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Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has asked employees to work in the office for at least three days a week, according to an internal mail shared with employees.
“Senior leaders of TCS have been working from TCS offices for a while now and our customers are also visiting TCS offices… Your respective managers will now roster you to work from the TCS office for at least 3 days in a week,” the company said in the mail. “Adherence to rostering is mandatory and will be tracked… any noncompliance will be taken seriously, and administrative measures may be applied.”
The $136 billion IT company, a part of the Tata Group, confirmed that most of its senior associates already work from their offices or client locations.
“All employees have been advised to return to the base locations where they were operating before the pandemic. Those employees who have sought and got transfers will operate from the changed locations,” a TCS spokesperson told Moneycontrol.
Though there is no deadline for the return-to-office plan, TCS advised employees to contact their managers immediately to “understand the arrangements made for the projects with regard to return to office.”
Rostering will be done based on project requirements and will include a mix of freshers and experienced professionals, TCS spokesperson said.
More than 90 percent of its employees are vaccinated and about 25 percent of its associates work from the office at least two days of the week.
Regarding the flexibility allowed to employees who want to work from home, TCS said, “We have initiated the process of a phased transition from TCS’ Secure Borderless Workspaces (SBWS) to a more hybrid model where most of our associates will work some days of the week from our offices. Our internal processes have been suitably modified to enable and encourage this transition.”
The 25/25 model
Under the company’s 25/25 model, no more than 25 percent of the employees would need to work out of its offices at a time and they would not have to spend more than 25 percent of their time there.
TCS also said that more than 25 percent of the team of any project may not be located in one single location.
“We have been receiving emails since mid-May this year about returning to the office. However, fewer employees have done so,” a TCS staffer said on condition of anonymity.
“Despite our PM’s emphasis on flexible workplaces, the work-from-home ecosystem, and flexible work hours, it seems companies are in no mood to extend the work-from-home policy,” said Harpreet Singh Saluja, president of the Pune-based labour union NITES.
TCS has said its plan in the 25/25 model is to get employees working in office to regular levels, or at least 80 percent, before implementing a structured hybrid working model by 2025.TCS has about 600,000 employees globally. The company reported an attrition rate of 19.7 percent in the first quarter (April-June) of FY23, which was the highest in six quarters. Its net addition of employees declined to 14,000 in the first quarter from 24,000 a year earlier. | https://news.icourban.com/news/business/tcs-asks-employees-to-work-in-office-for-at-least-three-days-a-week-9217071.html |
Frederick Buchholz Still Life "Sunflowers & Corn"
Regular price $600.00
$600.00
Here is an authentic 1930's Modernist Still Life oil on canvas, offered here direct from the estate of the artist. It is in good original condition and signed on upper right. The frame is distressed, the art is 18" x 14" and the frame is 24" x 20".
This item has been hand curated directly from a local CT estate, and is being offered in “As Is” condition. As with all used items, there may be wear from normal use. We make every effort to describe each item accurately, including any imperfections, defects, faults, or flaws.
Please contact us with any questions about this item, and we will do our best to provide you with any additional information you may require. | https://vintagehomedecorstore.com/products/frederick-buchholz-still-life-sunflowers-corn |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This is a continuation of PCT International Application PCT/JP2010/000025 filed on Jan. 5, 2010, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-068940 filed on Mar. 19, 2009. The disclosures of these applications including the specifications, the drawings, and the claims are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The present disclosure relates to solder ball mounting apparatuses, solder ball mounting methods, and metal ball mounting apparatuses used for die bonders, etc. which are manufacturing facilities of semiconductor devices.
In packages, such as a power transistor, for which high temperature resistance is required, a bonding process by a solder material has been generally used for fixing chips. In a die bonder, assuming that supplying chips one by one to perform a solder bonding process is a model, a supply using a solder wire or a solder ribbon, or a potting using a dispenser, etc. is generally used as a method of supplying a solder material.
However, the supply of the solder material by using the solder wire or the solder ribbon causes variation of the amount of coating due to instability of a supply amount of the solder material. Even when a dispenser is used to achieve constant supply, a reduced amount of supply results in variation in the amount of coating due to variations in supplied amount of the solder material.
Although a solder ball has been used as a solder material since the supply amount of the solder ball is measured in advance and the supply amount of the solder ball is stable, its supplying method has a problem. Manually picking up the solder ball by using tweezers, etc. is not suitable for mass production since operating efficiency and operating precision are reduced, and means for automatically picking up the solder ball have been commercialized.
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
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shows a conventional solder ball supplying apparatus. For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2003-243440 shows a solder ball supplying apparatus for aligning the solder balls by a hopper containing them to take out the solder balls one by one as shown in , not to take out the solder balls one by one by a capillary.
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The hopper has a cover capable of being freely opened or closed and including multiple air vents therein. The hopper is formed in a funnel shape, or an inverted hollow conical shape, and the tip of the hopper has a cylindrical linear portion in which the solder balls are aligned. A separator having a recessed portion containing one of the solder balls is positioned directly under the cylindrical linear portion with a gap L having an arbitrary length therebetween, and is mounted on a slide table , and the solder balls are intermittently taken out one by one by a driving device provided separately. Therefore, even if the solder balls are attached to one another due to charge, such as static charge or the like, the solder balls can reliably be taken out one by one by the separator .
FIG. 5
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shows a method of carrying by a handling robot the solder balls separated by the separator to a position to be mounted. The handling robot has an adhesion nozzle , and a flexible tube for applying vacuum pressure and air pressure is connected to the rear end portion of the adhesion nozzle . Each of the solder balls is moved to point b above the slide table , and is picked up by the tip of the adhesion nozzle . In other words, the adhesion nozzle has moved directly on the solder ball is vertically moved by the handling robot as shown in arrow B, and sucks the solder ball with a vacuum pressure. Next, the handling robot pivots as shown in arrow C, and the solder ball is moved from point b to point a with distance W which is optionally fixed. The handling robot vertically moves as shown in arrow D, and mounts the solder ball in a predetermined position in, e.g., a lead frame.
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Japanese Patent Publication No. 2003-243440 proposes a method of taking out the solder balls one by one so that excess solder balls are not attached to a capillary due to static charge, etc.
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However, each of the solder balls has fine projections on the surface thereof when they are manufactured, and therefore, when the solder balls are aligned in one line, the alignment of them may cause in some cases a problem that the fine projections are scratched on the surface of an adjoining solder ball , and if they are forcibly peeled off, the fine projections may be peeled off from the solder ball . Furthermore, the peeling off of the fine projections reduces the weight of the solder ball , and becomes a factor in variation of the coating amount of the solder material, and there may be a problem of pollution of surroundings due to fine particles. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a mechanism in which the solder balls are separated one by one without adjoining each other.
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In prior art techniques, when the solder balls aligned in one line by the hopper are taken out one by one by the separator , one of the solder balls to be taken out and another one of the solder balls placed directly thereon always adjoin each other, and if the adjoining portion has fine projections, the solder ball may be peeled off at the fine projections as a boundary.
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FIG. 4
On one solder ball to be taken out from the hopper , the weight of another solder ball placed directly on the one solder ball is applied, and therefore, when the one solder ball is taken out, a structure of mechanically holding the another solder ball placed directly on the one solder ball is needed. If there is no mechanism for holding the solder ball , after the separator is moved, the next solder ball falls to contact the surface of the separator since there is a gap L, as shown in , and when the separator moves back to the original position, friction occurs between the solder ball and the surface of the separator . The solder ball may be destroyed due to the friction in some cases. In order to prevent the above problems, a holding mechanism for feeding the solder balls one by one is needed at an extraction portion located at the tip of the hopper .
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The solder ball taken out by the separator is mounted in a predetermined position by the handling robot , and therefore, it is necessary to provide the hopper , the separator , and the handling robot . In other words, a complicated mechanism is adopted, where an extraction mechanism of the solder balls and a mounting mechanism have to be separately controlled.
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Furthermore, after the solder ball is mounted, there is a problem that the mounted solder ball rolls or the position thereof is shifted. The problem occurs because, even though the solder ball is mounted on a lead frame, it is simply mounted on the frame, and therefore, for example, in a step of pitch-feeding the lead frame, the solder ball rolls to be shifted from the mounted position, and to fall from the lead frame.
In view of the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to reliably and precisely mount solder balls one by one in mounting positions, and to be able to temporarily hold the solder balls so that the mounted solder balls do not roll.
Of the object of reliably mounting the solder balls, and the object of preventing the mounted solder ball from rolling, at least any one of them may be achieved.
In order to attain the above objects, the present invention is configured to supply solder balls one by one to a mounting head.
Specifically, a solder ball mounting apparatus according to the present invention includes a hopper, a mounting head provided at the tip of the hopper, and a pressing pin which is insertable inside the hopper and the mounting head, wherein the mounting head has an inner diameter which restricts movement of solder balls, and when one of the solder balls is supplied to the mounting head through the hopper, the pressing pin presses the one of the solder balls, thereby mounting the solder balls one by one on a target member.
According to the solder ball mounting apparatus, the solder balls can be reliably and precisely mounted one by one in mounting positions, and the pressing pin presses the solder ball on the target member to melt the solder ball, thereby temporarily holding the solder ball. With this structure, the solder balls are unlikely to roll or the positions of the solder balls are unlikely to be shifted after they are mounted, and therefore, the solder balls can reliably be mounted on the target member.
In the solder ball mounting apparatus of the present invention, the central positions of the hopper, the mounting head, and the pressing pin may be identical with one another.
In the solder ball mounting apparatus of the present invention, the pressing pin may be formed so as to close an inside of the hopper when the pressing pin goes down.
In this case, the pressing pin may be formed in a tapered shape so that a diameter of the pressing pin is smaller at a side of the mounting head.
The solder ball mounting apparatus of the present invention may further include a gas supply means configured to supply nitrogen gas to the hopper.
The solder ball mounting apparatus of the present invention may further include an attachment block configured to attach the hopper, and a heater provided in the attachment block.
A solder ball mounting method according to the present invention includes: allowing a pipe having an inner diameter which restricts movement of solder balls to pass one of the solder balls; mounting the one of the solder balls having passed through the pipe in a mounting position in a target member; pressing the mounted solder ball from an inside of the pipe; and after the pressing the mounted solder ball, melting the solder ball to solder the target member.
According to the solder ball mounting method of the present invention, the solder balls can be reliably and precisely mounted one by one in the predetermined mounting positions. Besides, the pressing pin presses the solder ball on the target member to melt the solder ball, thereby temporarily holding the solder ball, and therefore, the solder balls can be mounted so that the solder balls are unlikely to roll or the positions of the solder balls are unlikely to be shifted after they are mounted.
A metal ball mounting apparatus according to the present invention includes: a first mechanism configured to supply metal balls to a target member; a second mechanism configured to supply the metal balls to the first mechanism; and a third mechanism configured to supply the metal balls to the second mechanism, wherein the third mechanism is controlled to, when the second mechanism includes no metal ball, supply only one new metal ball.
According to the metal ball mounting apparatus, the third mechanism is controlled to, when the second mechanism includes no metal ball, supply only one new metal ball. Therefore, the metal balls are unlikely to roll or the positions of the metal balls are unlikely to be shifted after they are mounted, and the metal balls can reliably mount the metal balls on the target member.
It is preferable that the metal ball mounting apparatus is provided between the first mechanism and the second mechanism, and further includes a fourth mechanism configured to temporarily stop the supply of the metal balls.
In this case, the first mechanism may have a cylindrical shape with a fixed inner diameter.
In this case, the fourth mechanism may be a cylindrical pin which is insertable inside the first mechanism.
In this case, the fourth mechanism may be provided to be vertically movable along the first mechanism.
In this case, it is preferable that the fourth mechanism is controlled to be pulled out from the first mechanism when the target member is disposed under the first mechanism.
In this case, it is preferable that the fourth mechanism is controlled to be inserted into the first mechanism when the metal ball is supplied to the target member.
Furthermore, in this case, it is preferable that the fourth mechanism is controlled to press the metal ball from the above after the metal ball is supplied.
In this case, the second mechanism may have a mortar shape so that the inner diameter thereof becomes smaller downwardly.
In this case, the central positions of the first mechanism, the second mechanism, and the fourth mechanism may be identical with one another.
In this case, it is preferable that the metal ball mounting apparatus further includes a fifth mechanism having a cylindrical shape, and provided at the tip of the first mechanism, and the inner diameter of the fifth mechanism is smaller than that of the first mechanism.
In this case, a part of the fourth mechanism may be formed in a tapered shape so that a diameter of a tip of the fourth mechanism facing the target member becomes smaller.
Furthermore, in this case, the metal ball mounting apparatus may further include a sixth mechanism configured to supply gas to the first mechanism and the second mechanism.
According to the solder ball mounting apparatus, the solder ball mounting method, and the metal ball mounting apparatus, solder balls which are metal balls can be reliably and precisely mounted one by one in predetermined mounting positions. Besides, the pressing pin presses the solder ball on the target member to melt the solder ball, thereby temporarily holding the solder ball, and therefore, the solder balls are unlikely to roll or the positions of the solder balls are unlikely to be shifted after they are mounted. By replacing components of the solder ball mounting apparatus depending on a size of the diameter of the solder ball, it is possible to deal with various solder balls, and the solder balls are not conveyed by vacuum adhesion, the solder balls are unlikely to drop during the conveyance, and it is unnecessary to deal with clogging of a vacuum filter, etc. due to dust of fragments and the like of the solder balls.
A solder ball mounting apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1
shows a cross-sectional structure of a main part of the solder ball mounting apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
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A hopper is formed in a funnel shape, or an inverted hollow conical shape, and a mounting head is attached to the tip (lower end) of the hopper . A pressing pin is insertable inside the hopper and the mounting head . The pressing pin , the hopper , and the mounting head are precisely attached to an attachment block so that the central positions of the pressing pin , the hopper , and the mounting head are identical with one another.
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A through pipe is connected to the attachment block , and solder balls are supplied one by one to the attachment block . When the pressing pin falls, the solder ball is blocked by the pressing pin , and is not supplied to the bottom portion of the hopper and the mounting head . When the pressing pin rises, the solder ball passes through the hopper , rolls along the inner wall of the mounting head , and arrives at the tip of the mounting head . The solder ball is controlled by the inner wall of the mounting head , and precisely arrives at a mounting position. Since the tip of the pressing pin has a tapered shape, the pressing pin has a structure of not catching the solder ball when it rises. After the solder ball arrives at a mounting position, the pressing pin presses the solder ball on a lead frame which is a target member, and facilitates melting of the solder ball , thereby temporarily holding the solder ball .
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In this embodiment, a sensor is installed in the through pipe , and it detects whether one of the solder balls reliably has passed. It is preferable that, when multiple ones of the solder balls are supplied, the apparatus is stopped to prevent the multiple ones of the solder balls from being supplied.
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The hopper is precisely fixed to the attachment block with a hollow set screw, etc., and since the central positions of the pressing pin , the hopper , and the mounting head are identical with one another, even if some components are replaced, the positioning accuracy is precisely reproduced. The mounting head is fixed to the hopper with a screw fastener, and therefore, by replacing the mounting head with another one having an inner diameter different from the inner diameter of the mounting head , it is applicable to deal with solder balls having diameters different from that of the solder ball .
FIGS. 2A and 2B
show an exemplary configuration of the solder ball mounting apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
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Drums are connected to an upper part of the hopper including the pressing pin and the mounting head therein. The drums are also connected to a solder ball tank filled with multiple ones of the solder balls , and the solder ball tank is provided with a sensor for the amount of solder balls which detects low amounts of the solder balls .
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In the outer circumferences of the drums , recessed portions each of which contains one of the solder balls are concentrically disposed, a pulse motor for intermittently rotating the drum , and timing pulleys and are provided. One of the drums feeding the solder ball is rotated, and then, the solder balls are lifted up one by one from the solder ball tank . At a side of the feeding drum , a ball sensor for sensing presence of the solder ball is provided, and it checks whether the solder ball is supplied on the feeding drum . If the solder ball is not supplied, the pulse motor is further intermittently rotated to supply the solder ball . By the intermittent rotation, the solder ball is conveyed to the other drum facing the feeding drum and synchronized with the feeding drum by the timing pulleys and . Nitrogen gas is injected into the inside of the solder ball mounting apparatus, thereby preventing the solder ball from being oxidized.
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The other drum receiving the solder ball is provided with a pre-heater , and the solder ball is heated by the pre-heater . The solder balls having been sufficiently heated are supplied one by one to the solder ball mounting apparatus by intermittent rotation. As a method of supplying the solder balls , a method of taking out the solder balls one by one by using a part feeder or a line feeder may be used. The periphery of the mounting head is covered by a heat insulator , thereby preventing a temperature in a furnace from being decreased when the mounting head vertically moves. With this structure, it is possible to shorten a time during which the solder ball melts.
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According to the solder ball mounting apparatus regarding the embodiment, the solder balls can be reliably and precisely mounted one by one in the predetermined mounting positions, and can be temporarily held at the same time, thereby making it possible to mount the solder balls so that the solder balls are unlikely to roll or the positions of the solder balls are unlikely to be shifted after they are mounted. Furthermore, the components of the solder ball mounting apparatus are easily replaced with other ones, thereby making it possible to easily deal with solder balls having diameters different from that of the solder ball .
FIGS. 3A-3D
FIGS. 3A-3D
Next, a solder ball mounting method according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to . illustrate steps of the solder ball mounting method according to the embodiment of the present invention in the sequence in which a solder ball is mounted.
FIG. 3A
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First, as shown in , the solder ball is supplied through the through pipe . The supplied solder ball rolls toward the bottom part along the tapered shapes of the attachment block and the hopper , and blocked by the pressing pin to be stopped. The solder ball mounting apparatus moves to a position directly above the lead frame mounting the solder balls , and goes down and stops above the lead frame with a predetermined gap L therebetween. The lead frame may be a substrate.
FIG. 3B
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Next, as shown in , when the pressing pin starts to rise, the solder ball rolls to the bottom portion of the hopper without being caught by the pressing pin because of the tapered shape of the tip of the pressing pin , and further rolls along the inner wall of the mounting head to arrive at the tip of the mounting head . The movement of the solder ball is controlled by the inner wall of the mounting head , and the solder ball precisely arrives at a mounting position.
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The inner diameter of the mounting head is larger than the diameter of the solder ball which has been used. It is necessary to choose the size of the inner diameter of the mounting head depending on a size of the diameter of the solder ball since the difference between the inner diameter of the mounting head and the diameter of the solder ball affects mounting precision. In the embodiment, the diameter of the solder ball is φ0.9 mm, whereas the inner diameter of the mounting head is φ1.3 mm.
FIG. 3C
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Next, as shown in , the solder ball which has arrived at the tip of the mounting head is mounted in a mounting position on the lead frame , and then, the solder ball starts to melt from the contact portion.
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The inner wall of the mounting head controls the movement of the solder ball which has precisely been mounted in the mounting position, whereby the pressing pin falls toward the solder ball . The pressing pin having fallen presses the solder ball from the above on the lead frame to facilitate melting of the solder ball . With this movement, the solder ball is temporarily held so as not to roll.
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In the embodiment, the diameter of the solder ball , the length of the gap L, and a part the pressing pin for pressing are set to be φ0.9 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.2 mm, respectively. It is necessary to choose optimum values depending on a material of the solder ball , a size of the inner diameter of the mounting head , and the like.
FIG. 3D
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Next, as shown in , the temporary holding of the solder ball is completed, and the solder ball mounting apparatus rises to complete the mounting of the solder ball . The lead frame is pitch-fed along with the rise of the solder ball mounting apparatus to prepare the next solder ball for mounting.
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At this time, in the solder ball mounting apparatus, even if the next solder ball is supplied to the hopper , its path is blocked by the pressing pin and the next solder ball cannot pass through the mounting head , thereby making it possible to prepare the next operation, and shorten a duration of the mounting operation.
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The above steps make it possible to feed the solder balls one by one to the solder ball mounting apparatus, position the solder ball for mounting and temporarily hold the solder ball . In other words, according to the solder ball mounting method regarding the embodiment, the inner wall of the mounting head controls the movement of the solder ball , thereby precisely positioning the solder ball , while the pressing pin presses the positioned solder ball . Then, the solder ball is encouraged to melt, and is temporarily held, and therefore, the solder ball can be mounted without rolling and being shifted after the solder ball is mounted.
In the embodiment, the hopper including a mortar shaped upper portion whose inner diameter becomes smaller downwardly, and a cylindrical lower portion having a fixed inner diameter is used as an example. The mortar shaped upper portion is not limited to this shape, and it may have any shape.
In the embodiment, the solder ball is used as an example. However, a metal ball except the solder ball may also be applicable. For instance, an Au ball, Cu ball, etc. may be used as other examples of the metal ball.
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In the embodiment, the nitrogen gas is used as a gas for preventing the solder ball from being oxidized. The gas is not limited to this, and green gas, etc. may be used as other examples of the gas.
The solder ball mounting apparatus, the solder ball mounting method, and the metal ball mounting apparatus according to the present invention can reliably and precisely mount solder balls which serve as metal balls one by one in mounting positions, and are useful for manufacturing facilities of semiconductor devices.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a cross-sectional view of a main part of a solder ball mounting apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2A
FIG. 2B
is a side view of an exemplary configuration of the solder ball mounting apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention, and is a front view of the exemplary configuration of the solder ball mounting apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 3A-3D
are cross-sectional views illustrating steps of a solder ball mounting method according to the embodiment of the present invention in the sequence in which a solder ball is mounted.
FIG. 4
is a cross-sectional view of a conventional solder ball supplying apparatus.
FIG. 5
is a cross-sectional view of a conventional solder ball handling apparatus. | |
TA 120 EX tower cooler hits the sceneThe TA 120 EX is a mid-range tower heatsink with a nickel-plated copper base, five 6mm diameter heatpipes, and 52 aluminum fins. The heatsink itself measures 124mm x 45mm x 154mm and weighs 520g. Included with the heatsink is the Thermalright TL-C12 PRO-G fan, this model measures 120mm x 120mm x 25mm and weighs 160g.
The fan is a PWM model with a maximum rotational speed of 1850RPM. It uses fluid dynamic bearing and offers up to 82CFM of airflow, a maximum static pressure of 2.1mmH2O, and a noise level of maximum 29.6dBA.
Thermalright provides mounting tools for Intel LGA115X/1200/2011/-3/2066 and AMD Socket AM4 processors. The pricing and availability is unknown. | https://www.dvhardware.net/article75051.html |
Hyderabad: Fees for certain services provided to American citizens by U.S. Consulates and Embassies worldwide will increase. This increase is in response to a recent re-evaluation of the actual cost of providing these services.
The adjusted schedule of fees will be as follows:
Adult renewal of 10-year passport book $110 (Rs. 5,280)
Minor passport book (under age 16) $105 (Rs. 5,040)
First-time adult (10-year) passport book $135 (Rs. 6,480)
Replacement of lost/stolen adult passport $135 (Rs. 6,480)
Notary Services $50 (Rs. 2,400)
Additional pages $82 (Rs. 3,936)
Consular Report of Birth Abroad $100 (Rs. 4,800)
Renunciation of Citizenship $450 (Rs.21,600)
Passport Cards for Adults $ 55 (Rs. 1,440)
Passport Cards for Minors $ 40 (Rs. 720)
Passport applications submitted prior to July 13, 2010 will be processed with the current fee applicable.
As is the case in all U.S. government user charges, the goal is that those services of direct benefit to individuals, organizations, or groups are paid for by the users rather than by taxpayers in general. The changes in consular fees will cover actual operating expenses for 301 consular posts, 23 passport agencies in the U.S., and other centers that provide consular services to both U.S and foreign citizens.
For more information, please visit the official posting on the Department of State website at http://travel.state.gov/news/news_5078.html. | https://www.educationandhra.com/news/new-fee-structure-for-american-citizen-services/ |
- https://doi.org/10.2991/icesre-18.2019.17How to use a DOI?
- Keywords
- intonation contour; combination of Indonesian words; interrogative sentence; autistic
- Abstract
Autistic children produce various utterances. Sometimes, they say sentence consisting of one word or more. This one word or more can be called sentence since it ends with final intonation. In Indonesian language, we have various final intonation such as (.), (!), and (?). One of sentences which is spoken by autistic children is interrogative sentence. One of interrogative sentences uttered by autistic children is sentence which requires short answers such as yes or no. The purpose of this paper was to describe intonation contour of combination of Indonesian Words of Interrogative sentence with yes or no answer spoken by children with autism. The data of this research is combination of words in Indonesian interrogative sentence. The resource of research data is utterance of children with autism. The researcher analyzed the data by using equal method that is phonetic-articulatory method with basic technique of selecting certain element.
- Copyright
- © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press.
- Open Access
- This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). | https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icesre-18/55912185 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This application claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(a) of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0036967, filed on Mar. 28, 2016, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
1. Field
The following description relates to multi-core processors and methods of controlling the same.
2. Description of Related Art
A multi-core is a package including two or more independent cores combined into a single integrated circuit. A core in a multi-core processor is a semiconductor circuit part which, generally, does not include a shared cache memory in the core part of a circuit of a processor. However, a cache memory for exclusive use of the core (and not for sharing with other elements) is commonly included in the core. Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) is a technique which is similar to that used by the multi-core for process management. However, SMT differs in a number of way from the multi-core's technique. For example, SMT practically has heretofore only ever been used internally, within a single core, as it not adapted to synergistic orchestration of processing amongst a series of interconnected cores. To reduce power consumption and heat generation, an operation voltage or a clock speed of each core of the multi-core processor is independently controlled and an operation state including an idle state is controlled in some multi-core products. Therefore, various attempts have been conducted to obtain a method of allocating and re-allocating cores of a multi-core for optimizing process performance.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
According to a general aspect, a method of controlling a multi-core processor, the method includes allocating at least one core of the multi-core processor to at least one process for execution; generating a translation table with respect to the at least one process to translate a logical ID of the at least one core allocated to the at least one process to a physical ID; and controlling the at least one process based on the translation table generated with respect to the at least one process.
At least one process may include a first process, and the controlling of the at least one process may include changing the at least one core allocated to the first process with another core; and revising the translation table with respect to the first process in response to the at least one core allocated to the first process being changed with the other core.
The at least one core allocated to the first process may include a first core, and the changing of the at least one core with the other core may include: copying information from the first core to a second core, wherein the second core may be a core that is not allocated to the first process; releasing the allocation of the first core with respect to the first process; and allocating the second core to the first process.
The revising of the translation table may include revising a physical ID of the core in the translation table with respect to the first process to a physical ID of the second core.
The at least one process may further includes a second process, and the second core may be one of at least one core allocated to the second process, wherein the changing of the core with the other core may further include copying information from the second core to the first core; releasing the allocation of the second core with respect to the second process; and allocating the first core to the second process.
The revising of the translation table may include revising a physical ID of the first core in the translation table, with respect to the first process, to a physical ID of the second core; and revising a physical ID of the second core in the translation table, with respect to the second process, to a physical ID of the first core.
The generating of the translation table may include generating a first translation table with respect to the first process; storing the first translation table in a memory; and storing an address of the memory where the first translation table is stored in a register of the at least one core allocated to the first process.
The at least one process may include a first process, and the controlling of the first process may include communicating with the at least one core allocated to the first process via the translation table.
According to another general aspect, a multi-core processor includes a plurality of cores, the multi-core processor including a core manager configured to allocate at least one core from among the plurality of cores to at least one process and generate a translation table with respect to the process to translate a logical ID of the at least one core allocated to the at least one process to a physical ID; and a controller configured to control the at least one process by using the translation table generated with respect to the at least one of the processes.
The at least one process may include a first process, and the core manager may be further configured to change the at least one core allocated to the first process with another core and revise the translation table with respect to the first process when the at least one core allocated to the first process is changed with the other core.
The at least one core allocated to the first process may include a first core, and the core manager may be further configured to copy information from the first core to a second core, wherein the second core may be a core that was not allocated to the first process, release the allocation of the first core with respect to the first process, and allocate the second core to the first process.
The core manager may be further configured to revise a physical ID of the first core in the translation table, with respect to the first process, to a physical ID of the second core.
The at least one process may include a second process, the second core may be one of the at least one core allocated to the second process, and the core manager may be further configured to copy information from the second core to the first core, release the allocation of the second core with respect to the second process, and allocate the first core to the second process.
The core manager may be further configured to revise a physical ID of the first core in the translation table, with respect to the first process, to a physical ID of the second core and revise a physical ID of the second core in the translation table, with respect to the second process, to a physical ID of the first core.
Each of the cores may include a register configured to store an address of the translation table, the core manager may be further configured to generate a first translation table with respect to the first process in the at least one of the processes, control the first translation table to be stored in a memory, and store an address of the memory where the first translation table is stored in the register of the at least one core allocated to the first process.
The at least one process may include a first process and the controller may be further configured to communicate with the at least one core allocated to the first process.
A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may store instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method.
According to another general aspect, a method of controlling a multi-core processor includes allocating a core of the multi-core processor to a computer process for execution of the computer process thereon; generating a core translation table for the computer process in a memory, the core translation table registering a physical core identifier of the allocated core of the multi-core processor to correspond with a logical core identifier therefor; and, executing the computer process on the allocated core of the multi-core processor based on the logical core identifier of the generated core translation table.
The method may further include stopping execution of the allocated core having a physical core identifier corresponding with the logical core identifier; and, reallocating another core of the multi-core processor to the computer process by modifying the logical core identifier in the generated core translation table to indicate a physical core identifier of the reallocated other core of the multi-core processor; and, executing the computer process on the reallocated other core based on the same logical core identifier, wherein the logical core identifier indicates the physical core identifier of the reallocated other core.
Either one or both of the computer process and a task scheduler may be actuated to execute the computer process on the logical core identifier via transmission of a control order, and a resource manager may intercept the control order for the logical core identifier and transforms the logical core identifier to a physical core identifier for the allocated core, based on the core translation table, for execution of the computer process thereon.
Neither the computer process, nor the task scheduler, may be provided with a physical core identifier or an address to the core translation table.
Either one or both of the computer process and a task scheduler may generate a control order directed at the allocated core by reference to the logical core identifier, and after reallocation to the other core, either one or both of the computer process and the task scheduler employ the same, substantially unchanged, control order.
According to another general aspect, a management apparatus of a multi-core processor having a plurality of cores, the management apparatus includes a first core configured to: allocate a second core from among the plurality of cores to a process and generate a translation table with respect to the process to translate a logical ID of the allocated second core to a physical ID; and control the process via the generated translation table.
The management apparatus may further include a memory configured to store instructions, wherein the first core is further configured to execute the instructions to configure the first core of the multi-core processor to allocate the second core from among the plurality of cores to at least one process and generate the translation table with respect to the process to translate the logical ID of the second core allocated to the process to the physical ID, and control the process by using the translation table generated with respect to the process.
The first core may include a core manager configured to allocate the second core from among the plurality of cores to at least one process and generate the translation table with respect to the process to translate the logical ID of the second core allocated to the process to the physical ID; and a controller configured to control the process by using the translation table generated with respect to the process.
The first core may be different from the second core.
Other features and aspects will be apparent from the following detailed description, the drawings, and the claims.
Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements. The drawings may not be to scale, and the relative size, proportions, and depiction of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience.
The following detailed description is provided to assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein. However, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein will be apparent after an understanding of the disclosure of this application. For example, the sequences of operations described herein are merely examples, and are not limited to those set forth herein, but may be changed as will be apparent after an understanding of the disclosure of this application, with the exception of operations necessarily occurring in a certain order. Also, descriptions of features that are known in the art may be omitted for increased clarity and conciseness.
The features described herein may be embodied in different forms, and are not to be construed as being limited to the examples described herein. Rather, the examples described herein have been provided merely to illustrate some of the many possible ways of implementing the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein that will be apparent after an understanding of the disclosure of this application.
Terminologies used herein are selected as commonly used by those of ordinary skill in the art in consideration of functions of the current embodiment, but may vary according to the technical intention, precedents, or a disclosure of a new technology. Also, in particular cases, some terms are selected by the applicant, and in this case, the meanings of the terms will be described in detail at corresponding parts of the specification. Accordingly, the terms used in the specification should be defined not by simply the names of the terms but based on the meaning and contents of the whole specification.
It will be understood that when a part is referred to as being “connected” to another element, it includes when the part is directly connected to the other element and is electrically connected to another element by intervening another constituent element therebetween. It should be understood that, when a part “comprises” or “includes” a constituent element in the specification, unless otherwise defined, it is not excluding other elements but may further include other constituent elements. Also, in the specification, the term “unit” or “module” denotes a unit that processes at least a function or an operation, and the function and operation, according to an embodiment, is realized by hardware.
The terms “comprise” or “comprising” used in the embodiments should not be interpreted that various constituent elements or various operations described in the specification are necessarily included. Also, it should be interpreted that some of the constituent elements and some operations may not be included, and additional constituent elements or operations may further be included as will be understood by one of skill in the art after gaining a thorough understanding of the disclosure.
The descriptions of the embodiments should not be interpreted as being restricted to that which is explicitly disclosed. Rather, embodiments that are readily inferred from a thorough understanding of the totality of the detailed descriptions, figures, and claims, and embodiments apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art will be understood to be included. Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
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is a flowchart of a method of controlling a multi-core processor, according to an embodiment.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor allocates at least one core to at least one process. The process denotes a program executed in the multi-core processor by at least one core. The process is a task or an object scheduled for execution.
The process denotes a computer program executed in a computer. The program denotes an executing code generally stored in a hard disc, etc., and the process may be referred to as a task unit executing a program and a program state by driving a program in a memory. For example, the process is an application or a virtual machine, but is not limited thereto.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor generates a translation table with respect to each process. The translation table is used for translating a logic ID with respect to at least one core allocated to each process to a physical ID.
The translation table includes a logical ID field and a physical ID field. Alternatively, the translation table may include only the physical ID field, according to one or more embodiments. In this case, an index that indicates the physical ID field is used as a logical ID.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor controls each of the processes via each of the generated translation tables. The multi-core processor communicates with the at least one core allocated in a first process via a translation table generated with respect to the first process. For example, the at least one core allocated to the first process includes a first core and a second core. At this point, the first core transmits a message to the second core based on a logical ID of the second core. For example, the first core transmits an inter-core interrupt (ICI) with respect to the second core based on the logical ID of the second core. The multi-core processor translates a logical ID of the second core to a physical ID of the second core via the generated translation table with respect to the first process. The multi-core processor transmits an ICI to the second core based on the physical ID of the second core.
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is a block diagram of a multi-core processor according to an embodiment. The method of controlling the multi-core processor described with reference to , or other such method, may be used to control the multi-core processor depicted in , or other such multi-core processor, and the multi-core processor depicted in may perform the operations described with respect to .
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Referring to , the multi-core processor includes a core manager and a controller . The multi-core processor depicted in may include other elements, but is shown in simplified form for clarity and conciseness. Accordingly, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, after gaining a thorough understanding of the detailed description, that common constituent elements may further be included in the multi-core processor besides the elements depicted in .
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The multi-core processor includes a plurality of cores. An operation performed by the core manager and the controller , according to one or more embodiments, may be performed by at least one core included in the multi-core processor . Also, the operation performed by the core manager and the controller may be performed by an additional hardware included in the multi-core processor .
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The core manager allocates at least one core to at least one process. Also, the core manager generates a translation table with respect to each process to translate a logical ID of the at least one core allocated to each process to a physical ID.
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The core manager may, in response to changing operational conditions, change at least one core which is allocated to a process to another core. For example, the core manager changes a core allocated to a first process to another core. Also, the core manager may additionally allocate additional core/(s) to the first process.
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When the core allocated to the first process is reallocated to another core, the core manager revises a translation table with respect to the first process. The practical description for changing a core allocated to a process to another core and the practical description of revising a translation table are described further below with reference to .
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The core manager controls the generated translation table to be stored in a memory. The core manager stores a table (such as an array, string, struct, object, or other suitable data storage structure) or a pointer to the table, such as a memory address where the translation table is stored in a register in a core, cache, or other suitable memory location. The memory may be included in the multi-core processor or may be located outside of the multi-core processor .
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The controller controls each process based on each of the translation tables generated with respect to each process. For example, the controller controls communication between cores via a translation table. The controller control cores to transmit a message or ICI via a translation table.
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is a block diagram of a computing device according to an embodiment.
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The computing device includes a first core , a second core , and a memory . For example, the memory includes a random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or a static random access memory (SRAM), or a a read-only memory (ROM) or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), but the kind of the memory is not limited thereto.
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The computing device includes a first core and a second core . The computing device allocates at least one core that includes the first core in the first process.
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The computing device generates a first translation table that translates a logical ID with respect to the at least one core allocated to the first process to a physical ID (which is a fixed and permanent identification of the core). The computing device controls the first translation table to be stored in the memory .
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According to one or more embodiments, the computing device stores an address of a memory in which the first translation table is stored in a register in the at least one core allocated to the first process. For example, the computing device stores an address of a memory in which the first translation table is stored in a register in the first core .
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The computing device allocates at least one core that includes the second core to a second process. The computing device generates a second translation table that translates a logical ID with respect to the at least one core allocated to the second process to a physical ID. The computing device controls the second translation table to be stored in the memory .
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The computing device stores an address of a memory in which the second translation table is stored in a register in the at least one core allocated to the second process. For example, the computing device stores an address of a memory in which the first translation table is stored in a register in the second core .
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is a drawing of a translation table according to an embodiment.
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Referring to , the translation table includes a logical ID field and a physical ID field . The translation table , according to one or more embodiments, does not include an additional memory space for the logical ID field . For example, the translation table includes only a memory space to contain a value representing the physical ID field , the values are indexed for indicating the physical ID field with the logical ID. For example, a one dimensional array, having a size corresponding to the number of physical cores, is employed to register core allocations based on array position within the array. In such manner, as would be known to one of skill in the art after gaining a thorough understanding of the detailed description, values in the array indicating physical core ID allocation are retrieved by invoking the array and a position therewithin e.g. translationTable(0) would return physical core ID “3” in the example of . Similarly, invocation of translationTable(7) would return physical core ID “4”. One may employ such array, for example, in the sending of ICI interrupts e.g. ICI(translationTable(3)) to communicate with physical core ID —according to the translation table for the specific process corresponding with .
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Unlike the above, the translation table , according to one or more embodiments, may include an additional memory space for the logical ID field . The translation table depicted in is a non-limiting example, and thus, the type of the translation table is not limited thereto and any suitable memory structure for registering correspondence between physical core ID and logical core ID may be employed
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Referring to , the multi-core processor , depending upon a process's computational requirements, may allocate eight cores to a single process. For example, the multi-core processor may allocate eight cores, that is, physical ID through to a single process. Indices that indicate the physical ID field are through , the multi-core processor may use through as logical IDs. However, the number of cores included in the multi-core processor and the number of cores allocated to each process are not limited.
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In the example translation table , the logical ID corresponds to the physical ID , and the logical ID corresponds to the physical ID . The method of matching the logical ID to the physical ID is not limited, and, in some cases, the logical ID may be the same as the physical ID (that is not to say that the logical IDs are the same as the physical IDs, but where, for example, the logical IDs and Physical IDs enumerate the cores with integers or other repeating identifier values, there may be an overlap or identity of those values at some point in time during dynamic allocation and reallocation of one or more cores (e.g. a core having physical ID may, at some point, for some process, also be allocated logical ID )—however, amongst the logical IDs, each ID for each core is unique and, amongst the physical IDs, each core ID is unique). In one or more other embodiments, the logical ID and physical IDs may be provided a globally unique string identifier or other such suitably orthogonal values to identify each core uniquely. The sequence of storing the physical IDs in the physical ID field is not limited, that is, the physical IDs, according to one or more embodiments, may be stored according to load balancing algorithms in response to changing operational or computational requirements of a particular process, based on a survey of all (or a plurality of) processes, randomly, or sequentially stored in the physical ID field . Additionally, or in the alternative, weighting or spreading algorithms may be employed to either cluster or de-cluster processes on particular cores, or blocks containing cores in the sequence of storing the physical IDs.
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The multi-core processor provides information of a logical ID of each core. However, the multi-core processor may not provide the information of a physical ID to the process. The multi-core processor may not allow the process to have an access right with respect to the translation table or the physical core IDs, and, in this sense, provides a measure of abstraction isolating the processes from direct access to the physical core IDs.
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For example, the multi-core processor selectively establishes security access rights and prohibits the processes from having an access right, such as a writing and/or reading right with respect to a register in which an address of a memory where the translation table is stored. Rather, the processes are only allowed limited access, such as by, for example, actuating a resource manager to intercept the process, scheduler, or core interrupt or control orders directed to a logical ID and seamlessly re-routing the control order or interrupt to the actual physical ID such as by, e.g. a getPhysicalId( ) function in the resource manager, or other such suitable function which supplies the physical core ID according to the parameter input within the parentheses, e.g. logical core ID “2” based on the values stored in the corresponding process core translation table. This is because, if each process is allowed to have a right to obtain information with respect to the physical ID field of a core and a right to revise the translation table , it may be difficult for the multi-core processor to manage all of the cores.
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Accordingly, the multi-core processor does not allow each process to have an access and/or modify right with respect to the translation table . That is, the process controls cores based on the logical IDs and not the physical IDs. The multi-core processor allows the cores to perform a control order by changing a logical ID included in a control order of a process to a physical ID.
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For example, the process allows a core having a logical ID to send a message to a core having a logical ID . The multi-core processor changes the logical ID to the physical ID based on the translation table , and a logical ID is changed to physical ID . Accordingly, the multi-core processor enables the physical ID to send a message with respect to the physical ID .
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Meanwhile, the multi-core processor changes the at least one core allocated to the process and revises the translation table . In other words, the multi-core processor remaps the at least one core. The multi-core processor reallocates a core having physical ID instead of the core having physical ID to the process. At this point, the multi-core processor releases the allocation of the core having a physical ID and allocates the core having a physical ID to the process. That is, the multi-core processor revises the physical ID included in the physical ID field of the translation table to the physical ID . Afterwards, when the process is going to control the core having a logical ID , the core having the physical ID performs the control order.
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is a drawing explaining a method of controlling the multi-core processor , according to an embodiment.
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Referring to , the multi-core processor includes cores having physical IDs through (hereinafter, a core having a physical ID n is referred to as a core n). A resource manager corresponds to the core manager and the controller of .
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The resource manager , according to one or more embodiments, runs under a low-level runtime environment. Also, a first process and a second process run under a high-level runtime environment.
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The resource manager runs at least one of through cores. Also, the resource manager may run in connection with additional hardware. The resource manager is a relatively coarse-grained resource manager, according to one or more embodiments.
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The first process and the second process respectively, according to an embodiment, include schedulers and . The schedulers and set-up a schedule of the first and second processes and . The schedulers and , unlike the resource manager , run at a high-level runtime environment, and thus, are enabled to have an access right (or a set of access rights) different from that of the resource manager . For example, the resource manager , according to an embodiment, is provided with appropriate access permissions (or an address to the translation table) for first and second translation tables and , but the schedulers and may not access the first and second translation tables and .
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The resource manager allocates a physical core and a physical core to the first process . The resource manager generates the first translation table and stores the first translation table in a memory. The resource manager stores an address of a memory of the first translation table in a register included in the core and/or the core .
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The resource manager controls the first process based on the first translation table . Meanwhile, the resource manager does not allow the first process and the scheduler of the first process to have an access right with respect to the register where the address of the memory of the first translation table included in the core and the core . Accordingly, the first process and the scheduler of the first process may not know a physical ID of a core allocated to the first process . The first process and the scheduler of the first process transmits a control order with respect to the core and the core based on a logical ID, and not the physical ID. The resource manager , according to an embodiment, intercepts the control order bearing the logical ID, transforms the logical ID into a corresponding physical ID, based on the translation table, and transmits a control order with respect to the core and the core based on the first translation table .
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The resource manager allocates a core and a core to the second process . The resource manager generates the second translation table , and stores the second translation table in a memory. The resource manager stores an address of a memory of the second translation table in a register included in the core and the core .
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The resource manager controls the second process based on the second translation table . Meanwhile, the resource manager does not allow the second process and the scheduler of the second process to have an access right with respect to the register where the address of the memory of the second translation table included in the core and the core is stored. Accordingly, the second process and the scheduler of the second process are prevented from determining a physical ID of a core allocated to the second process . The second process and the scheduler of the second process transmit a control order with respect to the core and the core based on a logical ID only. The resource manager transmits a control order with respect to the core and the core based on the second translation table .
FIG. 6
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is a flowchart of a method of changing an allocated core to another core in a process according to an embodiment. For example, the multi-core processor changes a first core allocated in a first process to a second core which is a core that is not allocated to the first process.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor stops at least one core allocated to a first process. At this point, according to an embodiment, the multi-core processor stops all clocks of cores allocated to the first process.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor copies information included in the first core (which was allocated to the first process) to the second core (which is to become allocated to the first process in lieu of the first core). At this point, the multi-core processor copies volatile information (or address pointers to the volatile information) included in the first core to the second core. For example, the multi-core processor copies information (or address pointers to information stored, for example, on a cache memory such as SRAM) stored in registers in the first core to registers in the second core. Also, the multi-core processor , according to one or more embodiments, copies cache information included in the first core to a cache in the second core. In these cases, the multi-core processor flushes cache information of the first core and performs a write-back operation to refresh the cache.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor releases the allocation of the first core with respect to the first process. Also, the multi-core processor allocates the second core to the first process.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor , or resource manager, revises a translation table with respect to the first process. At this point, the multi-core processor revises a physical ID of the first core included in the translation table with respect to the first process to a physical ID of the second core.
FIG. 7
is a drawing explaining a method of changing an allocated core to another core in a process according to an embodiment.
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Referring to , the multi-core processor includes core through core . The eight cores included in the multi-core processor , according to an embodiment, are divided into two blocks, however, the number of cores and the number of blocks are merely a non-limiting, illustrative example. The multi-core processor may have any suitable number of cores and these cores may be divided into any suitable number of blocks or other divisions. For example, the core through core are included in one block, and the core through the core may be included in another block.
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For example, the multi-core processor allocates the core and the core to the first process, and generates a translation table with respect to the first process. In the translation table , a logical ID corresponds to the core , and the logical ID corresponds to the core .
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The multi-core processor changes at least one core allocated to the first process to another core. That is, the multi-core processor reallocates the core and the core to the first process. As depicted in , the second process uses the core and the core . In this example, the multi-core processor changes the block that includes the core through the core to an idle state (or a power saving state) by allocating the core and the core to the first process and by effecting the allocation with respect to the core and the core . The multi-core processor reduces power consumption thereof by activating the core through the core and by changing the core through core to an idle state.
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Due to each process using only the logical ID, the multi-core processor does not provide information related to a core change to each process, but instead selectively and intelligently revises a translation table for the specific process to thereby improve the functioning of the multi-core processor itself by reducing unnecessary ICI interrupts, process coordination, and system resource usage in the dynamic allocation of cores amongst the processes. Accordingly, each process controls cores based on the same control order before and after changing the cores. The multi-core processor controls cores to perform each process by changing a logical ID included in the control order of each process to a physical ID of the changed core based on the changed translation table.
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A practical method, according to one or more embodiments, of reallocating a core is as follows. The multi-core processor stops the core and the core that are allocated to the first process. For example, the multi-core processor stops clocks of the core and the core .
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The multi-core processor copies information included in the core to the core . The multi-core processor copies volatile information included in the core to the core . For example, the multi-core processor copies information stored in registers in the core to registers in the core . Also, the multi-core processor copies cache information included in the core to the core . For example, the multi-core processor flushes cache information of the core and performs a write-back.
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Finally, the multi-core processor releases the allocation of the core with respect to the first process and allocates the core to the first process.
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Also, the multi-core processor copies information included in the core to the core . Also, the multi-core processor releases the allocation of the core to the first process, and allocates the core to the first process.
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The multi-core processor revises the translation table . Referring to revised translation table , the multi-core processor revises the physical ID of the core included in the translation table to a physical ID of the core . Also, the multi-core processor revises the physical ID of the core included in the translation table to a physical ID of the core in the revised translation table for the first process.
FIG. 8
is a flowchart of a method of exchanging cores between processes, according to an embodiment.
