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What good looks like
While approximately one in four children and young people show signs of a mental health problem only around 25 to 40 per cent of them receive help from a mental health professional – if at all. The evidence on psychological support in schools and colleges has recently been reviewed by the British Psychological Society Faculty for Children, Young People and their Families.
What Good Looks Like in Psychological Services for Schools and Colleges: Primary Prevention, Early Intervention and Mental Health Provision discusses the practical ways in which psychological wellbeing can be addressed in school settings, as well as the implications for commissioning and delivery of provision. The document is free to access and also contains various case studies of applied psychologists working with individuals, schools and services.
The review makes 17 recommendations including the need for a better system to recognise problems early on to ensure the right help is provided at the right time – and to reduce the strain on CAMHS services. It suggests that the Department of Health and Public Health England should be involved in developing national policy, guidance and interventions to reduce known risk factors based on psychological evidence. To help those who may not traditionally come to clinical services, the review proposes the provision of specialist support in schools, including CAMHS teams. The authors also recommend giving teachers and school staff more training and support to help them identify when a child or young person’s distress exceeds normal levels, for example after a bereavement.
Julia Faulconbridge, BPS Division of Clinical Psychology Child Lead and review author, said that in a climate of limited resources, and rising demand, there was clear evidence that embedding psychological services in schools was an effective way of identifying and working with children and young people’s mental health needs. ‘We believe psychologically healthy schools with support for the wellbeing of staff and students should be a priority. I think that it is a great opportunity to really build the resilience of children and young people when primary prevention and early intervention are delivered in schools. For many children and young people and families, but importantly not for all, mental health services in school make them more accessible too.’
The review emphasises the importance of taking a holistic view of children, young people, their schools and families, and recommends involving families in decisions about the support a young person receives. The authors also suggest creating a whole-school culture that encourages social cohesion and discourages bullying. They also highlight the needs of children and young people with chronic physical illnesses and disabilities who are at an inflated risk of developing mental health problems. | https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-30/november-2017/what-good-looks |
What exactly does a criminologist do?
What Do Criminologists Do? Criminologists working with law enforcement take a hard look at offenders, identifying their situations and motives along with societal impacts, generational changes and other trends. They also tap into ethics, investigating why people commit crimes.
What courses are needed to become a criminologist?
The majority of criminologists have a bachelor’s degree in either sociology or psychology. Many criminologists often will hold a PhD or master’s degree in one of the behavioral sciences as well. In addition, a criminologist has to be an expert in analyzing statistics and crime rates.
What is a criminologist salary?
The annual median salary for a criminologist, included in the category of sociologists, is $83,420.
What is the salary of a criminologist in India?
As a criminologist, you can earn around Rs. 3 to 4 lacs per year. With some good experience in this field you can earn attractive salary packages in both sectors.
How many years does it take to become a criminologist?
Criminology Job Description
A bachelor’s degree in criminology can be completed in four years, with an additional two years typical for completing a master’s degree. It can take another three to six years to earn a doctorate for those interested in applied research or teaching at the college level.
Where do Criminologists work?
Criminologists mostly work in university settings, conducting research and teaching police administration and policy, juvenile justice, corrections, drug addiction, criminal ethnography, macro-level models of criminal behavior, victimology, and theoretical criminology.
Are criminologists rich?
Professional criminologists have the potential to earn over $140,000 per year, though the mean annual wage for these special types of sociologists was $82,050 in 2018, according to the BLS. In order to practice criminology, students must earn a minimum of a master’s degree in the field.
Which country is best for criminology?
Best countries to study criminology
- The UK.
- Australia.
- The USA.
- Hong Kong.
How many hours does a criminologist work?
Criminologists are often required to put in more than 40 hours per week or work extra shifts. The job also includes unpleasant tasks, such as investigating at crime scenes and watching autopsies. Criminologists must question potentially dangerous suspects accused of serious crimes including murder. | https://ocsistersincrime.org/forensic-medicine/best-answer-what-is-criminologist-course.html |
Hearing impairment among workers exposed to excessive levels of noise in ginning industries.
Cotton ginning workers have a risk of hearing loss due to excessive noise levels at the workplace environment. In this study, estimates of typical sound levels prevailing at the workplace environment and its effects on hearing ability of the exposed workers were made among cotton ginning workers. Data on self-reported health status was collected by a questionnaire survey at 10 cotton ginning industries located at Jalgaon district of Maharashtra state, India. The cotton ginning workers were exposed to continuous noise levels between 89 and 106 dBA. The hearing ability of the subjects was accessed by pure tone audiometry. The results of audiometry show mild, moderate and moderately severe degree of hearing impairment among the cotton ginning workers. The data generated during the study show that hearing loss was significantly associated with period of exposure to the workplace noise (P <0.0001). The prevalence of audiometric hearing impairment defined as a threshold average greater than 25 dB hearing level was 96% for binaural low-frequency average, 97% for binaural mid frequency average and 94% for binaural high-frequency average in the cotton ginning workers. We recommend the compulsory use of personal protective equipment like ear plug by the cotton ginning workers at the workplace environment. A regular maintenance of ginning and pressing machineries will avoid the emission of excessive noise at the workplace environment of cotton gins. A regular periodic medical examination is necessary to measure the impact of workplace noise on the health of cotton ginning workers.
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This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of Hindu and Budi Pekerti education subjects on Wariga for students of class X MIPA-7 SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Selatan through the implementation of cooperative learning model Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) held in the first semester of the academic year 2016 / 2017, which starts from September until October 2016 with the subject of research is the students of class X MIPA-7 SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Selatan 2016/2017 lesson year as many as 29 students who are Hindu. Basic Competency presented to the students is Explaining the essence of Padewasan (wariga) in the life of Hindus. This research was conducted in 2 cycles with planning, implementation, observation, and reflection on each cycle. Data collection techniques used are with the test results and observation sheet. Data analysis using comparative descriptive analysis technique by comparing the learning outcomes at initial conditions with the results achieved in each cycle, and qualitative descriptive analysis by comparing the results of observation and reflection on the cycle I and cycle II. The result of data analysis shows that there is improvement of learning quality both process and learning result. It can be seen that in the first cycle there has been an increase in the average score of 11.38 students, ie from the average score of the students at the initial conditions 66.21 to 77.59 and an increase in the average score of students 7.41 on cycle II of Average grade grade 77.59 to 85.00. While the completion of classical learning at the end of the first cycle, there was an increase of 27.59%, from the initial condition that has been completed only 51.72% to 79.31%, and there is an increase in learning mastery by 13, 79 from 79.31 % To 93.10% in cycle II. It is based on the results of observations during the learning process and the results of the assessment of knowledge about wariga after the learning process takes place. So it is suggested to the teacher especially the subject teacher of Hindu and Budi Pekerti Education to use cooperative learning model Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) in an effort to improve the learning result of Hindu Religion and Budi Pekerti.
Keywords: Learning outcomes, cooperative learning, Teams Games Tournaments.
Teks Lengkap:PDF
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/gw.v4i2.1055
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In the Consolation of Philosophy, the character Boethius is interrupted from wallowing in his sorrow by Lady Philosophy, who seeks to help him in his hour of need. Driving away the Muses, Lady Philosophy begins her treatment of Boethius by walking Boethius through a series of discussions, leading to conclusions that should comfort him. While Lady Philosophy attempts to show logically that all fortune leads to good in Prose VI of Book IV, she also acknowledges that humans are incapable of fully understanding this and therefore implies that complete comfort in this knowledge is impossible without faith. Through the explanation of Providence and Fate, she attempts to show Boethius that adverse fortune does not exist, but at the same time also gives him several reasons why he will not be able to understand this concept. She makes it clear that man cannot understand the way Providence works all things out for good because people only sees confusion and disorder and they cannot know other’s inward motives and inclinations.
Materialistic desires can be defined as any non-essential item one owns. And lastly, a noble life is a life full of purpose and adherence to said purpose or purposes. Socrates’s argument rests upon two essential premises. One, that truth, self-discovered wisdom, logic, and reason are the most important aspects of life. And secondly, that one should forgo material desires and concern over reputation for the sake of the first premise.
What is the essence of a life well-lived? This question has been asked for millennia, and many have suggested answers. Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, presented his own hypothesis (at least partially) in a dialogue entitled Meno, in which Plato’s teacher, Socrates, led a disciple of the sophists, Meno, through a discussion of virtue. As an abrupt start of the dialogue, Meno asked, “Can you tell me, Socrates, whether virtue is acquired by teaching or by practice; or if neither by teaching nor by practice, then whether it comes to man by nature, or in what other way?” (Plato 35). While Socrates never answered the former of these questions definitively, by focusing on the latter, Socrates hypothesized that virtue cannot be taught but is learned through divine inspiration and cannot be handed down.
In the case of the noble lie, Socrates values the health and security of the state over truth. He believes without a stable society, pursuing truth is
Under a monarchy, a king lived in a palace in the capital city. Outside the capital city would be little villages whose people paid taxes to the king for protection. They would also have to obey his laws. Kings usually retained their political power for life. After his death he would be succeeded by his eldest son, the prince.
At this point Socrates is already convicted and is given the option to counter his punishment. Instead of begging for his life, Socrates believes that the greatest good of man is to converse about virtue and examine both him and other. In Apology section 29d-30b, Socrates states that he will continue his service to god and he does not plan on stopping his questions. He will meet strangers and question them about their obsession with possessing as much wealth, reputation, and honor while forgoing the truly important things in life, such as wisdom and truth. In this argument, Socrates wants people to stop caring about wealth and the artificial things in life, but rather to focus on body and soul.
Therefore, Socrates would rather abide by the Laws than go against the people and escape. In his eyes, the rule of law is always “just” and citizens should always follow it. Every one of Socrates’ friends disagree with him but ultimately, Socrates decides to listen to himself and goes with what he truly believes to be the “right thing to do”. Based off this logic, citizens should follow laws that are also deemed to be “unjust laws” just because it is a law. Socrates believes that if one isn’t living a “just” life, then there is no reason to be living at all, and that one must never do
Within the greater work, The Trial and Death of Socrates, Plato identifies fault in the current definition and implementation of Justice when his teacher faces punishment for helping Athens. Silencing Socrates will only make Athens suffer, and Justice must derive from reason. The outcome represents the juror’s lack of understanding, or simple overlooking, of absolute Justice as a direct product of the democratic structure. If not a democracy, the Athenian people would fall more in order with their role in the Whole and would ultimately be more successful. Plato argues Socrates prodes at Athenians to help them, and their conviction against him was due to a personal choice, and thus they fail to work together as a perfect society.
In the Republic, Plato gives an argument saying the soul is immortal. In this paper I will present his argument and show that his argument is invalid. I will show why the conclusion is not true and restate the argument to make it valid to help with Socrates’ claim. Plato’s argument on why the soul is immortal: 1. Something can only be destroyed by the thing that is bad for it.
Much of Socrates’ ethics was built around this concept, which led to his ethical code becoming basically objective. Socrates’ ethics were based on something of a knowledge/ignorance dichotomy. He believed that people act immorally but they do not act this way intentionally. Like all animals, Socrates believed that we act in and seek out what is in our best interests. If a person knows what is ‘good’, then their manner of behaviour will always be good, as they possess the knowledge of how to do so. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Platos-Concept-Of-The-Noble-Lie-PKXYXS74ACF6 |
Overview:
AMDEH is a Spanish legal entity, duly registered in January 2019 (G-88230545) and created in September 2018 by Muslim activists and academics who had previously volunteered or worked for other civil society organizations in similar fields.
Expertise: human rights and anti-Muslim hatred; securitization policies (impact and approaches on Muslim communities); hate crimes, hate speech and discrimination, Spanish legislation related to Muslim populations, etc.
Its main mission consists of the promotion of human rights for Muslim individuals and communities in Spain, mostly through advocacy, production and dissemination of awareness material, research and translation activities, as well as through workshops and cooperation with local, national and international institutions.
Organization:
The Asociación Musulmana por los Derechos Humanos – AMDEH (Muslim Association for Human Rights) is a national non-profit organization based in Madrid, established in September 2018 and duly registered under Organic Law 1/2002 in January 2019.
It is a project undertaken mostly by Muslim activists who did not feel represented in other organizations where they volunteered previously and still wanted to promote the values of peace, coexistence, tolerance, solidarity and respect for human rights, all of them part of Islamic ethics, for Muslim communities and individuals.
The Association aims to achieve those ends by raising awareness and fighting discrimination, whatever form it takes, be it daily discrimination, or speech or hate crimes of an Islamophobic, xenophobic, homophobic character, etc.; as well as acting against any type of violation of human rights that affects Muslim people and communities or other entities, activists and environments related to those fields in the Spanish State.
We establish ties between people of diverse cultural origins and with different religious and spiritual paths, since we consider that the plurality in life enriches our societies, by participating in coalitions such as the Asamblea Antirracista de Madrid (Antiracist Assembly of Madrid), where we intersect and collaborate with other minorities, as well as the Euroean Forum of Muslim Women (EFOMW), the European Network of Women of African Descent (ENWAD) and the European Network against Racism.
Activities:
1. Advocacy, promotion and awareness of human rights: promotion of human rights through campaigns on social networks, workshops in schools, universities, etc.
2. Promotion and awareness of legislative resources: promotion and dissemination of resources through the knowledge of the current legislation related to the Muslim communities within the Spanish state.
3. Collaboration with International Organizations:
a) Collaboration for advocacy and training purposes as a civil society organization with the Council of Europe (Department for the prevention of anti-Muslim hatred) and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Council of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE -OIDHR), in the interest of the effectiveness of civil and human rights of the people and Muslim communities of the Spanish State in the face of anti-Muslim hate crimes and discrimination.
b) Yearly monitoring for the anti-Muslim hate crime data base of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Council of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OSCE-ODIHR.
4. Collaboration with social, antiracist and religious entities at national and international level.
5. Collaboration with local institutions: collaboration with local authorities and municipalities on discrimination and hate crimes, such as the Madrid police hate crimes unit or the Ministry of Equality.
6. Countering misinformation and exposing the impact, threats and human rights violations through security policies of Muslim individuals and communities through research, analysis, and translation.
7. Securitization research project: “The Impact of Securitization on Muslims in Spain” (2019-2021).
Structure:
- Directive Board: President, Secretary, Treasurer and two Vocals.
- Delegates/Representatives: one in Madrid, one in Catalonia and one in Melilla. The aim of the Representatives is to be involved in local associative movements and initiatives as well as in local institutional relations (such as Local Police Forces, local city councils, etc.).
For further information, please contact [email protected]. | https://amderechoshumanos.org/who-we-are/ |
MADISON – The La Follette Policy Poll will be released by UW-Madison’s La Follette School of Public Affairs at 6 a.m. CDT on Tuesday, January 11. Funded by the Kohl Initiative, the poll results will expand the public discussion during the upcoming election season, looking beyond residents’ candidate preferences to the issues that will ultimately inform and explain their choices in the voting booth.
According to Professor Susan Webb Yackee, the school’s director, the poll “is not a political survey, but instead an investigation of public perceptions about policy issues in the state and national arena.”
With Wisconsin poised to be a battleground state in the 2022 elections, residents’ opinions on vital policy issues could have national implications.
The polling questions cover a range of topics, including:
• The most pressing issues facing the U.S. and Wisconsin
• Confidence in government
• Personal finances and the economy
• Water quality, climate and the environment
• Government regulation
• Racial equity
“We gathered opinions from across the entire state, including in rural Wisconsin,” says Yackee. “Because the poll focuses on persistent Wisconsin attitudes rather than attempting to capture a political snapshot, the results provide a revealing portrait of public opinion in a state that could affect the national balance of power this November.”
All the poll data will be available online in an interactive format, allowing the public to create their own analyses of public opinion in the Badger State. In a state known for sharp political divisions, it points the way to consensus on problems that Wisconsinites agree need solving. | https://www.wispolitics.com/2022/uw-madison-wisconsin-public-policy-poll-has-national-implications-in-lead-up-to-2022-elections/ |
A Cape mountain zebra in South Africa. Photo: Jessica Lea, University of Manchester
Researchers are analysing the droppings of wild zebra in a bid to learn more about their response to the stresses of climate change and habitat destruction.
Scientists from the University of Manchester in England and Chester Zoo have been working in South Africa, using their “poo science” on local populations of the Cape mountain zebra.
To measure the animals’ stress levels, the scientists have been analysing glucocorticoid hormones in the Cape zebra’s droppings. Glucocorticoid hormones are a group of steroid hormones that help regulate the “flight or fight” stress response in animals.
Seven populations were sampled, from the Bakkrans Nature Reserve, Camdeboo National Park, De Hoop Nature Reserve, Gamkaberg Nature Reserve, Mount Camdeboo Private Game Reserve and Swartberg Private Game Reserve and Welgevonden Game Farm.
The researchers found that zebras are facing multiple challenges, including poor habitat and gender imbalances, which are likely to compromise their health, have repercussions for their reproduction and, ultimately, their long term survival.
“Faecal hormone measurements are easy to collect without disturbing the animals and provide a window into the chronic stress animals are experiencing,” explains Dr Susanne Shultz, the senior author from the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the university.
“Using these indicators we can establish the health of both individuals and populations.”
The team have used a “macrophysiological approach” for the first time to evaluate the effectiveness of an ongoing conservation plan. A macrophysiological approach involves comparing animal responses in different nature reserves or geographical regions. By evaluating patterns of stress on a large scale, at-risk populations can be identified as their profile will differ from healthy populations.
The researchers also found that using physiological biomarkers, such as hormones from droppings, is an effective way of evaluating the impact of ecological and demographic factors on animal populations.
This approach could also tell conservationists how other animals and species might respond to future environmental changes and stressors.
Dr Sue Walker, who is head of applied science at Chester Zoo, said: “Zoos specialise in population management and have developed a wide range of innovative techniques to monitor the species under their care.
“This project is a fantastic example of how we can use this knowledge to also help the conservation of wild animals threatened with extinction.”
As well as using this new approach, the particular species of the zebra was also important.
Dr Jessica Lea, also from the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the paper’s lead author, said the Cape mountain zebra was an ideal model species to assess because it had undergone huge ecological and demographic changes in the recent years.
“Following a massive population decline, they have been actively conserved for the past several decades. The information available on their recovery means we can measure the impacts of both environment and social factors on population health.”
Knowledge gained from the research has provided crucial insights into the Cape mountain zebra ecology. These findings can be translated into practical applied conservation management initiatives to support the species.
Dr Shultz added: “Understanding the factors leading to global biodiversity loss is a major societal challenge. In an ever-changing environment, new problems arise quickly so it is essential we use evidence-based methods to continually evaluate the effectiveness of conservation projects.”
Cape mountain zebra are found in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. The majority of their historic and current range is in the Cape Floristic Region, but also extends northeast into Nama-Karoo, thicket and grassland habitats and northwest into the Succulent Karoo biome.
The Cape Floristic Region has a Mediterranean climate and is known for its unusually high biodiversity and proportion of endemic species, particularly flora. | |
BSEE Extends Comment Period for Proposed Offshore Safety Systems Rule
The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) announced today a 45-day extension to the public comment period for the proposed rule on offshore oil and natural gas production safety systems. Comments will now be accepted through Dec. 5, 2013.
The proposed rule will revise 30 CFR 250 subpart H, Oil and Gas Production Safety Systems, to address recent technological advances. This section of the regulations has not had a major revision since it was first published in 1988. During that period, industry’s use of subsea trees (the assembly mounted on a well head used to control the flow of oil and gas) and other technologies have evolved or become more prevalent offshore. These devices and materials include foam firefighting systems; electronic-based emergency shutdown systems; subsea pumping, waterflooding, and gaslift; and new alloys and equipment for high temperature and high pressure wells. The proposed rule ensures that the regulations governing their use and maintenance are keeping pace with industry’s advancements and that they address these newer and emerging safety technologies.
The public is invited to submit comments by any of the following methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. In the entry titled Enter Keyword or ID, enter BSEE-2012-0005 then click search.
• Mail or hand-carry comments to the Department of the Interior; BSEE; Attention: Regulations Development Branch;381 Elden Street, HE3313; Herndon, Virginia 20170-4817. | https://www.marinetechnologynews.com/news/extends-comment-period-proposed-482257 |
Is dehydration the cause of your headaches?
February 3, 2021
Most likely, you have had a headache at some point in your life. If so, you’re not alone, as 9 out of 10 people will experience a headache at some point. They are not always a major problem, often accompanying colds, the flu, sinus problems, or other common conditions. But headaches may also be a sign of a larger problem.
One culprit that can cause chronic headaches is dehydration. Dehydration occurs when you lose more fluids than you put in, and the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions.
While you may need an official diagnosis, dehydration headaches can be easily treated and avoided if you know the signs, symptoms, and what to do about it.
Causes, signs & symptoms of dehydration headaches
The body requires the proper balance of fluid and electrolytes to function properly. Every day, your body loses water through daily activities, such as sweating and urinating, and typically you make up for that loss naturally with the foods you eat and fluids you drink. But sometimes, this balance can get out of whack due to diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or extreme sweating.
An imbalance of fluid and electrolytes in the body can result in a dehydration headache. When your body is dehydrated, your brain may temporarily contract or shrink from fluid loss. This causes the brain to pull away from the skull, causing pain and resulting in a headache. Once rehydrated, the brain plumps up and returns to its normal state, relieving the discomfort.
The headaches can be relatively mild or as severe as a migraine, and the pain may occur at the front, back, side, or all over the head. Typically, there is no facial pain or pressure, and there is not often pain in the back of the neck.
Since dehydration headaches only occur when the body is dehydrated, other symptoms of dehydration will occur with the headache. These symptoms may include:
- Extreme thirst
- Reduced urination
- Dark colored urine
- Confusion
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Dry, sticky mouth
- Loss of skin elasticity
- Low blood pressure
- Increased heart rate
Avoiding & treating dehydration headaches
To treat a dehydration headache, addressing both the pain and the dehydration is the best approach. If you already have a dehydration headache, you should increase your fluid intake by drinking water and a sports drink to replace electrolytes. You should also decrease your physical activity and avoid heat to reduce sweating.
While these measures may help relieve a dehydration headache, the best line of defense is to prevent them from occurring at all. Of course, this means preventing dehydration through the following measures:
- Drink enough fluids throughout the day — Most people need between 4 and 6 cups of water per day, although some may need more or less. Spreading out the amount of fluid consumed rather than drinking it all at once helps keep the body better hydrated.
- Eat fluid-rich foods — This includes fruits and vegetables, such as cucumbers and watermelon, that have a high water content.
- Hydrate more during exercise and hot weather — If you are sweating heavily during exercise or exposure to hot weather, your water needs increase. Drink more during these times to replenish the extra fluids you are losing through sweat.
- Treat underlying causes of dehydration — Fevers and infections can cause the body to lose more fluid than normal, so the cause of those conditions should be addressed in addition to taking steps to prevent dehydration.
- Avoid caffeinated beverages and alcohol — Caffeine and alcohol can both increase urine output, leading to a higher risk of dehydration.
- Reduce strenuous activity — If you are in the heat or not feeling well, take it easy to avoid losing unnecessary fluids.
Following this advice should help prevent dehydration, and therefore, dehydration headaches. However, if you continue to experience chronic headaches, whether they are a result of dehydration or other issues, you should consult with a doctor, such as the ones at Southside Pain Specialists, to find and treat the underlying condition.
Find out the cause of your headaches and learn how to prevent them by scheduling an appointment at Southside Pain Specialists
With highly specialized training and a multitude of pain relief options, Southside Pain Specialists follow the standards of the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, The American Board of Pain Medicine, and the International Spinal Injection Society. We work hard to provide patients with comprehensive, caring pain relief when they need it most. Check out our website or contact us today at 205.332.3155 to learn more. | https://www.southsidepainspecialists.com/is-dehydration-the-cause-of-your-headaches/ |
There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Dr Mark R Leach.
Use the buttons below to select from the 1000+ Periodic Tables in the database:
2010
Newlands Revisited – Poster
At the beginning of last year (Meyers, 2009), a IUPAC editorial offered "something old, something new, something borrowed and something blue".
Marks and Marks 2010 (M&M) preserves the old subgroups (Newlands' columns) that were a feature of all short forms, although M&M would then have been described as a 'medium form' (14 groups) in contrast to Mendeleyev's 'short form' (8 groups) or Werner's 'long form' (32 groups). M&M naturally continues the grouping of the lanthanoids/actinoids whose initial four groups were also included in 'short form' tables.
The logic of the arrangement of the s-elements is a new feature. It recognizes the chemical subgroups of hydrogen, viz. the alkali metals and the halogens, and of helium, viz. the alkaline earth metals and the inert gases. It is interesting to note that subgroups differ chemically from each other inversely as the azimuth, i.e. Li:F > Ca:Zn > La:Lu.
The whole idea is, of course, borrowed from Newlands. The group numbers are borrowed from valency but also from electronic structure in that the number of s, p, d, or f subgroups corresponds to the Pauli maximum for each. Finally, the mnemonic reflects that most elementary introduction to chemistry: alkalis turn Litmus blue.
From this start, the p-bloc is red, the transition elements yellow and the "rare earth" elements green, as argued in the M&M paper. The numbering of groups I - XIV is unambiguous, it is less than IUPAC's arbitrary 18 groups, it preserves subgroups and satisfactorily accommodates hydrogen and the lanthanoids/actinoids.
As required by Leigh (2009), this table is clear, simple and brief.
GJ Leigh "Periodic Tables and IUPAC" Chemistry International 2009, 31: 4-6. EG Marks & JA Marks "Newlands Revisited: a periodic table for chemists" Foundations of Chemistry 2010, 12: 85-93. F Meyers "From the Editor" Chemistry International 2009, 31:1-2.
© Mark R. Leach 1999-
Queries, Suggestions, Bugs, Errors, Typos...
If you have any:
This free, open access web book is an ongoing project and your input is appreciated. | https://meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=673 |
Sophia & Ron Und Mammilein - Das Leben Mit Dir. album mp3
Atmen gibt das Leben (Breathing Gives Life), is a choral opera with orchestra by Karlheinz Stockhausen, written in 1974 and expanded in 1976–77. It is Number 39 in the catalogue of the composer's works, and lasts about 50 minutes in performance. The first part of Atmen gibt das Leben was composed for a cappella choir during a composition seminar on 1 February 1974.
Album: Das Leben Mit Dir. Musician: Sophia + Ron + Mammilein. 2245 downloads at 19 mb/s. 1. Das Leben Mit Dir (Und Mammilein). 2. Das Leben Mit Dir (Ohne Mammilein).
This album has an average beat per minute of BPM (slowest/fastest tempos:, BPM). See its BPM profile at the bottom of the page. Tracklist Leben mit Dir. Hello Again. BPM Profile Leben mit Dir. Album starts at BPM, ends at BPM (+0), with tempos within the -BPM range. Try refreshing the page if dots are missing). Recent albums by Howard Carpendale. Wenn nicht wir. 2017.
Released by 2 Lane Records in 2017 containing music from Mein Blind Date mit dem Leben (2017). My Way (Jesper Munk). Total Album Time: 48:09.
On this page you can listen to the album, get information about the album, see the list of songs and much more. Listen online and stay in a good mood. Org Album: Wenn man das Leben liebt (2018).
Alex De. Echte Gefühle. | https://music.phoenixrisingmusic.net/162547/sophiaron-und-mammilein-das-leben-mit-dir-download-album-mp3.html |
There has been much discussion regarding Qualified Opportunity Zones (“QOZ”), the tax benefits of investing in a QOZ and how it should fit into a strategy of minimizing taxes on long term capital gains. This newsletter will provide an overview as to the rules governing QOZ and some practical considerations regarding investing in QOZ.
