone bad before they could be consumed. This helps prevent unnecessary carbon dioxide emissions from the transport and packaging of this wasted food – something that has a direct effect on our environment. In sum, eating organic and minimizing food waste are both simple steps we can take to help combat climate change and protect our planet for future generations. Not only are these practices better for the environment, but they also provide us with healthier options and contribute to a more sustainable economy. So why not give them a try? 14. Reducing Meat Consumption Reducing meat consumption is an important step towards helping combat climate change. Meat production requires a great deal of energy and resources, and is responsible for the emission of a significant amount of greenhouse gases. In fact, the global livestock industry is responsible for 14.5 percent of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions – more than the emissions produced by transportation. By simply reducing or eliminating meat from our diets, we can make a tremendous difference in terms of carbon dioxide emissions and help to slow down the effects of climate change. Vegetarian and vegan diets are both excellent options for those looking to reduce their environmental footprint. Not only do these diets require fewer resources to produce than animal-based diets, but they also generally provide better nutrition and help promote a healthier lifestyle overall. However, it’s important to note that reducing meat consumption isn’t something that needs to be done overnight; rather, it should be viewed as an ongoing process that begins with small changes such as swapping out beef burgers for veggie burgers once in a while or choosing salads instead of steak for lunch. Every bit counts when it comes to protecting our planet! 15. Reusable Water Bottles & Other Reusable Materials Reusable water bottles are an important part of helping to fight climate change. Not only do they reduce the amount of plastic waste that is generated from single-use bottles, but they can also save a tremendous amount of energy associated with the production and disposal of these items. Additionally, reusable water bottles often last for years, which means that consumers can help to reduce their carbon footprint by purchasing fewer plastic bottles over time. Using reusable materials in general is key in order to minimize our impact on the environment. For example, bringing cloth bags or other containers when shopping for groceries helps to reduce our reliance on single-use packaging materials. We can also use reusable utensils instead of disposable cutlery, and opt for ceramic coffee mugs over paper cups when ordering drinks at a cafe. These small steps may seem insignificant at first, but they add up quickly when we make them part of our daily lives. By utilizing reusable items whenever possible and reducing our consumption of single-use products, we can help reduce our individual carbon footprints and work towards a more sustainable future for generations to come! 16. Programmable Thermostats & Other Energy-Saving Measures Programmable thermostats are a simple and effective way to reduce energy consumption in our homes. By setting the thermostat to lower temperatures when no one is home or when we’re sleeping, we can save a significant amount of energy that would otherwise be wasted. Programmable thermostats can be set to turn on the air conditioning or heat at certain times of the day, so that energy is used only when necessary. In addition to using a programmable thermostat, there are many other ways to conserve energy around our homes. Installing LED light bulbs or utilizing natural light during the day can help reduce electricity use. We can also unplug electronics and appliances when they’re not in use, as these items still draw power even when turned off. Finally, replacing old appliances with new Energy Star certified models can have an even greater effect on reducing energy consumption. By making these small changes around our homes, we can make a big impact on the environment by reducing our carbon footprints and combatting climate change. Not only will this help us preserve precious resources for future generations, but it may also lead to cost savings for consumers in their monthly utility bills! Conclusion Living sustainably is an important step in combatting climate change. From taking shorter showers to reducing food waste and choosing organic foods, there are many changes we can make in our daily lives that will have a positive impact on the environment. Installing programmable thermostats and other energy-saving measures around our homes can also help reduce carbon emissions. Finally, reducing our consumption of animal products and using recycled materials as much as possible can contribute to a more sustainable economy. By making these small changes, we can help create a better future for ourselves and the planet.	https://sustainablelivingideas.com/how-can-sustainable-living-help-climate-change/
International Carbon Equivalent Mechanism Attributed to Neutrality (ICEMAN) is a methodology that applies established sciences and protocols developed for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions to provide a quantitative measure of factors that reduce or mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This quantitative measure then becomes an attribute by which consumers and buyers of products can evaluate a product’s carbon footprint prior to purchase. ICEMAN is an innovative mechanism that measures the total greenhouse gasses emitted throughout every part of the supply chain—for the product itself and for all the materials and components it contains. The calculation encompasses the taking of raw material from the ground, the entire manufacturing process, business and manufacturing operations used in the production of a product, and the transportation of the product to market. In this way, the ICEMAN mechanism calculates and adds up the carbon footprint of a product throughout the supply chain, for every component and material—every time it is transported, every time a business operation touches it, all the way back to when the natural resources used to create its components are taken out of the ground. This mechanism is called the ICEMAN CarbonFactor. The mechanism begins accounting for greenhouse gas emissions from the operation that takes the natural resource out of the ground. It includes emissions created by the transportation of the natural resource to the next part of the manufacturing process, emissions created by the process of converting the natural resource into a usable material or subcomponent, emissions created by the transportation of that material or subcomponent to the next part of the process, emissions created by the next part of the manufacturing process, and on through the entire supply chain until the final product is finished. The Carbon Factor is based on accepted sciences and standards developed as a result of established climate change protocols. Since the world began focusing on greenhouse gas emissions, scientists and organizations—both governmental and nongovernmental—have developed complex sciences and protocols to establish and standardize corporate accounting and mathematical calculations of greenhouse gas emissions. One example is WRI’s Greenhouse Gas Protocol. WRI is composed of a diverse group of government and non-government organizations, from the UN to the US Green Building Council. The WRI Greenhouse Gas Protocol currently forms the foundation for the ICEMAN Carbon Factor calculations. Standards such as this will be continuously adopted and integrated into ICEMAN, since ICEMAN is the application of this science. Any time the protocols change, we adapt ICEMAN to match the most up-to-date scientific information. The ICEMAN Carbon Factor will also take into account actions that companies are already taking that may impact overall carbon emission calculations, such as sustainability, renewable energy usage, carbon offsets, the acquisition of carbon credits, and any carbon emissions mitigation or reduction programs, such as carbon sinks, clean development mechanisms, or joint implementation projects. These carbon offsets will be approved, certified, and tracked separately by the Carbon Factor Offset to maintain credibility and a high standard in accepting carbon offsets for the reduction of a product’s carbon footprint. The calculations of the reduction of carbon emissions associated with programs in reducing or mitigating carbon emissions will follow regular well-established and standardized calculations. Using those calculations, they will be assigned their equivalent as a negative number, thereby reducing the overall carbon emissions value known as the Carbon Factor. The Carbon Factor Offset is a measurement of the carbon credits required to offset the Carbon Factor. The Carbon Factor Offset value is tracked alongside the Carbon Factor value. The total carbon offset values of manufactured products are the pro-rata of the offsets associated with the raw materials, components, subproducts, or services that make up the product. At any point along the supply chain, carbon emissions may be offset in part or in whole to become carbon neutral or partially carbon neutral. The calculation of the reduction of carbon emissions associated with reduction programs or mitigation will follow well-established and standardized protocols. The reduction will be subtracted from the overall carbon emissions value, lowering the product or service’s Carbon Factor. This formula is visualized here, showing the greenhouse gasses involved in creating a single window. These quantitative measures are then converted into an indexing system that represents a percentage of carbon neutral, which can then be listed as a simple index number on a package or advertisement. For example, an index number of fifty indicates the product, process, or service is 50 percent carbon neutral; an index number of one hundred indicates it is 100 percent carbon neutral. The index number mathematically defines the greenness of a product based on the product’s embodied greenhouse gas emissions. The ultimate goal is for all products to fully offset their embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Not all products will be able to achieve full carbon neutrality. That’s why a measurement system like ICEMAN’s, based on a percentage to carbon neutral, will be most useful for manufacturers and consumers alike.	https://frankdalene.com/international-carbon-equivalent-mechanism-attributed-to-neutrality-iceman/
See what's new from Mountain View Sustainability. Exciting New Steps for Mountain View Sustainability Thank you to everyone who came to the December 4 City Council meeting to share your input and listen to the Council’s discussion of the staff analysis of the Environmental Sustainability Task Force 2 (ESTF-2) recommendations. The City Council approved several early actions and up to half a million dollars in the current budget to achieve them. We are excited about the upcoming opportunities to strengthen our Sustainability Program to help reach our Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction goals. The early actions approved by Council include: Installing 10-15 Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers Exploring expansion of the free Mountain View shuttle Identifying “reach codes” (new building codes that go further than state standards to reduce GHG emissions) Work on a Decarbonization Road Map (a guide to a comprehensive Citywide approach to reducing GHG emissions from the built environment) Based on ESTF-2’s recommendations and Council’s direction, staff will also begin developing the City’s fourth Environmental Sustainability Action Plan (ESAP-4, see more below). This plan will establish the City’s strategic priorities and specific actions over the next few years. The City Council identified some items it would like to see explored in the ESAP-4: Potential strategies for encouraging installation of EV chargers in multi-family buildings Group-buy opportunities for EVs and EV chargers Transit passes for employees of small businesses Expansion of Transportation Demand Management (TDM) to all of Mountain View Options for the establishment of a community committee to support the City’s sustainability efforts Environmental Sustainability Action Plan 4 (ESAP-4) Stay Tuned - We Want Your Input! Over the winter, staff will develop the City’s fourth Environmental Sustainability Action Plan (ESAP-4) , to be completed by April 2019. ESAP-4 will be a three year plan covering Fiscal Years 2019-20, 2020-21, and 2021-22, mapping out policies, programs, and projects the City expects to implement to lower our greenhouse gas emissions and meet our climate goals. You can see ESAPs 1, 2 and 3 here . To make sure the plan is representative of our community’s values and concerns, we invite you to give your input through a new online community engagement tool, Engagement HQ, which we’ll be rolling out in early 2019. Stay tuned for more info! City of Mountain View Divests from Fossil Fuels! At the December 12 City Council meeting, the City Council voted to adopt a Resolution modifying the City's investment policy, which states that “No investment is to be made in entities that engage in the direct exploration, production, refining, or marketing of fossil fuels.” Council also approved a recommendation to “divest the City’s holdings in Chevron and Exxon Mobile Corporate Notes as soon as possible.” The Investment Review Committee (IRC), made up of the three Council members that sit on the Council Finance Committee and two members of the public, provides input about the City’s investment policies and practices. The Committee meets annually to review the City’s investment portfolio, and the recommendations were made as part of the IRC’s Annual Report for Fiscal Year 2017-18. The Annual Report and Resolution can be found here . There is a growing movement around the world to divest institutions from fossil fuels, and we are proud that the City of Mountain View is making a bold statement to take fossil fuels out of our investment portfolio. Action of the Month: May Your Holidays be Merry and Green Happy Holidays from the Mountain View Sustainability Team! We know sustainability can fall to the wayside with the chaos of gifts, parties, and travel—Americans throw away 25% more trash during the holidays—but here are a few easy ways to lessen the impact of your holidays: Lights: There are many options for string lights that use LED bulbs, and putting your lights on a timer means you’ll never accidentally leave them on all night. Carbon offsets: Air travel is a large component of many people’s carbon footprint, and while we can’t always avoid flying, we can minimize our impact (and guilt) by purchasing offsets. This site has a list of certified carbon offsets to choose from. Gift wrapping: Even if you reuse or recycle it, tens of thousands of trees are cut down each year to make wrapping paper. Try these alternatives: Brown paper bags—jazz them up by drawing on or decorating them Pillow cases with a brightly colored ribbon Scarves, fabric, or handkerchiefs Packaging Disposal: The holidays come with boxes, bags, and ribbons, and while it’s better to avoid the packaging altogether by giving a Zero Waste gift (see our November newsletter for ideas) or using alternative wrapping, make sure you properly recycle any holiday gift packaging you can (more info here ). We Want to Hear From You! Tell us your sustainability story! Have you recently made energy efficiency upgrades to your home, incorporated a new zero waste habit into your life, or found an alternate mode of transport that you love? Send a photo and a short blurb to [email protected] and we may feature it in an upcoming newsletter!	https://myemail.constantcontact.com/December-News--Exciting-New-Sustainability-Steps---Happy-Holidays-.html?soid=1131254661190&aid=F0MMMVUK8DA
In 2007, Seattle University became a charter signatory of the American College & University President's Climate Commitment (ACUPCC). We believe that higher education must educate students and conduct research to develop the social, environmental, economic and technological solutions to reverse global climate change and lead by example to reduce our campus’ emissions. The ACUPCC Commitment required signatories to: See the ACUPCC Implementation Guide here. In 2010, Seattle University created a Climate Action Plan (CAP) to further deepen and strengthen its commitment to sustainability. The CAP describes the university’s intentions to more comprehensively address climate change and advance sustainability and sets the following four goals: In 2011, The President’s Committee for Sustainability (PCS) was convened to oversee: See Climate Action Plan here. Seattle University has committed to work towards carbon neutrality or zero Greenhouse Gas emissions. SU’s initial Climate Action Plan was to reduce emissions by at least 12% by 2020 and by at least 51% by 2035 from the baseline year 2009. We achieved our 2020 goal earlier than planned, and by fiscal year 2019, SU’s greenhouse gas net emissions were 15,990 metric tons or a 19.0% reduction since 2009. The reduction can be attributed to investments in new campus infrastructure, a decrease in natural gas consumption as well as reductions in single-occupant vehicle commuting and air travel by SU employees and students. Download the Carbon Footprint Reduction Infographic (2022) here. Learn about carbon offsets here. For a brief overview of SU's carbon offsets purchasing, see this SU today article. While the university is committed to reducing emissions through on-campus projects and programs, it recognizes that the need for climate action is urgent and SU will be unable to reduce 100% of its emissions through its own actions. In 2019, CEJS and the PCS created “A Climate Positive Campus” which describes how carbon offsets are a necessary tool to ensure that SU meets its existing climate commitment by the target dates. In 2022, a PCS carbon offset committee evaluated the use of high-quality offsets as a supplemental strategy for achieving climate neutrality. The committee recommended that the University purchase third-party-verified offset projects that provide significant social, environmental, and economic benefits to communities that go beyond the benefits of GHG reductions while offering significant academic benefits to the Seattle University community and are in accordance with Laudato Si’s call for Integral Ecology and protecting creation and SU's Jesuit mission of academic excellence, sustainability, and empowering leaders for a just and humane world. \|Offset Project\|\|Reasons It Was Chosen\| \|King County Rural Forest Carbon Project\|\| \| \|Honduras Cookstove Project\|\| \| *SDG = United Nations Sustainable Development Goal While the carbon offset committee has supported carbon offsets as a reasonable, short-term approach to the University’s Scope 1 emissions as we develop longer term solutions and seek to address Scope 3 emissions, the committee made the following recommendations: See the Carbon Offset Portfolio Proposal (2022) here. SeattleU was the first Jesuit university in the world to commit to full fossil fuel divestment. In 2018, Seattle University's (SU) Board of trustees voted to divest from fossil fuels with goals to, "by June 30, 2023, fully divest the marketable portion of the endowment from any investments in companies owning fossil fuel reserves,” and “to achieve a 50 percent reduction by December 31, 2020.” In March 2020, the 50% reduction was reached, nine months ahead of schedule. By June 30, 2023, SU should be fully divested from fossil fuels. To learn more about divestment, SU's process and divestment timeline, and see the Divestment Case Study Webpage here. Want to reduce your own carbon footprint? Learn more at our Sustainable Living and Sustainable Living on Campus pages! Also check out the “Small Business Climate Impact Guide,” created by SU graduate students from the Albers School of Business and Economics to support businesses with the implementation of step-by-step strategies to lower their greenhouse gas emissions.	https://cms.seattleu.edu/climate/
At a time when remote work has become part of our daily lives, in-person events take on increased importance for many companies. In October, we held an all-company retreat in New York City with a large portion of our remote team attending. The event was invaluable for building team cohesion, establishing goals, and making new connections. However, it’s important to recognize that our event — like all events — also came with a carbon cost. Our commitment at Carbon Direct is to take responsibility for our own carbon emissions, and to help others that are committed to the same journey. In this blog, we discuss how Carbon Direct calculated and mitigated the carbon footprint of our offsite and how we can help make carbon management accessible to any business. Measuring Our Carbon Footprint The first step to carbon accountability is measurement. To calculate our offsite’s carbon footprint, we tapped one of our distinguished scientists who specializes in atmospheric carbon removal, Dr. Peter Psarras, to lead a full life-cycle assessment across multiple data sources. Dr. Psarras tabulated employee surveys on travel details and bookings, industry-standard calculations on transportation (EIO-LCA models†), and any indirect emissions from other goods and services. This is easier said than done. Sometimes, the data was clear, as in the case of the number of air miles traveled. Other times, the team drew on scientifically grounded assumptions to calculate emissions with this simplified formula: \|CO2e = A * EF\|\|CO2e = total of direct CO2 emissions and their equivalents\| A = activity (type of train, square footage of venue, etc.) EF = emission factor, linking the activity to associated emissions It is important to note that the most influential variable in this calculation is the emission factor. The emission factor accounts for any and all CO2 over a specified timeframe so as to quantify a product life cycle into measurable units. Whatever the activity, it is critical that the anatomy of an emission factor (and any underlying assumptions) be outlined so as to account for any contributing factors to CO2. We leveraged our teams across the many sectors of carbon removal to employ this approach across the entire life cycle of our offsite, calculating a total of 51.9 tCO2e. This included both the conference emissions and radiative forcing factor, as defined below: \|Conference Emissions\|\|Radiative Forcing Factor\| \|Includes carbon estimates based on the emission factors of travel, hotel, and food services\|\|Accounts for contrails, the condensation clouds created by aircraft that trap heat from the earth’s surface, creating a temporary warming effect\| \|24.2 tCO2e\|\|27.7 tCO2e\| Here, we optimized for accuracy. And to be accurate, you need expertise. Dr. Psarras and team validated initial estimates of our carbon footprint and projections against their own research so as to contextualize situational carbon impact. This is where intuition meets science. For example, using an economic calculation for an offsite in New York City may result in outsized carbon estimates because it is so expensive relative to national averages. This, however, does not take into account the cleaner grid of New York City that has a greater proportion of renewables relative to national averages, and therefore a lower carbon impact. To Offset or Not to Offset? Having a CO2 number is the foundational step in carbon accountability. The end goal is to take action with carbon removal. We recognize that this is no simple (or inexpensive) task. Finding high-quality, affordable, and durable solutions that actually eliminate CO2 from the atmosphere is a challenge. Therefore, to strategize and execute an effective carbon removal strategy requires expertise informed by the latest in carbon science. This is Carbon Direct’s specialty. Our team of world-class scientists research a range of technologies, from nature-based solutions like forest management to technical solutions like direct air capture. Their knowledge informed our own approach to this case study on carbon offsets, and it is their knowledge that we are bringing to our clients through our software and advisory services. A Note on Offsets \|While carbon offsets play an important role in climate change accountability, the quality of those credits are up for debate. Companies and climate-conscious individuals looking to negate their carbon footprint want to have a real impact.\| At Carbon Direct, our science team is actively working on developing data-driven tools for quality control. We offer our clients only the highest caliber offsets for their portfolios so that they can trust that carbon offsets are actually doing the work. Learn more about our approach to quality validation from one of our clients, Microsoft, in the article: “Microsoft’s Million-Tonne CO2-Removal Purchase — Lessons for Net Zero.” A Quality Carbon Removal Portfolio Following the guidance of Dr. Psarras and fellow Carbon Direct scientists – like Dr. Matthew Potts, Professor at UC Berkeley and specialist in Forest Management – we built a world-class and replicable portfolio that targets long-term carbon removal technologies. Using our leading datasets, we curated an array of nature-based, technical, and hybrid solutions, and balanced our investment in those solutions relative to available supply. We needed to account for two emission types with different durability requirements: - The carbon emissions from the offsite (24.2 tCO2e); and - The radiative forcing factor from contrails (27.7 tCO2e) The radiative forcing factor for contrails comes from math that explicitly compares the short-term effect of contrails to 100 years of CO2 impact. We can reapply this math such that our forestation credits directly counterbalance these short-term impacts. Conversely, the CO2 emissions from the offsite require long-term carbon removal that is durable for hundreds of years. Many of these solutions, however, are still in their infancy – meaning we may not be able to purchase a tonne of CO2 removal for a few years. When the effects of emissions are felt immediately, solutions that are available now are critical for climate stability. To achieve both immediate CO2 removal and removal durable for hundreds of years, we purchased nature-based offsets from forestation projects that are currently available, and then purchased another mix of high-durability offsets (direct air capture, biomass carbon removal to storage) that will go into effect between 2023 and 2025. This increased our total purchase from the estimated 51.9 tCO2e to 69 tCO2e of removal. Think of the forestation offsets as a kind of bridge to the longer-term sequestration technology that will last for hundreds or even thousands of years. Carbon Direct’s Offsite Portfolio (69 tCO2e) ‡ \|Type: Forestation\| Impact: Immediate & Short-Term Removal Duration: 54 Years Purchase: 44 tCO2de \|Type: Biochar\| Impact: Medium-Term Removal & Sequestration Duration: 100s of years Purchase: 10 tCO2de \|Type: Direct Air Capture\| Impact: Long-Term Removal & Sequestration Duration: 1000s of Years Purchase: 10 tCO2de \|Type: Biomass\| Impact: Long-Term Removal & Sequestration Duration: 1000s of years Purchase: 5 tCO2de Looking Ahead: Carbon Management for All The carbon assessment of just this case study underscores a critical need in the evolving carbon market: accessibility. Every organization, no matter their size or budget, requires baseline accounting for their carbon footprint, high-quality portfolios, and streamlined purchasing to quantify their carbon commitment and take action. With this in mind, we are working to scale our approach through software solutions built on scientific expertise and best-in-class carbon management data. These solutions will complement our existing client work and build a verifiable foundation for the carbon marketplace so that we can achieve our ultimate goal: to stabilize the climate for generations to come. We know CO2 management is not easy, but we are here to make it easier — one carbon removal strategy at a time. From life cycle assessments to emissions abatement strategies, learn more about our CO2 Management services here.	https://www.carbon-direct.com/insights/how-we-negated-the-carbon-footprint-of-our-offsite