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The multi-core processor changes a core allocated to the first process with a core allocated to the second process. For example, the multi-core processor changes the first core allocated to the first process with the second core allocated to the second process.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor stops the cores allocated to the first and second processes. According to one or more embodiments, the multi-core processor stops clocks of all of the cores allocated to the first process and the second process.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor changes information included in the first core with information included in the second core. The multi-core processor copies information included in the first core to the second core. The multi-core processor copies information included in the second core to the first core. The multi-core processor copies volatile information included in the first core to the second core. For example, the multi-core processor copies information stored in registers in the first core to registers in the second core. According to one or more embodiments, a third storage location is employed to temporarily store information from one of the first and second processes during the transfer period to ensure that values are not over-written in unrecoverable manner. Also, the multi-core processor copies cache information included in the first core to the second core. For example, the multi-core processor flushes the cache information of the first core and performs a write-back. Also, the multi-core processor copies volatile information included in the second core to the first core. Also, the multi-core processor copies cache information included in the second core to the first core.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor reallocates cores. The multi-core processor releases the allocation of the first core with respect to the first process. Also, the multi-core processor releases the allocation of the second core with respect to the second process. The multi-core processor allocates the second core to the first process and the first core to the second process.
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In an operation , the multi-core processor revises a translation table with respect to the first process and a translation table with respect to the second process. The multi-core processor revises a physical ID of the first core included in the translation table with respect to the first process to a physical ID of the second core. Also, the multi-core processor revises a physical ID of the second core included in the translation table with respect to the second process to a physical ID of the first core.
FIG. 9
is a drawing explaining a method of exchanging cores between processes, according to an embodiment.
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The multi-core processor allocates the core and the core to the first process. Also, the multi-core processor generates a translation table with respect to the first process. In the translation table , a logical ID corresponds to the core , and the logical ID corresponds to the core .
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The multi-core processor allocates a core and a core to the second process. Also, the multi-core processor generates a translation table with respect to the second process. In the translation table , the logical ID corresponds to the core , and the logical ID corresponds to the core .
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The multi-core processor changes at least one core allocated to the first process with at least one core allocated to the second process. For example, the multi-core processor changes the core allocated to the first process with the core allocated to the second process.
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The multi-core processor stops the core and the core allocated to the first process. At this point, the multi-core processor stops clocks of the core and the core . Also, the multi-core processor stops the core and the core allocated to the second process. At this point, the multi-core processor stops the clocks of the core and the core .
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The multi-core processor copies information included in the core to the core . The multi-core processor copies volatile information included in the core to the core . For example, the multi-core processor copies information stored in registers in the core to registers in the core . The multi-core processor copies cache information included in the core to the core . For example, the multi-core processor flushes the cache information of the core and performs a write-back. The copying of registers from one core to another does not necessarily imply a direct copying; rather, the contents of the registers may be moved to an intermediate location to preserve the values in the copying and avoid the overwriting of one set of the registers.
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Also, the multi-core processor copies information included in the core to the core . The multi-core processor copies volatile information included in the core to the core . Also, the multi-core processor copies cache information included in the core to the core .
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The multi-core processor releases the allocation of the core to the first process. The multi-core processor releases the allocation of the core with respect to the second process. The multi-core processor allocates the core to the second process. Also, the multi-core processor allocates the core to the first process.
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The multi-core processor revises the translation table with respect to the first process to arrive at the revised translation table for the first process. Referring to the revised translation table , the multi-core processor revises a physical ID of the core included in the translation table to a physical ID of the core (as seen in revised translation table ).
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Also, the multi-core processor revises the translation table with respect to the second process. Referring to the revised translation table , the multi-core processor revises a physical ID of the core included in the translation table to a physical ID of the core (as seen in the revised translation table for the second process).
A device according to the current embodiment may include a process, a memory that stores and executes program data, a permanent storage, such as disc drive, and a user interface, such as a communication port for communicating with an external device, a touch panel, keys, and buttons, etc. Methods realized by a software module or an algorithm may be stored as codes readable by a computer that may perform the process or on a non-transitory computer readable recording medium as program commands. The non-transitory computer readable recording medium may include a magnetic storage medium (for example, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), floppy disks, or hard discs) and optical readable medium (for example, CD-ROMs, Digital versatile discs (DVD)), etc. The non-transitory computer readable recording medium can also be distributed over network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.
Portions of the disclosure may be expressed as functional block configurations and various processing steps. According to one or more embodiments, the functional blocks may be realized by a configuration of a various hardware and/or software that perform specific functions. For example, an embodiment employs direct circuit configurations such as memory, processing, logic, and look-up table that perform various functions by at least one microprocessor or other control devices. Embodiments may also be realized by programming or scripting languages, such as C, C++, Java, and assembly including various algorithms that are realized in combination of data structures, processors, routines, or other programming configurations. The functional aspects may be realized in one or more algorithms that are performed in at least one processor. Also, certain embodiments employ a technique for electronic environment set-up, signal processing, and/or data processing, as would be known to one of skill in the art after gaining a thorough understanding of the detailed description. Terms such as mechanism, element, means, and configuration may be used in a broad sense, and are not limited to mechanical and physical configurations. The terms may include meanings of a series of routines of software executing or running in connection with a processor, memory, and other hardware.
Specific executions described in the current embodiment are examples, and thus, are not limited to such technical scope in any methods. For the clarity of the specification, the descriptions of conventional electronic configurations, control systems, software, and other functional aspects of the systems may be omitted for clarity and conciseness. Also, lines of connections or connection members between constituent elements depicted in the drawings are examples of functional connections and/or physical or circuitry connections, and thus, the lines may be expressed as replaceable or additional functional connections, physical connections, or circuitry connections.
In the current embodiments (particularly, in the claims), the use of the term “the” and terms similar to “the” may be applied to both singular and plural. Also, when a range is described, the range includes an individual value within the range (as long as there is no counter description) and is the same as the individual value that constitutes the range in the specification. Finally, if there is no clear description or counter description with respect to the operations that constitute a method, the operations may be executed in an appropriate sequence. The execution sequence is not necessarily limited to the description order of the operations.
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The controller , core manager , schedulers , , and resource manager in , respectively, that perform the operations described in this application are implemented by hardware components configured to perform the operations described in this application. Examples of hardware components that may be used to perform the operations described in this application where appropriate include controllers, sensors, generators, drivers, memories, comparators, arithmetic logic units, adders, subtractors, multipliers, dividers, integrators, and any other electronic components configured to perform the operations described in this application. In other examples, one or more of the hardware components that perform the operations described in this application are implemented by computing hardware, for example, by one or more processors, cores, core portions, or computers. A processor or computer may be implemented by one or more processing elements, such as an array of logic gates, a controller and an arithmetic logic unit, a digital signal processor, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, a field-programmable gate array, a programmable logic array, a microprocessor, or any other device or combination of devices that is configured to respond to and execute instructions in a defined manner to achieve a desired result. In one example, a processor or computer includes, or is connected to, one or more memories storing instructions or software that are executed by the processor or computer. Hardware components implemented by a processor or computer may execute instructions or software, such as an operating system (OS) and one or more software applications that run on the OS, to perform the operations described in this application. The hardware components may also access, manipulate, process, create, and store data in response to execution of the instructions or software. For simplicity, the singular term “processor” or “computer” may be used in the description of the examples described in this application, but in other examples multiple processors or computers may be used, or a processor or computer may include multiple processing elements, or multiple types of processing elements, or both. For example, a single hardware component or two or more hardware components may be implemented by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more hardware components may be implemented by one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or more other hardware components may be implemented by one or more other processors, or another processor and another controller. One or more processors, or a processor and a controller, may implement a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components. A hardware component may have any one or more of different processing configurations, examples of which include a single processor, independent processors, parallel processors, single-instruction single-data (SISD) multiprocessing, single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) multiprocessing, multiple-instruction single-data (MISD) multiprocessing, and multiple-instruction multiple-data (MIMD) multiprocessing.
FIGS. 1, 3, and 5-9
The methods illustrated in that perform the operations described in this application are performed by computing hardware, for example, by one or more processors or computers, implemented as described above executing instructions or software to perform the operations described in this application that are performed by the methods. For example, a single operation or two or more operations may be performed by a single processor, a single core, two or more cores, a plurality of cores and a controller, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more operations may be performed by one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or more other operations may be performed by one or more other processors, or another processor and another controller. One or more processors, or a processor and a controller, may perform a single operation, or two or more operations.
Instructions or software to control computing hardware, for example, one or more processors or computers, to implement the hardware components and perform the methods as described above may be written as computer programs, code segments, instructions or any combination thereof, for individually or collectively instructing or configuring the one or more processors or computers to operate as a machine or special-purpose computer to perform the operations that are performed by the hardware components and the methods as described above. In one example, the instructions or software include machine code that is directly executed by the one or more processors or computers, such as machine code produced by a compiler. In another example, the instructions or software includes higher-level code that is executed by the one or more processors or computer using an interpreter. The instructions or software may be written using any programming language based on the block diagrams and the flow charts illustrated in the drawings and the corresponding descriptions in the specification, which disclose algorithms for performing the operations that are performed by the hardware components and the methods as described above.
The instructions or software to control computing hardware, for example, one or more processors or computers, to implement the hardware components and perform the methods as described above, and any associated data, data files, and data structures, may be recorded, stored, or fixed in or on one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media. Examples of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), flash memory, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, CD+Rs, CD-RWs, CD+RWs, DVD-ROMs, DVD-Rs, DVD+Rs, DVD-RWs, DVD+RWs, DVD-RAMs, BD-ROMs, BD-Rs, BD-R LTHs, BD-REs, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, magneto-optical data storage devices, optical data storage devices, hard disks, solid-state disks, and any other device that is configured to store the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures in a non-transitory manner and provide the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures to one or more processors or computers so that the one or more processors or computers can execute the instructions. In one example, the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures are distributed over network-coupled computer systems so that the instructions and software and any associated data, data files, and data structures are stored, accessed, and executed in a distributed fashion by the one or more processors or computers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a flowchart of a method of controlling a multi-core processor, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 2
is a block diagram of a multi-core processor, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 3
is a block diagram of a computing device, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 4
shows a translation table, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 5
shows a drawing explaining a method of controlling a multi-core processor, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 6
is a flowchart of a method of changing an allocated core with another core in a process, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 7
shows a drawing explaining a method of translating an allocated core to another core in a process, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 8
is a flowchart of a method of exchanging cores between processes, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 9
shows a drawing explaining a method of changing cores between processes, according to an embodiment. | |
Peer Review Process
- Articles submitted will be selected by the Editorial Board.
- Articles that meet the standard writing criteria will be forwarded to the reviewer, while articles that do not meet the criteria will be returned to the author without going through the reviewer.
- Articles that have been reviewed by a reviewer will be returned to the author if revision is needed. After the authors make improvements in accordance with the reviewers' input and assessment, the authors must re-submit and will be reviewed again.
- Articles are reviewed anonymously by reviewers (blind reviews) and given recommendations; accepted / fit for loading, rejected / unfit for loading, or accepted with revision.
- The decision to accept / reject a manuscript is decided by the Editor in Chief based on the recommendation of the reviewer in the editorial board meeting forum. | http://sikola.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/sikola/rv |
The announcement earlier this year that the US and the EU will launch talks on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership has once more drawn attention to the continuing surge in regional free-trade agreements. Given the lack of progress in the Doha round of multilateral trade talks, most countries have turned their attention to such regional trade-liberalisation initiatives.
The hope behind this development is of course that free-trade agreements will be economically beneficial for the participating nations or trade blocs. Existing economic research has shown that this is indeed the case, at least for developed economies. For example, in an influential paper Daniel Trefler (2004) showed that the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement of January 1989 led to dramatic increases in Canadian manufacturing.
While knowing with hindsight that a particular free-trade agreement has been beneficial for a country is useful, we would ideally be able to make predictions about future agreements as well, such as the proposed US-EU free trade area. Traditionally, so-called computable general equilibrium trade models have been used to make such forecasts. While their use for this purpose has unquestionably been beneficial, not everybody is happy. For example, Kehoe (2005) and Balistreri et al. (2011) criticise the forecasting performance of such models and point out that they neglect the effects of trade on aggregate productivity and trade growth along the so-called extensive margin (i.e. trade increases due to more firms trading or due to firms trading more products).
The empirical observation that aggregate productivity and extensive margin effects are important in explaining the trade and productivity effects of trade liberalisation has also been one of the key motivations behind the recent development of heterogeneous firm models in international trade. These models generate such effects by combining within-industry productivity heterogeneity of firms with export market entry costs (see Melitz and Redding (2013) for an in-depth exposition of these models). Since the seminal contribution of Melitz (2003), a large number of heterogeneous firm models have been developed which are realistic enough to be amenable to quantitative analysis and forecasting. However, a thorough evaluation of the quantitative performance of these models with regards to the effects of trade liberalisation is still at an early stage. In a recent working paper (Breinlich and Cuñat (2013), we use the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement to carry out such a test.
Can heterogeneous firm models replicate increases in trade and productivity?
A quick look at the data suggests that the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement was associated with substantial trade and productivity gains in Canada. Average goods trade flows (Canadian exports plus imports to and from the US) increased by 118% over the period 1988 to 1996, while the increase in labour productivity in Canadian manufacturing was 30%. This compares to growth rates of only 44% (trade) and 17% (productivity) for the pre-liberalisation period 1980-88. As discussed, papers such as Trefler (2004) have also provided more rigorous econometric evidence that these increases can indeed be linked to the tariff cuts implemented under the trade agreement. Our goal is to see to what extent different heterogeneous firm models can quantitatively replicate these increases in trade and productivity, and would thus be potentially useful for forecasting purposes.
We start with a 'minimalistic' baseline model, in which Canadian tariff reductions reduce the profits of Canadian firms in their domestic market due to increased foreign competition. This crowds out the lowest-productivity firms, thus raising average industry productivity. At the same time, lower export US tariffs allow more Canadian firms to enter the export market and existing exporters can export more to the US. The same is true for US exporters, increasing overall bilateral trade flows.
While this baseline model gets the basic direction of effects right, it turns out that the predicted increase in trade for a given change in tariffs is way too large relative to the predicted increase in productivity. This is true even if we choose the parameters of the model to match the observed changes. For example, if we choose parameters to match trade flows, the model substantially underpredicts the productivity growth we observe in the data. This forecast bias is substantial. If we match trade flow increases, we obtain productivity increases of less than 2% (compared to 30% in the data). When we use parameter estimates obtained from the pre-agreement period (1980-1988) – as we would of course have to do for forecasting purposes – the results are even worse.
Where does the productivity increase come from?
This mismatch raises two possibilities. First, we might simply be too demanding of a rather simple model which abstracts from a number of factors which increase productivity and trade flows in the real world and have nothing to do with trade liberalisation (for example, ongoing technical change or business-cycle movements). To address this possibility, we 'clean' our data by removing all influences which are not related to tariff cuts, using techniques similar to Trefler (2004). This does help somewhat, but the basic finding that the model does not generate enough productivity gains remains.
A second possibility is that we might need to integrate additional mechanisms for productivity gains into the model. We experiment with a number of extensions, such as allowing the trade agreement to lead to the entry of new firms or to affect the overall wage level in Canada and the US. We also introduce intermediate inputs in our model which raise predicted productivity by allowing firms to use cheaper inputs from abroad. Finally, we generate within-firm productivity increases in response to trade, in addition to the productivity gains arising from the crowding-out of less productive firms described above. (The specific mechanism we use is a multiproduct firm set-up as in Bernard et al. (2011); but we conjecture that other mechanisms such as technology upgrading would yield similar results.)
It turns out that only the last of these modifications helps us significantly in improving the model’s performance. If we allow individual firms to become more productive, we are able to closely match the observed trade and productivity gains in Canada. Moreover, we also get good forecasts if we use parameter estimates obtained from the pre-agreement period. Again, this is important because in practice we will have to work with data prior to the particular free-trade agreement whose effects we want to forecast.
Conclusions
Overall, our results suggest that if we want to use the current generation of heterogeneous firm models for the purpose of forecasting the effects of trade agreements, we need to allow for sources of within-firm productivity increases. Otherwise, our models will tend to dramatically underestimate the effect of free trade on productivity and might consequently lead us to abandon promising free-trade initiatives.
- At least for the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement, there is independent evidence which suggests that within-firm productivity effects were actually very important (see Lileeva and Trefler 2011). Of course, this does not mean that within-firm productivity increases will be important in all contexts, and more standard heterogeneous firm models might do better in such cases.
- There is also evidence that within-firm effects were important in other liberalisation episodes (see, for example, Bustos 2011 for evidence of the impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian firms).
In any case, our results are only a first step in the systematic evaluation of the quantitative predictions of heterogeneous firm models. Given that these models are consistent with a large number of documented facts about trade liberalisations, they certainly hold great promise.
Much more work is needed to find out which of the many mechanisms highlighted in the literature are important for accurate forecasting in practice.
References
Balistreri E, R Hillberry and T Rutherford (2011), “Structural estimation and solution of international trade models with heterogeneous firms”, Journal of International Economics, 83, 95-108.
Bernard A, S J Redding and P K Schott (2011), “Multiproduct Firms and Trade Liberalization”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), 1271-1318.
Breinlich, H and A Cuñat (2013), “Tariffs, Trade and Productivity: A Quantitative Evaluation of Heterogeneous Firm Models”, CEPR DP 9579 and CES-ifo WP 4354, published in the Economic Journal, September 2016.
Bustos, P (2011), "Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading: Evidence on the Impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian Firms", The American Economic Review, 101(1), 304-340.
Kehoe, T J (2005), “An Evaluation of the Performance of Applied General Equilibrium Models of the Impact of NAFTA”, in T J Kehoe, T N Srinivasan, and J Whalley (eds.): Frontiers in Applied General Equilibrium Modeling: Essays in Honor of Herbert Scarf, Cambridge University Press.
Lileeva, A and D Trefler (2010), “Improved Access to Foreign Markets Raises Plant-Level Productivity … for Some Plants”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 125(3), pp. 1051-1099.
Melitz, M J (2003), “The Impact of Trade on Intra-industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity”, Econometrica, Vol. 71, November, pp. 1695-1725.
Melitz, M and S Redding (2013), "Gains from trade: Firms and productivity", VoxEU.org, 30 May.
Trefler, D (2004), “The Long and Short of the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 94, September, pp. 870-895. | https://voxeu.org/article/predicting-effects-regional-trade-agreements |
Background There are large numbers of patients with olfactory disturbance in the UK and shortfalls in assessment and support amongst mainstream ENT practice. This qualitative analysis of written patient accounts aims to identify the main concerns for such patients. Methods This qualitative study uses written accounts received by the smell and taste clinic of a tertiary referral centre in the UK, from consenting patients experiencing olfactory disturbances (hyposmia/anosmia/parosmia/phantosmia). Framework analysis was performed using NVivo 10 software. Results These results show the main and important themes identified to date. Participants – age range 34-70 years, 62 females, 39 males. Emotional impact – feelings of embarrassment, sadness, depression, worry and bereavement. Relationships – several participants believed symptoms impaired feelings of closeness and intimacy. Daily functioning – unpleasant perception of everyday odours led to avoidance of common areas such as public transport. Several participants reported difficulty assessing personal hygiene. Physical health – loss of interest in food and difficulty identifying expired food products. Some felt endangered by being unable to detect smoke or gas. Financial burden – cost of private referral, alternative treatments and lost income for consultations. Attitudes of healthcare workers – several participants had been met with disinterest or refused referral. Some were told there was no treatment. Conclusions These results demonstrate that olfactory disturbances have a wide-ranging impact on the lives of sufferers, compounded by a lack of knowledge of the disorder amongst clinicians. Consequently, there may be a role for further support and education for both sufferers and clinicians as well as a need to improve understanding of olfactory disturbance. | https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/51554/ |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to closet organizers. In particular, the invention relates to organizers for holding accessories, such as shoes, belts, ties, necklaces, scarves, and small items, such as rings and earrings.
2. Description of Related Art
Most jewelry boxes are basically boxes with drawers. The drawers are horizontal, and the jewelry is merely placed loose within the drawer or secured within a holder.
Closet organizers have been designed to store shoes and other clothing in a neat and orderly manner. U.S. Pat. No. 4,585,127 to Benedict, discloses a closet organizer that has garment or shoe bags that are mounted on a telescoping or extendable support member. The support member is mounted on the clothing rod in a closet. None of the prior art organizers has a vertical slide-out panel on which accessories can be hung.
Many different types of organizers have been devised for holding ties. Some of these include pegs or rods over which the ties can be hung.
Pegboard has been used for storing many different types of items, such as tools and hardware. A large range of holders have been designed to be attached to pegboard for holding items.
However, the use of pegboard in a closet or accessories organizer has not been tried. The uses of pegboard have generally been limited to mounting on a wall, so that the stored items are hung on the wall, in effect.
| |
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All-Star defender, Jonny Cooper, believes that if the current rules were implemented correctly in Gaelic Football, there would be no requirement for radical change.
More than two weeks to go until Christmas and already inter-county players the length and breadth of the country find themselves wholly immersed in preparations for the forthcoming season. In 2019.
The demands placed on the modern amateur GAA athlete have been discussed to death, and will continue to be debated. Talks of two tier championships, club-only months and condensed seasons is all well and good, and is probably exactly what the average county player is looking for. But, if you’re a Dublin senior footballer, in rapid and obsessive pursuit of accolades that will stand the test of time, it’s easy to see why you might not want to stop at all.
Or why you might be a small be perturbed by talks of radical rule changes, and the potential impact those alterations may have on your ability to claim such lucrative prizes. All-Star defender Jonny Cooper was on hand at an AIG promotional launch at the National Indoor Arena this week, and, in his view, while not condemning the new experimental rules, he would have probably kept them as they are, had the choice been in his grasp.
Indeed the Na Fianna clubman, who has enjoyed something of a rest period since the club’s exit at the quarter final stage, was keen to express his relative satisfaction with the current regulations, admitting that his receiving of the heavily-debated black card in this years’ All-Ireland final victory over Tyrone was brandished correctly, and was an appropriate sanction at the time.
Cooper is one of the older guard now, although at just 29, will feel he is still very much in his prime. The lure of the five-in-a-row ambition is a tantalising one, even if such finely-tuned athletes cannot admit it in public, or even to themselves, such is the degree of mental preparation required to succeed at the highest level. It is a difficult squad and set up to walk away from, given what they are capable of. An appropriate example is Bernard Brogan, a man who owes the county nothing, recently became a father to two young children, and yet, will his competitive drive and ambition be contributory factors in his decision to remain for another year?
The new season begins in earnest for Dublin next week, as they take on Meath in a fundraising game in aid of Sean Cox, who was catastrophically injured in a cowardly attack in Liverpool. The game’s purpose is to support a most deserving cause, and so will serve a dual purpose for the players involved, both as human beings seeking to help a family in any way they can, and as elite inter-county athletes, looking to make their mark in the new season, before 2018 even concludes.
It’s an early start for the All-Ireland champions, who have always been associated with using pre-season games and competitions as opportunities for giving players as low as 3rd string a fair crack of the whip to impress. There appears to be no let up in focus and desire as of yet, the challengers will be dismayed to hear. Yet, it’s only December. The selection boxes might slow them down enough for everyone else to be caught up by February. Maybe. | http://gaawrap.ie/2018/12/jonny-cooper-in-favour-of-keeping-things-as-they-are-if-done-correctly/ |
How Has COVID-19 Changed the Job Outcomes for Recent Graduates?Posted on
This is the third in a series of memos that we wrote to sharpen our perspective on COVID-19’s impacts on the U.S. labor market and begin to define the implications for Braven’s programming and support of Fellows. Click here for our first post on learnings about the job market from past recessions and second post on impacts on higher education enrollment and persistence.
Executive Summary
A common narrative is that without COVID-19, the class of 2020 graduates would have entered the best job market in years. The objective of this memo is to take a deeper look at the data behind this perspective and connect the pandemic’s effect on recent college graduates’ job prospects with a more complex story of their prospects even before COVID-19.
Our findings:
- Recent graduates’ employment never fully recovered from 2008-2009 and have have been more acutely affected than the overall labor market in this recession. Furthermore, the timing of the pandemic has made it difficult for recent graduates to use alternative paths (e.g., graduate school) as coping strategies (18).
- Employers expect modest economic recovery in 2021 and plan to maintain hiring at 2020 levels. However, employers initially projected to maintain hiring for the class of 2009, but as the economy continued to worsen, ended up reducing college hiring by 22% (40).
- Starting a new job in a remote environment puts recent graduates at a disadvantage for their professional development.
Pre-COVID-19 Labor Market Context
At the start of the pandemic, many headlines read something like , “US college grad hiring forecast shifted from what was supposed to be the best market in 50 years to the worst since the 2008 recession” (1). However, this isn’t an entirely accurate representation of the labor market for recent college graduates heading into the pandemic.
Research by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York showed concerning trends for recent college graduates by comparing unemployment and underemployment outcomes by 4 worker groups:
- All workers (aged 16-65)
- Young workers (22-27-year-olds without a college degree)
- Recent graduates (22-27-year-olds with a college degree)
- College graduates (22-65-year-olds with a college degree).
Even a decade after the Great Recession, the unemployment rate of recent college graduates was higher than both the early 2000s and pre-Great Recession levels in 2006-2007.
Federal Reserve Bank of NY. “The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates.” 2020.
The Economic Policy Institute compared 2000 and 2019 unemployment rates for recent college graduates aged 21-24 without an advanced degree. Unemployment was higher in 2019 than in 2010 for all races, ranging from 0.2 p.p. higher for white graduates to 1.8 p.p. higher for Asian American and Pacific Islander recent graduates (3).
Economic Policy Institute. “Class of 2019: College Edition.” May 14, 2019.
Furthermore, while underemployment rates for recent college graduates were on a downward trend through the end of 2019, they were still higher than in the early 2000s. ~40% of recent graduates were in a job that did not require their degree (2).
Federal Reserve Bank of NY. “The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates.” 2020.
This trend is important given the long-term effects of underemployment. Research by Burning Glass and Strada Institute shows that those who are initially underemployed after graduation are 5x more likely to be underemployed after 5 years than those who were not initially underemployed. After 10 years, 75% of those still underemployed at the five-year mark remain underemployed (4). Almost half of women graduates are underemployed compared to 37% of men, a contributor to the gender divide in the workforce (4).
In terms of median earnings, recent graduates’ wages did not increase from 2000 to 2019 after adjusting for inflation. Furthermore, earnings inequality has grown as shown in the growing gap between the 25th and 75th percentiles. Today’s bottom quarter of recent graduates make less (at $32,000) than 2000s graduates (at $32,664) (2,6).
Federal Reserve Bank of NY. “The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates.” 2020.
However, there were some positive factors working for recent college graduates. Pre-COVID-19, 10-year job protections showed jobs requiring a college degree or higher would grow twice as fast as jobs requiring only a high school degree (6). Furthermore, jobs requiring college degrees are more protected from automation; 62% of workers with only a high school degree work in jobs susceptible to automation compared to 28% of workers with a bachelor’s degree (6).
COVID-19 Impact on the Labor Market
First, it is important to recognize that the recent graduate market does not necessarily resemble the job market at large as recent college graduates cluster into certain types of roles. The “recent grad index” calculates the share of recent graduates in an occupation divided by the share of all workers in an occupation. As expected, recent graduates are clustered in entry-level roles like “news analysis” and “financial analysts” (6).
Harvard Business Review. “What the Job Market Looks Like for Today’s College Graduates.” May 9, 2019.
Overall Labor Market
At the start of the pandemic 22M jobs were lost; six months later there was still an 11.5M jobs deficit (8).
In July 2020, the NY Fed surveyed workers who were employed 4 months prior to evaluate the impact of the pandemic. 10.5% of respondents had transitioned into unemployment compared to 2.8% of respondents the previous year. The groups were most likely to have become unemployed were: 45 years and older, held less than a college degree, women, and earned less than $60K/year (9).
Unemployment – as measured by the Economic Policy Institute – also varied by race with Black and Hispanic workers seeing the highest rates of unemployment (9.2% and 8.6% in January 2021 respectively compared to 5.7% for white workers and 6.6% for Asian workers). Furthermore, Black workers have seen the lowest rates of unemployment recovery and maintain the largest gap relative to overall unemployment (8).
While overall unemployment rates are recovering (6.3% in January compared to 14.7% in April), the rate of job growth has mostly stalled. U.S. employers added only 49,000 jobs in January 2021 compared to 4.8 million in June 2020. The Economic Policy Institute notes that “with this kind of slowing in job growth, it will take years to return to the pre-pandemic labor market” (8).
That said, higher-wage jobs have almost entirely recovered; the slow recovery is isolated to medium and low-wage jobs. While high wage employment (earning more than $60k/year) is 0.5% below where it was in January 2020, middle and low wage employment are 6.7% and 27.6% lower respectively (11).
Opportunity Insights Economic Tracker. “Percent Change in Employment.” 2021
While high wage employment is leading the recovery, year-over-year growth in high wage job postings lags low and middle-income job postings. This implies that high-wage workers already in the labor market have mostly recovered, but new higher-wage opportunities are slowing. In December 2020, high-wage job postings were 14% below 2019 postings versus 8% for lower-wage occupations (12).
Indeed Hiring Lab. “Coronavirus and US Jobs Postings Through December 4.” August 2020.
We have identified two hypotheses for why high-wage postings have recovered more slowly. First, lower-wage industries (e.g., retail, food service) adjust their workforces in real-time to demand changes. Higher-wage industries (e.g., tech, finance) plan headcount on a quarterly or yearly basis and are slower to respond to changes in demand (12). Second, higher-wage industries may be fundamentally rethinking their model and speed of workforce automation (13, 14).
Recent Graduate Labor Market
While COVID-19 negatively impacted the overall labor market, recent college graduates were hit especially hard.
Many about-to-be-graduates immediately saw job offers rescinded. A July 2020 survey by NACE found that 7.8% of employers had revoked (or planned to revoke) job offers to the class of 2020. (For context, employers revoking job offers during the Great Recession peaked at 9.5%) (17). For those graduates who did not have offers rescinded, many had job starts significantly delayed. In the same NACE July 2020 survey, 31% of responding employers reported delaying start dates (17).
The timing of the pandemic made recovery from job changes especially difficult. Financial, consulting, and accounting firms conduct on-campus hiring in the fall, so roles with those firms were already closed. Spring recruiting is typically for roles in education, public relations, and creative industries that were greatly impacted by the effects of COVID-19 (18). Finally, because COVID-19 hit in the late spring, graduate school application cycles had ended, making it hard for the class of 2020 to seek shelter in additional education (18).
Those who were left to recruit in the spring, summer, and fall of 2020 have faced a very challenging market. Kim Warne, the former Director of Talent Acquisition at GE, noted that those applying for entry-level positions faced even more competition from individuals with 1-2 years of experience who were laid off due to COVID-19 (22).
Although data on unemployment and underemployment 6 months or a year after 2020 graduation is not yet available, there are a few historical and directional numbers we can use. During the Great Recession, 56% of 2010 graduates held at least one job by spring 2011. Of those who did find work, only 52% said the job required their college degree (24). This would imply a “quality jobs” rate of 27% 12 months after graduation. A UK website – Milkround – provides directional data; they found that as of April (in the UK), 18% of graduates had jobs, compared to a typical 60% at that time of year (21).
The impact of recruiting changes is not isolated to the 2020 graduates but will affect the class of 2021 as well. NACE collected data from 227 employer members to understand the job outlook for the class of 2021. As of September, they found that for the class of 2021, employers expected to maintain hiring at 2020 levels. However, NACE noted that employers initially projected to maintain hiring levels for the class of 2009, but as the economy continued to worsen, ended up reducing college hiring by 22%. Anecdotally, survey respondents told NACE they would not repeat this pattern as reducing college recruiting in 2009 created a disadvantage for their recruiting efforts when the economy did recover (40).
Coping Strategies During COVID-19
As a coping strategy, students have increasingly opened themselves up to the “gig economy”. According to a Handshake survey, only 54% of underclassmen were willing to consider a job in the gig economy pre-COVID-19; now, that number is 69% (23).
Another coping strategy is to flock to technology roles; Glassdoor saw increases in applications for software engineers, data analysts, data scientists, and software developers among recent college graduates (19). The increased interest in technology matches overall labor market trends. Steve Bonomo, a Partner at Arete Partners with 20 years of corporate recruiting experience, noted that candidates with technical degrees would have an advantage in an increasingly digital world (13). Matt Sigelman of Burning Glass has noted that jobs are starting to require more hybridized skills. The skills required for “apple-pie-jobs” (e.g., marketing manager) increasingly require technical skills (e.g., SQL) (14).
Finally, traditional recession coping strategies also apply to the COVID-19 pandemic. Research has shown that while recession graduates were more likely to start at smaller, lower-paying firms, they can catch up by switching jobs more frequently than those who graduated in a stronger economy (34). Kim Warne encourages candidates in a recession to view the first job as “getting a foot in the door” and then finding opportunities to move up (22). Recent graduates can target springboard jobs that offer the opportunity to develop skills and provide opportunities for vertical job switching over time (35).
Impact on COVID-19 on Starting a Job
Braven equips their students not just to find a quality first job, but to have the skills and confidence to succeed in their first job. As a result, it’s important to understand the impact of starting a job remotely for new graduates.
One of the hardest – yet most important – steps in starting a new role is learning the culture of the company. Traditionally, new employees learn the subtle aspects of their new workplaces through everyday interactions with their peers. Hearing conversations and participating in discussions allows new employees to quickly learn the jargon specific to their employer, styles of communication, and what the company values. Without these everyday interactions occurring in the remote environment, new employees will either have a much longer learning curve or will need to manufacture these interactions (e.g., setting up informal interactions with colleagues over Zoom) (31).
A March 23 Glassdoor survey found that only 68% of 18-34-year-olds reported that they were confident in being able to efficiently do their work (32). A July Harvard Business Review survey found that 38% of managers agreed that remote workers usually performed worse than those in office. 29% questioned whether their employees had the required knowledge to do their work remotely and 27% agreed their employees lacked essential skills (33). On the employee side, workers noted the lack of trust and reported high levels of close monitoring. 34% of workers agreed that supervisors “expressed a lack of confidence in their work skills” (33).
Given that early-career interactions are critical for building recent graduates’ workplace confidence, the remote environment provides a challenging starting point.
Sources
- Report: How COVID-19 is Impacting College Recruiting
- The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates
- Class of 2019 College Edition
- The Permanent Detour: Underemployment’s Long-Term Effects on the Careers of College Grads
- Moving the Goalposts: How Demand for a Bachelor’s Degree is Reshaping the Workplace
- What the Job Market Looks Like for Today’s College Graduates
- State of the Labor Market: Today’s Recent College Graduates Prioritize Passion Over Pay
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics – Employment Situation tables
- SCE Labor Market Survey
- Employment situation summary
- Opportunity Insights Economic Tracker
- Coronavirus and US Job Postings Through December 4: Data from Indeed.Com
- GLG Interview with Steve Bonomo
- The Conference Board: Preparing for the Post-Pandemic Labor Market
- COVID-19 Open Data Initiative: Job Postings
- COVID-19 Is Scrambling the Job Market for Recent Grads. Here’s How Colleges are Trying to Respond.
- Coronavirus Quick Poll
- The Misfortune of Graduating in 2020
- Entry-level job postings are down 68% due to the pandemic – here’s what new grads can do to stand out
- The Class of 2020: unemployed, taking on debt and struggling to pay the bills
- The uncertain present and future for recent graduates
- GLG Interview with Kim Warne
- Rethinking Early Talent Hiring in the Era of COVID-19
- Employers Recruiting Off-Campus
- 59% of CEOs implemented hiring freezes during the pandemic: Fortune survey
- The Job Search During COVID-19. | https://bebraven.org/memo-3-how-has-covid-19-changed-the-job-search-and-outcomes-for-recent-graduates/ |
NS3180: Introduction to Homeland Security
This course provides an overview of the essential ideas that constitute the emerging discipline of homeland security. It has two central objectives: to expand the way participants think, analyze and communicate about homeland security; and to assess knowledge in critical homeland security knowledge domains.
NS3210: The Unconventional Threat to Homeland Security
The purpose of this course is to provide an introduction to the operational and organizational dynamics of terrorism. It considers those who act as individuals, in small groups or in large organizations. By the end of the course, students should be able to design effective measures for countering and responding to terrorism based on an understanding of its organizational and operational dynamics.
IS4010: Technology for Homeland Security
In today’s Information Age, Homeland Security professionals and the agencies they lead are more dependent than ever on technology to strengthen national preparedness. The need to detect particular threats, communicate, create and transfer information and knowledge through the use of interoperable technologies in real-time has become even more critical to our national security. This course provides Homeland Security professionals with the requisite knowledge and critical thinking skills to better understand, analyze, select, implement, and use technology within and among Homeland Security organizations.
NS4156: Intelligence for Homeland Security: Organizational and Policy Challenges
This course examines key questions and issues facing the U.S. intelligence community and its role in homeland security and homeland defense. Students will have the opportunity to fully address policy, organizational and substantive issues regarding homeland intelligence support.
NS3014 and NS4081: Research Sequence
The purpose of the research sequence (NS3014 and NS4081) is to advance critical thinking, research and inquiry skills; students will use these skills to produce a strong thesis proposal (in this course sequence), and then later for the final thesis. This course sequence identifies and practices the main steps and modalities of good research: the construction of research questions; literature review; hypothesis testing; proper handling of arguments, claims, and evidence; problem statements; research design and planning; research methods.
CS3660: Critical Infrastructure: Vulnerability Analysis and Protection
Critical Infrastructure is one of the cornerstones of homeland security. At the completion of the course, students will be able to apply a risk-based approach to model and assess critical infrastructures. Students will learn how specific infrastructure sectors function and will conduct a full assessment of an infrastructure that includes modeling, analysis, and policy recommendations.
NS4755: Strategic Planning and Budgeting for Homeland Security
Employing a social entrepreneurship approach to the strategic process, this course will provide students with the necessary methodological tools and content to think differently about strategy, manage complex challenges, and facilitate a planning process that fosters innovation and positive change in the homeland security enterprise.
NS4881: Multi-discipline Approaches to Homeland Security
Homeland security efforts in the United States constitute a project framed by the rule of law and boundaries of discourse. Constitutional concerns, civil rights issues, ethical questions, and the roles of the various disciplines engaged in the effort are driven and impacted by the various local, state, and federal systems of law, and also by public, media, and political narratives. This course allows students to explore the homeland security project in relation to the laws, narratives, and ideas that support and constrain it.
NS3028: Comparative Government for Homeland Security
The objectives of the NS 3028 course are: (1) to understand the transnational nature of terrorism, organized crime, pandemics and other homeland security threats, (2) to assess homeland security strategies employed by liberal democracies around the world; (3) to distill and extrapolate policy implications from these examples; and (4) to apply these lessons to the organizational and functional challenges faced by homeland security leaders in the United States. The course will focus both on a discussion of shared threats such as the global Jihadi movement, Al-Qaeda activity in Afghanistan/Pakistan, Middle Eastern groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah as well as policies and strategies employed by a range of democratic countries to cope with terrorism and other homeland security-related threats. In addition to looking at specific countries, the course will also look at issue areas such as bio-threats, health system preparedness, airport security, and anti-radicalization policies across a number of countries. This course will provide students with a knowledge-base and methodology with which to learn from the practices of other countries and translate those practices into policies applicable in the United States. The course will also enable students to better understand the threats that other countries face (many of which are likely to affect the United States in the near term) and how they cope with those threats. Finally, the course will enable students to be better prepared to engage with their international partners at the local, state, or federal levels as Homeland Security becomes an increasingly global undertaking and all levels of government in the United States move towards conducting greater international outreach.
NS4239: Special Topics in American Government for Homeland Security
The purpose of this course is to provide participants with an insight into the structural, conceptual and intellectual underpinnings and implications of the homeland security project. Looking at a wide range of topics and problems, the course seeks to stimulate a comprehensive discussion of how homeland security professionals and the general public think about homeland security; whether/why there may be significant differences in professional and public perceptions of homeland security; and how those differences constrain/leverage various elements of the homeland security effort. By incorporating a selection of key texts in Western political and social thought alongside current topical writings, the course seeks to equip participants with a deeper understanding of the prevailing discourse and its impact on the homeland security project.
NS4910: Internet, Society, and Cyberconflict
This course examines the internet in its broader social and policy context with a particular focus on threats in, of, and to the internet. The course considers the relevant questions of identity, agency, legitimacy, regulation, and innovation in the cyber realm from all angles, including public policy, national security, U.S. law, and international norms. It also will study the views, practices, and ethos of such other stakeholders as developers, hacktivists, tech entrepreneurs, and the public. This course introduces students to exponential thinking and advances their practice of strategic foresight as regards the ways that internet technologies currently under development may affect homeland security in the future.
NS4232: Knowledge into Practice: A Homeland Security Capstone Course
This course is intended to provide participants the opportunity to review and integrate the knowledge and technical learning acquired in the courses leading up to the capstone. This course will reinforce the motivation and skills needed to perform their professional roles in ways that will initiate and sustain change within the homeland security enterprise. | https://www.chds.us/c/masters-program-courses |
Ronald is a member of Dentons' Litigation and Dispute Resolution practice group. He has extensive experience in e-discovery and in the management of complex litigation and has served as a special master, arbitrator and mediator. He also consults on management and discovery of electronically stored information (“ESI”).
RecognitionIn the Media
Insights
Activities and Affiliations
Prior and Present Employment
Ron Hedges was a United States Magistrate Judge in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey from 1986 to 2007. While a magistrate judge, he was the Compliance Judge for the Court Mediation Program, a member of the Lawyers Advisory Committee, and both a member of, and reporter for, the Civil Justice Reform Act Advisory Committee. From 2001 to 2005 he was a member of the Advisory Group of Magistrate Judges.
Ron was an adjunct professor at Seton Hall University School, where he taught mediation skills. He was an adjunct professor at Georgetown University Law Center and remains an adjunct professor at Rutgers School of Law—Newark. He taught courses on electronic discovery and evidence at both these schools. Ron was a Fellow at the Center for Information Technology of Princeton University for 2010-11 and 2011-12. He is also a member of the College of the State Bar of Texas.
Areas of focus
Arbitration Communications Digital MediaE-Discovery EnergyEnergy Litigation Environmental Litigation Health CareInformation Governance Life SciencesLife Sciences and Health Care Litigation and Dispute Resolution Media RegulationMediationPrivacy and Cybersecurity Technology
Education
Georgetown University Law Center, 1977, JD
Admissions and qualifications
District of Columbia New JerseyNew YorkTexas
Dr. Megan S. Ryerson is the UPS Chair of Transportation and an Associate Professor of City and Regional Planning and Electrical and Systems Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. She was appointed Associate Dean for Research of PennDesign in 2018. She received her Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 2010 and her B.Sc. in Systems Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 2003.
Dr. Ryerson’s major contributions are in the field of transportation infrastructure planning and demand forecasting. Her work has investigated how airports compete for air service across megaregions, how airlines can reconfigure their disaster planning to achieve more resilient outcomes, and how flights can be planned more proactive to reduce fuel consumption. Overall, her work supports the design of transportation systems that are safe, efficient, and resilient. Dr. Ryerson is also focused on expanding the pedagogical reach of urban planning, and focusing on bringing megaregional and intercity transportation more squarely into the field of city and regional planning.
Within Penn, Dr. Ryerson is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Injury Research and Prevention (CIRP) at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and a fellow at the Penn Center for Neuroasthetics. Dr. Ryerson is currently partnering with members of CIRP research team to explore transportation access and transportation demand to medical facilities for the elderly and those living with disabilities. She is the Research Director for Mobility21, the University of Pennsylvania's $14M DOT National University Transportation Center.
Dr. Ryerson is a Governor-appointed member of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Aviation Advisory Committee, and is also a member of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation State Transportation Innovation Council, the Board of Advisors for the Eno Center for Transportation, the Women’s Transportation Seminar Philadelphia Chapter, and she was appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation and the Governor of Pennsylvania to aviation-related advisory committees. In 2015 Professor Ryerson was named “Woman of the Year” by the Women's Transportation Seminar-Philadelphia Chapter.Dr. Ryerson serves as the major research advisor for Ph.D., Master’s, and undergraduate students and she teaches courses on Intercity Transportation Systems, Advanced Methods for Transportation Systems Analysis, Applied Statistics, and Engineering Economics. Her students have won multiple competitive awards and are professors and practicing planners and engineers employed by organizations including The Ohio State University, WSP, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, AECOM, Nike, and American Airlines.
Gail Gottehrer is the Founder of the Law Office of Gail Gottehrer LLC. Her practice focuses on emerging technologies, including autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, virtual reality, and biometrics, and the privacy laws, cybersecurity requirements and ethical issues associated with the data these technologies collect and use. She is one of the few defense lawyers to have been involved in the trial of a class action to verdict before a jury.
Gail has taught Law for Knowledge Innovation at Columbia University, and is a Fellow at the Center for Legal Innovation at Vermont Law School. She has given technology-related presentations for judges through the National Judicial College and the New York State Judicial Institute, and recently gave a talk on Emerging Technologies and Evolving Legal Issues: Biometrics, Facial Recognition Technology, Drones and Autonomous Vehicles at Syracuse University Law School.
Gail Co-Chairs the New York State Bar Association’s Technology and the Legal Profession Committee, and is a member of the New York State Bar Association’s Transportation Law Committee. She Chairs the American Bar Association’s TIPS Automobile Litigation Committee, and Co-Chairs the National Association of Women Lawyers’ IP & Technology Affinity Group. She is a Member of the IEEE P7014™ Working Group that is developing a Standard for Ethical Considerations in Emulated Empathy in Autonomous and Intelligent Systems and the State of Connecticut’s Task Force to Study Fully Autonomous Vehicles. Gail Co-Chaired the Regulatory, Safety, Law and Policy Subcommittee of the New York State Bar Association’s Task Force on Autonomous Vehicles and the Law.
An internationally recognized thought leader, Gail served as a peer reviewer for Interpol’s Framework for Responding to a Drone Incident and presented a session on data privacy and security at Interpol’s Car Cyber Threats Expert Group Meeting in London in September 2019. A member of the Atomium – European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy’s AI4People 2020 Automotive Committee, she co-authored a paper entitled AI4People: Ethical Guidelines for the Automotive Sector – Fundamental Requirements and Practical Recommendations that was published in the International Journal of Technoethics (Volume 12, Issue 1, January-June 2021). She is also a member of the ITU’s Focus Group on AI for Autonomous and Assisted Driving.
Gail’s other recent publications in the autonomous vehicles space include an article published by Bloomberg titled, Mobilizing “Digital First Responders”: Level 4 Autonomous Vehicles, and two articles published by the American Bar Association titled, Can States Steer Clear of Liability for Accidents Involving Autonomous Vehicle Technology?, and The Intersection of the Fourth Amendment and Level 5 Vehicle Autonomy.
Gail was selected as one the Profiles in Diversity Journal’s 2017 Women Worth Watching in STEM and one of the Connecticut Technology Council’s 2016 Women of Innovation. She is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania Law School, and served as a law clerk to the Honorable Murray C. Goldman, in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas. Gail is admitted to practice in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. | https://plus.pli.edu/Browse/Title?fq=title_id:(304615) |
Teaching Hrs.
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Domain
|I||Unit I: Early Development
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Introduction: characterizing life span development and related issues, continuous vs dichotomous changes, critical and sensitive periods,
Theoretical perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and evolutionary perspectives on life span development
Measuring developmental changes: longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies,
Prenatal development and new born infant: complication and competence; physical, cognitive and social development in infancy
Influence of nature and nurture on development
Sequential studies of development
|13
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4
3
3
3
|Must know
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Desirable to know
Nice to know
|II||Unit II: Childhood and Adolescence
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Preschool years: physical, cognitive, social and moral development.
Middle childhood years: physical, cognitive and social development.
Adolescence: physical and cognitive development,.
Social development in adolescence: identity formation, relationships in family and friends, and sexual behavior.
Threats to adolescence well-being.Dating
|13
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3
3
4
3
|Must know
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Desirable to know
Nice to know
|III||Unit III: Adult years
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Early adulthood: physical, cognitive, and social development, and choosing a career.
Middle adulthood: physical health and cognitive development, social development, work and leisure.