BACKGROUND:
As a result of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) passed in late 2017, a taxpayer may elect to recognize certain tax deferrals and exclusions on the gain realized from the sale or exchange of property to an unrelated party if the gain is reinvested in a qualified opportunity zone fund within 180 days from the date of the sale or exchange and the gain remains invested for a defined period of time.
Opportunity zones are eligible low-income census tracts that had either poverty rates of at least 20 percent or median family incomes no greater than 80 percent of their surrounding area’s, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2011-2015 American Community Survey. Such tracts have been nominated by governors and certified by the U.S. Department of Treasury for designation as an Opportunity Zone. There are over 8,700 such tracts located throughout the United States.
A qualified opportunity fund (“QOF”) is the vehicle to which gains must be invested in order to qualify for the tax benefits of the program. In order to achieve the tax benefits, the taxpayer must invest in a QOF and not directly into qualified opportunity zone property. A QOF is a corporation or partnership organized with the specific purpose of investing in opportunity zone assets. The entity must invest at least 90% of its assets in qualified opportunity zone property.
Qualified opportunity zone property can be in the form of direct ownership of business property, or into opportunity zone portfolio companies through either stock ownership or partnership interest. Certain businesses are precluded for consideration as property to be held by opportunity zone portfolio companies and these include golf courses, country clubs, massage parlors, tanning salons, hot tub facilities, racetracks, casinos or any other gambling establishment and liquor stores. These limitations do not apply when a QOF is investing into the Qualified Opportunity Zone directly.
Upon the investment of qualified gains, the basis in the capital gains will be zero. The gain will then be recognized into income on the earliest of the disposition of the opportunity zone property or December 31, 2026. If the QOF is held five years, then the taxpayer’s basis is increased by 10% of the original gain and then it is increased another 5% if held for another two years. If the QOF is held at least ten years, then all gains attributable to the appreciation on the original gain will be excluded from income.
BENEFITS:
There are numerous tax benefits attributable to the timely investment of capital gains into a QOF.
- Deferral of tax on invested capital gains until December 31, 2026, at the latest;
- Permanent exclusion of tax on capital gains of up to 15% if held for seven years, and;
- Permanent exclusion of tax on any subsequent appreciation on the invested capital gains if held for more than ten years.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS:
There are other advantages to investing in a QOF that make it a more flexible option to Section 1031 as a means to shelter capital gains:
- As opposed to Section 1031, which requires the investment of the full proceeds in order to qualify for temporary tax deferral on gains, only the gain portion of the proceeds needs to be invested, freeing up cash at the time of the original sale of capital assets.
- Investment in a QOF can provide permanent exclusion of tax on a portion of capital gains; Section 1031 transactions will only provide for deferral of tax on capital gains.
- As opposed to Section 1031, which requires the investment of proceeds into like kind assets, the only requirement for a QOF is that the gains are invested into opportunity zone assets. For example, if a work of art is sold at a gain, then the gain can be invested in a different class of asset such as real estate.
- It should be noted that as a result of the TCJA, the use of Section 1031 is now limited to real estate assets and no longer other types of capital assets.
While there are significant benefits to investing in opportunity zone funds, there are certain caveats that need to be considered:
- If the investment has not been disposed of sooner, the invested gain will be recognized in income at December 31, 2026. This means that the taxpayer will need to provide liquidity for this event while the gain is still locked up in the investment.
- To achieve the 15% permanent exclusion on the original gain, there must be a rollover of the gain no later than December 31, 2019 in order to achieve the 7 year holding period for this exclusion.
- To maximize the tax benefits attributable to this program, the strategy is to lock up the invested gains for a period of ten years. This could result in a lower IRR over the life of the project.
- Although the census data used to designate tracts as opportunity zones is dated and there may be some areas that have gone through improvement, there can still be a higher risk attributable to investing in areas that are opportunity zones.
- An investor may not contribute appreciated property directly into the QOF. Such property must be first sold (and begin the clock running for the recognition of a portion of the gain) and the amount attributable to the gain invested into the fund.
- The regulations impose limitations on the amount of cash and intangible assets that can be held at any time by an opportunity zone fund. This limitation can be mitigated through a structure where the QOF invests into an opportunity zone portfolio company (either through stock ownership or partnership interest). Under this structure, the portfolio company can hold intangible assets that are used in an active trade or business and cash in an amount for reasonable working capital needs.
- The investment in opportunity zone funds should be evaluated on the overall economics of the fund and its strategy, and there should not be disproportional weight given to the tax deferral/exclusion feature of the program as the basis for investing in the opportunity zone.
This newsletter is meant as a broad overview on Qualified Opportunity Zones. There are many other details concerning the structure of funds, limitations on the type of assets that can be held by a QOF, determination of original use and subsequent improvements, etc. CFO Consulting Partners has been following developments in this area and we stand ready to provide you with guidance in navigating through this new and challenging area. In addition to helping you understand the details and advising you if this program can fit into your investment strategy, we also have relationships with various sponsors and service providers who can offer you opportunities with various funds that they have established. We also have relationships with law firms who can evaluate that the funds are structured in accordance with Treasury regulations.
CFO Consulting Partners is a proud sponsor of the Exit Planning Exchange (XPX). XPX is a multi-disciplinary community of professional advisors who work collaboratively to help owners build a valuable business and assist them in preparing and executing a successful transition.
CFO Consulting Partners XPX Advisors: | https://cfoconsultingpartners.com/newsletter-june-2019/ |
The corals are dying! They’re bleaching in over-warm waters! Why does this happen? Well, corals are actually animals that live in the rocky structures that they make, and they have a symbiotic relationship with tiny, colorful algae called zooxanthellae that live in their “stomach lining”. When corals are stressed, they kick out these algae and the corals look white. Beyond looking creepy, coral bleaching is also really dangerous for the corals because the zooxanthellae provide much of the nutrients that their hosts need by acting like an extra digestive system. Just like plants, these algae photosynthesize sugars and nutrients from carbon dioxide and sunlight, making food for the corals in exchange for protection (NOAA, 2020).
However, the zooxanthellae are not the only place a coral can get food. Corals are mixotrophs, similar to human omnivores, and can change their reliance on various forms of food based on changes in resource availability. Corals can eat tiny plankton and can also absorb inorganic nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the water to supplement their diet. This ability to take advantage of multiple food sources makes corals flexible and adaptable to many environments, but very little research has been done on the non-zooxanthellae aspect of a coral’s diet in a real-world setting. A recent paper by Fox et al. (2018) used new techniques to model food availability and determine the proportion of nutrition that came from various sources in a particular coral population in the Southern Pacific.
The researchers used an island archipelago as a case study upon which they could test their methods and then extrapolate their findings to other coral reefs around the globe. The crux of their analysis was to collect corals, separate them from their endosymbiont algae, and compare the isotope signatures of carbon and nitrogen in these samples to the surrounding water’s nutrient concentrations. If the isotope signatures of the coral were more similar to one food source, then it was assumed that the coral was relying more on that one food source for its diet.
Further, they looked at satellite data of the amount of chlorophyll in the water as a proxy for plankton, and verified these approximations with more water samples (Fox et al., 2018). Higher levels of nutrients and sunlight allows for more growth, so chlorophyll levels make a good estimate of the productivity of different areas and depths of the ocean. The researchers found that increasing levels of chlorophyll were associated with higher levels of non-algae-based nutrition. On the flip side, the isotope signatures of the algae and their corals matched more in areas where chlorophyll, and therefore plankton, levels were lower, like in deep water farther from the equator (Fox et al., 2018; Wiedenmann & D’Angelo, 2018). What this means is that the corals eat the food that’s abundant in their environment, and maybe fall back on their symbiotic relationship in areas where there’s less “other food” (Fox et al., 2018).
In sum, these results support the idea that corals increase their intake of plankton intentionally in environments where they are more available. This may not seem like a stunning finding, because this is exactly how snacking works for humans too - if there’s a box of donuts available, I’ll choose that over the sandwich I brought from home. But, this was the first study showing a direct link between trophic strategy and location-specific primary production for corals. Potentially more important, it also showed that use of satellite data for estimating chlorophyll is a good predictor for what corals are eating and can be applied to any region.
It’s crazy to think that we can tell, or at least predict, what animals are eating from hundreds of miles away – here, corals chowing down on carb-rich plankton! This will become increasingly important in predicting the ability of corals to recover from bleaching as temperatures change, nutrient gradients change, and ocean levels rise because reliance on zooxanthellae may be detrimental to survival. This study offers an amazing way to study itty-bitty creatures with satellites, uses one archipelago to successfully extrapolate findings to multiple reefs around the world, and shows the power of publically-available data to do fundamental research on ecological trends thousands of miles away.
References: | https://www.thenatphil.com/post/satellites-sandwiches-and-seas-coral-satellite-food |
This invention is in the field of liquid coating devices for forming a uniform coating of a coatable composition on a workpiece, such as a semiconductor wafer. More specifically, this invention relates to improvements in coating thickness uniformity by compensating for variations in barometric pressure.
In the process of fabricating microelectronic devices such as semiconductor integrated circuits, certain steps typically must be limited to well-defined regions of the semiconductor wafer. These regions must be precisely delimited and the other areas of the wafer must be protected from the action of a particular fabrication step.
Photolithography is a common method of selectively protecting areas of a wafer. According to this approach, a coating of photosensitive photoresist is first layered on the wafer. One method of applying the photoresist coating is spin processing. A spin coater is used for this purpose. The spin coater places a suitable quantity, typically 1 ml to 4 ml, of photoresist in the center of a wafer spinning at an initial rotational speed, e.g., 1000 rpm to 1500 rpm. At some point after the photoresist is placed on the wafer, the rotational speed of the wafer is ramped up to a final spin speed. Typically, the wafer is spun by a chuck to which the wafer is attached by vacuum suction or the like. Centrifugal force causes the photoresist to spread out over the surface of the spinning wafer.
After the photoresist coating is layered on the wafer, it is exposed to light through a photomask. The photomask is formed of a thin metal film or the like having a desired pattern that selectively allows light to pass through the mask and expose the photoresist coating. If the photoresist is of a so-called negative type, the exposed photoresist coating is developed by dissolving and washing away the unexposed regions. If the photoresist is of a so-called positive type, the exposed photoresist coating is developed by dissolving and washing away the exposed regions. In both types of photolithography, the remaining photoresist forms the protective mask on the wafer.
In photolithography processing, it is important to maintain a uniform photoresist coating thickness. To form high-quality semiconductors, not only should the photoresist coating be uniform throughout the entire surface of a single wafer (referred to herein as xe2x80x9cintra-wafer uniformityxe2x80x9d), the photoresist coating also should be uniform from wafer to wafer (referred to herein as xe2x80x9cwafer-to-wafer uniformityxe2x80x9d or simply xe2x80x9cuniformityxe2x80x9d). It is known that the thickness of a photoresist coating depends on many factors including viscosity and temperature of the photoresist solution, spin speed, bake temperature, bake time, bake pressure, process timing delays, spin acceleration, air velocity, humidity, temperature, and pump parameters.
Previous efforts at increasing coating thickness uniformity focused on the temperature and humidity factors because these factors have a significant impact on coating thickness and can be directly controlled in a relatively inexpensive, straightforward manner. For example, to directly control the effects of temperature and humidity, processing can be carried out in an environmental chamber in which the temperature and humidity are maintained at pre-selected, constant levels so that the uniformity variations due to temperature and humidity are avoided.
In addition to directly controlling the temperature and humidity, another approach is to measure the temperature or humidity and then control a different process parameter such as the spin speed, the temperature of the photoresist, and/or the temperature of the wafer in order to achieve uniformity and compensate for temperature and humidity variations. Such an indirect approach is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,362 (1992) issued to Iwatsu et al. The approach described in Iwatsu involves measuring the temperature and/or the humidity, and then adjusting the spin speed, the temperature of the photoresist, and/or the temperature of the wafer in response to the measured temperature and/or humidity.
The problem with controlling, or compensating for, temperature and/or humidity is that there is an inherent limit to the level of uniformity that is attainable by relying on only these two inputs. As tolerances for circuits manufactured upon semiconductor wafers become more demanding, other factors must be addressed to achieve greater levels of photoresist thickness uniformity.
An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid coating device and method which can form coatings having a uniform thickness from substrate to substrate and is inexpensive.
Effects from factors other than temperature and humidity perhaps could have remained unappreciated and have been safely ignored when photoresist coating tolerances were less demanding. But as semiconductor devices have become increasingly complex and tolerances more demanding, these once-ignored factors must be accounted for in order to achieve greater photoresist thickness uniformity. One especially important factor is the barometric pressure of the processing environment. Barometric pressure and coating thickness are inversely related. If the barometric pressure of the processing environment is relatively high, then the resulting coating will be thinner than desired. Likewise, if the barometric pressure of the processing environment is relatively low, then the resulting coating will be thicker than desired. Therefore, by compensating for barometric pressure variations, more demanding thickness uniformity tolerances can be achieved.
Accordingly, this invention relates to a system for coating a coatable composition on a workpiece that addresses the non-uniformities introduced by variations in the barometric pressure of the processing environment in order to achieve a greater degree of coating uniformity.
Addressing the effects from barometric pressure variations is different, however, than addressing the effects from temperature and humidity variations. There are relatively inexpensive and straightforward methods of directly controlling temperature and humidity, e.g., using an environmental chamber to maintain a constant temperature and humidity during processing. However, it is more expensive and difficult to directly set the barometric pressure at a constant, consistent level. Therefore, an indirect method of compensating for the effects of barometric pressure is preferable.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention discloses an indirect approach for compensating for the effects of barometric pressure on coating thickness uniformity in coating operations. Specifically, at least one thickness-affecting process parameter is adjusted to compensate for variations in the barometric pressure during coating of a coatable composition onto a workpiece, thereby obtaining a more uniform coating thickness. For example, it is known that a number of controllable process parameters such as coating speed, spin speed of the workpiece in the context of spin coating, photoresist temperature, environmental temperature, relative humidity, and workpiece temperature can have an effect upon photoresist coating thickness. If the measured barometric pressure suggests that the coating thickness might end up too thick, one or more of such process parameters or the like can be adjusted in a manner tending to decrease coating thickness so as to compensate for barometric pressure effects. Conversely, if the measured barometric pressure suggests that the coating thickness might end up too thin, one or more process parameters or the like can be adjusted in a manner tending to increase coating thickness so as to compensate for barometric pressure effects.
One or more process parameters may be controllably adjusted in order to compensate for barometric pressure effects. Generally, choosing the number of parameters to adjust depends upon the parameters at issue. Some parameters provide excellent adjustment results when controlled singly, whereas others might tend to provide the best results when controlled in concert with other parameters. For instance, spin speed is a process parameter that can be controlled singly in order to compensate for barometric pressure effects while holding other process parameters substantially constant. On the other hand, parameters such as the composition temperature, the workpiece temperature, and the surrounding chamber temperature are advantageously adjusted as a trio in concerted fashion in order to compensate for barometric pressure effects.
In a particularly preferred implementation of this approach, a correlation between coating thickness and barometric pressure can be determined as a function of a parameter, such as spin speed for example, while holding temperature, humidity, and/or other controllable process parameters at convenient, constant values. Coating would then be carried out at those constant values at a particular spin speed effective to achieve the desired thickness for the currently measured barometric pressure. This embodiment involves spin speed as the process parameter to be controllably adjusted, but any of the other controllable parameters could have been chosen for this role as well.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to a liquid coating device for coating a fluid composition on a surface of a workpiece to form a coating. The device comprises processing chamber including a coating enclosure within which the workpiece is supported during coating operations. A pressure communicative conduit operatively couples a pressure sensor to the interior of the coating enclosure such that a pressure signal generated by the pressure sensor is indicative of the pressure inside the coating enclosure. A control system is coupled to the sensor and adapted to control at least one thickness-affecting process parameter via an output control signal. The control system comprises componentry that enables the control system to derive the output control signal from information comprising the generated pressure signal.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of coating a workpiece with a fluid composition thereby forming a coating on a surface of the workpiece. Specifically, the method involves the steps of positioning the workpiece inside a coating enclosure. An exteriorly positioned pressure sensor is operatively coupled to the interior of the coating enclosure via a pressure communicative conduit in a manner such that a pressure signal generated by the pressure sensor is indicative of the pressure inside the coating enclosure. A process coating parameter is then adjusted to a setting corresponding to the desired coating thickness, wherein the setting is determined from information comprising the generated pressure signal. The workpiece surface is then coated with the fluid composition, wherein at least a portion of the coating step occurs while the process coating parameter is at said setting.
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Every community has some way of monitoring where their operations stand compared to what their expectations are. Many communities will conduct mock surveys, or use Quality Assurance Performance and Improvement (QAPI) activities to identify areas that need to be improved within their facility. Both practices require the facility to approach their community with fresh eyes and look for items that do not comply with current regulations, or identify ineffective processes that cause excess problems. As senior living communities focus on patient-centered care, it is imperative that each community maximizes the amount of time and personal attention given to each resident.
So where should senior living communities focus their efforts in order to improve the care given to each resident?
1. Gain a fresh perspective on regulatory compliance.
Often, communities become so used to performing a task in a particular way that they no longer can process doing it any other way. During an operational assessment, consultants will review observed processes as they compare to the industry standard, often finding improvements in efficiency and cost while making sure that each process meets regulatory compliance.
2. Make sure you're adhering to program best practices.
During an operational assessment, consultants will review the programs that the facility has established and will make sure they are followed, both through procedure and documentation.
Many times, communities can save money and time, in the long run, by updating equipment or implementing other cost-saving strategies.
4. Establish training programs that are effective and ongoing.
Consultants will review training programs implemented for staff and ensure that the training is effective and executed appropriately. One of the biggest problem areas for communities is implementing consistent training programs.
5. Gain the expertise of an unbiased opinion.
An unbiased consultant, professional in the field who is not familiar with the community, will approach the operational assessment in a different manner than an employee that is conducting a mock survey. Consultants are not familiar with "why" behind the reason you established certain programs within your community, but they will bring their own experiences to the community, and most often a better more effective way of conducting your programs.
6. Develop staffing strategies that work.
Consultants are trained to look at staffing patterns and help the community make decisions on changes that may be needed. There are times when a senior living community may be understaffed or overstaffed, based on position and job duty expectations. No community is exactly like another; use an operational assessment to evaluate your employees work loads.
7. Gain a unique perspective in all specialized areas of operations.
Consultants are specialized in different fields and are able to conduct a thorough assessment of all processes within your community.
8. See how you stack up against the local competition.
Use an operational assessment to see how your community compares to the local competition, as well as how your community stacks up in comparison to the industry standard. Every community is in competition to fill their beds. What advantage have you established over your competition?
9. Elect to focus only on areas of operations that are high priority for you.
Operational assessments can be adjusted to meet your needs. You can request a full operational assessment to evaluate the entire community, or you can request an assessment that focuses on your specific areas of concern.
10. Elect to focus only on under performing areas of operations.
While we all want to think of ourselves as knowledgeable in all aspects of our business, there are certain areas where we have more knowledge than others. Use an operational assessment to identify areas that are not operating as well as you think.
11. Implement employee training or staff development activities.
Instead of letting go of a long-tenured manager, use an operational assessment to identify areas of weakness so that a plan can be drafted to improve or help your manager overcome his or her weaknesses. LW Consulting, Inc. offers training programs for nursing staff, as well as mentoring programs for management working in housekeeping and laundry, or dining services.
Operating outside of regulatory compliance which could cause harm, deficiencies, and fines.
Using programs that have become outdated and are not as efficient as more modern established programs.
Adhering to training systems that may not be as developed as they could be.
Completing inspections that are no longer needed, wasting valuable time that could go towards resident care.
Using outdated equipment that unnecessarily wastes time and consumes a large percentage of your budget.
Ready to reap the benefits of an operational assessment? Contact LW Consulting, Inc. today to see how we can tailor an operational assessment to your specific needs. | https://www.lw-consult.com/resources/11-reasons-your-senior-living-community-should-perform-an-operational-assessment |
The COVID-19 pandemic has hit the new-construction market hard and swift, which has impacted lumber demand, prices and capacity. Housing starts data for March was so dire, in fact, that it marks the largest month-over-month (MoM) percentage decrease in starts since March 1984.
Privately-owned housing starts were down 22.3 percent in March to a seasonally adjusted annual rate (SAAR) of 1.216 million units. Single-family starts decreased 17.5 percent to a rate of 856,000 units while starts for the volatile multi-family housing segment plunged 31.7 percent to a rate of 360,000 units.
Mill curtailments are still in place across the continent as the lumber industry, like many other industries, has made adjustments to the “new normal.”
Southern Yellow Pine:
Southern yellow pine (SYP) lumber prices made a surprising comeback in mid-April. Forest2Market’s composite SYP lumber price for the week ending April 17 (week 16) was $358/MBF, a 5.9% increase from the previous week’s price of $338/MBF, but a 10.7% decrease from the same week in 2019.
Forest2Market Roundtable Discussion on the State of the Lumber Industry in the US South
It's difficult to tell where prices will settle as the market rebalances to account for the uncertainty and lumber manufacturers begin to align production with the dramatic shift in market conditions. However, we expect the related economic data to get worse in the near term before it gets better.
“April will likely be a lot worse -- it took until mid-March or even later for many states to tighten restrictions, and there’s a real possibility that many builders fast-tracked what they could in those early weeks before bowing to reality,” Zillow economist Matthew Speakman said in a statement. “With so much uncertainty across the economy, and the outlook not yet getting any clearer, it’s unlikely that builder activity will revert to anything close to ‘normal’ levels any time soon.”
While North American lumber prices will moderate in the coming weeks, the scheduled decreases in production will likely limit the downside price pressure that will be driven by slack demand as manufacturers draw down their inventories. We’re still very much in a “holding pattern” due to the prevailing sense of uncertainty surrounding global markets, politics and daily life. | https://www.forest2market.com/blog/update-north-american-lumber-market-adjusts-in-april |
This is “Shifting the DD Curve”, section 9.3 from the book Policy and Theory of International Finance (v. 1.0). For details on it (including licensing), click here.
This book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 license. See the license for more details, but that basically means you can share this book as long as you credit the author (but see below), don't make money from it, and do make it available to everyone else under the same terms.
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The DD curve depicts the relationship between changes in one exogenous variable and one endogenous variable within the goods and services (G&S) market model. The exogenous variable assumed to change is the exchange rate. The endogenous variable affected is the gross national product (GNP). At all points along the DD curve, it is assumed that all other exogenous variables remain fixed at their original values.
The DD curve will shift, however, if there is a change in any of the other exogenous variables. We illustrate how this works in Figure 9.3 "DD Curve Effects from a Decrease in Investment Demand". Here, we assume that the level of investment demand in the economy falls from its initial level I1 to a lower level I2.
At the initial investment level (I1) and initial exchange rate (E$/£1) the AD curve is given by AD(…, E$/£1, I1, …). The AD curve intersects the forty-five-degree line at point G, which is transferred to point G on the DD curve below. If the investment level and all other exogenous variables remain fixed while the exchange rate increases to E$/£2, then the AD curve shifts up to AD(…, E$/£2, I1, …), generating the equilibrium points H in both diagrams. This exercise plots out the initial DD curve labeled DD|I1 in the lower diagram connecting points G and H. DD|I1 is read as “the DD curve given that I = I1.”
Figure 9.3 DD Curve Effects from a Decrease in Investment Demand
Now, suppose I falls to I2. The reduction in I leads to a reduction in AD, ceteris paribus. At the exchange rate E$/£1, the AD curve will shift down to AD(…, E$/£1, I2, …), intersecting the forty-five-degree line at point K. Point K above, which corresponds to the combination (E$/£1, I2), is transferred to point K on the lower diagram. This point lies on a new DD curve because a second exogenous variable, namely I, has changed. If we maintain the investment level at I2 and change the exchange rate up to E$/£2, the equilibrium will shift to point L (shown only on the lower diagram), plotting out a whole new DD curve. This DD curve is labeled D′D′|I2, which means “the DD curve given is I = I2.”
The effect of a decrease in investment demand is to lower aggregate demand and shift the DD curve to the left. Indeed, a change in any exogenous variable that reduces aggregate demand, except the exchange rate, will cause the DD curve to shift to the left. Likewise, any change in an exogenous variable that causes an increase in aggregate demand will cause the DD curve to shift right. An exchange rate change will not shift DD because its effect is accounted for by the DD curve itself. Note that curves or lines can shift only when a variable that is not plotted on the axis changes.
The following table presents a list of all variables that can shift the DD curve right and left. The up arrow indicates an increase in the variable, and the down arrow indicates a decrease.
|DD right-shifters||↑G ↑I ↓T ↑TR ↓P$ ↑P£|
|DD left-shifters||↓G ↓I ↑T ↓TR ↑P$ ↓P£|
Refer to Chapter 8 "National Output Determination" for a complete description of how and why each variable affects aggregate demand. For easy reference, recall that G is government demand, I is investment demand, T refers to tax revenues, TR is government transfer payments, P$ is the U.S. price level, and P£ is the foreign British price level.
Identify whether the DD curve shifts in response to each of the following changes. Indicate whether the curve shifts up, down, left, or right. Possible answers are DD right, DD left, or neither. | https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/policy-and-theory-of-international-finance/s12-03-shifting-the-dd-curve.html |
y is the n-by-1 response vector, and n is the number of observations.
X is an n-by-p fixed-effects design matrix.
β is a p-by-1 fixed-effects vector.
Z is an n-by-q random-effects design matrix.
b is a q-by-1 random-effects vector.
ε is the n-by-1 observation error vector.
where D is a symmetric and positive semidefinite matrix, parameterized by a variance component vector θ, I is an n-by-n identity matrix, and σ2 is the error variance.
In this model, the parameters to estimate are the fixed-effects coefficients β, and the variance components θ and σ2. The two most commonly used approaches to parameter estimation in linear mixed-effects models are maximum likelihood and restricted maximum likelihood methods.
The maximum likelihood estimation includes both regression coefficients and the variance components, that is, both fixed-effects and random-effects terms in the likelihood function.
P(y|β,θ,σ2) is first maximized with respect to β and σ2 for a given θ. Thus the optimized solutions β^(θ) and σ^2(θ)are obtained as functions of θ. Substituting these solutions into the likelihood function produces P(y|β^(θ),θ,σ^2(θ)). This expression is called a profiled likelihood where β and σ2 have been profiled out. P(y|β^(θ),θ,σ^2(θ)) is a function of θ, and the algorithm then optimizes it with respect to θ. Once it finds the optimal estimate of θ, the estimates of β and σ2 are given by β^(θ) and σ^2(θ).
The ML method treats β as fixed but unknown quantities when the variance components are estimated, but does not take into account the degrees of freedom lost by estimating the fixed effects. This causes ML estimates to be biased with smaller variances. However, one advantage of ML over REML is that it is possible to compare two models in terms of their fixed- and random-effects terms. On the other hand, if you use REML to estimate the parameters, you can only compare two models, that are nested in their random-effects terms, with the same fixed-effects design.
REML accounts for the degrees of freedom lost by estimating the fixed effects, and makes a less biased estimation of random effects variances. The estimates of θ and σ2 are invariant to the value of β and less sensitive to outliers in the data compared to ML estimates. However, if you use REML to estimate the parameters, you can only compare two models that have the identical fixed-effects design matrices and are nested in their random-effects terms.
Pinherio, J. C., and D. M. Bates. Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS. Statistics and Computing Series, Springer, 2004.
Hariharan, S. and J. H. Rogers. “Estimation Procedures for Hierarchical Linear Models.” Multilevel Modeling of Educational Data (A. A. Connell and D. B. McCoach, eds.). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc., 2008.
Raudenbush, S. W. and A. S. Bryk. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2002.