CO2-emissions are a hot topic in politics, industry, and society as a whole, particularly for the transportation and logistics sector. There are also increasing calls to publish carbon footprint details of products. So how should companies deal with their carbon footprints (whether for products and services, transport activities, or the company as a whole)? Let us show you the various requirements that are involved. Requirements in the Transportation and Logistics Sector Companies in the CO2-intensive transportation and logistics sector particularly need a standardized, precise, and transparent method for calculating energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. For example, since October 2011, all of the transportation services in France have been subject to a legal requirement to report transportation-related CO2 emissions (decree no. 2011-1336 on the provision of information regarding the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted during transportation services). Under this decree, all transport service providers, regardless of their registered office address, must inform the goods recipient of the greenhouse gas emissions that are generated by transportation within France. Since 2013, calculation methods within Europe have been standardized based on the German standard (DIN EN 16258), which has established a “methodology for calculation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions of transport services”. Furthermore, the Global Logistics Emissions Council has developed the GLEC Framework, the first globally recognized methodology for the harmonized calculation and reporting of logistics Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Standards such as these form the foundation for data comparability (e.g. against a benchmark) and, therefore, provide key practical benefits. Given the extremely high volume of shipments that logistics and shipping companies have to organize and implement every day, the digital calculation of CO2 emissions is essential. The CF-T (Carbon Footprint for Transportation) solution created by WAVES offers a reliable, ongoing calculation for this exact purpose. Predefined expert dashboards allow you to interpret the results and use them as a basis for decision-making. All of the results can also be exported in commonly used file formats. This data can then be used outside of the WAVES system to provide valuable information to your customers, on invoices for example. The Many Reasons to Determine your Carbon Footprint All of these developments have resulted in the consistently increasing international acceptance of CO2 emission values. In the future, further pressure is expected for companies to share their emissions data and demonstrate their efforts to slow climate change. A key driving force behind this is the constantly evolving sustainability requirements being imposed on companies by: - Banks and investors, some of which in the future will only provide the company with funds if they are able to demonstrate that these funds will be put to sustainable use. - Customers, who in addition to the price tag are now also taking CO2 values into account when making purchase decisions. - Insurance providers, which are setting their contributions based on a company’s environmental risks. These developments have been agreed upon by United Nations Member States through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are playing a key role in this process. Socially responsible entrepreneurs and managers have been aware of this trend for a long time. This is no longer about just having access to figures such as your carbon footprint, but also about identifying the (existential) risks of making unsustainable decisions. Sustainability is also viewed and targeted as an opportunity for future growth. In the future, it will not be sufficient for companies just to determine various environmental figures such as CO2 values by themselves in whatever way they choose – they will need to demonstrate that they meet the standards as well as understand the their own sustainability results. What Exactly is a Carbon Footprint? The traces and effect of human behavior are known as a “footprint”. The extent and consequences of human activity can be quantified based on the size of these footprints. Greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.) are to a significant extent responsible for advancing climate change. The various greenhouse gases are converted to the main greenhouse gas, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), and collated to establish a key figure called the “carbon footprint”. Carbon footprints can be calculated for projects, products, and services as well as for entire companies and their sites. Companies are increasingly viewing their carbon footprint as a corporate management tool. They are not simply calculating their footprint to meet the legal regulations, finance market requirements, or increasing customer demand – instead, they want to take control and consciously carry their company forward to a safer future. A Development That Affects Us All In the scientific world, there is a general consensus – based on numerous verified findings – that climate change is a man-made, global problem. One of the key reasons for this is our current unsustainable use of natural resources. The resulting, rapidly progressing destruction of globally interconnected ecosystems has profound, irreversible repercussions for both humans and the natural world. This is a dramatic development of which society in general is becoming increasingly aware – because all people, wherever they are in the world, are now increasingly feeling its complex effects!	https://waves.lu/know-the-carbon-footprint/
What are electromagnetic waves? Both the waves in the flag and the ocean waves are waves that you can see. There are other kinds of waves (such as sound or electromagnetic). We cannot see these waves, but we experience them every day. Like ocean waves, sound waves need a medium to travel through. Sound can travel through air because air is made of molecules. These molecules carry the sound waves by bumping into each other, like Dominoes knocking each other over. Sound can travel through anything made of molecules - even water! There is no sound in space because there are no molecules there to transmit the sound waves. Electromagnetic waves are unlike sound waves because they do not need molecules to travel. This means that electromagnetic waves can travel through air and solid materials - but they can also travel through empty space. This is why astronauts on spacewalks use radios to communicate. Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic Waves have different wavelengths When you listen to the radio, watch TV, or cook dinner in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic waves. Radio waves, television waves, and microwaves are all types of electromagnetic waves. They only differ from each other in wavelength. Wavelength is the distance between one wave crest to the next. http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/dictionary/Wavelength.html Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size from very long radio waves the size of buildings, to very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the nucleus of an atom. http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/science-processes/electromagnetic-diagram/ Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen together, they make white light. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html Infrared Radiation Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic. Far infrared waves are thermal. In other words, we experience this type of infrared radiation every day in the form of heat! The heat that we feel from sunlight, a fire, a radiator or a warm sidewalk is infrared. The temperature-sensitive nerve endings in our skin can detect the difference between inside body temperature and outside skin temperature. Infrared light is even used to heat food sometimes - special lamps that emit thermal infrared waves are often used in fast food restaurants! How can we "see" using the Infrared? Since the primary source of infrared radiation is heat or thermal radiation, any object that has a temperature radiates in the infrared. Even objects that we think of as being very cold, such as an ice cube, emit infrared. When an object is not quite hot enough to radiate visible light, it will emit most of its energy in the infrared. For example, hot charcoal may not give off light but it does emit infrared radiation that we feel as heat. The warmer the object, the more infrared radiation it emits. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/infrared.html Humans, at normal body temperature, radiate most strongly in the infrared at a wavelength of about 10 microns. (A micron is the term commonly used in astronomy for a micrometer or one millionth of a meter.) This image (which is courtesy of the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at CalTech), shows a man holding up a lighted match! Which parts of this image do you think have the warmest temperature? How does the temperature of this man's glasses compare to the temperature of his hand? To make infrared pictures like the one above, we can use special cameras and film that detect differences in temperature, and then assign different brightnesses or false colors to them. This provides a picture that our eyes can interpret. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/infrared.html The image above (courtesy of SE-IR Corporation, Goleta, CA) shows a cat in the infrared. The orange areas are the warmest and the white-blue areas are the coldest. This image gives us a different view of a familiar animal as well as information that we could not get from a visible light picture. Many things besides people and animals emit infrared light - the Earth, the Sun, and far away things like stars and galaxies do also! Excerpted from:	http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/73/supplementarymaterial/1489341
where E is energy, h is Planck’s constant, f is frequency. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelengths, and vice versa. In this post we are going back to the electromagnetic spectrum and investigating an exciting region called terahertz, which will at the end of this post show you how to read every word of a closed book. Terahertz Terahertz(THz) radiation is radiation located in the roughly between 0.1-10 THz, in between microwaves and infrared. Terahertz radiation has wavelengths between 3mm – 30µm and has the potential to penetrate materials such as fabric, plastic and polymers, and, reflects on metals and is absorbed strongly by water, which are important aspects of THz detection. THz radiation is a non-ionizing radiation, meaning that it is not harmful for biological tissue, which is especially important of the biomedical use of THz radiation This post will focus on THz radiation used for such purposes as spectroscopy, which is key to achieve imaging, biomedical detection, material detection and detection of material hidden behind other substances. Terahertz Spectroscopy – How does it work Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a technique where short pulses of terahertz radiation are emitted to probe a material, to detect its properties. The generation and detection of terahertz is sensitive to the sample’s effect on both the amplitude and phase of the terahertz radiation, while more conventional methods, like Fourier-transform spectroscopy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform_spectroscopy ), is only sensitive to amplitude. Long story short, this means that you have more information about the signal and require less analysis to retract the information you are looking for. For the advanced readers: https://link.springer.com/article/10.3938/jkps.64.727 . The THz-TDS system works by using a high intensity ultrashort pulsed laser to generate terahertz pulses from a crystal. A single pulse can contain a wide range of frequencies, often from 0.05 to 4THz. There are other ways to generate THz pulses, but that will not be the scope of this post. After the THz pulse is generated, the pulse is directed through an optical setup and is focused on a sample for measurement. As we seen in the clip below, the pulses are split into two, by using a beamsplitter, where one is to generate THz pulses and the other for detection. This is the THz-TDS. The pulses to the left first go through a crystal to generate the THz pulse, then through a series of parabolic mirrors that are used to guide the THz pulses from the emitter to the sample and then at last to the detector. The pulses to the right go through a delay stage to vary the arrival time of the detection pulse. By scanning the delay line, the electric field amplitude and the phase of the THZ waveform (or pulse) can be mapped out as a function of time. Source: G. Jotzu, M. Cooper, P. Parkinson and M.B. Johnston – http://www-thz.physics.ox.ac.uk Spectral Signature One of the main advantages of performing THz spectroscopy, compared to for example infrared spectroscopy, is that the many substances have their spectral signature in the THz range. Signatures are specific combination of emitted, reflected or absorbed electromagnetic radiation (see the electromagnetic spectrum above) at varying wavelengths, which can uniquely identify an object. That was a lot of words, so let’s keep this simple: every material in the world has its own signature which is dependent on frequency/wavelength. Spectral signatures are a bit like the “fingerprint” of a material. Most materials have their spectral signature in the THz range, making THz spectroscopy an ideal method to detect specific materials. Explosives have spectral signatures in the range of 0.2-3.0THz, as we can see in the absorption lines vs frequency of different explosives in the picture below. The absorption lines of the explosives can be detected even when covered by other materials, like clothing or paper, which have no spectral lines in this region. The absorption lines from other surrounding materials can be filtered away by using appropriate software. Let’s go one step deeper and look at what happens on a molecular level. When you emit electromagnetic radiation to a material, the absorption of the radiation in the material is typically due to the excitation of the vibrational modes of the molecular bonds of that material. The difference between emitting terahertz waves from other waves, is that terahertz waves are lower in energy and excite longer wavelength vibrations, such as phonons in a semiconductor or molecular vibrations in an organic material. Since these vibrations are different for every material and have a distinct spectral signature, terahertz spectroscopy becomes a very useful method of identifying different materials, especially when the material you wish to detect is behind other materials (such as clothing). More on the vibration of molecules in the next section, when it will become more apparent how terahertz radiation differs from other radiation. Biomedical Applications If we look at the electromagnetic spectrum again, we see that THz radiation has a much lower frequency than, say, X-ray. Actually, it is about a million times less, meaning that the photon energy of THz is much lower. THz radiation is also non-ionizing and thus bypasses numerous of health concerns, making it very suitable for imaging of biological tissue. X-ray is an example of an ionizing radiation, which is why the dentist always leaves the room when imaging your teeth. As mentioned in the introduction, THz is strongly absorbed by water, making it sensitive to probe biological tissue close to the surface of the skin. While infrared light, for example, gives water and other molecules a bending and stretching motion, THz radiation causes the group of water molecules to coalesce and disassemble repeatedly – sometimes seen as “water cluster dances”. Since water absorbs THz radiation so strongly, THz spectroscopy is very sensitive to changes in the water content of materials. So, when imaging skin or other tissues that are full of water, the sensitivity of the biomedical imaging can be exploited. What we mean by exploited is that healthy tissues and tumors differ in terms of how they interact with THz light based on differences in their water and blood concentrations, tissue structures, and other factors that alter their optical properties. So, if a THz beam probes a patch of skin containing normal and cancerous regions, those differences can be understood by analyzing the light reflected by the skin. A tumor can even be detected when the differences between it and healthy tissue are subtle. Reading through a closed book Back to the basics: To generate a THZ pulse, you need what is known as a femtosecond laser, which emits optical pulses with a duration in the domain of femtoseconds, i.e. 10^-15s. Since time and space are tied together with the speed of light, higher time resolutions will result in finer space resolution (https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/reading-through-a-closed-book/overview/). This means that as the THz pulse penetrates a book, we can sample the pulses of light with a time resolution of about 10 trillion frames per second. Such a high time resolution provides a space resolution of about 30µm, which is high enough to separate pages of a closed book. Summary THz lasers have taken quantum leaps the last decades, from being utilized in only lab experiments to more industrial applications. THz lasers will most likely emerge in such industries as security, biomedical applications, as we see examples of below. Other important applications in will be wherever material detection is vital (like pharmaceutical), and finding hidden objects blocked by other substances.	https://www.norwegiancreations.com/2018/05/laser-101-pt-2-terahertz/
- Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between .7 and 300 micrometres is an example of infrared. - A camera that can detect these wavelengths is an example of a camera that reads infrared. MLA Style APA Style infrared MLA Style APA Style infrared adjectiveAbbr. IR - Of or relating to electromagnetic radiation between microwaves and red visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum, having frequencies between 300 gigahertz and 400 terahertz and wavelengths between 1 millimeter and 750 nanometers. - Generating, using, or sensitive to infrared radiation. noun MLA Style APA Style See more at electromagnetic spectrum MLA Style APA Style (plural infrareds) - electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than microwave radiation, having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1 mm (not comparable) - Having the wavelength in the infrared. - infrared light - infrared waves - infrared radiation - In the infrared spectrum. MLA Style APA Style infrared - Computer Definition See IR. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc. MLA Style APA Style An invisible band of radiation at the lower end of the visible light spectrum. With wavelengths from 750nm to 1mm, infrared starts at the end of the microwave spectrum and ends at the beginning of visible light. Infrared transmission typically requires an unobstructed line of sight between transmitter and receiver. Widely used in most audio and video remote controls, infrared transmission is also used for wireless connections between computer devices (see IrDA) and a variety of detectors (see IR detector). Infrared Can Be Anything Below Red Infrared means "below red," and red frequencies are at the bottom of visible light. Therefore, infrared may refer to any type of invisible electromagnetic radiation below visible light, including AM, FM and TV. See infrared imaging, infrared wavelengths, IR remote control and IRED.	https://www.yourdictionary.com/infrared
Here E (from exponent) represents “ 10^”, that is “ times ten raised to the power of”. This tells you how many wavelengths fit into a unit of distance. You can use this online converter to convert between several hundred units (including metric, British and American) in 76 categories, or several thousand pairs including acceleration, area, electrical, energy, force, length, light, mass, mass flow, density, specific volume, power, pressure, stress, temperature, time, torque, velocity, viscosity, volume and capacity, volume flow, and more. Detecting Electromagnetic Energy Electromagnetic radiation is energy, and so is light, so its detection is dependent on the amount of energy emitted. It equals the spatial frequency.. How can I calculate the Absorption coefficient from Absorbance? Thus the wavelength of a 100 MHz FM radio wave is about: 310⁸ m/s divided by 10⁸ Hz = 3 meters. FTIR peaks: Absorbance or %Transmittance? After removal of the nanoparticles I found the Cu2+ concentration of the suparnatant solution using ICP-MS. How to convert wavelength to wave number Many animals, including humans, detect visible light in some form. For example, wavelength of 10 micrometer is 10,000/10 = 1,000 cm-1. Data. To convert from nanometers to meters, you divide the result by 1,000,000,000. This makes it sparkle brilliantly. Visible Light Animals and humans can detect a range of electromagnetic energy. Instead they determine how strong the light is. Jobs that rely on color information, such as graphic design or professions in which color serves as a warning or as a direction are generally not available to people with color-blindness. The combination of information about how much each type of cones was stimulated is then used to determine which color is seen. I.e., in the early days perhaps it made sense to collect the interferogram by positioning the movable mirror at the greatest distance and then moving it to the smallest distance (cm). Spectroscopy Spectral analysis or spectroscopy is used to understand the chemical composition of objects. In the same domain, wavenumber can also be used as a unit of energy; 1 cm-1 of energy is the amount of energy in a single photon with a wavelength of 1 cm, the conversion being done using Planck's relation. Lee Johnson is a freelance writer and science enthusiast, with a passion for distilling complex concepts into simple, digestible language. In physics, the wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. It is possible to complete this analysis at a distance, which is beneficial not only in astronomy, but also when dealing with hazardous, fragile, or very small objects. All rights reserved. For quantum mechanical waves, wavenumber multiplied by Planck's constant is the canonical momentum. In most cases this condition provides a disadvantage, but since many animals are color-blind, some scientists believe that this is a trait that developed through natural selection and gave evolutionary advantage to some species. Wavelength and Color The shortest wavelength for visible light is 380 nanometers for violet light, and the spectrum continues to indigo and blue, then to green and yellow, orange, and finally — red. This means that as the wavelength increases, frequency decreases, and conversely, the lower the wavelength — the higher the frequency. This video is in association with an app that allows you to practice this, and others, type of question. Wavenumber () is a common unit used for plotting spectra in the infrared region. Often this is caused by damaged or underdeveloped photoreceptors, but it could also be caused by the problems higher along the neural pathway to the brain, including brain damage in the visual cortex where the color information is processed. Photometry — Light Photometry is the science of the measurement of energy characteristics of light, in terms of its perceived brightness to the human eye. This is why at high elevations, for example in the higher atmospheric layers or above the Earth’s atmosphere, exposure to harmful radiation is much higher than on the Earth’s surface. This is because the higher the frequency, the more energy the photons have and the more they can force the particles to change the molecular composition of tissue and other matter. Therefore processing based on color may allow for faster processing with less demand for resources. The result will appear in the Result box and in the To box. we use KBr pallet to record FTIR spectra, why dont we use other ionic crystals like NaCl..... What's the significance of % transmittance in FTIR? It is commonly determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as zero crossings, crests, troughs. wavenumbers is 15233.92 cm^-1 The letters in his name are in sequence. E-notation is commonly used in calculators and by scientists, mathematicians and engineers. Wavenumber/Wavelength Converter. 6564.3 A * (110^-10 m / 1 A) 100cm/1m = 6.564310^-5 cm. This article mainly focuses on electromagnetic radiation and light in particular, and we will mainly consider the spectrum from UV light to infrared light. Humans have three types of cones. Then enter a number value in one of the display boxes, and press the Calculate button, The corresponding conversions will appear in exponential form in the remaining boxes. Could somebody explain? There are many web calculators out there- for example, here is a page that converts to several units of energy at once: http://halas.rice.edu/conversions. Any wave pattern can be described in terms sinusoidal components. A diamonds that is cut well is similar to a prism. Gulls that feed at the surface or plunge for food, as well as many other birds have red or yellow oil droplets in the cones of their retinas. Most of the gamma rays, x-rays, and ultraviolet light, as well as some infrared and some radio waves with long wavelengths are blocked. One “event” for waves is measured between the two crests. Prior Knowledge and Skills If the wavenumber is expressed in 1/m, you will get a result in m. If the wavenumber is expressed in 1/cm, you will get a result in cm. If you’re trying to make sense of this term and work out what to do with it, learning to convert the wavenumber to a wavelength helps you understand what a wavenumber is and extract some more usable information about the wave it describes. Frequency and Wavelength Converter. Some plant and animal material reflects UV light well, and these birds use their sensitivity to harvest food. It is analogous to frequency, which tells you how often a wave completes a cycle per unit of time (for a traveling wave, this is how many complete wavelengths pass a given point per second). Here droplets of water act in the same way as a prism, making the light split into its component waves. Colors also help with distinguishing between objects of the same shape, and in the case of warnings, provide an instantaneous signal (e.g. More specifically, they are absorbed by the atmosphere. The light enters the diamond and reflects from its many sides and comes out again. Below is a calculator to calculate wave number from wavelength. It is believed that this ability is useful for feeding behaviors and for choosing mates, as well as for some other social behaviors. © 2020 Wasatch Photonics. Using the Frequency and Wavelength Converter Converter This online unit converter allows quick and accurate conversion between many units of measure, from one system to another. Equation 3.7.2 relates wavelength to energy. If you consider that E = hc/lambda and that wave number = 1/lambda, you will obtain E = hcwave number which agrees with the answers others have provided above. The SI unit for frequency is hertz, where one hertz corresponds to a single oscillation per second. Convert from wavenumber to wavelength by dividing 1 by the wavenumber. Color Blindness Defects in color vision sometimes cause the inability to distinguish between colors. From the evolutionary perspective, this adaptation is needed to allow us to adapt to the surrounding environment and to learn to ignore the unimportant aspects of the environment, while noticing the aspects that stand out. Different sub-disciplines of science working in the same region of light may also use different units of measurement because of the established convention in their respective fields. In most journal articles and spectral databases and instrument softwares, FTIR spectra are plotted with high wavenumbers on the left and low wavenumbers on the right. They employ it in space observation, when using infrared telescopes. For example, an astronomer working in the infrared region plots spectra using wavelength in micrometers, while a geochemist or chemist uses wavenumbers, which is a unit proportional to energy. Instead extended exposure damages cells in the retina, the cornea, and the lens, and can cause a range of eye diseases, as well as blindness. In physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, radio, and acoustics, frequency is commonly denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter v (nu). The SI unit of wavelength is the meter. There is also another mnemonic, “Richard of York gave battle in vain.” Some people even make their own mnemonics, and it may be a good exercise to get the children to come up with their own. All rights reserved. If you need your answer in a specific unit, convert your resulting wavelength into the required unit. The photons enter the eye through the retina and are absorbed by the chemical components inside the vision receptors, called cones. On the other hand, some animals are much better at differentiating colors than humans are, and they can even see the ultraviolet and the infrared light. Colors of surrounding objects affect our perception of color, for example. For unfamiliar objects, other characteristics such as shape are more important for successful recognition. This article was written by Unit Converter articles were edited and illustrated. Then when the data was Fourier transformed, the units showed up as large to small cm. The wavelength in centimetres to hertz [Hz] conversion table and conversion steps are also listed. For example, if you get a result in meters and you need it in nanometers, multiply the result in meters by 1,000,000,000 (or 109). For example: 1,103,000 = 1.103 10 6 = 1.103E+6. It is sometimes called the "spectroscopic wavenumber". THe concentration of Cu2+ was found to be 0.01 ppm which means Cu ions have been adsorbed on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles. This is a useful tool in analyzing what materials the object is made from. This is possible because the wavelengths for each color are different, and when light bends inside the prism, it comes out at different angles, depending on this wavelength. Finally, radio waves cover wavelengths of 1 meter and up. I agree, wave number is proportional to energy, since E= Hc/wave length, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, wavenumber is proportional to energy, since E= Hc/wave length; i am agree with this, Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. On the other hand, the infrared light that passes through the atmosphere is useful to the astronomers. Wavelength determines the light’s color, as described below. This is the process by which you can convert ev to wavelength in nm- Human eyes can absorb UV as well, but it is not detected. The only difference is that the wavelength you’ll end up with will be in a different unit.	http://construclima.com.br/forum/article.php?5cc39b=how-to-convert-wavelength-to-wavenumber
An infrared sensor is defined as an electronic instrument the main application of which is to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings. This is done by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. Also, these sensors can measure the heat being emitted by an object and detect motion. Both thermal ir sensors and quantum infrared sensors are not just found in industry but also in regular life. This article explains the working principle and applications of infrared sensors. The Working Principle of Infrared Sensors It is three laws that govern the physics behind infrared sensors: - Plank’s Radiation Law: Radiation is emitted by every object at a temperature T not equal to 0 K. - Stephan Boltzmann Law: The total energy emitted by a black body at all wavelengths is related to the absolute temperature. - Wein’s Displacement Law: Spectra peaked at different wavelengths is emitted by the objects of different temperatures. Thermal energy is possessed by all objects which have a temperature greater than absolute zero (0 Kelvin) and also are a source of infrared radiation as a result. Blackbody radiators, silicon carbide, and tungsten lamps are different sources of infrared radiation. Infrared lasers and LEDs with specific wavelengths are used by infrared sensors as sources. The Key Applications of Infrared Technology Here mentioned are the key applications of thermal ir sensor and quantum infrared sensor: - Night Vision Devices: It is the night vision equipment in which the infrared technology is not enough visible light available to see unaided. Ambient photons of light are converted by the night vision devices into electrons and then these are amplified by using a chemical and electrical process before finally converting them back into visible light. - Infrared Astronomy: Infrared astronomy is a field of astronomy in which astronomical objects visible in infrared radiation are studied. Telescopes and solid-state detectors are used by astronomers to observe objects in the universe that can’t b detected using light in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. - Infrared Tracking: Infrared tracking also referred to as infrared homing, is basically a missile guidance system that operates using infrared electromagnetic radiation emitted from a target to track it. These missile systems are oftentimes called ‘heat-seekers’ because infrared is radiated strongly by hot bodies, including aircraft, people, and vehicles. - Art History and Restoration: Art historians use infrared reflectography so that hidden layers can be revealed in the paintings. This reflectography technique is used to decide whether a painting is an original version or is copied version and whether it has been altered by restoration work. - Hyperspectral Imaging: The information from across the electromagnetic spectrum is accumulated and processed by using hyperspectral imaging which further can also be used to track nanoparticles inside large living organisms. Conclusion The key benefits of infrared sensors (thermal ir sensor and quantum infrared sensor) include low power requirements, simple circuitry, and also their portable features. Apart from the above-listed applications, infrared sensors are used in meteorology, climatology, water analysis, gas detectors, rail safety, petroleum exploration, and more.	https://business-ideas-free.com/a-simple-guide-to-infrared-sensors-working-principle-and-applications/