Late adulthood: physical changes in older people, health and well-being in late adulthood, cognitive changes in late adulthood.
Myth of ageing, degenerative neurological disorders, death and dying.
Daily life of late adulthood.
Pursuing higher education in adulthood.
|14
|
4
3
4
3
|Must know
|
Desirable to know
Nice to know
Syllabus Books:
- Feldman, R.S. (2015). Development across the lifespan. Pearson/Darling Kindersley: New Delhi
- Hurlock, J.B. (1997). Child development. McGraw Hill: New Delhi.
- Bee, H. and Bjorklund, B.R. (2003). Journey of Adulthood. Prentice Hall: New York
Reference Books:
- J. Arnett. (2012). Adolescent Psychology around the World.Psychology Press.
- Thompson; C. Hooper, C. Laver-Bradbury, C. Gale. (2012). Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Theory and Practice.Hodder Education.
- G. Moeller. (2001). Youth Aggression and Violence: A Psychological Approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Jane Kroger. (2004). Identity in Adolescence: The Balance between Self and Other. | https://bhs.sgtuniversity.ac.in/paper-2-2-life-span-development/ |
Activate Learning is excited to announce our collaborative partnership with Milton Keynes College to deliver the new South Central Institute of Technology, working with leading brands such as Microsoft, KPMG, McAfee, Cranfield University, and Evidence Talks.
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Connections: Sharing the same values and utilising our networking platforms, members form strong connections with each other.
Visibility: Content generated by members on the B4 website is shared on social media and third party platforms such as Google News, YouTube and Spotify.
Meaning: B4 provides members with the inspiration, tools and ideas to help them change the way they think about doing business, for the better. | https://www.b4-business.com/ |
This tour is mainly for those who likes to be in nature and be in remote areas where you will rarely see other tourists. It is suitable for all those who are good in health and likes to walk in mountains. You will experience the rich culture, traditions and lifes of the locals in Kham Tibet through this trip.
Leshan giant buddha is located in Leshan and it is highest Matriya buddha statue carved on rock in the world.
You will explore the very uniqueness and richness of Kham Tibet’s cultures, customes, landscapes, architectures, mountains and Buddhism. This tour includes most cultural rich places in whole Kham Tibet and of course it includes exploring the local lifestyle of Khampas. | https://holysnowlandtour.com/tour_type/cultural/ |
Mount Sinai Hospital researcher discovers key protein involved in DNA damage and repair
August 19, 2010 - In a groundbreaking study, Mount Sinai Hospital researchers including Drs. Daniel Durocher, Anne-Claude Gingras and Frank Sicheri have uncovered a protein called OTUB1 that blocks DNA damage in the cell—a discovery that may lead to the development of strategies to improve some cancer therapies.
Lead author Dr. Durocher, Lunenfeld Senior Investigator and the Thomas Kierans Research Chair in Mechanisms of Cancer Development, as well as colleagues at Mount Sinai Hospital and the Keio University in Japan, have revealed pivotal new information on how cells regulate their genetic material. In addition, the discovery improves understanding of familial breast and ovarian cancer, as the research shows that OTUB1 inhibits the action of BRCA1, a DNA repair protein often mutated in these cancers.
“In recent years, we have been very good at finding proteins necessary for DNA repair,” said Dr. Durocher. “What we did not appreciate was that gatekeepers existed to inhibit the capacity of the cell to repair DNA. The obvious question now is: Can we enhance the ability of the cell to repair DNA by blocking OTUB1?”
The findings were reported as a full article in the August 19 issue of the prestigious international journal Nature.
The researchers identified OTUB1 using RNA interference (or RNAi), an approach that helps scientists determine the functions of proteins and genes. After exposing cells to radiation, Dr. Durocher and his team used RNAi to discover that OTUB1 inhibits a cell’s DNA repair mechanisms, through its role in a process known as ubiquination.
Ubiquitins are small regulatory proteins in cells. The addition of many ubiquitins onto a target protein can act as a ‘mayday’ signal at the site of DNA damage, attracting repair mechanisms to fix the damage. Dr. Durocher’s team found that OTUB1 mutes the mayday signal by preventing the addition of ubiquitin units.
“Perhaps the biggest surprise was that OTUB1 works by an entirely new and elegant mechanism,” said Dr. Durocher. “Mutations in genes that repair our DNA can lead to cancer, infertility and immune deficiency. Therefore, inhibiting the proteins that block DNA repair could lead to new types of therapeutics for these diseases.” For example, Dr. Durocher explained that by inhibiting OTUB1, healthy cells may be better able to withstand cancer treatment with radiation and certain chemotherapy medications such as doxorubicin. As well, inhibiting OTUB1 may lead to treatments for genetic immunodeficiency disorders such as RIDDLE syndrome, in which cells lose their ability to repair DNA damage.
Dr. Durocher, recently named one of Canada’s Top 40 Under 40, has made a series of high-impact discoveries through his investigations into how normal cells become cancerous and how healthy cells detect and repair damage to their DNA, and his present discovery builds on earlier research in this area. In 2007, he and his team discovered that a gene known as RNF8 helps guide BRCA1. By guiding BRCA1 to the damaged DNA, RNF8 helps ensure that the necessary repairs can be made.
Last year, Dr. Durocher discovered that a gene known as RNF168 is mutated in RIDDLE syndrome. In the present study, Dr. Durocher and his colleagues found that OTUB1 directly inhibits UBC13, a protein that helps repair DNA damage, and interferes with its effect on the RNF168 pathway (in effect inhibiting a cell’s response to DNA damage).
The study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
About the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital
The Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, a University of Toronto affiliated research centre established in 1985, is one of the world's premier centres in biomedical research. Thirty-four principal investigators lead research in diabetes, cancer biology, epidemiology, stem cell research, women's and infants' health, neurobiology and systems biology. For more information on the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, please visit www.lunenfeld.ca. | http://www.mountsinai.on.ca/about_us/news/2010-news/mount-sinai-hospital-researcher-discovers-key-protein-involved-in-dna-damage-and-repair |
What does a Senior Web Developer do?
Learn all about Senior Web Developer duties, skills and much more. Get expert advice on how to become a Senior Web Developer.
Published 4 min read
A Senior Web Developer is responsible for the coding, design and layout of a website according to a company's specifications. They may also be required to oversee the development of the website and provide guidance to junior developers.
Senior Web Developer job duties include:
- Actively participate in the software development cycle including the development of high-quality and stable software based on customer, business, and technical requirements.
- Engage with key stakeholders to understand business objectives and translate them into technical solutions.
- Design, develop, test, deploy, and maintain web applications using a variety of programming languages and frameworks.
- Leverage existing codebases and libraries to improve development efficiency.
- Write clean, well-documented, and easily maintainable code.
- Perform unit testing and integration testing to ensure the quality of the software before release.
- Monitor application performance and identify potential bottlenecks.
- Troubleshoot production issues and provide timely resolutions.
- Stay up-to-date with latest trends and technologies in web development.
Senior Web Developer Job Requirements
Senior Web Developer Skills
- Web Development
- Web Design
- HTML
- CSS
- JQuery
- AJAX
- PHP
- MySQL
- WordPress
- SEO
Related: Top Senior Web Developer Skills: Definition and Examples
How to become a Senior Web Developer
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the path to becoming a Senior Web Developer will vary depending on your individual skills and experience. However, there are a few key things that you will need to do in order to become a Senior Web Developer.
In addition to gaining technical skills, you will also need to develop strong problem-solving and critical thinking abilities. As a Senior Web Developer, you will be responsible for solving complex problems and developing innovative solutions for your clients. You will need to be able to think outside the box and come up with creative solutions that meet the unique needs of your clients.
Finally, you will need to build a strong portfolio of work that showcases your skills and abilities. Potential employers will want to see examples of your work, so it is important to have a portfolio that highlights your best work. You can create a portfolio by building websites for yourself or for friends and family, or by contributing to open source projects.
By following these steps, you can set yourself on the path to becoming a Senior Web Developer. With hard work and dedication, you can achieve this goal and build a successful career in web development. | https://resumecat.com/blog/what-does-a-senior-web-developer-do |
The turquoise center stone is ringed with small half circles of silver here. The small, straight lines here symbolize rain, and the small circle beneath that symbolizes a star, and heaven. Turquoise is a stone of protection and success in Native American jewelry.
The classic design if an incredible example of Navajo silversmith work.
3 prongs of sterling silver form the wrist band.
Handmade by Navajo artists on the Navajo Reservation, below the Lukachukai Mountains. The artists are self-taught, and incorporate traditional Navajo symbols and themes into each piece. | https://store.nationalcowboymuseum.org/products/travis-teller-turquoise-cuff-1 |
Editor's note: This analysis was updated December 19, 2019, to correct the hectares to acres conversion.
Australia boasts some of the most ecologically healthy landscapes left in the world—from the tropical savannas and wetlands of the Northern Territory and the islands and sea country of the Great Barrier Reef to the tropical rainforests along the Queensland Coast and the vast living deserts of the Outback. For tens of thousands of years, Indigenous peoples have lived on, used, and cared for country, and in recent decades the Australian government has been moving to recognise the leadership of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in protecting more of these lands.
In October, the government took another significant step in that effort by announcing the development of seven new Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) that, as proposed, will cover more than 40 million acres of culturally and ecologically rich land and sea. These areas harbor a wide array of threatened, rare and endemic plants and animals, including sea turtles, dugong, the Gouldian finch, the Arnhem shovel-nosed snake, and many more.
The protections are in addition to five IPAs, covering more than 34 million acres, announced in 2018, and an existing network of 75 others, totaling 167 million acres. Once the 12 newest areas are completed, the percent of Australia’s terrestrial protected areas safeguarded in IPAs will likely equal 50 percent (241 million acres).
This is globally significant: The Australian Outback is one of the few remaining large intact ecosystems in the world, and two of the proposed IPAs—on the Maralinga lands in South Australia and the Haasts Bluff region in Central Australia—will further extend a network of contiguous protected areas that will be bigger than Texas and become the world’s largest safeguarded area on land outside the Greenland ice sheet.
IPAs, developed and managed by Traditional Owners and sustained through a working partnership with government, also build community and strengthen local governance—for example, by supporting those owners to apply Indigenous ecological knowledge, foster cultural ties, pass knowledge on between Elders and younger community members, and protect sacred sites. The seven new areas will be managed by local Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander communities.
Decision-making, conservation planning, and management work within IPAs is led by Traditional Owners through their local land and sea management organisations, in agreement with the federal government. IPA plans also prioritise the management of key Outback environmental threats, for example, feral animals, invasive weeds and destructive wildfires.
Further, IPAs typically create a highly productive means for Traditional Owners to develop and strengthen partnerships with state and federal government agencies, and other stakeholders such as nonprofit environmental groups, local industry, and research organisations. Being the leaders and primary managers of IPAs means that Traditional Owners are the central drivers of more key decisions applying to their estates.
The IPA network, which has grown substantially over the past 20 years, has attracted support from all sides of politics. In their media statement on the recent announcement, Australian Federal Minister for the Environment Sussan Ley and Minister for Indigenous Australians Ken Wyatt wrote, “Since 1997, IPAs have provided significant social, cultural and economic benefits to local Indigenous communities while protecting our native environment for all Australians.”
The newly proposed IPAs will undergo a highly consultative, locally driven planning process, which typically takes one to two years.
Despite significant historical and contemporary barriers, Aboriginal and Torres Strait peoples throughout Australia have maintained an unbroken commitment to their land and sea, with a strong will to sustain culture and connection to country; manage pressures on the landscape such as uncontrolled fire, invasive weeds, and feral animals; and ensure a viable future with meaningful work. Because of this, IPAs are in high demand in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.
The Pew Charitable Trusts, working through the Country Needs People partnership of more than 40 Indigenous land and sea management groups, has for the past decade backed the development of the IPA network and growth in Indigenous ranger jobs, which typically provide the workforce on IPAs.
The proposed new IPAs build on the ongoing success and value of Indigenous land and sea management, but continuing advocacy for further growth in IPA and ranger funding is still clearly needed. The huge demand for new IPAs and ranger jobs is apparent throughout Australia; there are many more Traditional Owner groups aspiring to develop their own protected areas and ranger teams to help them realise their vision for sustainable Indigenous-led management. The Country Needs People alliance is committed to keep working to help that vision become a reality.
Australia is a massive continent that faces unique pressures, particularly from introduced species and uncontrolled fire coupled with a rapidly changing climate. The work that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are putting into caring for country through IPAs is a key part of the Australian response to these environmental pressures, and is generating major public benefit. Indigenous Protected Areas and Indigenous ranger jobs are world-leading examples of how governments and others can partner with Indigenous leadership in land and sea management. It is a credit to the Traditional Owners and Elders who have never lost the vision of their rights, responsibilities, and role in managing country and culture.
Patrick “Paddy” O’Leary is Pew’s conservation partnership manager working on Indigenous land management issues throughout Australia’s Outback. Barry Traill is director of Pew’s Outback to Oceans program in Australia. | https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2019/12/17/in-australias-outback-new-protected-areas-bring-widespread-benefit |
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How conversational receptiveness might bridge our divide
In the United States and elsewhere, people with very different worldviews on politics seem hopelessly and dangerously divided. A skill called “conversational receptiveness,” which involves using certain language to show you’re willing to thoughtfully engage with opposing views, can help lessen tensions, write researchers Michael Yeomans of Imperial College London, Julia Minson of Harvard Kennedy School, Hanne Collins and Francesca Gino of Harvard Business School, and Frances Chen of the University of British Columbia in a new study published in the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
Read the full article →
Why it pays for powerful parties to negotiate
When we’re in a powerful position, we often face a choice between making a unilateral move and negotiating buy-in from key partners. A controversial decision within the film industry illustrates the perils of charging ahead alone.
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Why diversity hiring efforts often fail—and how your organization can do better
Major League Baseball is falling short of its goal of hiring more people of color to leadership roles. Its missteps reflect common negotiation practices that deserve greater scrutiny.
Read the full article →
Negotiation means sometimes having to say you’re sorry
An apology can be an essential means of repairing trust and rebuilding damaged relationships. Yet we don’t always apologize effectively, according to Jeswald Salacuse, a distinguished professor at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, and a faculty member of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School. We spoke to Salacuse about how best to show contrition.
Read the full article →
Making the best of pandemic-era deal disruptions
Amid lockdowns and prolonged uncertainty, negotiators are adapting surprisingly well.
Read the full article →
What to expect from Joe Biden, Negotiator-in-Chief
The new president’s past crisis negotiations with Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell hint at how he might navigate our current perils.
Read the full article →
Spreading negotiation knowledge for a better world
For 19 years, the Program on Negotiation (PON) at Harvard Law School has grown and thrived under the leadership of Managing Director Susan Hackley. As PON’s chief administrative and financial officer, Hackley has overseen all activities, including academic events, executive education, interdisciplinary programs, and publications, including Negotiation Briefings. Hackley, who has taught negotiation seminars around the world, is widely admired for her ability to create new programming, build consensus, and collaborate to spread the word about negotiation best practices and new research findings. On the eve of her retirement, we asked Hackley to reflect on the negotiation skills she draws on to advance PON’s mission.
Read the full article →
Lessons learned from a great negotiation leader
Members of the Program on Negotiation reflect on the negotiation skills they’ve absorbed from PON managing director Susan Hackley on the eve of her retirement.
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Negotiating fruitful partnerships at warp speed
In their race to develop effective Covid-19 vaccines and treatments, pharmaceutical companies are hammering out complex partnerships in days and weeks rather than months and years. Their stories offer advice for setting up lasting relationships when time is of the essence.
Read the full article →
The surprising benefits of negotiating with your kids
These days, families are experiencing a lot of togetherness—and perhaps more disagreement and conflict than usual. Rutgers Business School professor Terri R. Kurtzberg shares insights into how parents can apply negotiation skills to achieve better outcomes—and relationships—with their children.
Read the full article →
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Impending Publication: “Best Practices” in Track Two diplomacy, International Negotiation (2021)
The scholarly journal International Negotiation will shortly publish its volume 26, no. 1. This is a special edition on the theme of “Best Practices” in Track Two diplomacy and features six original papers.
The paper by Tamra Pearson d’Estree and Benjamin Fox considers the critical issue of how the results of a Track Two project are ‘transferred’ to their intended audience. It looks at how thinking in the field has significantly evolved over the decades, before identifying and analyzing the best practices which have emerged from this experience. The paper develops a ‘checklist’ of key issues pertaining to transfer which has arisen from practice over many decades. This checklist will be a boon to those active in the field in their attempts to improve practice, and also to those who seek to understand it better.
Peter Jones explores the question of the ethics of Track Two, seeking to identify best practices in this area. While most practitioners in the field see their work as intrinsically ethical and moral, Jones notes that there are some key ethical issues which need to be considered by those who would insert themselves into conflict situations, especially those from the outside. He concludes that the field, both individuals involved in specific interventions and as a whole, needs to devote more reflection and effort to these questions and to establish some sort of a mechanism whereby practitioners can reach out to each other for assistance and advice in dealing with their ethical conundrums.
Susan Allen explores best practices around the issue of the ‘local ownership’ of Track Two interventions, as opposed to reliance on outside intervenors to facilitate such interactions. While a bias has developed over the years in the literature in favor local ownership of dialogues as an intrinsic good, one which Allen supports on the whole, she finds that it is not so simple in practice. Each has its benefits and drawbacks. Drawing on her own extensive experience of facilitating such dialogues, especially in the Caucasus region, Allen proposes a model which builds on the strengths of each approach through cooperation and evolution over time.
Elizabeth Shillings and Peter Jones propose a model to tackle one of the most vexing questions in the field: how to ‘measure’ or evaluate the impact of a Track Two dialogue. Their model provides a framework which encourages those interested in making such an evaluation to reflect upon the key questions and input their responses on a chart which provides a visual reference point as to how much of an impact their work had, and what kind of impact. Key to the proper use of the model is the understanding that it is not meant to provide hard and fast ‘answers,’ as such are likely not available given the imprecise nature of the issue. Rather, the model is a tool to encourage much greater reflection on the part of practitioners and others as to how the intervention affected the situation, both at the time and over time.
Esra Cuhadar carefully unpacks the cognitive frames which Track Two practitioners bring to their interventions, often unconsciously. These frames bias practitioners towards certain types of interventions and methodologies. Relying on extensive interviews with a wide range of practitioners, Cuhadar identifies the most common cognitive frames adopted by practitioners and subjects each to rigorous analysis to determine which types of conflicts it is best suited to and why.
Finally, Philip Gamaghelyan steps back and seeks to address the debate in the field over whether such interventions should try to ‘manage,’ ‘resolve’ or ‘transform’ conflicts. Though this is not a new debate, his discussion of its development is both illuminating and thoughtful. Gamaghelyan, drawing on his own experience as a practitioner, has much to say about the, often unspoken, assumptions which underpin the conflict ‘management’ and ‘resolution’ approaches and firmly argues in favor of greater attention to, and development of, the ‘transformation’ agenda. Even here, however, he is cognizant that best practices leave much to be desired and require further thought and development. | https://ottawadialogue.ca/news-events/resource/impending-international-negotiation-vol26-1/ |
GLENDALE, Utah (ABC4) – Salt Lake City Public Lands is taking steps to realize its vision for the new regional park that will be located on the site of the former Glendale Water Park. Demolition work is currently being carried out on defective equipment on the site.
Design Workshop planners supported the Public Lands Division’s proposal to convert the site into an outdoor recreation space that the community could use to enjoy views of the Jordan River, participate in activities and host public events.
The Public Lands Division has worked with various local organizations and schools to ensure the creation of a community-supported vision that reflects the diversity and cultural heritage of the Glendale neighborhood.
The Kamas Valley SR 32 construction project is set to resume
The team has begun conducting a public survey to gather information about Salt Lake residents’ priorities and preferences for the new park. The survey is open to the public from March 16th to April 16th.
Residents were also invited to an in-person event on March 16 from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. at the Glendale – Mountain View Community Learning Center at 1388 Navajo Street, Salt Lake City. Project team members and volunteers from Glendale Neighborhood Council will be on hand to help residents review their options in terms of the types of outdoor recreation and amenities that should be included.
At this point, phase one improvements could be completed as early as 2024 and total approximately $3.2 million. | https://carabiner.news/out-of-doors-rec-heart-to-exchange-glendale-water-park/ |
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1.4 Tone and Voice
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- Any claims or opinions stated should be based in fact and drawn from the author’s own expertise and/or experience.
- Use active voice wherever possible.
2. Style Guidelines
2.1 Formatting
- Standard fonts, including Times New Roman, Arial, Helvetica, and Calibri are recommended to avoid loss of data or text realignment that may result from unique fonts that need to be replaced.
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- A suggested title or headline should be provided with your submission, but is subject to change based on the input of the Managing Editor and GFSR team.
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- Numbers under 10 should be spelled out, except for measurements (ex. “8 millimetres”).
- No article will be rejected for poor grammar or misspellings. However, grammar-checking software can be utilized before submissions to aid in the editing process and assist the author with legibility. | https://globalfoodsafetyresource.com/editorial-guidelines/ |
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Current education reform in both the United States and China promotes a reformed inquiry-based approach based on the constructivist learning theory. This study contributes to the research literature by exploring the relationship between reformed science teaching and students’ creativity. Chinese education is often criticized for a lack of creativity by some news media (Stack, 2011). This study was designed to explore the creativity of students and the extent to which inquiry instruction is used in the science classroom. The study used a convenience sample of two classes from a middle school located in Wuhu city, Anhui province, China. A total of 120 students and 3 science teachers participated. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted for integrated explanation. Student surveys, the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT), Verbal, Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol (RTOP), and semi-structured interview were utilized as research tools for collecting quantitative and qualitative data. The findings indicate that there was a positive relationship between reformed teaching and students’ creativity (F (2, 117) = 19.760, p<.001). Classroom observation generally indicated that the participating teachers were skillful at promoting conceptual understanding and provoking high-level thinking. However, evidence of student-centered instruction was less apparent. The semi-structured interviews with participating teachers showed a positive attitude toward inquiry-based teaching but also revealed several challenges. The findings from the Verbal TTCT and classroom observation provided evidence of Chinese students’ creativity. Directions for future research are provided.
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The bacterial peptidoglycan, the main component of the cell wall, is synthesized by the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). We used immunofluorescence microscopy to determine the cellular localization of all the high molecular weight PBPs of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, for a wild type and for several PBP-deficient strains. Progression through the cell cycle was investigated by the simultaneous labelling of DNA and the FtsZ protein. Our main findings are: (i) the temporal dissociation of cell wall synthesis, inferred by the localization of PBP2x and PBP1a, from the constriction of the FtsZ-ring; (ii) the localization of PBP2b and PBP2a at duplicated equatorial sites indicating the existence of peripheral peptidoglycan synthesis, which implies a similarity between the mechanism of cell division in bacilli and streptococci; (iii) the abnormal localization of some class A PBPs in PBP-defective mutants which may explain the apparent redundancy of these proteins in S. pneumoniae.
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14617146?dopt=Abstract |
Today designing products means dealing with both their ideation and their feasibility addressing their entire lifecycle according to a sustainable logic. Industrial design is responsible for the most common consumer goods as well as for new and innovative artifacts. It is also what lies behind the tools and the processes involved in their production and distribution.
A designer conceives products addressed not only to a potential market, but also to the society that has its own consumer rituals and manners. The Master’s course provides an overall experience in product design, from the preliminary concept to its refinement, from physical and digital representation to the communication of the project. The educational approach stresses the experience provided to the user and the social meaning of the product as the designer must also control the impact that his product will have on a social and environmental level. Students are proposed an open, interdisciplinary methodology that values their own cultural background and emphasizes the role of dialogue and mutual exchange in the creative process. The association with major industrial partners has the purpose of perfecting the education by providing students with challenging tasks that allow them to face the relationships with business and organizations in a mature way. Technical training is particularly emphasized to build up solid professional groundings. Students can use modelling and computer design laboratories equipe with the most advanced softwares.
Upon selection the Master admits graduates in Industrial or Product Design, Architecture, Product Engineering or equivalent, and students from academies of applied arts; candidates who have gained significant professional experience in the field. The program has a limited number of places available. Applicants will be admitted upon selection based on the student’s CV, portfolio and on an interview. Applications must be sent to the SPD Academic Office. More information on the admission process here.
The Master lasts 15 months (from October to December of the following year, with a summer break in August). Attendance is compulsory and full time. The total workload of the course corresponds to 1500 hours/student encompassing lessons, class exercises, internship and individual study.
At the end of lessons, students start a three-month internship at companies or professional firms in the field.
The Master’s course is held in English.
After passing the final exam, eligible students will obtain a Master’s Degree from IULM and SPD. The Master corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
Programmes and teaching staff to be updated
Project-based courses encourage the students to face challenging themes, closely related to the current design scene. These studio classes are intended to stimulate creative thinking, while rounding off sounder professional skills. Students work in an international and multi-cultural environment and meet with the tutors and the colleagues to discuss, revise, constantly develop their work. Each laboratory covers all the phases in the design process, from the concept idea to the presentation of the project. A particular emphasis is given on the human behaviour and on the tangible and intangible interaction between people and the objects that surround them.
A growing attention to colours, materials and finishes marks a new breed of products, characterised by a strong emotional identity. This area of study covers all the aspects of the language of colors, matter and surface finishing. The course supplies the skills for the analysis and the research of trends and guides the students to the definition of an effective sensorial palette.
The purpose of this content area is to convey a general understanding of the key role of materials and production processes for design applications. Wide coverage is given to innovative, advanced and sustainable materials since their ever-increasing penetration in all industrial fields. The course explores the most appropriate production technologies and transfers the essential knowledge – along with a number of practical examples of product development – to proceed to materials selection. Collectively, these lectures are purpose-built to the creation of a constructive and eclectic overview of effective material solutions, suitable for a wide range of design development practices and application fields or end products.
This series of lectures and visits supplies the students with the critical tools to analyse the contemporary scene and orientate their design practice. A particular viewpoint considers ‘history’ as ‘contemporary history’: the subjects of the lessons are presented under this perspective, in connection with the present times and in constant comparison with an evolving situation. The topics comprise the current orientations in design – intended both as a product and a space – and carry out an analysis of the development of new languages and philosophies emerging from todays’ cross-fertilization processes among the different disciplines.
The aim of the program is to help the students to gain a professional command of 3D software both for surface modelling and for photorealistic rendering and animation. Computer generated objects enable the designers to examine the idea and to assess its form, its proportions and constructive elements. Students learn how to create virtual images, granting them highly photographic visual impact. A specific attention is devoted to the processes for the creation of prototypes and 3D printed objects.
This teaching area embraces different techniques to assess ideas and visualise effective solutions throughout the entire workflow. A variety of tools is presented, from the free-hand drawing and the fast colouring skills that allow the designers to communicate the concept idea before the CAD/3D phase, to the post-production and the publishing tools that enhance the presentation of the final design. Lessons are aimed at transferring the complete skillset to produce impactful visual presentations.
The purpose of the modelling workshop is delivering the students with the practical abilities needed in order to create three-dimensional study-models or rough mock-up for presentations. During the design process, modelling skills are a basic tool to verify the first ideas or refine them checking the volume and its proportions, the functional parts and their connections. Students are presented a variety of production methodologies (conventional and innovative) and acquire technical and operational skills to produce their mock-ups independently. | https://www.scuoladesign.com/master/industrial-design-master/ |
Interesting article, via UCR today
How do key innovations in the animal kingdom arise? To explore this question, gecko expert Timothy Higham, an associate professor of biology at the University of California, Riverside, led a team of evolutionary biologists to study Gonatodes, a genus of dwarf geckos. In the process, the researchers found a gecko, Gonatodes humeralis, that they posit offers a “snapshot” into the evolution of adhesion in geckos.
“The gecko adhesive apparatus, one of the most spectacular innovations displayed by vertebrates, has been intensively studied for the last 16 years and is of considerable interest to nanotechnologists and biomimeticists,” Higham said. “But almost nothing is known about the origin of this adhesive capability. G. humeralis, found in South America, shows how the adhesive capabilities of geckos may have come about. Our integrative analysis of this gecko shows that unexpectedly it has microscopic hairs, called setae, underneath its toes, which allow it to do something dramatically different than all other geckos in the Gonatodes genus: cling to smooth surfaces such as leaves. It does this without all of the complex structure of the toes that typify the geckos that we are more familiar with. In the lab, this gecko can climb smooth vertical surfaces using its incipient adhesive system.”
Higham explained that the setae interact with surfaces through attractive van der Waals forces. The relatively simple expression of setae on the digits of G. humeralis thus provide an enormous advantage in sectors of the habitat typified by smooth, low-friction, inclined surfaces, such as leaves and slippery stems, allowing G. humeralis to avoid predators by occupying habitat that other members of the genus cannot. While it can securely attach to vertical bamboo shoots, for example, other species in the Gonatodes genus generally scale rough tree trunks, rocks, fallen palm trees and move on the ground – areas where their predators abound.
“The relatively simple adhesive system of the G. humeralis is indicative that slight modifications in form can dramatically influence functional outcomes and the ecological niches that can be exploited,” Higham said. “This ostensibly padless gecko offers us a snapshot – a crucial intermediate stage – of the evolution of the adhesion apparatus. It’s telling us, ‘Look, this is how pad-bearing geckos started to acquire adhesion.’”
Further, the findings indicate that the origin of adhesion in geckos was gradual and led to major shifts in ecology and function. They suggest, too, that subtle morphological changes are able to trigger rapid evolution. | https://blog.adafruit.com/2016/10/09/how-gecko-feet-got-sticky-biohacking/ |
Kiel University at Hannover Messe 2017
From 24 to 28 April 2017 Kiel University will present its research concepts at the Hannover Messe in Hall 2 (Research & Technology). In addition to the four research foci, the emphasis lies on knowledge transfer, patents and start-up initiatives. Examples of excellent individual research will be given to complement the presentation. Events on various special topics, and a stand for Kiel’s partner university Posen are also planned. Poland is the partner country of the 2017 trade fair.
Kiel University’s president, Professor Lutz Kipp, explained the initiative: “As the flagship of cutting-edge research in the real north, we want to enter into dialogue with politics and business about good framework conditions for science and for technology transfer, at the world's leading industrial show.”
"We are pleased to welcome Kiel University to HANNOVER MESSE for the first time. It is a fantastic addition to our Research & Technology fair, presenting to visitors a broad range of CAU's top level research," adds Sonia Wedell-Castellano, Global Director Research & Technology at Deutsche Messe.
(See Press Release of Hannover Messe)
Discussions will therefore be held on two topic evenings with experts on “cutting-edge research as an innovation driver in Germany” as well as “digitalisation in science and industry”.
Programme
The "Innovation scouts" of the CAU are presenting a wide range of patents and projects, which have originated from the University in Kiel. One of the items on display is an adhesive material, which is based on gecko toe pads and works without any glue. Young entrepreneurs, who are being supported by the Centre for Entrepreneurship at CAU, will be presenting their concepts in the "founder's pitch". Short presentations in the forum of the CAU stand will provide insights into the work of the research foci of Kiel University. The range of information provided by CAU will be rounded off by two podium discussions on current scientific topics.
Highlights
Exhibition
The four research foci of Kiel University are dedicated to Marine Science, Life Science, Cultural Change as well as Nano and Surface Science. Their exhibits will present e.g.: the fruitful German-Polish research collaboration at the archaeological site of Bruszczewo in Greater Poland centre stage; the translation of research results from the laboratory to the sick bed; innovation in the field of measurement and observation of the ocean; highly sensitive magnetic sensors and switchable contrast agents for medical diagnostics. | http://www.uni-kiel.de/hannovermesse/en/2017 |
Why are dental sealants placed on teeth?
The chewing surfaces of the teeth have grooves/fissures that make them weak to decay. These fissures can be deep, are difficult to clean, and can be narrower than even a single bristle of a toothbrush. Food and Plaque accumulates in these areas, and the acid from bacteria in the plaque attacks the enamel and cavities can develop. Dental sealants provide extra protection for the grooved and fissure areas by providing a smooth surface.
When are dental sealants placed?
The first dental sealant to be placed is usually on the fissure of the first permanent molar tooth, once the chewing surface of the tooth has erupted completely beyond the gum. If the chewing (occlusal) surfaces of these teeth are sealed, the dental sealant will help protect the tooth.
How long does a dental sealant last?
Dental sealants can last many years. If necessary, it is also possible to place a new dental sealant on the tooth.
First the teeth thoroughly cleaned.
Each tooth is then dried, and cotton or another absorbent material is put around the tooth to keep it dry.
An acid solution is put on the chewing surfaces of the teeth to roughen them up, which helps the sealant bond to the teeth.
The teeth are then rinsed and dried.
The sealant is then painted onto the chewing surface of teeth, where it bonds directly to the tooth and hardens. A special curing light is used to help the sealant harden. | https://www.fmsdental.com/pit-and-fissure-sealants/ |
Gothic for Goths Lesson 01: The Script
Gutiska Razda faúr Gutans
Welcome to our new series Gothic for Goths. In this first lesson, we’ll learn about the gothic alphabet.
Gothic was most likely originally written in runes, and the names of
the letters are mostly the same as the names given to the ancient
germanic runes. The gothic alphabet was invented by a monk named
Wulfilas in the fourth century, and is based primarily on the latin and
greek alphabets, but with some influence by the runes, which i’ll point
out as we come to them. You’ll probably recognize many of the letters.
Today, Gothic is most commonly written in latin letters used to transliterate the original alphabet.
The first letter is ans, which means god or deity. Or maybe it's ahs, which means
ear of corn. Some say it's ahsa, which means axle. Nobody knows for sure, but we do know it is pronounced like the A in father or
the american pronunciation of the O in goth. <[I've taken some crap for saying "o in goth" because some english speakers pronounce 'goth' differently than i do. Since i actually say this instead of just writing it, it shouldn't be a big deal for most people, but please let me extend my sincerest apologies to the international deaf community, who didn't hear me say it anyway. And for the record, ans = /a/.] As you can see, this is derived from the greek letter alpha, as it looks nothing like the runic letter ansuz.
The next letter is baírkan, which means birch. This is usually
pronounced like B in boy, but in some circumstances sounds more like V
in voice. The greek bēta and the runic berkanōn look very similar. Giƀameans gift, and can be pronounced like G in go, or between vowels it becomes a continuant like the greek letter Γ. At the end of a word, or before an
unvoiced consonant, it also becomes unvoiced, and is pronounced like the letter haǥl, which we’ll
get to in a minute. You can see how this letter is derived from the
uppercase Γ, not the runic gebō.
Dagsmeans day, and is pronounced like D in day, or between vowels like
the TH in mother. You can sorta see how this is derived from Δ instead of the rune dagaz,
but be careful not to confuse it with an A or ans.
Next is aíƕus, which means horse, like latin equus. This vowel is
always long, and is pronounced like ay in day. I personally think it’s
funny that the word aíƕusdoes not contain the letter it represents,
though it probably did in proto-germanic or early East Germanic around
the time that the runes were created. This is derived from the greek letter Ε, as the runic letter looked more like the latin letter M.
Qaírþra represents
the /kw/ sound like QU in english, but when transliterating gothic we
only write the letter Q. This is thought to be a made-up nonsense word invented to rhyme with paírþra, although it might at one time have referred to a type of fruit tree. The same word was used in old english
for the name of the rune cweorð, which has the same phœnetic value. This looks like a lowercase U, but
it’s really supposed to be an upside-down paírþra, even though it’s
really an upside-down gothic letter ūrus, which looks like an N. But that’s
another story. Anyway, it’s a Q; just accept it.
It is not certain what the next letter means, although the other germanic runes use words meaning elk, which would probably be algs in gothic. The gothic name of this letter may have been azēts, meaning “easy” or “light.” This is pronounced like the letter Z in zebra. It’s possible that the name of this rune was changed so that it still contained the Z sound that it represented, though some claim the name of this letter is actually iuja, which doesn’t contain anything even close to a Z. This is derived from the greek letter Ζ, and is unrelated to the runic algiz.
Haglmeans hail, <[I've seen this as both "hagl" and "hagls."] and is pronounced like H when it appears at the beginning of a word; otherwise it is pronounced like CH in german “Bach.” Some would disagree with me, and say that it’s always pronounced like H, and i won’t argue with that here, but you’re wrong. This is derived from the lowercase greek letter Η (η), although its sound is definitely that of the runic hagalaz, which looks very similar to the uppercase greek letter.
Þiuþmeans good and is pronounced like the unvoiced TH in thing; not like the voiced TH in this. The germanic rune is called either þurnaz, meaning thorn, or þurisaz, which is the name of a giant troll-demon. I’m guessing that Wulfilas, being a christian monk, was probably not keen on troll-demons, so the name was most likely changed accordingly. This is transliterated as the letter thorn, which is still used in faroese and icelandic, but which disappeared from english with Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press, since there was no german equivalent for it, and the english apparently couldn’t afford to have one made, so we all started using TH instead. Gothic doesn’t use the germanic thorn-rune either, but is instead derived from the greek letter Φ, which is even stranger, since it actually represents the same sound as Θ, which is used for a different, unrelated letter in gothic.
Eismeans ice, and is always a short vowel. It is pronounced like the I in it. This is a pretty standard letter, and is the same in greek, latin, runic, and gothic. When this letter appeared at the beginning of a word or syllable, usually two dots were placed over it by gothic writers, but this isn’t usually reflected in transliteration. By the way, the two dots over a letter is not an umlaut, it’s a diæresis. I’m not going to spend a lot of time on the difference here, but i promise i’ll rant about it at some point. For now, just know that an umlaut implies that it changes the sound of a letter. In fact, the word umlaut means sound shift in german. And, unlike every other germanic language, there are no vocalic sound shifts in gothic, and hence no umlauts. But i digress.
Káunsis pronounced like K in kite or C in cat. Like some of the other letters, we’re not sure exactly what this means, ,although in some of the other germanic languages this means a sore or ulcer.. Some suggest it should actually be kusmaor káunzama. It’s pretty easy to see how this letter is derived from the greek side of things – the runic letter kaunaz or kennaz looked more like a latin letter C..
Laǥusmeans open water, a little like the word “lake,” and it is pronounced like L in lake. Laǥus can also occur by itself in a syllable, like in the word haǥl. (This is known as a syllabic.) You can see how this letter is derived from the greek letter Λ, not the runic laguz or the latin L.
Mannameans man, and is pronounced like M in man. Manna can also act as a syllabic, like in the word maíþms. It is derived frrom the greek letter Μ, although the runic letter mannaz <[or mannam?] is very similar.
Náuþsmeans need, and is prounounced like N in need. Náuþs can also act as a syllabic, like in the word riǥn. Náuþs was most certainly taken from the Greek Ν rather than the runic nauþiz.
Jērmeans year, and has the sound of Y in year. It’s transliterated as a J, which is the Y sound in, well, most germanic languages other than english. This looks like an uppercase G, and if you’ve studied old english, this should make perfect sense to you, but otherwise just remember that it’s really more like a Y. This was probably taken from latin rather than greek or runic.
Ūrusmeans aurochs, which is a sort of extinct bull. Like ans, it can be shorrt or long. When short, this is pronounced /ʊ/ like double-O in wood. When long, it is more like the double-O in food. It looks like a lower-case N, which is derived from its runic form, ūruz. In the norse rune poems, ūrus is translated as “slag” or “drizzle,” frfom the weak Proto-Germanic noun ūram instead of the strong noun ūruz that is used in gothic and old english.
Paírþrais a dice cup, and has the sound of P in pie. This may have originally meant pear-tree. You’ll probably recognize this letter as being derived from the greek letter Π, not the runic perþ(r)ō.
The next letter is a little tricky, and it’s not really a letter. It’s not actually used in writing – it represents the number 90. No need to memorize this one for now.
Raiđameans cart or wagon, and is pronounced like the trilled r in italian or spanish. Like the other sonorants L, M, and N, raiđa can act as a syllabic, like in the accusative noun brōþr. This is from the runic letter raidō, not the greek Ρ.
Saúwilmeans the sun, and is pronounced like S in see. This is probably derived from the runic sōwilō, possibly influenced by latin, rather than the greek Σ.
Teiwsor Tiusis the name of a germanic sky-god, and is the same name from which we get the word tuesday. There is a great debate out there as to whether this is derived from the greek Τ or the runic tīwaz, or whether the runic form we know is derived from an earlier form that wasn’t pointed, that maybe only the goths used, but asided from a lot of people on the internet, no one really cares.
Winjameans happiness, and is pronounced like the W in wind. Or it may have been called wunja, which means meadow. When transliterating greek words into gothic, it is also pronounced like /y/, but we won’t really be discussing that here. It looks like a Y, but it’s really derived from the greek letter Υ, not the runic.
Faíhumeans cows, and is pronounced like F in friend. The germanic word fehu became the english word fee and the old norse word fé, since money was thought of in terms of how many cows you owned. This is not to be confused with the word fellow, which, contrary to popular belief, although it is derived from the same word, does not mean someone you go cow-tipping with. This is derived from the latin F or runic letter fehu, not the greek Φ, as this was already used to express the letter þiuþ.
Iggwsis pronounced like K. This letter was only used to transliterate greek words into gothic, so unless you’re reading the bible in gothic, you don’t really need to know this. It’s directly derived from the greek letter Χ, although it takes its name from the germanic rune ingwaz.
Ƕairis pronounced like the WH in cool whip. It means cauldron or vessel. It is derived from the greek letter Θ. No one knows why.
Ōþalmeans ancestral property or inheritance, and is always a long vowel. It is pronounced like O in hope. This is derived from the runic letter ōþalaz, not from greek Ω, though they are very similar.
The last letter, like the letter for 90, doesn’t represent any sounds, just the number 900, and also doesn’t have a name that has survived.
Now, unfortunately, like most alphabets, just knowing the letters isn’t the end of it. Different letters behave differently in combination with others. There aren’t many of these in gothic, but there are some very important ones.
In most languages based on the latin alphabet, the nasal velar or NG sound <[ŋ(g)] is usually represented by an N followed by a velar consonant like G or K, but in greek this was done with a G instead of an N. Wulfilas used the greek model in gothic, and so the combinations giƀa-giƀa, giƀa-káuns, and giƀa-qaírþra are nasalized, for example in the words gaggan, drigkan, and igqis. The strange thing about this is that the germanic runes actually had a letter for the NG sound – ingwaz – but Wulfilas didn’t include this in his gothic alphabet, though its name is reflected in the letter iggws.
The vowels are a bit more changeable.
The combination of aíƕus and eis (ei) produces what is technically the long form of eis, though it was never written that way. This is one of four major diphthongs, although this is not technically a diphthong in the linguistic sense. Linguistically speaking, this does acurately represent what was previously a diphthong in IndoEuropean and maybe early Protogermanic, but that’s completely coincidental, and this pseudodiphthong is really just wulfilas copying the greek style of the day.
Another diphthong – a true diphthong in ths case – is eis ūrus, which was probably pronounced a little like “eew,” though it may have been pronounced /y:/ in some areas. <[And yes, in those areas where i believe it may have been pronounced /y:/, it would have been a monophthong, not a diphthong. But Wulfilas still used two letter. So meh.]
Finally, there are two diphthongs which cause a world of problems in gothic, as each of them has three separate possible pronunciations.
Ans-eis is pronounced “ai” in most cases. In transliteration this is usually indicated by an accent mark over the A. However, in other cases, it is pronounced like E in bet if the accent appears over the I. If there is no accent mark at all, either the writer was sloppy, or it is a longer version of the E sound in bed.
Ans-ūrus has rules very similar to the rules of ans-eis. An accent over the A in transliteration means it is pronounced like au in german Haus. An accent over the U, however, changes the pronunciation to /ɔ/, like the AU in caught. If there is no accent and the writer isn’t just being lazy, it is longer, like aw in saw.
Finally, there is also a group of letters – the voiced plosives – which become unvoiced continuants in certain cases, usually at the ends of words, and most particularly verbs in the second person preterite or imperative. In these cases, baírkan becomes faíhu, giƀa becomes haǥl, and daǥs becomes þiuþ. This really has more to do with grammar than with the alphabet, but it’s useful to keep in mind that these letters are related, sort of how F and V are related in english in the words knife and knives. There is also a related and opposite process at work in all germanic languages known as Verner’s Law, but I’ll spare you the details of that for now.
That’s it for variations, really, and that’s not bad if you stop to think for a minute about english and things like CH, TH, SH, silent Es, long and short vowels all jumbled together, Gs that can be like in get or gel, Cs that can be like cat or ceiling, I before E and E before I, and does and does, and lead and lead, and read and read, and bow and bow, présent and presènt... I could go on all day! So learn these few simple rules and be glad you already speak english! ...unless you don’t, in which case, my condolences.
I hope you've enjoyed this first lesson of Gothic for Goths. Please check in again for lesson two, in which we'll learn about the interrogative particle, the accusative case, and how to track down a missing pet if you're lost in Gothic territory. Thanks for watching, and if you liked this lesson, please watch the others and subscribe if you want to see more.
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In the global economy today, international businesses have taken a new dimension and progression in all forms. Bilateral trade, ties and other crucial development in the global market place today is as interesting to note and observe. One point to ponder over for a thought is the fact that globalization have brought in its baggage a bundle of benefits for global economy. But globalization also has thrown up new challenges for the global economy and international communities. Changing business environment in the backdrop of globalization and internationalization also a have brought about the emergence of new economy. The processes of economic liberalization also have opened up a window of opportunities and possibilities for trading nations. Such instance to the changing events is good for the global economy for many reasons thereof.
If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Find out more
Aim of the Study
In recent years since the advent of the new millennium, it is being observed that trade relationship between India and UAE has increased dramatically. The development in the regard is also interesting to note for many reasons thereof, given the fact that Indian and UAE economy today is the center of attraction for global economic analyst.
Hence the aim of this study is to take an interested approach to analyze India and UAE trade relation sin the last five years.
Objective of the study
As a developing economy, India has taken the global stage by storm. When we emphasized to the economic progression of UAE as well, there is every facts to cover up from an analysis that development is progressing in the right order.
Thus, such an eventual turn of events make for a point to ponder. And it should be clarified herein that the objective of this study is to reflect upon recent events and happenings encompassing UAE and India trade and its relationship at large, which we will discuss successively in parts, so as to drive home the idea of the subject matter.
Scope of the Study
Primarily, the scope of this study is based on observing the crucial face of international business in the world economy and its development today. We are of the opinion that there is no shortage of issue and subject to consider in that regard.
Hence, the subject interest that primarily focus on UAE-India trade relationship in the backdrop of international business and its processes overall. Add to it, the scope of this study and analysis also limits itself to these factors as a point to ponder and to drive home the idea overall.
Methodology of the study
The methodology initiated for the purpose of this assignment thus is simple enough and can be differentiated between primary and secondary data analysis to the subject matter. Data acquired in that capacity thus, is primarily based on theoretical analysis and assimilation of the subject matter and its discourse from available literature.
Secondarily, the methodology employed as a whole or in parts also is focused on data interpretation to recent news events and happening that is available in all forms of media, be it news reports, governmental circulations, economic news, forums etc, that specially relates to the subject encompassing UAE-India trade relationship in all its essence.
Limitation of the Study
In order to have a clearer understanding, it should be clarified again that this study and its analysis limits itself to the following question that arises:-
What defines UAE economy today?
What are the crucial elements and development phase of UAE import and exports with India?
Does UAE-India trade relationship posit a far reaching scope to enhance foreign trade and bilateral ties? If so, what are the possibilities in that regard?
Above all, what are the measures undertaken by UAE policy makers to boosts foreign trade with likeminded trading nations, especially India? Is there any firm level action from UAE part in that respect?
Considering these questions, we feel there is certain amount of limitation; however that does not deter the point to ponder with the study and to analyze these crucial facts despite certain hardship and drawbacks. Yet the limitation itself can be looked upon as a blessing in disguise.