Hox, J. Multilevel Analysis, Techniques and Applications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 2002.
Snidjers, T. and R. Bosker. Multilevel Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999.
McCulloch, C.E., R. S. Shayle, and J. M. Neuhaus. Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models. Wiley, 2008. | https://nl.mathworks.com/help/stats/estimating-parameters-in-linear-mixed-effects-models.html |
So, the devs have said that evocations are supposed to extend beyond what native charms can do, but on the other hand evocations need to fit the themes of an artifact's magical material, and the themes of each magical material are extremely close to those of the exalted that are encouraged to use that material the most. How does one distinguish which effects to make charms for a type of exalted and which to make evocations of an artifact of their corresponding magical material?
I'd say to stop there and question that assumption. The themes of each magical material are one source of evocations, but not the only one. An artifact's history and general nature are both just as important sources for evocation ideas. For example, check out the Frost-Thorn Knuckles in Arms of the Chosen. They're moonsilver, but a lot of their evocations are based around ice and general survival in cold climates, neither of which are really noted as moonsilver themes. But they work, because of the artifact's nature and history, which involve magical ice and hunting in arctic terrain, and the Frost-Thorn Knuckles themselves make sense as moonsilver because they were crafted by a Lunar, and have strong animalistic affinities, even if they don't particularly express that in their evocations.
and the themes of each magical material are extremely close to those of the exalted that are encouraged to use that material the most.
And that's the other assumption I'd challenge. The magical materials certainly have overlaps with the Exalted types who resonate with them. But I would disagree that they're "extremely close". Take orichalcum, for example - while several of its affinities certainly mimic Solar tricks, others don't. It lists "light and shadow", for example (emphasis mine). Light is certainly within the Solars' wheelhouse, but shadow isn't so much. At best, Night castes with Stealth can hide in shadow. But they probably couldn't create an effect that created shadows, whereas I could totally see an orichalcum lamp that could either brightly illuminate a room, or absorb all light into itself, plunging the whole area into darkness. Or could create animated shadow-puppets! And orichalcum mentions being able to "harness forceful, vibrant, or energetic natural phenomena", which is generally going to be outside the Solar charmset, I'd say.
How does one distinguish which effects to make charms for a type of exalted and which to make evocations of an artifact of their corresponding magical material?
As I referred to above, I'd start with the places that the affinity list doesn't overlap with the Exalted's themes, which I think occurs in all of the magical materials. Also, don't be afraid to explore "like the Exalt type in question, but even better" - a Solar can be a deadly swordswoman with any blade she picks up, but a particularly dangerous one with her cherished daiklave that she treats as an extension of her soul.
"Like the Exalt type in question, but even better" can especially be true of Jade. Resonant effects are supposed to be close to solar tier, so Jade weapons are a big source of a dragon blooded's strongest powers. Orichalcum too, since solars can use everything equally well and there needs to be some incentive for them to use Orichalcum, because it is true that by using your own material, you sacrifice some of that extension of themes for power. For most exalts, it a bit of a trade off.
That might be why starmetal is one of the more versatile of the materials, now I think about it, since sidereals are crippled more by branching out than other exalted.
One factor to keep in mind with regard to the question of whether a particular effect should be a Charm or an Evocation is, "does it make sense for the Exalt to be using it without the Artifact?"
If yes, then it's probably a native Charm*; if no, it's an Evocation.
*Exceptions can exist, though none have presently been written.
I think this might be the best explaination of evocations I’ve seen.
Somethings else that I might add though are that evocations tend to be very closely tied to a theme, and very self contained and specialized, where a lot of native charms are very general. Like take Volcano Cutter and it’s crazy volcano seeding suite, for instance.
Also it seems obvious but a lot of the power of evocations is focused on the weapon itself and its legend. Like an oricalcum grimcleaver might have the amazing ability to store a miniature sun within it, and have the power with its final evocation to fully open it up and release it into the sky. Throwing a new sun into the sky temporarily isn’t really an extension of solar themes of human excellence, and stretches a bit far on their themes of sun-fire, but either way you wouldn’t have a charm that lets you store a sun in your axe without that axe being very special itself.
Last edited by DrLoveMonkey; 01-25-2019, 11:41 AM.
I'm not sure, but I'd like to know, for balancing purposes.
Has anyone done a comparison of the more straightforward evocations and similar Solar charms?
My Godspeed Vanguard's evocations seemed pretty powerful, but they were upgrades to Solar charms or combo'd with them anyway, and it was an Orichalcum Level 4 artefact.
Like my concept for the moonsilver Blood-Binding Ring.
Lunars will now have multiple methods of taking Heart's Blood from people without killing them, but their ability to leverage Heart's Blood against a living victim through Lunar Charms should be limited so that a Lunar character cannot Uncontestably Win Forever against a player character whose Heart's Blood she managed to steal.
But a ring can be lost, stolen, or destroyed as Lunar Charms cannot be, so an artifact ring can be allowed to give the Lunar additional power over her victims than her own Charms should ever be allowed.
Also, Kirke's Staff. Elder Lunar Exalted will have the power to transform others into beasts, but Kirke's Staff -- as something which can be lost, stolen, or destroyed -- justifies having an easier time of literally beating someone into a new shape.
Yes, but ...has anyone here really ever taken an artifact away from a player? Like, for good? If so, how much whining was there afterwards?
Doubtful. The choice of magic material doesn't pose a hard limitation on what an item can do, you can have an orichalcum reaper daiklave that creates storms because it's got an imprisoned storm demon. Nothing good comes from allowing people to make a better Volcano Cutter out of orichalcum.
I think it's also worth comparing Evocations in Arms of the Chosen to ones in What Fire Has Wrought.
I was talking about artifacts being used against PCs, not by PCs.
It's worth noting that there's a difference between Evocations with Resonant effects, and Evocations locked behind Solar Charms.
Speaking more generally on the topic. The magic material is one aspect of an item's Evocations and it's shape and story might ultimately prove bigger factors.
Personally speaking. I've got a system for Evocations that divides a bunch of interesting mechanical effects by appropriate weight/tags to create some initial character that I or the player can build upon.
i.e. a Direlance might have initial properties derived from how long it is (Reach) its ability to puncture armour (Piercing), it's applications when used on horseback or the fact it's pretty big even for an artifact weapon (Heavy, Two-Handed).
Now the magic material may already be influencing the trait I want to emphasise, the Earth themes of White Jade can work well with sheer weight. The patience associated with Earth Aspected Dragon-Blooded also compliments the Two-Handed tag. Clashes can be very powerful and worth the initiative cost of delaying your action in order to set up. Similarly a super reaching spear suggests manoeuvrability and flexibility but the idea of it literally being able to extend is Moonsilver as hell.
Working with Piercing/Impaling (yeah that’s a thing, core book page 203) is more material agnostic, it could be a ghostly lance tip phasing through someone’s armour or rupturing their defences with a surge of essence pressure.
Name is another important component of this. If I was creating a direlance on the fly for a player who didn’t have any idea what they wanted their artifact to do, I’d consult this random name generator here and see what it came up with.
A rule to keep in mind with random name generators, always Google a name before you make it a pivotal part of your character in case there’s baggage associated with it that you might have missed. Suffice to say; I’m not in a hurry to have one of my PCs wield the Corrupted Prick. I might have an NPC wield some tainted disease spreading direlance and add some levity to the situation by having them really not thinking their weapon name through.
So let’s work with Lightbringer, King’s Defender and Lament.
Let’s play Lightbringer straight and not tie it to a certain Fallen Angel. Good for the Good God, Smite the Evildoer and all that jazz. I might say its Piercing Attack reduces a Creature of Darkness’ soak by an extra -2, not huge but it it’s establishing what it’s here for.
King’s Defender is another one that’s advertising its purpose. Maybe it could let the wielder Clash on behalf of another person as a sort of combined delay/defend other?
Finally Lament doesn’t open itself to any obvious function. The name’s a bit morbid but its meaning depends on the wielder’s state of mind. The name on a weapon implies regret suggesting the creator didn’t want it to be wielded except in a last resort.
So let’s go with that. I’m thinking a discount on Delaying Actions by 1, suggesting a “speak softly and carry a big stick” approach that lets you measure the scene and give your allies a chance to defuse the situation before things escalate. Either because you genuinely don’t want to fight or because you’re the kind of assassin who doesn't want to get their clothes bloody.
That's obviously not how everyone should do it, just my approach.
Last edited by Lioness; 01-26-2019, 02:26 PM.
Suffice to say; I’m not in a hurry to have one of my PCs wield the Corrupted Prick.
Isn’t that exactly what Shockwave Technique is for though? | http://forum.theonyxpath.com/forum/main-category/exalted/1282574-evocations-vs-charms |
What are Civil Rights? Civil Rights refers to the positive acts governments take to protect against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government or individuals.
Slavery, Abolition, and Winning the Right to Vote (1800-1890) • Slavery and Congress • In 1808 Congress banned slave trade. • The South was heavily dependent on cheap slave labor. • The North was becoming industrial. • In 1820 Missouri applied for admission as a slave state. • Admission of Missouri as a slave state would have given the slave states a majority in the Senate and was strongly opposed in the North.
The Abolitionist Movement • Founded by William Lloyd Garrison, the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) reinvigorated the abolitionist movement. • Northern interest in emancipation, pushed by abolitionists, eroded relations between the North and South. • William Lloyd Garrison's Liberator was the voice of abolitionism, calling for immediate emancipation of the slaves.
Heightened Tensions (1850s) • In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin. • In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens of the United States. • Could not bring suits in federal court • Missouri Compromise ruled unconstitutional
Missouri Compromise (1820) • Allowed the admission of Missouri as a slave state along with the admission of Maine as a free state. • Balance of power was preserved but the conflict raged on.
The Civil War and Its Aftermath:Some Direct Causes for Conflict • Conflict over slavery (the Taney Court left little choice) • Conflict over nullification • North’s increasing strength in Congress • Southern agriculture v. Northern industry • Southern conservative culture v. Northern progressive ideas
Emancipation Proclamation (1863) • Abraham Lincoln, on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War, declared all "slaves within any State, or designated part of a State ... then ... in rebellion, ... shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free."
The Civil War Amendments • Thirteenth Amendment: banned all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude • FourteenthAmendment: guarantees equal protection of the laws and due process to all citizens • Fifteenth Amendment: specifically gives black men the right to vote • Shortly after ratification the Southern states devised ways around these amendments by passing laws (Black Codes) that restricted opportunities for black Americans.
Black Codes • Southern states passed laws (Black Codes) that prohibited black Americans from: • Voting, if illiterate • Sitting on juries • Or even appearing in public places • In direct response to the Civil Rights Laws and Thirteenth Amendment requiring ratification as a pre-condition for southern states to be readmitted to the union
Jim Crow Laws • During the years of Jim Crow, state laws mandated racial separation of many places, including: • schools • restaurants • hotels • public transportation • theatres • restrooms • Many Jim Crow Laws banned interracial marriages. • These laws remained in effect throughout the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.
Intent of the Fifteenth Amendment • To avoid the intent of the Fifteenth Amendment, Southerners moved to exclude African American voters with: • Poll taxes • Literacy tests • Whites-only primaries • Grandfather clauses
Sample Questions from a Literacy Test State of Louisiana One wrong answer denotes failure of the test. (10 min) • Draw a line around the number or letter of this sentence. • Draw a line under the last word in this line. • Cross out the longest word in this line. • Draw a line around the shortest word in this line. • Circle the first, first letter of the alphabet in this line. • In the space below draw three circles, one inside the other. • Above the letter X make a small cross. • Draw a line through the letter below that comes earliest in the alphabet. ZVSEDGMKYTPHC • Draw a line through the letter below that comes last in the alphabet. ZVSEDGMKYTPHC • In the space below write the word noise backwards and place a dot over what would be its second letter should it have been written forward. • Give your age in days.
Thirteenth Amendment • Banned Slavery • Black Codes immediately implemented to restrict opportunities • Civil Rights Act 1866 – • along with the Fourteenth Amendment to ensure full rights of citizenship specifically to “males”. • Provided an avenue for blacks to file discrimination suits in the Federal Courts and by-pass the state courts
After Fourteenth Amendment • Civil Rights Act of 1875 – equal access to public accommodations such as theatres, restaurants, transportation, etc. • Jim Crow Laws implemented – requires segregation in public schools and facilities like railroads, restaurants and theatres • The Civil Rights Cases (1883) – convictions of those violating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Many were overturned by SC • Supreme Court upholds Jim Crow Laws • Argued that private acts of discrimination are not unlawful
Women’s Rights Movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott founders • Support of William Lloyd Garrison – Abolitionist and publisher of the Liberator • Frederick Douglas – Orator and Journalist – North Star
The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) • Slavery was not the only practice that people began to question in the early years of America. Custom dictated that women not speak out in public and laws were constructed to make women second-class citizens. • The Seneca Convention gathered people from New York State who believed that all men and women should be given the same rights of citizenship.
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Women’s Movement • Women’s movement opposed the language extending voting rights only to “males”. • Fifteenth Amendment excludes mention of sex. • Led to the formation of the NWSA – started by Anthony and Stanton
Bradwell v Illinois – Myra Bradwell passes Illinois bar exam but is denied admission to the Illinois Bar • “The natural and proper timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits it for many of the occupations of civil life” • Minor v. Happersett – NWSA inspired • One of a series of test cases by women’s rights activists • Attempts to register to vote in St. Louis, MO • Court rules “voting is not a privilege of citizenship”
Progressive Era – Women’s Movement is Strengthened • Muller v. Oregon – State Law limiting women to 10 hour work days. (National Consumer’s League) • Employer convicted under new law • Law is upheld in Supreme Court • Fragile condition of women and their important role in child rearing is of ‘public interest’ • Brandeis Brief – used sociological data to win this case • NWSA departs from earlier notions of equality to argue for voting rights based on Muller • Nineteenth Amendment - women given right to vote under notion of ‘public interest’ decided in Muller (National Consumer’s League)
Organizations Form to Push for Equality • Key Women’s Groups • NAWSA(National American Women’s Suffrage Association – AWSA and NWSA merged • Temperance League – ban alcohol • National Consumers’ League – fought for 10 hour work days
Women are Allowed to Vote • Coalition of women’s groups secured the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment (1920) guaranteeing all women the right to vote. • Membership in NAWSA growing from 10,000 to 2 million members
2. The Push for Equality,1890-1954 • The Progressive Era (1889-1920) saw many reforms in: • Child labor laws • Monopolies • Prejudice • However, in what many call the Supreme Court’s darkest hour, the Court legitimized the principle of “separate but equal” in its ruling Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) • Homer Adolph Plessy (7/8ths white, 1/8th black) boarded a train in New Orleans and sat in the “whites only” car. • Plessy was arrested when he refused to sit in the “colored car.” • Plessy sued arguing that the Fourteenth Amendment made racial segregation illegal.
Separate But Equal Doctrine • The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy that the Louisiana law was constitutional and that separate but equalfacilities for blacks did not violatethe Equal Protection Clause. • The high-court Plessy ruling led to a profusion of Jim Crow laws. • By 1914 every Southern state had passed laws that created two separate societies--one black, the other white.
The Lone Dissenter in Plessy • Justice John Harlan showed foresight when he wrote: • “Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. In my opinion, the judgment this day rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case.”
NAACP • Formed in 1909 • Oswald Garrison Villard – founder • Jane Addams • Moorfield Storey – Pres.Bar Assoc. • W.E.B. Dubois – Niagra Movement • Group of educated black African Americans
Legal Defense Fund (LDF) of the NAACP • Formed in 1939 to pursue equality in the nation’s courts. • Led by Thurgood Marshall • First African American Supreme Court Justice (1967-1991)
Litigating For Equality • Brandeis type briefs using sociological data to support legal arguments • Targeted law schools – judges would be sympathetic and less threatening. • Supreme Court shifts focus from economic liberties to individual rights • Lloyd Gaines seeks admission to University of Missouri Law School(1936) • Court orders Missouri to admit or build
Litigating for Equality • NAACP targets Law Schools – judges would be sympathetic • Lloyd Gains – Graduate of Missouri all black college • Applies for admission to UofM Law School and denied • Court orders Missouri to admit or set up a law school just for him
Litigating for Equality • The NAACP set up a legal defense fund (LDF) in 1939 to pursue equality in the nation’s courts. • The Court ruled in Sweatt v. Painterthat it would be impossible for the State of Texas to provide an equal legal education in a separate setting.
Litigating for Equality • In 1950, the Court ruled in favor of Mr. Sweatt and forced the University of Texas Law School to admit him. • In Sweatt v. Painter the Supreme Court struck down the system of "separate but equal" in graduate school education and paved the way for the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Linda Carol Brown was not allowed to attend a school several blocks from her house because it was for white students. Instead, she had to walk several miles to the nearest all-black school. • LDF led by Marshall argued the unconstitutionality of Plessey
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • The NAACP argued that the intellectual, psychological, and financial damage that befell black Americans precluded any finding of equality under the separate but equal policy. • Doll Study – (Brandeis type approach)
Brown v. Board of Education(1954) Sixty-four years after the Plessy decision the Court struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas(1954) decision.
3. The Civil Rights Movement • The Brown v. Boarddecision sparked the development of the modern civil rights movement.
“With All Deliberate Speed:”School Desegregation After Brown • The Court struggled over a remedy. • A year later, in Brown II(1955),the Court ruled that segregated systems must be dismantled “with all deliberate speed.” • Federal district judges enforce
Cooper v. Aaron and Little Rock Central High School • School asks for two and half year delay in implementing Brown • Seen as an ‘evasive scheme’ • Courts rules that: • “no state legislator or executive or judicial officer can war against the Constitution without violating his undertaking to support it.”
The Triumph of Non-Violent Protest • In 1955, Rosa Parks challenged segregation in public transportation. • A new young preacher in Montgomery, Martin Luther King, Jr., was selected to lead the challenge against the segregated bus system. • After a year the boycott succeeded.
Non-Violent Protests • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated a nonviolent approach to forcing social change. King modeled his philosophy on that of Gandhi, who successfully employed the nonviolent approach in an Indian revolt against the British shortly after World War II.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Dr. King founded the SCLC in 1957. This group used non-violent means such as: • Freedom rides, sit-ins, and boycotts were used to open segregated lunch counters, waiting rooms, public swimming pools, and other public places. • Often local police attacked the peaceful protestors or chose not to defend them from attacking segregationists.
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College (1960) • Sit ins at local lunch counters at Woolworth’s • Led to more challenges of Jim Crow Laws • Brought attention of national news media
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Freedom Rides to force desegregation of bus stations • Increasing numbers of white college students from the North play a role • Marion Barry, John Lewis, Marian Wright Edelman (first leaders)
Birmingham, Alabama1963 • Stronghold of segregation • King launched massive nonviolent demonstrations • Police violence against protestors • Media images influence President John F. Kennedy to propose civil rights legislation • States legislatures in South would never repeal Jim Crow Laws
The March on Washington • In August 1963, more than 250,000 people marched peacefully in Washington, D.C. to show support for President Kennedy’s congressional motion banning discrimination in public places and accommodations. • Kennedy assassinated Nov. 22, 1963 in Dallas, TX
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: • Led by President Lyndon B. Johnson • Civil Rights top priority • Expanded to include housing, jobs, and equal opportunity issues • Filibuster led by Senator Strom Thurmond • Cloture invoked after eight weeks of filibuster
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: • Outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter registration. • Barred discrimination in public accommodation. • Authorized the U.S. Justice Department to initiate lawsuits to desegregate schools and public facilities. • Allowed the federal government to withhold funds from discriminatory state and local programs. • Prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. • Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to monitor and enforce bans on employment discrimination.
The Impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Southerners argued Civil Rights Act violated the Constitution giving unwarranted use of federal power to Congress • 1965 Supreme Court upholds act stating that Congress’s commerce power gives its actions legitimacy • A full decade after Brown, less than 1% of African American children in the South attended integrated schools. • Over time, these rulings and laws opened up numerous occupations to minorities and women. | https://www.slideserve.com/bono/civil-rights-powerpoint-ppt-presentation |
Are Delphiniums Dangerous To Dogs?
Delphinium. More commonly known as Larkspur, these flowering plants are highly poisonous and pose a great threat to both dogs and humans. While they can cause neuromuscular effects in our pawed pals, a small amount of the plant can kill a human
Are Delphiniums Petals Poisonous?
This toxic plant is dangerous, especially the younger parts of the plant. If consumed by humans, it will cause severe digestive issues, and if touched, it can cause severe skin irritation. All parts of the plant contain poisonous chemicals, including various diterpenoid alkaloids like methyllycaconitine
How Toxic Are Delphiniums?
Delphinium plants and seeds are very poisonous to both humans and animals and, if consumed, can lead to severe illness, paralyses and even death
Can You Eat Delphinium Flowers? | https://mrtsinc.com/how-toxic-are-delphiniums/ |
Ethics of care – with its emphasis on care instead of fairness, relationships instead of rules, conflicting responsibilities instead of competing rights, contextual and narrative thinking instead of formal and abstract thinking – originates in the empirical research of Carol Gilligan and her co-workers.
Many care ethicists, including Margaret Walker, Marian Barnes and Joan Tronto, have stressed the importance of doing empirical research into practices of care.
Practices of care
Without empirical research, ethics of care would not be able to do justice to the complexity, dynamics and emergent nature of care practices, the insights and practical wisdom of care professionals and the knowledge and the perspective of vulnerable and suffering human beings and their relatives. In empirical research, often-used care-ethical concepts as relationality, bodiliness, vulnerability and dependence, can become specified and grounded. In my empirical and theoretical research, I am interested in how to do empirical research into practices of care with the aim to contribute to empirically grounded care-ethical theories.
Empirical material
In order to elucidate the methodology and epistemology of empirically grounded ethics of care, we have to think about the relationships between the generation and analysis of empirical material, the development of theory, and ethical reflection. I am using the expression “empirical material”, adopted from Mats Alvesson and Dan Kärreman, to express the insight that what is often called “empirical data” is always co-constructed, generated by particular methods. Because of these methods, usually adopted from the social and behavioral sciences, and because of the fact that empirical material is always generated from (a segment of) social reality, empirical material is not without theory and concepts and not without morality and ethics. Discussions about grounded theory methodology (“emergence vs. forcing”) on the one hand and empirical bio-ethics (“no ought from is”) on the other hand are relevant, but in the end not satisfactory.
Practically proven “stepping stones”
Together with Andries Baart and Frans Vosman, I am developing a proposition regarding a way of doing research that aims at helping promote and strengthen good care. We think, and have partial proof from past research, that what is good in practices of care can be found inside practices of care and does not have to be brought-in from the outside (by principles, values et cetera). Therefore, we are looking for practically proven “stepping stones” enabling professionals to deal with new moral issues. Although we refrain from moralizing, we sometimes have strong intuitions about what is good and what is bad. The methodology and epistemology of empirically grounded ethics of care has to be able to account for that too.
Empirically groundedness
In our proposal for an empirically grounded ethics of care, theory development and the generation and analysis of empirical material are interrelated and intertwined. Theoretical and conceptual reflections are used in order to recognise particularly relevant and very complex details, to look more closely at what is seen, and also see what was unseen before. The generation and analysis of empirical material is being carried out to repair and enlarge deficient concepts and to further develop theories of limited scope. Gradually, we gain deeper understanding of the situation, practice or phenomenon, develop so to speak “clearer” theoretical concepts, and avoid empirical naivety on the one hand and fact free reasoning on the other hand.
Three sources
The normativity of the research findings and the developed concepts and theories emerge from three sources: the central position of acting and its internal ends, the elaboration of the critical correctives in the practice itself and in the ethos, that can be found within this practice, as well as the ethical reflections by the ethicists who carry out the empirical research.
Political phenomenology
The connection between the interaction between empirical material and theory on the one hand and the interaction between empirical material and ethics on the other hand is situated in our phenomenological interest in the lived experience of the persons who act and suffer, and their first-person perspectives. For reasons following from care ethics and from extensive qualitative empirical research, we position ourselves not in the epistemological-egological tradition of phenomenology (Husserl, Schütz), but in the tradition of political phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty), and the “responsive phenomenology of the alien” by Bernhard Waldenfels.
Developing a proposition…
With this phenomenological concern, we use methods for the generations and analysis of empirical material that are adequate and effective regarding the particular research aim, the practice that is researched, and the nature of the empirical material at hand. These methods can be adopted from phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, discourse analysis, institutional ethnography, intuitive inquiry, ethnomethodology, visual data analysis, responsive evaluation et cetera.
REFERENCES
Baart, A. (2014). Empirically grounded ethics of care: A methodological perspective, Lecture at the seminar series Care practices: towards a re-casting of ethics, organised by the University of Oxford, December 3th.
Baart, A., & Timmerman, G. (2016). Plädoyer für eine empirisch begründete Ethik der Achtsamkeit, Präsenz und Sorge. In E. Conradi & F. Vosman (Eds.), Praxis der Aachtsamkeit: Schlüsselbegriffe der Care-Ethik (pp. 129-146). Frankfurt a.M.: Campus Verlag.
Timmerman, G., Baart, A., & Vosman, F. (2017). In search of good care: The methodology of phenomenological, theory-directed “N=N-case studies” in empirically grounded ethics of care. European Congress of Qualitative Inquiry Proceedings, (pp.82-89) Leuven.
Timmerman, G., & Vosman, F. (2014). Steuermannskunst als empirisch begründete Metapher in der Seelsorge: Zur Methodologie und Epistemologie qualitativ-empirischer Forschung in der Moraltheologie. In W. Schaupp (Ed.), Ethik und Empirie: Gegenwärtige Herausforderungen für Moraltheologie und Sozialethik (pp. 277-289). Freiburg Schweiz/Freiburg-Wien: Academic Press Fribourg/Verlag Herder.
Timmerman, G. (2010). Respect for autonomy and authenticity: The pastor’s responsiveness to the person of the pastoree. Ethical Perspectives, 17(2 (Special Issue: Ethics and Empirics – Strange and Fragile Bedfellows)), 309-341.
Image at the top is ‘Pieta’, by artist Emile van der Kruk. Museum Het Depot. | https://ethicsofcare.org/empirically-grounded-ethics-care/ |
Acting U.S. Attorney Michelle M. Baeppler announced that the Financial Litigation Program (FLP) of the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Ohio has collected $333,549.82 in restitution from a defendant convicted of participating in a $40 million mortgage fraud scheme.
According to court records, a Notice of Judgment Satisfaction was approved for Defendant John J. Dubay on Monday, May 23, 2022. In 2014, Dubay was found guilty by a jury of bank fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud. banking. Dubay and others were part of a mortgage fraud conspiracy involving dozens of properties along Florida’s Gulf Coast. Under the scheme, Dubay and others acted like straw buyers who made misrepresentations, misrepresentations and other omissions in the mortgage application process.
As a result of this scheme, Dubay and others obtained numerous home mortgages under false and fraudulent pretenses with a total face value of approximately $40 million, many of which ended in default. and a seizure.
Dubay was sentenced to prison in September 2015 and ordered to pay $333,549.82 in restitution for his role in the plot.
This case was investigated by the FBI. The financial dispute was handled by Assistant U.S. Attorney Suzana K. Koch. This case was prosecuted criminally by Assistant U.S. Attorneys Robert J. Patton and Om Kakani.
The United States Attorney’s Office is responsible for the enforcement and collection of civil and criminal debts owed to the United States and criminal debts owed to victims of federal crimes. The law requires defendants to compensate victims of certain federal crimes who have suffered physical injury or financial loss.
While restitution is paid to the victim, criminal fines and felony assessments go to the department’s Crime Victims Assistance Fund, which distributes funds collected to federal and state victim compensation programs and assistance to victims.