better image of that object (improved resolution). It's prohibitively expensive to place very large radar antennas in space, however, so researchers found another way to obtain fine resolution: they use the spacecraft's motion and advanced signal processing techniques to simulate a larger antenna. A SAR antenna transmits radar pulses very rapidly. In fact, the SAR is generally able to transmit several hundred pulses while its parent spacecraft passes over a particular object. Many backscattered radar responses are therefore obtained for that object. After intensive signal processing, all of those responses can be manipulated such that the resulting image looks like the data were obtained from a big, stationary antenna. The synthetic aperture in this case, therefore, is the distance traveled by the spacecraft while the radar antenna collected information about the object. Please see the associated graphic [below] The ERS-1 satellite's SAR sends out around 1700 pulses a second, collects about a thousand backscattered responses from a single object while passing overhead, and the resulting processed image has a resolution near 30 metres. The spacecraft travels around 4 kilometres while an object is "within sight" of the radar, implying that ERS-1's 10 metre x 1 metre radar antenna synthesizes a 4 kilometre-long stationary antenna! (Why are radio waves, visible light, and infrared radiation the most common forms of electromagnetic radiation sensed by Earth observing satellites?) The wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation most commonly used for remotely sensing Earth are: the spectrum of visible light, a wide spectrum of radio wavelengths, and several infrared wavelengths. A partial explanation of why these wavelengths are preferable is outlined below. When radar (which employs radio waves) is selected from these possible choices, the decision is usually based upon radar's independence of solar illumination and weather conditions. See the questions: How does radar "see" at night? and How does radar "see" through clouds? for more details. There is a good reason why our eyes sense the electromagnetic radiation (light) they do: visible light represents a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation which can pass through Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. A wide spectrum of radio waves, which radars employ, and some infrared radiation can also pass through to the Earth's surface. There are many reasons why other wavelengths/frequencies of electromagnetic radiation don't make it through Earth's atmosphere. For example many people know that ozone in Earth's upper atmosphere helps protect us from ultraviolet radiation. This occurs because the structure of the ozone molecule is particularly sensitive to ultraviolet frequencies; it has a natural resonance near those frequencies. Think of a person swinging; he swings back and forth with a particular frequency. If you push him with the same frequency (every time he comes back) or at a related periodic frequency (say, every other time he comes back), he will keep going higher and higher. Incoming ultraviolet radiation likewise keeps "pushing" the ozone moleule at the structure's resonant frequency - in a sense like pushing the swinging person higher. Soon the ozone molecule breaks into an oxygen atom and an O2 molecule which go on to other adventures. The incoming ultraviolet radiation's energy was used to break apart the ozone molecule, a process by which we say the radiation was "absorbed." Many molecules in Earth's atmosphere have various kinds of resonances which absorb other frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The visible spectrum, a wide spectrum of radio frequencies, and some infrared frequencies don't match well with those resonances, however, and thus are not much affected by absorption. These frequencies of electromagnetic radiation are therefore most commonly used for remote sensing purposes. SAR instruments transmit radar signals and then measure how strongly those signals are scattered back. An analogy with photography can be made: when it's dark, a camera's flash sends out light and then the film records objects that the flash illuminates. In both cases the SAR and the camera are not dependent upon the sun because they provide their own illumination. Light does often make it through clouds, but that light has just been scattered all over the place, making it nearly impossible to tell how the light was oriented before it entered the cloud. This is why we can't see objects through clouds. The difference with radar is how much less it's distorted while passing through a cloud. The reason why clouds scatter visible light while leaving radar undistorted is a matter of relative scale. Radar's longer wavelengths in effect average the properties of air with the properties and shapes of many individual water droplets, making the cloud look homogeneous - i.e. like moist air. Visible light has short enough wavelengths to respond to all the individual boundaries between air and water droplets. At each boundary the light is reflected to a new direction, and by the time it escapes the cloud, information on the light's original direction is hopelessly lost. The radar signals, on the other hand, are only affected while entering and exiting the cloud. Because they don't suffer multiple bounces, the radar waves are relatively undistorted by clouds. (See the previous question for an explanation of why you don't see clouds in a typical radar image.) When we think about all the information light provides us about our world, and about how other electromagnetic waves impact our lives, it seems only natural that people would want to detect and "visualize" many other kinds of electromagnetic radiation. The Earth Observing System does just that; many satellites' instruments "see" certain electromagnetic waves and relay that data to a "brain" (computer), where the information is then converted into an image for humans to interpret. Each wavelength indicates something different about the imaged object, just as you might associate the wavelength corresponding to bright green light with young plants. Visible light contains a range of wavelengths, but with radar we often measure one very specific wavelength. Just think of how differently things would look if you could only see yellow. Your eyes would only detect how brightly an object scattered yellow, so the reflection's intensity, not the colour, is what would give you new and useful information. Similarly, radar antennas are often made to detect how brightly objects reflect one particular wavelength. Since there are no other "colours" (wavelengths) to mix in, we really only care about the backscatter's intensity and therefore often use greyscale in our visualizations of this data. In ASF's full-resolution SAR images, you can distinguish objects as small as about 30 metres wide. Some of the smaller items that we've spotted have been ships and their wakes. When the SAR happens to be aligned at a certain angle, long thin objects such as roads or even the Alaskan oil pipeline can also be seen. Pixel spacing represents how much area each pixel covers, while resolution indicates the smallest object you could pick out in an image. Each pixel represents one solid colour, so of course you can't see anything within it. When you place other pixels around it, though, you might notice a few pixels are rather different in colour than surrounding pixels and conclude that you have identified a distinct object. ASF's full-resolution ERS-1 SAR images have 12.5 m pixel spacing and about 30 m resolution. This means that each pixel represents a 12.5 x 12.5 m area on the ground, and you can discern individual objects which are around 30 m wide or larger. SAR's ability to pass relatively unaffected through clouds, illuminate the Earth's surface with its own signals, and precisely measure distances makes it especially useful for the following applications: Some of the larger current research projects include: mapping the Antarctic continent; mapping the Amazon rainforest; using interferometric analysis for predicting or analyzing earthquakes and volcanic activity; and generating "Arctic Snapshots" of the Arctic ice extent. The time it takes for a transmitted signal to travel to an object and back tells you how far away the object is. If you transmit a signal and receive two separate "echoes," you can use the time difference between when you record the first and second responses to determine the distance between the two sensed objects (dependent on where you stand). In this way the spaceborne SAR measures how far objects are from the spacecraft and the distance between the two objects, along the direction the spacecraft is looking. These distances are said to be recorded in slant range, since they are measured in a direction which is at an angle/slant to the ground. Often researchers don't really care about distances from the spacecraft; they want to know about distances on the ground. Perhaps they need "real" (ground) distances to determine how much land was used for farming or what percentage of the sea was covered with ice, but the spacecraft samples the returning radar signals at specific time intervals which correspond to discrete distances from the spacecraft. That means that the data are originally in slant range. Given various parameters, the data can be processed such that each data value covers the same amount of area (distance) on the ground. We then say that the data are in ground range. A standard ASF SAR image has gone through a lot of processing to look "normal." One step in this process involves manipulating the data such that each pixel represents a specific distance on the ground. The latitude and longitude coordinates of each image's centre and corner pixels are also known. Sometimes, however, it's convenient to map the data onto a standard grid - such as a mercator projection. Then the pixels in each row would be evenly spaced in terms of longitude, and the entire row would be located at a specific latitude. The data would then be termed geocoded. It is often much easier to compare/overlay geocoded SAR data with non-SAR data sets. If you have information about a region's topography, like a digital elevation model (DEM), you can make the slant to ground range conversion more sophisticated. In effect this terrain correction can compensate for foreshortening by spreading data representing the mountain's facing side into more pixels and compacting returns from the back face into fewer pixels. It's nearly impossible, though, to reliably extract the separate returns from data values representing the facing slope. Sometimes people try to compensate for shadowing as well. Knowing the mountain's slopes, they can approximate how the strength of backscattered signals were affected by the changed incidence angle and adjust results accordingly. These procedures, though inexact, can greatly improve SAR image analysis. As the spacecraft moves along in its orbit, the radar antenna transmits pulses very rapidly. It can therefore obtain many backscattered radar responses from a particular object while passing overhead. In fact the ERS-1 SAR records about 1,000 responses for a single object. The SAR processor could use all of these responses to obtain the object's radar cross-section (i.e. how brightly the object backscattered the incoming radar), but the result often contains quite a bit of speckle. Speckle, generally considered to be noise, is due in part to the SAR's fine resolution and its signals' coherency. Speckle can be caused by an object that behaves as a very strong reflector at a particular alignment between itself and the spacecraft, or by a coherent sum of all the various responses within a grid cell which happen to randomly sum (as vectors with magnitude and phase) to a large resultant magnitude at a given phase. To reduce speckle, the data are sometimes processed in sections which are later combined. With ERS-1's 1,000 samples per object, we might wish to use an object's first 250 responses to determine its radar cross-section. If we then processed the next 250 responses to get another estimate, and so on, we would end up with four estimates of the object's radar cross-section. Combining these four estimates, or looks, together would reduce the amount of speckle. When an image has been processed as "4-looks": the first 250 (or so) samples of each viewed object were processed to make one image; the next 250 samples for each object were processed to make a second image; the third and fourth images were created with the next chunks of data; and the four images (looks) were combined to create the final result. The more looks that are used to process an image, the less speckle there is. (The Complex-Format SAR Data Example [given below] demonstrates this.) It must be taken into account that information deemed important is also lost in this process, however, and that resolution is reduced. Several research groups are developing/improving algorithms to reduce speckle while saving as much accurate information as possible. Used here the term "complex" refers to complex numbers, or complex-format data. You might be used to hearing of complex numbers with their "real" and "imaginary" components, also known as cosine and sine components. For example a wave might be described in complex format by: A(cos(wt) + isin(wt)), where 'w' represents the wave's frequency and 'A' its amplitude. [see below] The cosine value would describe the wave's real component, sine the imaginary component, and the two would combine as vectors to provide the wave's overall phase (inverse tangent of sin/cos) and amplitude. Both the cosine and sine components of backscattered SAR signals are measured and digitized on-board the satellite. The two resulting data streams are then transmitted to a ground station for further processing. People sometimes call these the 'I' (representing In-Phase, or the cosine or real component) and 'Q' (representing Quadrature, the 90 degrees shifted, sine or imaginary component) data streams. For standard processing these two data values are combined to obtain the composite signal intensity (sqrt[I^2 + Q^2]). Sometimes, though, it's desired to process the two data streams separately - usually to maintain the signals' phase information. Then ASF distributes the individually-processed I and Q data values for each pixel location, calling this product "Complex SAR Data." A more detailed example/tutorial of complex SAR data is also available.	http://envisat.esa.int/handbooks/asar/CNTR4.html
Analytical Epidemiology Assignment Help Statisticians are often tasked with drawing inferences from large amounts of data. They have to interpret the data, draw conclusions and estimate the prevalence of certain diseases. The task is not easy, since it requires adaptive reasoning and making decisions based on a limited amount of data. A lot of work has been done on the subject, but there are still many unknowns about how to tackle these tasks efficiently. If you are looking for the best analytical epidemiology assignment help, then you are a click away from the solution. ORDER NOW. What is An Epidemiological Design? An epidemiological design is a type of statistical analysis that we can use to identify and quantify the risk factors for a certain disease. An epidemiologist uses an epidemiological design to study the risk factors for the disease, such as geographical location, age of person, and socio-economic status. The analytical epidemiologic design utilizes tools like SAS and R to perform extensive analyses on data sets. Using this modelling approach, they create a more accurate mathematical model that can be used in future studies. This way we can accurately predict the risks of diseases based on our current knowledge and data sets. What is an Analytical Epidemiologic Design? An analytical epidemiologic design uses rigorous, scientific methods that are based on the principles of epidemiology. It is commonly used in public health to determine the risk factors for disease transmission. An analytical epidemiologic design helps us understand how diseases are transmitted and helps us create preventive measures to stop it. An example would be an Ebola outbreak where predictive modelling can predict areas at risk for an outbreak before it happens. This type of design involves categorizing every event as either a case or control, determining if there is a trend, and setting up hypotheses to test whether or not they are true. These designs also use data analysis tools like scatter plots and line graphs to help show trends in different types of data like mortality rates versus time periods to see what could happen next with regards to the disease. What are the Different Types of Analysis that Can Enhance Public Health Research? Public health research is vital for improving the public’s health and well-being. It is important to conduct the best possible studies but it’s also important to make sure that they are done right. A lot of research methods fall under social science, public health, and medical sciences which includes statistical analysis, data analysis, qualitative analysis, and experimental design. There are different types of analyses that can enhance public health research; these include statistical analysis, data analysis, qualitative analysis, experimental design. These different types of analyses often complement one another in order to get consistent results. Why Do Data Analysis Projects Benefit from Being Well-Targeted? Data analysis can be used as a tool to provide evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. Targeting the audiences who are most likely to experience outcomes provides health promotion and disease prevention activities with a greater chance of success. Data analysis can also be used for more general assessments of how well an intervention is working and what content is most likely to reach the target audience. The decision on whether or not to use data analysis in a project should be based on the specific goal and purpose, limitations, and benefits of doing so. How to Gain the Most Value from Data Analysis Projects As organizations rely on more and more data analytics to make business decisions, it’s important that they have a reliable tool that will provide them with the right insights. This is where data analysis software comes in. It helps improve productivity and efficiency while also ensuring companies remain competitive in an ever-changing market. Data analytics is a strategic decision-making process which involves deriving information or insight from a large number of diverse sources or information. Data analysis software helps organizations reduce their time and cost when producing insights into their data by automating repetitive tasks such as scraping, cleaning, merging, transforming etc. How Data Visualisation Can Help Data visualisation is a powerful and graphical representation of information and data. It can be used to make complex ideas and concepts easier to understand. Data visualization tools such as Tableau, Power BI, and Excel can be used for over 5 amazing use cases which are listed below: - Identify trends in data - Understand the complexity of big data - Visualize customer behaviour patterns - Analyse the impact of your content on social media channels - Analyze business strategy changes Analytical Epidemiologic Design and How to Set it up Right Analytical epidemiologic design is a research design that is often used in medical research. The use of this design can be complex and it can be difficult to set up this type of study. This will be discussed further in the paper, but the main takeaways are for you to know how to set it up correctly and if you should use it in your research. There are many advantages of using analytical epidemiologic design, such as control groups and randomization. However, analyzing results from such a study can be difficult and time-consuming at times. An Introduction to the Steps of Analytical Epidemiologic Design The development of a health services research project may involve a multi-stage process of planning, conducting, and analysing the study. The steps involved in this process are outlined in the following paragraphs. Analytical Epidemiologic Design Steps: 1) Literature search: First step is to search for relevant articles from the past literature. This is done to identify research on which you can build your study topic on. 2) Data collection: In this step, you find out what you need to collect from participants or data that will help in your study topic. 3) Data analysis: You analyse and interpret the collected data and compare with previous studies to identify any novel findings or patterns in the analysed data. 4) Writing up: This involves summarising all your findings When it comes to writing up, in addition to summarising your findings, you will also need to sum up your findings and conclude the paper. The Importance of Analytical Epidemiology – What Are the Benefits? Analytic Epidemiology is the use of epidemiologic methods to understand how people are affected by disease and health exposures. Analytic Epidemiology is the use of epidemiological methods to help identify or prevent disease risks by understanding how people are affected, or what interventions would affect them best. It uses statistical techniques like modelling, data mining, and machine learning to explore causal relationships between health risks and different factors like demographics, behaviour, environmental exposures. Analytic Epidemiology can also be used for social impact research which might include identifying the causes of inequality in health outcomes across geographic locations, time periods or groups. Best Practices for Analytical Epidemiologic Designs from the Experts An analytical epidemiologist is a health professional with a background in public health and research. They are responsible for evaluating the causes of health problems, making recommendations for prevention and control, and monitoring disease trends. The purpose of this article is to discuss best practices for creating an analytical epidemiology design from the experts. We will discuss what is an analytical epidemiologist, how do you become an analytical epidemiologist, and also discuss some best practices for designing an analytical study. Tips and Tricks on Creating a Successful Research Project with Analytical Epidemiology We all know that research projects can be difficult. It’s not easy to get funding or even get your work published. Here are some tips and tricks on how to create a successful research project with analytical epidemiology. First, you want to make sure that you have a concrete hypothesis in mind before creating your proposal; this will help you determine what type of methods you should use. Second, it’s important to have an idea of the context in which the project will be conducted – for example, do you want to study nutrition? This will help with selecting appropriate methods for data collection and analysis. Third, it’s important to have an idea on what type of analysis is needed – are you looking for descriptive statistics or inferential statistics? With the help of these tips, you can create a successful research project with analytical epidemiology. You can also use some of these ideas for other types of projects. Planning your project: – Breaking down your project into smaller parts and estimating their time commitment – Choosing the right tools to complete your project – Ensuring that you have enough data to run your analysis Once you start typing out your text, try to avoid using words that are repeated within the passages. This will help you make it easy for readers to skip what they’ve already read and move on to new parts. Why hire us? If you want to make sure that you are not wasting time on topics you do not know anything about, then hire an Analytical Epidemiology Tutor. They can help you understand these topics and make sure that your course objectives are met. Click the button to ORDER NOW.	https://assignmentsguru.com/analytical-epidemiology-assignment-help/
Data Science is a growing field that has emerged in many key areas of our world. Data Science has become a global phenomenon and has significantly improved the performance of many industries. Data Science has even incorporated education under its umbrella. Today we will be discussing the importance of data science for education & some ongoing education trends. We will also look at a case study to see how data science changes the learning process. Data Science in Education Education is key to changing lives. Education can enrich and transform lives. Humankind has evolved since the dawn of civilization through education and has continuously developed methods to improve our education. Education is an integral part of the 21st century. Data is everywhere. Thanks to advances in computing technology, it is possible to access all information using powerful big-data platforms. Edvantic provides a variety of data science and artificial Intelligence curricula for schools participating in the data science in schools initiative. Students can use this content at all levels, including middle and advanced high schoolers. Students learn more about technology and career options through data science. They also discover future job opportunities in the data science domain. Students can identify real-world applications and examples of Data Science through assignments and projects. As part of the edvantic data science in schools initiative curriculum children will use analytical and data science tools to create reports and presentations based on their findings. This article will focus on how data science can help improve education for all. Data Science Applications in Education 1. Social-emotional skills Education is essential for developing social-emotional skills. This teaches children how to analyze, understand, express, manage and control emotions. The child also learns to build relationships with others. Educational institutes have a crucial task in facilitating social-emotional growth. This skill is a non-academic one that can help students develops their learning abilities. There were previously several statistical surveys that could assess these social-emotional abilities. It is now possible to collect large amounts of data thanks to advances in computational methods. Combining large amounts of information with existing tools is possible using the formalized knowledge discovery models in Data Science or Data Mining techniques. Data scientists can also use the extracted data to develop predictive analytics techniques that will help teachers understand students’ motivations to teach the course. 2. Monitoring student requirements Educational institutes can use a variety of evaluation and assessment methods. These traditional methods could not always capture all the important patterns and trends in student services. Many of the assessment methods were not available in real-time. The advancements in Big Data analytics allow teachers to analyze student needs based on performance and reviews. Teachers can monitor student needs and adjust their teaching methods to accommodate student expectations. Teachers often have unconscious biases towards certain students. Data platforms will have zero bias and will evaluate student performance without bias. This will ensure that all students have equal access to the platform and allow them to develop their skills. 3. Innovative Curriculum Design Diverse Universities must keep up with industry demands to offer appropriate courses to students. It is also difficult for universities to keep up with the pace of the industry’s growth. To accommodate this, universities use Data Science systems to analyze market trends. Data science is a method that uses various monitoring and statistical methods to analyze industrial patterns. It can also help course creators learn useful topics. 4. Measuring instructor performance Teachers are the most important factor in students’ performance. Although there are many methods to evaluate teachers’ performance, it is mostly manual. Student reviews on teachers’ performance have been a standard way to quantify teaching methods. All these methods are slow and inefficient. It can be tedious to read student reviews and create an analogy. Data science has made it possible to track teacher performance. This applies not only to recorded data but also to real-time data. With real-time monitoring by teachers, it is possible to collect and analyze rigorous data. We can also store and manage unstructured data on a big-data platform, such as student reviews. With Natural Language Processing, it’s possible to analyze reviews and give a complete analysis of teacher performance. Data Science Case Study University of Florida – Big Data Analytics Used to Reduce Student Dropout A college education is considered a pathway to success. Many college students go to college in hopes of pursuing a career. Many students leave college because of financial or academic difficulties. A recent study in the United States found that at least 54.8% will not be able to complete their degree within six years. This shocking percentage will limit the availability of qualified workers for certain industries. This will also hinder national growth. Education institutes are turning to Data Science to address this problem. The University of Florida is one such institute. IBM InfoSphere is used by the University to extract, load, and transfer data from multiple sources. The IBM SPSS Modeler is also used for data modeling and predictive analytics. These two platforms are aligned with IBM Cognos Analytics. IBM Cognos provides powerful web-based business intelligence tools that monitor, report, and analyze events using interactive visualizations. The University can analyze and predict student performance using IBM Cognos Analytics. It uses variables such as demographics, student background, and high school grades to determine the likelihood of students dropping out. It will assist the University in developing its policies and offering early intervention to students at risk of dropping out. Summary We have come to understand the many roles of data science within the education field. Data Science has transformed every sector and brought about positive changes in all situations. We discussed how data science could be used to improve academic and non-academic skills, such as social-emotional skills. It is also used to evaluate the performance of teachers and students. Universities use Data Science to curate their curriculum in response to industry trends. We also examined how the University of Florida relies on IBM Cognos Analytics to lower student dropout rates.	https://www.datasciencecentral.com/education-trends-2022-data-science-in-schools/?uid=1&utm_source=DSC&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=newsletter2022-07-14