UAE Economy in Context of Macro-Economic Indicator
In consideration of this subject and its analysis, it would be crucial and prudent to elucidate UAE economy in content of macro-economic indicators. J M Culburtson have asserted, “macro-economics theory in the theory of income, employment, price and money. P A Samuelson though is of the opinion that ‘macro-economics is the study of the behavior of economy as a whole. It examines the overall level of the nations output, employment, price and foreign trade.” (Dwivedi, 2005, p. 4)
From the basis of this definition in parts, it is clear what macro-economic is all about, which further assists in assimilating and interpreting UAE economic indicators considering the factors as defined. In that respect, data available with Arabian Business, a local news portals states that “despite the economic downturn that was witnessed globally in the early part of 2008, which directly and indirectly affected UAE economy also have showed a sign of recovery.” (Sambidge, 2009) In context of economic news and its indicators as can be interpreted, we feel that UAE economy today is in the right track. To top it all, business also have flourished, so is the economic activities that is gaining steam.
Hence, as far as UAE national output, price and foreign trade are concerned, we assume that recent development is positive, given the economic recovery that is in the right track currently. There is no denying the fact in that regard, although economic indicator available CIA Fact Book states that “as per 2009 estimates and its indicator, UAE economy have shown a slight downturn in its GDP, say nearly by 4%.” (CIAFACTBOOK, 2010)
As per data available with OPEC portal, “GDP per capita is estimated at $49,782, where as GDP at market price is estimated at $229.97 billion approximate.” (OPEC, 2010) What we can interpret from these indicator and figures is the fact that UAE today economy is progressing in the right track, especially the fact that “30 percent of the country GDP is directly related to oil and gas output.” (OPEC, 2010)
However, as per available information from governmental agencies of UAE, it shows that “labor and capital productivity saw a round about improvement in all aspects since 2004. Moreover, government budget in 2004 and 2005 also grew by a partial 15%, whereas trade balance was constant, although inflation shot up by 6.2% in 2005.” (Anonymous) These indicators although not latest present a clear picture of UAE economy and where it is heading.
UAE Export to India in the year 2000-2010
Shifting our analysis to the UAE export with India, we feel that in recent year’s bilateral relations between these two trading nations have taken a new course. Although it should be looked upon that major export trade partners of UAE are “Japan, India, South Korea, Thailand and Iran.” (UAE-Embassy, 2009) But what are interesting to note are the recent developments in context of UAE and India bilateral ties. News report available with the Financial Express states that, “UAE today is looked as a major export destination and tops India export market.” (Bhuyan, 2009) Moreover, “UAE export to India amounted to 10.7% which includes products such as pearls, precious stones, gold and other organic and inorganic chemicals.” (UAE-Embassy, 2009) In that respect, the following statistic limits its data analysis on UAE export to India only.
Hence, data available for the year starting 2001 to 2004 is interesting to note as far UAE export to India are concerned. For the year 2001 “UAE export to India amounted to $654.42 million, while for the year 2002 it was calculated at a value of $918.21 million. However, for the year 2003, UAE export amounted to $959.58 million. As far as 2004 export goes it grew dramatically, which was calculated at an amount of $2065.15 million.” (BusinessSupportCentre, 2009) Successively, for the year 2005 to 2010 UAE export data to India have grown dramatically. For the year of 2005 alone, UAE export was US$ 4641.10 millions. While that for the year 2006, it was estimated at around US$ 4354.08 millions.” (CGoI, 2007)
As we can analyse from the above there is a slight decrease when it concerns the year in between 2005 and 2006. Although, 2007 figures shows that UAE export to India was estimated at close to “US$18.2 billion in 2007″ (ThaindianNews1, 2008), which presents a dramatic increase. Above all, total direct export from UAE to India for the year 2008 alone was estimated at $1.28 billion.” (ThaindianNews, 2008)
Moreover, as far as 2009 and 2010 UAE export data with India goes, it was close to “US$ 303,696.31 for 2009 million, whereas for 2010 it was calculated at around US$ 288,403.31 million.” (DOC)
UAE Import from India in year 2000-2010
Comparing and contrasting the factor encompassing UAE imports there is a clear indication that India also ranks highly in that regard. Major trading partners of UAE in terms of its imports are “China which head the lists, followed by India, the US, Germany and Japan.” (UAE-Embassy, 2009)
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Thus, as per data available, UAE import data for the successive year 2001 to 2004 is interesting to analyze. Hence, for the “years staring 2001 UAE imports from India accounted to $2586.26 million. As for the year 2002 Imports was valued at $2500.28 million. For the year 2003, imports was valued at $3336.12 overall. Interestingly considering the year 2004, the value of UAE import from India was estimated at $5093.42” (BusinessSupportCentre, 2009) a drastic jump and increase. For the year 2005 though, “UAE import from India cleared the five landmarks that was calculated at US$7347.88 millions, where as for the year 2006, it was estimated at US$8591.79 millions that does not include petoleum and allied products.” (CGoI, 2007)
Specifically for the year 2007 alone, UAE import from India was a calculated at US$$114 billion” (ThaindianNews1, 2008) a significant increase.
However, as far as Imports for the year 2008 goes, “it is estimated at US$ 3.43 billion.” (ThaindianNews, 2008) This is a good indicator indeed from an economic point of view. For the successive year of 2009, UAE imports from “was estimated at 12% of the overall import, which includes products such as tea, cotton and other things.” (UAE-Embassy, 2009) Latest reports available with Economic Times reports, states that “exports by India to the UAE alone are calculated at 109.23billion Dirham or a direct 24.5% share of UAE direct imports from India for the year 2010.” (TheEconomicNews, 2010)
Scope for enhancing UAE foreign trade with India
There is every possible scope to enhance foreign trade between UAE and India. One aspect of it can be emphasized in perspective of bilateral ties and agreements which is crucial to foreign trade and its development.
Thus, we are of the opinion that in order to further strengthen trade activity between UAE and India, the scope for it at best can be reached through ties and agreements in all circumstances. Noting these facts, it is not surprising to relate that such development in the current state of affairs also have showed up.
As per with the news report available with Thaindian News, a web portal for news happening around the global relates that “recently in the last few months of 2010, UAE and India are working out on discussing bilateral trade and taking it a notch ahead by the leadership representative of both these countries, i.e., India and UAE. The good news in that regard is that leadership between these two nations also has come to a consensus and understanding to further strengthened the trade activity among them. There are every aspects that India envoys and leadership is serious enough to strengthened trade and other investment relationship with UAE” (ThaindianNews, India, UAE discuss bilateral trade, 2010) for all the sheer elements attached to it in context of global business and internationalization.
Hence, such development is important and pertinent to enhance the scope for future trade and commerce between India and UAE. And leadership factor and other peculiarities also is taking the right course with is not surprising, but delighted and pleasing to note the possibilities and road map worked out by UAE and Indian leadership and its development in the current state of affairs, which is befitting for both trading nations to enhances their economic co-operation and relationship.
UAE national policy measures to boost foreign trade with India
Reports for the year 2009 indicates that “UAE foreign trade have risen dramatically to 9%, which is on the basis of UAE foreign trade policy that is effective enough and wholly based on economic openness and liberalization, where there is abundant scope of opportunities for investors and trading partners,” (AmeInfo, 2010) and looked upon as one crucial facet on any given foreign policy to attract investment and bilateral ties and trade in context of international business.
Actually speaking, WTO review of UAE foreign trade policy also states that “policy of UAE mirrors a liberal economy that has greater scope and potential to enhance economic ties. Yet its performance also can be further improved with certain and specific structural reforms as and when it calls for by UAE leadership. In that capacity, the press release states that abolition of Restrictive Trade Agency laws and the inclusion and adopting competition legislation and other aspects of furthering liberalization process can have a long way to drive UAE economic activity in the process that is befitting.” (WTO, 2006)
Hence, taking these points in consideration, we are of the opinion that UAE national policy measure to boost foreign trade with India also should follows the same course. As far as Restrictive Trade Agency laws is concerned doing away with it or reforming it can comes in handy for UAE to boosts trade with India.
UAE Firm level actions
Given the current development, UAE firm level action in context of national policy measure can be emphasized to the economic reforms that have taken place in recent times, which directly links it to the fact in booting trade with India.
Take for instance The Economic Times reports in which it is highlighted that “UAE formulated polices of free economic zones for service sector, especially form Indian companies is one basis of boosting trade with India, and the results in that regard also shows directly in terms of annual growth that is estimated at 33%. (TheEconomicTimes, 2010)
Thus, we can ponder and reflect that in what ever circumstances, liberalization process of UAE policy is as effective as it mandate. The firm level action from the part of policy makers also can be looked within the events reforms encompassing free trade zone that is specific to India in the current state of affairs.
Conclusion
We can conclude to the fact that bilateral trade and agreements between India and UAE have showed a positive development in all forms. The recent interest by policy makers of both nations to further supplement trade ties and its relation is also important to note in context of international business.
Furthermore, the point to ponder also si that without any bilateral ties and agreement, facilitating trade and commerce presents a mockery of itself. Hence, the measure undertaken by both nations in terms of policy that is effective to one another have had a close share to boost economic relationship between India and UAE in the current state of affairs.
Thus, what we can finally conclude at this point is the fact that such development is good for the global economy, as well as the national economy of both trading nations.
Findings and Recommendation
As far as UAE economic progression is concerned today, many crucial phase of its international business links have been more than befitting for the economy and the nation as a whole. As a result of ties and agreements with trading countries, say India, Japan, US, Iran and China, etc have provided UAE with a connecting channels to fosters international business and its development in a meaningful ways. Add to it, as a result of the hyperactive developments and initiated policies by policy makers in UAE in areas concerning foreign trade have been effective enough to attract FDI, increased export and imports, which directly have a positive bearing on the economy of UAE, and that which also bridged a way to improved relationship as a result of international business and its development in UAE.
As a result of growing economic relations between UAE and India, it is further recommended that policy makers can further undertake many unitary measures to boost trade. Let say signing agreement specific to service sectors, education, FMGC, ownership norms for Indian entrepreneur and IT majors with a willingness to set up Affiliate Company in the UAE.
Focusing on these areas can dramatically have benefitting economic, social, political and cultural recourse for both nations directly and indirectly.
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Center for Student Wellbeing, assistant director for access and inclusion at Psychological and Counseling Center announcedby Princine Lewis Nov. 30, 2015, 10:10 AM
Vanderbilt University Chancellor Nicholas S. Zeppos has announced a set of new investments in the university’s student wellness resources. This includes two prongs: an immediate expansion in staff that have experience and skills working with people of varying racial and cultural backgrounds, and the opening of a new Center for Student Wellbeing.
Two new student wellbeing coordinator positions will be created at the new Center for Student Wellbeing, and a new assistant director for access and inclusion will join the staff of the Psychological and Counseling Center to provide clinical leadership for the execution and growth of culturally sensitive mental health resources for all students.
Vanderbilt plans to open by fall 2016 the new Center for Student Wellbeing, which will be a hub for wellness and prevention resources designed to help students develop and maintain positive mental and physical health practices that lead to enhanced resiliency when encountering difficult situations.
“I have been deeply engaged with our students, faculty and staff throughout the past year to learn how we can best lend support and make Vanderbilt an even greater university. These conversations, which have been candid, productive and telling all at once, revealed that in addition to our current resources, a center devoted to fostering student wellness through an integrative and holistic framework would strengthen our community of care and benefit students who experience distress that may impede academic or personal success,” Zeppos said.
The new center will offer a comprehensive wellness program focused on the following key areas:
- Community – embracing difference and offering encouragement in order to cultivate care and wellbeing;
- Emotional – creating safe spaces in order to encourage insight into emotions, values and identity in a mature and authentic way in order to increase hope and create growth and transformation;
- Intellectual – engaging students in critical thinking and meaningful conversation through programming on timely and relevant wellbeing topics; and
- Mind/Body – enhancing coping skills, self-regulation and resilience through mindfulness, relaxation and exercise.
The center, which will be centrally located near the Zerfoss Student Health Center on campus, will house the current staff members of the Office of Wellness Programs and Alcohol Education as well as the two new student wellbeing coordinators. Associate Dean of Community Standards and Student Support G.L. Black will have oversight of the center, and Rachel Eskridge will serve as the center’s director.
“Housing all wellness staff members in one dedicated space will provide a cohesive one-stop shop for program development and collaboration. Our programs and services will promote and educate students about self-care and care for others as well as providing them with opportunities to learn about and practice the skills foundational to academic success,” Associate Provost and Dean of Students Mark Bandas said.
The assistant director for access and inclusion and the staff of the new center will work closely with other departments within the Office of the Dean of Students, including Residential Education, the Bishop Joseph Johnson Black Cultural Center, International Student and Scholar Services, and the Office of Inclusion Initiatives and Cultural Competence, in the design and provision of on- and off-site culturally sensitive preventive and educational programs. Other planned activities offered by the center include psychoeducation, outreach, workshops, alcohol and drug assessments, and individual supportive counseling, as needed. In addition, Vanderbilt Recovery Support (VRS) will use the space for recovery meetings and to house the Vanderbilt Recovery Lounge space for students to use for studying and community building. | https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2015/11/30/center-for-student-wellbeing-assistant-director-for-access-and-inclusion-at-psychological-and-counseling-center-announced/ |
M. Chatib Basri
Last week’s G20 Leaders’ Summit in Bali illustrated the geopolitical challenges weighing on multilateralism. Earlier it looked like the G20 might fissure amid divides between its membership on the Ukraine conflict. Simply convening the G20 in Bali this year has been a major and underappreciated challenge for Indonesia.
That achieved, this ye-ar’s G20 could be remembered for being the place w-here a floor was put underneath some critical bilateral relationships, while building a base for renewed multilateral cooperation on economic challenges.
It helps that the key players, not least Indonesia, understood the economic stakes of failure. Asia, more than any other region, has the most to lose from the r-etreat from globalisation and the bifurcation of the global economy that might emerge from efforts to fo-rce ‘decoupling’ between t-he United States and China.
The stakes will be equally high in 2023 when the region hosts a suite of important multilateral for-ums. Indonesia has opportunity to build on its 2022 G20 presidency as it assu-mes the chair of ASEAN, India will host the G20 presidency, Japan the G7 and the United States will host APEC. Ensuring that these meetings strive for common and cooperative goals won’t be an easy task.
Indonesia’s leadership through its G20 presidency exemplified the positive role it can play in navigating today’s international political tensions. Indo-nesia’s focus on health, climate, the digital economy and economic development priorities and its navigation of great power conflict has kept the G20 process on course. Despite the difficulty of G20 ministers and leaders reaching consensus on joint communiqués, Indonesia’s leadership has ensured participation by all members — including at leader level — and guarded the G20’s role as the premier forum for international economic cooperation.
President Joko Widodo’s invitation to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to attend the G20 was the symbolic continuation of Indonesia’s long-standing foreign policy of mendayung antara dua karang or ‘rowing between two reefs’. This strategy is welcomed by most of Asia and the developing world as it struggles to find balance between increasingly divided political blocs.
East Asia’s rapid growth was driven by its openness and access to international markets for exports, inputs and investment and premised on the multilateral economic order set up after World War II. The current trajectory of technological and economic decoupling would leave everyone worse-off. It will be particularly detrimental for countries such as Indonesia because it closes off the path of peaceful development that has seen a remarkable period of prosperity and political stability in Asia despite a history of regional confrontation and mistrust.
The priorities of international affairs sometimes sit awkwardly in Indonesia’s national politics. Yet the 2022 G20 process has seen greater appreciation in Jakarta of how vital the alignment of Indonesia’s national interests to its regional and international role is for securing its ambitions for national development.
Despite the distraction of national elections in early 2024, Indonesia’s chairing ASEAN in 2023 presents an opportunity to step up regionally on the global threats to its core national economic and security goals.
Defence of the multilateral economic order remains a priority for Asian nations. Indonesia has pitched in since the 2019 Osaka G20 summit and during its G20 presidency to help define a way to strengthen the system through WTO reforms. But with geopolitical conflict in Europe and the Indo-Pacific and security concerns now overwhelming global policy affairs, these global economic policy objectives need reinforcement from stronger regional action.
In 2011 when Indonesia was last in the chair of ASEAN, it launched the negotiation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement that came into effect this year. RCEP is a remarkable affirmation of multilateralism and openness by East Asian countries and an example of regional action that strengthens cooperation among nations that comprise roughly a third of world trade. It also reinforces global rules and principles. It’s the world’s largest free trade area. It incorporates an economic cooperation agenda and ongoing, built-in political level dialogue at the ministerial and leaders’ levels.
RCEP may not be perfect. Its signatories need to engage India in its economic cooperation agenda if not yet in its trade liberalisation endeavours. But it presents a significant institutional base in East Asia from which to pursue Indonesia’s and ASEAN’s open global economic diplomacy. More importantly, in a world in which military security is beginning to dominate economic, environmental and other security considerations, it offers an ASEAN framework for pursuing comprehensive security across all these domains.
The economic interdependence on which East Asia’s development is based is a crucial element in regional security. Retreating from it would impose large costs on the regional economy and disrupt political stability. The challenges of climate change, global health and food security are all best dealt with through close global and regional cooperation.
It is important to recognise the reality of geopolitical tension and identify regional cooperation that is both politically feasible and economically beneficial. Governments must enact multi-stage regional cooperation that begins with a low-ambition strategy and progresses to more complex goals. This starts with identifying areas where members can agree.
Climate change, global health and food security issues can serve as a starting point and the common denominator for regional cooperation. ASEAN has created the platform for a comprehensive strategy to deal with these challenges across the region’s geopolitical fissures.
Indonesia takes the driver’s seat in ASEAN as the region faces the danger of becoming a pawn in the game of global politics. There has perhaps never been a time when its leadership in crafting a strategy to strengthen comprehensive regional security was more needed. | https://thefrontierpost.com/indonesia-takes-the-drivers-seat-in-asean/ |
Human service workers need an understanding of the stages of substance abuse, the areas of life that are affected by abuse, and how to assess when it becomes a problem. There are a number of screening tools available to assess an individual’s involvement with alcohol and drugs.
Providing Comprehensive Services
Programs must consider the individuality and co-occurring or co-existing mental health needs of youth with substance disorders. There is little evidence that one modality of treatment or session format (i.e., individual, group, or family) is appropriate for all clients. Flexibility, availability, and treatment matching a client's needs to available services are the most effective approach. Evidence-based practices for youth include protocols that are motivational, cognitive-behavioral and behavioral, family-oriented, and centered around 12-step strategies.
Programs should make the orientation process inviting and easy to understand. Materials that explain the process of treatment (i.e., the consent for treatment, confidentiality, available options) should also be available to family members so they have a clear understanding of what is to be expected of the youth and their families and the clinicians. This vital component of service is often brushed over, but it is essential to engaging families.
Services must be engaging (i.e., dynamic and active, and focused on the individual), clinically and developmentally appropriate, and strengths-based. Evidence-based treatment manuals address developmental factors, including adapting to situations, triggers, and consequences for youth. These manuals offer treatments that use motivational philosophies to engage individuals in treatment, use concrete versus abstract concepts, deal with loss-of-control issues, support recovery environments, and support continued care. These adolescent practices include targeted sessions for victimization/trauma, anger management, depression, and gender and cultural issues.
Treatment should emphasize the acquisition of new abilities and skills to deal with the issues. Programs should also include ongoing psychiatric services with continued assessment, medication management, and family involvement (i.e., assessment, parent education, multifamily groups, family counseling, parent behavior training, and home visits). Of equal importance is linkage to education services (on-site if residential), wrap-around services (e.g., care coordination of formal services and interventions, together with community services and interpersonal support and assistance provided by friends, relatives, and other people drawn from the family’s social networks), health care services (e.g., contraception, testing for sexually transmitted diseases, and treatment for asthma/respiratory problems), recreational activities (e.g., room for gross motor activities), and exposure to non-using activities.
Availability of a Continuum of Care
A continuum of care must respond to the full range of service needs: prevention, screening, assessment, intervention, a menu of treatment options, case management/specialized rehabilitation, and continued care.
Gender and Cultural Competence
Gender competence and cultural competence are essential in developing a successful therapeutic alliance between a youth and his or her counselor. Programs must take into account the significant differences between male and female adolescent substance users. The same type of program responsiveness is critical for working with youth and families of mixed racial and cultural identities. Sensitivity to others and factors that help build trust are especially important for gay and lesbian youth who might not otherwise be willing or able to address key aspects of their identity.
Resources
National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP)
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration supports NREPP, a searchable online registry of more than 200 interventions supporting mental health promotion, substance abuse prevention, and mental health and substance abuse treatment. NREPP connects members of the public to intervention developers so they can learn how to implement these approaches in their communities.
Seeking Drug Abuse Treatment: Know What to Ask
This publication from the National Institute on Drug Abuse offers guidance in seeking drug abuse treatment and lists five questions to ask when searching for a treatment program, as well as providing additional treatment resources. | https://youth.gov/youth-topics/substance-abuse/critical-elements-substance-abuse-prevention-efforts |
In January, we wrote about a cybernetic micro air vehicle under development at Draper called DragonflEye. DragonflEye consists of a living, slightly modified dragonfly that carries a small backpack of electronics. The backpack interfaces directly with the dragonfly’s nervous system to control it, and uses tiny solar panels to harvest enough energy to power itself without the need for batteries.
Draper showed us a nifty looking mock-up of what the system might look like a few months ago, but today, they’ve posted the first video of DragonflEye taking to the air.
The unique thing about DragonflEye (relative to other cyborg insects) is that it doesn’t rely on spoofing the insect’s sensors or controlling its muscles, but instead uses optical electrodes to inject steering commands directly into its nervous system, which has been genetically tweaked to accept them. This means that the dragonfly can be controlled to fly where you want, without sacrificing the built-in flight skills that make insects the envy of all other robotic micro air vehicles.
It looks like the above video is mostly showing that the electronics and hardware can be interfaced to the insect while still allowing it to fly, so we may not be seeing the control system in action yet. Even so, this research seems to be moving along very, very quickly, and we’re not entirely sure when this video was shot, so our advice is to give every dragonfly you see zipping around outside a second glance, just in case.
For lots more on DragonflEye, including why Draper thinks this research is worth pursuing, make sure and read our article and interview with principal investigator Jesse J. Wheeler.
[ Draper ]
Evan Ackerman is a senior editor at IEEE Spectrum. Since 2007, he has written over 6,000 articles on robotics and technology. He has a degree in Martian geology and is excellent at playing bagpipes. | https://spectrum.ieee.org/drapers-genetically-modified-cyborg-dragonfleye-takes-flight |
Dr. Jo-Anne Kissoon
Correspondence to:
Dr. Jo-anne Kissoon
Gerontology Unit, St. James Medical Complex
Email: [email protected]
Copyright: This is an open-access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
BACKGROUND
In the Caribbean, cancer is the second leading cause of death, affecting one in every five persons.1,2 Of even greater concern is the mortality rate for breast and prostate cancer in Caribbean countries which is amongst the highest in the world. In Antigua and Barbuda for example, the mortality rate for these cancers is 44.7 per hundred thousand as opposed to the United States where it is 15.4.2 These figures are indicative of the challenges faced by health services in providing effective cancer treatment for the developing countries of the Caribbean. Noted deficiencies include the need for more qualified oncologists operating within the Caribbean region as evidenced by a large number of patients with cancer seeking access to the public health care systems.3
Another major challenge is the unavailability of cancer medication, the cost of which is prohibitive, often placing it outside the reach of the average citizen. Thus, there is a reliance on what many perceive to be an under-funded and failing public health care system to provide the necessary treatment and support. Those with the financial resources seek treatment abroad or in one of the larger islands.2 Therefore, in the current environment, a diagnosis of cancer presents a major challenge for patients. In the Caribbean, the more common cancers include breast, cervical, colon, prostate and lung cancer.2. These cancers are usually treated using a combination of conventional therapies such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.2
Recently, immunotherapy has been considered one of the more promising medical advances in cancer treatment. Immunotherapy drugs have a different side effect profile from traditional treatments and have promising outcomes for skin, breast, lung, kidney, head and neck cancers and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.4 In the Caribbean, one advantage of these drugs is increased survival rates in melanoma patients with brain metastases, patients with triple-negative breast cancer, prostate cancer and patients with metastatic lung cancer.5,6 The adaptation of immunotherapy drugs may also be beneficial in the treatment of SARS-Cov-2.7 Thus, health services in the Caribbean should consider the acquisition of immunotherapy drugs as a major benefit in improving survival rates.
The decision to invest in immunotherapy drugs should consider the disadvantages of the treatment. The drugs may not work for all patients; others may develop immune related adverse events (irAEs) such as colitis, rash, pneumonitis, myalgia and hypothyroidism.8 Patient responses to immunotherapy drugs have also proven unpredictable and consequently response rates remain unpredictable. One forecast for the future of Immunotherapy is as follows8:
“An improvement in the efficacy of immunotherapies will likely involve a more personalized and multi modal approach that cannot only target specific antigens that are present in the patient’s tumor but is supplemented with agents such as epigenetic inhibitors and microbiota enhancers to elicit a more robust response.”
Currently, health services struggle to meet the increasing need for the provision of cancer treatment. Factored into this struggle would be the high cost of available treatment options with immunotherapy ranking amongst the highest and the competing needs of those with other medical conditions. The case for immunotherapy is strong; however, the decision whether it is a worthwhile investment for the Caribbean will ultimately depend upon budgets and priorities.
THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT OF CANCER
The National Cancer Institute defines solid cancer as ‘an abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas’.9 There are several types of solid cancers, such as sarcomas, carcinomas and lymphomas which are classified according to their cell composition. Traditional approaches to the management of solid cancer have included a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, all of which have assisted in combating the disease.
The factors that determine the course of treatment are the type and stage of solid cancer as well as the cost of treatment. However, it is ultimately the patient’s decision that would determine the course of treatment. The traditional modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy all have restrictions on their application but there have been improvements which support better cancer management and a more acceptable quality of life during treatment.
Surgical Options
Surgery is a treatment option that may be considered at every stage of cancer; however, there are conflicting views as to the role of surgery in metastatic cancer. Some oncologists still include surgery as a possibility for the removal of metastases in certain circumstances. The majority, however, see the trauma and inflammation associated with surgery as possibly enhancing tumor growth, increasing the establishment of new metastases and accelerating growth of residual and micro metastatic disease.10 Surgery may also be excluded as a treatment option in managing solid cancers when the tumours are large and invasive. It may also be inappropriate when the patient is elderly or has poor performance status, as survival is less likely. Other limitations would include risk of damage to nearby tissue, the possibility of not removing all tumour cells and additional complications such as infection.11 The most recent advance in cancer surgery has been robot-assisted surgery. This recent advancement decreases the risk of infection and damage to surrounding tissue. The resulting surgery is more precise; however, it is expensive and must be performed by a doctor with the required skillset.12
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy targets actively replicating cancer cells and its effects are systemic. Therefore the side effect profile of this group of drugs is extensive and includes nausea and vomiting, hair loss, possible permanent infertility and secondary malignancy. Other limitations of this group are “drug-resistance by tumors, poor penetration by the drug and inadequate drug dosing”.13
This treatment modality, which is normally combined with others, has also seen advances over the past decade, with modern chemotherapy drugs now concentrating on reducing toxicity and associated side effects. Current drug combinations are also more targeted and more effective.14
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy mainly involves ionizing radiation which inevitably causes injury or damage to the surrounding tissue. It can be used as a primary tool, neoadjuvant, adjuvant, combination or even in the palliative setting. Toxic effects of radiation also include painful mouth ulcers, cataracts, alopecia, increased pigmentation and secondary malignancies.
Recent advances in technology have also improved the way this treatment modality is delivered. There is now intensity-modulated radiotherapy which is seen as an improvement in 3D conformal radiation therapy. It is a move away from conventional usage where dosage distribution is the result of trial and error. A more exacting approach, this computer-driven technology allows for the delivery of uniquely tailored dose variations within the radiation field.15 Stereotactic body radiotherapy and particle beam therapy are also gaining momentum.
Given these limitations, there is a continuous search to discover other treatment options for solid cancers. One of the more promising developments has been immunotherapy, which has been revolutionizing solid cancer treatment as early as 1891.16 The appeal of immunotherapy, therefore, is that it uses a different mechanism which ultimately overcomes some of the limitations faced by traditional treatment modalities.
THE MECHANICS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
Immunotherapy as a new form of cancer treatment is unique as it stimulates and strengthens the body’s innate immune system to fight cancer. It does this by utilising products, either present in the body or laboratory-made, to improve or restore immune system function. It can also put a brake on signals from cancer cells that work to suppress the immune system.17
The recent strides that have been made in the management of solid cancers through immunotherapy have been due to a better understanding of its mechanism of action.18 This new concept of “tumour immune editing” was put forward by Schreiber and colleagues.19 Immunotherapy itself branches off into several different types including therapeutic vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines.
Therapeutic vaccines
These immunotherapy vaccines differ from the conventional HPV and Hepatitis B cancer vaccines which are aimed at the prevention of cervical cancer and some liver cancers. They work through the “enhancement or stimulation” of the body’s immune system to fight against solid cancers. These vaccines are however reported to have low clinical efficacy and sometimes used in tandem with other immunotherapies or targeted therapies.20
Monoclonal antibodies
These very specific antibodies can provoke an immune response which results in cell death. Thus, they are particularly successful in treating colorectal as well as head and neck cancers. Their success rate is especially good when introduced into a programme with other conventional modalities such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This group is also able to prevent tumour cell growth by “triggering an immune-mediated cytotoxic response”.17
Checkpoint inhibitors
One of the more common types of immunotherapy is checkpoint inhibitors. These drugs work by inhibiting the cancer cells that attempt to block or stop the immune cells of the human body from going into action. This interaction between the T-cells and cancer cells is through receptors or checkpoints called CTLA-4, PD-L1 or PD-1. Ultimately, they allow cancer-fighting T-cells of the immune system to recognize the cancer cells, which then enables them to attack those cancer cells.21
Cytokines
Cytokines are proteins produced by certain cells within the immune system. Cytokines such as Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and Interferon – α (IFN – α) stimulate the immune system through the mass production of T-cells. They work well in cases of renal cell carcinoma and melanoma.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
In the fight against cancer, this relatively new group of drugs called immunotherapy has brought a ray of hope, especially in the lives of patients coping with advanced (metastatic) lung and skin cancer.
In the case of melanoma, the figures show that checkpoint blockade immunotherapy more than doubled survival rates from 5.2 months to 12.4 months. Additionally, the four-year survival rate for persons receiving immunotherapy stood at around 28.1 per cent, a marked difference from the 11.1% for those who did not. No other treatment modality has been this successful, especially in the treatment of skin cancers.22
Immunotherapy also works in tandem with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy to improve the management of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma.23 Two of the major positive aspects of immunotherapy are its good side effect profile and its immuno-memory which is a unique advantage relative to other treatment modalities. Thus, if cancer recurs after being treated with immunotherapy, the immune system recognizes it and resumes its attack which results in an extended cancer-free period. This treatment is also more specific in terms of its target, thereby sparing the healthy cells from destruction.23
Immunotherapy works by harnessing and enhancing the innate immune system to work against cancer cells. Therefore, the process is not fast and has its peculiarity which is called “pseudoprogression”.18 This unique phenomenon is explained by the T-cells interacting with cancer cells causing temporary swelling in approximately 10% of patients who receive this treatment which then subsides as cancer cells die.
As with all other treatment modalities, immunotherapy has its limitations. When checkpoint inhibitors are introduced there is the possibility of immune-related adverse events (irAEs).23,24 Common side effects include fatigue which affects about a quarter of its users, diarrhoea secondary to colitis, dyspnea and cough secondary to pneumonitis, dermatitis, hepatitis and hypothyroidism. Some of the side effects such as heart palpitations, weight gain, and diarrhoea tend to subside after the first treatment.23
There are also times when solid tumours respond initially to immunotherapy and then stop, resulting in tumour recurrence. Unfortunately, immunotherapy is not effective for all patients. Less than 50% of the patients who are treated with immunotherapy respond to it.25 Thus, there may be uncertainty in selecting the appropriate target group as the target population with the most likelihood of success would only be persons carrying certain bio-markers, testing for which is also costly.
At present, research has focused on the use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression within the tumor microenvironment as predictors of immune response in patients undergoing immunotherapy. Similar consideration is also being given to a larger panel of gene signatures, chemokines and other factors that correlate with patient response.26
ABILITY OF HEALTH SERVICES TO PROVIDE IMMUNOTHERAPY SERVICES
Governments throughout the Caribbean face differing challenges in providing health services and in particular cancer treatments. As summed up in a recent series on cancer control in the Caribbean.2
“These island nations all face similar challenges of a growing cancer burden, inadequate cancer surveillance, geographically isolated small populations, vulnerable ecological and economic situations, insufficient resources, poor access to screening and treatment, and overburdened health-care systems.”
The 2014 PAHO/WHO document on Health Financing in the Americas proposed a benchmark of 6% for public expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product or GDP.27 Recent figures show that the countries of the Caribbean have lagged in that regard. Data for the year 2016 shows Cuba as having allocated the highest percentage of GDP on public health.28 This country spent more than twice the PAHO/ WHO suggested allocation at 12.19%. Other smaller economies allocated much less, with Guyana having a total allocation of 4.24%, followed by Saint Vincent and the Grenadines with a total allocation of 3.56%.
According to the World Bank data, Caribbean countries with a higher than 6% GDP contribution to public healthcare for that year, were Barbados with a 6.96 % allocation, followed by Trinidad and Tobago at 6.51% and the Bahamas at 6.38%. The other countries reaching the benchmark were Belize at a score of 6.12%, Jamaica with 6.07% public health/GDP expenditure and Suriname at 6.06% comparative spending.28
Further, according to the 2019 data only three countries, Jamaica, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago, had National Cancer Plans in place, with Suriname having a draft only.2 Similarly, concerning national screening programs, only Martinique offered screening for cervical cancer, breast cancer and bowel cancer. St Lucia organized screening programmes for cervical cancer, and breast cancer, while Jamaica had a national screening programme for cervical cancer only. No such established national screening programmes were present in any of the other islands.2
Another challenge for the island economies has been the presence of oncology services to meet the needs of its patients. A 2018 study on the state of Caribbean oncology services which excluded the countries of The Bahamas, Guyana, St. Lucia and Haiti summarized the position of the region as follows.3:
“Oncology services were insufficient in the majority of countries. Haematology proved to be the most adequately staffed with six countries (60%) having the recommended number of specialists. Medical oncology services were deficient in five countries (50%). Radiation oncology services were the most limited with nine countries (90%) unable to provide the required quota of specialists. The majority of the workforce consisted of nonnationals (55%). The remaining practitioners were nationals, and of these 50% were regionally trained. Oncological care was primarily offered within the public sector.”
Other challenges which the region faces include the unavailability of medication within the public system as current foreign exchange and funding restrictions make it almost impossible to import certain cancer drugs. The task is made even more difficult by the absence of trained personnel, surgeons and specialists such as oncologists.3
Developed countries also face challenges and with the advent of immunotherapy and its associated costs the situation is no less complicated. Recent outbreaks such as the Coronavirus pandemic and older issues such as HIV prevention and support, which stand to affect large parts of the population, often take priority.
In the Caribbean there appears to be no public health service institutions that offer immunotherapy treatment except for Cuba, which has made significant progress in developing its brand of immune therapies.29
FUTURE PLANS
As countries worldwide are faced with ageing populations, increased prevalence of cancer and limited resources, the economic burden faced by the health care services is even more challenging. Immunotherapy has increased survival rates and made the treatment of solid cancers more effective and tolerable, thereby improving the quality of life for patients, mainly in the developed world. The benefits of immunotherapy in the fight against cancer are significant but do not extend to developing nations. According to WHO data, approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in developing nations.30 These cancer deaths would be due to several factors including excess tobacco and alcohol use, increasing obesity along with a similarly increased sedentary lifestyle, carcinogenic infections and financial constraints.
In the developing countries of the Caribbean, the cost of traditional cancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy already pose an economic challenge for the public healthcare system. The cost of immunotherapy alone and more commonly, in combination with other modalities is quoted in articles as approximately US$100,000 annually per patient.31,32 This places the treatment out of the present and future reach of most health care systems.31, 32 Therefore, the high cost of immunotherapy would place an even greater burden on an already underfunded Caribbean public healthcare system.
Immunotherapy has increased survival rates and made the treatment of solid cancer more effective and tolerable in patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This treatment has extended patient survival by five years. Similarly, the survival rate for younger patients with melanoma has also witnessed an increase due to the introduction of immunotherapy.33, 34
For the Caribbean to reduce the economic burden, the focus in the fight against cancer should be on the development of prevention campaigns, including educating the population on the avoidance of risk factors. Specific importance should also be placed on vaccination against HPV and Hepatitis B viruses, as this has the potential to prevent one million cancer cases annually as well as the introduction of anti-smoking campaigns in countries where there are none.30
The central issue for health service providers in both developed and developing nations must be that of ensuring equality of access to these lifesaving cancer treatments amongst their populations. This becomes a balancing act between affordable pricing and guaranteed returns to ensure continued research, which may not be easily achieved. Perhaps we can learn from the Cuban experience of a small economy providing free immunotherapy treatment to its citizens, while simultaneously investing in research and the development of immunotherapy drugs.23 This dream may only be achieved when all stakeholders such as governments, pharmaceutical research companies and health service providers work together to improve the quality of care for the people they serve.
Ethical Approval statement: Not applicable
Informed consent statement: Not applicable
Conflict of interest: none declared
Funding statement: None
References
- Warner WA, Lee TY, Badal K et al. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends in Trinidad and Tobago. BMC Cancer 2018 https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-018-4625-x (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Spence D, Dyer R, Andall-Brereton G et al. Cancer control in Small Island Nations 3, The Lancet Oncology, 2019 pages 1-19
- Alleyne Mike K. The Caribbean Community Clinical Oncology Workforce: Analyzing Where We Are Today and Projecting for Tomorrow; Journal of Oncology, Volume 2018 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jo/2018/7286281/ (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Lacombe S. Cancer Immunotherapy, British Society for Immunology – Policy Briefing, December 2016 https://www.immunology.org/sites/default/files/Cancer%20Immunotherapy.pdf (Accessed 16/03/2020)
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Immunotherapy doubles survival rates for patients with melanoma brain metastases: Checkpoint inhibitors increase median survival to 12.4 months, and more than double percentage of patients who survive 4 years or longer. ScienceDaily 2018. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180712100541.htm (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Heady D. Immunotherapy improves five-year survival rate of people with advanced lung cancer. Medicalxpress, June 3, 2019 https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-06-immunotherapy-five-year-survival-people-advanced.html (Accessed 16/ 03/20)
- De Wint G. CEL-SCI Initiates Development of Immunotherapy to Treat COVID-19 Coronavirus Infection. Businesswire, March 09, 2020 https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200309005285/en/ (Accessed 17/03/2020)
- Sambi M, Bagheri L, Szewczuk R. Current Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy: Multimodal Approaches to Improve Efficacy and Patient Response Rates, Journal of Oncology, Volume 2019
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jo/2019/4508794/ (Accessed 17/03/2020)
- National Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Solid Tumor, 2020. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/solid-tumor (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Tohme S, Simmons RL, Tsung A. Surgery for Cancer: A Trigger for Metastases. Cancer Res. 2017 Apr 1; 77(7): 1548–1552. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380551/ (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Winship Cancer Institute. Cancerquest. Cancer Treatments, 2019
https://www.cancerquest.org/patients/treatments (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Martin LJ. Cancer Treatment Breakthroughs. Web MD. November 2018
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/detect-treat-cancer-17/advances-cancer-treatment (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Gavhane Y N, Shete A, Bhagat AK et al. Solid Tumors: Facts, Challenges and Solutions. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR) Vol. 2 (1), 2011, pages 1-12. http://www.ijpsr.info/docs/IJPSR11-02-01-01.pdf (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Celgene Corporation. Chemotherapy: What’s Old Is New Again – Advancements in Chemotherapy for Cancer; January 2014 https://www.celgene.com/chemotherapy-treatment/ (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Garibaldi C, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Marvaso G et al. Recent advances in radiation oncology. ecancermedicalscience 2017 Vol 11 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5718253/ (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Mc Carthy EF. The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. 2006 Vol. 26: pages 154 – 158. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888599/ (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- American Society of Clinical Oncology. Understanding Immunotherapy, 2019 https://www.cancer.net/sites/cancer.net/files/asco_answers_immunotherapy.pdf (Accessed 29/01/2020)
- Filipovic A. The Role of Immunotherapy in treating Solid Cancers. Grandround, Cancer World. Jan/Feb 2017. | https://www.caribbeanmedicaljournal.org/2020/07/07/the-increasing-role-of-immunotherapy-in-the-management-of-solid-cancers-and-its-impact-on-caribbean-health-services-resources-and-provision/ |
IMAGE: Dr. Marie Bleakley, a pediatric oncologist and researcher at Fred Hutch, is advancing a new approach to genetically engineer T cells.
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Credit: Fred Hutch file photo
SEATTLE - Oct. 25, 2017 - Researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington have developed a novel way to genetically engineer T cells that may be effective for treating and preventing leukemia relapse.
The findings, published online in the journal Blood, provide the basis for launching a first-in-human clinical trial of this new immunotherapy, which relies on engineered T-cell receptors, or TCRs. This immunotherapy represents a different method of genetic engineering than the CAR T-cell therapies that were recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Relapse occurs in about one-third of patients with acute leukemia who undergo stem cell transplantation to rebuild cancer-free blood cells, and more than 90 percent of these patients die after an average survival of about four months.
"New therapies are desperately needed to prevent and treat relapse of leukemia in patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation," said pediatric oncologist Dr. Marie Bleakley, the paper's senior author, who is a member of Fred Hutch's Clinical Research Division.
T cells, a linchpin of the immune system, have a variety of molecules on their surface, known as receptors, that recognize cells that are foreign or diseased and kill them. To boost the immune system's ability to recognize and attack these "invaders," researchers may transfer genes for a tumor-specific T-cell receptor into the T cells collected from a patient's transplant donor.
In this work, Bleakley and colleagues exploited a specific "minor histocompatibility antigen," or minor H antigen, found on the surface of leukemia cells in some patients. Using this group of antigens as targets is being re-examined now that the basic principles of cancer immunotherapy are better understood and potent T-cell immunotherapy is a clinical reality. Because these antigens are expressed predominantly on blood-forming cells, targeting them could provide a potent and selective anti-leukemia treatment with little risk to other cells.
TCR therapy differs from CAR T-cell therapy in that the latter involves creating receptors that are not found in nature. The former occurs naturally in humans, though the receptors we have can vary. While CAR T-cell therapies are known to be effective in treating B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, it has not yet been successful in acute myeloid leukemia or T-cell ALL.
Bleakley's team broke new ground by identifying T-cell receptors that were especially potent in their targeting of a minor H antigen found on the surface of leukemia cells. Using these genetic blueprints, they then were able to extract these receptors from select blood samples provided by donors. Next, they inserted these receptors into T cells from donors for patients who could perhaps benefit from having such "supercharged" T cells to seek and destroy cancer cells with the targeted antigen.
Although no patients have yet received these TCRs, the engineered T cells efficiently and specifically killed target cells in laboratory tests.
"T-cell receptors isolated from minor H antigen-specific T cells represent an untapped resource for developing targeted T-cell immunotherapy to manage leukemia relapse," Bleakley said, adding that the construct used in this study could serve as a prototype for others targeting similar antigens. Her research team has established a new technique to discover antigens that may be exploited as targets and has identified and characterized five novel minor H antigens.
Bleakley is aiming to launch a Phase 1 clinical trial in December 2017. If results from the lab are borne out in clinical trials, this form of adoptive T-cell therapy could join a growing immune-based arsenal. Fred Hutch researchers and clinicians are pioneers in the development of a variety of T-cell therapies for blood-related and other cancers.
###
The research was funded in part by the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation and Richard Lumsden Foundation, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and Cure4Cam Childhood Cancer Organization, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, Unravel Pediatric Cancer, the Bezos family and the National Cancer Institute (K23 CA154532).
At Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, home to three Nobel laureates, interdisciplinary teams of world-renowned scientists seek new and innovative ways to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer, HIV/AIDS and other life-threatening diseases. Fred Hutch's pioneering work in bone marrow transplantation led to the development of immunotherapy, which harnesses the power of the immune system to treat cancer. An independent, nonprofit research institute based in Seattle, Fred Hutch houses the nation's first cancer prevention research program, as well as the clinical coordinating center of the Women's Health Initiative and the international headquarters of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network.
High-res version of still photo available upon request.
Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. | |
As energy savings and the conservation of resources increasingly drive decision-making for homebuilders, frost-protected shallow footings offer a good method for constructing slab-on-grade foundations.
As a builder constructing townhouses, commercial buildings, and the occasional slab-on-grade (SOG) house in frigid Nebraska, I always thought it silly to dig footings half as deep as a full basement when the point of SOG construction was to spend less on foundations. A basement seemed the better value, to me, given that only token cost savings came with a slab ... until one year, while attending the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) International Builders' Show, I heard a lecture on a new (at least for me) approach to constructing slabs in northern climates that did not require footings to extend below the frost line. I immediately perked up and listened closely; it sounded like a good cost-saving measure.
I listened, did a little research, and learned the method. Then (after wrestling with the building department a few rounds), I tried it. Since then, I have built at least 100 structures successfully using frost-protected shallow foundations (FPSF) and saved more than money. Now that environmental stewardship and reduced energy consumption have become the most significant focus of better buildings, FPSFs have become the norm for contractors using resource-sparing methods to build highly insulated structures.
Let’s start with the money savings, however. A slab may still be the most affordable foundation, but if you use conventional techniques, the difference in cost between full basements and slabs will be marginal: you dig below the frost line, 36" or more, and then pour a foundation before forming the slab. Many builders, including myself, reasoned that more value for the dollar could be gained by just digging a few feet more and building a full basement. This was true until codes began to accept FPSFs in 2000. The method has been used in the colder regions of Europe and Canada for more than 50 years, and in parts of the United States for more than 25. In fact, architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed and built a type of FPSF intended to achieve affordability in his Usonian Homes.
The principle is simple, yet it took me a little while to understand how a little bit of insulation can raise the frost depth under a building from 40" to just 12". An easy analogy is the down comforter. Without it, on a frigid winter night your body loses its internal heat and you get cold quickly. Pull the cover snugly under your chin and the comforter preserves your body heat until you feel toasty warm. A FPSF works in exactly the same way as a comforter, except it uses rigid foam insulation as a "quilt" and uses the heat emanating from the earth, along with heat captured from the interior temperature of a heated building, as sources of warmth.
Fros- Protected Shallow Foundations are generally installed on concrete slab foundations, but they can also be used for other types of foundation systems including crawl space foundations (as shown), and wood foundation systems.
By adding insulation around the exterior perimeter of the foundation wall and in some climates extending beyond the perimeter horizontally at the base of the foundation wall, FPSF technology captures the geothermal and conditioned building heat to effectively reduce the depth that frost can penetrate around the perimeter of a structure. Even in the coldest climates, a typical FPSF only requires installation of 1" to 2.5" of extruded polystyrene insulation on the face of the footing and foundation wall and, in the coldest areas outward, 12" to 36" horizontally at footing depth.
Employees from Bill Eich Construction install ridged foam insulation for a garage slab. Over the last 25 years, Eich has installed hundreds of FPSFs without a single failure or foundation-related call back. Eich says that he saves $1,500 to $4,000 on every home he builds or remodels by using this technology.
The system can also be used to build unheated structures. Design methods exist to capture and concentrate ground temperatures sufficiently to use FPSFs in outbuildings and, in perhaps the most practical application of this technology, to eliminate the need for frost depth (frost-free) footing around an attached garage.
The subtleties of the FPSF require careful study. It’s important to select the right insulation, because only a few products can maintain an effective R-value throughout the expected lifespan of a building, and the design of FPSFs is dictated by climate zone. Prescriptive design requirements are provided in International Residential Code 403.03, and guidelines available from the NAHB Research Center’s Revised Builder's Guide to Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations are useful resources. Once you learn the method appropriate to your region, it’s as easy as any other foundation to deploy again and again.
In addition to substantial construction cost savings and reduced excavation and concrete use, Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations also provide significant energy savings as the insulation required typically exceeds existing code requirements.
The next post, “Slabs for Colder Climates, Part 2: Installing Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations, will discuss design criteria for and installation issues with FPSFs.
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) developed Standard 32-01 for the Design and Construction of Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations. Order it by calling the NAHB Research Center at 800-638-8556 or the ASCE at 800-548-2723. Learn more at ASCE 32-01. In March 2000, the NAHB released Energy-Efficient Resource-Efficient Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations (FPSFs) for those interested in learning more about FPSFs.