Forfeited assets deposited in the Department of Justice’s Asset Forfeiture Fund are used to return funds to victims of crime and for various law enforcement purposes. | https://red-bank.co.uk/us-attorneys-office-collects-over-330000-in-restitution-from-defendant-in-mortgage-fraud-scheme-usao-ndoh/ |
405 So.2d 594 (1981)
James D. DAVIS, Plaintiff-Defendant In Rule-Appellee,
v.
Jane Thompson DAVIS, Defendant-Plaintiff In Rule-Appellant.
No. 8367.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Third Circuit.
October 7, 1981.
Rehearing Denied November 20, 1981.
*595 John G. Williams, Natchitoches, for plaintiff-appellant.
Davis & Murchison, James D. Davis and H. Dillon Murchison, Alexandria, for defendant-appellee.
Before GUIDRY, FORET and SWIFT, JJ.
GUIDRY, Judge.
Plaintiff, Jane T. Davis, obtained the issuance of a rule directing defendant, James D. Davis, to show cause why alimony and child support payments allegedly past due should not be paid and why the defendant should not be held in contempt of court for his refusal to comply with the judgment ordering such payments. Following the filing of the instant rule, the defendant sought to remove this suit to the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana. The Federal Court denied defendant's removal petition and remanded the case to the Ninth Judicial District Court for trial. Following remand, judgment was rendered by the trial court dismissing both plaintiff's demand for past due alimony and her demand that defendant be held in contempt of court.[1] Further, the trial court ordered defendant to pay $530.00 in past due child support payments plus legal interest from the date of demand until paid. The trial court awarded attorney's fees to the plaintiff in the sum of $1800.00 and assessed all costs of the proceedings to the defendant.[2] Plaintiff appealed. Defendant answered plaintiff's appeal seeking a reversal of the trial court's awards of past due child support and attorney's fees. In the alternative, defendant seeks a reduction of the trial court's award of attorney's fees alleging that the award is excessive and constitutes an abuse of discretion.
The issues presented on appeal are: (1) Did the defendant incur any obligation to plaintiff under the alimony decree of April 4, 1977? (2) Did the trial court err in concluding that the defendant owed $530.00 in past due child support payments? (3) Is the award of attorney's fees in the sum of $1800.00 excessive?
*596 FACTS
Plaintiff and defendant were married on October 10, 1959. Three children were born of that union, James D. Davis, III, Webster T. Davis, and Drew Anna Davis. At the time of trial in August, 1980, James and Webster were adults however, Drew Anna Davis was then 17 years old.
On April 6, 1972, the parties obtained a decree of absolute divorce. Custody of the parties' minor children was awarded to Mr. Davis. The record reflects that that judgment contained no provision for alimony in favor of Mrs. Davis.
On December 17, 1974, the judgment of divorce was amended to provide that custody of Webster T. Davis and Drew Anna Davis be transferred to Mrs. Davis and that the defendant, James D. Davis, pay to Mrs. Davis the sum of $500.00 per month in alimony and $250.00 in child support. On September 14, 1976 the judgment was again amended to award custody of James D. Davis, III to Mrs. Davis and increase alimony payments to $600.00 per month, the child support award remaining at $250.00 monthly.
Mrs. Davis remarried on March 25, 1977.
On April 4, 1977, after Mrs. Davis' remarriage, the divorce judgment was again amended in accordance with a joint stipulation entered into by the parties. This modification, which forms the basis of the instant dispute, increased plaintiff's alimony to the sum of $750.00 per month and decreased the amount of child support to the sum of $150.00 per month. In addition, defendant agreed to pay all reasonable medical expenses incurred by the parties' three children.
At trial of this matter, both parties testified that the alimony and child support payments provided for in the divorce judgment as amended were intended as child support. However, pursuant to an agreement between the parties, such payments were designated in the judgment partly as alimony so that the defendant could avail himself of certain tax advantages. In this regard, defendant testified as follows:
"... during this period of time ... us... we made various agreements, Mrs. Davis and myself, with regard to child support, you know, about increasing it. It increased, you know, everytime we talked. The alimony thing that she is talking about was really a tax break for me because of the bracket that I was in. I never intended to pay her alimony at all because she was working, we were divorced and she knows as well as I do that all of this was ... that I was paying was for the children, not for her ... not for her expenses, not for her upkeep or anything else. My statement to my children was, and still is, that I want them to live as well with their mother as they would have with me and to that end I have sent everything that I could, when I could, I've given them a car, I've given them, you know, everything ..."
The record reflects that the defendant regularly met his alimony and child support obligations until September of 1978 at which time defendant ceased to make monthly payments. Defendant testified that he and Mrs. Davis mutually agreed on or about January, 1979 that the alimony and child support payments would no longer be paid on a regular monthly basis due to a change in the defendant's professional and financial status. Contrary to defendant's testimony, plaintiff stated that no such agreement had been reached, rather, Mrs. Davis testified that she urged the defendant to seek a judicial modification of the divorce judgment lowering the total amount of support due and designating the entire sum as child support. Mrs. Davis stated that the defendant failed to take such action. Defendant's alleged refusal to meet his alimony and child support obligations culminated in the filing of the instant suit.
DID THE DEFENDANT INCUR ANY OBLIGATION TO PLAINTIFF UNDER THE ALIMONY DECREE OF APRIL 4, 1977?
The trial court, in written reasons, concluded that the alimony provision ($750.00 *597 monthly) of the April 4, 1977 judgment was unenforceable because under LSA-C.C. Art. 160, alimony terminates when the spouse receiving such payments remarries.[3] Thus, the trial court determined that since Mrs. Davis was already remarried prior to the date of the judgment, the alimony portion of that judgment had no legal effect.
Plaintiff asserts error in this conclusion contending that the general rule that alimony terminates by operation of law upon the remarriage of the spouse receiving such payments is inapplicable to the instant case. Plaintiff avers that the rule does not apply where defendant has full knowledge of his ex-spouse's remarriage yet freely and voluntarily enters into a stipulation providing for the continuance of such payments. In support of her argument, plaintiff contends that the instant case is analogous to the decision in Shows v. Shows, 345 So.2d 975 (La.App. 2d Cir. 1977) wherein the court concluded that a husband who obtained a separation from bed and board based upon his wife's fault, and who thereafter, consented to a judgment in her favor for permanent alimony after divorce, and who did not appeal from such judgment, could not, in a subsequent proceeding, raise the issue of his wife's nonentitlement to alimony by reason of her fault. On the other hand, the defendant contends that his obligation for alimony payments ceased upon plaintiff's remarriage which actually occurred prior to rendition of the judgment of April 4, 1977.
After carefully reviewing the record in light of recent jurisprudence, we conclude that the learned trial judge erred in determining that the alimony provision of the April 4, 1977 judgment is unenforceable. We reach this conclusion because we find that although the April 4, 1977 judgment was framed so as to award plaintiff alimony in the amount of $750.00 monthly, it is clear from the record that the provision for such payments, pursuant to an agreement between the parties, was intended as child support under LSA-C.C. Article 227 and not as alimony under LSA-C.C. Article 160. This being so, we need not consider the issue as to whether or not under the peculiar circumstances of this case, the defendant would be estopped, as plaintiff contends, to question the validity of this provision.
In the recent case of Dubroc v. Dubroc, 388 So.2d 377 (La.1980), our Supreme Court considered the effect which a bilateral agreement entered into by the parties could have on a divorce judgment providing for child support payments. In Dubroc, supra, the mother was awarded custody of the parties' two children and child support in the amount of $250.00 monthly. Subsequent to rendition of the judgment, the parties agreed that the father would take custody of one of the children and his obligation of child support payments to the mother would be reduced by one-half. Neither party complained of this arrangement until Mrs. Dubroc instituted a rule to make past due child support executory in support of which she urged that such judgment was enforceable as written until judicially modified. The issue in Dubroc, supra, was simply whether or not the parties to a divorce judgment could agree bilaterally to modify the terms of the judgment. In rejecting *598 Mrs. Dubroc's demand, our Supreme Court stated:
"The Civil Code nowhere mandates a lawsuit for a change in alimony, and the Code of Civil Procedure merely provides for the proper procedure in seeking arrearages."
. . . .
"Since the parent's duty of support and upbringing is a legal duty owed to the child, it cannot be renounced or suspended.3 There is no prohibition, however, expressed by the law against a spouse's agreement to suspend his right to compel the other parent without custody to turn over to him in advance money necessary for the child's maintenance. Of course, an essential prerequisite to such a conventional modification of a parent's right to receive support payments is implied. The parent may not, by suspension of this right, thwart the purpose for which the right is established, i. e., the enforcement of the child's right to support and upbringing.
For these reasons, an agreement by a parent to suspend his right to receive child support payments will not be enforced unless it meets the requisites for a conventional obligation and fosters the continued support and upbringing of the child. To allow the parent to suspend his right to receive support payments under circumstances contrary to the child's interests, would be inimical to the ultimate goal of support and upbringing of the child. On the other hand, if the parties clearly agree to a suspension of the payments, and such agreement does not interrupt the child's maintenance or upbringing or otherwise work to his detriment, the agreement should be enforceable."
The issue presented to this court in the instant case is similar to that confronted by our Supreme Court in Dubroc, supra. In both cases the issue is whether or not a judgment may be modified, as between the parties, by a conventional agreement. Here, we are not concerned with modification of a divorce judgment via a bilateral agreement entered into subsequent to rendition of the divorce judgment, but rather, we are concerned with a bilateral agreement entered into by the parties simultaneously with the rendition of the divorce judgment which provided that the judgment be "framed" in such a manner as to provide for the maintenance and support of the parties' children in an agreed amount and at the same time afford the defendant a substantial tax advantage. As the court in Dubroc noted, the primary interest of the court is to insure the uninterrupted maintenance and support of the parties' children. Therefore, if the bilateral agreement does not thwart the purpose and intent of the judgment, then there is no reason why such an agreement should not be enforced. In Dubroc, the Court found that the agreement did not interrupt the child's maintenance and upbringing and was therefore, enforceable. In the instant case, the agreement was entered into in furtherance of the defendant's obligation to support his minor children, and at the same time, afford him a measure of tax relief. Defendant should not now be permitted to repudiate this agreement by urging that, as framed, the judgment provides for child support in the amount of only $150.00 monthly. A refusal to enforce the agreement entered into by the parties herein would clearly contravene the intent of the divorce judgment as the intendment of that judgment was for the sum designated as alimony to be utilized for the support and maintenance of the parties' children.
We recognize the potential danger of enforcing agreements entered into by parties to a judgment which alter the terms of such judgments. However, after reviewing the instant record in light of Dubroc, supra, we conclude that the agreement entered into by plaintiff and defendant is enforceable and that defendant's obligation for child support under the judgment of April 4, 1977 is in the sum of $900.00 monthly.
DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN CONCLUDING THAT THE DEFENDANT OWED $530.00 UNDER THE CHILD SUPPORT PROVISION OF THE 1977 JUDGMENT?
Defendant in his answer to the appeal seeks reversal of the trial court's *599 judgment ordering him to pay $530.00 in alleged arrearages under the child support provision of the April 4, 1977 judgment ($150.00 monthly). Although defendant at trial sought no credits for alleged "excess" payments, he contends on appeal that the record clearly establishes that he has met his obligations under the child support provision of the judgment of April 4, 1977. The record contains several checks totaling $2620.00 made out by the defendant to the plaintiff during the period in dispute. The record also contains a check in the sum of $3000.00 which was paid by Mr. Davis to the plaintiff in accordance with a verbal agreement between the parties relative to the payment of the plaintiff's income taxes as well as checks in the sum of $1000.00 and $708.40, representing payment by defendant of medical expenses incurred by the parties' three children. Also, the record includes numerous checks totaling $625.00 which were given directly to the parties' children by the defendant. The trial court concluded that Mr. Davis owed child support payments of $150.00 per month for the period extending from September 1, 1978 to May 1, 1980, a total of $3150.00. The trial court next determined that only those payments made directly to Mrs. Davis by the defendant in fulfillment of his child support obligations could be credited to the total amount owed by him. Therefore, the court concluded, Mr. Davis owed to plaintiff the difference between the total amount due of $3150.00 and the amount paid directly to Mrs. Davis of $2620.00 or a total of $530.00. We find no error in the conclusions of the trial court. It is well settled that the obligation of the father is to support the minor children by making payments to the mother, and it is only by so complying that he fulfills his obligation. See Graval v. Graval, 355 So.2d 1057 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1978); Simon v. Calvert, 289 So.2d 567 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1974); Rodriguez v. Rodriguez, 245 So.2d 765 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1971). The end result is that plaintiff is entitled to a credit on the total amount of support in arrears in the sum of $2620.00.
IS THE AWARD OF ATTORNEY'S FEES IN THE SUM OF $1800.00 EXCESSIVE?
Finally, defendant contends that the trial court's award of attorney's fees under LSA-R.S. 9:305[4] in the amount of $1800.00 is excessive and constitutes an abuse of discretion. On the other hand, plaintiff seeks an increase in such award for legal services rendered on appeal.
After evaluating the time and effort expended by plaintiff's attorney in connection with the instant suit, we concur with the trial court's award of attorney's fees in the sum of $1800.00 and conclude that such an award does not constitute an abuse of that court's discretion. We will not increase the award for services on appeal because we believe that the sum awarded at the trial level is sufficient to compensate plaintiff's counsel for services rendered at both the trial level and on appeal.
For the above and foregoing reasons, the judgment appealed from is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and recast as follows:
IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that there be judgment herein in favor of Jane T. Davis and against James D. Davis for the full sum of $18,980.00 ($900.00 times 24 months less a credit of $2620.00) representing past due child support payments in arrears for the period from September 1, 1978 through August 1, 1980 (date of trial of rule) with legal interest from the date of judicial demand until paid together with all costs of these proceedings.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that there be judgment herein in favor of Jane Thompson Davis and against James D. Davis awarding unto plaintiff in rule the sum of $1,800.00 as attorney's fees.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the demands *600 by the plaintiff in rule that the defendant in rule be held in contempt of court is dismissed.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the defendant in rule, James D. Davis, pay all costs of these proceedings at the trial level and on appeal.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND RENDERED.
SWIFT, J., concurs, believing that the doctrine of equitable estoppel is applicable.
NOTES
[1] Plaintiff does not complain on appeal of the trial court's refusal to hold defendant in contempt.
[2] The trial record indicates that the defendant filed an Exception of Unauthorized Use of Summary Proceeding. The trial judge notes in his written reasons for judgment that he is unable to recall if any action was taken in regard to defendant's exception. We observe from the record that this exception has not been disposed of and was apparently abandoned.
[3] LSA-C.C. Art. 160 provides:
"When a spouse has not been at fault and has not sufficient means for support, the court may allow that spouse, out of the property and earnings of the other spouse, alimony which shall not exceed one-third of his or her income. Alimony shall not be denied on the ground that one spouse obtained a valid divorce from the other spouse in a court of another state or country which had no jurisdiction over the person of the claimant spouse. In determining the entitlement and amount of alimony after divorce, the court shall consider the income, means, and assets of the spouses; the liquidity of such assets; the financial obligations of the spouses, including their earning capacity; the effect of custody of children of the marriage upon the spouse's earning capacity; the time necessary for the recipient to acquire appropriate education, training, or employment; the health and age of the parties and their obligations to support or care for dependent children; any other circumstances that the court deems relevant.
In determining whether the claimant spouse is entitled to alimony, the court shall consider his or her earning capacity, in light of all other circumstances.
This alimony shall be revoked if it becomes unnecessary and terminates if the spouse to whom it has been awarded remarries."
[4] LSA-R.S. 9:305 provides:
"When the court renders judgment in an action to make past due alimony or child support executory, except for good cause, the court shall award attorney's fees and court costs to the prevailing party."
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Being a landlord can come with a host of problems. Unfortunately, many of those problems may arise from troublesome tenants who cause property damage, refuse to pay rent or cause other issues that leave the landlord in a bind. In such cases, Georgia landlords may have to enforce their rights and take a tenant to court for nonpayment.
Even if the landlord has taken steps to evict a tenant who has not paid, the landlord likely still wants the money owed to him or her. In some cases, the landlord may be able to handle the matter him or herself by taking the owed rent or money for damages out of any security deposits paid by the tenant. If the any money remains from that deposit after the landlord takes what is owed, the remainder should be returned to the tenant.
In situations where there is no deposit or it is not enough to cover what is owed, the landlord may take legal action in civil court, which could involve the following steps:
- Filing a lawsuit seeking rent owed, compensation for damages and legal fees
- Providing evidence to a judge as to why the landlord should receive the compensation he or she is pursuing
- Requesting that the court clerk place a levy against the tenant if the judge rules in your favor and if the tenant still does not pay
- Garnishing wages from the former tenant
This may seem like a considerable amount of work, but it may be necessary to take a tenant to court if proper payment is not received. Because handling such matters in Georgia can be complicated, it may be useful for landlords facing this type of predicament to obtain legal assistance. Experienced real estate litigation attorneys may be able to provide valuable insight. | https://www.mhtlegal.com/blog/2021/07/landlords-may-have-to-take-a-tenant-to-court-over-nonpayment/ |
Informed by the Bourdieusian construct of the social field, the purpose of this paper is to explore how different aspects of the educational field and the sub-field of English language teaching in Iran influence diverse components of the professional identity of high school EFL teachers. To this aim, the impact of the power hierarchization structure, distribution of capitals and field autonomy, as important aspects of the social field theory, is investigated in relation to Iranian EFL teachers’ professional identity construction.
Design/methodology/approach
Van Manen’s (1990) hermeneutic phenomenological research method was adopted to analyze the data obtained through the semi-structured interviews and reflexive journals from 15 Iranian EFL teachers at high schools.
Findings
The hermeneutic phenomenological analysis of the data yielded to the extraction of one global, three organizing and six basic themes. The global theme was the educational field and professional identity. The resulting organizing themes were: first, autonomous field and teachers’ commitment; second, asymmetric power relation and teachers’ autonomy; and, finally, cultural capital and teachers’ motivation. This study revealed how the complex and multi-dimensional nature of the power relations between the field of education and power influenced the professional identity of EFL teachers.
Research limitations/implications
This dynamic representation of the inherent complexities of the educational context contributes to a more profound understanding of the role of the micro and macro contextual factors in formulating teachers’ professional identity. The implications of this study are further explained.
Originality/value
Hereby, the authors declare that all the procedures of data collection and analysis have been just done by the researchers.
Details
Keywords
Akram Ramezanzadeh, Seyyed Mohammad Reza Adel, Gholamreza Zareian and Mohammad Ghazanfari
The purpose of this paper is to explore Iranian EFL teachers’ and learners’ emotions in the realities of the classroom to investigate how their experience and navigation…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore Iranian EFL teachers’ and learners’ emotions in the realities of the classroom to investigate how their experience and navigation of emotions could provide the opportunity for socially just teaching.
Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative study was conducted to probe EFL teachers’ and learners’ emotional experiences. Data were gathered through interviews and observation. Using interpretive phenomenological analysis, the researchers analyzed the data through three stages of critical emotional praxis, including identification, reflection, and response.
Findings
Findings of the study revealed that emotions of caring, love, anger, and anxiety were the most dominant emotions among teachers and learners. Also, it was shown that the participants used emotion management, the cultivation of positive emotions, and bodily manipulation in order to change their course of actions and move toward two-way communication whereby they could see and hear each other.
Originality/value
The paper provided a new lens through which socially just teaching can be studies in EFL contexts. Also, the participants of the study consisted of both the teachers and the learners, because the researchers believed in a teacher’s identity as a pedagogy. In this respect, this study can also be considered as different from similar studies conducted on teachers’ emotional identities in the classroom. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Seyyed%20Mohammad%20Reza%20Adel |
- Sustainability Problem
- How to make the most of wind and solar power at times to suit the national usage and not just at the moment when the sun shines or the wind blows.
- Summary of Storelectric – Compressed Air Energy Storage
- Jeff Draper’s company Storelectric is already partnering with PwC and is in advanced detailed discussions with Siemens, Balfour Beatty and Alstom to finalize the design of and prepare a standardized roll out facility which can handle power out-puts of 500MW – equivalent to a power station.
- The system involves the storage of compressed air in salt caverns below the ground through a compressor and stored at about 30 times higher than tire pressure. A system which is self sealing and strong.
- The renewable energy would be on tap for the national grid to be used whenever and wherever needed.
- Compressed air, unlike natural gas, is said to be not likely to explode .
- Stakeholders:
- Local Government
- Utilities
- Architects
- Engineers
- Residents
- Deployment
- The European Union has awarded Storelectric with technical approval as a Project of Common Interest.
- In talks to establish three test sites, in Cheshire, County Down and Fife. | https://makeasmartcity.com/2016/06/21/how-to-make-the-most-out-of-wind-and-solar-power/ |
The Results Are in: Exercise Increases Life Expectancy
Three long-term studies have recently concluded concerning the effects of exercise on increased life expectancy. The three most recently released studies took a long term look at the effects of exercise on healthy living. Each of these three studies enrolled thousands and even hundreds of thousands of people for years. The studies were undertaken to examine the effects of exercise in staving off the rising risk of dementia and other chronic illnesses during the aging process.
Although each study was independent and used different data points and metrics the conclusions were similar. They all pointed to a beneficial effect of regular exercise.
Other researchers used the release of the three studies to confirm their hypothesis that not only is regular exercise essential to good health, but the intensity and duration were defining characteristics. The studies centered on exercise and health. In that way these studies were looking at the benefit to the average person, not the committed bodybuilder or athlete.
The Neurology Studies
A study published on July 27, 2022, titled, Physical and Mental Activity, Disease Susceptibility, and Risk of Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on UK Biobank recruited participants from 2006-2010. The focus was to ascertain the effects of activity on future dementia susceptibility.
The published conclusion stated, “Activity patterns more adherent to frequent vigorous and other exercises, housework-related activity, and friend/family visit were associated with a reduced risk of multiple types of dementia. Such associations are independent of disease susceptibility, highlighting the potential of these physical and mental activity patterns, as effective interventions, in the primary prevention of dementia.” The results are an excellent indicator that exercise plays a role in preventing dementia in old age groups.
The second recently published paper also focused on Neurology. It took a consensus of 38 other studies to compare the results on exercise and dementia. Using an analytic approach this study was titled, Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis and published on August 10, 2022. Its conclusion also pointed towards the prevalent belief that exercise is intertwined with healthy aging. It did note that activity was not vigorous and did not go beyond “normal” daily activities. Although participants engaged in activity, dementia risk was not as greatly diminished as those who participated in an exercise routine.
The third study was published in Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Volume 25, Issue 8, August 2022, Pages 667-672, titled Longitudinal associations of childhood fitness and obesity profiles with midlife cognitive function: an Australian cohort study. The study began in 1985 and tracked children into adulthood, its conclusion was “Strategies that improve low fitness and decrease obesity levels in childhood could contribute to improvements in cognitive performance in midlife.
Exercise is Fundamental
The three studies noted as well as others have all noted the importance of exercising throughout life. Those that have led a sedentary life who are ready to begin an exercise regimen should begin slowly. Unused muscles can be stretched, twisted and pulled making an exercise program difficult. It is important to know that when beginning an exercise routine muscles need proper hydration, a steady pace and recovery time.
A beneficial recovery time for sore muscles can include whirlpools and the latest in muscle recovery technology, The FIT Bodywrap Infrared Sauna. | https://fitbodywrap.com/knowledge-center/the-results-are-in-exercise-increases-life-expectancy/ |
In any given week, 1-in-6 people report experiencing a common mental health problem (such as anxiety or depression). Because mental illness is such a prevalent issue, someone close to you is likely suffering from it.
How can you help those people you care about? Friends and family often play a vital role in protecting our mental health by fostering a sense of belonging and purpose. As a result, it is important you reach out and support the people you love.
When it comes to mental health, most people’s primary source of support is their family. While some people may find it easy to seek help, others may find it challenging, especially when dealing with a stigmatised issue such as mental health.
Mental health problems are often invisible to the naked eye; making it difficult to recognise when someone is suffering. Here we’ll provide some of the common signs and symptoms associated with mental illness:
The health advantages of a loving relationship are vast and can have a significant impact on an individual’s wellbeing. If you recognise any of the above signs or symptoms, you must express your concerns in a warm and helpful manner, establishing a network of emotional support.
Although challenging, providing support is necessary for your loved ones to overcome their mental health problems. If you’re worried about someone you care about, or want to learn more about how to support those affected by mental illness, here are some of the best ways you can help:
Due to the stigma surrounding mental health, those affected may feel overwhelmed or even embarrassed when you first express your concerns. It may take some time for them to speak up. So, wait patiently and let them know you’ll be there to support them, whenever they are ready.
When discussing mental health with loved ones you should avoid passing judgement. If you criticise their decisions, they may become discouraged and refrain from seeking further support. If you remain objective and non-judgemental, they will be more likely to seek help in the future.
Open-ended questions such as ‘how have you been?’, ‘what can I do for you?’ and ‘when is the best time to check in on you again?’ are very effective as they allow the person to think and reflect, while also showing you care about them.
When facing mental health problems, reassurance is very important. It can help remove the fears and concerns associated with mental illness; serving as a gentle reminder to those struggling that they are not alone. By providing reassurance, you are letting them know they can get support if they need it – helping them feel less afraid and more comfortable.
There are many options available for treating mental illness. However, these treatments are often stigmatized. This should not be the case. According to an annual survey in the UK, over 1 million people sought mental health treatment: ranging from talking treatments (such as therapy) to medication. These findings show treatment is a common occurrence and those seeking professional support should not feel ashamed to do so. You can make your loved ones aware of the treatments and empower them to get treatment (if they feel ready).
Encouraging treatment can be a difficult subject to approach, as you do not want to alienate or aggravate those suffering. Many people with mental illness do not realise they are experiencing issues. Therefore, broaching the subject and encouraging treatment requires emotional sensitivity. By using non-stigmatizing language, you can reaffirm your support. This will let them know, that when the time comes, you will help through the therapy process.
Learning that someone you care about is suffering from mental illness can be distressing. It is crucial, that when helping your loved ones, you do not neglect your own wellbeing. Engaging in self-care has been proven to improve mental health; making it essential that you take time to rest, relax and do things you enjoy.
Health Assured are here to help and offer whatever support you need. If you would like any more information on how to support your loved ones, please get in touch through the helpline.
Please complete the form below and we'll be in touch to answer your enquiry
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We appologise but an error has occurred submitting your form. Please try again. | https://www.healthassured.org/blog/supporting-your-loved-ones-with-their-mental-health/ |
Stroke is a devastating disease with a high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, improvement of diagnosis and management of acute stroke patients is the most important challenge in order to improve outcome of these heavily affected patients. Multimodal brain and vessel imaging is the backbone of acute stroke therapy and helps to select patients for various therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, imaging is crucial to establish prognosis after an acute stroke. Several ongoing and planned research projects aim to improve patient selection, acute stroke management and predicting prognosis and complications.
Currently, there are several ongoing studies, funded by the Swiss Natio nal Science Foundation (SNSF): The international randomized controlled multicentre SWITCH trial (www. switch-trial.ch) assesses whether decompressive surgery and best medical treatment in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage will improve outcome as compared to best medical treatment alone. Furthermore, a large study, sponsored by the Special Program University Medicine (SPUM) assesses the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of cervicocerebral artery dissections (EDIT CAD2). The Clinical Translational Sleep and Stroke Study Group studies the effects of sleep apnoea and other sleep disorders on stroke in humans, and the effects of sleep modulation on neuroplasticity processes and functional recovery in rodents. Furthermore, a randomised study analyses the effect early treatment of sleep apnoea with continues positive airway pressure (CPAP) in acute ischemic stroke patients and the effects of sleep apnoea and other sleep disorders on long term outcome of stroke.