Data Analyst (REMOTE) Responsible for ensuring the business makes better decisions through collection and usage of data. Ensures business data and analysis requirements are met by properly applying data concepts, including data structures, collection and cleansing, and structured and unstructured data analysis and reporting. Ability to collect, analyze, manipulate, and report on CBRE data. ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Performs ad-hoc, strategic analysis of structured and unstructured data across multiple data sources, reflecting global real estate markets and the operations of real estate assets. Develops data structures and pipelines to organize, collect, cleanse, and standardize data in order to generate insights and addresses reporting needs. Defines data requirements and gathers and validates information, using judgment and statistical tests. Utilizes programming and analytical tools, including open source programs including Python, R and SAS, SQL, Oracle, or similar relational database tools to formulate models and/or extract insights. Well versed in knowledge of creating algorithms, identifying patterns and insights from structured and unstructured data sets utilizing graphs, trees and/or other data representation techniques as required. Identifies and troubleshoots data integration and integrity issues in cooperation with the appropriate CBRE business units; Designs work flows and procedures. Identifies opportunities to maximize data usage, applying modeling and optimization methods to develop new strategies and improve business performance. Develops ad-hoc analytics and reporting based on analysis of existing data sources, utilizing a variety of tools (i.e. SSRS, Tableau). Exhibits analytical rigor, judgment, and ability to present a comprehensive 'data story' to multiple levels of the organization. Other Duties as Assigned SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES No formal supervisory responsibilities in this position. May provide informal assistance such as technical guidance, and/or training to coworkers. May coordinate and assign tasks to co-workers within a work unit and/or project. To perform this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform each essential duty satisfactorily. The requirements listed below are representative of the knowledge, skill, and/or ability required. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions. EDUCATION and EXPERIENCE Bachelor's degree from top tier school in computer science, math, engineering or related field with a minimum of 3 years of experience in quantitative analysis, data modeling, reporting, relational database tools, data warehousing, database architecture, and SQL, SAS and/or SPSS including 2-3 years technical experience in software development, machine learning or statistical analysis, data engineering and data visualization related work. CERTIFICATES and/or LICENSES None COMMUNICATION SKILLS Excellent written and verbal communication skills. Strong organizational and analytical skills. Ability to provide efficient, timely, reliable and courteous service to customers. Ability to effectively present information. FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE Requires knowledge of financial terms and principles. Ability to calculate intermediate figures such as percentages, discounts, and/or commissions. Conducts basic financial analysis. REASONING ABILITY Ability to comprehend, analyze, and interpret documents. Ability to solve problems involving several options in situations. Requires intermediate analytical and quantitative skills. OTHER SKILLS and ABILITIES Experience with Microsoft BI stack (e.g., SSRS) a bonus. Proficient in Microsoft Office Suite including Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and Outlook. Strong analytical skills. SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILITY Decisions made with understanding of procedures and company policies to achieve set results and deadlines. Responsible for setting own project deadlines. Errors in judgment may cause short-term impact to co-workers and supervisor. In compliance with Colorado’s Equal Pay for Equal Work Act (EPEWA) we are disclosing the compensation, or a range thereof, for roles that will be, or could be, performed in Colorado. If performed in Colorado, this position has a salary range of $115,000 - $126,000 with an opportunity for a company-wide annual discretionary bonus, through our PRP Bonus plan, of up to 10% of eligible pay. NOTE: An additional requirement for this role is the ability to comply with COVID-19 health and safety protocols, including COVID-19 vaccination proof and/or rigorous testing. Let us know Help us maintain the quality of jobs posted on RemoteTechJobs and let us know if: Related jobs Remote /Business Operations – Business Operations /Full-timeThe CompanyAt Springboard, we’re on a mission to bridge the world’s skills gap, offering career change, and online education in data science, machine learning, UI/UX design, coding, and cyber. ABOUT THIS JOB:Data and Analytics Engineering - Platform team is critical to making our organization's data strategy successful. You will play a key role in architecting and engineering modern, adaptive, data-driven, and secure platforms and processes. Job Description:Information TechnologyThis is for AEP (American Electric Power) Commercial Operations. The ideal candidate will have will have experience in all phases of software development: gathering user requirements, making architecture decisions,. Company BackgroundINTO University Partnerships collaborates with leading universities to provide international students with a personalized and highly supportive learning environment in which to acclimate to life on a US university campus and prepare. Primary location: Remote Relocation offered: No Employment status: Full-Time Travel: 10% Non-compete: Yes Location: Work from home position located inside the continental United StatesWe're hiring a Manager of Software Engineering to join one of our.	https://www.remotetechjobs.com/sql/127254/data-analyst-remote
Writing is a complex process that requires advanced linguistic skills. Although many college students studied English as a foreign language (EFL) for twelve years in preparatory and high schools, they still face major problems in producing correct writings that meet their colleges’ requirements. Students’ problems include inability to generate ideas, organize discourse, control sentence structures, choose appropriate vocabulary, and use effective styles. A potential solution to such problems can be found in the application of modern technologies in the classrooms. Telecommunication technologies which include synchronous and asynchronous communication have provided various tools that can be used to assist EFL students to learn writing skills. Therefore, the current quantitative, quasi-experimental study aimed at examining the effect of asynchronous communication, specifically digital dialogued journaling on students’ writing skills. Digital dialogued journaling includes blogs, webpages, discussion forms, or word-processed applications such as Google documents. Using the platform of Google documents, the present study attempted to provide new strategies for teaching writing courses at higher education to help EFL students develop their writing skills. Data was collected from undergraduate students in the College of Languages and Translation, at Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data collection depended on a number of instruments: First, a pretest was used to measure the participants’ level of writing before implementing the teaching strategies of dialogued journaling. Secondly, an online dialogued journal, designed by the researcher using Google documents, was employed for the experiment. The journal was sent to the same sample via emails, and the participants posted their reflective writings on different issues regarding their academic journey learning English. Students’ interactive dialogues included prose writing, descriptive and argumentative paragraphs, poetry, and their personal stories. The students-teacher dialogues made the corpus data which enabled investigating the effectiveness of dialogued journaling on improving students’ writing. Thirdly, a posttest was used to collect data regarding the degree of change that occurred as a result of the experiment. Fourthly, a Likert scale questionnaire was used at the end of the experiment to identify the participants’ levels of satisfaction with dialogued journaling. Data analysis was based on using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the results of pretest and posttest. A rubric with five scale criteria was used to examine each rank of students’ writing, and to report each student’s score before and after treatment. The Text Analyzer Software was also employed to examine the participant’s writing lexical density and phrase frequencies. Data analysis results indicated a significant statistical difference between the overall writing scores of the pretest and the posttest. Moreover, the examination of the participants’ writing revealed much improvement in writing styles, word choice, and the student’s voice, which are critical factors in writing. Hence, the significance of the current study is that it provides a new technological tool, such as Google document, for teaching writing skills at higher education. This study includes an instructional model that incorporates digital journaling into teaching English writing. The present research is also a contribution in the field of teaching English, adopting the communicative approach by integrating theories of connectives and constructivism into linguistic theories.	https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/61354
Data are best used for a clearly identified purpose. The use of quantitative data is effective when we want to see how an individual or group is performing, identify any changes over time, or test to confirm a hunch or idea. For example, it might be appropriate to calculate class averages to show the trend of student achievement over time. Quantitative data can be collected from a variety of sources using different methods. This should be guided by the question or issue you are exploring. This ensures the data you collect are useful and targeted. Common methods of collecting quantitative data in the school context include surveys, observations, student assessments, or school records. For more rigorous learning on these, access the following AISNSW professional learning courses: Quantitative data analysis involves reducing a set of numbers into a few statistics, or presenting them as graphs which are useful when interpreting the data. Common forms of quantitative data analysis in the school context include the average, the median, and standard deviation. The mean, or average is a common statistical measure used to summarise a dataset as a whole. It is calculated by adding up all the numbers in a dataset and dividing by how many numbers there are. For example, when you want to see on average how many push-ups your students can do in a minute for a fitness test.It is important to be aware that means are easily affected by extreme scores in a dataset. For this reason, we need to be careful when we use them. Read this article for more information about this. The median is the middle score of a dataset when its scores are placed from lowest to highest. The median is particularly helpful when your dataset has extreme scores (high or low) which might skew the average. This is because the median is not affected by extreme scores. Standard deviation (SD) is often reported with the mean to show the average spread of individual scores around the mean. When SD is high, it means the individual scores are quite far from each other. When SD is low, it means the scores clump quite tightly together. At times, datasets with the same means may have different SDs as their scores are distributed differently. Reporting SDs helps others understand how your data are distributed. Another useful statistical measure you might see in the school is z-scores, also called standard scores. A z-score indicates how far above or below the mean an individual score is. In a school context, z-scores may be used to determine a student’s position relative to the class average, measured in standard deviation units. Z-scores may also reveal whether a student has moved up or down in their learning progression in a subject over time. The benefit of z-scores is that they allow scores from different tests to be compared on a common scale. Consider the following simple example of a z-score graph:	https://www.aisnsw.edu.au/teachers-and-staff/research-and-data-in-schools/data-in-schools/working-with-quantitative-data
We have industrial placements available for two second year undergraduate students to join the team at the WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, the global research centre for Mars Petcare. As part of a broader team, this role is critical to the day to day delivery of our research trials, as well as ensuring a high standard of welfare to our pets. The placements will start in September 2020 for 12 months. To find out more about our placements and hear from previous students here. Closing date: 23 February 2020 Find out what life at WALTHAM is like from Debi, one of current Unit Specialists here. For more details and to apply - click here Data collection – Collect and record accurately all relevant animal samples and data Delivery of dog/cat life skills training, recreation and socialisation Husbandry – Deliver and record all tasks on your designated animal unit (e.g. feeding, grooming, clipping/trimming, tooth brushing and health checks) We have a 12 month assignment in our Experimental Science Statistics team. The role will help to shape experimental design of research projects as well to provide expert analysis on study completion. To find out more and apply - click here Perform experimental design and statistical analysis work for experimental scientific research studies. Report clearly and communicate results to scientists and other stakeholders. Peer-review scientific work for a diversity of stakeholders using a rigorous quality standard. Train and educate the research team on statistical methodologies to instil a culture of formal and objective experimental science work Advocate the purpose of data-driven research and work to high scientific standards. We have a 12 month assignment in our Data Analytics team. This role is part of our scientific and data-driven approach on experimental data generated at WALTHAM, as well as big data from genetic testing, activity monitors and electronic health records. By bringing their expertise, this role will support mining these connected data sets with advance analytical methods allows us to generate new insights. To find out more and apply - click here Execute and deliver on data science projects taking responsibility for data modelling and analysis, including deep learning and machine learning, and data management and reporting Work with key stakeholders across the organisation to identify and define value-adding data science projects across our clients organisation.	https://www.waltham.com/careers/
The Alaka’ina Foundation Family of Companies (FOCs) has a potential need for top talent to provide public health program support to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) out of Atlanta, GA. POSITIONS MAY INCLUDE: Project Director – Lead data request and analysis activities; Provide project updates, set up phone calls, and organize information; Research background materials and create resource lists; Track ongoing research and activities across the branch; Gather information for data calls, policy-related issues, and program inquiries, and package draft responses; Collect updates from staff to monitor project progress and update milestones indicative of progress; Create or maintain databases or spreadsheets for organizing and tracking cooperative agreements, grants, contracts, and interagency and other (e.g. tech transfer) agreements and outside funding sources. Business Systems Analysts – Provides management and analysis of business data for use in decision making and organizational efficiency improvement initiatives; Aggregates and performs statistical analysis on business data based on requests from project teams or senior leadership; Integrates data from multiple data sources or functional areas, ensures data accuracy and integrity, and updates data as needed; Interprets data to identify business trends, conducts root cause analysis of business problems, or suggest areas for process improvement. Epidemiologists – Oversees public health programs, including statistical analysis, health care planning, surveillance systems, and public health improvement; Investigates diseases or parasites to determine cause and risk factors, progress, life cycle, or mode of transmission; Plans and directs studies to investigate human or animal disease, preventive methods, and treatments for disease; Assists with the identification and analysis of public health issues and their impact on public policies or scientific studies or surveys; Analyzes study or project implementation procedures for improvement; Consults on, monitors, and measures the outcome of assigned programs through studies that evaluate the effectiveness of subject activities in meeting the needs of program participants; Using scientific and technical methods and practices, identifies and evaluates a wide range of health conditions in a specialty area; Utilizes statistical techniques commonly used in epidemiologic evaluations to interpret and analyze observed health phenomenon; Performs statistical analyses as part of a segment of a nationwide data collection and analysis program; Responsible for ensuring the statistical validity and epidemiologic applicability of study activities by solving problems occurring in the data collection process; Develops specifications for and monitors data tabulations ensuring accuracy and quality of data; Computer Programmers – Analyzes, designs, develops, modifies, writes, edits, and implements software programming applications; Analyzes and defines software requirements to determine specifications and standards; Proposes software solutions; Determines the cost of new and modified systems, and engages in the proposal process; Develops, designs, and edits original applications, or modifies third-party applications; Tests and approves applications; Trains users, and writes training manuals; Manages user support and feedback; May specialize in one or more areas of development, including network, operating systems, databases, or applications. Scientific Data Scientists – Performs specified portions or minor phases of mathematical statistical work in various scientific and public health areas; Researches literature for covariates associated with predictive modeling; Writes computer programs such as SAS programs to execute selected methodologies; Develops composite variables to summarize a group of related covariates for modeling purposes; Documents methodologies and results, and summarize findings; Attend regular project team meetings, and provide updates; Perform data analysis, ensuring statistical accuracy in planning data collection procedures; Conduct analytical investigations using scientific methodology and problem solving; Performs and monitors the full range of specialized tests and non-routine procedures for which there are standard methods and techniques; Prepares routine reports on studies and projects, or applies knowledge of the technical rules and procedures to scientific projects and programs to maintain documentation, and prepares analyses and reports of findings for tests and studies; Provides ad-hoc statistical consultation including method design, analysis, and reporting of results. REQUIRED SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE: Familiarity with immunization information (IIS Data). Strong skills in cleaning data, preprocessing, and obtaining data from jurisdictions. Strong understanding of data science, data processing, and obtaining data from census. DESIRED SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE: Experience providing related support in a public health or federal environment. Experience with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is preferred. REQUIRED EDUCATION/CERTIFICATIONS: Education requirements vary by position; Bachelor’s degree preferred. CITIZENSHIP AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS: Must be able to pass background investigation. The Alakaina Foundation Family of Companies (FOCs) is a fast-growing government service provider. Employees enjoy competitive salaries. Eligible employees enjoy a 401K plan with company match; medical, dental, disability, and life insurance coverage; tuition reimbursement; paid time off; and 10 paid holidays. The Alakaina Foundation FOCs is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. We are an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer of individuals with disabilities and veterans. We are proud to state that we do not discriminate in employment decisions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, pregnancy, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, protected veteran status, or disability status. If you are a person with a disability and you need an accommodation during the application process, please click here ([email protected]?subject=Request%20for%20accommodation.) to request accommodation. We E-Verify all employees. The Alakaina Foundation Family of Companies (FOCs) is comprised of industry-recognized government service firms designated as Native Hawaiian Organization (NHO)-owned and 8(a) certified businesses. The Family of Companies (FOCs) includes Keaki Technologies, Laulima Government Solutions, Kūpono Government Services, Kapili Services, Pookela Solutions, Kīkaha Solutions, LLC, and Pololei Solutions, LLC. Alakaina Foundation activities under the 501(c)3 principally benefit the youth of Hawaii through charitable efforts which includes providing innovative educational programs that combine leadership, science & technology, and environmental stewardship.	https://network.symplicity.com/atlanta-ga/public-health-program-support/68B95AB9F6234894BC7B429CEA9F80E4/job/
Empirical evidence is information that researchers generate to help uncover answers to questions. They can have significant implications for our society. Claims and arguments that rely on empirical evidence are often referred to as a posteriori (next experience). This is unlike a priori (which precedes it). A priori knowledge or justification is independent of experience, while knowledge or justification a posteriori depends on experience or empirical evidence. The standard positivist view of empirically acquired information has been that observation, experience, and experiment serve as neutral arbiters between rival theories. What is Empirical Evidence? Empirical evidence is information that verifies the truth (which corresponds exactly to reality) or the falsity (inaccuracy) of a claim. From the empirical point of view, one can claim to have knowledge only when it is based on empirical evidence. Empirical evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation, in the form of recorded data, which can be the subject of analysis. This is the main source of empirical evidence. Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Materials from secondary sources can be articles in popular newspapers or magazines, book reviews, or movies. These can also be articles found in academic journals that discuss or evaluate someone else’s original research. Empirical evidence can be synonymous with the outcome of an experiment. In this sense, an empirical result is a unified confirmation. In this context, the term semi-empirical is used to qualify theoretical methods that use, in part, basic axioms or postulated scientific laws and experimental results. Such methods are opposed to theoretical ab initio methods, which are purely deductive and based on the first principles. Theory versus empirical evidence Researchers may have theories about how something will play out. However, what is observed or experienced may be different from what the theory might predict. In this way, to know the effectiveness of something, you have to try it. Typically, researchers collect data through direct or indirect observation and analyze this data to answer empirical questions. That is, questions that can be answered by observation. In this regard, social scientists produce empirical evidence in a variety of ways to test theories and measure the ability of A to produce an expected result that would be B. Let’s look at an example: Engineers and scientists equipped cars with various safety devices in various configurations. They then smashed them into walls, poles and other cars and recorded what happened. Over time, they were able to figure out which types of security devices worked and which didn’t. They didn’t do everything right right immediately. For example, the first seat belts were not retractable. Some airbags fired pieces of metal at passengers. But, auto safety improved and although people drive more and more miles, fewer and fewer die on the road. Types of empirical evidence The two main types of empirical evidence are qualitative evidence and quantitative evidence. Qualitative Qualitative evidence is the type of data that describes non-measurable information. Qualitative data is used in several disciplines, especially in social sciences, as well as in market research and finance. In such fields, research usually investigates human behavior and its patterns. The non-measurable nature of qualitative data, as well as their subjective analysis, makes them prone to potential bias. Quantitative Quantitative evidence refers to numerical data that can be further analyzed using mathematical and / or statistical methods. Quantitative data is used in almost all disciplines of science. Unlike qualitative data, evidence obtained using quantitative data is generally considered impartial. The validity of the data can be easily verified by calculations or mathematical or statistical analysis. Quantitative data is used in almost every discipline of science. Unlike qualitative data, evidence obtained using quantitative data is generally considered unbiased. The validity of the data can be easily verified by mathematical or statistical calculations or analyses. Empirical Evidence and Analysis of Social Networks Studying social networks provides a concise and comprehensive introduction to the process of empirical network research. Social Network Analysis is the most in-depth and most important online research method today. It is the most used by both academic and extra-academic researchers around the world, so it is necessary to understand the use of empirical evidence in this case. In that sense, when doing a brief investigation about it, highlights the name of Helen Hall Jennings. His contribution was the development, before anyone else, of quantitative research methods that gave rise to Sociometrics, a quantitative method for measuring social relations. This pioneering work is considered the birth of Social Network Analysis. Jennings was a social psychologist, specializing in empirical research designs. Working in the Psychology lab of psychologist Gardner Murphy, he met Jacob Moreno. This was an eminent Psychosociologist, founder of Psychodrama and Group Psychotherapy, which would be essential to his research. Through his expertise in quantitative and statistical methods, Jennings worked with Moreno to develop an empirical approach to Social Media research. Researcher Christina Pell points out that together they studied how social relationships affect the psychological well-being of individuals. They also used quantitative methods to study group structure and the positions of individuals within groups. The Jennings and Moreno Investigations Jennings’ work is incomplete without the effective duo he built with Jacob Moreno. They developed an approximation method that included all the characteristics of Social Network Analysis. It was based on structural intuitions, involved the systematic collection of empirical data, and an explicit mathematical model was used. More importantly, that structural perspective was uniformly applied to a wide range of phenomena. Thus, Moreno and Jennings’ group used the four characteristics that define Social Network Analysis. Jennings’ input was crucial, as Moreno’s approach was more instinctive. He suggested ideas intuitively, Jennings placed them within a quantitative and numerical framework. Jennings and Moreno’s investigations at Sing Sing Maximum Security Prison and the Hudson School for Young Ladies were an important step forward. This systematic analysis and data collection led to two famous works: “Applications of the Group Method for classification” and “A new approach to the problem of human interrelations”. Both are considered to be the genesis of Sociometria. In 1943, Jennings’ doctoral thesis “Leadership and Isolation: A Study of Personality in Interpersonal Relationships” examines how elected and isolated leaders emerge in a given population. It was a continuation of the analysis of the data collected at the Hudson School for Young Ladies. Respondents were asked who they would like to work with and who they would like to live with. Eight months later, their views on who they had chosen as leaders and who as outcasts or isolates had not changed. Morris Janowitz, founder of military sociology, notes that this work by Jennings is an “ingenious empirical study that helped turn sociometrics into a research tool.” Many consider it one of the most in-depth analyses of leadership and isolation in the field of Social Psychology. Collect empirical evidence in social sciences Educational research is not the same as automotive research. However, education can be improved by trying new things. By collecting data on those efforts, the data is rigorously analyzed. All the available empirical evidence is then weighed to see if those new things achieve the expected results. Unfortunately, rigorous analysis is often difficult in the social sciences. In automotive engineering labs, one design bit can be changed at a time so that each test isolates the individual factor. In social sciences trying to isolate variables is challenging, but it is possible if researchers can make comparisons using the randomized control trial (RCT). The randomised control trial (RCT) is a trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One (the experimental group) that receives the intervention being tested and the other (the comparison or control group) that receives an alternative (conventional). The two groups are then tracked to see if there is any difference between them in the outcome. The results and subsequent analysis of the trial are used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. This is the degree to which a treatment, procedure, or service makes patients more beneficial than harmful. RCTs are the strictest way to determine whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between intervention and outcome. Conclusions The goal of science is that all empirical data that has been collected through observation, experience, and experimentation is unbiased. The strength of any scientific research depends on the ability to collect and analyze empirical data. In this regard, it must be carried out in the most impartial and controlled manner possible. Because scientists are human and prone to error, scientists typically collect empirical data that replicates experiments independently. This also protects against scientists who unconsciously or in rare cases consciously, deviate from prescribed research parameters. This, of course, could skew the results. The recording of empirical data is also crucial to the scientific method. Science can only advance if data is shared and analyzed. Our specialists wait for you to contact them through the quote form or direct chat. We also have confidential communication channels such as WhatsApp and Messenger. And if you want to be aware of our innovative services and the different advantages of hiring us, follow us on Facebook, Instagram or Twitter. If this article was to your liking, do not forget to share it on your social networks. Bibliographic References Galán, C. y Montero, J. (2002). El discurso tecnocientífico: la caja de herramientas del lenguaje. Madrid, España: Arco Libros. León, O. G. (2009). Cómo redactar textos científicos en Psicología y Educación. La Coruña, España: Gesbiblo,S.L. León,O.G. y Montero,I. (2003). Métodos de investigación en Psicología y Educación (3ªedición). Madrid, España: McGraw Hill.	https://online-tesis.com/en/empirical-evidence/