- RevisedFPSFGuide_Sept2004.pdf (4273 Downloads)
Fernando Pages Ruiz
Homebuilder, developer and author Fernando Pagés Ruiz builds in the Midwest and Mountain States and consults internationally on how to build high-quality, affordable and energy-efficient homes. As a builder, his projects have numerous awards including the 2008 “Green Building Single Family House of the Year” and the 2007 “Workforce Housing Award” from the National Association of Home Builders. In 2006, the Department of Housing and Urban Development's PATH project chose him to build America's first PATH Concept Home, a home that is affordable to purchase and to maintain while meeting the criteria of LEED for Homes, ENERGY STAR, MASCO Environments for Living, and the NAHB's Green Building standards. A frequent contributor to Fine Homebuilding and EcoHome magazines, Pagés is also the author of two books published by the Taunton Press: Building an Affordable House: A high-value, low-cost approach to building (2005) and Affordable Remodel: How to get custom results on any budget (2007).
Contact Fernando on facebook or by way of his website buildingaffordable.com. | https://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/construction-materials-and-methods/slabs-for-colder-climates-part-1-the-how-and-why-of-frost-protected-shallow-foundations |
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Ross Thomson, Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Innovation in the United States, 1790-1865. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. xiv + 432 pp. $68 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0-8018-9141-0.
Reviewed for EH.NET by Lisa D. Cook, Department of Economics, Michigan State University.
The author cleaned the Augean stables of historical data related to invention to bring the reader a rich and detailed study of the early development of the American system of technological innovation. The volume starts with a vivid juxtaposition of the antebellum and postbellum economic and inventive environments. Path-breaking inventors in the mid- to late nineteenth century, like Thomas Edison, Joseph R. Brown, and George Corliss, had the advantage of a pre-existing innovation system resting upon the pillars of ideas, markets, institutions, and skilled labor. In the earlier period output was rising because small-scale production was increasing in scale. Yet, technological progress occurred more slowly, because there was no change in techniques. Among the initial conditions were several factors constraining development and adoption of mechanization, including small markets, scarce human and financial capital, and limited technological knowledge. Thomson argues that the innovation system that developed as a result of actions from above ? government ? and below ? among self-interested innovators ? was integral to the success of the American Industrial Revolution.
In Thomson?s view, this new system of firms, individuals, and markets had two critical components. First, knowledge had to be gained and developed. Scientific investigation had to be undertaken (or taken from Britain) and applied. Second, it had to be disseminated and developed further to augment future technological development. He emphasizes important feedback effects throughout the process of innovation and building innovative capacity. Embodied technological progress appeared in machines, which were related or unrelated to a given invention. General purpose technologies were critical for cross-fertilization. Embodied technological progress also appeared in machinists and inventors.
The new innovation system was characterized by two seemingly opposing but intricately intertwined features: structure and change. Structures, like the patent system and scientific institutions, are the midwives that bring to fruition new ideas and technological change. To explain the evolution of structure and change, he organizes chapters chronologically and then thematically.
The significant contributions of this book derive from three sources: the amount and type of data collected and examined, the extension of previous work on major innovators, and the exposition of the relevance of social interactions in innovative systems.
Thomson carefully presents systematic evidence on the emerging innovation system in the mid-1800?s, using data on innovators, firms, industries, patents, and various technologies. One thousand individual innovators and 14 industries are covered in 50 data sets and other primary and secondary sources. The focus of the volume is patented invention. However, like Moser (2005) and a number of subsequent studies, he extends the examination to include exhibits at industrial fairs, including the New York Crystal Palace Exhibition and the New York World?s Fair in 1853 and other unpatented inventions. As a result the data,, and the book more generally, constitute a rich resource for research on innovation during this period.
The research presented on major innovators extends the work of Ciarlante (1978) and Khan and Sokoloff (1993). While he starts from the Dictionary of American Biography (1937) to identify major innovators as do Ciarlante and Khan and Sokoloff, he broadens the scope of investigation by adding those who may not have been as well known or socially connected as those in the DAB, e.g., from the Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers (1972 and 1991). To demonstrate how learning and dissemination evolved in this innovation system, he provides detailed summaries of data on location, occupation, specialization, educational attainment, and patent usage and commercialization.
Thomson argues persuasively that interactions beyond formal institutions were as important for development of the American system of innovation as those within them. Institutions ? firms, markets, occupations, patenting systems, publications, schools, and civil organizations ? often created asymmetries in knowledge and in its dissemination, and individuals through networks served as a corrective mechanism. He offers science as an illustration of the balance between institutions and individual networks, given its dual focus on institutions and policies and on individuals with respect to integrating science into economic life.
Further, he asserts that technological centers, large groups that played a significant role in processes of invention, diffusion, and development and fostering growth and innovation broadly across the economy, were the locus of networked innovative activity. In particular, he places machinists and the machinery industry and science and the institutions of transmission of scientific output at the epicenter of this innovation system. Using data from the Manufacturing Manuscripts of the Census and the Patent Office, he exposes mobility and linkages across industries and demonstrates that machinists were such industry-spanning technological centers.
One might have three minor quibbles about this volume. First, while the clear intent is to reinforce and provide further support for his thesis, the book is repetitive in places. For those who will use it as a reference and individual chapters by themselves, this feature may be inconsequential, and each chapter being self-contained may be an advantage.
Second, some counterfactual analysis appears in the volume. Nonetheless, more of such analysis would have been helpful to the reader. For example, in Chapter 8, Thomson argues that without distinct knowledge bases, the U.S. ?might well have succeeded in some innovations and failed in others. Without science the United States could have developed the sewing machine but not the telegraph …? (p. 257). Such statements require further probing. International comparisons, particularly to England, are deployed effectively in other places and are desirable here and elsewhere in the book. Are there places where varying innovations emerged in the absence of innovators? access to many kinds of knowledge? The reader clearly gets the sense that America?s system of innovation was exceptional but is not entirely sure why.
Finally, I believe Thomson misses an opportunity to provide a vivid example of his thesis by repeating the conventional wisdom related to Eli Whitney. A reference to his negative experience with his cotton gin and the patent system is briefly invoked early in the book (pp. 19-20). Lakwete?s (2003) careful research challenges the received wisdom about Whitney and shows that southern machinists and farmers quickly tested and improved his version of the cotton gin. Before Whitney?s patent expired, southern farmers developed incremental improvements and adopted a new gin with circular saw teeth rather than Whitney?s wire teeth, the source of novelty but less of usefulness. This more complete story would have provided clear support for Thomson?s innovative-feedback thesis while acknowledging imperfections in the patent system and its enforcement.
These quibbles notwithstanding, this book accomplishes a Herculean task of data collection and analysis. The antebellum period has been understudied, allowing scholarship on later periods to take the foundations of the innovation system for granted. It is an important work and likely to become required reading for generations of scholars of the innovative process.
References:
Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers, 2 volumes. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1972 and 1991.
Ciarlante, Marjorie Heins. A Statistical Profile of Eminent American Inventors, 1700–1860: Social Origins and Role. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1978.
Drake, Francis S., editor. Dictionary of American Biography. Boston: Houghton, Osgood, 1879.
Johnson, Allen and Dumas Malone, editors. Dictionary of American Biography, 21 volumes. New York: Charles Scribner?s Sons, 1937.
Khan, B. Zorina and Kenneth Sokoloff. ??Schemes of Practical Utility?: Entrepreneurship and Innovation among ?Great Inventors? in the United States, 1790-1865,? Journal of Economic History, 53 (2) June 1993: 289-307.
Lakwete, Angela. Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Moser, Petra. ?How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century World’s Fairs,? American Economic Review, 95(4) Sept. 2005: 1214-36.
Lisa D. Cook is an assistant professor in the Department of Economics and James Madison College at Michigan State University. Her research focuses on the economics of innovation and economic growth and development. The subject of a recent article (in the American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 2009) is Africa?s growth experience in recent economic history. | https://eh.net/book_reviews/structures-of-change-in-the-mechanical-age-technological-innovation-in-the-united-states-1790-1865/ |
The Greater Himalaya has been identified as a key conservation region that supports high levels of biodiversity but has exceptionally high proportions of threatened species. One taxonomic group that is thought to be of particular concern is the bird order Galliformes. The Greater Himalaya is home to 24 species of resident Galliformes with a variety of ecological characteristics, geographical distribution patterns and abundance levels. Our current knowledge of South Asian Galliformes and Himalayan species in particular, contains many gaps. For example, it is suspected that many Himalayan Galliformes have undergone marked population declines but as to what extent they have declined and even the current status of some species is not fully known. There is a similar paucity of knowledge regarding both the distributions of the rarest of Himalayan Galliformes species and how well the current protected area network represents such distributions. Here I provide new insights into the distribution of the rarest Himalayan Galliform, the Critically Endangered Himalayan Quail (Orphrysia superciliosa) by using two proxy species with similar habitat preferences to create an environmental niche model. I show that by calculating an estimate of extinction likelihood, we have good reason to believe that the Himalayan quail to be extant and that recent searches in Nepal would be better targeted in North East India. Moving from single species to multiple species, I then examine long-term population changes across all Himalayan Galliformes by using changes in geographic range size as a proxy. I show that population changes for this suite of species both within and outside the Himalaya can help us to set conservation priorities and baselines. In addition, it can help us to identify species that have undergone large population changes that are not reflected in contemporary IUCN Red List statues. Species with small geographic ranges are currently top priorities for conservation efforts because they are thought to be at a greater risk of extinction. However, because it is also easier to track long term population changes over smaller spatial scales, concern exists that we may have underestimated the declines and therefore the extinction risk of more i widespread species. I show that across the entire Galliformes taxon, geographic range size does not predict the rate of geographic range decline. Finally, I move from population declines across all Galliformes to distributions of Himalayan Galliformes and assess how well the current protected area network represents such species. Using a combination of species distribution modelling and spatial prioritisation software, I show that the current protected area network in the greater Himalayas could be improved to offer better coverage for Himalayan Galliformes. I conclude by discussing the generality of my results and how they can be applied to other taxa and localities. Finally I make a series of recommendations for future Galliformes research and conservation within the Himalaya. | https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.674790 |
Sophomore Joey Irish has enjoyed playing a variety of sports since a young age.
One of Irish’s most memorable experiences throughout his life has been soccer. When describing his love for the game he said, “I think the reason I really like soccer is because of how the game is played… Everyone is doing their own job at the same time and working together as a team.”
Last year, Irish had the opportunity to play on the freshman team during his first year at La Salle. Irish recalls his time playing as a freshman as more of an enjoyable experience than anything. “It was just really fun in general, because [not only did] we have a really good team, [but] a lot of the other players on the team made it really fun to play with them,” he said.
In addition to high school soccer, Irish plays for the Eastside Timbers soccer club. Before this, he played for Clackamas United.
Throughout his soccer career, Irish’s position on the field has switched around. When he was younger, he played center back. However, recently, he has switched to playing as a center defensive mid. “Center defensive mid is a lot better because I’m just more in the middle, and I can play a lot more angles to people and pass a lot better,” he said.
Along with soccer, Irish plays basketball and baseball. Irish said that he prefers baseball the most because “it has the best community at La Salle and the other players are fun to be around.”
Irish has found time to balance all three sports he plays on top of his everyday life. When he’s not playing sports, Irish enjoys playing video games, hanging out with friends, and working out.
Due to the coronavirus pandemic, athletics at La Salle have been vastly impacted. When COVID-19 first started to flip the world upside down, Irish said that his ability to practice and participate with other athletes came to a “standstill.” However, now, Irish has been able to return to all three sports and play within Covid-19 guidelines.
Looking ahead to the rest of his sports’ seasons, Irish said, “I think the sports will just be pretty normal.” Despite the fact that some seasons have been shortened, he continued to emphasize that everything will work out just fine. “I think it will be all okay though,” he said. “I’ll be looking forward to being able to play all three of my sports.”
Dakota is a senior at La Salle. In his free time, he enjoys playing basketball, getting together with friends, and listening to various genres of music. | https://lasallefalconer.com/2020/10/athlete-of-the-week-joey-irish/ |
RISE Design Studio Ltd is a member of The Green Register and registered with the Architects Registration Board. Our Director, Sean Ronnie Hill, is a Chartered Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, the professional association of architects in the UK. This post provides some information about these organisations and the interests they represent.
The Green Register of Construction Professionals is a not-for-profit membership organisation that promotes sustainable building practices to all of the disciplines within the construction industry. Core activities of the organisation include: training on sustainable building practices; maintaining a register of members (all members undergo at least two days of Green Register training; and networking to allow knowledge exchange. Sustainable architecture is central to our work (see our recent post on the topic) and the publicly-available register of members is a useful source for potential clients looking for architects and other construction professionals who are committed to sustainable building. The Green Register website also hosts a very useful blog for those interested in sustainable building techniques, news, discussion and legislation.
The Architects Registration Board (ARB) is an independent, public interest body that was established by the UK Parliament in 1997 to regulate the architecture profession in the UK. ARB prescribes the qualifications required to become an architect and ensures that architects meet the standards for conduct and practice. All architects in the UK must be registered with ARB. ARB maintains the UK Register of Architects, which lists qualified architects and is available to search on the ARB website. The ARB website also provides a wealth of information for members of the public and provides some guidance on key topics to discuss with an architect if embarking on an architecture project.
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is also connected with the architects across the UK but has a slightly different role to the ARB. With around 44,000 members, RIBA promotes architecture and provides professional training and support. RIBA also maintains the British Architectural Library, which houses over four million items, including architecture books and papers. Since 2004, the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) and RIBA have worked together to promote enjoyment and appreciation of architecture, with the Architecture Gallery at the V&A being home to the first permanent gallery dedicated to the subject in the UK. RIBA is also known for running several architecture awards, including the Stirling Prize for ‘Best New Building of the Year’. | https://risedesignstudio.co.uk/blog/index.php/tag/green-register/ |
Environmental Elements – Environment includes plains, hills, mountains, seas, sky lit by the sun. Environment is part of the environment. The environment is the unity of space with all objects, power, conditions and living things including humans and their behavior that affect the life and welfare of humans and other living creatures. Environment covers aspects of the physical environment, biological environment, and socio-cultural environment.
Space in the sense of the environment mentioned above is a gathering place for environmental components. Thus, where there are environmental components, there is space. In this space an ecosystem takes place, which is an arrangement of living organisms in which the abiotic environment and these organisms interact in a harmonious and stable manner, giving and receiving life.
Based on the definition of the environment above, we can know that the elements of the environment are as follows:
1. Physical/Abiotic Elements
Abiotic elements is a term that is usually used to refer to something that is not living (inanimate objects and is a formation of nature or elements contained in the living environment for interconnected media. Abiotic components are components that make up an ecosystem consisting of non-living objects. In detail, abiotic components are physical and chemical conditions around organisms that become the medium and substrate to support the life of the organism. Abiotic elements are very influential for our lives because if there are no abiotic elements, we cannot reproduce perfectly. Example: water , land, air, mountains, sea, sunshine.
2. Biotic/Biological Elements
Biotic is everything that is around us which is a component of the environment consisting of living things (organisms). Basically, living things can be classified based on certain types, such as human, animal and plant groups. Living things based on their size are classified into microorganisms and macroorganisms. Humans are biotic factors that have the strongest influence on this earth, either in the effect of destroying and multiplying, or accelerating the spread of animals and plants. Based on the role and function, living things are divided into three types, namely:
- Producers are living things that are able to convert inorganic substances into organic substances (autotrophs). This process can only be carried out by plants with chlorophyll by means of photosynthesis. Examples of producers are algae, mosses and green plants.
- Consumers are heterotrophic organisms that cannot make their own food and depend on other organisms, both heterotrophs and autotrophs. Consumers are usually animals. Animals that eat plants directly (herbivores) are called primary consumers. Animals that eat primary consumers are called second consumers and so on to form a food chain. The last consumer is called the peak consumer. An example of a peak consumer is humans.
- Decomposers are organisms that break down organic materials into inorganic ones for later use by producers. Decomposers are also known as detritivores or scavengers. Examples of decomposer organisms are spoilage bacteria and fungi. Every living thing can only live and reproduce in a suitable environment, which is called a habitat. In an ecosystem, every organism has a specific function and task. This is known as nisia. Therefore, the biotic components of an ecosystem can be grouped according to the species. big there are four nisia. Forests also include biotic elements.
3. Socio-Cultural Elements
What is meant by socio-cultural elements? Socio-cultural elements are everything around us that is man-made or everything that comes from thoughts or ideas, and beliefs in human-made behavior and reason, Examples: buildings, roads, bridges, vehicles, science, technology and others. other. This element plays a role in environmental changes to meet the needs of human life.
. | https://newton.id/environmental-elements/ |
Do People Vote in an Autocratic Government?
In an autocratic government, power is held entirely by one person or small group of people. Throughout history, there have been various types of autocracies -- monarchies and oligarchies, for example -- and while voting is rarely effective or uncorrupted, it's possible to have a system of voting in such a society.
1 Voting in an Autocracy
In modern times, for the sake of keeping up appearances, many autocracies are ostensibly governed by a voting public. In Syria, for example, Hafiz al-Assad was elected President in 1971, but proceeded to run the country with autocratic authority until his death in 2000. Following this, a special amendment was made to the Syrian constitution that allowed his son, Bashar al-Assad to succeed him. Bashar ran unopposed as the Ba’th party candidate. Though it was hoped he might offer the nation democratic reform and return meaning to the voting process, he continued his father’s autocratic rule. | https://classroom.synonym.com/people-vote-autocratic-government-16258.html |
It has been long recognized that human diseases often have preventable environmental components. With massive increases in environmental contamination and the progressive deterioration of environmental quality, our global society is challenged to find faster, more effective measures of remediation of the natural resources to protect human health and environmental conditions.
The overall and long-term objectives of Microvi Biotech's SBIR research are to develop new approaches that can cost-effectively destroy major contaminants in water resources while protecting human life and the ecosystem. Under Phase I funding, a series of batch, continuous column, and simulated model experiments were conducted to evaluate a new BPB/MicroBeads technology for treatment of perchlorate and TCE. Successful results obtained in Phase I will allow further development and validation of this new technology under the field conditions at Edwards Air Force Base (AFB). A distinguishing feature of this new technology is the unique microencapsulation techniques coupled by engineering designs that can greatly enhance the rate and extend of contaminant biodegradation in groundwater.
The Phase II research will be done via several tasks.
- In Task A, the researchers will evaluate the field groundwater quality and site characteristics to develop the engineering design and operational parameters as well as the sampling and monitoring programs.
- Task B is designed to construct, install, optimize and operate a BPB/MicroBeads system to treat perchlorate and TCE in a shallow groundwater at Edwards AFB.
- Task C is designed to assess the performance of this new technology and identify/rectify any unforeseen difficulties under the field conditions. As part of this task, the researches will assess the effectiveness of nutrient (if any) and electron donor delivery systems.
- Task D is designed to obtain major design parameters, scale-up costs, and economic evaluation of the BPB/MicroBeads technology for a full-scale demonstration of this technology in Phase III.
The outcome of this research will be a comprehensive evaluation of this new technology and the critical design and operational criteria. A complete analysis of the scale-up issues as well as the long-term performance of this new technology will be completed. Upon the successful completion of the pilot-scale demonstration in Phase II, a full-scale treatment unit will be supported by Microvi Biotech's Phase III partner, Edwards AFB. | https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/srp/programs/Program_detail.cfm?Project_ID=R44ES011880 |
WELCOME TO DUVR!
Drexel University’s Virtual Reality Club
The DUVR club’s mission is to demonstrate and develop virtual reality technology. We host regular events to showcase the latest VR hardware, and software. Our goal is to build a community of VR developers at Drexel; in pursuit of this goal, we strive to provide access to development resources.
DUVR Facebook Feed
DUVR is a community of VR enthusiasts in Philadelphia area colleges. VR is growing quickly and this is an awesome place to learn about it.
The purpose of posts in this group should be to get feedback or promote discussion about virtual and augmented reality.
Hey guys! CAB is having a VR night this Saturday as part of our gaming series "Geek Week" of events. We're setting up 3 Vives, the Oculus, and Hololens in the Rec lobby and I'd love if a bunch of us could come there to share the projects we've been working on!
This should be a really great way to show students outside Westphal some of the awesome things that IM is capable of. Send me a message if you're interested in sharing your project and I can make sure you get a setup there!
Eagle Wu shared a link to the group: Drexel University Virtual Reality.Wednesday, February 21st, 2018 at 7:08am
Hey All - posting a reminder that we're Hiring Unity Developers!
The US Army has tasked VINCIVR with developing prototype training simulations for supply drop operations. The apps we're building are aimed at helping soldiers prevent errors during these missions and ensure more people get the supplies they need.
The job is part time and can be remote (our team is based out of Boston and Philadelphia). Pay is on a contract basis.
VINCIVR is building Virtual Reality based training simulations for the United States Army, and is looking for new part-time engineers to join the team. Simulations are focused on training soldiers for supply drop missions. We’re looking for experienced Unity developers who have built VR and mobile...
Eagle Wu shared a link to the group: Drexel University Virtual Reality.Tuesday, February 13th, 2018 at 7:56am
The startup I'm working on was recently contracted by the US Military to develop VR training simulations for supply drops, weapons systems, and other combat/combat-support roles.
We're looking to hire remote Unity Developers to help us out. Our team is based out of both UPenn and Babson/Boston, and we're student-ran, so we can be fairly flexible in terms of hours. Pay is negotiated depending on the simulation specs (ie per contract basis).
VINCIVR was recently contracted to build Virtual Reality based training simulations for the United States Army, and is looking for new part-time engineers to join the team. Simulations range from supply drop missions to weapons systems training. Most simulations are aimed at sharpening the minds of....
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ALSO AVAILABLE IN OTHER FORMATS:
Book Information
- Format: Hardcover
- ISBN: 978-1-5261-4495-9
- Pages: 224
- Publisher: Manchester University Press
- Price: £80.00
- Published Date: November 2019
- BIC Category: LITERARY CRITICISM / General, Literature & literary studies / Literary studies: plays & playwrights, Literature & literary studies / Shakespeare studies & criticism, Literature & literary studies / Literary studies: c 1500 to c 1800, Early Modern Literature, LITERARY CRITICISM / Shakespeare
- Series: The Manchester Spenser
Description
English Literary Afterlives traces life narratives of early modern authors created for them after their deaths by readers or publishers, who retrospectively tried to make sense of the author's life and works. In a series of case-studies of the reception history of major poets - Sidney, Spenser, Donne, Herbert, as well as Robert Greene, the first 'celebrity author' - within a generation of their deaths, it shows how those authors were posthumously fashioned and refashioned. It argues that during the early modern period there is a gradual movement towards biographical readings that attempt to find the author in the works, which in turn led to the emergence of written lives that consider poets not in terms of their 'public' lives but in terms of their poetic activity, i.e. the beginnings of literary biography.
Will be of interest to students and scholars of several canonical early modern authors. | https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526144959/ |
Description: Updates to IRA Disclosures addressing changes from CARES Act and SECURE Act. No change in fees. No action required.
Sample: A sample of the eblast can be found below:
Dear Participant,
As your selected IRA administrator, MERS is required to keep you informed of revisions to our Fee Disclosure. Please see here for a full copy of the Fee and IRA Disclosures.
There are no changes to MERS fees. Changes involve modifications to our governing plan documents to maintain alignment with the federal SECURE Act passed late last year, and as a result of CARES Act changes which were signed into law to adjust to the Coronavirus pandemic in early in 2020.
There is no action required of you. This is for informational purposes, only. You can view these Disclosures and other IRA details from the MERS website at any time by visiting MERSofMich.com/IRA.
In addition, MERS is regularly making updates to account tools and features. In the coming weeks, you will see changes to your online account, including the ability to manage contributions online.
If you have any questions regarding your MERS IRA or other MERS services, look for more information at www.mersofmich.com or contact our Service Center at 800.767.6377. | https://www.mersofmich.com/communication_corner/eblast-ira-disclosure-updates/ |
What is a SSL certificate?
Why every business website should have SSL.
Everyone has heard about the website security problems that businesses and institutions face on the Internet. Organisations from government departments like the NHS, to small businesses are affected by hacking attacks from time to time, so safeguarding of customer data and business data is extremely important. Nowadays, the best way to make a website more secure is with a SSL certificate.
But what does a SSL certificate do?
This is a piece of software code that establishes a secure connection between the user’s browser and a website.
You can see the SSL in action on the most popular websites on the Internet. For example, go to Google or Facebook. You can see two things in the address bar of your browser that show that these websites have made a secure connection between their web servers and your browser.
- HTTPS: The first part is the URL of the web page. Standard websites start with HTTP, but sites that have an SSL certificate add “S” to it, making it HTTPS. Which means all data between the user and the website is encrypted.
- Padlock – You will also see a closed padlock in the browser’s address bar, somewhere next to the address of the web page.
A company still needs to have Firewalls and Anti-Virus software install on all the company computers. Email attachments from unknown sources should never be opened but referred to the IT department.
How does SSL work?
SSL means Secure Sockets Layer and it works by encrypting the connection between a user’s browser and the website server. To make it work on your website you need this certificate.
Here is a simplified explanation of the process:
1. A user visits a website by clicking on a link or entering its URL in the address bar of the Internet browser.
- The web server responds to the request by sending the SSL certificate and a public key.
- The user’s browser checks the certificate and then uses the public key to create an encryption key, which is sent back to the website server.
- The server decrypts this and shares the request (processes a payment, loads a web page, connects to a web page, etc.) and sends the information to the user’s browser with the encryption key.
- The user’s browser decrypts the information and displays it on the screen.
- The whole process lasts a fraction of a second, but it ensures that a secure connection is established.
Why is a SSL Certificate important for all businesses?
SSL certificates secure the data sent between the server and the user’s computer in a way that cannot be manipulated.
For example, when you type a search term into Google, it’s impossible for anyone to spy on the phrase you’re looking for. Similarly, when logging into Facebook, it is not possible to intercept and decrypt the password while it is in transit between the computer and the Facebook servers and when the payment information is sent to PayPal or a bank, a hacker cannot access your credit card or bank details while the transaction is taking place.
Secure Data Transfer:
Internet users have come to trust SSL certificates, in part, because of how they are created. They are issued by certification authorities. These companies have a root certificate that is pre-loaded in the most common web browsers, such as Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari, and Firefox. This means that the developers of the browsers (Google, Microsoft, Mozilla) know and recognise the certification authority as a reliable source of SSL certificates.
The first benefit of SSL certificates is evidenced in its main objective. That it is to keep the communication between an Internet browser and a website server secure. If your website doesn’t have a certificate it’s possible that other people are able to access the data shared between the website servers and the customer’s browser. This information could be the details of a customer account, customer’s username and passwords, customers address, names and even credit card numbers or other sensitive information on your website that you have stored in the database.
When you have the SSL Certificate installed on the web server, all information is encrypted and can only be read from the server by authorised persons and the Internet browser that receives the data and have the key to decrypt it.
Considering the above, it is clear that SSL Certificates are able to protect and safeguard client and customer information.
Building trust with customers:
Another advantage of SSL certificates is that as the security of the website and the business are improved, customers become more confident of being on the website and making purchases. With the SSL Security Certificate, companies can avoid data theft by guaranteeing customers completely security of purchases.
Greater customer confidence means the possibility of increased sales.
With the SSL Certificate you can also certify the identity of your business, proving that you are the one who manages the information. A business presents itself with a more reliable identity and make users trust a business.
Rank better on Google with SSL
In terms of optimisation in search engine optimisation (SEO), website owners should bear in mind that Google values this type of certificate positively, and about 40% of top ranking sites already have a SSL certificate installed. Even though it’s still a very small ranking factor, having a SSL certificate on your website can help you improve the ranking on your website on Search Engines, especially if your competitors don’t have one installed on their website. With improved ranking, you can increase traffic without additional costs.
We cannot fail to highlight two further advantages that these certificates give to your website:
Authentication and Privacy. When a website has https;//, the business owner is validating their identity and users entering the website know that a business is really correct, and not a third party. In addition, the privacy provided ensures that the data transferred between a website and customers cannot be read and used by others. This is needed to comply with the EU Data Protection laws such as GDPR effective 2018. Need more information?, see the Wikipedia Article.
We also offer the presentation as a flip book. Click on the image below for a full screen presentation. | https://www.drachsi.com/what-is-a-ssl-certificate/ |
Evidence suggests that theta oscillations recruit distributed cortical representations to improve associative encoding under semantically congruent conditions. Here we show that positive effects of semantic context on encoding and retrieval of associations are mediated by changes in the coupling pattern between EEG theta sources. During successful encoding of semantically congruent face-location associations, the right superior parietal lobe showed enhanced theta phase synchronization with other regions within the lateral posterior parietal lobe (PPL) and left medial temporal lobe (MTL). However, functional coordination involving the inferior parietal lobe was higher in the incongruent condition. These results suggest a differential engagement of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms during encoding of semantically congruent and incongruent episodic associations, respectively. Although retrieval processes operated on a similar neural network, the main difference with the study phase was the larger amount of functional links shown by the lateral prefrontal cortex with regions of the MTL and PPL. All together, these results suggest that theta oscillations mediate, at least partially, the positive effect of semantic congruence on associative memory by (i) optimizing top-down attentional mechanisms through enhanced theta phase synchronization between dorsal regions of the PPL and MTL and (ii) by adjusting the control of automatic attention to sensory and contextual information reactivated in the MTL through functional connections with the inferior parietal lobe during both encoding and retrieval processes.
|Subject (DDC):||150 Psychology|
|Keywords:||Associative memory; Functional connectivity; Long-range theta synchronization; Phase synchrony; Lateral prefrontal cortex; Posterior parietal lobe|
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There are no files associated with this item. | http://kops.uni-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/35140 |
GENEVA 30 November 2018 – Responding to the challenges of globalization and sustainable development, international organizations involved with quality infrastructure, trade, and international development attended an International Network on Quality Infrastructure (INetQI) meeting in Geneva on 30th November, to discuss cooperation in promoting the understanding, value and acceptance of the quality infrastructure and providing guidance and support for its effective implementation and integration worldwide.
The network also recently agreed on the definition of quality infrastructure system as “The system comprising the organizations (public and private) together with the policies, relevant legal and regulatory framework, and practices needed to support and enhance the quality, safety and environmental soundness of goods, services and processes”. The new definition expands the scope of quality infrastructure and is expected to create additional benefits for stakeholders including its use as a foundation for sustainable development.
Quality infrastructure is required for the effective operation of domestic markets, and its international recognition is important to facilitate access to foreign markets. Past estimates by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) demonstrate that standards and related conformity assessment have an impact on 80% of the world’s trade in commodities. Furthermore, quality infrastructure is a key enabler for realizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – it is essential to protect the planet, ensure dignified lives for all people and achieve inclusive economic growth and prosperity. It relies on metrology, standardisation, accreditation, conformity assessment, and market surveillance.
In past years, the network has collaborated in providing technical quality infrastructure training programmes (Poland 2014, Mozambique 2015) and in the development of diverse publications and guidance documents. Under the framework of the network, a set of 3 documents was developed to support developing countries in the formulation of quality policies: guiding principles, technical guide and practical tool.
The renewed commitment of the network occurs a week after the international community, at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures, agreed to redefine the International System of Units (SI). INetQI is also committed to support developing countries in ensuring the traceability of measurements of their quality infrastructure to international standards.
Members of INetQI include the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), International Accreditation Forum (IAF), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Laboratory Accreditation Forum (ILAC), International Standards Organization (ISO), International Trade Centre (ITC), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), International Organizations of Legal Metrology (OIML), United Nations Economic Cooperation for Europe (UNECE), World Bank Group (WBG), World Trade Organization (WTO) and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). | https://www.iaf.nu/articles/INetQI_Meets_in_Geneva/604 |
A biography is the account of a person’s life, written in the third individual. In order to create an interesting bio, a writer should make the subject revived as well as explain their feature worldwide. They should likewise address inquiries regarding the topic’s life. Nonetheless, this might not be possible with every subject. For this reason, a trainee can initially begin with a brief objective description of a past event. This ought to only be a couple of paragraphs long.
After selecting a topic, pupils ought to create a timeline. They can make use of a member of the family to practice. They should look into and also identify crucial events in the life of the individual. Once they have the timeline, they can include images with subtitles to reveal the different durations of the individual’s life. The timeline can then be presented in course. Here are some helpful pointers for composing a biography. If you have time, you can additionally employ a specialist biographer to finish the job.
The initial step in creating a bio is to figure out which motifs will be checked out as well as created. Motifs typically surface during the study process. It is essential to check out these themes and incorporate them right into the bio. In addition to publish resources, students will most likely have the ability to talk to people who understood the topic. For numerous, performing biographical research online is an alternative. Offer assistance on exactly how to use the web securely, and also exactly how to evaluate the information you discover on-line.
The second step is creating the bio. Unlike the creating procedure of an essay, a bio can be written in any style. It needs to be written in the third person. For the first person, a biographical essay should focus on the individual’s adult life. It should concentrate on crucial events, such as when a partnership started or a significant life adjustment. For the third individual, a bio should also cover the events that occurred prior to their death and also how they left a tradition behind.
A good biography ought to include all the essential occasions and experiences in the life of the topic. It is likewise crucial to consist of the person’s member of the family as well as good friends. The biography must be accurate and also in-depth. It must be written relative to the topic. Furthermore, a biographer’s biography must be based upon a reality and out fiction. The author should give the visitors with an in-depth background of the person in order to make the visitor recognize the individual’s life.
In order to create a bio, trainees need to gather the background details concerning the topic. For example, they must consist of the person’s household as well as youngsters’s life. Then, they ought to additionally consist of the person’s legacy. A great bio needs to have the details of the person’s life. Furthermore, they ought to go over the topic’s success. A trainee needs to know the author’s household background and their social circumstance. By composing a correct bio, they will gain insight right into the individual’s life.
After looking into the subject, students must compose a draft of the bio. They can bear in mind and make notes. Once they’ve finished their initial draft, they can review changes in the text with their companion. If the author has an one-of-a-kind way of informing the tale, the theme must be apparent. A well-written bio will interest viewers. They will enjoy reading the biography. Thematic statement is essential in a bio. If an individual has an one-of-a-kind method of doing so, the topic must be highlighted.
While preparing the bio, pupils need to first compose the timeline. If there is no particular individual to blog about, a family member can be made use of as a practice topic. They ought to investigate the essential occasions in the life of the subject and place them on the timeline. They can even include photos with captions. As soon as the entire timeline prepares, trainees can present it to their schoolmates. The timeline is among one of the most vital parts of a bio.
Once the timeline is total, pupils can choose a based on study. A relative can be a great technique subject. They ought to research the vital events in the person’s life as well as arrange them onto a timeline. It is possible to consist of images and also inscriptions, which will certainly make the timeline a lot more interesting. After that, they can offer the timeline to the course. They can also include quotes or other types of details from the bio. They need to guarantee that the information is trustworthy as well as exact.
A Biography is a work of art that portrays a person’s life in a way that is relevant to the reader. It can be written for individuals or teams of people. The aim of a biographer’s job is to recreate the world of the subject. This consists of experiencing their experiences and also features worldwide. A bio is also a masterpiece. When a biographer composes a bio, she or he is intending to make the viewers comprehend the subject far better.
A Biography is a vital item of writing. As a writer, you should recreate the individual’s globe. This needs a complete understanding of their worths as well as behaviors. A biographer is expected to be objective as well as to write in the first-person, but it has to be born in mind that they have to also avoid predisposition. An excellent biographer will certainly stay clear of apologies for their errors. This is the reason a bio is very important.
A bio is a job of fiction, so it is necessary to remember that it is not an authentic work of history. It is intended to be real but it can miss realities and comprise facts. A bio can be composed by a specialist or a writer’s perspective. It is a piece of covering a person, as well as it must never ever be a fictionalized version of the topic’s life. The style can be classified as fiction or nonfiction.
A bio can be fiction or nonfiction. A bio is intended to be a real story composed by a renowned author. The author creates the life of an obscure person who had a prominent role in their life. A bio can be a great method to find out about a celebrity and also to learn more about their background. The biographer’s objective is to share the subject’s accomplishments and also highlight the highlights of their life. Home page
While the writer does not need to be a professional historian, it can still be a remarkable work of literary works. Just like any kind of form of composing, it is not a story that has actually been created by a complete stranger. The writer is covering the topic’s life and also the manner in which it was regarded in culture. This is the reason that bios are so interesting. The topic’s life is distinct and is an engaging masterpiece. | http://www.imagineartphoto.com/2022/04/08/understanding-biography-is-uncomplicated-in-any-way-you-simply-required-a-great-educator/ |
it was used in a previous study in preservice teachers (Glaze et al.,
2015) and in light of the fact that it is used for qualitative comparison rather than correlational analysis.
While survey scores elicit questions about the actuality of what
is measured – acceptance, understanding, or belief – it is recognized
that the value of using these scores for predictive research must consider at length the shallow level of understanding that is captured
through the use of quick-report measures as opposed to more in-depth, open-ended probes. In addition to the measures themselves,
there is always a question of accuracy on self-reported measures due
to the duration of surveys and the human nature of participants. It is
further noted that the size of this study, taking place in only one state
and representing a small percentage of the overall population of AP
teachers, therefore cannot be generalized and that the sample size
itself restricted the application of additional statistical treatments to
explore correlations among the variables of interest. However, over
time, collecting samples across groups and locations can give us
insights into the broader picture that better inform our larger efforts
to improve the teaching and learning of evolution.
For data analysis we transferred data from Qualtrics to SPSS/PASW
21 for analysis. We then generated descriptive statistics based on participants’ responses to the demographic questions. Participant totals
and percentages were generated to determine whether the sample
was representative of the general population of teachers for which data
were available. Next we documented other descriptive factors related
to teaching, such as certification, content area, and years of teaching
experience. For the purpose of answering the main question of this
study, we employed a descriptive analysis of factors to allow comparison with values reported for the same measures in the existing literature. Additional statistical treatment was not conducted due to the
small sample size in comparison to the number of variables of interest.
Results
Alabama has ~170 public school systems, including county systems
and independent city systems. At the inception of A+, only 94 of those
systems offered at least two AP classes (Southern Regional Education
Board, 2017). However, in the past decade, the number of students in
the state who are taking AP courses has increased from ~3000 to
>11,000 (College Board, 2012). As a result of initiatives, many more
systems have access to AP programs in which biology is a course
option through alternative offerings such as virtual classes. In rural
systems, AP Biology teachers are often shared across schools or even
districts, with virtual classes developed to allow AP representation in
smaller systems that lack the personnel or credentials to teach AP
courses. The 42 state systems (25%) were represented in this study
by 71 active AP Biology teachers of the 123 registered in the state-mandated program. The AP teacher participants represented 39% of
the counties in the state and each of four major cities.
As shown in Table 1, participants in this study were mostlywhite females, with very few men or other racial groups. While thesenumbers are high, they are not surprising, as the Alabama StateDepartment of Education (2017) reports that in the 2016–2017school year, 79.4% of all public school teachers in the state werefemale and 78.5% were white—compared to 82% nationally (U.S.Department of Education, 2016). Although the sample is somewhatin line with the demographics reported statewide, there is no mea-sure of the overall state demographics of the AP teacher subgroupfor comparison. It can be pointed out from the data that AP teachershave similar gender representation, yet higher representation amongwhite teachers than those of other races compared to the stateaverage.Participants in this study represented a range of backgroundsand experience. As part of the demographics, participants wereasked to describe their upbringing in terms of the size of their com-munity as either rural (<19,999) or urban (20,000+). Among theparticipants, 64% (45) noted that the city where they attended highschool would be classified as rural, while only 36% (26) identifiedtheir background as urban. While these numbers are low in compar-ison to the large scale of cities in other parts of the country, it isnoted that the largest city in the state represented in this study hasa population of <250,000, making the qualifier for “urban” relative.Regarding years of experience, Table 2 demonstrates that amajority of the sample in this study (60%) were considered experi-enced career teachers, with 43 teachers having ≥11 years of experi-ence and 25 having ≥16 years. Of the remaining 34% of teacherswho responded, 16 reported having 6–10 years of experience, whileonly eight reported having ≤5 years of teaching experience. In addi-tion to years spent teaching, 69% of the teachers (49) in the studyalso held graduate-level certification on their teaching credentialsand 13% (9) of the teachers held certifications at the highest level,which is reserved for teachers who have conducted at least half thehours required for a doctoral degree.
In terms of performance on the three primary measures –
acceptance of evolution, understandings of evolution content, and
understandings of NOS – participants in this sample demonstrated
low to moderate mean scores in each. Table 3 shows that the mean
level of acceptance among participants was 68.47 out of 100
points, which represents moderate acceptance of evolution among
participants. In addition to acceptance, the participants demonstrated very low understanding of NOS, with a mean of 52.72
out of 100 points and a low understanding of the basic content
concepts surrounding evolution, with an average score of
56.49%. In regard to deviation in the scores for each measure,
Table 3 demonstrates the high values for standard deviation that
Table 1. Demographics of study participants (n = 71). | http://www.nabtjournal.com/nabtjournal/february_2019?pg=9 |
About Nigeria Internet Governance Forum (NIGF) .
The Nigeria Internet Governance Forum (NIGF) is a renewed collaborative effort of internet stakeholders in the country to help provide a coordinated mechanism for domestic multi-stakeholders participations in the regional and global internet governance, and to help facilitate partnerships, coalitions and dialogues that redefine Nigeria position at regional and global IGF meetings.
Why NIGF ? .
The Nigerian Internet Governance Forum (NIGF) is Nigeria’s foremost multi-stakeholder forum on internet and digital policy issues. We serve as an interface to bring all players involved in the Nigerian Internet Ecosystem together to discuss public policy issues related to key elements of Internet governance in order to foster the sustainability, robustness, security, stability and development of the Internet in Nigeria.
The forum that took place last year in Abuja and on online platforms brought together over 200 representatives from government, civil society, private, academia and business sectors to address crucial public policy issues facing the internet in Nigeria. At the annual meeting, delegates from across Nigeria discuss, exchange information and share good practices with each other. The NIGF facilitates a common understanding of how to maximize Internet opportunities and address risks and challenges that arise. The Nigerian IGF is a national initiative of the global United-Nations-convened Internet Governance Forum, which holds annual meetings at different locations around the world.
The NIGF is therefore expected to provide a motivating mechanism for annual gathering of domestic stakeholders driven through multi-stakeholders partnership framework.
The NIGF has thrived under the leadership of the Multi-Stakeholder Advisory group which consists of the Federal Ministry of Communication and Digital Economy, National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), Nigerian Communications Commission(NCC), Nigeria Internet Registration Association, The Private Sector and Non Governmental Organizations who have expressed common national interests and commitment to make NIGF a sustainable preparatory local platform toward Annual Global Internet Governance Forum.
The Nigerian IGF will produce a report detailing the idiosyncratic, regional priorities facing Nigerian stakeholders in attendance. This report will then be fed into the global IGF.
Apply for WASIG 2022 .
Call for applications for the 5th West African School on Internet Governance
Application for participation in the West African School of Internet Governance (WASIG)
26 to 27 May 2022.
Call for applications for the 5th West African School on Internet Governance The ECOWAS Commission as the Secretariat for the West Africa Internet Governance Forum (WAIGF) along with the WAIGF Team plan to organise the 14th edition of the West African Internet Governance Forum (WAIGF) from 26 to 27 May 2022. To precede the WAIGF is the 5th West African School on Internet Governance (WASIG) to be organised from 23 to 25 May 2022. | https://igf.ng/ |
Michael majored in photography at the Michaelis School of Fine Art during the 1970s under Bob Denton who advocated the use of the zone system. The Zone System provides photographers with a systematic method of precisely defining the relationship between the way they visualize the photographic subject and the final results. These formal characteristics that can be found in the way Michael carefully constructs his images are evidence of his training and approach to photography.
In an essay and book of the same title, Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity, Marc Augé coined the phrase “non-place” to refer to places of transience that do not hold enough significance to be regarded as “places.” Michael’s evocative body of photographic works in a sense represents the terrain of non-places too — the construction sites, scrap yards, empty plots and surfaces of the urban landscape — that act as emblems of the human condition.
One reading of Michael’s work tells us about human loss and suffering and makes connections to Buddhist concepts of cause and effect, impermanence, emptiness and rebirth. The reference to shrines in the title of the exhibition references the Buddhist practice of making shrines of anything, anywhere to create quietness. Buddhism also lays special emphasis on meditation transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena. There is a sense that Michael draws on many of these ideas and practices in making the body of work here on exhibition tonight.
One can regard the surfaces in Michael’s work as a kind of skin of the city — stone, brick, concrete and paint — and not unlike the skin on our bodies, a reminder of the fragility of the membrane that protects an internal state of being. Photography in itself is also a skin of emulsion on paper carrying the image. Modern inkjet printing has dispensed with the chemical coatings of analogue photography and replaced them with pigment-based inks. There is still a fragility to the prints, partly because they are sensitive to bad chemistry in the air, but also because the ink deposits are physically delicate. | http://www.michaelwyeth.com/exhibitions/opening-address-stephen-inggs/ |
This article is broken into four parts:
1 Each player will control a single squad, constructed using the Squad Building Rules outlined on the next page. If a vehicle is purchased, it may count as a separate unit - otherwise, all figures form a single squad.
2 The players will deploy their squad no closer than 18" to any other squad, and outside of the 12" radius Media Exclusion Zone around Brun Hilda's camp.
3 Each player will be assigned a "cheesyness" rating by the GM, based on how they have constructed and equipped their forces. This rating will be used to determine the number of Special Event cards that the player may draw from the Special Events deck. These cards will provide a form of "balancing", enabling weaker (less cheesy) forces to compete with stronger forces. The least cheesy force will draw the most cards, and the most cheesy force will draw the least. Keep in mind that last year's event was won by Brun Hilda and her news team, who had a grand total of two rifles (carried by their bodyguards). With careful preparation and clever play, you don't need a really beefy force to win. On the other hand, if rocking-and-rolling is your thing, then take a strong force with big guns, and play really aggressively. There is no minimum number of Special Event cards - if you have an insanely cheesy squad, you could well get none.
1 Standard Stargrunt II rules will be used, with several exceptions. The turn sequence will be modified to account for the fact that there will be up to 9 individual forces. At the beginning of each turn, we will roll dice to determine initiative. The player with the highest roll will go first, and we will then continue clockwise around the table. The only other main rules addition will be the use of the Marksmen rules, available elsewhere on this website, for any player who chooses to include a figure equipped with a sniper rifle in their squad.
2 Brun Hilda's team will be GM controlled. They will move in a random direction each turn, for a random distance. At the end of their movement, a clock-face die will be rolled, and that will indicate the direction Brun Hilda's camera is pointing. The camera has a 90 degree field of view, and any squad in line of sight of the camera caught attacking another squad will receive a penalty. The news team has a "Media Exclusion Zone" around their camp. The camp contains supplies, and these can be taken by another player. However, any player entering the Exclusion Zone and attempting to get away with Brun Hilda's supplies will be subject to a heavy penalty. Also, her team may be attacked, but this will also incur a penalty, as the footage her cameraman is shooting is being beamed off-planet live. Special Event cards that allow a special attack (such as an air strike or a mortar barrage) used against her news team do NOT count as an attack for the purposes of the penalty.
Each trooper has a maximum encumbrance rating of 4 units.
The supply containers come in four sizes:
So, a single trooper can carry four Small, two Medium, or one Large supply container, and it takes two troopers to carry a single Very Large container.
If any of your troops are carrying more than 2 units, then your force counts as being "encumbered" for the purposes of movement. This works the same way as if they were carrying a wounded or dead trooper, as per the standard rules in Stargrunt.
Special Encumbrance Rules: Any model wearing "Medium" or lighter armour, who is NOT CARRYING A WEAPON, is considered to have a maximum encumbrance rating of FIVE units, not four. Also, any model wearing Power Armour can carry a single Very Large container by themselves. They can otherwise still only carry 4 units worth of supplies - the limit is not on the strength of the PA, but on the bulkiness and awkwardness of the containers. So, a PA trooper can carry one Very Large or Large container, or up to 4 units worth of Medium or Small containers. | http://stargrunt.ca/scenarios_aar/conqueso/conqueso_rules.htm |
Olympic advice on transgender athletes after the Tokyo Games
Lausanne, Switzerland (AP) — The IOC will publish new guidelines on transgender athletes aimed at protecting inclusiveness, safety and fairness in sports until the end of the Tokyo Olympics.