The Neurovascular Research Group collaborates with the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN) of the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, and two new research units, the Center for Experimental Neurology (ZEN) and the Neuro Clinical Trial Unit (NCTU) which works in close cooperation with the Clinical Trials Unit (CTU) Bern. These groups will provide an optimal infrastructure for high quality translational and clinical research. | http://sitem-imaging.com/index.php/menu-neuroscience/menu-neurology |
The personal becomes political on LI
The personal is political," proclaimed a slogan of the women's movement in the 1970s. This rings true today for both sexes, on various issues.
On Long Island, two strikingly different instances of elected officials confronting deeply personal matters in public forums arose within a week.
On Thursday, the Nassau County Republican Committee voted to run Mark Schimel, the estranged husband of Assemb. Michelle Schimel (D-Great Neck), against her for her 16th District seat. His withdrawal was announced Tuesday after a public tempest that could easily have been expected.
A citizen is free to run for any public job he likes, on any line that will back him. But let's face it: Mark Schimel, an information technology executive, would have had a hard timeconvincing a lot of people that his candidacy stemmed from, say, policy doubts he may have harbored about his spouse's opposition to natural-gas hydrofracking.
Also last week, Assemb. Harvey Weisenberg stood at a news conference in Albany regarding a measure meant to fight mistreatment of those in society's most vulnerable populations -- a compelling personal issue for the veteran Long Beach Democrat. Weisenberg described horrid abuses to which his special-needs son had once been subjected in a group facility.
"My special child almost was starved to death, was scalded in a hot tub," Weisenberg said. "When my special child was abused, I went through the system like everybody else, called and told them what happened, the D.A.'s office, the precinct. Nothing happened."
Among those on hand was Nassau D.A. Kathleen Rice, who supports Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo's plan for a special prosecutor in such cases.
So the politics of the personal is not restricted to marriages gone haywire. Facing personal traumas and hard challenges sometimes add authenticity and moral force to a lawmaker's positions and causes.
Rep. Carolyn McCarthy (D-Mineola) won her congressional seat in 1996, three years after her husband, Dennis, was killed and her son, Kevin, severely wounded on a Long Island Rail Road commuter train by gunman Colin Ferguson. Gun control has been a chief cause for her.
John L. Behan of East Hampton, a Purple Heart and Bronze Star recipient who lost the use of both legs in the Vietnam War, served as an advocate for armed-forces veterans while in the Assembly's Republican minority until the early 1990s.
The drive for personal gain can also infect the political.
On Monday, a federal jury found former Democratic state Sen. Pedro Espada Jr. guilty on four counts of theft from his nonprofit, government-funded health network.
During the trial, the Espada claimed federal officials were trying to use "evil powers" against him.
It doesn't get more personal than that. | https://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/dan-janison/the-personal-becomes-political-on-li-m41851 |
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Robotertechnik im Arbeitsalltag von Chirurgen: zu den Auswirkungen der daVinci-Operationstechnik auf den Beruf von Ärzten
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The idea that concerts could be successful without a conductor seems unlikely in the early 19th century, yet performances before this often relied upon not one non-playing musician who directed from the front of the ensemble but leadership from within by players. It seems accepted that the conductor is an indispensable component of the large ensemble; their role not only one of ensuring the sometimes vast size of ensemble remain together (but it is questionable whether they can actually do this perhaps) but perhaps one of ensuring the bigger picture – the interpretation – is communicated with clarity to the players and conveyed to the audience. Well, this is what I thought they did.
Attending an ‘Insight Club’ organised by the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment this morning – lead by a musicologist/conductor and of the orchestra’s co-leaders Margaret Faultless – sparked questions about the role of the conductor. Focussing on repertoire being performed in concerts next week, they explored in depth the processes involved in performing without a conductor. I was impressed by how well the speakers engaged with a diverse group of people, ranging from professional musicians to keen music enthusiasts yet they never ‘dumbed’ down the content to make it relevant for a particular group. Throughout the session rather sophisticated issues of interpretation and the subtleties in the delivery of the opening bars of Haydn’s Symphony No. 104 showed that there is a strong case that certain repertory can succeed without the need for a leader from the front, in fact it was suggested that a conductor could cause more harm than good in certain situations. However there was balance in the discussion, and this was not an attempt to sell the concept of conductor-less orchestras, but to suggest that authenticity for certain repertoire (particularly 17th century and 18th century) predates the concept of a conductor, and as such was never written with a conductor in mind.
What makes conductor-less performances the even more exciting for me, is that all players take ownership of the interpretation and the delivery; different passages require different players to take the lead, and even if there is no conductor one player or a small group still are required to direct the bigger picture, or what the speakers referred to as the ‘landscape’ of the work. Exploring the orchestra practically during the session, by spacing the audience out like a classical orchestra, gave us all an insight into the concept that as a player we can never get this landscape as well as a conductor – we can never hear the whole picture, or indeed process the whole work while playing one’s own part and connecting that with certain other players around us. Without a conductor there still needs to be leaders/directors – there can never be a democracy in the performance of larger ensemble works due to logistics but this does not necessarily predicate a conductor. | https://stevenberryman.com/2012/04/29/are-conductors-necessary/ |
Abstract In archaeological research, pottery analysis is of importance for relative dating and reconstructing daily life, as well as for understanding trade patterns and cultural contacts. Trade patterns in table ware and commodities carried in pottery containers can help illuminate the economy and administration of an ancient society. The production technology of pottery, and especially its mode of production, can also reflect social, economic, and political realities in a general manner. However, according to many ethnographic and archaeological studies, the technology of pottery production is relatively conservative, and does not change rapidly. | https://bibil.unil.ch/bibil/public/indexDisplayDetails.action?pid=bibil:248733 |
"The people at Minster went to a great deal of effort in helping us 'spec out' the press . . . I was very sure that I was getting exactly what I needed."
When it comes to the value of product quality and service, Nidec Minster Corporation has always let its customers do the talking. In more than a century of manufacturing, Minster has partnered with thousands of satisfied customers. Listed below are some of the many documented success stories.
Click here to view the testimonials archived alphabetically. | https://www.minster.com/news/testimonials?page=4 |
Hunter Baker, author of The End of Secularism, has made available online all of an interview he gave for an article about the rise of secularism. He first responded to "What exactly is secularism about?"
Secularism is about removing religion/consideration of God from public life. The desire to do so does not have to be invidious. Those who embrace secularism, including many Christians, often do so because they believe it is a good answer to the problem of religious difference among people in a political community. They think that if they can remove differences among people, especially religious differences, our community will grow stronger. At the same time, secularists tend to see religion as something human beings once needed, but no longer do. They think religion is irrational and extraneous to the things that really matter in life.Baker's answer to those worried about the threat of an American theocracy:
It is not a valid concern in the United States. Our national identity, formed and shaped by both devout Christians and Enlightenment philosophers, fully embraces religious liberty and the separation of church and state. In fact, there is a powerful religious argument (well delivered by Martin Luther, by John Locke in his Letter Concerning Toleration, by the Baptists, and by others) that coerced religion is actually offensive to God and merely causes people to sin by lying about their convictions.Harvard Political Review, Secularism, and Me » First Thoughts | A First Things Blog
You hear conservative Christians complaining about the separation of church and state, but they are actually failing to voice their real concern. In fact, they object to secularization of the public square which they feel goes too far. .... Separation of church and state, properly understood, means that the two entities are institutionally separate. It doesn’t mean religious faith can’t be part of our identity as a public community or that the church has nothing to say to the state about politics. | http://www.one-eternal-day.com/2010/05/secularism-and-looming-threat-of.html |
(Re)covering lost lore : folklore adaptations in Zora Neale Hurston and Gloria Naylor.
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Access changed 1/13/14.
Date2012-08-08
Author
Boyles, Christina.
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Abstract
Though folklore is a knowledge-sharing, identity-forming practice that is utilized by a number of cultural groups, many scholars deride its emphasis on orality and storytelling. One reason may be that folklore practitioners are often members of marginalized cultures; for example both Zora Neale Hurston and Gloria Naylor, two prominent African American female authors, use folklore, their written literature. In doing so, both Hurston and Naylor recognize the value folklore has played in African American culture and they give voice to its rich complexities. To address concerns raised by critics, the first chapter examines scholarship regarding Hurston’s works, particularly her autobiography Dust Tracks on a Road. Traditionally, Hurston critics interpret her writing as subversively concerned with race issues; however, a comparison between Hurston’s published text and holograph manuscript reveals that Hurston’s views on race are indeterminate. As a result, her published works, particularly her nonfiction, need to be analyzed through a different lens: folklore. By looking at folklore, I will address Hurston’s engagement with racial issues and her desire to move beyond racial restrictions. Folklore, then, is crucial to understanding Hurston’s nonfiction texts because it both reaffirms Hurston’s connection to racial issues and recognizes the complexities within Hurston’s storytelling. The second chapter builds upon the first by analyzing the folklore genres used in Dust Tracks on a Road to demonstrate how Hurston creates a holistic picture of the African American folklore identity. Notably, she recognizes that Western myth, African forms, fairy tale, and the picaresque all influence the African lore of the American South. In doing so, Hurston creates a more complicated picture of African American folklore. She reveals that myth, a term that will be used to denote Western mythology, communicates the heroic identity, African forms reinforce communal identity, fairy tales provide relatable archetypes, and the picaresque promotes gender stereotypes. Then she moves beyond these forms to subvert genre expectations; thereby creating new folklore that is representative of her contemporary African American experience. The final chapter shows the influence Hurston has on Gloria Naylor, a contemporary African American female author. In Mama Day, Naylor utilizes the same four folklore genres as Hurston. In her text, however, Naylor employs folklore in a slightly different manner. For example, she reveals that myth, in the form of Shakespearean literature, denotes societal values, African forms reinforce communal identity, fairy tales provide relatable archetypes, and the picaresque reveals identity. the then, like Hurston, subverts genre expectations to create folklore that is representative of contemporary African American culture. Unlike Hurston, though, Naylor does not use folklore to explore the complexities within herself, but within her culture. Together, these chapters reveal the way in which oral culture, particularly folklore, pervades the written texts of African American women. By sustaining the traditions of African American folk culture, Hurston and Naylor pay homage to a culture that is often ignored by critics and also recognize the influence that various cultural groups – European, Native American, and African – have had on African American customs. Furthermore, both authors note the evolutionary nature of folklore and folk culture, demonstrating the adaptations African American communities have undergone during the twentieth century. By doing so, both Hurston and Naylor complicate and rewrite conventional perceptions of African American culture to create a richer, more complex, picture of folklore communities. | https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/handle/2104/8409 |
Champa
Posted by Laurie Sams9sc on June 10, 2016
Champa ( Wikipedia ) refers to a collection of independent polities that extended across the coast of what is today central and Southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century through 19th century ( 1832 ), before being absorbed and annexed by the Vietnamese state. The Kingdom was known variously as nagara Campa in the Chamic and Cambodian inscriptions, Cham pa ( Chum pa ) in the Vietnamese inscription ( Chiem Thanh in the Sino -Vietnamese vocabulary ) and Zancheng in Chinese records.
The Chams of modern Vietnam and Cambodia are the remnants of this former kingdom.They speak Chamic languages,a subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian closely related to the Malayic and Bali-Sasak languages.
Champa was preceded in the region by a kingdom called Linyi , Lim Ip in Middle Chinese or Lam Ap ( Vietnamese ) that was in existence from 192 AD ; the historical relationships between Linyi and Champa is not clear. Champa reached its apogee in the 9th and 10th centuries. Thereafter, it began a gradual decline under the pressure of Dai Viet, the Vietnamese polity centred in the modern region of Hanoi. In 1832, the Vietnamese emperor Minh Mang annexed the remaining Cham territories.
Hinduism, adopted from India since early in its history, has shaped the art and culture of Champa kingdom for centuries, as testified with a number of exquisite Cham Hindu statues and red brick temples which dot the landscape in Cham lands.My Son ( Mee Sern ) a former religious centre, and Hoi An, one of Champa main port cities, are now World Heritage Sites. Today some of Cham people adheres to Islamic faith, a conversion which was started in the 15th century, and they are called Bani Cham. There are however, Balamon Cham ( from Sanskrit;Brahman ) people that still retains and preserves their Hindu faith, rituals and festivals. Balamon Cham people is only one of two surviving non-Indic indigenous Hindu people in the world, with a culture dating back thousands of years. The other one is the Hindu Balinese of Indonesia.
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The ongoing pandemic and resultant lockdown have affected the way we eat, work, sleep and communicate.
Additionally, they have also affected the way we dream – around the world, men and women are reporting an unprecedented spike in the number of unusually vivid and often confusing dreams. The phenomenon even has its own moniker on social media, namely ‘quarandreams’.
What’s causing it? Psychotherapist and holistic medical doctor, Dr Rashmi Menon explains, “Dreaming is an outcome of our mind processing what has happened during that day. The brain stores the fears and beliefs that it already resonates with – this happens during the middle of night.
Towards the morning, it lets go of those thoughts or beliefs that are no longer valid or those that have been altered. One reason why our dreams are becoming more vivid during the lockdown is because we are not interacting with others in the way we are used to.
In the absence of other people who reflect our thoughts and fears, each of us is becoming more aware of these mental processes in the form of our dreams.” Psychologist Priyanka Bajaria adds that while dreams can occur in all stages of sleep, they are the most vivid in the REM state.
“We cycle through the stages of sleep several times, but the deeper REM stages occur towards the end of the sleep cycle. With so much extra time to snooze, our brains can complete an extra cycle or two of REM sleep.
On regular days when we did not have the luxury of extra time, our schedules would compel us to ‘switch off the TV in our minds’ (by waking up) before the most interesting parts of the show (vivid dreams) started,” she says. Further, many of these dreams may be triggered by the elevated stress caused by adjusting to these unprecedented times, says Arti Shroff, a clinical psychologist.
“Changes in schedule and lifestyle, facing difficult relationship dynamics and coming to terms with an altered work routine can be difficult and even people with no underlying concerns are reporting increased anxiety,” she explains.
Making sense of your lockdown dreams Amrita Chawla, a 30-year-old communications professional, recollects dreaming about leaving the air conditioning running in her car when I parked it. “I returned to my car about 6-7 hours later, only to realise that the fuel had run nearly out.
I had to spend hours driving very slowly as I searched for a fuel pump in the wee hours of the morning,” she recollects. Dreams about scarcity reflect your fears about death (of yourself or your loved ones) or your insecurities about being able to provide or care for yourself and your family, says Dr Menon.
“One of my patients dreamt that they were trying to make their bed, but the sheet was not long enough – no matter how many times they tried, the sheet simply wouldn’t fit. Similarly, dreams where the ground is slipping from under your feet or those in which you are falling are indicative of your insecurity about the future.
For 28-year-old marketing professional Mitali Ahuja, vivid dreams have become a mainstay of her lockdown experience. “In the early part of the lockdown, I would dream extensively about my father, who died 25 years ago. More recently, my dreams are marked by a complete loss of control.
For instance, a few nights ago, I dreamt that I was in the middle of a war. People were fighting for food and water. I was aghast to see people eating human beings, especially children, to survive. I remember waking up terrified by the thought that something similar could actually happen,” she says.
Dreams about war and terror attacks are, in fact, manifestations of the terror inspired by the Coronavirus, says Dr Menon. “We know that the virus is fatal, but it doesn’t have a face. We are giving this fear a face based on what our mind already knows,” she adds.
Dreams that leave you confused or ‘inception dreams’ where one dream melds into another can represent the fact that we have no clarity about the situation at hand and trying to make sense of it. Further, many people are reporting dreaming about strangers or people they haven’t met for many years. Dr Menon says that this stems from not being able to socialise. | https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/decoding-quarandreams |
Bronx, NY — On the five-year anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision Long Island Home Care v. Evelyn Coke, PHI (the Paraprofessional Healthcare Institute) calls on the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) to move quickly to release its final regulation providing federal minimum wage and overtime protections to the nation's 2.5 million home care workers. Extending these basic labor protections to workers who care for frail elders and people with disabilities — as did the late Evelyn Coke — is essential to the well-being of millions of Americans.
On December 15, 2011, President Obama announced that the U.S. Department of Labor would finally guarantee minimum wage and overtime protections to millions of home care workers who care for Americans, young and old, who need assistance to remain independent and part of their communities. "With a need for 3 million workers to provide these services by 2020, we cannot rely on an undervalued, contingent workforce. Quality care demands quality jobs, beginning with a recognition that care work is 'real' work. That means that it is time for home care workers to be treated like most other American workers and provided basic labor protections under Fair Labor Standards Act," says PHI President-Elect Jodi Sturgeon.
Evelyn Coke, a Long Island home care worker, sued her employer for back pay when she discovered that, though she often worked long hours in her clients' homes, she had never received overtime pay. Her case went all the way to the U. S. Supreme Court, which ruled on June 11, 2007, that because of the exemption of "companions to the elderly" under the Fair Labor Standards Act, Coke's employer had done nothing illegal. However, the Court also ruled that the U.S. Department of Labor could reinterpret the "companionship exemption" to expand wage and hour protections to home care aides.
After releasing the proposed regulation, the U.S. Department of Labor received over 26,000 public comments related to the companionship rule, with two-thirds in favor of the proposed changes. The comment period closed on March 21, 2012. In the meantime, home care workers continue to struggle with poverty wages that leave 50 percent relying on public benefits to support their families.
"As national elections draw near, we are reminded that efforts to narrow the companionship exemption under President Clinton failed when the George W. Bush Administration did not proceed with finalizing the rule. Home care workers have waited 12 years to once again get onto the Department of Labor's agenda. They can't afford to wait any longer," Sturgeon says.
"While Evelyn Coke will never see the day when home care workers are treated under the law like most workers in the nation, millions of home care workers will benefit from her courageous fight for fair pay when a revised regulation finally is enacted. The time has come to come to finish what Ms. Coke started," Sturgeon says.
Visit the PHI Campaign for Fair Pay for resources on the home care industry and the impact of the companionship exemption on home care workers and their clients.
* * *
PHI, the Paraprofessional Healthcare Institute (www.phinational.org), works to transform eldercare and disability services, fostering dignity, respect, and independence -– for all who receive care, and all who provide it. The nation's leading authority on the direct-care workforce, PHI promotes quality direct-care jobs as the foundation for quality care. | http://www.phinational.org/news/dol-urged-to-issue-final-rule-on-fair-pay-for-home-care-workers-on-five-year-anniversary-of-supreme-court-decision-on-coke-case/ |
Venice OKs $11.94 million price tag for City Hall campus renovations
Tuesday
The new campus will feature a new fire station and building annex but will not include solar power for now, as installation of the panels were not deemed cost-effective.
VENICE — The Venice City Council unanimously approved a guaranteed maximum price of $11.94 million for expanding City Hall and constructing a new Fire Station 51 on Tuesday.
Venice Public Works Director James Clinch said an ambitious construction schedule could start as soon as June.
"We are very anxious to get it completed," Clinch said.
In a related unanimous vote, the council also approved a $1.882 million budget amendment for this year, to pay for a new mobile home and Quonset hut for the temporary fire station and lock in the City Hall/fire station project as part of the 2019-2020 budget year.
The new fire station is being designed as a two-story, 11,000- to 13,000-square-foot, three-bay station with storage space, a lounge, sleeping quarters, a kitchen and a conference room that would be open for public meetings.
It would also be built to withstand winds accompanying a Category 5 hurricane.
As part of the expansion, City Hall would gain almost 4,800 square feet of additional space. That means closets, which have been turned into offices over the years, could again be used as storage space, ADA upgrades can be made to bathrooms, and additional meeting space can be provided for the public both in City Hall and at the new fire station.
City Hall security would also be improved.
An increase in grant funds available to pay for a new emergency generator allowed more one-cent sales tax funds to be used elsewhere on the project, which eliminated the need for a $1.38 million bridge loan.
The project would proceed in three phases: construction of the new generator and chiller system; demolition of the old fire station and construction of the building department annex; then interior City Hall renovation work.
Karl Bernhard, of Sweet Sparkman Architects, and Clinch both discussed the prospect of adding solar panels to some of the roof area.
The cost of putting solar panels on the west side of the Building Annex and the pitched roof section of the fire station was pegged at $245,339. That would produce about 10 percent of the power needed at the complex, but it would produce an estimated annual savings of $5,481 — at that rate, it would take 45 years to pay for the cost, though the estimated lifespan of the system is only 25 years.
Mayor Ron Feinsod and Council Member Mitzie Fiedler, both proponents of installing solar panels on city buildings, asked about alternative options, including installing solar panels over parking spaces.
Clinch noted that the additional structure would increase installation costs, while Bernhard said they were limited in where panels could be installed both by city architectural standards and the amount of shade produced by the tree canopy.
Conduits will be constructed so the roofs could someday be retrofitted for solar panels, should costs go down and efficiency increase.
"We were really hoping to have some better results," Clinch said. "But the data is what the data is."
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Last Saturday afternoon a group of St Peter’s students, staff, family and coaches headed away for the two-day Catholic Schools Sports Tournament held at St Kevins College in Oamaru.
This year the school entered teams into boys and girls hockey, basketball and football as well as a netball team. After two days of tough competition the final results included girls hockey finishing 1st equal with St Kevin’s. A draw with St Kevin’s in their first game led to the girls endeavoring to finish with a higher goal difference than St Kevin’s at the end of the tournament should both teams finish on equal points. This ended up not affecting the results as goal difference was not taken as a factor in the final standings; however the mindset of the team to keep pushing in games for extra goals was great to see.
The Netball girls finished 2nd overall after only losing against the eventual winners, St Kevin’s. Strong team ethic and the ability to close out some tight games is promising for a group of players with a lot to play for throughout the rest of the year.
Results for the remainder of the teams weren’t as positive however there were some real highlights in terms of performance and effort. The girls basketball team in their final game showed massive amounts of determination as they scrambled under their hoop to hold onto a draw against Verdon in the final seconds. Players strewn across the floor was a highlight of this team through the tournament and this final game was no exception as they launched themselves towards the opposition players and loose balls to claim a hard-fought draw.
The boys basketball team had a similar final match, giving everything against a well drilled Roncalli side, who in the end just pipped us by three points. The boys showed resilience throughout the two days against players much taller and teams more experienced than themselves.
The football teams gave their all, often with first time players, and had some positive moments throughout the tournament. The boys hockey team also showed glimpses of promise, especially considering the young group that made up much of the squad. Hugely exciting moving forward with such a talented group.
The greatest highlight of the tournament, something that was shown again and again, was our players’ ability to pick themselves up for multiple games across different sporting codes, with a grit and determination and a fighting spirit against some very talented opposition. The students individually, and collectively as a school, left Oamaru on Monday afternoon with heads held high and had earned the right to do so. Well done to everyone who competed!
Finally, a big thanks to the coaches, managers and supporters who gave their time over the weekend. Without your involvement the teams could not attend the tournament and the performances and efforts of the players was a reflection of your input which is hugely appreciated.
Daniel Wards - Sports Co-ordinator
Leave a Reply. | https://www.stpetersgore.school.nz/sports-news/senior-catholic-schools-tournament |
Jones won't be underestimating his former club in Trophy
Hatters boss Nathan Jones has warned his side not to expect an easy ride when they come up against his former club Brighton & Hove Albion's U21 side in the Checkatrade Trophy this evening.
The Seagulls youngsters won promotion to the Premier League 2 Division last term, and have started with three draws against Liverpool, Arsenal and Spurs, before hammering Man City 5-0 last Friday.
Speaking about the clash, Jones said: "It’s a wonderful occasion, we like playing these different games, different teams, and it will be a real good test, because they’ve started superbly well in the league having played Man City, Liverpool, Arsenal and Tottenham.
"It’s been a tough start for them but they’re unbeaten, so they’ll be a very well organised, very talented young side and we’ve got to be at our best.
"It’s a real big test for ours, as it’s a test of character for ours as well. It’s a similar test to what we get here, so it’s a competition we would like to do well in and that starts now."
Albion's coaching staff and players are well known to Jones, who spent over four years at Brighton as a player, and was then on the coaching staff, named caretaker manager for two games ahead of Chris Hughton's appointment.
He added: "I'm very close to Simon Rusk (U23 coach), I knew him from the time I went there.
"He’s a friend of mine and I included him in my first team staff when I took over for a few games, so I know the levels of coaching that he has.
"Liam Rosenior’s recently gone in there, I’ve known Liam for a long time, he was a player when I was assistant and coaching there too.
"They have a lot of young players that were there within the 21 set up when I was there that I know, they’ve added real quality, but I know most of them there."
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Route A bus extension to London Luton Airport for Dunstable holidaymakers | |
The Minister for Rural and Community Development, has launched the third call for proposals under the Government’s Rural Regeneration and Development Fund as part of Project Ireland 2040.
The Fund is part of the Department of Rural and Community Development’s Rural Development Investment Programme which is funded under Project Ireland 2040.
Minister Michael Ring says the Fund is providing €1 billion in investment over 10 years to support the regeneration and development of rural town, villages and outlying areas.
Initial funding of €315 million was allocated on a phased basis over the period 2019 to 2022.
This call under the Fund is for Category 1 applications, which relate to capital projects that have planning in place and are ready to commence at the date of application.
It is expected that a funding announcement relating to the second call for Category 2 applications – for projects which require assistance for project development work in order to reach full delivery readiness – will be made shortly. | https://midwestradio.ie/index.php/news/39471-mayo-td-launches-third-call-for-proposals-under-the-government-s-rural-regeneration-and-development-fund |
Table of Contents
Knowing how these contexts alter the noise of a letter can be challenging, though. The letter d sounds like the "d" in "pet dog" when at the start of a word like dat ("that") but like the "t" in "cart" at the end of a word like woord ("word").
Dutch Vocabulary Learning Dutch vocabulary isn't as tough as you may believe. It requires time and practice, you'll find there are a great deal of Dutch words and phrases that are gotten in touch with English expressions you currently understand. As pointed out above, Dutch is among the most closely associated languages to English.
When you see the Dutch words kat, zeven or beter, for example, you'll probably have no trouble guessing their English equivalents. Essentials Of Dutch Grammar Dutch Verbs And Dutch Verb Conjugations Verbs are crucial elements of any Dutch sentence. Whenever you wish to reveal that somebody or something does some action or is something else, you need a Dutch verb (Recommended books for learning Dutch).
Verbs in their a lot of fundamental kind (called the infinitive type) end in -n, with a lot of ending in -en, like the verbs komen ("to come") and zitten, "to sit." To be used in real Dutch sentences, these verbs need to be conjugated, which is a technical way of stating that each Dutch verb requires an unique ending depending upon the subject of the verb (who or what is doing the action of the verb).
Neuter words take the short article het, like the word het boek ("the book") or het kind ("the child"). All plural words take the post de regardless of their gender, like de mannen ("the men"), de kinderen ("the children") or de boeken ("the books"). You can idea into the gender of a word often by taking a look at its ending, too; words with the small ending -je like huisje ("little home") take the short article het, for example.
If you have actually ever found out or tried to discover German, you understand that it can be a headache to attempt to find out when to utilize the guaranteed posts der, die or dasamong a number of others. There is no case marking in Dutch, meaning using guaranteed and indefinite short articles ("the" and "a") is a much easier procedure than in numerous other Germanic languages.
The method to state where you come from in Dutch is Ik kom uit X ("I come from X"), and to ask where someone is from, you can state Waar kom je vandaan? ("Where do you come from?"). ("See you later!"). Dutch Language Lessons.