This is a Work-in-Progress Innovative Practice paper. There is an increasing need for tools and methods for gathering and analyzing data on artifacts and understanding student behavior in introductory computing courses. Several novel approaches have been developed to support different aspects of metacognition, improve self-efficacy and provide automated feedback and assessment for students in introductory programming courses. However, these methods have not been able to successfully scale with studies that suffer from being too small or software that is abandoned due to the high overhead of developing a system to collect and analyze data on a large scale. In spite of the success of some methods, most have not been integrated into a cohesive platform where instructors can automate the data acquisition process, develop a persistent trace of time series data such as code path development and see the effects of their interventions as they are affecting their classroom in real-time. There is a need to identify what programming concepts students struggle with the most and to identify at-risk students. Early identification ensures that instructors can intervene and provide the appropriate level of support and improve a student's ability to succeed during the most formative times in their computing education. This paper introduces a multidimensional model of cognition and an application programming interface for an intelligent learning system, which we will refer to as Archimedes, that implements the first two components of the model. Our model of cognition currently includes five components thinking processes, organizational strategy, design cohesion, skill mastery, and path of program development. Together these components seek to support six strategies of metacognition. These strategies are metacognitive scaffolding, reflective prompts, self-assessment, self-questioning, self-directed learning, and graphic organizers. The Archimedes application seeks to assess introductory programming students' current level of metacognition and provide real-time feedback and allow them to self-monitor, self-assess and improve self-efficacy through the development of strategic knowledge for solving real-world programming problems. The Archimedes platform leverages state-of-the-art technology in natural language processing and machine learning to provide real-time data analytics for students and instructors. For researchers in computing education, Archimedes seeks to automate data acquisition and analysis and provide a more reliable way to accurately measure student performance and current level of mastery on introductory programming tasks. The web-based application allows us to acquire student artifacts at scale through a customizable platform that can be used to identify at-risk students and provide actionable teaching insights on classroom interventions. Additionally, Archimedes is a tool to allow researchers to conduct independent computing education research and understand what pedagogical practices are best suited for improving student success rates.	https://aic-atlas.s3.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com/projects/e7299991-eb2b-4764-a849-4909e01fb07d/documents/USpXy9o3aN9s7q2MXH3XzrERVEbuHrg5KKedP2qF.html
EDTC803: Data Analysis and Report Writing This course will focus on the content and the mechanics of effective data analysis and report writing. Candidates will analyze textual and graphical data from many sources, process data in ways that readers can understand, and generate comprehensive academic and business reports. This assignment involved creating a proposal for an exhibit at the Liberty Science Center including figures for clarity of communication. The data analyzed in this report will show how ten CEOs, who have been interviewed by Lifehacker, relate to and differ from their peers in the same career title. The sample population in these reports consists of six males and four females. This project involved analyzing a statistical report on a report for approval for a professional development stipend. This assignment involved writing a memo about the data found after examing the total population of K-12 students enrolled in private and public education in the United States during the years 1985, 1995, and 2005 EDTC806: Research Methods in Educational Technology Leadership With the program’s emphasis on the scholarship of teaching and innovative learning experiences, this course is an in-depth treatment of the research process and techniques for planning and designing research projects. Emphasis will be placed on the appropriate choice of methodologies for a variety of problem situations. This project involved writing a research proposal that is of a quantitative method. Specifically, a study about the effectiveness of social media integration in college-level writing courses. The Postpositivist worldview was reviewed in this project where observation and measuring is the approach and begins with a theory and collects data that supports or refutes the theory. This project involved writing a qualitative proposal about the effectiveness of online course quality programs in higher education. This project enabled me to reflect on the Constructivists or social constructivists worldviews where researchers seek understanding of the world in which they live and work; they develop subjective meanings of their experiences directed - towards certain objects or things. Additionally, the Transformative worldview was reviewed where politics and political change are used to confront the social oppression at whatever level it occurs. Snowball and opportunistic sampling was reviewed. This project combined the two prior methods to create an exploratory mixed methods proposal that sought to investigate students’ perceptions of online courses designed by nationally recognized quality assurance standards and the perceptions’ relationship to the effectiveness of online college-level courses. This assignment made me reflect on the Pragmatic worldview where actions, situations and consequences rather than antecedent conditions and researchers are not committed to any one system of philosophy or reality; have a freedom of choice in methods, techniques and procedures driven by the study needs and purposes. I put to practice an understanding of sampling: Convergent, Explanatory (QN>QL) and Exploratory Sequential Design (QL>QN). EDTC809: Assessment and Evaluation An introduction to systematic inquiry using assessment methods to understand, evaluate and solve user and organizational needs. Candidates will integrate their knowledge of research methods with real-world challenges of conducting and analyzing research in educational and corporate settings. The following field observation took place at a small coffee shop on East Broad Street in Westfield, NJ. The researcher walks into “BW Coffee” (alias) on a very rainy Tuesday afternoon, at 2:20 pm, on September 25, 2018. The purpose of a field observation is to understand and present the findings of people as they interact in a social setting (Emerson et. al, 2011, p. 1). The researcher in this exercise observed the experiences of customers inside of “BW Coffee.” The observation was conducted in a total of 56 minutes and involved employees and customers inside of the establishment. The researcher constructed the following research question related to purpose of the observation: What are the behaviors of customers in a coffee shop establishment? DPW University is a minority-serving, public university in an urban environment. The institution’s mission highlights the inclusion of students of all socio-economic backgrounds to partake in a robust and challenging academic experience in order to be well-equipped for a career after graduation. In order to address the evolving and new careers that are becoming available, DPW University realized a need to incorporate a more challenging curriculum to best prepare its students before the begin their careers. Specifically, careers in STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) have been on the rise. As online learning is a growing aspect of higher education in the United States, it is important for institutions understand the implications of high-quality online course design standards. Understanding the perceptions of instructors and students enrolled in online courses on online course design components will provide valuable data on the importance and effectiveness of these standards. This research study will analyze online learners’ and instructors’ perceptions of high-quality course components including advantages, disadvantages and obstacles related to these standards. Online learning is a growing facet of higher education in the United States, thus it is important for institutions to understand the implications of high-quality online course design standards. Understanding both instructors’ and students’ perceptions of online course design components will provide valuable data on the importance and effectiveness of these standards. This research study will analyze online learners’ perceptions of high-quality course components including advantages, disadvantages and obstacles related to these standards and the effects these standards have on learning outcomes. EDTC810: Statistics for Educational Research In this course, we learned about descriptive and inferential statistics in order to draw conclusions about data in various settings. The purpose of this project was to analyze the data in existing articles with statistical analytics. Distinct differences were present when comparing the article in the Inside Higher Ed media article and the scholarly article. Jaschik’s (2018) Inside Higher Ed article, titled “Race and Gender Bias in Online Courses,” is intended for readers, who are affiliated with teaching and learning in higher education. These articles are informational and included generalized information on a given topic and is formatted to be quick and easy to read. The author provides descriptive statistics on the likelihood of online instructors responding and interacting with students of particular races and gender. The study also found that variation did not exist when analyzing specific disciplines. The statistics provided in this article gives the reader the necessary information to determine the relevance of the topic and how bias in online courses should be considered when facilitating their own online courses. A statitical resource site, titeled "StatQuest" was created as a learning resource. This was a group project comrised of myself, Susan Van Alystyne and Emily Vandalovsky. The “A Statistics Resource Site: For Beginner Researchers Who Need a Helping Hand!” website contains at 6 pages that detail 5 separate statistical concepts: Mean, median and mode, Z-Test, T-Test, ANOVA and P-Value. Three of the concepts are inferential statistics (Z-Test, T-Test and ANOVA). Each member recorded at least one video (Daniel -1, Susan – 2, Emily -2). The uploaded videos and material create a cohesive, attractive and easy-to-use appearance and resource for beginner researchers. In this assigned, I critiqued a peer group's statistical resource site based on: the required elements for the website and the content posted to the resource site. In this project I collected and analyzed my own chosen data using a variety of different data analysis tools. This study examines the adoption of educational technology-related professional development and the use of educational technologies in classrooms of various disciplines in K-12 schools in the United States in the 2008-2009 academic year. The results will provide school districts, throughout the United States, with data on which disciplines are not utilizing educational technologies and where to focus professional development efforts in the future. The study also determines the use of educational technologies by educators with varying years of professional service in education and their main teaching areas.	https://www.danielpatrickward.com/scholarship-research
This study is an experimental endeavor involving two instructional interventions for teaching a design concept. The sustainable design concept of 'interior daylighting' is instructed to the third year interior design students as part of the lectures in the 'Interior Materials Systems and Details IV' course. The purpose of the study is to analyze and compare the effectiveness of using active learning strategies with the lecture method of instruction. The effectiveness of the strategies is assessed based on the following three questions coined by Prof. Bonwell along with Bloom's Cognitive Taxonomy (Bloom et al., 1956): "(1) What do I want my students to know? (2) What do I want my students to do? (3) What do I want my students to feel?" (Bonwell, 1996, p. 6).;The thesis research methodology addresses various active learning strategy issues raised by earlier researchers. The students are randomly assigned to the two instructional method groups by using a statistical table of random numbers. The learning assessment is done using pre- and post-intervention methods, which includes Interior Design Analysis (IDA) exercise of an interior space and Interior DayLighting (IDL) Quiz. The course Design Project (DP) review and Student Reflection (SR) writing activity on the instructional methods are also used to assess the students' learning experience.;Inferential statistical analysis was used to establish causal relationship, if any, between the instructional method and learning effectiveness from the obtained results/assessments. Statistical tests like independent t-tests, inter-rater reliability, and frequency distribution of values were used for the analysis. The statistical and content analysis of data from the research tests indicated that both the Lecture and Active Learning groups showed some improvement in their overall performance after the instructional intervention.;Though the overall difference in performance between the groups was not very high, the active learning group showed a relatively significant better performance in the higher order questions compared to the lecture group. In conclusion, the active learning instructional module appears to have been effective in creating higher order thinking (at least for the short term) among the students. Though the research failed to establish a significant relationship between instructional method and information transfer across course contexts; it could serve as a suggestion for possible future research to test transfer of information across courses. Even within the course, in the final design projects of the active learning students compared to the lecture students seem to be relatively more effective in integrating the daylight design theories and concepts within their designs. Using qualitative analysis, the research also revealed attitude difference among students and the positive thoughts and reactions to the daylighting instructional intervention by the active learning students. The student reflection on the instruction methods gave insights into the general research procedure and the effectiveness of smaller groups and also the importance of student participation in the learning process.;Finally, the research shows that though certain issues in incorporating active learning in conventional lectures were addressed in this study, more refinements need to be done to improve this model for future research in this subject. For this limited sample, the active learning instructional module showed relative increase in performance than the lecture method of instruction, suggesting its potential for replacing conventional teacher-centered lectures in design non-studio courses. DOI https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-14320 Publisher Digital Repository @ Iowa State University, http://lib.dr.iastate.edu Copyright Owner Geethapriya Balasubramanian Copyright Date 2006 Language en Proquest ID AAI1439829 File Format application/pdf File Size 181 pages Recommended Citation Balasubramanian, Geethapriya, "The effect of active learning in an interior design daylighting module " (2006). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1366.	https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1366/
Where can statistical analysis be used? Where can statistical analysis be used? Statistical analysis is used extensively in science, from physics to the social sciences. As well as testing hypotheses, statistics can provide an approximation for an unknown that is difficult or impossible to measure. What software is used for statistical analysis? The Top 7 Statistical Tools You Need to Make Your Data ShineSPSS (IBM) SPSS, (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is perhaps the most widely used statistics software package within human behavior research. R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) MATLAB (The Mathworks) Microsoft Excel. SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) GraphPad Prism. Minitab. Which is the first step in statistical analysis? Define Your Research Question The first step of your study is to formulate a research question. This is the question you want your study to answer. Research questions focus your experiment, help guide your decision-making process, and helps prevent side issues from distracting you from your goal. What are the four steps in a statistical investigation? A statistics problem typically contains four components:Ask a Question. Asking a question gets the process started. 2, Collect Data. Collecting data to help answer the question is an important step in the process. Analyze Data. Interpret Results. What are the 4 components of the statistical process? Consider statistics as a problem-solving process and examine its four components: asking questions, collecting appropriate data, analyzing the data, and interpreting the results. This session investigates the nature of data and its potential sources of variation. Variables, bias, and random sampling are introduced. What are the five steps of statistics? To improve your data analysis skills and simplify your decisions, execute these five steps in your data analysis process:Step 1: Define Your Questions. Step 2: Set Clear Measurement Priorities. Step 3: Collect Data. Step 4: Analyze Data. Step 5: Interpret Results.	https://neighborshateus.com/where-can-statistical-analysis-be-used/
This study aimed to analyze the student’s behaviour in relation to their degree of commitment, participation, and contribution in a MOOC based on a social learning approach. Interaction data was collected on the learning platform and in social networks, both of which were used in the third edition of a social MOOC course. This data was then studied via statistical methods and analysis of social networks. This study assumes that social communities would arise around the course, would remain over time, and that participants would even contribute with new proposals. The findings indicated that social learning communities are built and continue only while the course is open and while the teachers are involved in fostering participation. Although this study is limited, the design criteria of the course, the pedagogical model on which this is supported, and the methods applied for this analysis provide other researchers and educators with clues for better understand the dynamic process of social learning in social MOOCs. Copyright (c) 2017 Mariana de Lima, Marta Elena Zorrilla This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. The copyright of all content published in IRRODL is retained by the authors. This copyright agreement and use license ensures, among other things, that an article will be as widely distributed as possible and that the article can be included in any scientific and/or scholarly archive. You are free to - Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format - Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms below: - Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. - No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.	http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/2630
The MSPH is an academic research degree designed for students who wish to prepare for further study at the doctoral level or to prepare for research or technical positions in government, industry, academia, or private institutions. Studies will include many of the core disciplines included in the MPH degree with an additional emphasis on advanced research methods and quantitative analysis skills. We are committed to transmitting the skill sets necessary to conduct effective public health research to all our students, understanding that such research may take place in academic, governmental, the private sector, and international settings. Experience in public health research often involves similar skill sets as those needed by public health practitioners. The Master of Science in Public Health (MSPH) degree is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Upon completion of the Master of Science in Public Health (MSPH) degree, all graduates will be able to: \|Advance and promote the implementation of evidence-based public health practice\| \|Apply statistical reasoning and quantitative methods for the purpose of analyzing public health data and participating in population-based research\| \|Identify and apply the most appropriate statistical test for the purpose of performing hypothesis-driven research to solve public health problems\| \|Explain the role of multi-level occupational and environmental conditions which directly or indirectly impact the health of individuals, communities, and populations\| \|Apply epidemiologic methods to the measurement and study of population health and the prevention of infectious and chronic disease\| \|Examine the main components and issues of the organization, financing, and delivery of health services and public health systems\| \|Identify social and behavioral concepts, models and theories that form the foundation of health promotion and disease prevention\| \|Analyze the effects of political, social and economic policies on public health systems at the local, state, national and international level\| \|Use collaborative methods for achieving organizational and community health goals\| \|Recognize sociocultural factors that promote and inhibit health in vulnerable and underserved populations\| \|Apply knowledge regarding planning, data collection, and project/policy implementation for community-based health programs in diverse populations\| \|Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods in relation to their strengths, limitations and appropriate uses and emphases on reliability and validity\| \|Develop skills to identify public health research questions and hypotheses, analyze data and communicate findings effectively to diverse stakeholders\| \|Identify, understand and promote ethical choices, strong values and professionalism in public health practice\| \|Demonstrate effective written and oral skills for communicating with different audiences in the context of professional public health activities\| \|Engage in dialogue and learning from others to advance public health goals\| \|Identify quantitative and qualitative data and information that can be used for assessing the health of a community\| \|Synthesize information from multiple data systems or other sources\| \|Assess the strengths and limitations of various research designs in collecting, analyzing and interpreting information from public health studies\| \|Utilize appropriate information technologies to collect, analyze and disseminate data\| The MSPH program is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health. An elective credit waiver may be available for students who enter the MSPH degree program with an earned advanced degree (e.g., MD, DDS, DVM, JD).	https://graduatestudies.publichealth.med.miami.edu/academic-programs/masters-degrees/msph-program-plan/index.html