The International Olympic Committee hoped that prior to this year’s Tokyo Olympics, a complex talk involving at least three transgender women out of 11,000 athletes would be completed. However, we decided to wait to avoid interruption of the qualifying event.
Richard Budget, Director of Medicine and Science at the IOC, said on Wednesday that changing policies near Tokyo was not “ethically or legally fair.”
The 800-meter champion from South Africa was able to get a decision within weeks in an appeals case in the Swiss Supreme Court.
The budget stated that the IOC had heard the opinions of hundreds of athletes, doctors and human rights professionals and had commented on guidelines to help individual sports governing bodies determine their own rules.
“ Somehow, the transgender athlete’s face in the face of harassment and those who argue that it is unfair to allow transitioned women to compete with the physical superiority of the born man. We had to find a fair balance, “he said. | |
On the objective assessment of the auditory brainstem response measurement quality.
Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs) are commonly used in clinical practice to determine hearing impairments and hearing thresholds. Although many research groups work on automatic recognition of ABRs - in order to decrease the acquisition times - measures to determine the quality of ABR measurements objectively are still missing. In fact, recently released new standards for electroencephalographic measurements in auditory examinations require an objective measurement quality assessment for neurodiagnostic devices. Thus there is a pressing need for the development and evaluation of such a quality control. In this study, we propose (a) a novel technique for the assessment of the ABR measurement quality and (b) evaluate and compare this technique to two other approaches which have been suggested in literature as required by the new standards.
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Consequences of liquidating a
But to get that information they have to specifically tick the relevant box, and pay for it.So that “mark” on a credit record is there, but it is unlikely to be noticed if you are applying for credit in a personal capacity.To avoid any of the above consequences Directors may like to look at other options such as Company Voluntary Arrangements (CVA) or pre-pack phoenix process to retain control.In any event, it is vital that businesses take qualified and experienced insolvency advice before choosing a course of action to ensure that the safest route is taken.Putting a business into an insolvency procedure is not a risk-free enterprise and it is important that Directors understand some of the issues that could possibly arise as a result.All cases are different, so depending on the individual case, some of these may apply: Personal claims – if directors have given personal guarantees then they could be liable to pay debts attached to these themselves in the case of insolvency.
That’s a lot of insolvencies, a lot of worried directors and, as it turns out, a lot of breaches of the Corporations Act.Insolvency and the instigation of a formal insolvency procedure will almost certainly be considered an event of default under these rules and will entitle the lender to take steps to enforce any security it holds.This could mean taking possession of any assets or even the entire company is need be.One of the main concerns of a director whose company is experiencing financial difficulties is to understand the potential consequences if their company enters liquidation.Well, if it is any comfort for those worried directors, they’ll probably find the consequences are usually not as bad as they fear. You are not alone Firstly, being a director of a company that enters liquidation is a very common thing. | https://www.travelnata.ru/consequences-of-liquidating-a-10325.html |
No credit union is perfect, and errors will happen.
But leaders need to remember that errors also provide opportunities to learn and make the credit union better.
“Practical Paranoia: Handling Disruption from a Position of Strength and Flexibility,” a white paper from the CUNA CEO Council, examines the concept of “practical paranoia” and how leaders can turn a bad situation it into an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Productive paranoia is a concept developed in “Great by Choice,” a book by Jim Collins and Morten T. Hansen. It’s described as someone’s ability to be hyper-vigilant about potentially bad events that can hit an organization, and then turn that fear into preparation and clearheaded action.
These individuals embrace possible dangers and distinguish themselves by taking effective action as a result.
Failure is inevitable no matter how much preparation or planning you do: You launch a new product and don’t receive the expected response from members. A member becomes upset due to a new loan application process.
What matters isn’t that your product or process failed, but how you deal with the failure. Dealing with errors is a crucial step in developing a culture that embraces learning because errors may provide an opportunity to learn.
“Research shows that more is learned in an organization with an error-management culture,” according to the AFM report, “Learning from Errors: Toward an Error-Management Culture.”
Organizations that create an error-management culture experience:
Ethical behavior among employees. Employees tend to report their own and other people’s errors honestly and act responsibly.
“Nobody enjoys failure, tragedy, danger, or catastrophe,” says Steven Bugg, president/CEO at $837 million asset Great Lakes Credit Union in Bannockburn, Ill. “However, I view situations that arise in these areas as opportunities to learn and grow. I step back and reflect prior to moving forward. I focus on remaining as positive as I can during trying times.”
When challenges arise at the credit union, Bugg says he asks questions and engages in open and honest discussions. He also conducts a “root cause analysis” to learn how to prevent the same issues from reoccurring.
“Dealing with the facts is paramount to this process,” Bugg says. “And working through the emotions is tough at times.”
"But if I lead by example," he adds, "others will do the same." | https://news.cuna.org/articles/115437-embrace-failure |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to two-dimensional chromatography. Specifically this invention relates to devices and method for performing two-dimensional liquid or gas chromatography with partial modulation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Two-dimensional chromatography is known in the art. The fields of both gas and liquid chromatography utilize two-dimensional separation techniques to analyze sample matrices contained in a sample analyte.
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid or gas chromatography utilizes two orthogonal columns connected in series to separate compounds within a sample. The term “orthogonal” as used herein means that the columns separate compounds within a sample based on two different properties of the compounds. Ideally, the different properties are independent of each other, resulting in a lack of correlation between the retention time of the compound in the first column and its retention time in the second column. The stationary phase in the second column and column sizeshould yield a faster separation than that of the first column. In the prior art, a sample is injected into the injection port and integrated with the mobile phase. The mobile phase is necessary to introduce and transport the sample through the column. In gas chromatography, the mobile phase is generally an inert gas and is often referred to as the carrier gas. In liquid chromatography, the mobile phase is a liquid of low viscosity and is often referred to as the carrier fluid. Injection of the sample may be by a syringe or operation of a valve or valves connected to a source or loop, among other methods. As the mobile phase transports the sample through the first column, the compounds in the sample are separated based on a first property. In the prior art, the first-column separated sample-bearing carrier exits the first column and is thereafter trapped and held by operation of a modulator, which releases the first column separated sample-bearing carrier in “plugs” or “packets” to the second column. The period during which a packet of first column separated sample-bearing carrier is held and released to enter the second column is typically measured in seconds and is referred to as the modulation period, which is equivalent to the maximum permissible secondary retention time. A detector at the exit of the second column measures the intensity of compounds in each packet at the conclusion of the second separation.
Primary retention time and secondary retention time identify each compound in the sample-bearing carrier in three dimensions, the third dimension being signal intensity identified by the associated detector. Modeling of the data with intensity in three-dimensions displays quantitative and qualitative properties of the compounds within the sample.
In prior art two-dimensional gas chromatography, the sample-bearing carrier was fully modulated.
Comprehensive 2-D chromatography with full modulation of the sample-bearing carrier is not without drawbacks as to temperature, size and power requirements of equipment, and time required for secondary dimension analysis. Each separation system, including the column and associated entry and exit apparati as well as the means for introducing the sample is operated throughout a column temperature range, which may be beyond the range of the modulator or the modulator value. In such cases, the sample-bearing carrier is removed from the higher-temperature environment of the first separation system to a second environment where full modulation occurs, then introduced to a second, potentially higher, temperature environment to pass through the second separation system, including the second column and associated entry and exit apparati. Such cooling and heating may alter the compounds within the sample-bearing carrier, skewing the results. Such a full modulator may require cryogenic cooling, restricting the size and portability. Finally, the secondary retention time period for full modulation should be long enough for a full separation in secondary dimension.
Partial modulation is available as an alternative to full modulation, but is not without its drawbacks. Selection of the secondary retention time period applicable is complicated by the structure and/or boiling point of the compounds with the sample-bearing carrier. The period of one complete cycle, the secondary retention time period, if held constant may truncate results of compounds which are more complex or which possess a higher boiling point, and therefore would appear at a greater secondary retention time and/or may result in low resolution of compounds which are less complex or which possess a lower boiling point and which therefore would appear at a lesser secondary retention time. While a shorter secondary retention time period is desirable for compounds which are less complex and/or which have a lower boiling temperature, a longer secondary retention time period is desireable for compounds which are more complex and/or which have a higher boiling temperature. A longer secondary retention time period results in loss of resolution when analyzing compounds which are less complex and/or which have a lower boiling temperature. The peaks associated with compounds which are less complex and/or which have a lower boiling temperature are not as well defined for analysis which a longer secondary retention time period is used. A shorter secondary retention time period results in loss of data when analyzing compounds which are more complex and/or which have a higher boiling temperature. A greater number of peaks are associated with compounds which are more complex or which are more complex are greater in number. A shorter secondary retention time period may result in truncation of data associated with one compound, thereby including the remaining data in the secondary retention time period associated with a later primary retention time. As the various compounds are separated in the first column, such shifting of data results in the incorrect assembly of the actual data and therefore misidentification of the actual compounds present.
It would be an improvement to the art to be able to sufficiently modulate an analyte-bearing sample to permit comprehensive 2-D liquid or gas chromatography that would not alter the chemical properties of primary separation, which would be capable of utilizing multiple secondary retention times periods.
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With a love for birds and their habitats, we have a number of Ecologists and Ornithological Consultants on our team. We’re very proud to have worked and continue to work with a number of ecology companies, governing bodies and charities to monitor and conduct surveys across Wales.
Ecological Surveys
We have a few Consultant Ornithologists who have vastly experienced in ecological surveys including;
- Vantage Point Surveys
- Moorland Breeding Bird Surveys
- Raptor Surveys
- Species Specific Surveys e.g Nightjar, Black Grouse
- Bat Surveys
With our experience, we are able to adapt and work to a number of different styles and take on surveys throughout Wales.
TV COnsulting
Dan has worked in the media; tv and radio for a number of years both in front and behind the camera as a Consultant. Our team are experienced in locating wildlife and work with media companies as Consultants and Location Scouts for wildlife.
- Creating stories and sequences to tell a story
- Finding wildlife and monitoring wildlife
- Research and pre-filming consulting
- On-the day guiding, spotting and monitoring of wildlife
Farmer & landowner partnership
We work with a number of different farmers, landowners and businesses across Wales to establish how we can attract more birds and wildlife to their land. Through this project, we have installed nest boxes, set up live cameras, established planting routines and more with over 15 farmers and landowners across Wales.
Want to work with us? | https://tadornatours.co.uk/consultancy/ |
Who Is Most Affected
In the United States, rates of new HBV infections are highest among adults aged 40-49 years, reflecting low hepatitis B vaccination coverage among adults at risk. The most common risk factor among people with new HBV infections is injecting drugs, related to the opioid crisis.
The highest rates of chronic hepatitis B infection in the United States occur among foreign-born individuals, especially people born in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and Africa. Approximately 70% of cases in the United States are among people who were born outside of the United States. CDC developed this map of the geographic distribution of hepatitis B around the world – PDF. Other groups who have higher rates of chronic HBV infection include people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men.
Hepatitis A And E Symptoms
Hepatitis A and hepatitis E present with similar symptoms. The diseases may develop without any signs or symptoms, or symptoms may be nonspecific. If you experience any of the symptoms below for more than two weeks, make an appointment with a gastroenterologist.
There are three phases of hepatitis A and E, and symptoms may differ depending on the stage. Early in the disease, called the prodromal phase, symptoms may include:
- Fever
Safety Of Hepatitis Vaccines
Hepatitis vaccines have been given to millions of people all across the world without any evidence of serious side effects. “They’re very safe, and they’re extremely effective,” says Poland.
If you are not sure whether you should have hepatitis vaccines, talk with your doctor about your specific concerns.
Show Sources
Recommended Reading: What Do You Do If You Have Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A Vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide
For health professionals
Last partial chapter update
: The immunoglobulin dosage for Hepatitis A pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis was increased based on the Product Monograph update for GamaSTAN®, which is available on Health Canada’s Drug Product Database.
Last complete chapter revision: March 2018
Hepatitis A And B: Diseases Of The Liver
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most often caused by a viral infection. There are three common types of hepatitis caused by viruses: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Vaccines have been developed that protect people from contracting hepatitis A and B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C.
Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be spread from person to person, although in different ways. They have similar symptoms, which include abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, joint pain, and jaundice .
Over the last 20 years, there has been a 90% decrease in cases of hepatitis A and an 80% decrease in hepatitis B cases in the U.S. Health experts believe that immunization efforts have led to this drop in rates of infection.
Read Also: Side Effects Of Having Hepatitis C
How Is Hepatitis B Transmitted
Hepatitis B is spread in several distinct ways: sexual contact sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment or from mother-to-child at birth.
In the United States, in 2018, injection drug use was the most common risk factor reported among people with an acute HBV infection, followed by having multiple sex partners. Less commonly reported risk factors included accidental needle sticks, surgery, transfusions, and household contact with a person with HBV infection. In the United States, healthcare-related transmission of HBV is rare.
Mother-to-child transmission of HBV is especially concerning, because it is preventable. An estimated 25,000 infants are born to mothers diagnosed with HBV each year in the United States, and approximately 1,000 mothers transmit HBV to their infants. Without appropriate medical care and vaccinations, 90% of HBV-infected newborns will develop chronic infection, remaining infected throughout their lives. Up to 25% of people infected at birth will die prematurely of HBV-related causes. For this reason, the standard of care for pregnant women includes an HBV test during each pregnancy so that the appropriate steps can be taken to prevent HBV-positive mothers from transmitting the disease to her infant.
Questions For Your Doctor
When you visit the doctor, you may want to ask questions to get the information you need to manage your hepatitis C. If you can, have a family member or friend take notes. You might ask:
Read Also: Is Hiv Transmitted More Easily Than Hepatitis
What Are Hepatitis B And Hepatitis C
Although hep A is a short-term illness that goes away completely, hepatitis B and hepatitis C can turn into serious long-term illnesses for some people. Teens and young adults are most at risk for getting these two viruses.
Hep B and C get passed from person to person the same ways that HIV does through direct contact with infected body fluids. Hepatitis B and C are even more easily passed in fluids and needles than HIV. This can happen through sexual contact and by sharing needles that have been contaminated with infected blood. Even when infected people don’t have any symptoms, they can still pass the disease on to others.
Sometimes mothers with hep B or C pass the virus along to their babies when they’re born. Hep B and C also can get passed in ways you might not expect such as getting a manicure or pedicure with unsterilized nail clippers or other dirty instruments. Getting a tattoo, if dirty needles are used, is another way someone can get hep B or C.
Common And Local Adverse Events
HA vaccine
HA vaccine is well tolerated. Reactions are generally mild and transient, and are usually limited to soreness and redness at the injection site. Other less frequent reactions include headache, irritability, malaise, fever, fatigue and gastrointestinal symptoms. Injection site reactions occur less frequently in children than in adults as do mild, systemic events . No significant difference in reactions is evident between initial and subsequent doses of vaccine or in the presence of pre-existing immunity.
HAHB vaccine
Refer to Hepatitis B Vaccine in Part 4 for information about HAHB vaccine.
Ig
Injection site reactions following receipt of standard human Ig include tenderness, erythema and stiffness of local muscles, which may persist for several hours. Mild fever or malaise may occasionally occur.
Also Check: Hepatitis B Vaccine Dose For Newborns
Us Children And Adult Hepatitis B Vaccine Schedules
*Please note that the first dose should be given as soon as possible. Additional doses require minimum time intervals between doses in order for the vaccine to be effective.
3-Dose Vaccine Series for Children and Adults
The hepatitis B vaccine is an injection that is generally given in the arm as a three-dose series on a 0, 1, and 6-month schedule. Alternative schedules may be considered, noting that a third dose at 6 months, meeting minimum intervals between doses, is needed for maximum, long-term protection. Completing the hepatitis B vaccine series, preferably beginning at birth, will ensure protection against hepatitis B, hepatitis delta and lower the lifetime risk of liver cancer. Greater than 90% of babies and up to 50% of young children who are not vaccinated and are infected with hepatitis B will have lifelong infection, which makes the birth dose essential to their protection.
There are four, 3-dose vaccine brands approved in the U.S.
- PreHevbrio PreHevbrio is only approved for adults age 18 and over.
2-Dose Vaccine Series
How Long Does It Last
Hepatitis A can last from a few weeks to several months.
Hepatitis B can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long condition. More than 90% of unimmunized infants who get infected develop a chronic infection, but 6%10% of older children and adults who get infected develop chronic hepatitis B.
Hepatitis C can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long infection. Most people who get infected with the hepatitis C virus develop chronic hepatitis C.
You May Like: Is There A Pill That Cures Hepatitis C
Who Should Be Vaccinated
Children
- All children aged 1223 months
- All children and adolescents 218 years of age who have not previously received hepatitis A vaccine
People at increased risk for hepatitis A
- International travelers
- Men who have sex with men
- People who use or inject drugs
- People with occupational risk for exposure
- People who anticipate close personal contact with an international adoptee
- People experiencing homelessness
People at increased risk for severe disease from hepatitis A infection
- People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C
- People with HIV
Other people recommended for vaccination
- Pregnant women at risk for hepatitis A or risk for severe outcome from hepatitis A infection
Any person who requests vaccination
There is no vaccine available for hepatitis C.
What Is Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus . Hepatitis A can be transmitted when a person ingests the virus from food, drinks, or other objects that have been contaminated by small amounts of stool from an infected person. This can happen through unwashed hands when an infected person prepares food, by close personal contact such as during sex, or caring for someone who is ill. HAV is highly contagious and can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to severe illness lasting several months. Unlike hepatitis B and C, HAV infection does not cause long-term, chronic liver disease. Although most people who get hepatitis A are only sick for a few weeks, in rare cases, HAV infection can cause liver failure and death. This is more common in individuals with existing liver disease and other illnesses often seen in homeless persons.
Most children under 6 years of age do not have symptoms when they get hepatitis A. Older children and adults will usually have symptoms. The symptoms will generally clear-up within 2 months of infection and may include:
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Jaundice
Once a person becomes infected with HAV, the person develops antibodies that protect them from getting the virus again. The best way to prevent HAV infection is by getting vaccinated.
Read Also: Can You Catch Hepatitis C From Kissing
How Is Hepatitis A Treated
There is no formal treatment for hepatitis A. Because its a short-term viral infection that goes away on its own, treatment is typically focused on reducing your symptoms.
After a few weeks of rest, the symptoms of hepatitis A usually begin to improve. To ease your symptoms, you should:
- avoid alcohol
What Are The Symptoms And Signs Of Viral Hepatitis
The period of time between exposure to hepatitis and the onset of the illness is called the incubation period. The incubation period varies depending on the specific hepatitis virus. Hepatitis A virus has an incubation period of about 15 to 45 days Hepatitis B virus from 45 to 160 days, and Hepatitis C virus from about 2 weeks to 6 months.
Many patients infected with HAV, HBV, and HCV have few or no symptoms of illness. For those who do develop symptoms of viral hepatitis, the most common are flu-like symptoms including:
Read Also: Who Should Get Hepatitis B Vaccine
How Is Viral Hepatitis Spread
Hepatitis A and hepatitis E usually spread through contact with food or water that was contaminated with an infected person’s stool. You can also get hepatitis E by eating undercooked pork, deer, or shellfish.
Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D spread through contact with the blood of someone who has the disease. Hepatitis B and D may also spread through contact with other body fluids. This can happen in many ways, such as sharing drug needles or having unprotected sex.
International Hepatitis B Vaccine Schedules
*Please note that the first dose should be given as soon as possible. Additional doses require minimum time intervals between doses in order for the vaccine to be effective.
The hepatitis B vaccine is an injection that is generally given in the arm and as a three-dose series. The World Health Organization recommends a 0, 1, and 6-month vaccine schedule, though schedules may vary based on a countrys national immunization program. Completing the hepatitis B vaccine series, preferably beginning at birth, will ensure protection against hepatitis B, hepatitis delta and lower the lifetime risk of liver cancer. Greater than 90% of babies and up to 50% of young children who are not vaccinated and are infected with hepatitis B will have lifelong infection, which makes the birth dose essential to their protection. Please note that the vaccine brand name, manufacturer and associated schedules for adults, children and infants may be unique to different countries, though there is a list of WHO prequalified vaccines.
3-Dose Vaccine Series for Infants
The World Health Organization recommends all infants receive the first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of birth and to complete the vaccine series with additional shots at 1 month and 6 months of age. Beginning the hepatitis B vaccine at birth will ensure protection against hepatitis B for life.
3-Dose Vaccine Series for Children and Adults
4-Dose Combination Vaccine Series for Infants
Additional Resource Links:
Read Also: Hepatitis B Vaccine Cost Without Insurance
Do You Need Vaccinations Before Traveling Abroad
The CDC divides travel vaccinations into three categories: 1) routine, 2) recommended, and 3) required. The only vaccine classified as “required” by International Health Regulations is the yellow fever vaccination for travel to certain countries in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America.
“Routine” vaccinations are those that are normally administered, usually during childhood, in the United States. These include immunizations against:
- tetanus
How Is Hepatitis Diagnosed
To diagnose hepatitis, your health care provider:
- Will ask about your symptoms and medical history
- Will do a physical exam
- Will likely do blood tests, including tests for viral hepatitis
- Might do imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI
- May need to do a liver biopsy to get a clear diagnosis and check for liver damage
Recommended Reading: Royal Canin Feline Hepatic Diet
Is There A Vaccine For Hepatitis
There are vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B that are available in the U.S. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Since you can only get hepatitis D if you have hepatitis B, getting the vaccine against B should protect you against hepatitis D. There is no FDA approved vaccine against hepatitis E, but vaccines against hepatitis E exist overseas .
How Is Viral Hepatitis Diagnosed
Diagnosis of viral hepatitis is based on symptoms and physical findings as well as blood tests for liver enzymes, viral antibodies, and viral genetic materials.
Symptoms and physical findings
Diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis often is easy, but the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis can be difficult. When a patient reports symptoms of fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, darkening of urine, and then develops jaundice, the diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis is likely and can be confirmed by blood tests. On the other hand, patients with chronic hepatitis due to HBV and HCV often have no symptoms or only mild nonspecific symptoms such as chronic fatigue. Typically, these patients do not have jaundice until the liver damage is far advanced. Therefore, these patients can remain undiagnosed for years to decades.
Blood tests
There are three types of blood tests for evaluating patients with hepatitis: liver enzymes, antibodies to the hepatitis viruses, and viral proteins or genetic material .
Liver enzymes: Among the most sensitive and widely used blood tests for evaluating patients with hepatitis are liver enzymes, called aminotransferases. They include aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase . These enzymes normally are contained within liver cells. If the liver is injured , the liver cells spill the enzymes into the blood, raising the enzyme levels in the blood and signaling that the liver is damaged.
Examples of tests for viral antibodies are:
Don’t Miss: How Is Hepatitis C Spread
What Do Doctors Do
A doctor who thinks someone may have hepatitis may ask questions like these:
- Has the person been around anyone who works in health care or childcare?
- Did the person stick himself or herself with a dirty needle or get a tattoo with a dirty needle?
- Did the person have contact with the bodily fluids of someone who has hepatitis?
- Did the person have a blood transfusion as a baby?
- Have any of the person’s family members had hepatitis?
- Could the person have eaten food that was contaminated with hepatitis A?
The doctor can order a blood test to see if someone has hepatitis and which type, then help the person get the right care.
How Do You Get Hepatitis B
The virus that causes hepatitis B lives in blood, semen, and other fluids in your body. You usually get it by having sex with someone who’s infected.
You also can get it if you:
- Have direct contact with infected blood or the body fluids of someone who’s got the disease, for instance by using the same razor or toothbrush as someone who has hepatitis B, or touching the open sores of somebody who’s infected.
- If you’re pregnant and you’ve got hepatitis B, you could give the disease to your unborn child. If you deliver a baby who’s got it, they need to get treatment in the first 12 hours after birth. | https://www.hepatitisprohelp.com/how-many-hepatitis-are-there/ |
Our creative team integrates print and online strategies, creating beautifully crafted content that tells effective brand stories — building community and generating leads for our customers. You’ve worked hard to grow your business. Let us develop your brand to reflect the values that set your company apart and appeal to your current and potential customers.
DISCOVER
Identify market opportunities and strategic brand development. Pinpoint targets and goals.
DEVELOP
Establish a strategic plan and timeline. Develop creative concepts and elicit client feedback.
REFINE
Revise messaging, design and brand concept. Establish plan for implementation and deployment.
DEPLOY
Launch project deliverables. Implement response measurement systems. Deliver results. | https://www.oregonmedia.com/creative-services/ |
Probable cause is defined as the reasonable belief, founded on known facts established after a reasonable pre filing investigation, that a claim can be established to the satisfaction of a court [i].
A want of probable cause need not be established in order to claim for abuse of process [ii]. However, facts which shows that the person commencing the litigation had knowledge or had reason to know that his/her claim was groundless will be relevant to prove that the process was used for an ulterior purpose [iii].
In Wal Mart Stores v. Binns [iv], plaintiffs were managers of Wal Mart and respondent was an employee of Wal Mart. The respondent was arrested on the compliant given by the plaintiffs alleging theft. However, the charges against the respondent were abandoned for lack of evidence. Subsequently, the respondent filed an appeal against the plaintiff for negligent prosecution, abuse of process and malicious prosecution.
The court observed that on the abuse of process claim, the respondent failed to produce evidence of an abuse or coercive act after the arrest warrant was issued. The court also found that the respondent provided no evidence that the process was initiated to accomplish an ulterior purpose for which it was not designed. The court added that on the malicious prosecution claim, again the respondent failed to produce any evidence of malice. | https://abuseofprocess.uslegal.com/abuse-of-process-elements/want-of-probable-cause/ |
Who are the influences in your life? Parents? Siblings? Teachers? Historical figures? Bosses? Colleagues? Editors? (Hey, we can dream.) In the world of entertainment technology, aspiring designers, programmers, and technicians have many sources from which to draw inspiration, from pioneering designers in the field of lighting, staging, and projection, to cutting-edge contemporaries, to instructors at the top schools, to even directors and performers.
Register to view the full article
Register for livedesignonline.com and gain access to premium content including production and design materials, videos, and more. | https://www.livedesignonline.com/mag/under-their-influence |
A community stocktake is an important part of investigating the problem. It involves collecting information from a wide range of members in the community including:
- individuals
- service providers
- community organisations
- health professionals (including medical and allied health professionals)
- fitness professionals
- community services
- carers
- clubs and sporting associations
- retail businesses
- service clubs
- government departments
- non-government organisations.
Conducting a community stocktake helps to:
- determine the relevant structures, systems, activities and resources already in place in the community to address falls and healthy active ageing
- identify the providers of activities and programs.
Determining the relevant structures, systems, activities, and resources that already exist in the community allows you to explore the potential to integrate your project/program into what currently exists. This reduces potential duplication, saves time and money, and increases the reach and maintenance of your project/program strategies.
How to conduct a community stocktake
You can use a variety of methods to undertake a community stocktake, such as:
- making telephone calls to local services
Case study
The Queensland Stay on Your Feet® Wide Bay/Burnett trial project conducted a community stocktake using a mail survey to over 1,000 individuals, organisations, community groups, fitness groups and services in the project area at the beginning and completion of the project .
Developing the Survey and Database
As preliminary consultation by the trial project indicated that providers often did not consider they were involved in falls prevention activities, the stocktake survey collected information about services, resources and activities related to falls risk factors, rather than using the term 'falls prevention' .
Apart from developing the survey, a mailing list database of people who would receive the survey was needed. The Queensland Stay on Your Feet® Wide Bay/Burnett trial project developed the database using a range of sources including project contacts, attendees at project-related meetings and from existing relevant phone and service directories .
During the project, the database was regularly updated and expanded by individuals requesting to be included and by adding contacts identified by key stakeholders already on the database. The database provided a means of initiating and maintaining regular communication with target group and the community, as well as providing a way to evaluate the reach of the project .
Community Stocktake Results
The results from the initial community stocktake provided a useful baseline that informed the planning of the project and allowed comparative analysis as part of the project's evaluation. By comparing the community stocktake results from the beginning and completion of the project, changes in the number of the programs, services, activities or resources which focused on known falls risk factors could be measured.
For more information on the Queensland Stay on Your Feet® Wide Bay/Burnett trial project, see Queensland Stay on Your Feet® Wide Bay/Burnett Trial Project.
To see the community stocktake survey tools used for the trial project (you are welcome to adapt these for your project), refer to: | https://www.health.qld.gov.au/stayonyourfeet/toolkits/phase1/stocktake |
Given the social impact of the large number of forced migrants from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan applying for asylum across Europe since fall 2015, it is crucial to study who these individuals are in terms of their skills, motivations, and intentions. The study DiPAS (Displaced Persons in Austria Survey) at the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU) aims to uncover the socio-demographic characteristics of the refuge-seeking persons who arrived in Austria in 2015, with a particular focus on human capital (educational attainment and professional qualifications) as well as attitudes and values. Respondents were also asked about their origins and family backgrounds as well as journey routes and return intentions.
The DiPAS survey, the first of its kind in Austria and possibly in Europe, was carried out in November and December 2015 among adult displaced persons, mostly residing in Eastern Austria in NGO-run facilities of Fonds Soziales Wien, Caritas, Workers’ Samaritan Federation, Red Cross, and Diakonie Austria. Interviews were conducted in Arabic, Farsi/Dari, Pashto, Kurdish, and English. Conceptualization and implementation of the multi-lingual questionnaire was supported by Syrian demographer Dr. Zakarya Al Zalak (IIASA), until recently the director of the Statistical Technical Institute in Damascus.
Based on 514 completed interviews, DiPAS aims to provide substantiated data for political decision-making and on-going societal dialogue. Information gathered on spouses and children (household survey) allows for the analysis of 458 persons living in Austria, and of further 419 partners and children abroad, which shall help to make informed assessments about the integration potential of recently arrived Syrians, Iraqis and Afghans into the Austrian host society. In addition, the applied methodological technique and experiences during the fieldwork shall provide valuable insights on sampling asylum seekers and refugees in the current European context.
The following link leads to additional background information regarding the project (in german language only): | https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/vid/research/research-projects/dipas/ |
The Novel Glass Group plays a central role in a broad spectrum of ORC activities, providing the next generation of optoelectronic materials, with a particular strength in chalcogenide glasses. Unlike traditional glasses made from silica and oxides, these unusual materials are formed from sulphur. Believe it or not, these glasses already find use as the active layer in rewritable DVDs, high efficiency solar cells, next generation FLASH memory, as well as more traditional infrared optics.
Our group’s mission is to explore all aspects of new types of glass for application in cutting edge optoelectronic devices. It is an active group collaborating with many other ORC research groups as well as university and industry worldwide. This strength is reflected in the hundreds of publications, large number of patents, state of the art glass making facilities and the career paths which our students follow after a post graduate degree with us.
PhD Projects:
Supervisor: Ioannis Zeimpekis
The miniaturisation of electronics and photonics has reached a point that demands for new more advanced materials to maintain the performance evolution. 2D materials have been overtaking traditional semiconducting materials due to their atomic scale and properties such as direct bangap, high carrier mobility, short-channel effects immunity, and ideal subthreshold swings. Our group has extensive experience in growing these materials as thin films and monolayers directly on a variety of substrates by Atomic layer Deposition.
This project focuses on the large area growth of 2D materials and their optimisation for optoelectronic applications. Together we will expand our material portfolio and demonstrate performance through the fabrication of TFTs, diodes, logic circuits, memories, and photodetectors. The best material and device candidates will be integrated with our phase change integrated photonics platform to enhance its functionality through control of the light modulation but also through coupling to the electronic domain.
The successful candidate will work closely with a highly multidisciplinary team that will give them valued experience, the opportunity for collaborations and high impact publications.
Supervisor: Dr Katrina Morgan
Wearable technologies are revolutionising our daily lives, integrating everyday objects into our clothes, accessories and even our bodies. But how can we power these without using rigid batteries that require overnight charging?
The answer is renewable energy sources such as ourselves. Using our body’s heat, thermoelectric generators can provide uninterrupted renewable energy for wearable devices.
In our highly multi-disciplinary team, the goal is to develop cutting-edge wearable systems, using thermoelectric generators to power wearable technology such as health monitors and fitness sensors.
Working in a cleanroom environment, new materials will be developed and optimised, using state-of-the-art fabrication and characterisation equipment, and turned into cutting-edge thermoelectric energy harvesters. Our goal is to implement these generators into commercially usable system that powers internet-of-thing devices, designed with the end-user in mind. This will be achieved through working closely with academic and industrial collaborators.
This PhD project direction is mouldable, guided by an experienced supervisory team, whilst offering a high level of technical and professional skill development. Chances to collaborate with companies and researchers are plenty, with many opportunities for international travel, attending conferences and publishing high impact work.
Supervisor: Dr Kevin Huang
Two dimensional (2D) monolayer transition metal di-chalcogenide semiconductor materials are emerging as revolutionary components in nanophotonics. Recently, defects and strains in 2D materials have attracted considerable interest as they can be engineered to realize quantum light emission, such as single-photon emitters, a crucial element for the development of quantum information technologies.
Here we propose a revolutionary approach based on wafer-scale 2D monolayers grown by Van der Waals Epitaxy. Unlike the current 2D flakes (typically few tenths of micrometers) prepared by various chemical vapour deposition or exfoliation processes, our wafer-scale 2D monolayers are compatible with the current CMOS process, hence it would be much easier to control the defects and strains at ideal locations over a large-scale fabrication process. This innovative strategy will open up a full control of the light-matter interaction without compromising the possibility of locating and manipulating defects/strains in the 2D monolayers.
In addition, waveguides and resonators/photonic crystals can be further integrated on the surface of 2DM by nanofabrication process to enhance and control of light emission in order to move towards room-temperature operation of multipurpose scalable quantum devices.
The successful candidate will work with a multidisciplinary team to gain a wide variety of technical and professional skills and will have the opportunity to collaborate and publish high impact work.
Research costs are fully funded by: | https://www.orc.soton.ac.uk/phd-projects-novel-glass-and-fibre |
# Wrinkle-resistant fabric
Wrinkle-resistant or permanent press or durable press is a finishing method for textiles that avoids creases and wrinkles and provides a better appearance for the articles. Most cellulosic fabrics and blends of cellulosic rich fabrics tend to crease or wrinkle. A durable press finish makes them dimensionally stable and crease free. The finishing includes chemical finishing as well as mechanical finishing. Wrinkle-resistant finishes were developed in the early 20th century, as a way to deal with fabrics derived from cotton, rayon, and linen, which were found to wrinkle easily and retain the wrinkles. These treatments have a lasting effect on the fabric. Synthetics like polyester, nylon, acrylic and olefin, have a natural resistance to wrinkles and a greater stability since they do not absorb water as efficiently.
These fabrics are textiles that have been treated to resist external stress and hold their shape. Clothing made from this fabric does not need to be ironed and may be sold as non-iron, no-iron, wash and wear, durable press, and easy care. While fabric cleaning and maintenance may be simplified, some wearers experience decreased comfort.
## History
Advances in producing permanent press fabrics involved a series of agents that crosslink the cellulose-based fibers that comprise most clothing. Wrinkle resistant treatments have been used since 1929, when cotton fabrics were treated with a solution of urea and formaldehyde. The chemical treatment stiffened the fabric, thus making it wrinkle-resistant.
Starting in the 1940s, a series of urea-formaldehyde derivatives were introduced. Technical issues overcome included yellowing, odor, and the tendency of some agents to accelerate the degradation of fabrics by bleaches.
By 1950s fabrics made from synthetics and treated cotton were described as “wash-and-wear” to point out that there was no need to iron them. The claim was though somewhat dubious in the sense that they did require some touch-up ironing. In 1953, Brooks Brothers manufactured wash-and-wear shirts using a blend of Dacron, polyester, and a wrinkle free cotton that was invented by Ruth R. Benerito, which they called "Brooksweave".
In the 1960s and 1970s, the developments in the chemistry of textile-treatments led to the discovery of DMDHEU, a chemical agent that made possible a low-cost but superior-quality production of permanent-pressed fabrics, which are now known as durable-pressed finishes. However, these processes weakened clothes; as a result, they wore out faster.
The technology advanced especially rapidly in the early 1990s.
Wrinkle-resistant fabrics, alongside other factors, have reportedly caused a decline in ironing in the United States.
## Process
Cross-linking is the chemical process to produce textiles with wrinkle resistance. Wrinkle resistance is achieved by the crosslinking of cellulose chains to stop the molecules from moving when in contact with water or other environmental stress. Cotton cellulose polymer comprises three different regions: the crystalline region, the amorphous region, and an intermediate region between them. Although in the crystalline region the cellulose chains are closely arranged, limiting their mobility, chains in the amorphous and intermediate regions are bonded together by weaker bonds making them more susceptible to breaking. There are two types of crosslinkers, which are the chemicals that bond together cellulose chains, the first ones only bond cellulose chains, while the second self-polymerize resins as well.
N-methylol and DMDHEU are reagents commonly used for the treatments because of their relatively low costs; however, they produce free formaldehyde, which has been identified as a potential human carcinogen, and it can also cause harmful dermatological effects. The use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) (as a catalyst/ co-catalyst for these reactions) has become an alternative way to minimize the formation of free formaldehyde and fabric strength loss.
Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) is the most commonly used durable-press finish. In this process, the chemical is first applied to the fabric. Then the fabric is heated to allow the chemicals to react with the cellulose molecules. In the reaction, the molecules of the fabric are bonded together to keep them from moving and causing wrinkles. For this reason, durable-press treated garments behave as synthetics. However, almost all the wrinkle resistant garments are made with poly/cotton blends fabrics.
There are problems with the post-curing process, the final step of the treatment, because if the process is not done perfectly the garment gets damaged and can even turn yellow. Companies have overcome the post-curing issues by producing wrinkle-resistant clothes using pre-cured fabrics.
### Chemistry
The crosslinking agents that result in the permanent press finish are often derivatives of urea. Popular crosslinkers include DMDHEU (dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea) and DMEU (dimethylol ethylene urea).
## Washing and drying machines
In older washing machines, the permanent press setting sprays moisture during the spin cycle to maintain the moisture content of the permanent press fabrics above a certain specified limit to reduce wrinkling. Most older clothes dryers feature an automatic permanent press setting, which puts clothes through a cool-down cycle at the end of the normal heated drying cycle. Modern dryers tend to include this as a standard feature.
## Another solution
In the 2000s, fabric softeners were launched to provide more resistance to external stress and wrinkle recovery, which can be improved by spraying fabrics with aqueous emulsions made with vegetable oils. The sprays allow the fibers to slide closer to each other, helping them hold their shapes. Moreover, this process is cheaper and simpler, minimizing chemical waste and water/energy consumption. The more effective anti-wrinkle sprays have higher concentrations of vegetable oils that are low in unsaturated fatty acids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash-and-wear |
Notes for this Bible study are below the teaching video….
I. Intro
Galatians 3:1-14: O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? Before your very eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed as crucified. (2) I would like to learn just one thing from you: Did you receive the Spirit by works of the law, or by hearing with faith? (3) Are you so foolish? After starting in the Spirit, are you now finishing in the flesh? (4) Have you suffered so much for nothing, if it really was for nothing? (5) Does God lavish His Spirit on you and work miracles among you because you practice the law, or because you hear and believe? (6) So also, “Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.” (7) Understand, then, that those who have faith are the sons of Abraham. (8) The Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and preached the gospel to Abraham: “All nations will be blessed through you.” (9) So those who have faith are blessed along with believing Abraham (10) All who rely on works of the law are under a curse. For it is written: “Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the Book of the Law.” (11) And it is clear that no one is justified before God by the law, because, “The righteous will live by faith.” (12) The law, however, is not based on faith; on the contrary, “The man who does these things will live by them.” (13) Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us. For it is written: “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a tree.” (14) He redeemed us in order that the blessing promised to Abraham would come to the Gentiles in Christ Jesus, so that by faith we might receive the promise of the Spirit.
-
First of all let me premise by saying the law was NEVER for the Gentiles
- it was ONLY for the Jews – and only for a period of time
- it was given because the Israelites didn’t want an intimate relationship with God – they were afraid of Him and so they asked Moses to be their mediator
- so… we are not under the law today and unless you were Jewish and lived during the time period of Moses giving the law at Mt Sinai and the cross, you were never under the law
-
But a large portion of the body of Christ doesn’t have the revelation that we were never under the law – still seeing the law as a standard or a guideline for holiness in our lives
- and we haven’t understood that verse 14 is talking about 2 different people groups – Jew and Gentiles
-
Galatians 3:14: He redeemed us in order that the blessing promised to Abraham would come to the Gentiles in Christ Jesus, so that by faith we might receive the promise of the Spirit.
-
Paul said He redeemed US – talking about the Jews under the Old Covenant… under the Mosaic Law
- Col 2:14: Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances (Old Mosaic Law)that was against us (Jews under that law), which was contrary to us (Jews), and took it out of the way, nailing it to the cross;
- we really should learn who the verses are referring to and write that in our Bibles for future reference
- He redeemed those under the law that the Gentiles (us) would receive the promise of the Spirit
-
And He made ONE new man – Jew and Gentile in Christ – no division
- Ephesians 2:14: For He Himself is our peace, who made both groups into one and broke down the barrier of the dividing wall
- Then ALL men born after the cross were to simply live in the freedom of life in the spirit – of Christ IN us, AS us and flowing through us with NO knowledge of the Mosaic law whatsoever.
-
-
BUT mentally we placed ourselves under a law that no longer exists and was never ours
- AND mentally we have seen ourselves redeemed from curses that never applied to us
- SO… let’s go forward looking at being redeemed from the curse “as though it applied to us” so that we can go higher in our understanding of the wholeness that is ours IN CHRIST
II. What was The Curse
-
Most believers connect Galatians 3:13 with the curses mentioned in Deuteronomy 28:16-68
- but those are curses (plural) in Deuteronomy and Paul was speaking in the singular in Galatians 3:13 — he said “the curse” not curses
- Paul was talking about a singular, specific curse
-
So what is THE Curse of the law?
- it’s the fact that it can’t justify any man
-
it was to expose the condition of man but it had no power to change man
- Paul speaking to Jews says in Romans 7:7: what shall we say then is the law sin? Certainly not on the contrary I wouldn’t have known the sin
- talking about sin – in the Greek the article “the” is added – specifying sin the condition
- Romans 3:20: therefore by the deeds of the law no flesh will be justified in His sight for by the law is the knowledge of SIN (singular) – the condition
- Paul is saying — hey we (Jews) needed the law to reveal the condition of sin
-
The law wasn’t given to show men how they must live in order to be righteous
- but it was made to be a revelation of a person’s condition apart from the glorious gospel
-
Later in this chapter of Galatians Paul says that the law could not give life (v. 21)
-
and in v. 23 he tells them that they (Jews) were kept under the law or held in custody – which is an imperfect indicative passive tense — meaning it was a repeated, continual action in the past that happened to them
- Paul is relaying to them that they are not held in custody or kept under the law anymore — that was a repeated action of the PAST – before the cross.
-
and in verse 24 he tells them (not us!) that the law was a trainer or a tutor UNTIL Christ came and in v. 25 that now that the Faith (v. 22 says it’s the faith OF Jesus) has come they are free from the law
- the law was their tutor, their guardian, to bring them to Christ so that they might be justified by His faith
- the law was NOT a curse — it was a tutor to lead us to Christ (Gal 3) – to point us to the Gospel
- and the curse of the law was that it couldn’t justify them!
-
-
The law was never intended to be a guide for their flesh — how to manage their behavior
- it’s purpose was to reveal the cause of ALL problems in the flesh — sin the condition, or spiritual death that had entered the world through Adam
-
That’s why I’ve been telling you from the beginning of this series that disease is not of biological origin
- it manifests biologically — but disease has spiritual origin in ALL men at ALL times
- it’s the experience of who we believe we are (of our revelation)
- it’s easy to walk in divine health — it’s easy to be well
- but we have to get a hold of this revelation first that we have been in fact truly delivered from sin the condition
-
When we understand that we have been delivered from sin the condition we then understand that without sin there are no negative effects (death)
- sin entered the world through one man and death through sin – therefore all died because all sinned
- this cause and effect relationship says to me that when I negate the cause I also negate the effect — No sin (condition) = no death
-
Sickness and disease as I’ve told you before are ONLY possible to one who assumes himself to still be in someway associated with sin
- Heb 1:3 tells us that we’re to have no more consciousness of sin (the condition) because we have been purified!
-
Once we get the understanding that we have been completely separated, severed from sin – the condition , then it becomes easier and easier to just walk around in health, peace and joy and prosperity
- realizing that ALL the effects (sickness, disease, lack, etc.) were done away with when the cause (condition of sin) was done away with — 2000 years ago!!
III. Free from The Curse & it’s curses
let’s look at Deut 28:15: But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses (plural) shall come upon thee, and overtake thee
- notice that in verse 15 it mentions curses – plural
- then he begins in v. 16-68 to list the curses – and the entirety of the rest of the chapter relates to the curses (plural) that are result to disobedience to the WHOLE law
-
So just like THE sin – SINGULAR – the condition is responsible for sins – PLURAL – the actions — we need to realize that THE curse – SINGULAR – is responsible for the curses – PLURAL
-
So the Curse is responsible for the curses
- the curses would be all the many things like sickness, disease, poverty, marital distress, family disorder, social injustice, etc. – everything found in Deut 28: 15-68
-
-
And understanding only that I’m redeemed from these “things” or the curses (plural) is an incomplete revelation
- because defining THE Curse only by it’s natural effects (curses) actually reduces Christ’s work to a natural ministry only — one that affects ONLY the earthly experience of men
IV. Not Just Forgiven
-
We shouldn’t have any trouble understanding that because we’ve spent generations in the church defining sin (singular) by men’s behaviors (sins- plural)
- this greatly lessens the value of the cross — and detracts from the revelation of the FINISHED work of Christ in it’s fullness
-
For example…. if Christ only died for my sins (plural) I’m forgiven but unchanged!
- because in that scenario, He did nothing for my spiritual condition, so consequently I’m still lost
- Israel before the cross had forgiveness – and yet they were still at that point in time lost
-
So if He only died for our sins we’re still lost — still unchanged
- and the best we can experience then is a sense of forgiveness in this life
-
which is exactly what the law provided for the Israelites
- and just like them, we will never experience freedom from the driving force behind our constant need for forgiveness if we have only been forgiven
- However, if Jesus actually became sin – and He did – I can experience freedom from that sin consciousness that constantly demands forgiveness in my life
-
We need to remember that Jesus died AS us FOR us
- the exchange that took place was a COMPLETE AND TOTAL exchange of lives
- He received all of Adam in Himself at the cross and we received all of Him as a result He became sin and I became righteousness
V. How Much More!
Hebrews 9:14: HOW MUCH MORE shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God?
- there was much more that needed to be provided than just the sanctifying and purifying of the flesh that the law provided (v.13)
-
if all we have is forgiveness of sins (plural) and redemption from the curses (plural) then we have nothing more than Israel had
- because they had that — they had forgiveness of sins through the sacrificial offerings and it tells us right here that they could even have their flesh purified
- and there were healing ordinances throughout the OT
- throughout the Levitical law — healing ordinances — do this and that and be healed
- God made provision for their natural man
- So if all we are going to do is relate Christ has redeemed us from The Curse of the law to all of those physical manifestations (curses) that are recorded in Deut 28 we don’t have anything better than Israel had
-
NO – we’re not redeemed from the curses (plural) only — we are redeemed from The Curse
- Just like we were not just forgiven of sins (plural) only — we were redeemed from The Sin – condition
- and The Curse was responsible for the curses – cause and effect
- just like The Sin (condition) was responsible for sins (behavior)
VI. The Curse was Death
Let’s go to Deut 30:19: I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live:
-
this version says blessing and cursing but it literally in Hebrew it says The Blessing and The Curse – singular and specific
- it also says The Life and The Death — singular; specific
-
then it says choose The Life that you and your descendants will live
- by choosing life their experience would be abundant life and not the manifestations of death — sickness, disease, poverty, lack, fear, etc.