Ways To Find Out Dutch There is no ideal answer when it comes to how to find out Dutch or any new language. With so lots of choices for your language journey, it's no surprise that picking a discovering design or method can be frustrating! Of the millions of individuals who speak and study Dutch as a non-native language, you'll find folks who have actually used all sorts of resources to find out the language, some complimentary, some relatively cheap, and some more of a monetary investment.
Here are simply a few of the ways to find out Dutch rapidly: in a or with one-on-one instruction from a with paid or totally free online with like,,, and Knowing Dutch In The Classroom Dutch is among the top studied languages in school systems and universities around the world.
It allows more extensive, routine research study with feedback from instructors who know the Dutch language and can remedy mistakes as they happen and teach material in an interactive way. Depending on how large a class is and how engaged the instructor is, learning in a classroom might be a less tailored experience, but having other students to talk to and practice with is an important resource for a learner of any language.
Having a knowledgeable Dutch tutor at hand who can assist you ideal your pronunciation and deal with you closely on the elements of Dutch that trigger you difficulty is an excellent way to improve your skills fast without a teacher needing to split time and attention among several students. And Dutch tutoring doesn't have to be bothersome at all; numerous sessions can and do take location over video call rather of in individual.
Well trained master Dutch tutors frequently charge high per hour rates for their lessons, so discovering a high-quality, economical choice can be difficult. Software and Online Dutch Courses There are lots of top-notch, expert-designed online Duch courses and programs that range from fairly priced to extremely expensive. Learn Dutch with our private tutors online or live. They allow you to learn Dutch by yourself time and are frequently more interactive and engaging than many free courses and resources.
Can You Learn Dutch Free Of Charge? All of the above options have something in typical: they cost cash. For those learners who wish to be more mindful of their budgets or are alright to invest more time finding and dealing with more cost-efficient material, there are still a lot of alternatives to find out Dutch free of charge or for low-cost! Free Online Dutch Courses And Apps For Learning Dutch There's no scarcity of free Dutch courses, apps and content you can find on the internet and on your phone.
A few of them are much better than others in the methods they're arranged and how completely they explain brand-new ideas, so take them with a grain of salt. Understand that the tradeoff of a complimentary product is that it typically sacrifices quality. How Long Does It Take To Learn Dutch?. Much of the content that's in totally free apps or that's spread around the web originates from user-generated translations that are hardly ever verified and are frequently inconsistent or riddled with mistakes.
For example, if you spend one hour mentor a friend who's a native Dutch speaker something about English, he or she would then invest the next hour mentor Dutch to you - Learn Dutch online. This is an efficient method when both people have the ability to commit considerable time and believed to the partnership, but keep in mind that not everybody is a great teacher.
Immersion Dutch Learning Dutch immersion programs or some form of immersive Dutch language travel are definitely the most severe and intensive ways to discover a new language, and they're not for everyone. (They're likewise not technically complimentary if you count airline tickets to a brand-new place and all the costs of living connected with any place you go.) Without a doubt, immersing yourself in a brand-new culture and a place that doesn't speak your language and surrounding yourself with native Dutch speakers will force you to make fast progress in Dutch or another target language as you struggle to interact and comprehend those around you.
There are thousands of Dutch books that make excellent learning resources for newbie and intermediate Dutch learners, from children's books like Minoes, perfect for beginner learners, to longer, more substantive checks out like the historic fiction books Oorlogswinter * and the more sophisticated * De Anslaag (Learn Dutch — The Fast, Easy & Fun Way). Using books to find out Dutch is a great method to hone your reading skills and to comprehend how the Dutch language is utilized in an entire large range of contexts, from historical fiction to fairy tales to personal essays to collections of narratives to nonfiction and whatever in between. So a language discovering app should be developed to get you to that objective in the very best way possible. It is necessary to commit the time and effort to experimenting discipline, but outside of your own personal dedication, you have actually got to have innovation that understands how to assist you most efficiently along the way.
Babbel's lessons are interactive and cover all the aspects of discovering Dutch reading, composing, listening, and speaking to multimedia Dutch content to train your ears and eyes. Our speech recognition feature even helps you hone your Dutch pronunciation, too. Dutch Learning On Your Terms Among the finest parts of finding out with Babbel is having the ability to fit lessons in seamlessly when you desire them and where you desire them.
Try a free Dutch lesson with Babbel and see for yourself how rapidly you'll be on your way to speaking Dutch with self-confidence like you've always wished to! Inspect out our other discovering subjects about Dutch:.
Interactive group sessions During the online course, there are 3 or four interactive group sessions (by means of Skype) with an instructor and a few course individuals. These sessions are scheduled in such a way that everyone can get involved, regardless of the time zone you are in. We use Skype to communicate with each other, so you will require your own Skype account.
These sessions are an opportunity to reveal what you have discovered so far. Forum If you have questions about grammar, vocabulary, or the course itself, you can ask them in our online forum throughout the course.
Study Dutch courses online with an Individual Tutor at novice, intermediate or innovative level. | https://national-news.preptalk.nl/us-news/top-resources-learning-dutch-fluent-3-months-ECcJ1FuF5Y2F |
Working capital is a special financial metric that is calculated from the difference between the fixed assets of the company, that is, those outside the turnover and the financial obligations of the company. A company’s liquidity is usually measured in terms of the company’s ability to pay off short-term liabilities. The ability to handle working capital is able to maintain the company and effectively manage the company. If its volume is insufficient, the company will not be able to fulfill its obligations, which can reduce the level of salaries, and force the company to lose the loyalty of partners and suppliers. In order to determine the level of expediency of the size of working capital, it is required to understand the purpose of its use. In the case of a desire for liquidity, capital should be higher, but companies also desire profitability, which requires a lower level of investment. There are numerous reasons for companies’ need to underestimate the liquidity ratio, that is, to minimize working capital for the timely use of financial savings.
Conditions
Liquidity means the ability to sell a particular product quickly and at a market price; that is, liquidity is the probability of exchanging a thing for money. Therefore, depending on the company and the goods produced by it, the amount of distributed and invested finance should be determined. An important benefit of understating or keeping working capital low will be the increased efficiency of operations. If a company makes money with quick deals and sells goods immediately and for cash, it can complete a turnover cycle faster. Thus, the company operates more quickly and efficiently, and it does not need much liquidity support since it is able to cover all costs as they appear.
The optimal level of the constituent parts of the working capital should be measured depending on the type of operations and the long-term investment plans. According to researchers’ observation, many companies do not realize that increasing liquidity through a large number of financial investments in a company does not mean that the company’s value will automatically increase (Cumbie & Donnellan, 2017). In the case of companies striving for profitability, capital should be measured on a daily basis in order to ensure smooth day-to-day operations. Accounts receivable require particular caution, the amount of which should be understated to increase the company’s profitability.
One can minimize the company’s investments in the following ways: reduce your stocks, reduce the terms of the loan provided to customers, or increase the terms of the loan received from the suppliers. This will reduce the investment or the long-term investment of the company. The money obtained in this way can, for example, be invested in permanent assets and increase profitability. In this case, if one removes this money from the working capital and maintains profitability, the company’s rentability will increase as an indicator of profit in relation to the cost of the capital involved.
In order for the company to be able to increase its value while maintaining a low level of liquidity, an increase in the number of accounts received and paid is required. This implies an increase and acceleration of the conversion of finance. The company also requires periodic additional inventories to adapt to changes in the economic landscape in the situation of deteriorating business conditions (Tsuruta, 2019). Through qualitative research carried out in the firm, one can also find out which financial components are the main ones to ensure the value of the firm. Thus, depending on the balance between liquidity and profitability, the company’s tasks are determined, which already form the necessary conditions for reducing or maintaining a low level of working capital.
Challenges
The main risk in the release of finance in the process of declining working capital may be the inability to meet financial obligations. Free cash flow rises as the company either sell off inventory or raises its debt or maturity times. By increasing the free cash flow, it becomes possible to increase dividends or pay off debts, but the danger of this is that the financial stability of the enterprise can be undermined (Van et al., 2019). The company risks losing its ability to respond financially to its short-term obligations.
Thus, the reduction of capital in use should be made carefully and sensibly, taking into account each component. Moreover, the risk of disadvantage and financial loss with low working capital is a prolonged cycle of money turnover. If the company does not sell the product quickly enough, while less money is spent on its preparation, there is a risk that the financial contribution will not pay off. This can lead to devastating consequences for a company that does not have time to replenish spent assets and does not have a safety cushion in the form of high liquidity.
The most suitable conditions for a low level of working capital are considered to be reduced in terms of money conversion, operations performed immediately on demand, every day, or exactly on time. The amount of capital itself does not affect the profitability of the company and the increase in deductions. However, the minimum capital is required to conduct operations. In the event of a successful circulation of capital, the proceeds go to other more productive uses. However, issues such as the limited amount of time and the high level of multitasking are certainly barriers for many companies striving for this type of profitability.
References
Cumbie, J. B., & Donnellan, J. (2017). The impact of working capital components on firm value in US firms. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(8), 138-151. Web.
Tsuruta, D. (2019). Working capital management during the global financial crisis: Evidence from Japan. Japan and the World Economy, 49, 206-219. Web.
Van, H. T. T., Hung, D. N., Van, V. T. T., & Xuan, N. T. (2019). Managing optimal working capital and corporate performance: Evidence from Vietnam. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 9(9), 977-993. Web. | https://business-essay.com/researching-minimizing-working-capital/ |
The giant Pacific octopus is curious and smart, known to unscrew jars and solve puzzles. They are made up of 90% muscle and frequently lose arms to predators — although they grow back. Octopods can change their skin color and texture, enabling them to blend into their surroundings. | https://milwaukeezoo.org/about-us/our-blog/classification/invertebrate/ |
When HITECH amended HIPAA in 2009 it empowered state attorneys general to sue breaching parties to enforce the privacy and security rights of their respective state’s citizens. Prior to this time only the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) was permitted to enforce HIPAA. However, § 13410(e) of the HITECH Act limits the money damages that attorneys general can collect to $100 per individual affected, however not to exceed $25,000 for all violations of an identical requirement or prohibition during a calendar year.
Some state health privacy laws impose higher money penalties on breaching parties, and recently the Indiana Attorney General invoked state law, over HIPAA/HITECH, when prosecuting a privacy breach by insurer WellPoint, Inc. In that instance, the applicable Indiana statute permitted recovery of up to $150,000 per failure to disclose a health data security breach.
In the WellPoint breach, applications for individual health insurance policies containing Social Security numbers, financial and health information for 32,051 Indiana residents were accidentally made available on the internet for at least 137 days between October 2009 and March 2010. A member of the public notified WellPoint of the problem on February 22, and ultimately the individual filed a class action lawsuit against WellPoint on March 8. After being sued WellPoint quickly fixed the online problem, which had occurred during a system upgrade. However, WellPoint did not begin notifying its customers of the breach until June 18. And, when it did notify customers in Indiana, it did not notify the Attorney General, as required under state law.
WellPoint notified the DHHS of the breach in accordance with HITECH. However when Greg Zoeller, the Indiana Attorney General, filed suit against WellPoint in October 2010, it did so not under HITECH but under a provision of the Indiana Code allowing recovery of up to $150,000 per “deceptive act,” which term included a failure to disclose a breach of the security of personal data. The Indiana statute also allows recovery of the Attorney General’s reasonable investigation and prosecution costs.
Regarding this choice of law, a spokesperson for the Indiana Attorney General’s office stated:
“While the option to file under HITECH/HIPAA in federal court was considered, Indiana’s notification laws and enforcement options allow greater remedies . . . . [u]nder HITECH/HIPAA, the possible penalties maximum would have been $25,000 vs. $300,000 under Indiana law.” (Presumably the two “deceptive acts” were delayed notification of the public and failure to notify the Indiana AG).
WellPoint ultimately reached a settlement with the Attorney General on June 23, 2011, pursuant to which it will pay a $100,000 fine to a state fund providing restitution to defrauded consumers and will provide two years of credit monitoring and identity theft protection to affected individuals in Indiana. In addition, it will reimburse victims of identity theft for losses up to $50,000 per individual.
Prior to this case, the Connecticut Attorney General sued Health Net under HITECH/HIPAA following the insurer’s delayed notification of its loss of an unencrypted portable disk drive holding records for more than 500,000 insureds in Connecticut and more than 1.5 million nationwide. In that settlement HealthNet agreed to pay $250,000 in damages, provide two years of credit monitoring, $1 million of identity theft insurance and reimburse the costs of security credit freezes.
When HITECH first empowered attorneys general to prosecute data security breaches, little thought was given to the possibility that they might have more leverage under state laws than under the new federal statute. With state budgets stretched to the limit, this may prove more of a factor in which security breaches are prosecuted, and under which laws.
California law permits individuals to sue over breaches of their personal security data and recover up to $3,000 per violation as well as attorneys’ fees, but neither mandates the contents of security breach notices, nor requires notification of the California Attorney General. This may change, however, as a California Senate bill would specify the contents of breach notifications and, and for breaches affecting more than 500 California residents would require that breach notifications be sent electronically to the Attorney General. The Senate passed SB 24 in April 2011 and it is easily passing committee votes in the State Assembly. I will continue to update the progress of the bill in future posts. | https://eforerisa.com/2011/07/11/state-privacy-breach-laws-may-trump-hipaahitech/?shared=email&msg=fail |
If you are considering writing a short report or article, your first concern must be the degree of education required by the school in which you intend to take your exam. When it’s required for entrance into an online university, for instance, then you are going to be likely to have completed a fundamental education in English. If, on the flip side, your educational requirements are determined by your current occupation, then you may have to work towards greater instruction before taking the test. This can make essay writing much more difficult, but it’s certainly well worth it if your present academic requirements don’t allow for a short report or essay.
After deciding your educational requirements, you want to decide what type of writing you will be doing with your writing assignment. There are several unique kinds of essay writing, however, require some sort of structure. The article or document is usually a written reaction to another bit of written information, and so as to finish the essay or report, you’ll have to stick to a specific structure of advice. Some examples of structured essay writing comprise essays to give to a teacher, a composition for a school paper or mission, and even essays to give through interview conditions. In the end, your essay writing will ultimately rely on the particular assignment you’re given.
The most frequent structure involves paragraphs and typically begins with the introduction followed by a body paragraph. However, it’s not unusual to get a few sentences or phrases which do not stick to this format. You may want to start your essay or report using one paragraph that takes up the whole duration of your article, as an example, or you may wish essay writing service to separate the body write essay for you of your report or essay into shorter paragraphs. The choice to follow a certain structure will depend on the length of time the information you’re writing for wants to be. The shorter your essay or report is, the not as likely you are to need to adhere to a specific format.
There are many diverse ways that you can approach your essay or report. Many college students choose to write an essay or document as part of a composition class. Because composition is usually required for entrance to an online university, this arrangement is commonly used for students that are trying to boost their grade point average and/or pass the test to be able to earn a degree. In addition to being asked to write a composition for an admissions survey, a few college students might also be asked to write one for an instructor at a college lecture or classroom homework. This approach enables for written information and verbal communication, making it a really handy solution for those that aren’t skillful with speech writing.
If you anticipate finishing a short report or essay for personal usage, or for a school project, it is possible to take a course on essay writing. To compose a short report or article having a more organized format, like a brief report on an assigned topic. Additionally, there are many books that offer detailed instructions for students about how to compose an article or report with a structured arrangement, but, depending on your level of experience with essay writing, you might not need this publication. Alternatively, you might want to get help from a teacher on your writing classes for a few tips.
Since you may see, there are many diverse formats such as writing essays, all of which will demand a structured fashion of composing. It doesn’t matter whether you’re writing an essay to submit to an admissions committee, even for a school newspaper or mission, or simply need help finishing a brief essay or report, it’s necessary to learn and utilize those basic formats in order for your essay writing is as efficient as possible. | https://kunyehospitality.co.za/2020/11/10/essay-writing-the-format-for-your-essay/ |
Xerra is creating powerful new ways to utilise Earth observation (EO) and remote sensing technologies. We build useful and tangible products and services that provide reliable information to empower evidence-informed decision making within New Zealand’s industries, business and government.
Advancements in the availability of EO data, paired with machine learning and other technologies, are ushering in a new dawn of knowledge. The perspective that this data provides, enables an understanding of human behaviour and our natural world at a scale that has never previously been possible.
Xerra was created to enhance growth in New Zealand through the intensification of R&D and innovation in the regions. Through scientific research we aim to deliver valued information that leads to increased productivity while caring for the environment.
Why Xerra Earth Observation Institute?
Xerra sees the opportunities the space industry can provide and we recognise the power of Earth Observation (EO) data when applied reliably and with genuine understanding of the problem being solved.
Xerra are a team of remote sensing and data scientists, software engineers and designers, and business and communication experts.
How could EO insights benefit my enterprise?
EO can provide transformative insights for almost any sector, leading to gains in productivity, efficiency and accountability.
The new age of accessible EO data, and the intelligence it can provide, is transforming industries, businesses and governments around the world — giving them an edge in an increasingly competitive international environment.
What is Earth observation (EO) data and imagery?
EO data is a collective term, that refers to the information captured by sensors on board satellites, planes, drones or other autonomous vehicles, including ground-based sensors and networks.
The team at Xerra has expertise in a wide range of remote sensing technologies and outputs, but focus primarily on data collected by satellites.
Sign up for the latest EO insights.
Join the Xerra mailing list to receive our quarterly newsletter and other announcements by email. We’re keen on reducing the volume of our own inboxes, so we’ll be sure not to fill yours with spam. | https://www.xerra.nz/ |
Following the release of our 2017 A Level results earlier this week, we are delighted to announce outstanding IGCSE results for our graduating Form 5 Class of 2017 as well! Our warmest congratulations to all our students for their hard work over the years and to our staff for their dedication to helping our students achieve their best.
This year, an impressive 88% of students achieved 5 or more A*-C passes that include both Mathematics and English! This result is the highest we’ve achieved in 29 years and sets a new Chengelo School record!
In Music and Agriculture, the average grade achieved was an A! For Biology, Business Studies, Computer Science, Design and Technology, English Language, English Literature, Geography, History and Mathematics the average grade achieved was a B! This reflects the strength of our achievements across all subjects.
Our congratulations again to all our graduating students and for those that are leaving Chengelo, we pray you will continue to be witnesses to the Light of Jesus Christ wherever you go next!
Well done former classmates, you never cease to amaze me….Keep up with the wonderful work,bigger things are yet to come your way. | https://www.chengeloschool.org/2018/01/congratulations-to-igcse-class-of-2017/ |
On the eve of the National People's Congress and the Chinese people's political consultative conference, various industries have been paying close attention to hot issues such as expanding domestic demand and transforming economic development model, expanding private investment and maintaining sustainable economic growth, maintaining employment and people's livelihood, and supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, innovation and entrepreneurship, and financial system reform.At present, it seems that with the sharp increase of employment pressure, there will be new opportunities for the state to pay attention to and support small and medium-sized enterprises. PCB small and medium-sized enterprises may take the opportunity to adjust their industrial structure and face up to the trend.
Employment is the foundation of people's livelihood.After the outbreak of the financial crisis, the large number of private small and medium-sized enterprises in the eastern coastal areas bore the brunt, while the small and medium-sized enterprises, accounting for more than 80% of PCB enterprises, were even more struggling, which brought severe challenges to China's employment situation.In 2009, the government took various measures to ensure employment and achieved remarkable results, and all the targets for employment in 2009 were exceeded.At present, entering the New Year, China's overall employment situation is still not optimistic, requiring the government to take strong measures to actively respond.
As an important part of China's economy, small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) are playing an increasingly important role in boosting the economy, promoting growth, increasing employment, expanding exports and promoting innovation.In particular, it has solved nearly 80% of urban employment in China and become the main channel to expand employment.The current employment situation in China is still not optimistic.Entrepreneurship is the source of employment. To alleviate the current employment pressure, we need to encourage entrepreneurship and vigorously develop small and medium-sized enterprises.The active development of small and medium-sized enterprises is conducive to expanding employment and enhancing residents' consumption capacity, stimulating private investment and strengthening the endogenous driving force of economic growth, so as to build a domestic demand-led and consumption-supported economic development model in China.
In the past year, suffered most small and medium-sized private enterprises in our country, from the youngest, small and medium-sized enterprises of small and micro enterprises, start-up is the vulnerable groups in urban economy, they face the high threshold, difficulty in financing and heavy burden of three "persistent ailment", these problems displays in: one is high threshold, including startup and market access threshold.According to the baineng survey, 72 of the more than 80 industries in the whole society allow state capital to enter, 62 of which allow foreign capital to enter, while only 41 of which allow private capital to enter.Second, financing is difficult.Due to the unsound financing system, China's small and medium-sized enterprises direct financing channels are not smooth;In terms of indirect financing, private smes are discriminated against by Banks and other financial institutions.Third, heavy burden.The first is the heavy tax burden.Data show that from January to August 2009, the profit and tax revenue of China's small and medium-sized industrial enterprises above scale increased by 1.6% and 10.4% year on year, respectively, and the tax growth greatly exceeded the profit growth.At the same time, excessive arbitrary charges and fines increase the non-tax burden of smes.Second, funding costs are high.
According to market analysts at baineng, to ease employment pressure and change the development model in the post-crisis era, China must optimize the environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, encourage residents to start businesses to boost employment, and maintain the vitality and vitality of the vast number of small and medium-sized enterprises.To be specific, first, we need to lower the threshold for starting a business and allow small and medium-sized enterprises to grow rapidly.Second, we need to vigorously develop policy-based finance, build a multi-tiered financial system, liberalize the market access of private capital to finance, and ease the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises.Third, we need to build a fiscal and tax policy support system for small and medium-sized enterprises. Through tax cuts, fee reductions and interest subsidies, we will implement the policy of "giving more and taking less" to alleviate the burden on small and medium-sized enterprises. | http://m.foundpcb.com/info/interpret-the-two-sessions-hot-spot-pcb-small-28868126.html |
Hey, y’all, I am so thrilled to be visiting over here at Colleen’s space, I love following her and her sweet family via her blog and on Instagram. You can normally find me over at Tinge Of Whimsy or my food and travel blog, The Thankfull Tummy. I mainly ramble on about our travels and life in North Carolina (sometimes I delve into deeper topics, such as infertility) but mainly, I am a woman that loves bacon, books and bourbon…which leads me to my drink of choice for you all today!
My husband is a fan of simplicity and one of his favorite dessert drinks is an affogatto. Which is usually just vanilla gelato (or ice cream) and then pouring a piping hot shot of espresso over top. The two flavors then meld together as the gelato melts into a fantastic and yummy treat.
One of my favorite things to do is play around with flavors and there is nothing I love more than the flavors of fall! One day I had the thought to change up his go to treat by subbing out the coffee and gelato flavor. And the most obvious first choice was pumpkin and caramel. And then I needed but a reason to add bourbon. I came up with about a thousand.
Ingredients
2 scoops caramel gelato ( I used talenti sea salt caramel gelato)
1 cup pumpkin flavored coffee
1 tbsp bourbon (optional)
Place gelato in glass, add bourbon and top with coffee. Let melt for a few seconds and then enjoy. This would also be amazing with whip cream. The second time I made bourbon caramel flavored whip cream. Heaven in a bowl. It barely made it to the glass!
The choices are endless with the varieties you could create. Peppermint mocha, banana caramel, eggnog. Just have at it!
Thanks so much for having me today, Colleen! Hope some of you will come pay me a visit, I have cocktails up on both blogs every Thursday!
October 17, 2013
Thirsty Thursday Guest Post | Pumpkin Caramel Affogato
Labels: thirsty thursday
No comments: | http://www.colleenandkeith.com/2013/10/thirsty-thursday-guest-post-pumpkin.html |
Porter’s five forces framework (rivalry existing competitors, threat of new entrants, power of suppliers and buyers, substitute products and services) is based on the perception that an organizational strategy should encounter the opportunities and threats in the organizations external setting. A competitive strategy should rest on an understanding of industry structures and the way they change. Porter argues that the aim of the strategist is to recognize and handle a competitive environment by directly looking at competitors, or to contemplate a broader perspective that competes against the organization (Porter, 1979). Arguably, technological advancements and different ways of strategic thinking, such as shaping the future, engaging with customers, and creating long-term value using innovative ways may have shifted Porter’s five forces thinking from competing in an existing competitive environment to seeking opportunities in new innovative markets. However, one may wonder, if organizations are up to par for stepping out of their current competitive market to become a pioneer in a new market environment. This paper outlines and focuses on the relevance of Porter’s five forces today and its appropriateness when managers are considering innovation and change. Additionally, there will be an exploration of alternative strategies that have similarities with Porter’s five forces. | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3192207 |
At Holy Trinity & S. Silas Primary School we want all our children to flourish with a love of language and reading – it is at the heart of everything we do. We know reading is a hugely important life skill and so the way in which we teach reading must enable children to become confident, reflective, quizzical and skilled readers. The sooner children learn to read, the greater their success at school. In EYFS and KS1 we focus on learning to read and in KS2 the emphasis shifts to reading to learn.
On entry to Reception class, children are taught to read through structured, daily teaching of systematic synthetic phonics. We use the Department for Education validated scheme, Little Wandle Letters and Sounds revised. The teaching of phonics helps children to recognise the different units of sounds that make up words, supporting them in learning how to read and spell effectively.
As part of our phonics programme, children read fully decodable texts linked to our Little Wandle programme. These reading practice books are used in class and taken home. These are supplemented with a sharing book – a picture book from the class book corner for parents to read to children at home for reading enjoyment. As children progress through the programme, they go on to read a range of texts, both fiction and non-fiction, to give breadth and balance in developing their independent reading skills.
Reading Enrichment – The children across all year groups are captivated by adults reading aloud to them daily in class during story time. We also run a weekly key stage storytelling, led by our drama specialist. This practice truly fosters the enjoyment and love of reading and it enables the children to develop their own imaginations.
Our class book corners are planned and designed to stimulate and enthuse children into reading and choosing books independently. They are organised in a way that shows the importance of looking after books and are categorised enabling children to gain an understanding of how they would see books organised in a bookshop or library.
In KS1, alongside our phonics programme, we run Daily Supported Reader, giving children the opportunity to share and engage with high-quality book talk and discussion. This supports children with language development, comprehension skills and reading enjoyment. Each group of no more than six children is run by a trained adult.
In KS2, children extend the range of materials they read, including more challenging texts. Whole class reading using the Destination Reader approach is taught in Years 3-6 to ensure that all children are adequately supported to become fluent and confident readers. In reading sessions, children read a broad range of fiction, non-fiction and poetry; unpack and analyse vocabulary; develop various strategies to secure and enhance their understanding, such as skimming and scanning for information or re-reading; discuss texts in response to carefully planned questioning and talking points; and independently respond to what they have read with purposeful follow-up activities, allowing for immediate assessment and feedback by teachers and support staff. We recognise the value of reading to learn as well as learning to read: to this end, we ensure that reading opportunities are provided across the curriculum beyond timetabled reading sessions.
Reading interventions – As part of our Little Wandle phonics programme, we run keep up and catch up sessions across the school to give children who need some extra practice additional opportunity to consolidate learning. These are individual or group depending on the area of need.
In KS2, to give those children who may need an extra boost with their desire for, and confidence in reading, we run additional reading sessions led by class teachers. This boosts children fluency and comprehension, as well as their interest in books and reading.
School Library – We have a school library that was set up by our pupil leadership team to promote a love of reading and give the children access to a range of books and genres. It operates on a simple borrowing system and is run our Y6 librarians.
Curriculum – We believe that texts are key to unlocking the real and imaginary world for children and therefore plan our topics around key texts. This means that we can make tangible links for children and deepen experiences across subject areas. The children are exposed to and read a range of fiction and non-fiction books, which are also used as a stimulus and as models for their own writing. The children have opportunities to explore texts they have heard or read, through weekly drama lessons, which also prepare them for their writing.