Meta-statistics: help or hindrance? ACP J Club. 1993 May-June;118:A13. doi:10.7326/ACPJC-1993-118-3-A13 Related Content in the Archives • Review: Cognitive behavioral techniques reduce blood pressure when compared with no therapy but not when compared with placebo therapy In an earlier editorial in ACP Journal Club, we discussed our selection criteria for review articles (1). Most of the review articles that meet our criteria are meta-analyses, systematic reviews of specific clinical questions that use statistical methods to combine the results of previous research (2, 3). The reason for insisting that reviews be systematic is to ensure that the conclusions are valid (1, 4, 5). The need for statistical analysis in reviews may be less clear. Sometimes the use of statistics in a meta-analysis may even seem to be more of a hindrance than a help to readers who are not familiar with the techniques. In this editorial we try to clarify the role of statistics in reviews and to provide help with assessing the results of meta-analyses. Why use statistics in reviews? To prepare a research review, investigators must collect data from individual studies, just as they must collect data from individual patients in primary studies. In either case, statistical methods can be used to analyze and summarize data. If used appropriately, they provide a powerful tool for deriving meaningful conclusions from the data and help prevent errors in interpretation. A common error when statistical methods are not used in reviews is to compare the number of “positive” studies with the number of “negative” studies. With such a “vote counting” approach, a study may be counted as “positive” in one review and “negative” in another, depending on how the results are interpreted by the reviewers. There is also a tendency to overlook small but clinically important effects when counting votes, particularly when counting studies with statistically “nonsignificant” results as “negative” (6, 7). Another error that can easily occur when statistical methods are not used is inappropriate weighting of the results of the individual studies. For example, vote counting gives studies equal weight, ignoring differences in the size and quality of the studies. It is also possible for a reviewer to inappropriately stress the results of one study over another when using nonquantitative methods. Of course, the use of statistical methods does not guarantee that the results of a meta-analysis are valid, any more than it does for a primary study. Moreover, like any tool, statistical methods can be misused. Are the results of the meta-analysis likely to be valid? The results of a meta-analysis are only worth considering if they are valid. Guides for assessing the validity of meta-analyses and other review articles include the following (2-5): 1. Did the review address a clearly focused question? 2. Were inclusion criteria clearly stated and appropriate? 3. Is it unlikely that important, relevant studies were missed? 4. Was the validity of the included studies appraised? 5. Were assessments of studies reproducible? All of the review articles included in ACP Journal Club have been screened using the first two guides. Having determined that the results are likely to be valid, using guides like these, the following questions can be used to help understand and make good use of the results. Are the studies comparable? Decisions about whether it makes sense to combine studies rely primarily on clinical judgment. Before considering the results, it is important to ensure that the patients' “exposures” (interventions, diagnostic tests, prognosticators) and outcomes in each study included in a meta-analysis are similar enough that it makes sense to combine them. ACP Journal Club only includes reviews that report explicit criteria for selecting studies for inclusion. This makes it possible for readers to decide for themselves if the criteria that were used were sensible compared with the question that the review addresses. A frequent complaint about meta-analyses is that they combine apples and oranges. This is often true, but there is nothing wrong with this, if one is interested in fruit. For example, trials of secondary prevention of myocardial infarction with β-blockers have differed in patient characteristics, type and dose of β-blocker, and how outcomes were measured. Nonetheless, the best estimate of the effectiveness of β-blockers after a myocardial infarction is from the overall results of all of the valid studies (8). Differences in the results of these trials are more likely to be due to chance than to differences in the effectiveness of the drug regimens that were used or the responsiveness of the patients that were studied (9). Are the results of the comparable studies similar? If it makes clinical sense to combine a group of studies, the next question to ask is whether differences among the results of the studies are greater than could be expected due to chance alone. One way of doing this is to look at a graphical play of the results. If the confidence intervals for the results of each study (typically presented by horizontal lines) do not overlap, it suggests that the differences are likely to be “statistically significant” (10). Tests of homogeneity are formal statistical analyses for estimating the probability of observed differences in results having occurred because of chance alone. The more significant (closer to zero) the test, the less likely it is that the observed differences were caused by chance alone. When there is “statistically significant” heterogeneity, it suggests that the observed differences in results are likely caused by factors other than chance. When looking for possible explanations for the differences, however, such as differences in the interventions that were studied, it is important to be cautious (9, 10). Even if a meta-analysis included only well-designed, randomized controlled trials, patients were not randomized to one study compared with another. Because studies usually differ in many ways, it is risky to attribute differences in results to any one factor. If the author of a meta-analysis did this, even if a technique such as logistic regression was used to control for other potential explanatory factors (3), it should be considered “hypothesis generating” rather than “hypothesis testing.” What is the best overall estimate of the results? Meta-analyses use a variety of techniques. Unfortunately, there is not one “correct” technique. The choice of technique depends on the nature of the data being analyzed. Fortunately, as with other uses of statistics, a conceptual understanding of the principles is more important than detailed knowledge of the specific techniques. The central aim of most meta-analyses is to provide a more precise estimate (of, say, the effectiveness of an intervention) based on a weighted average of the results from more than one study. Typically, the weight given to each study is the inverse of the variance; that is, more weight is given to studies with more events (11, 12). It is possible to give studies more or less weight based on their methodologic quality and their precision, but this is rarely done (13). Readers more often encounter a “sensitivity analysis” that tests the robustness of the results by excluding some studies, such as those of poorer methodologic quality. Generally, each study is summarized using a measure of association that represents the within-study comparison of the treatment (exposed) and control groups. In this way patients in each study are only compared with patients in the same study. Occasionally a meta-analysis is published in which an “effect size” is calculated for each study group based on the difference in outcomes before and after treatment, and groups from different studies are directly compared with each other. The power of randomization is completely lost with this approach, and the data have been reduced to the equivalent of much weaker before-after studies: Readers should regard them as such. The choice of which measure of association to use is not always straightforward, and the measure used in the analysis may not be the best measure for clinical decision making. For instance, the odds ratio is commonly used in meta-analyses because of advantages in the statistical techniques available for combining odds ratios, but it can be difficult to interpret the clinical importance of an odds ratio. Conversely, although it is easy to interpret the clinical importance of a risk difference, the statistical methods available for combining risk differences can have disadvantages. For the most part, clinicians should be more concerned about how they interpret the summary statistic that was used than about which summary statistic was used in the analysis. For example, when odds ratios summarize results, they usually represent the odds of an adverse outcome occurring in the group that received the intervention compared with the odds of an adverse event in the control group. If the proportion of patients who have the outcome is very low, the odds ratio and the relative risk are approximately the same, and the proportional risk reduction is equal to one minus the odds ratio. As the proportion of patients who have the outcome increases, however, the odds ratio becomes progressively smaller than the relative risk. Thus, in situations where the baseline risk is high, the assumption that the odds ratio equals the relative risk does not hold true and can lead to overestimating the proportional risk reduction. How precise is the overall estimate of the results? The confidence interval around an estimate derived from a meta-analysis tells us how precise that estimate is. It is, in principle, no different from a confidence interval around an estimate derived from primary research (14). One important consideration that arises in meta-analyses, however, is whether to incorporate between-study variation in estimating the confidence interval. If between-study variation is minimal, the difference is unimportant. If between-study variation is considerable, an analysis that ignores between-study variation will give a less conservative estimate of the confidence interval than one that does not. Most of the statistical methods commonly used in meta-analyses of clinical studies, particularly those that use odds ratios, ignore between-study variation and hence may provide a confidence interval that overestimates the precision of the results. As a result, readers should be cautious about interpreting the overall estimate derived from a meta-analysis that reports a statistically significant heterogeneity, as well as from analyses that seek to attribute between-study differences to any one factor. What are the clinical implications of the results? The results of a valid meta-analysis provide the best estimate of the outcomes that can be expected for a clinical intervention. But, it is still necessary to weigh the expected benefits against the potential harms and costs (15). This requires judgment about how much patients value the different consequences. The authors of meta-analyses and the commentators in ACP Journal Club often make these judgments implicitly. Their conclusions about the implications of the results are worth considering, but before accepting their conclusions, it is worthwhile to consider the results that are reported. You can then make an informed decision about whether their conclusions, and your own, are supported by the results. Andrew D. Oxman, MD, MSc References 1. Oxman AD.Readers' guide for review articles: Why worry about methods? [Editorial]. ACP J Club. 1991 Jul-Aug;115:A12. 2. Sacks HS, Berrier J, Reitman D, et al. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:450-5. 3. L'Abbé KA, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K. Meta-analysis in clinical research. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:224-33. 4. Mulrow CD. The medical review article: state of the science. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:485-8. 5. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. Guidelines for reading literature reviews. Can Med Assoc J. 1988;138:697-703. 6. Cooper HM, Rosenthal R. Statistical versus traditional procedures for summarizing research findings. Psychol Bull. 1980;87:442-9. 7. Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC. A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. Treatments for myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1992;268:240-8. 8. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P. β blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985;27:335-71. 9. Yusuf S, Wittes J, Probstfiel J, Tyroler HA. Analysis and interpretation of treatment effects in subgroups of patients in randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 1991;266:93-8. 10. Walker AM, Martin-Moreno JM, Artalejo FR. Odd man out: a graphical approach to meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:961-6. 11. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. A consumer's guide to subgroup analyses. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:78-84. 12. Laird NM, Mosteller F. Some statistical methods for combining experimental results. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1990;6:5-30. 13. Detsky AS, Naylor CD, O'Rourke K, McGeer AJ, L'Abbé KA. Incorporating variations in the quality of individual randomized trials into meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:255-65. 14. Altman DG.Confidence intervals in research evaluation [Editorial]. ACP J Club. 1992 Mar-Apr;116:A28.	http://acpjc.acponline.org/Content/118/3/issue/ACPJC-1993-118-3-A13.htm
Georgia was home to multiple groups of prehistoric people over the course of 20,000 years. Archaeologists have classified the prehistoric people of Georgia through the use of cultural periods. Archaeologists use cultural periods, since the culture of each group of people was different, and changes in culture and lifestyle took place slowly. Through the use of these cultural periods, prehistoric people have been grouped into four cultures: Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississipain. Click one of the buttons below to learn more about each group of prehistoric people. A system of writing was only created 6,000 years ago, so before it was created early people used crude drawings on animal hides, cave walls, or even tree bark to record and recite stories of past events. To decipher these ancient messages, we call upon archaeologist, who are experts in the field of social sciences. Archaeologists dig into the earth to find artifacts that will tell us something about early inhabitants. The artifacts that they find are pottery shards, jewelry, tools, weapons, or any other items made or used by early people. Another form of artifacts are fossils, which are traces or remains of once-living things. Fossils provide us with alot of information about the lives of people or animals. Archaeologists can use the location and quantity of fossils to determine whether or not they were hunted by the early people. Thanks to archaeologists we can determine what animals prehistoric people killed for food, and gives us a good idea of their overall diet.	https://orbitalstudiespawn.weebly.com/index.html
The Classification of these Prehistoric People Archaeologists have classified the prehistoric people of Georgia through the use of cultural periods. Archaeologists use cultural periods, since the culture of each group of people was different, and changes in culture and lifestyle took place slowly. Through the use of these cultural periods, prehistoric people have been grouped into four cultures: Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississipain. Click one of the buttons below to learn more about each group of prehistoric people. Who Are Archaeologists? A system of writing was only created 6,000 years ago, so before it was created early people used crude drawings on animal hides, cave walls, or even tree bark to record and recite stories of past events. To decipher these ancient messages, we call upon archaeologist, who are experts in the field of social sciences. Archaeologists dig into the earth to find artifacts that will tell us something about early inhabitants. The artifacts that they find are pottery shards, jewelry, tools, weapons, or any other items made or used by early people. Another form of artifacts are fossils, which are traces or remains of once-living things. Fossils provide us with alot of information about the lives of people or animals. Archaeologists can use the location and quantity of fossils to determine whether or not they were hunted by the early people. Thanks to archaeologists we can determine what animals prehistoric people killed for food, and gives us a good idea of their overall diet.	https://orbitalstudiespawn.weebly.com/index.html
Thousands of years ago, indigenous people called the Calusa inhabited much of coastal Southwest Florida. The Calusa culture was a complex society that thrived on the bounty of the estuary as opposed to agriculture, which was the primary means of subsistence for many other early American people. Numerous Calusa settlements were developed along the Collier County coastline and were occupied from 400 to 2,500 years ago. Changing their landscape on many fronts, the Calusa people left behind traces of their way of life on the shell mound complexes they built. The size and locations of the settlements, many of which are in the Ten Thousand Islands, indicate that large communal groups flourished on the abundanceof coastal resources with fish and shellfish accounting for up to 70 percent of their diet. The Calusas regarded mollusk shells, as well as other animal parts, as important resources because of the lack of workable stone and building materials in their environment. They utilized bones, spines and teeth as tools for sewing, piercing or spearing. And, their homes were built on large mounds of discarded shells, like modern building foundations, to provide protection from extreme high tides and storms. Several Calusa mound complexes are protected within the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve’s 110,000 acres. These cultural resources belong to the people of Florida, and their continued existence is instrumentalfor future research and education. Archaeologists studying the Calusa culture look closely at artifacts (items made or carved by humans) to learn about what life was like for prehistoric peoples. Within each mound complex are middens (smaller mounds) that served specific purposes. The “kitchen middens,” or refuse piles, tend to provide the greatest clues to the mysteries surrounding their lost culture. In addition to shell tools, pieces of broken pottery are, by far, the most commonly found remnants of the Calusa civilization. These artifacts have provided valuable insights into their social evolution. In the Calusa culture, women made the pottery and finished the rim of each piece with their finger nail or other object in a distinct pattern representinga sort of regional, tribal trademark. By studying pottery remnants found in different middens along the coast, archaeologists have determined that either the pots, or their makers, were traded between regions. There is still much to learn about our Floridian predecessors. Rookery Bay Reserve’s cultural resource monitor, Steve Bertone, has been working with archaeologists to curate an inventory of prehistoric artifacts found during grant-funded surveys at some of the shell mounds in the reserve. Since 1978, the reserve has cataloged more than 200 artifacts in its inventory, which also includes shell tools, shell net weights, carved bones and remnants from pioneer settlers who squatted atop the abandoned mounds in the1880s. Each artifact in the inventory has been recorded in a database along with the GPS coordinates of the location where it was found and other details about the find. With help from Rookery Bay Reserve educator and photographer Dave Graff, each record in the database is now accompanied by a photo of the actual artifact. High resolution, close-up images enable close inspection of the artifact virtually, and the photos show clear details such as embedded fibers and fingernail marks. This database serves as an incredible resource for archaeologists and other researchers who are studying at the reserve. Expanding our collective knowledge of the local history and land use is essential to guiding management efforts, educating the community and planning for trails or other recreational opportunities.	https://coastalbreeze.demo.our-hometown.com/articles/connecting-with-the-past-cultural-resources-in-rookery-bay-reserve-provide-insights-to-early-coastal-life/
Gold and silver treasures were discovered near the powerful Wari queen’s tomb with ‘elite craftspeople’ burials The tomb of the ‘Lord of Huarmey’ was also discovered. Archaeologists excavating a necropolis north of Lima discovered a 1,300-year-old ornate tomb from Peru’s Wari period. The tomb houses the relics of a powerful man known as the “Lord of Huarmey.” Six other people’s remains were discovered in the same tomb, with some likely reburied after being buried elsewhere. According to the University of Warsaw’s Faculty of Archaeology, the remains include four adults — possibly two males and two females — and three people who may be adolescents. All of the remains in the tomb were buried with gold and silver jewelry, bronze tools, knives, axes, baskets, woven textiles, raw materials for basketry, and wood and leather items — an abundance of objects that lead archaeologists to believe the people buried there were skilled craftspeople as well as Wari elite members. “We could call this section of the royal necropolis ‘The Gallery of Elite Craftsmen,'” Miosz Giersz, the project’s lead archaeologist at the University of Warsaw in Poland, told Live Science in an email. “We discovered the burials of male Wari elite who were also fine craftsmen and artists for the first time.” The latest tomb was discovered in February at the Wari necropolis near the modern coastal town of Huarmey, in the Ancash region about 155 miles (250 kilometers) north of Lima. It is close to a larger tomb discovered in 2012 by Giersz and his wife, Patrycja Przdka-Giersz, an assistant professor at the University of Warsaw. This larger tomb housed the remains of three high-status women known as “Wari queens,” as previously reported by Live Science. The queens were interred with the remains of 58 other people. The majority of the victims were noblewomen who were later buried, but some were from lower social classes and appear to have been sacrificed. The Andean Empire From around A.D. 500 to 1000, the Wari people lived in towns on the mountains and coast of what is now Peru. They are well-known for their rich artistic tradition, which includes gold and silver jewelry, painted pottery and vibrant woven textiles. According to a 2003 article by archaeologists at Chicago’s Field Museum, the Wari Empire existed around the same time as the Tiwanaku Empire further south, and the two Andean states were frequently rivals (opens in new tab). However, both the Wari and Tiwanaku empires had collapsed by the time the Inca Empire arose in the same areas around A.D. 1200. The site near modern-day Huarmey includes a pyramidal structure known as “El Castillo de Huarmey,” which translates as “Huarmey’s Castle.” The structure has been known to researchers since at least the 1940s, but many assumed it was mostly empty due to grave robbers who had already looted its gold and silver. However, excavations by Giersz and Przdka-Giersz in 2012 and 2013 revealed that it was an ancient Wari necropolis with at least one untouched tomb. Following the excavation of the Wari queens’ tomb, Giersz discovered that Castillo de Huarmey was once “a large Wari mausoleum and site of ancestor worship on the Peruvian North Coast, an area that lies on the borders of the world controlled by the first Andean empire.” The team also discovered more than 1,300 artifacts buried as grave gifts in the Wari queens’ tomb, including valuable objects made of gold, silver, bronze, precious gems, wood, bone, and shells, he said. Tomb of Wari Giersz believes the “Lord of Huarmey” and the other people buried in the newly discovered tomb were Wari elite and highly skilled craftspeople. “The golden and silver artifacts that they have deposited with them support this assumption,” he said. “Both men and women buried in Castillo de Huarmey’s royal necropolis were directly connected with the highest level of craft production and produced the finest luxury goods of their era.” The discoveries show that Castillo de Huarmey was an important administrative center of the Wari Empire, as well as a place of production of the finest handicrafts in the domain, particularly exclusive clothing… metal ornaments, and jewelry, he said. The Royal Ontario Museum’s archaeologist Justin Jennings was not involved in the latest study, but he has excavated other Wari sites in Peru. He described the latest discoveries as “spectacular,” but cautioned that the function of the Castillo de Huarmey site during the Wari era is unknown. According to Giersz, the people buried there may not have been elite craftspeople. “These are fantastic pieces, and it’s wonderful to have them associated with the graves,” Jennings said. “The dead, on the other hand, don’t get to choose what goes into their tombs — their grave goods can reflect what they did in life, but they can also very much reflect other types of messages,” says one expert. He did note, however, that the upper classes of ancient American societies, most notably the later Maya in Mesoamerica, were often also elite craftspeople. “The Maya elite spent a lot of time making elite goods, so it’s not out of the ordinary,” Jennings explained. He also mentioned the inclusion of unfinished objects in the grave goods. “I believe that lends credence to the idea that some of these people were involved in the production of things.” Visit our youtube channel and subscribe. 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The archeological excavations carried out around Hoi An in the 1990s discovered large numbers of Sa Huỳnh Culture relics. The collections of Sa Huỳnh artifacts, including pottery burial jars, jewelry and iron objects, are displayed at the Museum of Sa Huỳnh Culture , No. 149 Trần Phú Street, Hoi An. The collection of iron objects includes 28 items recovered at 4 relic sites: Hậu Xá I (5 items), Hậu Xá II (18 items), Xuân Lâm (3 items), An Bang (3 items). Dozens of iron artifacts from Sa Huỳnh culture with a variety of forms were found in Hoi An such as matchets, knives, spears, spades, a curved dagger and chisels. The iron objects can be divided into two groups- labour tools and weapons. - Labour tools: 22 items including matchets, chisels, spades and knives. 2. Weapons: 6 items including a curved dagger, spear and knives. Labour Tools Spades make up a large number of items in the labour tools group (9/22 items). They were a common farm tool in agriculture. The blades were sharp and thin, with a collar for inserting the handle. Their tips are 8-14cm long. Knives and matchets also were common farm tools (10/22 items). They were typical farm tools regularly appearing in Sa Huỳnh sites in Hoi An. The butcher knives are 18-30cm long. The blades were 2.5-4.5cm wide and they were used for cutting or chopping. The matchet is curved in shape, with a large and thick blade. It is 35-40cm long and was used for cutting plants, branches and bushes when preparing cultivation fields. Chisels were also found ( 3/22 items). They have a sharp blade and are 1.6-4 cm long. They have a straight, cylindrical shape and were a common carpenter tool used for building houses and boats. The appearance of this tool in Sa Huỳnh archeological sites indicates the development of carpentry by Sa Huỳnh inhabitants, and, apart from other activities, indicates their capacity to build seafaring vessels. Weapons There was a parallel between Sa Huỳnh culture and Chinese culture (Han Dynasty) that was shown in sharp pointed weapons such as a curved dagger (1/6 items) and small sharp knives (2/6 items). The iron objects were made using a forging heat technique. Remnants caused by forged work were found at connection points or on the surface of spades and knives. However, evidence of blacksmiths’ tools such as anvils, clamps and pliers have not appeared in Sa Huỳnh excavation sites of Hoi An. The collection of iron artifacts on display at the museum indicates that iron objects were common and necessary tools in the daily life of Sa Huỳnh inhabitants. Iron artifacts were also found inside burial jars. Prior to their intended use to store the remains of the deceased, these large sized pots, a distinct feature of Sa Huỳnh culture, were utilised for everyday storage requirements. The variety in forms of iron artifacts discovered at these sites clearly indicates the development of farming and carpentry by Sa Huỳnh inhabitants. The parallel between Sa Huỳnh iron artifacts with iron artifacts of the Chinese Han Dynasty and the Đông Sơn culture at the North Vietnam indicates that there existed a trading relationship early in Hội An’s history. Perhaps it can also be extrapolated that this is one of the fundamental reasons for the establishment of Hội An town, leading eventually to its pre-eminence as an international commercial port in the 17th-18th century. The similar forms and production techniques of iron artifacts found at Hội An and other sites in Quảng Nam provice such as Đại Lãnh (Đại Lộc – Quảng Nam) and Gò Mã Vôi (Duy Xuyên – Quảng Nam) indicates that iron played an important role in the crystallization and uniformity of the culture in central Vietnam in pre-historic period. The collection of iron artifacts in the museums of Hoi An belongs to a lost civilization of Vietnam. Researching Sa Huỳnh iron artifacts is an opportunity to discover different aspects of this culture including their artistic, economic and technological development. However, iron artifacts are usually adversely affect by such long periods (up to 5000 years) of time underground. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out preservation work immediately, to ensure scientific research, preservation, promotion and display of these artifacts can continue in the future.	https://hoianmuseum.com/en/suu-tap-hien-vat-sat-trung-bay-tai-bao-tang-van-hoa-sa-huynh-hoi-an.html
Since Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1896, radiologists have had access to extremely powerful tools used to peer into a patient. Although x-rays are still used today, computers and other technological advancements have contributed to the development of extremely sophisticated medical imaging devices, such as CT, ultrasound, MR and PET scans. Dr. Richard Breiman, UCSF Professor of Radiology, explains how several medical imaging examinations work. He discusses how they are interpreted, as well as the beneficial clues they provide, which may help solve medical mysteries and contribute to patient management.	https://www.ucsd.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=27897
Ancient clay tablets, pottery, and metal have been discovered after Iraq's recent storms. The last few months in Iraq have witnessed exceptionally heavy and prolonged rains that have not just put an end to the drough… These days, lots of people feel that Christopher Columbus wasn't the first non-American to set foot in the New World. The Vikings, Chin… Recently, an artifact found in Mexico was confirmed to be an Ancient Egyptian Ushabti figurine. Shabab Abdel-Gawad, the leader of the Egyptian Antiquities Repatriation Department, shared his great news with Ahram Online. The statuette wa… Sudan, a state of Africa, has more pyramids than Egypt. Even more, though, has South America — more than anywhere else in the world. Scientists around the world are still perplexed as to why ancient man made this structures. Recently, though, Rus… Once called the “eighth wonder of the world,” the shimmering silica terraces on Lake Rotomahana drew thousands of awestruck tourists to New Zealand’s North Island during Victorian times. But in June 1886, nearby Mount Tarawera erupted, smothering the f… Ever since the days of Homer, Greeks have long idealized their Mycenaean “ancestors” in epic poems and classic tragedies that glorify the exploits of Odysseus, King Agamemnon, and other heroes who went in and out of favor with the Greek gods. Although … What if Humans are the aliens we’ve been looking for all along? According to experts, humans were most likely crossbred with another species, perhaps from the star system Alpha Centauri –which is one of the closest solar systems to Earth—in the distant… Much of what we know about ancient cultures today comes from the pictures and written documents left behind. In some cases, artifacts can leave clues as to who the people were that created ancient monuments that are now ruins, but in other instances, t… Last month astronomers from the Kepler spacecraft team announced the discovery of 1,284 new planets, al… Quetzalcoatl, Viracocha and Kukulkan are the ancient gods of Mesoamericans. There is a chance that these 3 are just one deity. According to descriptions of all 3 gods, they have features or characteristics of a citizen of South America. White … Sverd i fjell (English: Swords in Rock) is a commemorative monument located in the Hafrsfjord neighborhood of Madla, a borough of the city of Stavanger in Rogaland county, Norway. They commemorate the historic Battle of Hafrsfjord that took place there… Again, like in many cases in history, beginning from 1922, Tutankhamun is in the center of world’s attention. After all the research that has been made about him, besides all the physical evidence that exist, we still know very little about this 3,330 … The area of the Nile valley known as Nubia, which lies within present-day Sudan, was home to three Kushite kingdoms during antiquity. The first had its capital at Kerma (2600–1520 BC). The second was centered on Napata (1000–300 BC). The last kingdom w… An ancient Mayan megalopolis has been discovered beneath the jungles of northern Guatemala, after being hidden for centuries. The discovery is a major breakthrough in the study of Mayan archaeology. Researchers uncovered a vast urban civilization… Each year, archaeologists and researchers around the globe make unprecedented discoveries. In the last couple of years however, —thanks to technological improvements and new tools— experts have become extremely good at finding things that have remained… Students of the Middle Ages all know that the Holy Roman Empire was, in the words of Voltaire, ‘neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire’. But did this agglomeration of medieval power and influence also saddle us with a bogus calendar? Could an emperor –… Scientists believe a massive object that could change our understanding of history is hidden beneath the Antarctic ice. The huge and mysterious “anomaly” is thought to be lurking beneath New research suggests microbes named after the mythological beings of Norse mythology are the earliest ancestors of human life on Earth. While these microbes have not been specifically observed, evidence of their existence can be found in their D… Archaeologists in the City of David have just found evidence that a Biblical story is true. The dig, led by the Israel Antiquities Authority, has uncovered artifacts suggesting that the Babylonians burned the city to the ground 2,600 years ago. This… The lost continent of Mauritia likely spanned a great swathe of the Indian Ocean before it was torn apart by indomitable geologic forces and plunged into the sea. Now, a good chunk of it may have been found. In 2015, researchers visited the islan… The Piri Reis map is a world map compiled in 1513 from military intelligence by the Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis. Approximately one third of the map survives; it shows the western coasts of Europe and North Africa and the coast of B… A group of archaeologists led by Finnish Martti Pärssinen has made a shocking discovery a couple of years ago in Brazil, in the Amazon, yet many people have no idea that this discovery even happened.	https://corespirit.com/categories/75