-
so very clearly what we see here is – The Blessing is Life and The Curse is Death
- these are conditions of existence – not objects of reward and punishment
-
We often refer to blessings as an object of reward – we receive something and we call it a blessing that we received
-
those things are definitely fruit of The Blessing — but what I want you to understand first of all is what he’s talking about here is a condition of existence
- a condition in which you have been placed to live in and to dwell
-
- That condition used to be called The Death or The Curse
- Now it’s called The Life or The Blessing
-
1 Jn 5:12 says He that hath the Son hath The Life
- we could also say he who has the Son has The Blessing
-
Again when he talks about The Curse and The Blessing here, he’s not talking about some reward or punishment – but a condition of existence
- just like sin and death were conditions of existence
- so The Curse on humanity was Death and the curses (plural) were simply the natural effects of a spiritual root
- they were men’s natural experiences that resulted from The Curse
-
That’s why sickness and disease are not of a biological origin
- and poverty and lack do not originate in the economy, in your job, etc
- they all originate in the spirit — they are the effects of The Death or The Curse
- So The Curse on humanity was death and the curses were simply the effects of this spiritual root
VI. In Conclusion
-
We as the body of Christ… as Believers… haven’t gone far enough in our understanding
- we haven’t understood the FULLNESS of His FINISHED work and what that means for us — WHOLENESS in every area of our lives, FILLED with ALL of the FULLNESS of the Godhead and EMPOWERED to live in the realm of SPIRIT
- ALL of that NOW in this earthly life!
-
It says in Galatians 3:13 does NOT say Christ has redeemed us from the curses (plural) having borne the curses on His body on the cross
- it said Christ has redeemed us from The Curse having become The Curse
-
Christ becoming The Curse means He became ALL of Death – just like He became ALL of Sin — He became ALL of Death so that ALL of Life could become your condition
- He became ALL of Sin – we became ALL of Righteousness
- He became ALL Death – we became ALL Life… we became ALL Blessed
-
He redeemed us from a condition — not from things
- He redeemed us from The Curse — He did NOT redeem us from sickness, disease, lack etc.
- And because He redeemed us from the CAUSE (The Curse) there are NO curses that remained… NO SICKNESS, NO DISEASE, NO LACK, NO FEAR, ETC.
- Our condition now is LIFE…. is BLESSING
-
This is the condition of our existence whether we know it or not and whether we believe it or not
- you’re not blessed because you get things — you’re blessed because you have The Life
-
And so you live in this place called The Blessing
- in this place spiritual condition called Life
- they’re synonymous
- And in that place (that Paul calls NEW LIFE) there is NO SICKNESS, NO DISEASE, NO LACK, NO FEAR, ETC. | https://itisfinished.blog/2019/03/29/healing-part-6-free-from-the-curse-of-the-law-bible-study/ |
The Alliance for Multilateralism is growing – and bearing fruit. At the United Nations General Assembly in New York, Germany, France and other like-minded states launched six concrete initiatives for tackling global challenges together.
Other initiatives will continue to develop under the following action areas of the Alliance:
Human Rights
Advocating human rights in the 21st century includes defending and promoting the acquis, ensuring the respect of human rights and developing relevant new areas for human rights work. This includes climate or cyber issues, for instance in the link between artificial Intelligence and risks and opportunities of digitalization for human rights, as well as implications of climate change for human rights. Media freedom has been a particular focus of the Alliance’s work from the beginning, as well as gender equality.
Initiatives:
International Law/Accountability
The Alliance supports the universal and rules-based international order. Common rules need to be established and upheld. International law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law, must be respected and applied; infractions and serious crimes must be prosecuted. Humanitarian organisations must be allowed to do their work in order to promote and protect the human rights of the most vulnerable. The system of international criminal justice needs to be defended and further developed.
Initiatives:
Disarmament and Arms Control
New international rules are needed for the weapon systems of the future and the rules for already existing weapons must be respected, treaties and agreements defended. The Alliance highlights the importance of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in securing peace and stability and respecting our rules-based international order.
Initiatives:
Global Public Goods
The Covid-19-pandemic has been a wake-up call for multilateralism and it has underlined the importance of global solidarity. Therefore potential treatment and a future vaccine shall be treated as global public goods, not only in the current pandemic but also regarding the prevention of future diseases.
- – Joint Declaration on Covid-19
- – Joint Declaration: Strengthening the multilateral health architecture
Initiatives:
Strengthening Institutions
To master global challenges international organisations need to remain strong and agile in order to be able to fulfill their tasks. Therefore member states need to comply with their commitments and obligations. This is particularly true in the realm of peacebuilding, where different fields must unite their efforts to secure previous gains and to take preventive action. Here, we need a strong commitment to reliable funding mechanisms on the basis of multialteral cooperation.
Initiative: | https://multilateralism.org/actionareas/ |
Genesis of Diabetes
Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. What is known is that your immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria or viruses — attacks and destroys your insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This leaves you with little or no insulin. Instead of being transported into your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream.
Type 1 is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, though exactly what many of those factors are is still unclear. In prediabetes — which can lead to type 2 diabetes — and in type 2 diabetes, your cells become resistant to the action of insulin, and your pancreas is unable to make enough insulin to overcome this resistance. Instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. | https://www.omicsonline.org/conferences-list/genesis-of-diabetes |
The International Relations degree program at the University of Washington is designed to provide a strong foundation in international relations theory, comparative politics, and global economics. Students will obtain a broad understanding of various theoretical approaches to international relations while developing an expertise on a region or topic area.
The department offers courses that explore the interactions between nation-states and non-governmental organizations in politics, economics, and security. | https://pdri.org/course/social-science-and-laws-courses/international-relations-ir/ |
The Sate visit to the Republic of India of H.E. Mr. Tran Dai Quang, President of Vietnam (from 2nd to 4th March 2018) takes place in the context the bilateral relationship continues to strongly flourish. The leaders of the two countries are looking forward to further mutual endeavour for peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indian Ocean and the Asia-Pacific and the world over as well as promoting and deepening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Vietnam and India into substantive cooperation.
Following is the full text of the President’s speech at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in New Delhi on March 4, 2018.
VIET NAM – INDIA: STRENGTHENING COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP FOR THE INTEREST OF THE TWO PEOPLES; FOR PEACE, STABILITY AND PROSPERTY IN THE REGION AND THE WORLD.
I am very pleased to have the opportunity to be here and speak with the politicians, professors, researchers, scholars, and students at the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library, the place which enshrines the historic relics of the life and work of Jawaharlal Nehru - a great Indian leader whose entire life was devoted to India's freedom and independence, and to peace and friendship among nations. To President Ho Chi Minh and the people of Viet Nam he was a great and close friend.
At the beginning may I express my gratitude to the Indian Government, the Indian Foundation, and to all of you present here, for making possible this meaningful gathering. Your presence here is a strong expression of the interest in relations between Viet Nam and India and the desire to join hearts and hands for peace, stability, cooperation, and development in the Indian Ocean and the Asia-Pacific.
During these first two decades of the 21st century our world has witnessed many rapid, profound, and comprehensive changes. One of the most dramatic and inspirational of them all is the rise of Asia.
Just a hundred years ago the vast majority of the continent, India and Viet Nam included, lay engulfed in the long darkness of colonialism, wars, and backwardness. Few could have imagined that one century from those dark days, Asia would rise to become a geo-politic, geo-economic, and cultural center of the world. Almost every global forecast today agrees on one thing: this century shall be the Asian Century.
Within only a few decades the world has witnessed the miracles of India, China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the ASEAN countries. It is a fascinating coincidence that all of these miracles have converged around the Indian Ocean and the Asia-Pacific.
Along with globalization and regionalization, the trends of linkage and integration, and the impacts of the revolution in science and technology, our region in recent years has yielded a cornucopia of long-term ideas, initiatives, and strategies for cooperation that are both inter-regional and global in scope. I would like briefly to name a few: the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between ASEAN and its six partners; India's “Act East” Policy; China's “Belt and Road Initiative”; Japan's “Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy”; the United States' “Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision”; and, most recently, the establishment of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, joined by eleven economies on both sides of the Pacific.
All these undertakings are raising the status and attractiveness of our region to a new level never seen before in history. Should all of the aforementioned come to fruition as per the statements of their founders, we will see the creation of a new space of security and development, comprising the Indian Ocean, Asia and the Pacific, hereafter called the Indo-Asia-Pacific. The ever-closer economic, political, and cultural ties between the Asia-Pacific and the Indian Ocean will create a new driver for growth and help transform the Asian Century into the Indo-Asia-Pacific Century.
Consequently, India and Viet Nam shall both be part of a vast community accounting for 60% of the Earth's land area, 50% of world population, and a greater share of global GDP, trade, investment, and capacity for innovation. ASEAN and India shall become an integration hub with an essential role in the region’s future development.
The achievements of the past decades in the Indo-Asia-Pacific provide a solid foundation to further strengthen and foster friendship and cooperation between countries both within and outside of the region, thus enabling us to make greater contributions to mankind.
However, our region is also facing notable intertwined challenges. In addition to being the convergence point of many initiatives for integration and cooperation, the Indo-Asia-Pacific is also a core theater in the competition for power and influence among major powers.
Furthermore, issues include regional hot-spots; armed conflicts; land, sea, and island sovereignty disputes; contested natural resources; international terrorism and transnational crime; and environmental pollution and climate change among others, all are evolving at an ever-greater scope, frequency, and level, with more serious characteristics. There remains a stark contrast between cooperation and competition, between moderation and extremism, between openness and isolation, between liberalism and protectionism, between development and stagnation, between independence and dependence, between unity and division. The desire for peace, stability, cooperation, and development in the Indo-Asia-Pacific has yet to be truly realized.
Shall this century become the Indo-Asia-Pacific Century? Shall this region truly become a hub connecting resources and harmonizing interests for continuous, more dynamic, and more sustainable development?
This aspiration will only come true when all countries share a common vision for an open and rules-based region, and a common interest in the maintenance of peace, stability, and inclusive prosperity, wherein no country, no nation, and no group shall be left behind.
This aspiration will only come true when all countries join together in the effort to protect the freedom of navigation and unimpeded trade and not let the Indo-Asia-Pacific be balkanized into spheres of influence manipulated by power politics, hindered by protectionism, or divided by narrow nationalism.
This aspiration will only come true when countries stand side by side to build a common space for co-existence and development in the belief that the Indo-Asia-Pacific is vast enough for every country to flourish and prosper.
This aspiration will only come true when all countries make the effort to establish effective mechanisms to maintain peace, stability, and the rule of law, so as to ensure the common security, prevent conflict and war, and effectively address security challenges both traditional and non-traditional.
The Indian national hero Mahatma Gandhi once urged “You must be the change you wish to see in the world”. This could not be truer: the realization of this aspiration depends to a large extent on the capacity and the will of all countries in the region -- India, Viet Nam, and ASEAN included -- to join hands in cooperation.
Geographically, India and ASEAN lie at the heart of the Indo-Asia-Pacific. Historically, over the last twenty centuries the peoples of India and Southeast Asia have come together bound by the values of peace, humanism, and fraternity. Today, India is marked by rapid and sustainable development that makes an ever-greater contribution to peace, stability, and prosperity in the region. ASEAN is characterized by being resilient, united, cohesive, well-integrated, and open in its cooperation, playing an expanding role in the region. These work together as paramount components of peace, cooperation, and development in the region as a whole. Herein lies our common interests and shared vision, one in line with the path to development and the constantly-growing status and stature of both India and ASEAN in the international arena.
For these reasons, ASEAN has strong faith and great expectations in the vigorous growth of India, a power that is deeply aware of her responsibilities and duties towards the international community. India shall become a new pole of development, an important engine for peace, prosperity, and integration both in the Indo-Asia-Pacific and the world at large.
We wish to express our gratitude for, and most highly appreciate, The Honorable Prime Minister Narendra Modi's statement at the ASEAN–India Summit in November last year: that India's “Act East” policy “is shaped around ASEAN, and its centrality in the regional security architecture of the Indo-Pacific region”. With this policy, India has been making efforts to forge substantive links, engage in deeper economic and political integration, and foster people-to-people ties with the ASEAN countries. It is obvious that only through ever-closer connectivity in infrastructure, trade and investment, culture, education and training, and science and technology, and many other fields can India and ASEAN amplify their strength, building together upon their roles and status so as to build a common development space for peace, stability, cooperation, and development, one that can more effectively respond to external shocks and challenges. The 25 years of ASEAN-India relations stand as a testimony to this. Over the next 25 years, given new opportunities and challenges, strengthening ASEAN-India ties must be both an objective necessity and a strategic choice for our two sides.
Viet Nam–India diplomatic relations are about to celebrate their semi-centennial, yet the close ties between our two lands and peoples have existed for thousands of years. Such links stem not only from shared interests but also from the profound and enduring cultural values that we share.
As early as the 1st century CE, the venerable monk Mahajivaka introduced Buddhism from India to Viet Nam. The religion spread rapidly, for its cultural and spiritual values resonated well with our native beliefs. The ideas of equality, fraternity, anattā / anātman (non-self), and altruism that Buddhism represents have since taken root in the consciousness of the Vietnamese people and become in themselves inseparable parts of Vietnamese culture.
Since the 2nd century, Hinduism has also been present in Viet Nam, its mark well-preserved in the Cham cultural relics in central Viet Nam, the timeless epic of Ramayana, the character of Sita gifted with beauty and intellect, and the discipline of Yoga that is becoming ever-more popular in everyday Vietnamese life.
Today the works of the renowned cultural personality, poet, and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore - the first Asian Nobel Laureate in Literature -- still enchant the hearts of millions of Vietnamese with verses that hold within them profound philosophies about the universe, humanity, happiness, and love.
Exactly eleven years later, on October 17, 1954 -- just one week after the liberation of Ha-Noi -- PM Nehru at the cordial invitation of President Ho Chi Minh became the first foreign head of state to pay a visit to Viet Nam.
The image of our Indian brothers taking to the streets in support of the righteous resistance against American imperialism of the Vietnamese people, the slogan “Amar Nam, Tomar Nam, Viet Nam, Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh, Dien Bien Phu” on their lips, shall be forever etched in the consciousness of the Vietnamese people. From the bottom of our hearts, we wish to express our deepest gratitude for the pure and sincere love, unfazed by hardship and unshaken by storm as it is, that the people of India have given to the people of Viet Nam over the years.
Today, in a rapidly changing world we are proud to witness the traditional, faithful friendship between our two countries and peoples not just remaining true but even flourishing. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has stressed that, Viet Nam is the top priority in the effort to strengthen India's relations with the Asia-Pacific. As seen from Viet Nam’s foreign policy, India has always been one of the most important partners.
Exactly sixty years ago during his visit to India, our beloved President Ho Chi Minh asserted that “India is an independent and mighty nation that has made many invaluable contributions to peace in Asia and the world”. This observation remains relevant today. We are glad to note that in recent years India's rise has been closely linked with the prosperity and affluence of Asia as a whole. India's peaceful development has always worked as an important and constructive factor to regional peace and stability. With her vast potential and great contributions, India surely deserves a greater role in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region and the world.
For this reason, Viet Nam welcomes India continuing to play her important role in the region. We consistently support your active participation in regional linkages and cooperation mechanisms, including APEC, as well as India’s becoming a Permanent Member of the United Nations Security Council.
Today our two countries have established a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, setting forth our similar interests and values as well as our understanding and position regarding regional and global issues. Our two sides are working towards implementing the 2017-2020 Action Plan, already recording significant results. Political, defense, and security cooperation has all been expanded and become strategic pillars in our bilateral relations. Economic and trade cooperation is growing dramatically as well. Development cooperation and joint efforts in education, training, culture, tourism, and people-to-people exchanges are deepening, creating an enduring social foundation for our bilateral ties.
2017 was the “Friendship Year” celebrating the 45th anniversary of Viet Nam–India cooperation. Our relations have entered a new period of development, and this requires renewed efforts and determination from both sides in order to realize always-greater achievements and live up to the expectations of our two peoples. The goal of our Comprehensive Strategic Partnership is nothing other than a strong and prosperous Viet Nam that develops sustainably; a powerful India with growing prestige and status in the international arena; and our joint contribution towards the maintenance of peace, stability, cooperation, and development in the region and the world.
To this end, I wish to share with you some of my thoughts on the future direction of Viet Nam–India relations.
First, we need to strengthen economic and trade connectivity as a pillar and driver of the Viet Nam–India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Accordingly, we need to overcome the mentality of protectionism, promote trade/investment liberalization, and upgrade infrastructure, maritime and aviation connectivity in both the bilateral context and the framework of sub-regional and regional plans. Viet Nam supports and will coordinate accordingly so that India will become an important element in the ASEAN Connectivity Master Plan, finalizing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in 2018.
We should promote maritime connectivity as a key area, not just in bilateral relations but also in the context of peace, stability and development in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. Our two sides need to engage in regular information exchanges, experience-sharing, and capacity-building in handling maritime security matters. We should work together to develop a “blue-sea economy” through maritime connectivity, port cooperation, and environmental protection and the sustainable use of maritime resources. We should also make efforts to foster the maritime order and settle disputes peacefully on the basis of international law, including the 1982 United Nations' Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
Furthermore, we should strengthen connectivity in realizing the SDGs in both countries, closely linking the United Nations' 2030 Action Agenda to regional cooperation frameworks including the Mekong-Ganga mechanism. Viet Nam hopes to effectively and substantively work with India in such areas as green agriculture, green technology, clean and renewable energy, capacity enhancement in information technology, disaster prevention and relief, and climate change response.
We should continue to work closely together in building a new and open regional architecture that is inclusive and shares the values and interests of peace. We should effectively implement all elements of the Viet Nam–India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and the ASEAN–India Strategic Partnership with a new vision. Good strategic partnership at all levels will yield benefits not only for Viet Nam and India but also for peace and development in the region.
In addition, our two countries need to work together more closely in multilateral forums, in particular in UN and ASEAN mechanisms. We should more actively take part in building and shaping of cooperation frameworks and norms, making substantive contributions to the common efforts of the international community to ensure peace, cooperation and development, thus bringing about a brighter future for the Indo-Asia-Pacific.
Prime Minister Nehru, the great friend of President Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese people, once said: “Time is not measured by the passing of years but by what one does, what one feels, and what one achieves”.
From the history spanning thousands of years of our two peoples' enduring cultural ties, from the heartfelt friendship between us, from our shared vision for the future -- and given the strong effort and determination of our two countries' leaders and peoples -- there is every reason to believe in an ever-flourishing Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Viet Nam and India. This indeed will become a pillar of regional integration and development, playing a key role in the 21st-century miracles of the Indo-Asia-Pacific and making significant contributions to peace, stability, cooperation and development in the region and the world.
May the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library continue to flourish, thus disseminating the values of humanism, fraternity, and peace that so characterize India to the region and to the world.
I wish you good health, happiness and success. | https://transnationalstudies.org/Article/130 |
Nabil Echchaibi, assistant professor of journalism and media studies, can discuss the reaction to events this week in Libya and Egypt and cultural implications, including the impact on Muslims in the United States. Echchaibi is the associate director of CU-Boulder’s Center for Media, Religion and Culture and his research has included identity, religion and the role of media in shaping and reflecting modern religious perspectives among Muslims in the Middle East. He can be reached by e-mail at [email protected].
For assistance contact Elizabeth Lock in the CU-Boulder Office of News Services and Media Relations at 303-492-3117 or [email protected]. | http://www.colorado.edu/today/2012/09/12/cu-boulder-source-events-libya-and-egypt |
4 Tips to Spark Creativity in the Conference Room
Meetings are a necessary evil in the workplace. Necessary, for the collaboration between people and the cohesiveness needed to maintain strong teams. Evil, for the time wasted on poor planning and disengaged employees. At ScreenBeam, we take meeting management very seriously and believe that running an effective and efficient meeting is the key to unleashing creative results.
Agendas Provide Purpose
In this article from Forbes, the author postulates that ‘structure enables creativity.’ Allotting the proper amount of time for a meeting is of great importance for creativity’s sake. If too little time is scheduled, then the meeting’s goals will not be met. On the other side of the coin, if too much time is scheduled, it can easily be wasted on tangents and debates. The most effective way to set the correct amount of time for a meeting is to develop an agenda outlining the meeting goals so everyone understands the meeting’s purpose, and estimating the amount of time needed for discussion on each point. Ensuring all attendees are on board by providing them with the agenda and resources beforehand so they come to the meeting prepared, is of equal importance.
Stand-Up Meetings
Shake up the meeting space by having standing meetings. Research has shown that standing meetings may improve group productivity. They keep the meeting focused and on topic, and best of all they are short. As organization management consultant Dan Markovitz suggests, the stand-up format can lead to meeting more often (15 minute daily meetings vs a single two-hour meeting), with significant results: issues can potentially be both identified and resolved quicker. You can also mix things up by finding non-traditional areas to meet. Corporate common areas, a local coffee shop or other public spaces are more relaxed and inviting environments, opening the door to creativity.
Create an Inclusive Environment
No matter when and where you are meeting, everyone should feel comfortable enough to share their ideas openly. Attendees require a safe environment to express themselves and share their talents and insights. Whether the meeting is for the C-Suite only or multiple levels of employees, the fear of failure and judgment by peers or superiors is real, at any level. As the organizer, you can kick the meeting off by acknowledging each attendee’s strengths and the value that they bring to the meeting. This introduction will give everyone a sense of who they are and that their input is required to achieve the goal of the meeting. You should explicitly state that:
The attendees in the meeting are part of a task team to achieve the goal outlined on the agenda
Everyone and every idea is welcome
In this conference room, at this moment, they are all at the same level – just teammates trying to get to a goal
Only positive comments are welcome to move the discussion forward
Setting the rules of the “game” at the beginning of the meeting reinforces the structure needed to spark creativity. When attendees are given the parameters in which to work, they can focus more time on creating a solution rather than on the process to get to the solution.
The “Yes, and,” Technique
Businesses are adopting this improvisation technique to spark creativity within their organizations. The idea behind “yes, and,” is that when a team agrees with a colleague’s idea by saying “yes” to it, they are validating and supporting the intent and effort of the colleague’s idea. The “and” part of the equation gives everyone on the team the opportunity to build upon the original idea. Not only is this an effective brainstorming technique, it also fosters open communication and strengthens trust within the team.
Creating a structured, interactive and inclusive environment and using the “yes, and,” technique ensures attendees feel comfortable to contribute which snowballs simple ideas into solutions.
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Ascaris's decipens (Krabbe, 1878), originally Cristophora cristata, Greenland coast. Latest name: Pseudoterranova decipens.
OTHER COMMON NAMES English: Seal worm.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Often found in cod, but are also found in many other species of fish. In the larval stage, they are 0.20-2.28 in (5-58 mm) in length by 0.012-0.047 in (0.3-1.2 mm) in width, and yellowish, reddish, or brownish in color. They have well-developed and distinct lips. The excretory system is elongated and cord-like, while the adult esophagus is cylindrical in shape.
DISTRIBUTION
Located in the Atlantic Ocean. (Specific distribution map not available.)
HABITAT
Found in the guts or flesh of fish such as cod. In their final hosts, they are found mostly in gray seals and other similar animals.
BEHAVIOR
When inside fish, they are usually found tightly coiled in the flesh and guts of fish. They are often found in considerable numbers, particularly in the belly flaps of fish, where they can remain for extended periods of time encased in a sack-like membrane produced by the fish tissue. Adults also live in the stomach of gray seals and other similar creatures. Eggs of the parasite pass into the waters with the mammal's excreta, and when the eggs hatch, the microscopic larvae must invade a new host in order to develop. Small shrimp-like crustaceans, eu-phausiids (often called krill), and other parasitic crustaceans eat the larval worms. When a fish eats these infested crustaceans, the larval worms are released into its stomach. They then bore through the stomach wall and eventually become encased in the guts or in the flesh of the host fish. The lifecycle is completed when a suitable marine mammal eats an infested fish. The incidence of infection in fish generally increases with length, weight, and age of the fish host.
FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET
As a parasitic species, they live off of nutrients of their hosts, primarily from the guts and tissues of fishes.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
Females have ovaries and uteri, while males have copulatory spicules.
CONSERVATION STATUS
Not listed by the IUCN.
SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS
The cause of human illness in countries where there is ingestion of raw or lightly cured fish. The disease is called anisakia-sis and can be easily prevented because larvae are killed in only one minute at a temperature of 140°F (60°C) or higher. In the wrong host the worms get the wrong signal and migrate through the tissues of its host, causing hemmoraging and bacterial infections. This kind of migration is known as "visceral larval migranes." ♦
Essentials of Human Physiology
This ebook provides an introductory explanation of the workings of the human body, with an effort to draw connections between the body systems and explain their interdependencies. A framework for the book is homeostasis and how the body maintains balance within each system. This is intended as a first introduction to physiology for a college-level course. | https://www.guwsmedical.info/reproductive-biology/cod-worm.html |
Objectives:
===========
Return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in children is associated with a higher risk (˜30%) of subsequent ACL injury than in adults. Most RTS testing protocols use Limb Symmetry Indices (LSI) on physical performance tests (PPTs) to assess an athlete's readiness for sport. This assumes that in a healthy state, both lower extremities are and should be equal. We hypothesized that in the pediatric population, baseline limb asymmetry exists, limiting the clinical utility of LSIs. Since LSI \> 90% is often used as a clinical cutoff for RTS, we defined a test as valid if 80% of healthy volunteers had an LSI \> 90% on that test.
Methods:
========
This study included healthy, uninjured volunteers (n = 63) between the ages of 6 and 18 \[mean age = 10.7 +/- 3.2 years; 34 females (54%)\]. Pubertal Maturity Observation Scores (PMOS) were calculated for all individuals. Demographic data including sex, chronologic age, Pubertal Maturity Observational Score (PMOS), height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Subjects performed ten common PPT's including the lower quarter Y-balance, stork balance, stork balance on BOSU, single leg squat (SLS), SLS on BOSU, clockwise and counterclockwise quadrant single leg hop (SLH), forward SLH, timed SLH, and triple crossover SLH. Subjects performed the 10 PPT's in the same order (listed above), however we randomly assigned the starting test and the starting limb to avoid practice effects. We conducted two trials on each leg for each test with the exception of the forward SLH, timed SLH, and triple crossover SLH, which were performed in triplicate. For analysis, we developed a composite score for each limb by averaging trials. We then calculated the absolute value of the side-to-side difference, and normalized this difference to the test mean to obtain a percentage side-to-side difference for each test (%STS). Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of age on limb symmetry while correcting for body mass index (BMI), PMOS and sex.
Results:
========
All 63 subjects successfully completed testing. %STS were not normally distributed for any of the PPTs, therefore data were reported as medians and interquartile ranges. All PPTs showed baseline limb asymmetry, and none met our definition of validity (Figure 1). The most symmetric PPT was the clockwise quadrant hop test (%STS in females, median = 9.85, interquartile range = 4.63-18.7; %STS in males, median = 6.9, interquartile range = 3.64-14.04). The stork balance on BOSU test had the greatest limb asymmetry (%STS in females, median 41.4, interquartile range 10.1 - 71.3; %STS in males, median 47.6, interquartile range 18.2-66.7, Figure 2). PMOS was strongly correlated with chronologic age (Pearson's ⍴ = 0.83), therefore PMOS was excluded as a predictor variable in regression models to avoid multicollinearity. Age was an independent predictor of %STS only for the stork test (β = -1.15, 95% CI = -1.92 to -0.38, p = 0.004), with older subject having less limb asymmetry.
Conclusion:
===========
Healthy children ages 6 - 18 years have significant baseline limb asymmetries on PPTs that are commonly used for RTS decision making after ACL reconstruction. None of the PPTs evaluated in this study met our definition of clinical validity. Limb symmetry was typically not affected by subject age. In light of these results, limb symmetry indices (LSI) should be utilized with caution in this population. Functional recovery may be better assessed by comparison to age and sex-specific norms.
{#fig1-2325967119S00345}
{#fig2-2325967119S00345}
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Emily GresbrinkEmily Gresbrink(recommended by John Logie) is pursuing her PhD in Rhetoric, Scientific and Technical Communication at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities. She expects to complete her degree in 2024. Emily currently teaches University Writing, housed in the First-Year Writing program. Her research interests encompass technical communication, the rhetoric of health and medicine, pandemics, rhetorical analysis, archives, bioethics, and mentoring. She also serves on the University of Minnesota’s College of Liberal Arts Assembly as a Graduate Student Representative, co-chairs the graduate student mentoring subcommittee for the Council for Programs in Technical and Scientific Communication (CPTSC), and works with the mentoring committee for the Online Writing Centers Association (OWCA).
How does the next generation of students inspire you?
I am always inspired by the creative approach students take to assignment prompts. Giving them something open-ended like a discussion post and getting a range of answers is reflective of different career paths and scholarly goals, but also of the way students think and process their work. I love seeing how students think, and how those thought processes come out on paper and multimodal assignments. Sometimes I get caught up in my own process of writing that I have been comfortable with for so long, and it’s refreshing to see how a younger scholar might approach a similar task.
I am also inspired and invigorated by the commitment to real-world change, intervention, and action my students bring to and from the classroom. Academia exists within a bubble, and it can be hard to take what we learn out of the classroom and interject it into the world. But I see and hear the ways that students want to make a difference — say, “I can use my voice to be more confident when I write about issues I care about” — that keeps me coming back to the classroom, easily. This next generation of students is going to be a paradigmatic shift in the way things are done in the world. It’s so exciting.
What is the most important skill you aim to provide your students?
So, hear me out: Ratatouille (2007) was really onto something when Chef Gusteau said, “Your only limit is your soul. What I say is true — anyone can cook.” I tell every one of my students that on the first day of class, and sometimes people are like … “Why is this instructor talking about a Pixar movie?”
But genuinely, I feel that way about writing — anyone can write. The skill I aim to provide my students, then, is individual practices: that is, how to tease out writing in a way that works for their position, their minds, and their bodies. Not everyone will like the pen-to-paper approach and some will like podcasting or audio forms of writing. That’s okay; let’s run with more audio-based feedback and writing remixes. Someone else might be a very technical, document-based author. Great; let’s lean into editing techniques, document design, and get them where they want to be. Letting students make safe mistakes, find what works for them, and get into the cuisine and chef skills they like (to keep the cooking metaphor alive) will help them create a writing piece (culinary masterpiece?) that fits their style.
What would your blue-sky courseware look like for a composition course?
That is a good question. I am a major fan of all-in-one tools, especially ones that include textbooks, assignments, peer review tools, calendar apps … the less clicks and stops my class has to make in their busy lives, the better it is.
I liked being able to play around with Achieve’s peer review tools this summer during the Bedford New Scholars summit. That had a slick interface. There was not a confusing exchange of emails, cross-platform integrations (email suites to LMS), and it was all in one place. And you could edit and share feedback right in Achieve, which was nice. I also really like having a good textbook to ground the coursework and discussions throughout the semester. I have previously utilized 50 Essays in a section of first-year writing and my students liked the variety of essays they got to read over the course; having everything in one place for them made it easy instead of carrying around a lot of books or having to sift through a bunch of files. Oh, and having e-book availability is great too!
What is it like to be a part of the Bedford New Scholars program?
Oh, it is super fun. We met for a week in June and clicked right away. Every one of the other scholars in the group brings so much to the table that is unique and fulfilling to composition and pedagogy. I remember leaving our virtual event in June feeling so refreshed and ready to teach again. I am still thinking back to that week even now and calling into the ideas and topics we talked about during that time.
It is valuable as well to see and engage with how publications, textbook development, and production works as well. Sometimes as emerging scholars in graduate studies, we do not get to see that; we just work with the texts. But being able to collaborate with the folks who make the books we use is interesting — we can ask questions about publication, pedagogy, development, and the backside of what makes a book. It’s genuinely really fascinating to understand, and it has given me a greater appreciation for textbook development.
Emily’s Assignment that Works
During the Bedford New Scholars Summit, each member presented an assignment that had proven successful or innovative in their classroom. Below is a brief synopsis of Emily's assignment. For the full activity, see Literacy Narrative.
My assignment that works is a literacy narrative. I utilize this assignment when teaching first year writing. This is the first assignment my students and I work together on, and it is often the favorite of the whole semester.
Briefly stated: A literacy narrative in this context is both a reflection and narrative — it’s a free-flowing piece of writing that allows students to dive into their identity as writers, but also lets them settle into a practice of writing and revision that they will use throughout their semester and beyond. They get to choose their own story under the direction of one prompt: writing about a time where writing impacted them.
This assignment works because it is a space for students to make productive mistakes and find their footing. Students have liked to ease into the writing process with a space to talk about themselves — they are experts in their own lives and experiences! — rather than a hard research topic. And there is some sort of catharsis about writing about writing. I cannot tell you how many students write about the trauma of ACT or SAT exams and how this class could serve as a reset for that unpleasant experience.
You must be a registered user to add a comment. If you've already registered, sign in. Otherwise, register and sign in. | https://community.macmillanlearning.com/t5/bits-blog/emily-gresbrink-helps-build-her-students-individual-practices-by/ba-p/15942 |
Leading through compassion, kindness, openness, respect and understanding
At Spaulding School of The Arts we believe that every student / participant is truly unique. We as a group celebrate the uniqueness of each student and participant involved. This includes teachers, children as well as parents and entire families. We believe in freedom of personal expression through art and any means necessary so long as two basic foundational principles are observed at all times: 1) A student or teacher may not force their beliefs or biases on another 2) Every party must conduct themselves in ways that do not hurt or intend to do harm to another individual or group. With this foundational understanding, students are free to be themselves, express themselves and share their feelings, thoughts and values without concern. We believe every student and participant should be celebrated, embraced and encouraged in their personal, emotional and even spiritual development without encroaching upon those beliefs in any way. We believe in free, open and honest communication between students and staff and we also believe in challenging one another to grow through safe communication and collaboration. This includes conversations where contrasting opinions can be fielded in a safe and open environment. All communication will always be conducted with the utmost of patience, respect and consideration for all parties involved. We believe that teaching the ability to debate in a scholarly way (especially in the higher grades) leads to the development of critical thinking, problem solving and further success in the life of every student. We do not believe in stifling creativity or limiting another’s expression or communication so long as the above two main foundations of expression are adhered to.
Anti-bullying:
As the community in Spaulding openly communicates, challenges, debates and supports one another, we believe that each student should feel safe to express themselves without ridicule, bullying or other negative repercussions. As mentioned before, bulling or intending to do harm in any way will no be tolerated at Spaulding School of The Arts. Our desire is to maintain a safe working, learning and collaborative environment at all times. We realize that many ‘bullied’ kids choose the Spaulding School of The Arts as a refuge from negative experiences at other establishments. We believe in creating a safe and supportive environment for such students. We also understand that kids that tend to bully other kids, do so as a result of being bullied themselves somewhere in their personal development. At Spaulding we work hard to help even those that might have hurt another in their past as we all work toward reconciliation and positive growth. At Spaulding, every student is important and we will always to our best to generate the safest learning environments possible for all that are involved. | http://www.spauldingschoolofthearts.com/Celebrationofindividuality.htm |
My guest for this week, Maryke Musson grew up with the ambition of being a dolphin. When that didnt work out, she managed to obtain science degrees in various fields including marine biology, medical physiology, fisheries science, psychology and neurology. She has worked in the marine science field for the past 25 years, from aquariology, to research to sustainable production and governance, and has presented at many conferences locally and internationally.
Her focus is on making a difference, every day, through marine conservation, awareness, research, education and sharing inspiring ocean stories. She is currently the CEO of the Two Oceans Aquarium Education Foundation, a Public Benefit and Non-Profit Organisation with a variety of environmental education and outreach programmes and a very successful sea turtle rescue, rehabilitation and release programme.
My biggest take away from this conversation was Maryke’s overwhelming positivity, even in the face of suffering and devastation. She shared some incredible stories with me about some of the animals she has helped save and rewild. I left with a deeper connection and understanding of what the lives of, in this case marine conservationists, and all conservationists must be like. We need these brave souls to remind us of our humanity and role as custodians of this earth, I thank and salute all of you! | https://creativeseed.co.za/portfolio/94-maryke-musson-remember-to-care/ |
Have you ever felt exhausted aiming to reach a goal or target that is often not set up for success? How great do you think humans are at predicting or planning the future?
How do you score your ability to plan for the future by setting goals & targets?
Perception on how you view your current and future self!
Just as retrospection refers to our ability to re-experience the past, prospection refers to our ability to “pre-experience” the future by simulating it in our minds (Gilbert 2007).
For an example, an organisations goal was to be in the top 100 ASX listed companies. When reviewing their goals, plans and leaders behavioural profiles there seemed to be a large gap in innovation and this was a key component required.
In this particular case there was strong bias at play, as they hired people like themselves, which can create blind spots.
Four common errors when attempting to predict future behaviour
1. Simulations are unrepresentative: Can tend to over or under estimate/ represent – i.e. when asked to remember missing a train in the past – typically people remember the worst train missing experience rather than their typical train experience.
2. Simulations are essentialised: Essentials – imagine going to the theatre? Fun images & memories from the past may appear in your mind initially and not the difficulty of parking & walking a long distance to walk after a hectic day in the office etc Making a commitment 1 month out and regretting it as it gets closer i.e. why did I commit to this?
3. Simulations are abbreviated – we tend to focus on early moments or first to mind experiences – most pleasurable or pain. Winning the lottery can be imagined like all your problems would be solved instead of considering what it is going to be like on the 234th day when family or friends don’t feel you were generous enough or you haven’t thought about the on-going costs for the items you have purchased (which sometimes results people being in even more debt than they were before they won the lotto).
4. Simulations are decontextualised – key element of determining accuracy. People ignored facts such as weather, traffic that exert & influence, when considered in more detail – results with predictions being more accurate.
If we spend more time and energy to address the 4 steps above, the benefit would be our ability to manage our stress levels better as the closer in alignment we are with our current and future self the less regret we have about the decision in the first place.
How can this play out in an organisation?
Imagine being in a strategic session where the goal is to create a meaningful and profitable future for the company. The challenge in this case is uncertain economy. If most of the people cannot align their current and future self – it results in unrealistic strategy as most participants will predict far more resources than is realistic given present circumstances.
The larger the gap, the larger the stress as you get closer to the goal. Results in this scenario can be devastating from reducing resources with managers and teams directed to deliver projects/ budgets essentially unachievable targets. Creating a downward spiral of redundancy and cost reduction – lose the key people that can help improve and grow the business. | https://linksuccess.com.au/how-do-you-score-your-ability-to-plan-for-the-future/ |
The IviesPlus Access Services Symposium provides an opportunity for access services practitioners from among the larger research libraries to share experiences, insights and best practices with each other.
Each year the objectives of the Symposium are to:
- Exchange information about what our institutions are currently doing or planning for the near term
- Explore challenges and opportunities facing Access Services
- Discuss solutions that may be applicable to other institutions.
2012 Symposium Theme
This year's Symposium explored the challenges and opportunities raised by mass digitization projects like Google Books, digital repositories like Hathi Trust, and the increasing adoption of born-digital objects such as ebooks. What are the implications of digitization for Access Services?
- To what extent will digitization drive the use of print collections, and to what extent will it obviate the need for access to print?
- How will services such as circulation, interlibrary loan, and course reserves be changed or transformed by mass digitization of print collections?
- What new services may arise as a result of digitization?
- How will libraries function as physical spaces as content increasingly moves online?
- How will user expectations of instant, online access to resources shape the future of Access Services?
- To what extent will shared print repositories or cooperative collection development change what we do and how we think about Access Services?
Keynote Speaker
The 2012 Symposium included keynote speaker Jeremy York, Project Librarian for Hathi Trust and Assistant Librarian at the University of Michigan Library.
Registration Deadline
The deadline to register for the Symposium was March 16, 2012.
Additional Information
Notes for the breakout sessions and lightning round are now available on the program schedule page.
Become a member of the Access Services IP List by subscribing to the listserv.
Subscription is limited to members of Ivies+ institutions.
Special thanks to Atlas Systems, sponsor of the 2012 IviesPlus Access Services Symposium. | https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/conferences/iviesplus/ |
Site Name: RTP Posted Date: May 18 2022 Are you looking for a role where you can showcase your process improvement skills? If so, this is the job for you. As Regulatory Specialist, Country Labelling — Senior you will be responsible for leading a process improvement effort across the organization focusing on business alignment, cost and cycle time reduction as well as quality management. This role will provide YOU the opportunity to lead key activities to progress YOUR career, these responsibilities include some of the following: • Author and compile Regional/Country PI as per regulatory authority labelling requirements and GSK process and standards. • Author and compile market-specific supporting documentation for labelling submissions in accordance with regulatory authority requirements and GSK process and standards. • Provide support to global and local GRA team members through preparation of other labelling documents as required • Complete quality and consistency checks of labelling document content. • Efficiently coordinate and manage labelling documentation and data in regulatory systems. • Provide advice regarding regulatory authority labelling requirements and GSK labelling process and standards to GRA global/local roles and via Regulatory Matrix Teams. • Effectively communicate with GSK staff (including GRA, Global safety and medical, and Local Operating Companies) to author, compile and deliver quality labelling documents. May communicate with Regulatory Agencies and third parties on behalf of GRA labelling staff. • Support other regulatory functions and participate in other projects and activities as needed, such as contributing to the implementation of changes to labelling processes and evaluation of new agency labelling requirements. • For some roles, may be required to perform translation of labelling text into identified languages. • May become a SME in country/regional labelling content and process Why you? Basic Qualifications: We are looking for professionals with these required skills to achieve our goals: Bachelors degree or equivalent work experience 2+ years relevant experience (in pharmaceutical industry, life sciences research or regulatory). Experience of XML Labelling. The ability to understand the scientific content of complex labelling documents. Experience in a regulated or quality-critical environment such as pharmaceutical industry research, pharmacy, safety or regulatory Experience in updating and managing Regional/Country Labeling documents. Proficient with computer software applications Familiar with medical terminology Ability to negotiate solutions to moderate labeling issues and proactively identify improvements for labelling processes Knowledge of labelling regulations/requirements in 1 or more regions. Preferred Qualifications: If you have the following characteristics, it would be a plus: Masters degree or equivalent work experience Attention to detail, significant experience of document and database management, excellent organization and time management skills to handle multiple tasks. Broad understanding of the pharmaceutical industry, drug development environment, and regulatory processes. Regulatory document management experience (particularly experience of working with and amending Product Information/Labelling Documents). Experience and familiarity of working within regulatory systems and communication tools. Some experience of managing local and global labelling documents and submissions. Experience of communicating with regulatory agencies. Experience of EU (including Linguistic review) and US label content and requirements. Why GSK? Why GSK? Our values and expectations are at the heart of everything we do and form an important part of our culture. These include Patient focus, Transparency, Respect, Integrity along with Courage, Accountability, Development, and Teamwork. As GSK focuses on our values and expectations and a culture of innovation, performance, and trust, the successful candidate will demonstrate the following capabilities: • Operating at pace and agile decision-making — using evidence and applying judgement to balance pace, rigour and risk. • Committed to delivering high quality results, overcoming challenges, focusing on what matters, execution. • Continuously looking for opportunities to learn, build skills and share learning. • Sustaining energy and well-being. • Building strong relationships and collaboration, honest and open conversations. • Budgeting and cost-consciousness. If you require an accommodation or other assistance to apply for a job at GSK/ViiV Healthcare, please If you require an accommodation or other assistance to apply for a job at GSK, please contact the GSK Service Centre at 1-877-694-7547 (US Toll Free) or +1 801 567 5155 (outside US). GSK is an Equal Opportunity Employer and, in the US, we adhere to Affirmative Action principles. This ensures that all qualified applicants will receive equal consideration for employment without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, pregnancy, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, age, disability, genetic information, military service, covered/protected veteran status or any other federal, state or local protected class. At GSK, the health and safety of our employees are of paramount importance. As a science-led healthcare company on a mission to get ahead of disease together, we believe that supporting vaccination against COVID-19 is the single best thing we can do in the US to ensure the health and safety of our employees, complementary workers, workplaces, customers, consumers, communities, and the patients we serve. GSK has made the decision to require all US employees to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19, where allowed by state or local law and where vaccine supply is readily available. The only exceptions to this requirement are employees who are approved for an accommodation for religious, medical or disability-related reasons. Important notice to Employment businesses/ Agencies GSK does not accept referrals from employment businesses and/or employment agencies in respect of the vacancies posted on this site. All employment businesses/agencies are required to contact GSK's commercial and general procurement/human resources department to obtain prior written authorization before referring any candidates to GSK. The obtaining of prior written authorization is a condition precedent to any agreement (verbal or written) between the employment business/ agency and GSK. In the absence of such written authorization being obtained any actions undertaken by the employment business/agency shall be deemed to have been performed without the consent or contractual agreement of GSK. GSK shall therefore not be liable for any fees arising from such actions or any fees arising from any referrals by employment businesses/agencies in respect of the vacancies posted on this site. Please note that if you are a US Licensed Healthcare Professional or Healthcare Professional as defined by the laws of the state issuing your license, GSK may be required to capture and report expenses GSK incurs, on your behalf, in the event you are afforded an interview for employment. This capture of applicable transfers of value is necessary to ensure GSK's compliance to all federal and state US Transparency requirements. For more information, please visit GSK's Transparency Reporting For the Record site. | https://jobs.sciencecareers.org/job/601240/reg-affairs-project-manager-labeling |
This Melbourne guide to Australian art covers the whole range of art – from aboriginal art, to the Melbourne Impressionists, to the art of today.
Indigenous, or Aboriginal art goes back not just a few hundred years but tens of thousands of years – a totally different order of magnitude.
The foundation to Aboriginal life and art is the Dreaming. Dreaming is the aboriginal way of understanding the universe. It explains life, the spirit and the creation of trees, waterholes, rivers, mountains and stars, the animals and plants that inhabit this world.
It determines Aboriginal values and relationships with other living beings and the land. It is their spiritual renewal and nourishment, and establishes their responsibilities to life and the land.
Aboriginal art – dance, song, storytelling, painting and artefacts - are ways of communicating the dreaming.
The Ian Potter Centre, the Australian part of the National Gallery of Victoria has a great section on Aboriginal art. There are also numerous galleries around Bourke Street and Flinders Lane that have great selections of indigenous art.
They also have a great section on Australian Impressionism.
The next great art movement in Melbourne is the Heidelberg school of arts.
It began in the late 1880s, when a group of artists set up camp at Box Hill. They painted ‘plein air’, which is painting outside directly from nature rather than in a studio.
This grew into a movement of painting at “artists’ camps” along the beautiful bends of the Yarra. It became known as the Heidelberg School, named after a picturesque rural area, which is now a Melbourne suburb. Many of the scenes painted are still recognisable along the flood plains of the Yarra.
Artists include well known names such as Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, Frederick McCubbin, Jane Sutherland, Charles Conder and others. This lively artist’s community formed the first Melbourne artist’s colonies, a reflection ‘Marvellous Melbourne’ - made possible by the wealth of the Gold Rush.
They are referred to as the Australian Impressionists as their style is reflecting that of international impressionism. However, the Heidelberg School stands on its own. It has been the first Western art to realistically depict the Australian landscape, including its harsh sunlight, earthier colours, and distinctive vegetation.
The Yarra trail guides you through the paintings and scenes of the Heidelberg School.
Montsalvat is a later artist's colony in Eltham, a little bit further out along the Yarra.
It was established in the 1930s and incorporates over a dozen buildings, set in rich established gardens. Its vision was to nurture and practice the arts.
You can still visit these buildings – there are still used for exhibitions, art classes and performances, ant it is still home to resident artists.
The Heide Circle was a group of artists between the 1930s and 50s that lived and worked at “Heide”, close to Heidelberg along the Yarra. It has now become the Heide Museum of Modern Art .
The Melbourne guide to Australian modernists includes famous names such as Albert Tucker, Sidney Nolan, Arthur Boyd, John Perceval and Joy Hester.
The ‘Angry Penguins’ evolved from the Heide Circle as an early literary and art movement of Australian surrealism and expressionism.
During the 70s artist-run initiatives, supported by the Victorian Arts Initiative began in Melbourne Australia. They are organisations continuing to enrich our lives through the support of new art. They are established by artists to give them self-determination and opportunities to exhibit.
The Gertrude Contemporary Art Spaces are an example of such non profit contemporary art complex. They provide gallery spaces and studio facilities, providing professional support to artists in the early stages of their careers. | https://www.we-love-melbourne.net/Melbourne-guide.html |
From concept to production, you provide the inspiration, and we’ll set our full production force to work making your project amazing.