We love words and language at Holy Trinity & S. Silas and high quality books enable us, and the children, to magpie words that excite us as readers, which we can then use in our writing.
Parents & Home Reading – We have home reading records that parents complete when books are changed. These are monitored by school and, where necessary, support is put in place.
Parents support school book events such as World Book Day and Book Fairs. The infant classes invite parents in weekly to be ‘mystery readers’ which creates much excitement!
We know that the world of books can lead to discovery, exploration and sparks our imagination. It is our mission to enable and skill all our children to build the blocks that lead to opening up a world of opportunity. | https://www.holytrinitynw1.camden.sch.uk/parents/day-to-day/english/ |
Lighthouses – the tall towers with bright lights at the top found dotted around the world – came to be because of the need for sailors to be able to navigate at night, and to avoid crashing against rocks. Initially, people relied on bonfires lit on a high point of land to guide vessels into the right landing area. Later, many sailors used landmarks, such as glowing volcanoes to guide them safely.
One of the oldest known lighthouses, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, was the Lighthouse of Alexandria, also known as Pharos of Alexandria. This creation was a technological triumph at the time, and went on to become the archetype of lighthouses. It is believed to have been completed around 280 BC, and stood on the island of Pharos, in the harbour of Alexandria.
The famous lighthouse had a spiral ramp that led people to the top, where a fire was kept burning all night. The lighthouse was one of the world’s tallest man-made structures at the time, comparable to a multi-storey skyscraper. The lighthouse survived for over a thousand years but was destroyed by an earthquake in the 1400s.
The Romans went on to build other lighthouses as they expanded their empire. During the Dark Ages, lighthouse construction stalled as commerce declined, but new lighthouses started being established again around 1100 AD with the revival of trade in Europe. By the year 1600, lighthouses were quite common and referenced in many maps, charts and books.
The creation of more modern lighthouses came about around 1700, when improvements in lighting equipment and structures surged ahead, and towers started to be fully exposed to the open sea. In 1759, John Smeaton, an engineer, designed a new type of masonry tower that involved masonry blocks dovetailing together in an interlocking pattern. By 1820, there were more than 200 major lighthouses spread across the globe, and their popularity grew from there. Today, masonry and brick continues to be used in lighthouse construction, but concrete and steel are more widely used.
Over the years, the method of light used in lighthouses has, of course, changed, too. After fire, oil was used from the late 1700s, then gas (a special acetylene gas) came into use around the turn of the 20th century. The now standard illuminant, the electric-filament lamp, became popular in the 1920s. Today, more efficient lamps, with longer life, are used as they become available, as is solar power.
In Australia, with so many kilometres of coastline, lighthouses have been a necessity over the years. They have been a key factor in our ability to communicate with the rest of the world, and have contributed significantly to our commercial development because they allowed safe shipping to occur.
In Queensland, which boasts the world’s most extensive coral reef system, lighthouses have been particularly beneficial. While there have been more than 1800 ships wrecked along the coast, this number would have been much higher if it weren’t for the lighthouses seafarers had to aid their journeys.
One fascinating Queensland-based story that many people do not know about concerns the post. According to Peter Braid from Lighthouses of Australia Inc., the second registered post office in the country was actually found at Booby Island Lighthouse, northwest of Cape York in the Torres Strait.
Peter says, “Ships sailing from England would leave mail in a large cave there. Ships travelling back would collect it and take it with them. Also, supplies were kept in the cave, as the Island was taboo to the local islanders (a number of whom were cannibals). Booby Island Lighthouse was a safe location to get to.” Since so many ships were wrecked in this area in the 19th century, the supplies Braid mentions were kept there to help stranded seamen.
Point Danger Lighthouse, or the Captain Cook Memorial Lighthouse as it is known, is an active lighthouse located on the Point Danger headland between Coolangatta, on the Gold Coast, and Tweed Heads, in New South Wales. It marks the border between the two states.
This lighthouse opened in 1971, and was one of seven concrete towers built at the time to mark the bicentenary of James Cook’s first voyage along the east coast of Australia, on the HMS Endeavour. The seven-storey lighthouse structure has quite a sculptural-looking design, and is therefore an interesting one to view.
A fun fact about this lighthouse is that it was the world’s first to experiment with laser technology. Unfortunately, though, the experiment did not work, and four years after it opened the lighthouse converted back to using more conventional lenses (an electric beacon).
Today, you can explore the grounds of the lighthouse but the tower itself is not open to the public.
The Cleveland Point Lighthouse has a long and varied history. It was constructed in 1864 on the north east tip of Cleveland Point, Brisbane, by the Queensland Government, to help small ships servicing the farming settlements of Cleveland, Victoria Point, Redland Bay and communities along the Logan and Albert Rivers, to safely navigate the moving mudflats and sandbanks in Moreton Bay. There were also rocks there, and the waters shallow, adding to the danger.
The lighthouse is an important one because it is the only remaining timber-structured, timber-clad lighthouse in Moreton Bay from the 19th century. A hexagonal wooden lighthouse made from painted weatherboards attached to a timber frame, this design was experimental, and one of only three hexagonal lighthouses built in the area. Most lighthouses in Queensland at the time were round, and clad with metal, not wood.
When a new concrete lighthouse was built in 1975, the old Cleveland Point Lighthouse was relocated to the western shore of the point, a little way from its original location. Since then, the structure has been restored and renovated by the local council. Today, the grounds are open all year round for visitors to check out, but the tower itself it not open to the public.
History buffs might like to know that Cleveland Point Lighthouse’s second lighthouse keeper, James Troy, holds the record in Australia for being the longest-serving keeper at one lighthouse.
The Moreton Bay Pile Light came to a spectacular end in 1949 when it was taken out by a large British tanker that failed to stop, and crashed right through it. A few years before that, in 1945, the lighthouse had been severely damaged by a U.S. barge, but was repaired and returned to service.
Unfortunately, it could not be similarly resurrected after the tanker crashed into it, although the damaged structure stayed there until around 1967. When the event happened, three men inhabiting the lighthouse were thrown into the sea but were saved by the tanker’s crew.
The Moreton Bay Pile Light was built in 1882 at the mouth of the Brisbane River, after a channel was dredged through the bar in the river and opened up the area for ships. The pile light was the most distinguishing mark into the main channel of the river in Moreton Bay. It served to mark the seaward entrance to the Brisbane port, and also recorded and signalled the state of the tides to ships passing through.
In 1912, the Moreton Bay Pile Light was relocated after a new channel was cut (the original bar became blocked again). Both locations are now bare, with no tower available for visitors to explore.
If you have spent time exploring the Queensland Maritime Museum, you might have caught sight of the tower of Bulwer Island Lighthouse. It resides now in the grounds of the museum, where the entry level of the tower is home to a display about the structure.
The Bulwer Island Tower is the museum’s largest item, and in a distinctive Queensland style, being made from hardwood, which was clad in corrugated iron. The historic creation was restored by the museum in 2005, as timber and rotted out windowsills had to be replaced.
The original Bulwer Island Lighthouse was situated near the mouth of the Brisbane River. It operated in that position from 1912 to 1983, although the station was first established in 1909.
Cape Moreton Lighthouse was actually the first lighthouse constructed in Queensland. It was built on the northern point of Moreton Island, at Cape Moreton in Moreton Bay, Brisbane, in 1857 when the region was still a part of New South Wales.
This was an area that had become a major shipping passage and was experiencing increasing traffic as the immigrant population soared. The lighthouse was vital because the dangerous waters had led to the loss of many ships and lives in prior years.
The historic lighthouse was made from local sandstone, and built by stonemasons who worked with convict labourers. The structure was designed by Edmund Blacket, a well-known colonial architect at the time. Originally, the lighthouse’s source of light came from an oil wick, but over the years things changed. In 1930 it converted to gas, then to electricity in 1937, and then to solar power in 1993.
Today the lighthouse remains, and is fully automated. A lighthouse keeper looks after the grounds. The famous lighthouse continues to be used as a navigational aid for boaties, too.
Today, modern technology means most large vessels have their own on-board navigational systems, so lighthouses are not as talked about as they once were. However, Bill Carter, from Lighthouses of Australia Inc., notes that lighthouses are still very helpful for smaller boats.
He says, “In little vessels, trawlers and the like, people still use and rely on lighthouses. They use them as a bearing point, to help them know where they are.” Not all boats contain electrical equipment; after all, so there is definitely still a place for lighthouses.
Plus, as Peter Braid correctly points out, lighthouses can provide a backup for times when more sophisticated equipment fails. “If a GPS is not working, vessels rely on features such as lighthouses to help in coastal navigation.” Lighted marks like these are, after all, equipped with the advantages of simplicity, reliability, and affordability. Among mariners, lighthouses are often seen as reassuring visual aids, too.
This lighthouse was erected in 1872 of stone and painted white. The tower had a fixed white light of 1,000 candelas. Although the light tower is not high, it is built on a low headland. The light is effective as it is built on one of the most easterly points of Australia with plenty of deep water offshore. The original kerosene wick burner was converted to automatic acetylene operation in 1920 with an output of 1,500 candelas and altered to group flashing. The one keeper was withdrawn at this time. | https://boatgoldcoast.com.au/lighthouses-beacons-of-history/ |
Accounting has been around for almost as long as money has. References have been made by intellects to concepts that quite resemble modern day accounting methods. But for accountants to progress and flourish over time it is important to adapt to changing times and new trends. We are now at such a cusp and if accountants don’t understand the mistakes they are making they will without a doubt get left behind. Even though there are many elements of the profession that can use some tweaking, here we have focused on three main areas of concern.
The first and perhaps the most predominant area of concern is the hesitation to adopt new technology. Accounting has always been looked upon as a miserable and boring job. Accountants bear a scar of being “bean counters” that are only concerned with figures, and with the hesitation they exhibit in accepting new technology one can understand how this stereotype can become reinforced. The leap in technology in the last 20 years has been so great that a standardized profession like accounting fumbles to embrace the changes. Nevertheless, accountants need to understand and adopt these technologies as it will not only benefit them financially but will also lead to the evolution of the profession as whole.
This is a matter that most accountants know is inevitable yet still refuse to acknowledge until it may be too late. With the baby boomers starting to reach the age of retirement, the likely scenario is the number of small to medium sized accounting practices will begin to shrink. To avoid this it is advisable for accountants to start considering a succession plan right away. Succession planning has multiple options ranging from mergers, acquisitions to partnerships and more. However, the crucial factor is to start planning for these set-ups. The majority of accountants want to keep growing their business and continue being profitable but without a good succession plan in place, much of that effort may go in vain.
As an accountant this may not seem like a matter of concern, in fact, for many it is just a part of the job. Which indisputably is true but it also is a key area for cost savings. An accountant possesses a unique skill set that should be put to proper use. Accountants lose their true potential doing time-consuming tasks such as data entry, and this is a prime part of the workload that could be outsourced to other companies. Doing this could result in huge cost savings and deliver the greater benefit, the amount of time it will free up to focus on more profitable areas such as consultancy and advisory/planning work.
In summary these are just some of the mistakes that accountants are making today. The encouraging fact about these mistakes is that they can be corrected anytime effortlessly. Accountants have been stereotyped as a frugal bunch who are really ‘by the numbers’ type of people. Then it makes perfect sense for them to genuinely explore the suggestions above and see where the future takes them. | https://www.qxas.us.com/news/biggest-mistakes-accountants-are-making |
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A Critical Consideration of Diction in the Stories Whats in Alaska?, Fat and Collectors by Raymond Carver
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Raymond Carver A Critical Consideration of Diction Raymond Carver utilizes many different literary devices to manipulate his short stories Out of all the possible literary tools I feel that his word choice is the most important in creating a hook that captures a reader He tends to take a seemingly unimportant commonplace event and turn it into an enthrallingly interesting moment There is a direct correlation between this diction and how these ordinary events become so intricate He has been known to revise his stories many different times and thus has different versions of them One of the main purposes of revising is to ascertain exactly the best language and words to emphasize a theme or point within a story He uses these exact measures to ensure that he can maximize the impact of his stories This heightened text often leaves ambiguous meanings and interpretations in his work In the following paragraphs I will attempt to show how the diction employed in the stories Whats in Alaska Fat and Collectors contribute to their respective meanings and impact the reader In Whats In Alaska there are four main characters Jack Mary Helen and Carl The story is set up around a totally normal seeming premise four friends hanging out and smoking marijuana in their apartment The intricacies arise in the conversation and banter exchanged throughout the evening There is one instance in which Jack is bathing and he is conversing with Mary and he asks her to hand him a towel because he is getting out A reader would normally expect there to be a couple of lines following that dialogue which might relate somehow to her handing him a towel Instead of doing this Carver jumps straight to Mary who says Ill go and set the table There is no mention of whether or not she actually did hand him a towel This leads a reader to think that maybe she didnt and maybe
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The maker culture at Morehouse is one that seeks to engage our students, faculty, and community stakeholders in STEM-related, do-it-yourself activities that foster creativity, ingenuity, and leadership development. Enveloped in a free-form, fun environment, the College encourages stakeholders to explore their ideas through the use of such techniques as rapid prototyping, peer-to-peer learning, and Lean Start Up. Ultimately, our goal is to provide a physical and intellectual infrastructure that allows our students and stakeholders to express their creativity, solve problems, and explore opportunities through making.
The College has focused its efforts on exposing makers to the tools, techniques, and practices of making. Both year-long and summer programs convene students at the high school, middle school and undergraduate levels to teach the basic techniques of making and to provide tools and equipment for students to pursue their interests in such activities as robotics, computing, or 3-D printing. Deploying faculty and others as facilitators, the students learn how STEM can be used in the real world to build things, create products, or solve problems that they are most interested in. Programs such as the Youth Entrepreneurship Club, the Youth Entrepreneurship Summer Camp and the Pre-Freshman Bridge Summer Science Program target specific student groups and provide forums for students to practice making.
The College’s approach is to provide an academic setting that incorporates maker principles, and equipping faculty is a particular point of emphasis. Morehouse’s Faculty Development Center is initiating a program to train faculty in maker education and includes orienting faculty in the use of makerspace equipment such as 3-D printers. Innovation and Lean Start Up are now topic areas within courses in the entrepreneurship program. Additionally, the Math and Science Division leads an interdisciplinary program in sustainable energy that incorporates maker ideas into STEM and STEAM coursework.
1. The Morehouse Pan African Global Experience (MPAGE) is an international community outreach and research summer experience in which students travel to countries in West Africa (e.g. Ghana and Burkina Faso) to participate in the Solar Pioneers Project. The project teaches both STEM and non-STEM students to engineer sustainable solar power and install functional solar panels for off-the-grid communities in West Africa. Prior to participating in MPAGE, students connect with maker cultures to learn how to work with solar panels. A number of students who have completed the MPAGE program have developed plans that incorporate their maker skills into implementing creative solar panel projects on Morehouse’s campus.
2. The Pre-Freshman Bridge Summer Science Program at Morehouse supports the development of science-based maker skills. Students in this program participate in a highly innovative and engaging maker/research experience called the “High Altitude Research Platform” (HARP). Through HARP, students design, develop, and create an original research payload craft, then use weather balloons to launch their craft into “near space” conditions and recover them for observation and evaluation. This technologically-sophisticated project is accomplished using scientific kits, including the StratoStar High Altitude Balloon Kit which provides GPS tracking and computerized prediction software for balloon launches and LEGO Mindstorms robotics kits which create functional onboard instruments that facilitate the manipulation of original research samples. By coupling these kits with an innovative maker/research curriculum, HARP allows students to conduct original research projects in the areas of climate studies, atmospheric particulate matter, materials science, battery technology, and alternative energy.
3. The Youth Entrepreneurship Summer (YES) Camp is a signature program of the Morehouse College Entrepreneurship Center. The camp seeks to provide underserved metro-Atlanta high school students with opportunities to engage with entrepreneurial education and to turn ideas into action. Over a two-week non-residential period, students are exposed to the importance of innovation and creativity in all disciplines of education and all walks of life through classroom instruction, workshops and guest speaker sessions, and interactive exercises. Students gain real-world entrepreneurship experiences through field trips to innovative, cutting edge businesses. To culminate the two-week camp, students work in teams to develop and competitively pitch ideas for innovative products or services.
4. The Youth Entrepreneurship Club (YEC), a project of the Morehouse College Community Revitalization Initiative (MCCRI), uses a specialized STEM-focused entrepreneurship curriculum to engage students at two area middle schools in experiential and project-based learning through a year-long afterschool program. YEC aims to create a culture of entrepreneurship and keep area students interested in staying in school and attending college while exposing them to the STEM areas. Students use design principles and creative processes to develop and model innovative and inventive products and services that solve real-world problems. At the end of each school year, students present their projects in an Innovation and Invention Competition. In addition to the year-long YEC program, MCCRI also operates a YEC LEGO-STEM Summer Camp in which students use the Engineering Design Process to complete LEGO building projects. MCCRI hopes to establish the YEC program as an exemplar of youth maker organizations in the Atlanta region.
5. A newly developed Robotics Club for undergraduate students has been formed at Morehouse which supports the development of maker skills. This club is in its first semester of existence and promises to increase on-campus making opportunities for Morehouse students.
Students play a vital role in the maker activities on our campus, including being the primary focus of the year-long, summer, and international programs listed above. They are also involved in presenting their inventions and ideas in a broad range of maker activities at internal and external conferences. There are currently two undergraduate student organizations on Morehouse’s campus that are involved in making: the newly organized Robotics Club and Students Organizing for Sustainability (SOS). SOS is involved in a project to develop cell phone charging stations powered by solar panels within the college’s study halls. At Morehouse, we hope that the recent proliferation of programs and initiatives that support STEM, innovation and invention, and the development of maker skills will encourage our students to develop even more maker-focused organizations.
A newly formed makerspace has been created at Morehouse College with funding from the National Science Foundation. This facility is a general purpose makerspace with special emphasis on sustainable energy, robotics, and the High Altitude Research Project. Equipment such as 3D printers, laser cutters, GPS telemetry and tracking devices, hand tools, electronic equipment, soldering supplies, drills, computers, robotics kits, fabrics, and craft supplies are available in the makerspace.
A group of Morehouse College students joined over 200 makers from around the country at the 2014 Maker Faire in Atlanta. Morehouse students exhibited their high altitude research craft project developed through the HARP program.
In 2011, the Morehouse College Community Revitalization Initiative started an Entrepreneurship Collaborative for the purpose of connecting Youth Entrepreneurship Initiatives in the metro-Atlanta area. The Collaborative brings together youth entrepreneurship programs in the region to brainstorm ideas, share information and resources, and partner on events and programs.
The Youth Entrepreneurship Summer (YES) Camp is open to all metro-Atlanta high school rising sophomores and juniors. Since the inception of YES Camp 7 years ago, Morehouse has hosted participants from over 35 schools in the metro area, with a majority of participants coming from Benjamin E. Mays, Tri-Cities, and Westlake High Schools. The program’s reach extends southward to Eagles Landing High School in Henry County and northward to Marietta High School in Cobb County.
This year, Morehouse will partner with the Georgia Institute of Technology to host the 2014 Platform Summit. The summit brings together a community of people interested in the intersections of technology, science, art, and entrepreneurship. The conference focuses on “diversity in the innovation economy,” and seeks to inspire people from across all social, cultural, ethnic, and gender groups to creatively engage in social entrepreneurship.
The Morehouse College Community Revitalization Initiative (MCCRI) was established in 1997 as the community development arm of Atlanta’s Morehouse College. Since then, MCCRI has supported nine neighborhood associations adjacent to Morehouse’s campus in myriad economic development activities, which have included community education workshops and initiatives, technology training programs, and mentoring programs for youth, including the Youth Entrepreneurship Club and LEGO-STEM Summer Camp. MCCRI’s goal is to affect sustained economic development and social improvement in the area through education and community involvement.
CONima Architects is a consulting firm that works with makerspace design and implementation. Morehouse is contracting this firm for the development of our makerspace facility.
Maker activities at Morehouse College and in the surrounding community are well established. The maker culture is increasingly taking root, and this can be seen in the growing interest from both students and faculty in expanding our offerings of courses, programs, and facilities for maker-related activity.
With funding from the National Science Foundation, Morehouse recently initiated the development of a makerspace facility located within the Division of Science and Mathematics. Upon announcing this new initiative, numerous unexpected faculty from programs from across campus including philosophy, art, and kinesiology/physical education have expressed interest in becoming involved with the facility and its programming. The input and participation from such a diverse group provides Morehouse with a unique opportunity to augment our thriving STEM programs with STEAM content that integrates the arts and humanities into our STEM-focused maker culture.
An innovation that developed from Morehouse’s maker culture is the High Altitude Research Platform (HARP), in which freshmen STEM majors make and send a research payload into near space. Freshmen participants in the program have presented their projects at the Emerging Research National Conference alongside a cohort of primarily upper-level undergraduates. HARP has also been featured in an hour-long, professionally produced documentary that aired on CAU-TV, a local PBS cable channel in Atlanta, Georgia. This documentary won an Honorable Mention and a Gold Award (www.marcomawards.com) from Marcom, an international creative competition that recognizes outstanding achievement by communication professionals.
To date, the Morehouse College Community Revitalization Initiative has been awarded two Department of Commerce grants for a feasibility study and an incubator study to strategically guide the process of building a culture of entrepreneurship. The studies resulted in the designation of the Atlanta University Center (AUC) Corridor as an approved regional Economic Development Strategy (EDS) area. The AUC Corridor’s Innovation District encompasses 40 census tracts that, according to the study, could support the following industries: 1) Aviation and Defense, 2) Software, 3) Food Processing, 4) Life Sciences, 5) Advanced Manufacturing, 6) Business and Financial Services, and 7) Creative Industries. These studies provided necessary data to jumpstart the AUC Corridor’s entrepreneurial ecosystem. | http://make.xsead.cmu.edu/knowledgebase/schools/schools/morehouse-college |
|(Lake Erie, Maumee Bay (Ohio) State Park)|
Some people, even Christians, define themselves by sufferings they have undergone. They refuse to let go of their painful past, since to do so would be to lose their identity. They have become, they are, their sufferings.
In this, they feel unique. No one really understands them.Howard Thurman writes:
"There are many people who would feel cheated if suddenly they were deprived of the ego definition that their suffering gives them." (Howard Thurman: Essential Writings, 56)
Some are self-defined by their suffering. They are men and women of sorrows, and little more. To free them of their sufferings, to redeem them, would be to deprive them of their core identity.
Such people resist the redemptive activity of God. They need their sufferings. They will feel like a nobody should their being-abused cease. Prisonhood is their "normal"; freedom is abnormal and threatening to them.
Their chains define and delimit them. To escape this horrible life-condition requires a revelation of their true self, their true identity, as children of God and made in God's image. Only then will they be horrified by the chains and suffering and cry out for release and redemption.
If that happens, they will be free of the idea that no one understands them, and therefore free to understand and love others.
If you are a Jesus-follower and relate to this, read this and apply.
If you are a Jesus-follower and relate to this, read this and apply. | https://www.johnpiippo.com/2018/07/dont-let-your-sufferings-define-you.html |
(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to semiconductor integrated circuit technology and more particularly to split gate memory cells used in flash EPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).
(2) Description of Prior Art
Increased performance in computers is often directly related to a higher level of circuit integration. Tolerances play an important role in the ability to shrink dimensions on a chip. Self-alignment of components in a device serves to reduce tolerances and thus improve the packing density of chips. Other techniques can be important in shrinking device size. A method is disclosed later in the embodiments of the present invention of forming self-aligned source and drain regions through which a significant reduction in the split-gate flash memory cell area is possible. As is well known in the art, a split-gate flash memory cell normally has source and drain regions that are contacted by utilizing poly plugs. Insulating layers are required as spacers to separate these poly plugs from the floating gates and control gates of the cell, and this uses up area. Furthermore, because of the high voltages required in the erase operation the spacer width cannot be decreased without paying a penalty in reduced reliability. Elimination of the poly plugs, as in the method disclosed by the present invention, eliminates the reliability issue, allows a reduction in cell area and facilitates shrinking the cell size.
A method of fabricating a traditional split gate flash memory cell is presented in FIGS. 1a-1f, where top views of the cell are presented at successive stages of the process and in FIGS. 2a-2f, which show the corresponding cross-sections. Active regions, 10, are defined on a semiconductor substrate, 2, which preferably is a silicon substrate, using isolating regions, such as shallow trench isolation regions, 4. An implant is performed to adjust the cell threshold voltage, which may be a boron implant at about 20 keV to a dose of about 5E11 per sq. cm. The floating gate oxide, 6, is then formed to a thickness of about 150 Angstroms, followed by deposition of a poly 1 layer, 8, to a depth of about 800 Angstroms. A photoresist layer is formed and patterned to partially define the poly 1 floating gates, and after a poly 1 etch, to achieve the shape of region 8 as shown in FIG. 1a, and removal of the photoresist, the structure is as depicted in FIGS. 1a and 2a. The traditional method continues with formation of a dielectric separator between the poly 1 floating gate and poly 2 control gate that is disposed over the dielectric separator. This dielectric separator often consists of composite oxide/nitride/oxide (ONO) layers, with the layer thickness being about 75, 150, 30 Angstroms, respectively. There follows a deposition of about 1000 Angstroms of poly 2 and then about 1500 Angstroms of nitride 1. A photoresist layer is formed and patterned to define the control gates. Etching the nitride layer, the poly 2 layer and the ONO layer and then removing the photoresist results in the structure depicted in FIGS. 1b and 2b. The ONO layer, 54, provides dielectric separation between the poly 2 layer, 12, which acts as a control gate or transfer gate, and the poly 1 floating gate. The nitride 1 layer, 14, is required for dielectric separation between poly 2 and subsequent poly layers. A photoresist layer is formed and patterned, 18, to define source/drain openings, poly 1 is etched and source/drain implantation performed to create source/drain regions 16. Often arsenic ions are used for the source/drain implantation, at energy of about 50 keV to a dose of about 3E15 per sq. cm. After removal of the photoresist, 18, about 500 Angstrom of high temperature oxide (HTO) is formed and etched to create HTO spacers, 20. Next, about 1500 Angstroms of poly 3 is deposited and etched back to form poly plugs, 22, to contact the source drain regions, 16. The structure is at this stage as depicted in FIGS. 1d and 2d. Spacers 20 serve to isolate poly plugs, 22, from poly 1 regions, 8, and poly 2 regions, 12. For this isolation to be reliable the spacers must be sufficiently wide, posing a restriction on shrinkage of the cell. A photoresist layer is formed and patterned, 24, to define the erasing gate regions. Poly 3 and poly 1 of the exposed regions are etched. The structure of the floating gates 30 is now complete. An implant, often BF2 at about 60 keV to a dose of about 1E13 per sq. cm. , is performed to adjust the erasing gate threshold voltage and the exposed floating gate oxide, 6, is etched. At this point the structure is as depicted in FIGS. 1e and 2e. Following photoresist removal, about 250 Angstroms of erasing gate oxide, 26, is formed. Next the erasing gate, 28, is formed. This is accomplished by depositing about 1500 Angstroms of poly 4, forming and defining a photoresist layer for the erasing gate, etching the poly 4 and removing the photoresist. This completes the formation of a traditional split gate flash memory cell, which is shown in FIGS. 1f and 2f.