A self-guided tour of four fun-filled areas. The Mystery House offers the challenge of a gravity room where the theories of Sir Isaac Newton are challenged. Stand at a 45-degree angle and perform several experiments. Once you start giggling, you can't stop! The Hall of Mystery includes over 40 mind-bending puzzles, hands-on experiments and illusions. Bubble-Rama is the perfect ending: put someone in a human sized bubble, play with the bubble wall or blow bubbles from fun-shaped wands.The Appalachian Heritage Museum gives you a look into the past of a prominent mountain family. This 1903 home belonged to the Doughertys who founded Appalachian State University. Finally, your tour ends at the Native American Artifacts Museum which boasts 50,000 relics. The Museum houses the most extensive collection of Native American artifacts put together over a lifetime by R.E. "Moon" Mullins and his wife Irene. Started on the riverbanks of Georgia, their collection combines artifacts from 23 different states. The museum showcases nearly six decades of work fun. See arrowheads, jewelry, spears, stone tools, pottery, arrows, primitive clubs, eating utensils and much more. Address:	https://www.lasr.net/travel/city.php?Mystery+Hill+-+Heritage+%26+Native+Artifact+Museums&TravelTo=NC0221007&VA=Y&Attraction_ID=NC0221007a031
The Museum of Cycladic Art is one of the great museums of Athens, housing a remarkable collection of artifacts from the Cycladic civilization that flourished during early antiquity. It all began in the 1960s when Nicholas and Dolly Goulandris began to collect ancient artifacts and Cycladic figurines. As time went on, the collection increased in size and traveled to famous museums all over the world. The Museum of Cycladic Art opened its doors to the public in January 1986. One of the Museum wings that hosts temporary exhibitions is the Stathatos Mansion (1 Irodotou & Vas. Sofias Ave), one of the best examples of neoclassical architecture in Athens, work of the Bavarian architect Ernest Ziller. The permanent collections housed by the Museum of Cycladic Art are: Cycladic Art The Cycladic civilization flourished on the islands of the central Aegean during the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC). The MCA maintains one of the largest and most complete collections of Cycladic Antiquities in the world. It consists of representative samples of marble figurines and vases, bronze weapons and tools and pottery of all phases of the Early Cycladic period. The collection Cycladic is set on the first floor of the building of the permanent collections and opened in 1986. It includes a large number of high-quality marble figurines and vases, some of the earliest bronze objects in the Aegean pottery everyday and ritual use, etc. most of which belong in the 3rd millennium BC. It also includes: - highly sculptured marble bottles, plates, cups, and zoomorphic vessels - marble standards - metal objects, such as bronze tools and weapons, leaden figurines and a small silver vessel, - symbolic objects such as frying vessels, which are decorated with incised motifs reminiscent of the sea, the stars and female fertility - the so-called “Treasure of Keros“ One of the most valuable objects is a female figurine of the Early Cycladic II period, with a height of 1.40 meters. It is the second largest in the world and known as “Vase Pigeon,“ also held prominently in the report, it is the biggest and most complete example that has been found up to date. Ancient Greek Art The birth of Greek art in the protohistoric Aegean, the development of Classical culture and its gradual dissemination all over the Mediterranean basin constitute one of the most influential phenomena in the history of western civilization. The MCA holds an enormous collection of Ancient Greek Art with representative artifacts from all periods between the Middle Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) to the very end of the Roman period (4th c. AD). You can find the collection on the 2nd and 4th floor of the Main Building under the titles “A History in Images” and “Scenes from Daily Life in Antiquity.” The permanent exhibition on the 4th floor of the Main Building tries to transform knowledge about daily life in antiquity (as provided by ancient texts and archaeological objects) into vivid images. Visitors can have a virtual tour of time and space. The tour starts from the world of the supernatural (gods) and the myth (heroes). Then, goes into the realm of Eros, follows the activities of everyday women and men in their private and public life, explores their religious behavior, and concludes with their attitudes against death and their beliefs about the afterlife and the Underworld. 142 objects – mostly dating to the Classical and Hellenistic periods (5th-1st c. BC) – are grouped in nine separate units treating the following thematic areas: - Gods and Heroes - On the wings of Eros - Toiletry and wedding - Female activities - Athletics - The Symposium - In the Athenian Agora - Warfare - Taking care of the deceased The exhibition is supported by ample graphics which are meant both to increase the overall aesthetic effect and to enhance public understanding of the various artifacts and their function. Each showcase has a frieze of drawings accompanied by explanatory texts which provide as much information as possible about the particular subject. To increase the educational character of the exhibition, two short movies, have been made, using advanced shooting and sound-recording techniques. The tour concludes with a hypothetic painted reconstruction of an ancient 5th c. BC town (demos) on the coast of Attica, where the hero was born, lived and died, according to the scenario of the films. Cypriot Art The Collection of Cypriot Antiquities, one of world’s most famous, was added to the permanent collections of the Museum of Cycladic Art in 2002 on a long-term loan and presented to the public for the first time in 2004. Completed in 2012 and based on a new museographical study, the display showcases 550 (previously 400) objects dating from the Chalcolithic to the Byzantine, Medieval, and Modern periods, grouped according to time and category. The new display uses modern museological approach (in design, color, lighting, and presentation of the exhibits on relevantly illustrated surfaces). It highlights the rich in style, decoration, and imaginative shapes Cypriot pottery (utilitarian, storage, and table wares) of the prehistoric and historic periods, which represent the collection’s core. The pottery is presented in ten cases, covering a wide spectrum from the mid-3rd Millennium BC to Late Antiquity. Separate cases corresponding to different thematic units complete the pottery display: religion, weaving, perfume making, funerary rites, writing, metalworking, coins, seal stones, and foreign relations. The external display also includes glass vases and jewelry presented by chronology and category. The development of the human form in figurines and sculpture from Chalcolithic to Roman times is shown in prominent cases in the center of the gallery. Visitors can understand specific types in the long development from the first Chalcolithic figurines and pendants of the fourth millennium BC, made of native Cypriot picrolite, to the acme of terracotta and sculptural art in limestone – and, rarely, marble – of the Iron Age. Texts, maps and a chronological chart gives information about the exhibits. There are also multimedia applications on touch screens with texts, figures, and drawings that contain further information on Cypriot Copper, the commodity that brought wealth and well-being to the island, the history of writing and coinage.	https://www.explore-greece.com/visit-the-fabulous-museum-of-cycladic-art-in-athens/
The Prime Choice Craft Show is a part of Minocqua's 54th Annual Beef-A-Rama™ celebration which brings over 10,000 people into town for the day-long celebration. Close to 75 exhibitors setup rain or shine and sell a wide variety of unique handcrafted items. The artisans and craftsmen featured at the show are selected for their handmade craftsmanship and artistic talents. You will see original artwork, pottery, jewelry, tapestries, clothing, photography, wood creations and more. Live music and food concessions on the upper level of Torpy Park and throughout downtown Minocqua make this the place to be on the last weekend of September.	https://www.kshanjewels.com/upcoming-events/minocquas-beef-a-rama
# Ngodo Ngodo(Ngodo Ancient kingdom) is an Igbo community in Uturu, Isuikwuato Local Government Area, Abia State in Nigeria which houses a stone age site that provides evidence that humans inhabited the region as far back as 250,000 years ago. It was the largest handaxe factory in Nigeria, and possibly in the world. The site at NGODO-Uturu, which lies on a dolerite ridge, was excavated between 1977 and 1981. Archaeologists were led to the site by local people who were aware of the unusual artifacts to be found. The northern end of the site held a huge accumulation of stone-age artifacts up to 6 meters in depth. There was no pottery and no polished stone tools, but there were triangular preforms for bifacial tools as well as many flakes and some cores. Handaxes, mostly broken, accounted for four out of five of the tools, and there were also cleavers, picks and sidescrapers. Based on this mix, the site has been classified as Acheulean. It is possible that these tools were rough or unsuccessful attempts, and the successful tools were carried elsewhere to be refined further. There are three layers of occupation. The oldest and lowest holds quartz flakes, small stone tools and points. Above that is a layer with hoe-like tools, polished stone axes, red ochre, bored stone and red pottery. The top level, with dates between 2935 BC and 15 AD, held grey pottery wares. ## History The site at NGODO-Uturu, which lies on a dolerite ridge, was excavated between 1977 and 1981. Archaeologists were led to the site by local people who were aware of the unusual artifacts to be found. The northern end of the site held a huge accumulation of stone-age artifacts up to 6 meters in depth. There was no pottery and no polished stone tools, but there were triangular preforms for bifacial tools as well as many flakes and some cores. Handaxes, mostly broken, accounted for four out of five of the tools, and there were also cleavers, picks and sidescrapers. Based on this mix, the site has been classified as Acheulean. It is possible that these tools were rough or unsuccessful attempts, and the successful tools were carried elsewhere to be refined further. There are three layers of occupation. The oldest and lowest holds quartz flakes, small stone tools and points. Above that is a layer with hoe-like tools, polished stone axes, red ochre, bored stone and red pottery. The top level, with dates between 2935 BC and 15 AD, held grey pottery wares.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngodo
If you were dropped into Paestum and not told the location, you’d think you were in Greece. But you are in Salerno, Italy, where the remains of three Greek temples, with beautifully carved columns, stand among ancient ruins cradled between coastal mountains and the Mediterranean. It’s ironic that three of the best-preserved Greek temples are in Italy. The majestic temples are the centerpiece of an archaeological park that features 2,500-year-old ruins of a Greek colony, originally named Poseidonia, after the Greek god of the sea. The Greeks began settling in Italy’s southern coast and in Sicily about 700 B.C. Paestum is the most stunning remnant of this ancient Greek migration. The Lucanians, an Italic tribe, conquered the city in the fourth century B.C. and renamed it Paistos. The Romans took control in the third century B.C. and changed the name to Paestum. The first temple of Hera, the oldest, was built in 550 B.C. Hera’s second temple, the most sophisticated in design, was built in 450 B.C. The Athena temple dates back to 500 B.C. The site also has a national museum, an amphitheater, remains of a Roman forum, ancient roads and walls still intact. The temples are striking, whether viewed from a distance or in the interior, where you can see the fine craftsmanship of the columns. Scholars have noted that the museum has relatively few artifacts from Paestum. Many of the pottery, jewelry and muraled slabs were excavated from Greek tombs in a nearby necropolis. The most prominent frescoes on display are Tomb of the Diver, circa 470 B.C. The most famous mural shows the silhouette of a man — a disembodied spirit — diving into an otherworldly pool of water. Paestum was abandoned in the early Middle Ages and largely forgotten until the mid-18th century, when archaeologists rediscovered it at about the same time they began excavating Pompeii. They marveled at how such massive, well-preserved temples could be overlooked for so long. Upon seeing them, you will wonder the same thing. [email protected] Twitter: @wylandstripes DIRECTIONS Address: Via Magna Graecia, 917, Paestum, Italy 84047. Ample parking is available at a nearby paid lot for a reasonable fee. TIMES 8:30 a.m. – 7:30 p.m.	https://www.stripes.com/ruins-of-paestum-famous-for-3-well-preserved-ancient-greek-temples-1.535233
Inspired by the rhythmic and fluid motions of Sophie Tauber's “Lignes” drawings, Artifacts' Arabesque earrings evoke a sense of movement and femininity. Made with recycled Brass, Sterling Silver posts, and freshwater pearls. Measures .75”wide x 1.75” long; handmade in NYC Artifacts is an independent jewelry line based in New York City by Mexican-American designer Casey Perez. Consciously designed and locally made, her line of modern, sculptural pieces aims to bring imaginative, artful design and sustainable craftsmanship together. Modern yet playful, Artifacts is a celebration of form that aims to bring inspiration and delight to the everyday. Believing in the value of good craftsmanship and creating a connection to the material, Casey designs and makes every piece in her Brooklyn studio.	https://www.hyperboleny.com/collections/jewelry-1/products/arabesque-earrings-artifacts
They made tools such as axe's, arrow points, knives, and iron shovels. Pottery has been found identical in shape and pattern to pieces from Tanzania. Clearly, this did not happen. While the remarkable black civilization in Egypt remains alluring, there was sophistication and impressive inventions throughout ancient sub-Saharan Africa as well. Despite the importance of Great Zimbabwe, much of it is unexcavated. The land he conquered would become the. The birds are widely believed to be fish eagles that are very common in Zimbabwe. A hotel industry has developed in the vicinity of Great Zimbabwe, but people prefer to camp or rent a lodge. This place was strategic for the Shona to control trade routes from north to south and from west to east, giving the king considerable power. Image source: There has been much speculation as to what led to the decline of the inhabitants of the Great Zimbabwe, mostly adducing to a decline in available resources. Because of its stonework and further evidence of an advanced , the site was variously, and erroneously, attributed to ancient civilizations such as the Phoenician, Greek, or Egyptian. The large slabs were easy to remove, transport, and construct, creating an expansive set of walls around the complex. A number of artifacts obtained through long-distance trade have been found at Great Zimbabwe. These stone carved birds—the so-called Shiri ya Mwari, or bird of God—have become the modern symbol of the nation of Zimbabwe and appear on their flag. But from the 1910s, archaeological excavations showed that it was indeed the Shona who built it from scratch. For this section i give it a grade of a B. There are some physical indications that the Zimbabwe Birds were placed at the Eastern Enclosure of the Hill Complex. Mugabe's concept of land reform was very different. The wealth and economy of the empire depended on agriculture, mining and long distance trade with the Far East. Image source: Some evidence of the peoples that inhabited the Great Zimbabwe comes from the artifacts that have been discovered in the area, including soapstone figurines, pottery, iron gongs, elaborately worked ivory, iron and copper wire, iron hoes, bronze spearheads, copper ingots and crucibles, and gold beads, bracelets, pendants and sheaths. In the 1960s and 1970s, some excavators intentionally began to collect fragments of animal bones to try to get some clues about Great Zimbabwe. But you think that they would pray to the Mwari during difficult times in order to help cope a little. Currents in the Atlantic Ocean flow from this part of West Africa to South America. I am at least 16 years of age. It sits on a steep-sided hill that rises 262 feet 80 metres above the ground, and its ruins extend some 328 feet 100 metres by 148 feet 45 metres. This ancient Nubian empire reached its peak in the second millennium B. The hope now is to reduce the speed of decay, and bring to light artefacts to add to the collection in the site museum, which is due for renovation, updating previous interpretations. During the struggle for freedom from colonial rule, nationalists saw Great Zimbabwe as a symbolic pillar of resistance. Great Zimbabwe was also well positioned to control trade routes to the Indian Ocean coast for the export of gold and other resources of the southern plateau. Archeologists estimate that up to 20,000 people lived in and around the capital city. In addition, African cultures preformed surgeries under antiseptic conditions universally when this concept was only emerging in Europe. The hill complex was a fort. It starts out at probably about eight feet wide, but it continually shrinks and narrows, so that by the time you finally see the tower in front of you—the speculation is that this would have been the center of the religious political life of the nation—the passageway is barely as wide as your shoulders. Half way up the footpath which winds up the hill, there's a hut ex- posed with entrance and shelf where pots were displayed. They were divided by classes from poor to rich like most empires. Iron was used to produce strong weapons and tools that made the empire strong. Central Africa traded with the Arabs on the coast of the Indian Ocean, but for thousands of years the area remained insulated from the best and the worst of European civilization. According to contemporary sources, Musa dished out so much gold during the visit that he caused its value to plummet in Egyptian markets for several years. However, there are several smaller structures scattered throughout Zimbabwe and Southern Africa with similar ceramic and architectural evidence indicating indigenous African origins. Africa was now as vulnerable as Australia and the Americas had been for centuries. Within the Great Enclosure, the famous solid conical tower is thought to be a symbolic grain bin, but there are still no explanations for the mini-tower in its shadow. The Kingdom of Aksum Coins from Aksum. The kingdom was composed of over 150 tributaries headquartered in their own minor zimbabwes. There, massive stone complexes were the hubs of cities. The overall grade of the Great Zimbabwe empire was a B because it was organized, and peaceful. Why was such an impressive and durable structure ultimately abandoned? Great Zimbabwe was well situated to take advantage of both the high-country pasturage and the low-country pasturage, or in southern African terminology, the high-veld and low-veld. Why is this happening, and how long will it continue? Outside of Great Zimbabwe main enclosure Early Beginnings The hilltop settlements known as the Toutswe Tradition the name comes from the largest excavated site in eastern Botswana illustrate the importance of increasing numbers of cattle. The Kushites worshipped some of the Egyptian gods, mummified their dead and built their own types of pyramids. In the 13th century, the empire of Mali boasted impressive cities, including Timbuktu, with grand palaces, mosques and universities. Many of these are foundations on which we still rely, and some were so advanced that their mode of discovery still cannot be understood. Many of their discoveries were so advanced that some modern scholars credit their discoveries instead to space aliens or unknown European travelers, even though the Dogon culture is steeped in ceremonial tradition centered on several space events. Thousands of miles of waterways across Africa were trade routes. Great Zimbabwe became a and was designated a in 1986. The whites and the blacks fought for more than ten years, and thousands of people were killed, often in horrible circumstances.	http://openchatbot.community/ancient-zimbabwe-empire.html
A melodic phrase finishing that set up expectations for extension is known as a(n) incomplete cadence. A collection of solitary tones that add up to a recognizable whole is called a melody. The emotional focal suggest of a melody is referred to as the climax. The repeat of a melodic pattern at a greater or lower pitch is dubbed a sequence. A resting location at the end of a expression is referred to as a cadence. A shorter component of a melody is referred to as a phrase. Legato refers to playing or to sing a melody in a smooth, connected style. A melody the serves as the beginning point for a more extended piece of music is called a theme. A melody is said to move by actions if it move by adjacent scale tones. A short, detached format of play a melody is recognized as staccato. A mix of 3 or an ext tones sounded at the same time is called a chord. Harmony refers to the means chords space constructed and how castle follow every other. The triad built on the 5th step of the range is dubbed the dominant chord. Resolution describes a dissonant chord moving to a consonant chord. What walk Harmony add? it add to support, depth, and also richness to a melody. When the separation, personal, instance tones the a chord room sounded one after another instead the simultaneously, that is called a damaged chord or arpeggio. A combination of tones the is taken into consideration unstable and also tense is called a dissonance. Traditionally, a composition would nearly always end on a tonic chord. A series of chords is dubbed a progression. A combination of tones that is thought about stable and also restful is referred to as a consonance.	https://dearteassociazione.org/the-resting-place-at-the-end-of-a-phrase-is-called/
Chord voicing is the arrangement of all the notes inside a chord among the orchestra. Two very related concepts play a huge role in its process: How a chord’s notes are distributed among the orchestra and how the chord gets build up in itself. Spacing the chords is a key element and a basic principle for a clear orchestration. Some Basics first I’m not going into the depth of music theory, and it isn’t necessary either to be an expert to understand this topic. As long as you know that chords exist, and maybe you have heard the term “chord progression,” we can jump in; it’s not that complicated. Spacing chords and chord arrangement Unwanted Root One of the most common mistakes beginners make, or reasons why a track doesn’t sound good, is that the chords are put in in it’s root position one after an other. This is often the case, when composers use predifined chord-packs or don’t understand the principle of chord progressions. Root position:Every chord consists of more than one note. The root note is the lowest note on wich the chord gets build up. Depending on the type of chord the spaces till the next note above are always the same. Take a look at the example below!×DISMISS ALERT Major Chord (D Major) Minor Chord (A minor) Lets hear this famous chord progression, but only in root notes: Spacing! Now let’s see how we can change this up so that it becomes way more natural and pleased for our ears. Tipp Number one: Spacing This means that we no longer crumble our chords together, but we give them a lot more range. The simplest way of doing this is to put the chords in the so-called open position. We do this simply by octavating the third and leaving the rest as it is. Ist better to leave the resulting space between the root and the fifth empty, so that the chords sounds clearer. Rule of thumb:Bassline always plays the root notes! Adding intervals in the lower spectrum makes it a total mess right at the beginning. So we copy only the root notes an octave lower.×DISMISS ALERT Now lets take a look on how it sounds now: Inversions – the real magic Now the chords themselves sound way better than before. But the transition between them is a complete catastrophe. This is where inversions get into the game. Don’t be afraid; it is way simpler than it sounds. In fact, we already made some of them. Inversion: An Inversion is a different order of the notes within a chord on the musical range. By octavating the existing notes, the root is no longer the lowest note. But why sould we do this? To get a natural transition and a pleasent sounding chord progression there is one rule we follow: Take the shortest way possibleThis means, that we arrange the notes of the chord so, that we make as small intervalls between two chords as possible. Whenever we can, we try to keep them on the same level and octavate single notes to have the smalles interval possible.×DISMISS ALERT This can be a bit of a time-consuming process, it does not only make the sound really nice, but it also gives the theme a really distinctive ambiance. Take your time for this step, as it is the foundation of your track. First, let’s look at the final result of this step to understand better our goal: Clear, simple harmony lines that follow a straight pattern without making any huge jumps. Let’s ignore the melody for a moment because it is really distinctive for this track. Our goal is to have clear and pleasant sounding transitions from one chord to the other. Let’s listen to it without any melody first. General rule: Which notes should i double?Root note: Most of all – you can throw it in nearly everywhere Fifth: Second most – use it to make harmonies in the mids, but avoid them in the bassline – use root notes only there. Tird: Double the least – Experiment with it in the melody and countermelody layer, it depends on the ambient you wnat to create. The more thirds the more scratchy it gets. 7th’ or additional notes: Leave them to melody or countermelody only.×DISMISS ALERT With the melody muted we can focus on the chord transition. Do you notice how natural it feels? It’s like the notes are falling right in the place where they should. Of course, you could spend way more time with this step, as every little change in the chords gives it a different tone. But for now, I like how it is. In the picture below you can see all the changes I made from the chord progression before the inversion to the state of work where it is now. Tipp:Try to reduce the chord to four voices plus one voice for the melody. This gives you two huge advances: First of all, you already have the voices ready for the orchestra and the score doesn’t tend to sound muddy as quickly. This also means that you have way more options with countermelodies, articulations and other instrument sections, as the chord allows single elements to go through.×DISMISS ALERT Distributing it among the orchestra Till now, we used a simple piano sketch for the chord arrangement. It’s quite fitting due to the original arrangement, but we want to focus now on the later, more epic full orchestra sound of the score. Therefore, we rearranged it for a full string section consisting of 1st violin, 2nd violin, viola, cello, and bass. The 1st violin is reserved for the melody and gets added therefore later. We already made really good work on the piano sketch, so we have a clear picture in front of us considering the harmonics. Before we dive right in, I want to explain another basic principle to you: Voicing the low register Previously we spaced the chords to give them more range. We keep this up, but we need to avoid complex intervals at all costs, especially in the lower and lower-mid sections. This means that the basses play the root note of each chord, regardless of the chord progression flow. In the lower mid, we implement only root notes and the fifth. Try to avoid thirds as far as possible. The higher we get with our instruments, the complex we can make the arrangement. But it’s crucial to leave the basses and mids as clean as possible. General rule: Which notes should I double? Root note: Most of all – you can throw it in nearly everywhere Fifth: Second most – use it to make harmonies in the mids, but avoid them in the bassline – use root notes only there. Third: Double the least – Experiment with it in the melody and countermelody layer; it depends on the ambient you want to create. The more thirds, the more scratchy it gets. 7th’ or additional notes: Leave them to melody or countermelody only. Remember these two general rules: Rule No. 1Only Root notes in the low register and spacious open voicing – closer intervalls as you get into the higher range×DISMISS ALERT Rule No. 2Throw in the root note as you like it, it gives your score a strong core – Fifth add really well to the harmony, try to keep the number of thirds low and take a good look on additional tones.×DISMISS ALERT Individual movement Now the strings are forming one unit and they are building up the chord. But these aren’t just five voices, these are five diffrent instruments and so we should handle them for what they are. This means that we can add new rhythmic patterns, countermelodies, articulations, and all the good stuff that brings life into our section. This makes a huge difference and it is the main reason why a section sounds flat and boring or why it sounds amazing and joyful. When adding these elements we need to focus on maintaining the structure. There shouldn’t be five completely diffrent motions in the section, and every voice needs to give room to the voice adding the element. In our case, I implemented some of the core melodies from the original score. The viola is playing a nice build-up and stays in the focus whenever it occurs. At this point, the violins stay in the background and come forward, as they play the counterpart. The melody is really simple in this case – it’s the general idea of the track to have long sustained melody chords. Therefore we add all the interesting elements in the harmony, otherwise, we would need to stay on alert not to clash with the melody. Final Result As you see, five patches are enough to have a full and rich sound. Try to avoid any larger chord build-ups. You can give them more richness by adding other instruments. Therefore I added a small brass section consisting of a trombone playing along with the viola and a french horn and trumpet to play the answer to the trombone. It’s time to give a listen to the entire track.	https://ivymusic.school/chord-voicing-explained-by-the-example-of-inception/