After the production phase is finished, we go to work in the edit bay. During the post-production phase, we will begin the process to organize, plan, and edit the actual video. We will carefully review all the footage and sync all of the interviews conducted. Then, we will assemble the story and bring all the pieces together.
Putting it all together.
3. POST-PRODUCTION
We always allow our clients to make revisions to the first draft if needed. This is the opportunity for you to point out any things in the video that you feel needs to be changed or adjusted. After we make adjustments we will send you back another draft to review and note any minor changes that remain.
We aim to please. | https://www.electricfilmcine.com/process |
What does it mean to be a Catholic poet in 2019? Is it primarily a matter of doctrinal adherence? Or is it more a matter of poetic sensibility--a particular relationship to form, tradition, and the social and political world? In this panel, poets Fanny Howe and Lawrence Joseph read from their work and engage in conversation, considering what the "Catholic imagination" means for them and contemporary literature.
With Anthony Domestico
B. Dreaming the Black Imagination: The Spiritual Foundations of Black Art and Activism | Information Commons 4th Floor
Given the recent passing of Toni Morrison, much of this panel will be devoted to reflecting on her writings and their impact, including the Catholic faith that supported her and the Black imagination that shaped her vision. Carolyn Medine has written extensively on Morrison, who died on the Feast of the Transfiguration, a theme she will explore in her presentation. Joseph A. Brown, S.J., will consider the imagination as the source of emancipatory hope in African American art, with a special emphasis on recurring tropes and performative dimensions in Black art, including the work of Morrison. timone davis will bring an engaged perspective on teaching, scholarship, and activism in Black communities as seen through the lenses of storytelling and ministry.
With Kimberly Rae Connor
C. Midway Upon the Journey of Our Life: Dante as Resource for the Present Moment | McCormick Lounge, Coffey Hall
This panel explores the enduring influence of Dante's poetics on both theological imagination and contemporary thought. Participants will discuss how Dante's Commedia can assist in the recovery of understanding the meaning of human suffering; how Dante's vision of the afterlife engages and dialogues with other traditions; and how Dante's understanding of the spiritual fecundity of poverty can help us imagine a way through the present crises of clerical abuse and cover-up in the Catholic Church.
Griffin Oleynick
Catherine Wolff
Paul Contino
D. Seeking After the Whole: The Catholic Imagination as Critical Context | Damen Cinema
In most basic terms, the Catholic imagination refers to the holistic faculty endowed to creatures for critical, contemplative, and creative engagement with the living God. This panel will not only reflect on the nature of a “Catholic Imagination” (as a theoretical/creative lens, an exercise in cultural production, a way of knowing and participating, and so on), but will also explore how a Catholic imagination might be situated against other Christian (or “Christic”) imaginations. The speakers will engage a diverse array of thinkers—from Julian of Norwich to Dostoevsky to John Henry Newman to Karl Barth to William Lynch to Eugene Vodolazkin—in the hope of providing insight, distinctions, and scope to the Biennial Conference’s main theme.
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10:00 AM-
11:00 AM
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Opening Plenary: On the Catholic Imagination—an Unfolding Story of Shared Commitment | Sister Jean Ballroom
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11:15 AM-
12:15 PM
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Plenary: Richard Rodriguez | Sister Jean Ballroom
With Catherine Wolff
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12:15 PM-
1:30 PM
|Lunch | Sister Jean Ballroom|
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1:30 PM-
2:45 PM
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Concurrent Session #2
A. Poetry: Featured Readings | Sister Jean Ballroom
In "The Catholic Novelist in the Protestant South," Flannery O'Connor explores the conundrum of writing as a Catholic amid a culture that seems alien to her belief. What she reveals, ultimately, is that her culture has shaped her work as much as her faith has. This panel explores similar terrain, posing the question, "What does it mean to be a Catholic poet in a secular culture?" Can the contemporary Catholic poet succeed in writing for readers who share his/her belief and for those who do not? What are the challenges of being true to one's Catholic vision while writing for a universal (or small "c" catholic) readership? Panelists will draw on their own experiences as practitioners and readers.
With Susan L. Miller
B. The Aesthetics of Faith and Doubt | Information Commons 4th Floor
As Pope Francis observed early in his papacy, “the great leaders of God’s people, like Moses, always left room for doubt. We must always leave room for the Lord and not for our own certainties.” This panel engages the mysterious dialogue between faith and doubt through the lens of poetry, painting, and critical insight. By considering the poetry and poetic life of Seamus Heaney and tracking various receptions of Hans Holbein’s well-known painting Der Leichnam Christi im Grabe (“The Body of Christ in the Tomb”), the session panelists will consider not only of the role of the arts of faith and doubt as moments of personal and cultural reflection, but also as a means to explore the boundaries—if there are such a thing—of Beauty’s reach.
C. Catholic Artists in Modernist Spaces | McCormick Lounge, Coffey Hall
Even against the robust interwar Catholic literary renaissance that challenged some of their claims, “modernist” secularization narratives have dominated literary studies for generations. Still, theology—and the theological imagination as inspiration for modernist experimentation in the arts—has rarely been treated with the same seriousness by secular critics as by the modernists themselves. This panel will explore such questions—from how Charles Péguy invents his own definition of the “modern” in an idiom entirely his own, to David Jones's "Art and Sacrament" (and how the notion of the sacramental functions in some living Catholic poets), to the struggle to connect speech back with the Logos as a central concern for many modern French writers and critics (from Paul Claudel to Jean-Louis Chrétien). In this sense, the panel seeks to recover interrelationships between modernism, poetics, and theology that are often neglected in current scholarship.
With Stephen Tardif
D. Handmaids, Prophets, and Misfits: Cinematic Moments, Transformative Encounters | Damen Cinema
Just as in the other arts, deep in the bones of cinematic form exists a vast potential for spiritual and theological expression. This panel, comprised of filmmakers, screenwriters, and a film critic, takes the impulse toward the transcendent in film and television seriously—an often fraught position given the materialist/secularist sway in late modern cinematic art. Still, from dialogue and action, to art design and sound, to editing and post-production, cinema can also be seen as an act of sacred liturgy. It brings all so many elements together in powerful ways—like consciousness does—and demonstrates the range and mystery of transformation.
With Elizabeth Coffman
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3:00 PM-
4:00 PM
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Plenary: Tobias Wolff | Sister Jean Ballroom
With Paul Contino
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4:15 PM-
5:30 PM
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Plenary: Paul Schrader | Sister Jean Ballroom
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5:30 PM-
6:45 PM
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Small Plates Dinner Reception | Sister Jean Ballroom
Cosponsored by Slant Books and the Loyola University Chicago Institute of Pastoral Studies
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7:00 PM-
8:30 PM
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Play and TalkBack: Everything That Rises Must Converge | Newhart Family Theatre, Mundelein Center 2nd Floor
with creator/ director Karin Coonrod and Angela Alaimo O'Donnell
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7:00 PM-
9:00 PM
|Film Showing: First Reformed | Sister Jean Ballroom|
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8:45 PM-
10:00 PM
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Presence 2019: Poems, Essays, and Translations from the Current Issue | Information Commons 4th Floor
Join founding editor, Mary Ann B. Miller; assistant editor, Marjorie Maddox; and advisory board member, Angela Alaimo O'Donnell, as they host contributors to Presence 2019 to showcase the mission of the journal, including new poems, poems in translation, In Memoriam poems and essays on Catholic poets whose work has spanned many decades. Featuring Debra Bruce, Kathleen Marks, Susan L. Miller and Jeannine M. Pitas.
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9:30 PM-
11:30PM
|Troubadour's Lounge: Live Music—Chicago Blues, The Boss, and Special Guests. Intrigues, Drinks, and Snacks | McCormick Lounge, Coffey Hall|
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SATURDAY 9/21 | LAKE SHORE CAMPUS
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7:45 AM-
8:30 AM
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Continental Breakfast | Sister Jean Ballroom
8:15 AM: Morning Prayer Poem: Shann Ray
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8:30 AM-
9:45 AM
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Concurrent Session #3
A. Still Guests in Our Own House? The Catholic Imagination from Women's Perspectives | Sister Jean Ballroom
This session will consider the role of Catholic women writers in shaping literature of the past and present. Panelists will discuss their own writing along with the work of their predecessors who have influenced and encouraged them to find their voices amid a church culture—and a secular culture—that has not traditionally valued women’s voices or perspectives.
B. Irish Catholic Identities | Damen Den
This panel will explore the extent to which the Catholic Church has (or has not) shaped the Irish literary imagination. John McCourt will explore James Joyce’s Catholic imagination, and how Joyce has variously been seen as Ireland’s most Catholic and most anti-Catholic writer. Eamon Maher will pick up this thread of how Irish Catholic ritual and practice have shaped the country’s culture, history, and tradition, and argue that despite this influence, a "Catholic Novel" never emerged in Ireland. He will discuss a range of both mid-century and contemporary Irish novelists. Finally, Bishop Paul Tighe will discuss the Catholic traces in the work of the Brothers McDonagh—acclaimed playwrights/screenwriters and directors Martin and John Patrick.
With Michael O'Connell
C. The Art and Craft of Spiritual Memoir | McCormick Lounge, Coffey Hall
From St. Augustine to St. Teresa of Ávila to Pascal to Julien Greene to Patricia Hampl, Catholic writers have engaged in telling stories of their moral, intellectual, and spiritual formation. This panel brings together practitioners of the genre who will discuss the challenges, pleasures, and risks of writing about one's life and dreams, one's spiritual formation and conversion, one's faith and doubt, friends and family, neighborhood and nation.
With Dominic Preziosi
D. As Satan Falls: René Girard and the Mystery of Paying Attention | Information Commons 4th Floor
By looking back to humanity's origins, René Girard unearthed clues in ancient myths and sacrificial rituals that led him to a startling discovery about the connection between violence, religion, and human culture. According to Girard, when Jesus "saw Satan fall from heaven like a flash of lightning", he was anticipating the effect of his death and resurrection on the cultural forms and practices that have protected humanity from its own violence "since the foundation of the world." Employing Girard's imaginative reading of literary masterpieces, including the Gospels, this panel will examine how he anticipated the present moment and serves as a prophetic voice for the "futures" of Catholic thought, practice, and artistic representation.
With Suzanne Ross
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10:00 AM-
11:00 AM
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Plenary: Alice McDermott | Sister Jean Ballroom
With Rachel Hart Winter
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11:15 AM-
12:30 PM
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Concurrent Session #4
A. Sacramental Telepathy: What goes on in Catholic Writers' Heads? | Sister Jean Ballroom
What does it mean to be a Catholic/ writer today? How do writers attune themselves to community, ritual, and sacrament? What are the lines of continuity between the mundane and the extraordinary, between family life and the writing life, and the tensions among the personal and the spiritual? Three writers engage with these questions as thei read excerpts from their work. Phil Klay reads from his upcoming novel A Good War; Kirstin Valdez Quade reads from her upcoming collection Saints by Half; Randy Boyagoda reads from his novel Original Prin (2018). Discussion to follow.
With Mark Bosco, S.J.
B. Polish Religious Literature after Miłosz | McCormick Lounge, Coffey Hall
Symbols, images, and narratives derived from both biblical stories and the life of the Church have dominated the imagination of Polish writers and their readers for many centuries. In the rapidly secularizing 20th century, Christianity survived in Poland thanks to the language of the poets--and Czesław Miłosz has a special place in this achievement. Exploring the context of this unique tradition, this panel will be posing questions about contemporary times. At a time when Polish culture has entered the same path of development as its Western European neighbors, what is the state of religious feeling and identity of Polish poets? Has contemporary Polish poetry lost its relationship with Catholicism or has it gained new inspiration? Does the poet, whose language and imagination shaped the culture derived from Christianity, have a new, compelling message to offer to the modern world?
With Artur Grabowski
C. Graces Seen and Unseen: Catholic Imagination and Contemporary Literary Studies | Information Commons 4th Floor
This session explores new work in Catholic literary studies. Paul Mariani will offer reflections on the recent release of his The Mystery of It All: The Vocation of Poetry in the Twilight of Modernity (2019) and his forthcoming Ordinary Time: Poems (2020). Dana Greene will discuss her new work, Elizabeth Jennings: 'The Inward War' (2018)—not only to illustrate how Jennings’s poetry reflects the Catholic imagination, but also to suggest how biography as a genre might nurture a sacramental, incarnational perspective, an objective that Greene has exercised both in the writing the Jennings study and in her 2012 biography, Denise Levertov: A Poet's Life. Kevin Burke will draw further focus to Levertov and the vocation of the poet/writer/scholar by reflecting on his current work on Levertov: a chapter in the forthcoming “this need to dance; this need to kneel”: Denise Levertov and the Poetics of Faith (Murphy/Bradshaw, eds.), and his current book project Into the Ring of the Dance. Burke observes that the poet “has given much to the theologian. Let us hope the theologian can make an offering in return”—an aspiration that distills the dialogical heart of the Catholic imagination.
With Nicole Coonradt
D. 20th Century Landscapes: Everson, Merton, and Day | Damen Den
This panel considers the literary landscape created by three seminal 20th Century Catholic writers: William Everson (AKA Brother Antoninus, 1912-94), Thomas Merton (1915-68), and Dorothy Day (1897-1980). Albert Gelpi addresses Everson’s exploration of the mystery of the Incarnation on a personal level in what he terms “erotic mysticism”—an acute sacramentality that connects Everson’s poetics to the natural world and natural processes. Jon M. Sweeney explores the ways that Thomas Merton ignited the 20th century Catholic imagination—certainly as a Trappist monk—but most of all as a writer engaged with the world, transcending, even, the monastery at Gethsemeni. Kimberly Rae Connor reflects on Dorothy Day’s diaries, The Duty of Delight, and suggests how a deep engagement with Day’s personal reflections become valuable counsel about how to live honorably in our current context.
With Thomas Donnelly
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12:30 PM-
1:45 PM
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Lunch | Sister Jean Ballroom
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2:00 PM-
3:15 PM
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Concurrent Session #5
A. Poetry: Featured Readings | Damen Den
What does it mean to be a Catholic poet in the 21st century? How does the integration of variegated poetic forms—along with choices in rhyme, meter, sound, and sense—convey what Hopkins called the “inscape” of things? What role does poetry play in communicating theological mystery or in distilling transformative moments of spiritual and historical encounter? Is poetry at the service of something bigger than itself or is the art irreducible? Will the famous “both/and” attached to the Catholic imagination suffice as an answer? In this session, poets Ryan Wilson, Angela Alaimo O’Donnell, and James Matthew Wilson will read from their work and share poetry that explores both the effects of Catholic formation on the imagination and the living inspiration of the Holy Spirit who, as Hans Urs von Balthasar observes, is “empowered to utter a fresh and central answer to any situation”—not least of which is the writing of poetry.
With Paul Contino
B. Latinx Catholic Identities and the Catholic Experience | McCormick Lounge, Coffey Hall
This panel focuses on the Catholic experience of Latinx writers. From the passion plays of contemporary New Mexico, to the classrooms of the Midwest where students are introduced to the political and social worlds of Spain and Latin America, to the Texas borderlands where congregations belt out English-language Contemporary Christian music during Mass, this discussion will explore a wide-ranging portrayal of Catholic experiences among those who identify as Latinx authors in the United States.
Kirstin Valdez Quade
Francisco Aragón
Héctor García Chávez
With Gina Franco
C. Lost in the Cosmos 2.0: Reconsidering Walker Percy in the 21st Century | Information Commons 4th Floor
Walker Percy diagnosed the moviegoing and dystopian moment that the entire nation is in 100 years after his birth, and he began doing so before more seemingly cosmopolitan writers did. This panel reconsiders Percy's prescience about today's culture, the defunct vocabulary of Christendom, and the place of mystery as a key "note" of his Catholic imagination. Jessica Hooten Wilson will outline "Why Disney Needs to Read Lost in the Cosmos"; Farrell O'Gorman will offer remarks on "Percy: The Once and Future Postmodern Catholic Novelist"; and Paul Elie will explore "Percy in the Middle of Mystery."
With Mark Bosco, S.J.
D. The Catholic Imagination in Culture: Journalism, Magazines, and Web Spaces | Sister Jean Ballroom
This panel features editors who will not only discuss the role each of their magazines has played historically in fostering dialogues among faith, culture, and the arts, but will also focus on how the panelists have contributed as writers for these magazines and beyond. Of special concern are: How are these topics broached and discussed in the wide terrain of new media venues and spaces? What is the state of the union for the Catholic Imagination in journalism, magazines, and web spaces? What will the terrain look like in 10-15 years?
Matt Malone, S.J. (America Magazine)
Ken Woodward (formerly of Newsweek)
Vinson Cunningham (The New Yorker)
With Melinda Henneberger (The Kansas City Star)
E. Second Performance of Everything that Rises Must Converge | Newhart Family Theatre, Mundelein Center 2nd Floor
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3:30 PM-
4:45 PM
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Concurrent Session #6
A. Poetry: Featured Readings | Sister Jean Ballroom
Dana Gioia and Samuel Hazo are poets who have performed and promoted poetry as public speech for decades. As genuine practitioners of a Catholic imagination, both have served the arts, culture, and the church as tireless stalwarts both in local (Gioia in his native California and Hazo in Pennsylvania) and more global ways (Gioia is past chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts; Hazo founded the International Poetry Forum and directed it for four decades). Both will read from their work and engage in conversation, considering what the "Catholic imagination" means for them and for contemporary literature.
With Mike Aquilina
B. Writing the Catholic Midwest | Damen Den
Flannery O'Connor contended that the Midwest "lack[s] significant features" that reflect the Catholic writer's particular problems and vision. Our panelists counter this claim by considering significant Midwestern influences and Catholic Heartland idioms found in their own novels and short stories, as well as the writings of such authors as Kathleen Norris and Jon Hassler.
With Joshua Hren
C. Flannery O'Connor: From The Prayer Journal to her Letters | Information Commons 4th Floor
This session will explore O’Connor’s letters beyond The Habit of Being. Professors O’Donnell and Baumgaertner both explore O’Connor’s A Prayer Journal, which contains numerous letters addressed to God. O’Donnell observes not only how the letters gave O’Connor the rare chance to write from the first-person perspective (so as to experiment with persona), but also how O’Connor discerns in these pieces her vocations as both a writer and a Catholic. Baumgaertner explores the numerous questions provoked by the journal: How does a person of faith approach her creative work? Why was the journal abandoned after 18 months? Moving to later texts, Professor Flanagan discusses her recent book, The Letters of Flannery O’Connor and Caroline Gordon, specifically, how the abstract “Catholic imagination” becomes explicit in epistolary content and technique. Flanagan understands O’Connor’s and Gordon’s correspondence as a living master class in creative writing—one that offers Catholic writers some guidelines for how to communicate their vision.
With Brent Little
D. Curating the Catholic Imagination: Editors' Roundtable Discussion | McCormick Lounge, Coffey Hall
How are Catholic literary editors and publishers defining, shaping, and fostering the growth of a "Catholic literary culture" in a spiritual and economic climate that often challenges such a community of writers and readers? This panel features a gathering of editors of Catholic/Christian journals and presses in conversation about the state of Catholic publishing today. Each editor will discuss the audience, mission, and contributors to his/her publication(s) and also address larger questions about the role of publishers in creating conditions wherein the Catholic Imagination might flourish. | https://www.luc.edu/ccih/2019catholicimaginationconference/conferenceschedule/ |
Expectation Of Privacy
Paper should be approximately 3300 words, excluding title and reference pages. Should respond to each of the claims being raised by the employee and the defenses available to the employer. Must cite the laws that protect or prohibit such conduct, and analyze each element of the cause of action to determine what the outcome may be for each claim. Be sure to include in-text citations, as well as an APA title page, and reference page. Also, be sure to utilize at least 3 court cases and any applicable statutes that apply to the claims being made by the employee. Also utilize at least 2 peer-reviewed sources in addition to the court cases, statutes and class text.
“Expectation Of Privacy”
Company X has a policy that provides the following:
Employees are reminded that all computers issued by the Company, as well as all data and information sent, received, or stored on those computers, remain the property of the Company. Employees should not have any expectation of privacy with respect to information transmitted over, received by, or stored on a Company computer. The Company maintains the rights to monitor, modify, and delete all data that is stored on its computers. A violation of any aspect of this policy may result in disciplinary action, up to and including termination.
Employees should not expect that information on any company computer will be confidential or that they will have any proprietary, privacy, or protected confidentiality right with respect to such information. In order to monitor compliance with this policy and protect its business interests, including the need to prevent any improper use of computers, the company reserves the right to gain access to any information stored in, accessed, used or retrieved by any of its computers.
When employees log into their computer, the following message appears and the employee must acknowledge and accept the warning before access into the system is allowed:
WARNING: This system contains information that is the property of Company X and is for authorized use only. Unauthorized access is prohibited. Activities of users on this system are monitored. Anyone accessing this system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such monitoring reveals possible evidence of criminal activity, the evidence may be provided to law enforcement officials.
Salrita was recruited by Company X. She and her wife were relocated by the company so that Salrita could accept a senior level position with the company. Salrita was recently terminated because the company did not consider her to be a good fit. She had worked for the company for 15 months and was brought in to turn around a division that had suffered from poor productivity and leadership. During the last year, Human Resources conducted 23 different investigations filed by employees complaining of harassment and discrimination. Employees made statements like the following: “She is such a bitch.” “The dike is never happy.” “She is so aggressive.” “She hates white men.” “She creates drama with her screaming and yelling.” The company even saw Facebook postings where employees were complaining about Salrita and making derogatory comments about her being a lesbian.
Salrita was not found to have illegally harassed or discriminated against any employee. The court did find that she tended to be impatient and that she often yelled at employees. She was coached on her behavior and told that she should be respectful of all employees at all times. The manager’s supervisor gave her a rating of exceed expectations in her annual performance review because the division was now producing as expected. During the past year, five employees had left the company because of the leadership of this manager. During some of the investigations, HR monitored the email account of the manager. They learned that the manager was actively seeking employment elsewhere. They also were able to see that she had sent company reports to her personal e-mail account. In addition, they found emails where Salrita was complaining that she was being treated differently because she was a lesbian over the age of 40.
Salrita was very active in the company’s LGBT group and was politically involved in the community.
Salrita is suing the company for wrongful termination. She believes she was discriminated against because she is a lesbian female over the age of 40. She also believes that the company did not approve of her activities in the LGBT group or her political activities on behalf of the LGBT community. Salrita used in her defense that the company news articles produced by its public relations department highlighted the community activities of other senior executives who were involved in United Way or Boys and Girls Clubs but not her activities because of the community of whose behalf she volunteered, LGBT. In addition, Salrita wants to bring a claim for invasion of privacy because of the search of her non-work related e-mails.
Analyze the claims being brought by Salrita against her private employers. Do you think she will prevail in her claims of invasion of privacy concerning HR searching her emails and discovering non-work related emails? Did she have an expectation of privacy? Was the company’s search of her emails reasonable?
Analyzing the facts and the law, do you think she has valid claims of discrimination against her employer?
Be sure to cite to federal, state, and local laws in your jurisdiction that analyze the invasion of privacy claims and whether Salrita had a reason able expectation of privacy.
Also analyze the discrimination claims. Is she able to set forth a prima facie claim for discrimination? Discuss the burden of proof for both the employee and the employer.
Include federal, state, or local case law and statutes that apply in this situation.
You should also include a brief history of the rights being protected by the laws cited in support of your analysis and the reason such laws are necessary.
Finally, provide recommendations to the employer if you believe they should have done something differently in the handling of this matter.
Use the following coupon code : | https://www.premiumessaywritingservice.com/expectation-of-privacy/ |
UK Government’s EU Settlement Scheme.
EU Citizens living in Scotland, who have not yet applied, are being urged to apply now to avoid missing the deadline of 30 June, so they can carry on living, working and studying in Scotland. Irish citizens and people with indefinite leave to remain do not have to apply.
Get support to apply now at mygov.scot/stayinscotland
Support for Organisations
The June edition of the Employer Bulletin brings the latest HMRC updates to support employers and payroll agents.
This edition of the Employer Bulletin covers updates on:
- COVID-19 information
- PAYE
- tax updates and changes to guidance
- customer support.
SAMH Online Training Opportunities
NHS GG&C Mental Health Improvement Contract Working Group, in partnership with Scottish Association for Mental Health, would like to share information on our latest programme of online learning to support increased awareness and understanding of mental health.
On offer from July to September we have sessions covering Mental Health in the Workplace, An Introduction to Suicide Prevention, Mental Health Supporting Others, Mental Health Supporting Customers (for those working in a customer service role). Maintaining Well-Being and Building Resilience.
All sessions are free to those working and volunteering in the Greater Glasgow and Clyde area.
Find more information and booking process here
Online Events/Training
NEW ‘Beyond Video Conferencing’ for Digital Leaders Week with Soapbox & Paisley YMCA
Tuesday 15th June between 10am and 3.30pm
The event includes keynote speakers, breakout activities, panel discussions, a view from overseas and networking opportunities, all of which will promote knowledge exchange, facilitate development of real-world ideas and involve young people in considering next steps.
Head to the Eventbrite page to find out more and sign up for a space
The Power in our Communities: Catalyst for Change, Tuesday 15 June 2pm – 3.45 pm or Thursday 17 June 10.30 am – 12.15 pm
Outside the Box are hosting two events for people living in communities and people working in community based organisations. The purpose of the sessions is to build upon the work of communities during the pandemic. It will explore different ways of working and collaborating with Health and Social Care Partnerships.
- To book a place on Tuesday 15th June at 2pm click here.
- To book a place on Thursday 17th June at 10.30am click here.
Informal Committee Skills
16th June 10am-12:30pm Attendees will be taken through the roles and responsibilities of being a Management Committee office bearer, the chair, secretary, treasurer, committee members, for an unincorporated community group.
Funding
The Catalyst Fund: Flexible money for positive impact
The Catalyst Fund offers loans starting at £50,000 and is designed to support ambitious social enterprises to start and scale their business through social investment by offering a patient, revenue-based repayment model. Who can apply? The fund is open to social enterprises in Scotland with the potential to deliver significant social impact, but are unable …Continue reading“The Catalyst Fund: Flexible money for positive impact”
For more information please go to:- https://www.firstport.org.uk/social-investment/the-catalyst-fund/
Funding for Black-led organisations in the UK
Do it Now Now have received funding from Comic Relief’s Global Majority Fund to provide, through the Common Call grant fund, financial support to Black-led charities and social enterprises disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 in the UK. The £300,000 fund includes contributions from Barclays, National Emergencies Trust, Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, The Clothworkers’ Foundation and Comic Relief.
For more information on this fund please go to:- https://www.commoncall.fund/
Local Volunteer Success
Milly MacKinnon, Girlguiding Paisley's Division Comissioner, was nominated for and awarded the Scottish Chief Commissioners award for her outstanding commitment to Girlguiding Scotland.
The award was presented by Sheila Young, County Comissioner at Lapwing Lodge, as Milly was at a face to face Guide meeting.
Milly is an amazing volunteer who runs 3rd South Rainbows and 33rd Paisley Brownies, and helps at the 9th Paisley Guides as well as managing the 100 + volunteer leaders in Paisley. Milly has continued to provide weekly meetings both virtual and when allowed face to face for all of the young people in her units despite being a key worker.
Here are a few of the comments that were included in her nomination. They come from the girls in her units and those she volunteers with:
"Milly selflessly gives up her time to plan events and provide fantastic opportunities for girls and young woman in Paisley."
"She has been a support to me when trying to achieve Guiding goals and helped whenever she could to allow me to reach that goal. She is loved by all the girls who come through the unit. She is a wonderful leader."
"Milly is an excellent ambassador for Guiding and this award would help to confirm what Paisley Guiders already know."
Congratulations Milly!
Vacancies
Click the role titles to see a fuller role description including training, requirements and benefits
Recovery Support Worker
Hours: Full/Part time positions available
Salary: £18,525 per annum pro-rata
Closing date: Wednesday 23rd June 2021 at 12 noon
Interviews: Thursday 30th June 2021
RAMH are developing their Housing Support Services and are looking for innovative and enthusiastic Recovery Support Workers, to provide consistent support to our service users.
Senior Recovery Support Worker
Hours: 37.5 hours per week
Salary: £20,195 - £22,159 per annum
Closing date: Wednesday 23rd June 2021 at 12 noon
Interviews: Thursday 30th June 2021
We are looking for an innovative and enthusiastic staff member who is interested in supporting and leading a team within one of our Housing Support Services, in East Renfrewshire.
Sessional Staff Required
£9.50 per hour
We are currently recruiting for staff in East Renfrewshire & Renfrewshire areas and are looking for individuals who: | https://engagerenfrewshire.org/news/engage-daily-update-10-june.html |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention is directed generally to a watch box and, in particular, to a modular watch box with selectively removably information tabs.
While watch boxes are conventionally known for holding watches during transportation, sale and storage, modular watch boxes having selectively releasably coupled information tabs disposed thereon are not known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,773,530 is a prior art packaging container that includes a first upper compartment for holding a watch and a second lower compartment for holding a booklet or pamphlet, such that the booklet or pamphlet is easily securably to the container.
Most companies marketing watches have a plurality of different model watches, and each watch comes in a large size for men and a smaller size for women. The various watches are marketed under different names and model numbers. Furthermore, each watch is sold for a different wholesale and retail price. It is desirable to have the model name and number (feature ticket information) appear on the box, when displayed. Further, it is desirable to have the individual price tag (price tab ticket) displayed on the box. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a modular watch box having a removable pedestal capable of receiving information tabs thereon and capable of removing at least one of the information tabs without opening the box.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Generally speaking, in accordance with the present invention, a modular watch box is provided. The watch box includes a base having a watch retention member disposed thereon. At least one information tab holder is also formed on the base. A cover is provided that is selectively coupleable to the base and displaceable between a first position, wherein the cover envelopes at least the retaining member and the tab holder, and a second position, wherein the cover does not envelope the retaining member and the tab holder. The cover defines an opening aligned with the tab holder to selectively allow insertion and removal of a tab from the tab holder.
The box is further provided with a second information tab that is selectively releasably securable to the base and provides an alternative type of information thereon. Preferably, the second tab indicates the make and model of the watch and would be placed on the base when the watch is placed on the watch retention member.
The watch box is also provided with a cover that is selectively removable from the base, such that the base forms a pedestal for displaying the watch thereon. The pedestal includes information tab holders that are used to display the two information tabs. The first information tab (price tab ticket) displays the price information and the second information tab (feature ticket tab) provides the make and model of the watch.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a watch box having a selectively removable information tab disposed on the base of the box.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a modular watch box that includes a slit the cover of the box to allow the information tab to be removed and replaced, or reticketed without opening the box.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a modular box that can be customized to the product displayed therein by selectively replacing the feature ticket plate.
Still another object of the invention is to provide one modular watch box that can be customized to each watch produced by a manufacturer, thereby allowing the manufacturer to stock only one box and many different feature ticket tabs.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification and drawings.
The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction, combination of elements and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified in the construction hereinafter set forth, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a modular watch box, with the price tab ticket displaced from the box opening;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the present invention, with the front cover displaced from the base and back panel, and the price tab ticket removed therefrom;
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the watch box in accordance with the present invention, with a watch shown in phantom;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 4--4 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 5--5 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view taken along lines 6- - 6 of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view taken along lines 7- - 7 of the FIG. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The drawings generally depict a new modular watch box including a releasably securable feature ticket plate and a removable price tab ticket. Specifically, this watch box is designed to form a modular structure, such that the base forms a pedestal for displaying the watch, and the feature ticket is prominently displayed in the front of the base, and the price tab ticket is displayed on the side of 112. the pedestal. A back panel is formed to snap fit to the pedestal and form a backing to highlight a watch when displayed on the pedestal. Furthermore, a front cover is designed to engage the pedestal and back panel to enclose the watch.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 1-3, wherein the watch box generally indicated as 101 is depicted in perspective view. Watch box 101 generally includes a base 100 having a watch holder 102 formed integrally therewith. The base is adapted to receive a price tab ticket 106, a feature ticket plate 104 and a pamphlet 112 located in a chamber 120. Base 101 is adapted to snap-fit into back panel 108 and receive front cover 110 to thereby envelope watch holder 102.
The box when closed is generally elliptical in cross section and includes a slit 114 formed in back panel 108 and a cut away portion 115 in front cover 110 to allow price tab ticket 106 to be removed therefrom without removing back panel 108. Pamphlet 112 is received within chamber 120 of base 100. Feature ticket plate 104 includes fingers 122 and 124 that are received within bores 126 and 128 of base 100 to create a snap fit closure between feature ticket plate 104 and base 100.
Reference is next made to FIG. 4, wherein watch box 101 is shown in cross section. Base 100 includes a flat bottom portion 130 which is aligned in a common plane with the bottom edge of side walls 132 to provide support for watch holder 102. Chamber 120 which includes pamphlet 112 therein is defined by bottom wall 130, top wall 131 and side wall 132. An opening 134 is provided for ingress and egress of pamphlet 112 into and out of chamber 120.
As described above, feature ticket plate 104 is snap-fit on base 100, and in the preferred embodiment is snapped to the front portion of the base 100 on display section 136. Display section 136 is angularly displaced from the common plane of flat bottom portion 130 to provide a preferred viewing angle to one viewing watch 103 (shown in phantom) when front cover 110 is removed.
Price tab ticket 106 is secured within price tab ticket holder, generally indicated at 139. Price tab ticket holder 139 includes a groove 140 defined by ledge 142 which forms the back end of the display wall 136 and retaining wall 144. Retaining wall 144 is formed with a rib 145 and ledge 142 is formed with a rib 143. This configuration allows groove 140 to secure price tab ticket 106 therein. This is due in part to the fact that base 100, back panel 108 and front cover 110 are all formed of plastic materials such as polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, K- Resin or the like. In other words, retaining wall 144 is flexible and resilient and is able to retain price tab ticket 106 in groove 140.
With particular reference to FIG. 5, the overlapping arrangement of parts can clearly be seen. Base 100 is snap-fit into back panel 108. Front cover 100 overlaps back panel 108 in order to envelope watch holder 102. Furthermore, at the lower portion of box 101, front cover 110 frictionally engages base 100. Alternatively, at the top of back panel 108 a flange 150 extends into the interior of box 101. Flange 150 is designed to receive top wall 111 of front cover 110 thereon. There is a frictional engagement between top wall 111 and flange 150, as well as flange 150 providing support to top wall 111.
Particular reference is next made to FIG. wherein a pair of inwardly extending ribs 152 and 154 of back panel 108 are disclosed engaged between top wall 131 and bottom wall 130 of base 100. With particular reference to FIGS. 3 and 6, back panel slidably engages base 100. Furthermore, ribs 152 and 154 of back panel 108 frictionally contact the bottom surface of top wall 131 and the top surface of bottom wall 130 of base 100 to guide back panel 108 into engagement with base 100. Furthermore, back panel 108 snap fits into base 100 when the back portion 160 of ribs 152 and 154 snap over retaining wall 162 of base 100.
With particular reference to FIG. 7, a fragmentary cross- sectional view of the price tab ticket holder 139 of box 101 is disclosed when the box is closed. FIG. 7 illustrates price tab ticket 106 partially within price tab ticket holder 139. Price tab ticket 106 enters box 101 through slit 114 in back panel 108 and through cutaway portion 115 (also shown in FIG. 3) of front cover 110. Price tab ticket 106 is shown partially within groove 140 formed by retaining wall 144 and ledge 142.
From the foregoing description of the elements and the figures it is clearly shown that box 101 is formed as a modular unit which includes a base 100 that is easily snap-fit into back panel 108. It is important that the bottom surface of back panel 108 and the bottom surface of base 100 be formed in a common plane, such that when back panel 108 and base 100 are seated on a common surface, they can slide into one another and snap closed. Furthermore, a feature ticket plate 104 is easily snap-fit into base 100 by fingers 122 and 124 engaging bores 126 and 128. This allows for a single base to be used with multiple different watch models. Furthermore, after the feature ticket plate 104 is installed on the base and the watch 107 is installed on watch holder 102, front cover 110, also including a bottom surface aligned with the bottom surface of base 100 can be slid into engagement at the bottom with base 100 and at the top with back panel 108 including flange 150. Furthermore, at this point, the appropriate pamphlet 112 can be inserted within cavity 120 and price tab ticket 106 can be inserted within groove 140 through slit 114 in back panel 108 and cutaway portion 115 in front cover 110.
In order to further customize this watch box to service a plurality of different watches, watch holder 102 is formed with a stem 170 which is coupled to base 110. Stem 170 includes two protruding fingers 172 and 174 that are provided to engage the watch band to provide a custom tailored fit for multiple different sized watch bands. For instance, a standard female watch band may not engage either protruding fingers 172 or 174 while a large female watch or small male watch may engage protruding finger 172. Alternatively, a standard male watch may engage protruding finger 174.
From the foregoing detailed description, it can clearly be seen that a modular watch box including a base 100 having a watch holder 102, a feature ticket plate 104 attached thereto and a price tab ticket 106 retained within a groove 140 provides a unitary display for a watch. Furthermore, providing a chamber 120 for receiving a pamphlet 112 therein makes this display complete. An optional back panel 108 which is selectively removable allows the display to have a backing if so desired by the user. Further providing this display with a front cover 110 that snap-fits into back cover 108 and base 100 allows this display to be shipped as a single unit.
Accordingly, my invention is not only a unique modular watch box, but a watch display capable of receiving a back panel 108 and front panel 110 to form a shipping box. Furthermore, this shipping box is capable of interchanging price tab tickets 106 without opening the box.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above method and in the construction set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. | |
Runaway Star Exits the Milky Way Galaxy Named S5-HVS1!!
Runaway Star Exits the Milky Way Galaxy Named S5-HVS1!!
A star has been spotted by astronomers, which is moving out from the Milky Way galaxy at an astonishing speed of 1,700 km/second. This has happened subsequent to an encounter with a massive black hole located at the center of our galaxy.
Named as S5-HVS1, the star is moving at breakneck speed never recorded by astronomers before. At the speed with which it is moving, it will soon exit the premises of the Milky Way in about 100m years. After that, it will continue its journey in outer space for the remainder of its years.
Interestingly enough, it was predicted 3 decades earlier that black holes have the ability to throw stars out from the galaxy at stellar speeds (no pun intended), but this is the first time the phenomena have been recorded live.
What are Hypervelocity Stars
Let’s back up a little bit. By definition, the hypervelocity stars are fast-paced, which move at twice the speed of normal stars, 1 million mph to be exact. These stars were first discovered by the astronomers in 2005 and approximately 30 of these stars have been discovered as of yet.
There is no stopping this star and its present trajectory indicates that it will head out in intergalactic space and continue moving. The S5-HVS1 is presently located in the Grus constellation, approximately 29,000 light-years away. Its velocity is extremely high and it is highly unlikely that the star will ever return to the Milky Way.
It was previously believed that to eject a star from the galaxy, the energy would be drawn from the center of the galaxy. At the Milky Way’s center, a massive black hole is present with a mass 4 times larger than that of our sun. It can act as a gravitational slingshot for the star.
How did it happen?
According to the astronomers tracking the tear away star, it was a part of the binary star system in the Milky Way about 5m years ago. For those who do not know, a binary star system consists of two stars, which revolves around their barycenter. This star system neared a bit close to Sagittarius A*, the renowned black hole at the center of the Milky Way. It is interesting to note that when this actually happened, the humans were still learning to walk in an upright position.
The star was traced to the center of the galaxy, something that was not expected. The astronomers were actually searching for the remains of smaller galaxies, which revolve around the Milky Way. Their telescope can measure at least 400 objects at any given time. In its place, they discovered a star traversing the galaxy’s outskirts. If a black hole comes in close contact with a binary star system, the outcome is undesirable for the said star system. If the binary star system whizzes past the black hole, it is captured by a black hole and ejected at breakneck speeds. This is exactly what happened in this case, too.
The S5-HVS1 is categorized as an A-type star, a relatively younger star when compared to our sun that is 4.6 billion years old. More interestingly, the surface temperature of an A-type star lies in the range of 13,000 Fahrenheit to 18,000 Fahrenheit. On the other hand, the surface temperature of our star (a yellow dwarf star) is 9,940 Fahrenheit.
Hills Mechanism in Action
Jack Hills proposed 3 decades ago that superfast stars could be, in theory, ejected by black holes. The phenomena came to be known as Hills mechanism.
When the twin stars moved inwards, at one point the S5-HVS1 switched into this binary partnership with the black hole, which resulted in the renowned Hills Mechanism. This dynamic allowed the star to be ejected at an extremely high speed never seen before. The astronomers used the distance and speed from Earth to ascertain the star’s ejection from Sagittarius A*.
As the gravitational tussle ensued, the companion star was eventually captured by this black hole and released at a shockingly high speed. According to astronomers, this was the first recorded demonstration of Hills Mechanism. The binary star system formed a part of our galactic center, an environment very different from the one on earth.
The speed of the star is 10 times faster than most of the stars present in the Milky Way galaxy, including our own sun. As of yet, it is the third-fastest star to be recorded in human history. The previous two were those whose speeds had been boosted due to supernova explosions. With the exception of these special cases, this star is by far the fastest to date.
The Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S5) was behind this discovery. The primary goal of S5 is to keep an eye on the stellar streams. Some spare resources are dedicated to look over interesting objects present in the galaxy.
The S5 is constantly on the lookout for such interesting phenomena and we will be too waiting in our astronaut costumes ! | https://thespacestore.com/blogs/blog/runaway-star-exits-the-milky-way-galaxy-named-s5-hvs1 |
Today, Silicon Valley is a global icon. The center of wealth creation and an engine for growth and change. It’s easy to look at the mammoth spreading Valley with Teslas zooming by and assume that this was not only inevitable but that it had always been there.
Within my lifetime the Santa Clara Valley has been transformed from being the prune capital of the world–producing more than 30% of the world’s crop of that wrinkled delicacy to the economic behemoth that it is today.
On Thursday of this week, I am going to share the story of that transformation at “What’s Up Down South Conference” the SouthernUtah economic development summit in Saint George.
Frankly, the task of telling the story of the rise of Silicon Valley in just 45 minutes turned out to be harder than I thought it would be. There are so many fascinating turning points and colorful characters that many great stories died on the cutting room floor.
Mark Zuckerberg didn’t make the cut. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs only have cameo appearances in this movie. The real stars are Frederick Terman, the Stanford professor and true father of Silicon Valley, along with Hewlett and Packard (the people not their company),the Traitorous Eight and Arthur Rock.
Terman was born 100 years ago and was a thought leader in the new technology of the day–radio. He became a professor at Stanford and mentor to Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. He was the one who not only encouraged them to start a business together but also fathered the Stanford Industrial Park that became home to many Silicon Valley startups.
It is part of the entrepreneurial creation myth to talk about companies started in a garage. The original startup and the original garage was Hewlett Packard on Addison Street in Palo Alto. Talk about bootstrapping. Packard and his new bride got the bedroom. Hewlett, a bachelor, slept in the shed out back. They manufactured in the garage. Did the books on the dining room table. And baked the paint on parts in the kitchen oven. They were original entrepreneurs who said it was better to work for yourself than someone else.
William Shockley, Nobel Prize winner for physics in 1956, was the man who put the Silicon in Silicon Valley. He created the first semiconductor lab and recruited an all-star team of scientists and technologists. In addition to being a world-class genius, he was a world-class terrible boss. Shockley Semi-Conductor (yes, they hyphenated it in those days), was a wreck as a business. But eight top executives (shown in the photo above) left to form Fairchild Semiconductor. Shockley called them the “traitorous eight” but if there’s ever a Mount Rushmore in Silicon Valley, it might well be carved in the likeness of that photo.
In that image are the men who founded the most important semiconductor companies in the Valley. Remember Moore’s Law? Gordon Moore is in that photo. So is Robert Noyce who co-founded Intel with him. Gene Kleiner is also in that photo. You might know him better as the first name on the door of Kleiner Perkins Caulfield & Byers. From Shockley and Fairchild there are three important lessons: it’s essential to attract world class talent; but it’s hard to manage world class talent; last, this is the first good example of teams forming, creating a great company, and splitting up to start other companies.
The man who isn’t in that picture is actually the one who made it all possible. Arthur Rock, a 30 year old finance exec, figured out how to get Seymour Fairchild to invest $1.5 million dollars to build the plant. Along the way, Rock also created the foundation for a venture capital business. Later he would fund a couple of startups you might have heard of–Intel and Apple. But while pitching Fairchild, he was rejected 41 times. Rock was also a great early example of the need for persistence and the ability to overcome rejection.
In some ways, the most amazing part of the story is that beyond grand vision of a world transformed by technology, no one could see where the path would lead or how the story would end. And that is the most essential truth of the tale of the Valley. To effect significant change means to leap off a cliff and trust that you’ll learn to fly before you hit the ground. It’s always been that way and it always will be. | https://horanmediatech.com/ridiculous-dreams-obsessive-execution-from-prunes-to-petabytes-the-rise-of-silicon-valley/ |
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GUELPH, Ont. - An archaeological dig underway in Guelph, Ont., has led to the discovery of 63 grave shafts and 26 human bone fragments.
Officials from the city of Guelph provided their latest bi-weekly update on the archaeological excavation on Tuesday.
The municipality and Archaeological Research Associates are excavating the city’s Baker and Wyndham Street parking lots to make way for the development of a publicly accessible integrated civic hub called the Baker District.
The Baker and Wyndham Street site was used as an all-faith cemetery from 1827 to 1853, when human burials were banned within town limits.
The property was purchased by the city of Guelph as a public park in 1879, and when plans were made to move the remains from the old public burying ground to a new cemetery, family members moved some burials, but others, especially unmarked graves, remained.
The city says appropriate agencies such as Guelph Police Services, partner Indigenous governments and provincial ministries are being notified when human remains are discovered, and that all remains found during the excavation will be documented and reinterred at Woodlawn Memorial Park.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 17, 2021.
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This story was produced with the financial assistance of the Facebook and Canadian Press News Fellowship.
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Religious Pilgrimages in the Mediterranean World examines the evolution of recent theoretical and methodological trends in pilgrimage studies. It outlines key themes of research, including historical, anthropological, sociological, and cultural approaches, to provide a comprehensive and interdisciplinary overview of the subject.
Charting pilgrimages from 1500 through to the current day, the volume traces the recent research of Jewish, Muslim, and Christian pilgrimages in the Mediterranean while also exploring avenues for future studies that go beyond the limitations of the past. Chapters also engage with travel literature, tourism, and nationalism in relation to pilgrimage in this cutting-edge volume.
Featuring essays from leading scholars in the fields of religious studies, geography, and anthropology, this book is cross-cultural in focus and critical in approach, making it an essential read for all researchers of pilgrimage, religious history, religious tourism, and anthropology.
Table of Contents
Introduction: Pilgrimages, Religion and Mediterranean
Antón M. Pazos
1. Catholic Pilgrimages between c.1500 and c.2000
José Andrés-Gallego
2. Reimagining Pilgrimage: Recent Studies of Protestantism and Pilgrimage
Raymond Mentzer
3. To the Holy Land: Anthropological Issues in Contemporary Holy Land Pilgrimage
Jackie Feldman
4. Recent Research on a Renewed Pilgrimage: The Way of St James in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Antón M. Pazos
5. A Decade of Research: Travel Literature and the Artistic Heritage of the Way of St James
Miguel Taín Guzmán
6. The Contemporary Resurgence of the Pilgrimage to Santiago: Beyond Religion
Xosé M. Santos
7. Nationalism in Jewish Pilgrimage and Holy Sites: The Western Wall and Rachel’s Tomb as Case Studies
Kobi Cohen-Hattab
8. Muslim Pilgrimage Observed: Ruminations on an Emerging Field
Nimrod Luz
9. Aftermath: Studying Life after Pilgrimage
Hillary Kaell.
Index
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Editor(s)
Biography
Antón M. Pazos is currently a member of the Pontifical Committee of Historical Sciences and Vice President of the International Commission for History and Studies of Christianity (CIHEC). He is also Emeritus Scientist of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC, Spanish National Research Council). | https://www.routledge.com/Religious-Pilgrimages-in-the-Mediterranean-World/Pazos/p/book/9781032309286 |
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