Humans have devised a practically endless amount of methods for playing and creating music. Our voices alone are capable of producing all sorts of sounds, but we’ve also developed a plethora of physical instruments, as well as the ability to manipulate digital sound waves in order to generate pretty much any texture or tone we could imagine. But no matter how we choose to structure our instrumentation, and no matter what style(s) of music we’re working with, there are certain frequencies and layers that have to be accounted for, if we really want our compositions to sound full and balanced. There are three main components to music: rhythm, harmony and melody. With the exception of ambient and noise music, these components are the most fundamental properties of a song’s composition. The rhythm mainly consists of drums and percussion, which regulate the tempo and drive the pulse of a song. Whatever the other instruments in the mix might be doing, and regardless of transitions in mood and atmosphere they might undergo, the rhythm section provides a consistency that makes a song easy to follow – and fun to dance to! The melody is a sequence of notes that express a musical phrase, or motif, that might play during a verse, a chorus, or just coming and going throughout a track’s progression. It’s often the most memorable part of a song, the one that sticks like superglue to the mind, like the tune of “Here Comes the Bride,” or Pharrell Williams’ vocal part in the chorus of “Happy,” or Paul McCartney’s in “Hey Jude.” The harmony is the combination of notes or chords that are played together to form a more lush and detailed whole. You can hear harmony when two singers sing different notes while singing together, or between the guitar, bass and piano of a band playing a song, or in any other situation where chords and notes meet other chords and notes. Usually harmonies are designed to be pleasant to the ear, but sometimes they can be used to create tension and even fear, when they’re dissonant. So why mention all of these things, if this is an article about bass? Well, because the bass is unique in comparison to most other instruments, because it can create rhythm, melody and harmony all in one! Think of the bassline in Michael Jackson’s “Billie Jean,” the main riff of “Give it Away” by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, or pretty much any drumnbass or dubstep song, and you can see just how important bass can be. Bass deals with low, deep frequencies, which resonate as they emerge from sound systems and create physical vibrations that surge through furniture, the ground and even our bodies. And that’s exactly why humans have such an impassioned visceral response to these tones: it’s a sound we can not only hear, but literally feel, as it reaches out from the wall of sound and stimulates us. Just as we physically feel percussion and obey when it commands us to dance, bass has the power to make us move, while also supporting the main melodies and harmonies of a song. Bass is unique because it forms a bridge between rhythm and melody, accentuating both while tying the riffs and patterns of the other instruments together into a single, cohesive whole. Think about how empty one of your favorite songs would feel if there was no bass – a majority of its exciting appeal would be gone! There have been several scientific studies done that investigated this phenomenon even deeper, like a recent one from McMaster Institute for Music the Mind in Canada, led by Dr. Laurel Trainor. The conclusion of her research indicates that humans can pick up on lower frequencies more quickly than higher ones; we respond to them because they’re easier for us to detect and follow. Aside from this finding, however, it’s clear that bass is an extremely important element of music for us, because not only is it easy for us to follow, it’s a frequency we can feel, something that sinks into our bodies and makes us move – as anyone who’s ever been to a concert, club or music festival can attest! So if you make beats and you haven’t gotten around to working in some basslines, now you can see that it’s time to get crackin’!	https://soundista.com/the-importance-of-bass-in-music/
Here are a few short free tutorials covering various aspects of playing jazz. Click on each of the topics shown in red and a pdf file will appear. To zoom in, hold down ctrl and tap + and to zoom out again, ctrl and tap - . To turn the page click on the forward and backward arrows on your keyboard. To print them, go to File and then Print and select either "all" or "current page". If you have an old printer, remember to set the print quality to high. Use the back arrow at top left to return to tutorials page in Internet Explorer. BASICS - key signature, time signature, chord-building (triads), inversions, intervals. CYCLE OF FIFTHS - key signatures of major and minor keys, cycle of fifths. SWING FEEL - triplet feel, notation, smoothness, accents. STRAIGHT 8's FEEL - as applied to ballads, latin and rock. MOTIFS - motifs, ways to develop a motif. 6 9 CHORDS - major and minor 69 chords, major and minor pentatonic scales, chords built from pentatonic scales, blues scale. PEDALS - concept of consonance and dissonance, pedals in the bass, pedals on top of harmony. MAJOR AND MAJOR MINOR SEVENTHS - a few things about these chords. DOMINANT SEVENTHS - how to construct, the names of notes, inversions of dominant sevenths, resolution of the notes, purpose in modulation, general use. ALTERED CHORDS - 5ths and 9ths altered in dominant sevenths, altered major chords, altered notes in half-diminished chords. AUGMENTED TRIADS - construction of augmented triads, uses, whole-tone scale. THE DIMINISHED - diminished chord, diminished scales, substitution. THE HALF-DIMINISHED - half-diminished chord, scales to use over it, substitution. VOICINGS - different registers, relative strength of different intervals, quartal harmony, things to avoid, close-position harmony, open-position harmony. TRANSPOSING - general tips, spotting II V I and I VI II V progressions, checking for ascending and descending chord progressions, intervals, ear-training, Eb transpositions. BALLADS - how to practice play ballads...and other tunes HARMONISING MELODIC LINES IN THE CONVENTIONAL WAY - for combos and bigger bands HARMONISING A MELODIC LINE - more advanced diatonic approach, using triads and their inversions, chromatic approach, using major, minor and augmented triads, Shearing sound, diminished chords, open voicings, fixed interval chord progressions. MINOR SEVENTHS - a few things about minor sevenths. HIDDEN SCALES - finding scales which apply to unrecognisable chord symbols. CHORDS FROM SCALES - building chords from scales and using them in improvising. CHORD PROGRESSIONS - common chord progressions, substitute chords, writing new progressions. BASS LINES - how to construct bass lines for various changes, chordal notes, scales, broken-up feel. SCALE-CHORD RELATIONSHIPS - the main scales used in jazz, scales to fit chords, general points about improvising. PRACTICE - how long and when, perfectionism or not, creativity, routine, technical exercises. RHYTHMIC PATTERNS - some different rhythms to liven up your practice sessions. GIGS - problems on gigs and other difficult situations. A DRUMMER'S GUIDE TO BIG BAND MUSIC - how arrangers write music for drums and what is expected of the drummer. HINTS ON COMPOSITION - on style, melody, harmony, rhythm and form. See also the Projects page. HINTS ON ARRANGING - on style, harmony, melody, instrumentation and other points. See also the Projects page. MORE ON ARRANGING further aspects of arranging THE RHYTHM METHOD - new ideas for rhythmic patterns. FILLER-NOTES - notes used to fill in a line. MELODY - melodic elements in tunes and in jazz phrasing. THE BLUES SCALE - need I say more? OPEN-HEART BRAIN SURGERY ONLY JOKING! - what you will eventually need if you persist in playing jazz. FOREIGN NOTES - notes which can be used which do not form part of the scale. COMPOSITE SCALES - hybrid scales which are a combination of 2 normal scales. MODES AND A FEW COMMON SCALES THE MOST ESSENTIAL THING NEEDED TO WRITE MUSIC - as recommended by all the greats. THE HARMONIC MAJOR SCALE - the scale and chords which fit it. SOME SHORT SCALES - some 4 to 6 note scales NINTHS - adding ninths to chords 251s - what scales to use to get round them MIDDLE EASTERN SCALE - the major and minor Middle-Eastern scales and the chords within them HARMONIC MINOR (b2) SCALE - the harmonic minor scale with a flattened second note. CYNICISM - a realistic viewpoint MANUSCRIPT PAPER - some blank manuscript paper for some exercises COLLA VOCE - a guide to colla voce playing PROFESSIONALISM - behaving in a professional way in music 5ths, 4ths, ELEVENTHS AND THIRTEENTHS - more on altered notes and extensions AUGMENTED MINOR MAJOR SEVENTH - the chord and which scales apply to it SUPERIMPOSITIONS - chords written as superimpositions PLAYING BY NUMBERS - free playing within set limits. To hear how this might sound, click here. This is the example given on page 3 to which I've added a bass. FORM - how music is put together. THE ORIGIN OF PIECES - the evolution of a piece. MNEMONICS - ways to find chords and scales for pianists SCALES FROM TRIADS - scales built from triads CHORD SYMBOLS FOR BEGINNERS (PIANO) - chords and chord symbols for beginners or piano players new to jazz HARMONY FOR BASS CLEF INSTRUMENTS - harmony tutorial using just the bass clef CHALLENGING ASSUMPTIONS - challenging conventional ways of doing things in jazz FROM DIATONIC TO CHROMATIC - adding chromatic notes to a line USE OF COMMON MINOR SCALES - where you can apply minor scales PUTTING ON YOUR OWN GIG - what to bear in mind in putting on a concert of your own music EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF CHORDS - how to conjure up an emotion using different chords PLANNING AN ARRANGEMENT - how to plan a big band arrangement BIG BAND WRITING - some hints on how to write ensemble passages BACKINGS backings in big band music MEMORISING MUSIC how to memorise music IMPORTANT NOTE: All of this theory might be useful to you (I certainly hope it is), but listening to the jazz greats is the most useful thing of all you can do. So have a listen to the jukebox before you leave, and make a point of listening to live jazz whenever you get the opportunity. MINIPIANOS - here's you chance to try out some of these things. There are 3 models: the Stonedway, which contains a number of chords all based on C, and takes a short time to load; the Boozeyduffer, which has 6 basic chord-types in all keys and takes a little longer to load; the Miniminipiano, which has some bigger chords in all keys and takes even longer to load; So make your choice now by clicking on one of the names. The "Instruction Manuals" are given below. ...the minipianos won't work. But there is an easy solution. Download the extension, IEView (Click on Tools/Extensions/More extensions/IEView.) Exit and re-enter Firefox. Go to the minipiano you want, right-click and choose IEView. The page will then load in Internet Explorer. To get back to Firefox, click on the icon at the bottom of the screen. The notes will sound whenever you pass the mouse over them, whereas the chords need to be clicked to be heard. This makes it easier to avoid playing wrong chords. If only life was always that simple! To get a legato feel, move the mouse a short distance away from the keyboard (under or over) and then go to the next note. Moving directly to other notes results in a more stacatto sound. Lesson over. When they're not looking insert a CD of Art Tatum / Oscar Peterson / Bill Evans / Chick Corea, etc. into your computer. While it is being played look very intense and move the mouse frantically over the keyboard and chords. The CD must drown out any other sounds. (Try not to pick a CD with bass and drums on it, as this might take some explaining.) The important thing is to look VERY VERY intense, like jazz players look in the movies. With any luck you might get a pay-rise or an extra bottle of milk, and your kids might even call you "wicked", even if it's just to wind you up. In case you didn't notice them on other pages: Scored Changes Explained.- you can use the last page to determine which scale could be used over a chord or to write your own scored changes charts. A Singer's Guide to Jazz Theory Exercises If you find these articles useful or otherwise, let me know. You can put them into practice by downloading some of the tunes on the other pages.	http://scoredchanges.com/tutorials.htm
Guido Heistek holds a B.F.A. in Music from the University of Concordia and is a CANSTAT certified teacher of the Alexander Technique. He makes his home in Vancouver, Canada where he maintains an active teaching practice. Guido taught at the first Vancouver Ukulele Festival and teaches weekly group sessions through Ruby’s Ukes in Vancouver, as well as privately through his own studio. He also performs and records under the name Nicky Needle. Guido is a multi-instrumentalist but ukulele holds a special place in his heart. 1. You also teach guitar. Does your ukulele teaching style reflect a guitar approach or is it uniquely ukulele (or can you separate the two)? I am mainly a guitar player. I got a uke about 7 years ago when my wife gave me one for Christmas. I have learned quite a bit of traditional ukulele material because my students have wanted to learn it. I also come up with ukulele arrangements for pop tunes, old time songs, or whatever tunes the students request. There are some unique things about the ukulele that put it in a class of its own apart from the guitar. I think the small range of about two octaves make it perfect for teaching music. If you use C tuning you have a C scale up the C string and in open position. People can get their fingers/ears around these notes really fast and start mucking around. I love that these are also the white notes on the piano which most people have played around with already. Also, I love the clawhammer potential as well as the great melodic ideas that are made possible by having a high-G string, if you tune your uke that way. 2. How does one go about learning how to accompany their singing with the ukulele? I think the most important thing when approaching singing and playing at the same time is to develop your ability to hear in your head what’s going on with the melody and chords of a song. This will help you to feel where the chords change rather than trying to calculate where the different events occur in the song. It is much easier to play this way. I get students to listen to the song again and again and lift their finger when they hear the chords change. Many students believe they won’t be able to hear the chords change but are surprised when they can!Now that they know when and how the chords change, they have to get a sense by sound of which chords fit at which part of the song. I often have the students learn just the root notes of the chords and have them sing/play those along with the song and from memory. I also get students to play the root notes on their uke while they sing the melody. If they don’t know the words yet they can just hum. Strumming patterns can cause a lot of trouble to people who are trying to sing and play at the same time. So, when it comes to adding the singing I will often get the student to not use any strumming pattern per-se. I get them to play the chords only once each as they sing the song, or maybe one down strum per beat. When we do add strumming I insist that the student be able to sing or clap the rhythm that they are trying to make with the strum. I find many students get so concentrated on the technical aspects of the strum i.e. Down-Down- Up-Up-Down-Up, that they literally have no brain power left to hear what they are doing or to pay attention to how the song is playing in they’re head. When I look around at fellow musicians I don’t see anybody who learned how to strum by thinking of a “pattern”. They just heard a sound or rhythm and recreated it using a fluid rhythmic motion in the right hand. Why should it be any different with a student? So basically my approach to the very complex task of accompanying one’s own singing is to break down the process into bite sized bits. That way I can ensure that the student really KNOWS the song and can play it from a strong internal musical reference. This makes it much easier because there is so much less to think about. You just have to follow the music in your head. 3. What’s your approach to arranging a chord melody solo. I think the most important thing is to know the melody. If you know the melody really well you won’t get disoriented in the middle of the song even if you misplay a few things. Once you know the melody you can explore how the chords and the melody can be played simultaneously. It’s possible to integrate the chords and melody in many different ways. You can have chords once in a while to outline the harmony of the song as the melody continues or you can meticulously harmonize every note. I personally feel that the latter style can be a little too busy and I prefer to hear a little of the melody on its own. The limited range of the uke especially with high-G tuning can create some real challenges for chord melody. When you harmonize the melody you generally want the melody note to be the highest note. In certain keys on the uke this is not possible. You could play the song in a different key, further up the neck but sometimes this makes it much tougher to play. In I’ll See You In My Dreams for example. The opening melody notes are: open C (I sometimes drop this note), to D on the second fret. The chord is a Bb. I use the Bb note on the G string to suggest a Bb chord and it works pretty well even though it’s higher than the C and D. I taught this arrangement to the advanced group at the Vancouver Ukulele Festival. One last point. It’s not necessary to use all the chord notes when making a chord melody. Sometimes just one of the chord notes is enough to suggest the harmony. Often this kind of “sketching” approach sounds cooler then denser arrangements. Jim – You know how to ask the good questions! Thanks Guido. The only think that could've made this post better is to let us have a link to the chord melody for I'LL SEE YOU IN MY DREAMS.	http://www.playukulelebyear.com/3-questions-interview/3-questions-with-guido-heistek/
5 Basic Aspects of Music Music is the craft of arranging sounds in specific time to create a tune through the elements of harmony, melody, rhythm, and timing. It’s one of those universal artistic aspects of all human cultures. We all understand that music has the power to evoke emotion, to communicate deep feelings, and to create a mood. And music does that much more in each genre than other forms of art. For instance, Western music has its own particular tone and cadence, and this creates the familiar rhythmic feel that so many people know and love. Classical music is characterized by the sustained tonality of certain scales and the use of very specific expressive techniques to create a sense of melody. These expressive techniques can include extended notes, octaves, or the use of minor and dominant sevenths to bring forth an emotional response. It is also characterized by the prevalence of repeated tonality, which is a repetitive signature that expresses a single thought. The third basic aspect of music is its tone color. The range of tones in a piece of music is referred to as tonality. It can be bright, warm, dark, or even delicate. Bright timbre is most commonly associated with music performed on the strings of a violin, while mellow timbre is more common in classical compositions. The fourth aspect of music is its tonal balance. This aspect defines how well two or more instruments are combined in a composition. If an arrangement has a great sense of balance, the melody will also follow suit. An uneven tonal balance is where one or more notes are louder in the background than in the melody, or where a middle note is played louder than any of the high notes. Lastly, the fifth aspect of music is its key signature. This refers to the relationship of a melody and a main dominant or secondary tonality. For instance, if a piano piece is composed of three chords, the melody must match the key signature of C major. Other instruments such as a guitar or a violin can have their own key signatures. In addition, musical instruments must also have certain characteristics that allow them to change source and/or tempo. For instance, a piano can be played in full swing (medium speed) or in half swing (light speed). A guitar could be strummed or plucked. Percussion instruments like drums have percussion marks that signify where they hit the surface of a surface and at what pitch. This is called timbre.	https://www.bonjoviofficialmerch.com/index.php/2021/08/15/5-basic-aspects-of-music/
Introduction to harmony In this guide... Key terms: Subscription required! To view the complete study guide, you will need a valid subscription. Why not subscribe now? Already have a subscription? Make sure you login first! Introduction In this section we learn about writing music with several parts at the same time, and introduce the concept of harmony. This will draw on what you have learnt about intervals. What is harmony? The term harmony simply refers mainly to notes which sound together, at the same time. By contrast, melody refers to notes which sound alone (one after another), for example a tune. If you think of music written down in which several notes sound at once, then harmony is the "vertical" part, while melody is the "horizontal" part, with one note after another. Harmony can also be thought of "horizontally", such as within a melody. In this case you can think of the cumulative effect of the notes which follow each other - the first note continues as a memory in the listener's ear, almost as if it was sounding at the same time as the note which follows. The arpeggio Think of the scales and arpeggios you play on your instrument. The arpeggio is formed of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th notes of the scale, and perhaps repeated over one or more octaves. These notes are played one after the other, but as we will see, are fundamental to harmony. The example below shows how arpeggios are created from the 1st, 3rd and 5th degrees of the scale: Triads The main building block of harmony that we will refer to is the triad. A triad is made up of three different notes (think of "trio" or "trinity"). The first, main note is called the root. The triad is built upon the root with the note a third above the root, and another note a fifth above the root. These other notes are called the third and the fifth of the triad. So far, nice and simple! As you have no doubt realised, we have just described the creation of an arpeggio: but this time, the notes sound together and not consecutively: This triad that we have created from the scale and arpeggio of C major is called the triad of C major. In F major Here is a triad of F major, created in the same way: Triads or chords? You may have heard the term chord. A chord is the general name given to any collection of notes sounding together, and a triad is therefore also a type of chord, being three specific notes sounding together. While you can say "a triad is a chord", it is incorrect, however, to say that "a chord is a triad", because a chord can by a collection of any three notes, or indeed more than three notes! So far we have referred to the triad of C major. This could also be called the chord of C major. But because a chord can be more than three notes, a "chord of C major" can repeat any of the notes in the triad, and have them in any position. Here are some examples of C major chords to illustrate this point: Notice that all of these chords only contain the notes found in the triad of C major! However, some of the notes are contained twice in a chord. We say that these notes are doubled, for example: "the third has been doubled" (if the third, E, is included twice or more in a chord of C major). Labelling triads We can refer to triads by their root name. So, for instance, C major can refer to the triad on C using 1, 3, 5 of C major. But, as we know, it can also refer to the C major scale, or the key of C major. The C major triad or any C major chord is also frequently called just "C". But this could also refer to the note. There is a better, clearer way of talking about triads. We name a triad in terms of a key by labelling it after the scale degree of the root note. In C major, the C major triad is built on the note C which is the first degree of the scale, the tonic, and so it is called the "tonic" triad. For an even briefer yet equally precise label, it is conventional to use Roman numerals to label triads. The tonic triad, therefore, is labelled: I More formally, we call this triad of C major, - The root position triad on the 1st degree of C major or: - A triad of Iin C major Read more... With a subscription to Clements Theory you'll be able to read this and dozens of other study guides, along with thousands of practice questions and more! Why not subscribe now? Revision Are you sure you've understood everything in this study guide? Why not try the following practice questions, just to be sure!	https://www.clementstheory.com/study/introduction-to-harmony/
- The study estimated psychopathy prevalence by looking at the prevalence of certain traits in the Big Five model of personality. - The District of Columbia had the highest prevalence of psychopathy, compared to other areas. - The authors cautioned that their measurements were indirect, and that psychopathy in general is difficult to define precisely. t t A new study estimated the prevalence of psychopathy in the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia. How can you identify psychopaths? It’s difficult, but research provides a few clues, such as that psychopathic tendencies are more common in: - t - Men - Younger people - Professions such as CEOs, lawyers and politicians t t Psychologists have used different diagnostic tools to measure psychopathy over the decades. Today, the leading tool is the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), which measures traits such as pathological lying, impulsivity, parasitic lifestyle and lack of remorse or guilt. But psychopathy can be measured in other, more indirect ways, too. One example is the triarchic model of psychopathy, which says the disorder stems from a combination of the personality traits disinhibition, boldness and meanness. In the recent study, the researchers used that triarchic definition of psychopathy, but mapped it onto the Big Five model of personality, which includes the traits conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, extraversion and agreeableness. “Boldness corresponds to low neuroticism and high extraversion, meanness corresponds to low agreeableness, and disinhibition corresponds to low conscientiousness,” the researchers write. To measure psychopathy across the 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the researchers used state-level Big Five data from a previous study. The results consistently showed that people in rural areas tended to be less psychopathic, while urban areas were more psychopathic. Scoring highest in psychopathy, perhaps unsurprisingly, was the District of Columbia. “The District of Columbia is measured to be far more psychopathic than any individual state in the country, a fact that can be readily explained either by its very high population density or by the type of person who may be drawn to a literal seat of power,” the researchers wrote. Regionally, psychopathy was clustered in the Northeast, with Maine as the most psychopathic state. Some psychologists have described the Northeast as “Temperamental and Uninhibited.” In terms of the Big Five personality traits, the researchers wrote that this translates to “low extraversion, very low agreeableness and conscientiousness, very high neuroticism, and moderately high openness.” The researchers also compared the Big Five data to four variables that relate to psychopathy: homicide rate, violent crime rate, property crime rate and percentage of residents living in an urban area. Only the share of residents living in an urban area had a significant relationship with the personality data. Ultimately, the researchers cautioned that their methodology was indirect, and that “some amount of noise will inevitably be captured in the results.” “The meaningfulness of the results found here is contingent on both the translation of Big Five personality traits into psychopathy and that psychopathy is something that can be conceptualized as a statistical aggregate across people,” they wrote. “And if the estimates are conceptually meaningful, the question remains of whether the size of the differences across regions is practically significant. The weak relationships found in the data can themselves be interpreted as support for skepticism, but whether that interpretation is correct requires further research beyond the scope of the presentation of this methodology and results.” What’s more, psychopathy lies on a spectrum. The researchers note that “a very small percentage of individuals in any given state may actually be true psychopaths.” According to the Hare checklist, about 1 percent of the general population qualifies as psychopathic. Here’s how the recent study ranked the 48 contiguous states:	https://trueviralnews.com/here-are-the-u-s-states-with-the-highest-prevalence-of-psychopaths/

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