There are three basic operations used in a split gate flash memory cell. These are the program operation, the erase operation and the read operation, which are shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b, FIGS. 4a and 4b, and FIGS. 5a and 5b, respectively. In the programming operation electrons are injected into a particular floating gate or bit, and the selection of the bit involves an erasing gate line acting as a word line and a drain line acting as a bit line. The programming process, the process of charging the floating gates, is shown in FIG. 3a. Voltages applied to control gate, 36, erasing gate, 28, and transfer gate, 36, form an n-channel. The voltage applied to the drain, 32, is sufficiently higher than that applied to the source, 34, so that channel electrons in the vicinity of the selected floating gate, 40, have been heated significantly. A higher voltage applied to the control gate, 36, causes an enhanced injection of the heated electrons into the floating gate, 40, which charges the floating gate. Selection of the programmed bit is illustrated in FIG. 3b. Successive erasing gate or word lines, 44, 28 and 46 have 0, 2 and 0 volts applied respectively. Only with cell 40 are the two necessary conditions for programming satisfied. It is along word line 28 with 2 volts applied, so a continuous channel is established between source and drain so that channel electrons can be heated by the source-drain potential difference. In addition, there is a higher voltage applied to its control gate to enhance injection of the heated channel electrons. Thus only bit 40 will be programmed. Other cells, 42, are not selected because either channel electrons are not heated, or there is no higher voltage applied to a control gate to facilitate electron injection into the corresponding floating gate or both conditions are absent. In the erase operation, shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b, a high voltage, sufficient to cause Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) tunneling through the poly-to-poly oxide between adjacent erasing and floating gates, is applied to an erasing gate word line, 28. All other voltages are maintained at 0 volts so that all floating gates along the biased word line, 40 in FIG. 4b, are selected, while cells 42, along unbiased word lines, such as 44 and 48, are not selected. The high erasing gate voltage required, achieving sufficient F-N tunneling, could present reliability issues due to high oxide stress. The read operation, in which the bit to be read is selected by a word line and a bit line, is shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b and determines if the selected bit is in the programmed state or in the erased state. With the source, 34, at 0 volts, 1.5 volts are applied to the drain line, 32, acting as the bit line, of the selected cell, 40, and 2 volts are applied to the erasing gate line, 28, acting as the word line of the selected cell, 40. There is 6 volts applied to transfer gates, 38 and 1.5 volts to control gates, 36. When the selected cell is in the programmed state a channel does not form under the selected cell and the drain current is low. On the other hand, when the selected cell is in the erased state a channel does form under the selected cell and there is thus a complete channel from source to drain and a large drain current is observed.
A method of forming polysilicon gate tips for enhanced F-N tunneling in split-gate flash memory cells is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,733 to Sung et al. A method for shrinking array dimensions of split-gate memory devices, using multilayer etching to define cell and source lines, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,503 to Hsieh et al. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,126 to Hsieh et al. there is disclosed a split-gate flash memory cell where the floating gate of the cell is self aligned to isolation to source and to word line. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,695 to Hsieh et al. there is disclosed a split-gate flash memory cell where the floating gate of the cell is self aligned to the control gate and the source is self aligned.
It is a primary objective of the invention to provide a method of forming self-aligned source and drain regions through which a significant reduction in the split-gate flash memory cell area is possible. As is well known in the art, a split-gate flash memory cell normally has source and drain regions that are contacted by utilizing poly plugs. Insulating layers are required as spacers to separate these poly plugs from the floating gates and control gates of the cell, and this uses up area. Furthermore, because of the high voltages required in the erase operation the spacer width cannot be decreased without paying a penalty in reduced reliability. Elimination of the poly plugs, as in the method disclosed by the present invention, eliminates the reliability issue, allows a reduction in cell area and facilitates shrinking the cell size. Instead of poly plugs, a new self-aligned source/drain oxide etching procedure enables the formation of source/drain regions that are connected in rows directly within the silicon. This procedure of connecting source/drains is generally applicable to arrays of MOSFET-like devices.
A new structure is disclosed for source/drain bit lines in arrays of MOSFET devices. Rows of conducting regions are formed by ion implantation through openings adjacent to gate structures and in isolation regions separating columns of active areas of the arrays. The openings are filled with insulating material.
| |
A strong endorsement of gender stereotypes is associated with higher school dropout rates, for boys as well as for girls. They can also have a negative impact on teenagers’ self-esteem, especially for those who don’t or can’t conform to those stereotypes. Gender stereotypes are widely shared through the media and contribute to teenagers’ understanding of the roles expected from men and women in society. It is therefore important to put specific activities on this topic in place (like this one!) to break down gender stereotypes with children.
This lesson plan named Exposing Gender Stereotypes is promoted by MediaSmarts, “a Canadian not-for-profit charitable organization for digital and media literacy. Our vision is that children and youth have the critical thinking skills to engage with media as active and informed digital citizens.” It however has been taken from the Violence-Prevention Curriculum Healthy Relationships, produced by Men For Change, a Halifax, Nova Scotia advocacy group.
According to the website’s description, the “objective of this lesson is to encourage students to develop their own critical intelligence with regard to culturally inherited stereotypes, and to the images presented in the media – film and television, rock music, newspapers and magazines. In this lesson students take a look at their own assumptions about what it means to be a man, and what it means to be a woman.”
You can download the activity directly on MediaSmarts’ website or in the document section below. | https://enseignerlegalite.com/en/exposing-gender-stereotypes/ |
Abstract: For randomized clinical trials where a single, primary, binary endpoint would require unfeasibly large sample sizes, composite endpoints are widely chosen as the primary endpoint. Despite being commonly used, composite endpoints entail challenges in designing and interpreting results. Given that the components may be of different relevance and have different effect sizes, the choice of components must be made carefully. Especially, sample size calculations for composite binary endpoints depend not only on the anticipated effect sizes and event probabilities of the composite components, but also on the correlation between them. However, information on the correlation between endpoints is usually not reported in the literature which can be an obstacle for planning of future sound trial design. We consider two-arm randomized controlled trials with a primary composite binary endpoint and an endpoint that consists only of the clinically more important component of the composite endpoint. We propose a trial design that allows an adaptive modification of the primary endpoint based on blinded information obtained at an interim analysis. We consider a decision rule to select between a composite endpoint and its most relevant component as primary endpoint. The decision rule chooses the endpoint with the lower estimated required sample size. Additionally, the sample size is reassessed using the estimated event probabilities and correlation, and the expected effect sizes of the composite components. We investigate the statistical power and significance level under the proposed design through simulations. We show that the adaptive design is equally or more powerful than designs without adaptive modification on the primary endpoint. The targeted power is achieved even if the correlation is misspecified while maintaining the type 1 error. We illustrated the proposal by means of two case studies.
Submission historyFrom: Marta Bofill Roig [view email]
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arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators
arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.
Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.
Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. | https://aps.arxiv.org/abs/2206.09639 |
Dr. Jean-François Houle joined the NRC as Director of Research and Development for the Medical Devices Research Centre in June 2014. In March 2017, he was named to the position of General Manager. Between March 2020 and October 2022, he was Vice-President of the Pandemic Response Challenge program, and in April 2022 became the Vice-President of the Engineering division.
Prior to joining the NRC, Dr. Houle had spent 14 years leading business, corporate and product development activities in private and public biotechnology firms at various stages of development, from university spin-offs to more established companies. Most recently, as COO of Kapplex, he guided the company through its initial spin-out of the university into a full-fledged funded start-up. He rapidly struck collaborations with leading pharmaceutical, diagnostic and life sciences companies and leveraged this interest to raise additional funds to support co-development projects and the start-up.
Prior to Kapplex, Dr. Houle held a leadership role in product and business development as well as customer service at Axela, a company in the field of multiplexed protein and nucleic acid biomarker detection. He led cross-functional teams through the development and successful launch of several products and authored several publications and patents.
Dr. Houle began his industrial career at SYNX Pharma, a proteomics and diagnostics company, where he sought out, structured and fostered collaborations and alliances. These activities led to a diagnostic development agreement with Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics and the eventual merger of SYNX with Nanogen Inc in 2004.
Dr. Houle holds a Ph.D. in Experimental Medicine from McGill University. | https://nrc.canada.ca/en/corporate/corporate-overview/biography-jean-francois-houle |
Students “zoom into” plants, animals, and decomposers to learn about structures and functions that they all share:
- All organisms are made of cells.
- All the functions of organisms are done by their cells.
- All cells are made of molecules, including large organic molecules (fats, carbohydrates, and proteins).
- All functions of cells involve moving and changing molecules.
Guiding Question
What makes up our food?
Activities in this Lesson
Note: Activities 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 are repeating activities:
They are the same in the three organism-scale units: Animals, Plants, and Decomposers. Activity 2.4 focuses specifically on plants. Teach Activities 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 during the first of the organism-scale units you teach (Animals, Plants or Decomposers). These activities can be skipped when you teach subsequent organism-scale units. Activity 2.4 is different for each unit though and should be taught each time. | https://carbontime.create4stem.msu.edu/node/1736 |
I may very well be the only fitness professional who, despite having the conversation consistently with others, rarely sets specific fitness goals for myself. I am confident I will be the only one to admit it. That is not to say, however, I am not always striving to be my strongest and fittest self. Nor that I have not proudly accomplished any fitness goals in the past or don’t plan to in the future. So, maybe I don’t have a 6-week plan to achieve a 7-minute 5k pace or bench press 100lbs. But, is there purpose behind every step I take on a Woodway or lift of a pair of dumbbells? Certainly.
What I have come to realize is that it is the nature of why I exercise that tends to lead me to stray from traditional, numerically specific fitness goals. I exercise for my body, of course. But perhaps more importantly, I exercise for my mind. I am active because of how it makes me feel as a person on a daily basis—physically stronger but also more mentally and emotionally resilient. It is a daily striving to ease anxiety, relieve stress, and feel more physically capable.
Those “feel-good” chemicals you hear about with aerobic exercise? That’s a real thing. Endorphins, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are just some of the neurotransmitters that are released in the brain when we are physically active. And while the precise relationship between these chemicals and their mood-boosting abilities are quite complex, they can contribute to helping us feel more alert and focused, improve memory and cognitive function as well as our overall sense of well-being. Exercise is my daily vitamin. It is also my daily practice with no finish line in sight.
My fitness regimen and relationship with exercise has hardly ever been linear. I grew up dancing as my main sport and have played around with a variety of exercise styles since then. It seemed that so long as I was moving, I (ironically) felt like my most grounded self. But, something always brings me back to what I consider are my fundamentals of feeling good: running + strength training. Nothing makes me feel better, stronger, or more stable in every sense than being able to move fast and build muscle in a functionally complete way.
That is why the Equilibrium class that I both teach and take at Formula is my happy place. When Ann introduced her vision for Equilibrium (alternating running intervals and strength training) I knew this was like hitting the workout jackpot. Nothing has ever felt more efficient, beneficial, and believe it or not…fun. And the goals of the class are precisely what I strive to bring to each of our personal training clients as well. Together, we can build consistency and sustainability in your fitness routine. Our work together is functional and purposeful exercise that will help improve both aerobic capacity and build lean muscle that is specific to you and your lifestyle. I want you to release those feel-good chemicals today and create a more sustainable fitness routine in the longer term.
I have two main goals as a fitness professional. The first is to help others realize the potential in them to move through their life with more ease. I want you to accomplish the physical tasks your life requires as well as the ones that your interests inspire without pain or injury. The second goal is to help you feel those natural mood-boosters to help deal with the daily difficulties of life with more emotional strength and resiliency. I want you to feel confident and powerful in your body and your mind. The physical and mental resiliency I have learned to weave into my life through exercise is why I am a personal trainer. Exercise is not for some people—it is for everyone. I want to help you figure out exactly what it looks like for you.
Okay, so I do have some pretty specific goals. I look forward to helping you define your own and working together to accomplish them. | https://www.formulacompletefitness.com/blog/2018/8/6/3d93phtcficpsfb3ftd9g1x52krdsy |
The research study presented in this report offers complete and intelligent analysis of the competition, segmentation, dynamics, and geographical advancement of the Global Software Asset Management Market. The research study has been prepared with the use of in-depth qualitative and quantitative analyses of the global Software Asset Management market. We have also provided absolute dollar opportunity and other types of market analysis on the global Software Asset Management market.
It takes into account the CAGR, value, volume, revenue, production, consumption, sales, manufacturing cost, prices, and other key factors related to the global Software Asset Management market. All findings and data on the global Software Asset Management market provided in the report are calculated, gathered, and verified using advanced and reliable primary and secondary research sources. The regional analysis offered in the report will help you to identify key opportunities of the global Software Asset Management market available in different regions and countries.
The authors of the report have segmented the global Software Asset Management market as per product, application, and region. Segments of the global Software Asset Management market are analyzed on the basis of market share, production, consumption, revenue, CAGR, market size, and more factors. The analysts have profiled leading players of the global Software Asset Management market, keeping in view their recent developments, market share, sales, revenue, areas covered, product portfolios, and other aspects.
Market Segmentation
By Deployment
Cloud
On-Premise
By Component
Software
Services
By Organization Size
Large Enterprises
Small and Medium Enterprises
By Industry
BFSI
IT & Telecom
Retail & Consumer Goods
Healthcare
Manufacturing
Government
Others
By Region
North America
Europe
Latin America
China
Japan
SEA and Other APAC
Middle East & Africa (MEA)
Methodology Utilized to Track Segmental Performance
A detailed analysis has been provided for every segment in terms of market size analysis for software asset management across different regions. The report provides a market outlook for 2018–2026 and sets the forecast within the context of the software asset management market including latest technological developments as well as service offerings in the market. This study discusses key trends within regions contributing to revenue growth of the global market, as well as analyzes the degree at which drivers are influencing this market in key regions.
This report evaluates the present scenario and future growth prospects of the software asset management market across various regions globally for the period 2018 –2026. We have considered 2017 as the base year and provide data for the trailing 12 months. The forecast presented here assesses the total revenue by value across the market. In order to offer an accurate forecast, we have started by sizing the current market, which forms the basis of how the software asset management market will develop in future. Given the fluid characteristics of the market, we have triangulated the outcome of different types of analyses based on the current technology trends. The report presents the market forecast in terms of CAGR and also analyzes key parameters such as year-on-year (Y-o-Y) growth to understand the predictability of the market and to identify the right opportunities across the market.
Competition Analysis
The final section of the report includes a competitive landscape to provide clients with a dashboard view based on categories of providers in the value chain, presence in the software asset management market portfolio and key differentiators. This section is primarily designed to provide clients with an objective and detailed comparative assessment of key providers specific to a market segment in the software asset management value chain and the potential players for the same. Report audiences can gain segment-specific vendor insights to identify and evaluate key competitors based on an in-depth assessment of capabilities and success in the marketplace. Detailed profiles of providers are also included in the scope of the report to evaluate their long-term and short-term strategies, key offerings and recent developments in the global software asset management market.
In terms of region, this research report covers almost all the major regions across the globe such as North America, Europe, South America, the Middle East, and Africa and the Asia Pacific. Europe and North America regions are anticipated to show an upward growth in the years to come. While Software Asset Management Market in Asia Pacific regions is likely to show remarkable growth during the forecasted period. Cutting edge technology and innovations are the most important traits of the North America region and that’s the reason most of the time the US dominates the global markets. Software Asset Management Market in South, America region is also expected to grow in near future.
The Software Asset Management Market report highlights is as follows:
This Software Asset Management market report provides complete market overview which offers the competitive market scenario among major players of the industry, proper understanding of the growth opportunities, and advanced business strategies used by the market in the current and forecast period.
This Software Asset Management Market report will help a business or an individual to take appropriate business decision and sound actions to be taken after understanding the growth restraining factors, market risks, market situation, market estimation of the competitors.
The expected Software Asset Management Market growth and development status can be understood in a better way through this five-year forecast information presented in this report
This Software Asset Management Market research report aids as a broad guideline which provides in-depth insights and detailed analysis of several trade verticals.
The global m-Dichlorobenzene market study presents an all in all compilation of the historical, current and future outlook of the market as well as the factors responsible for such a growth. With SWOT analysis, the business study highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each m-Dichlorobenzene market player in a comprehensive way. Further, the m-Dichlorobenzene market report emphasizes the adoption pattern of the m-Dichlorobenzene across various industries.
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m-Dichlorobenzene Market Report follows a multi- disciplinary approach to extract information about various industries. Our analysts perform thorough primary and secondary research to gather data associated with the market. With modern industrial and digitalization tools, we provide avant-garde business ideas to our clients. We address clients living in across parts of the world with our 24/7 service availability.
The Veterinary Catheters Market study presents an all in all compilation of the historical, current and future outlook of the market as well as the factors responsible for such a growth. With SWOT analysis, the business study highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each Veterinary Catheters Market player in a comprehensive way. Further, the Veterinary Catheters Market report emphasizes the adoption pattern of the Veterinary Catheters across various industries. The Veterinary Catheters Market report examines the operating pattern of each player – new product launches, partnerships, and acquisitions – has been examined in detail.
Veterinary Catheters Market Report follows a multi- disciplinary approach to extract information about various industries. Our analysts perform thorough primary and secondary research to gather data associated with the market. With modern industrial and digitalization tools, we provide avant-garde business ideas to our clients. We address clients living in across parts of the world with our 24/7 service availability.
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The Clean Technology market intelligence report from TMR is a valuable tool that enables vendors to identify growth avenues, and strategize for launch of products and services. These findings help businesses pave way in a crowded business landscape, and make way into the future with confidence. The Clean Technology market report depicts the current & future growth trends of this business and outlines geographies that are a part of the regional landscape of the market.
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The Clean Technology market report analyzes the historical data from 2014-2019 as well as the present performance of the market and forecast 2019-2024 to make predictions on the future status of the market on the basis of analysis. The report further illuminates details regarding the supply and demand analysis, market share, growth statistics and contributions by leading industry players. While citing a brief analysis of the Clean Technology market, this study report has presented the current scenario of this business space along with a specialized concentration on the industry.
About The Clean Technology Market:
The market research report on Clean Technology also offers valuable insights into key business strategies employed by established players, along with impact of these strategies on future business landscape.
The intelligent research study contains numerical data related to services and products. In addition, the report presents a detailed outline of the marketplace and alongside the numerous developments prevailing across the industry. The Clean Technology market can be divided based on product types and their sub-type, key applications, and major regions. The research study will give the answer to questions about the present performance of the Clean Technology market and the competitive scope, opportunity, challenges, cost and more.
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A complete backdrop analysis, which includes an assessment of the parent market
Important changes in market dynamics
Market segmentation up to the second or third level
Historical, current, and projected size of the market from the standpoint of both value and volume
Reporting and evaluation of recent industry developments
Market shares and strategies of key players
Emerging niche segments and regional markets
An objective assessment of the trajectory of the market
Recommendations to companies for strengthening their foothold in the market
Note: Although care has been taken to maintain the highest levels of accuracy in TMR’s reports, recent market/vendor-specific changes may take time to reflect in the analysis.
Moreover, the research study clarifies the estimates of the market chain with respect to substantial parameters like the Clean Technology market chain structure alongside details related to the downstream industry. The report contains a detailed synopsis of this business space in accordance with the macroeconomic environment analysis as well as macroeconomic environment development trends globally.
About TMR
Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company providing business information reports and services. The company’s exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trend analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR’s experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information. | |
Living the dream life as a model in New York City used to be enough for gorgeous Olivia Fulton. Now even the fame isn't enough to bring her out of her funk. A series of events bring Olivia face to face with the regrets of her past. Add in the collapse of her three-year relationship and reconnecting with long-lost friends, and Olivia may finally be able to learn—the hard way of course—that everything she thought was important really isn't.
A surprising love interest begins to teach Olivia about the person she truly wants to be. However, this is not compatible with her current life, and in order to be that person, Olivia may have to give up everything she's worked for. Torn between terror and exhilaration, Olivia must now decide if she's capable of this type of change. Will she even be able to open her heart to love again? (Synopsis courtesy of Goodreads.)
From Runway to Love is the third installment in the Love in the City series, with the first two reads giving us backgrounds into Olivia’s best girlfriends, with Stacy in On the Road to Love, and CJ in All You Need is Love. I enjoyed their points of view, and was eagerly anticipating Olivia’s. This last installment doesn’t disappoint!
It was enlightening to witness such a big change in Olivia, in where her priorities lie and what’s most important to her. You get the impression that there was a time when the world had her on a pedestal, and it’s been a weighty fall. The change began in On the Road to Love, but you really see it and feel it when it comes from her own perspective. I enjoyed reading up on all three ladies and what life has thrown at them, but I felt most connected with Olivia. Maybe because I felt she had a lot more to lose, and the biggest transformation. Melissa Baldwin has done a great job of showcasing that, while still making Olivia into one of those characters you would love to get to know, to befriend, and has this flawless way of being the coolest person in the room. You can’t help but want to get to know her.
While we’re used to only imagining what it would be like to have others worship us, it’s something that Olivia has to deal with. We get to see what that’s like, and how it’s not all it’s cracked up to be. This makes it hard for her where relationships are concerned, on whether she can find someone who meets the certain criteria society tells her she should look for in a mate, no matter what her personal feelings are. That can be a tough way to live life, and we get to see that struggle.
While From Runway to Love is about Olivia and her quest in finding love, it’s also about her relationships with her best friends, mending bridges with family, finding a sense of direction and a place within the other people who she discovers are most important in her world. It’s an all-over quest, making her a much-needed well rounded individual, and someone you want to continue to get to know, because she’s just that great. I had a great time in reading her story, and reading all of the books in this series.
Thanks to Melissa Baldwin for the book in exchange for an honest review.
More by Melissa Baldwin: | http://www.chicklitcentral.com/2019/02/book-review-from-runway-to-love.html |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a cap, and more particularly to a cap crown button disposed at the center of the top of a cap crown for holding together the upper ends of the gores making up the crown of a cap.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional crown button of the cap is generally made of a metal material by punching and pressing and is composed of a top piece 11, a guide piece 12, a receiving-piece 13, a nail 14, and a base seat 15. A male member is formed by the nail 14 which is disposed in the base seat 15 such that the nail 14 is located by a press portion 15a. The guide piece 12 is fastened to the receiving piece 13. The top piece 11 is covered with a piece of cloth 16 having an end extending to reach the inner side of the top piece 11 such that the combining bodies of the guide piece 12 and the receiving seat 13 are fitted into the top piece 11 so as to press and locate the cloth 16 to form a female member, which is disposed on the crown top of a cap. In the meantime, the male member is placed at the bottom of the cap before the male member is exerted on by a pressure of a greater magnitude. An insertion needle 14a is inserted into a guide slot 13a of the receiving seat 13 such that the needle is caused to curve along the arcuate inner wall of the guide piece 12. As a result, the male and the female members are fastened and located at the crown top of a cap.
Such a prior art cap crown button as described above is high in production cost and installing cost. As a result, the cap crown button of a plastic material was introduced. As shown in FIG. 2, the plastic crown button comprises a female retaining body 21, a fastening element 22 and a male retaining body 23. The female retaining body 21 is provided with a hollow projection 21a having therein an inverted bevel hook 21b. The male retaining body 23 is provided centrally with a nail 23a having a circular groove 23b. The female retaining body 21 is wrapped with a decorative cloth before being fastened by the fastening element 22 to the center of the crown top of a cap. The female retaining body 21 is held by the nail 23a of the male retaining body 23.
Such a plastic crown button as described above is defective in design in that the female retaining body 21 can not be made easily, and that the effect of fastening the female retaining body 21 with the male retaining body 23 is relatively poor, and further that the wrinkles in the decorative cloth wrapping the female retaining body 21 undermine the esthetic effect of the crown button, and still further that the female retaining bodies 21 are bound to be so crammed in the automatic feeding device of a riveting machine that they can not be fed one by one into the riveting machine with precision.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the present invention has an object, among others, to overcome deficiencies in the prior art such as noted above.
It is therefore the primary objective of the present invention to provide a cap crown button, which overcomes all the shortcomings of the cap crown buttons of the prior art described above.
The objective of the present invention is accomplished by the cap crown button, which comprises a female retaining body, a decorating cloth, a fastening element, and a male retaining body. The female retaining body has an arcuate top, a periphery and a receiving space provided centrally with a projection facing downwards and having an axial hole which is provided therein with a shoulder. The projection has a belly portion. The female retaining body is covered with the decorating cloth. The fastening element is located in the receiving space such that the fastening element fastens the decorating cloth which extends into the receiving space. The male retaining body comprises a disklike bottom and a nail having thereon a tapered head capable of piercing the cap crown to engage the axial hole of the female retaining body. The head is preferably conical and substantially equal in its apex angle to the apex angle of a conical seat at the blind top end of the axial hole of the female retaining body.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects and the nature and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an embodiment[s] taken in conjunction with drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a sectional view of a cap crown button of the prior art.
FIG. 2 shows a sectional view of another cap crown button of the prior art.
FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of a cap crown button of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a sectional view of the cap crown button in combination according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, a cap crown button embodied in the present invention is shown comprising a female retaining body 30, a decorating cloth 40, a fastening element 50, and a male retaining body 60.
The female retaining body 30 is made integrally of a plastic material by injection molding and is provided at the top thereof with a smooth arcuate surface 31 having a periphery 32 and a receiving space 310. The periphery 32 has a precipitous portion 33 located at the lower segment thereof. Located under the periphery 32 is a pointed portion 34 becoming smaller toward the receiving space 310 which is provided centrally with a projection 36 facing downwards and having an axial hole 37 which has an upper segment greater in diameter than a lower segment thereof. The axial hole 37 is provided therein with a shoulder 38. The projection 36 has an arcuate belly portion 39.
The axial inner hole 37 is of a predetermined length and extends inwards in the direction of the axis of the projection 36 to a blind top end 35 without passing through the female retaining body 30. The top end 35 of axial hole 37 has a sustaining portion 371 of an inclined or preferably tapered shape, for example conical or pyramidal. The sustaining portion 371 is provided thereunder with a large diametrical portion 372 and a small diametrical portion 373. These portions 372 and 373 are preferably cylindrical. A connection portion or shoulder 38 is located between the large diametrical portion 372 and the small diametrical portion or shoulder 373. The connection portion 38 is of an inclined or arcuate construction, preferably a surface of a frustum of a cone.
The decorating cloth 40 of a soft fabric is slightly greater in size than the outer surface of the female retaining body 30 so as to enable the decorating cloth 40 to cover the arcuate surface 31 and the periphery 32 of the female retaining body 30 such that the tail end of the decorating cloth 40 is received in the receiving space 310.
The fastening element or cushion 50 is made integrally of a plastic material by injection molding and is provided with a through hole 51 corresponding in diameter to the projection 36 which is put through the through hole 51 to press against the decorating cloth 40 in the receiving space 310.
The male retaining body 60 is made integrally of a plastic material by injection molding and is composed of a disklike bottom 61 and a nail 62 extending upwards from the bottom 61 and having at the top end thereof a head 63 which is greater in diameter than the nail 62 and is provided thereon with a tapered portion 64 capable of piercing a cap crown 70 and of being retained securely in the axial hole 37 of the projection 36 of the female retaining body 30. The nail 62 is provided at the bottom end thereof with a tapered base 65.
In combination, the female retaining body 30 is covered with the decorating cloth 40 whose tail end is received in the receiving space 310. The projection 36 of the female retaining body 30 is fitted into the through hole 51 of the cushion 50. The cushion 50 is forced through the belly portion 39 and pressed toward the top side of the receiving space 310 such that the cushion 50 is obstructed by the belly portion 39 and that the cushion 50 presses intensively against the tail end of the decorating cloth 40. The tapered portion 64 of the nail 62 of the male retaining body 60 is caused to pierce the top center of the cap crown 70. The female retaining body 30 is then exerted on by a pressure such that the axial hole 37 of the projection 36 of the female retaining body 30 engages the nail 62 of the male retaining body 60. The head 63 of the nail 62 is forced into the axial hole 37, which is then caused to enlarge in its outer diameter so as to force the cushion 50 to move into the receiving space 310 in which the decorating cloth 40 is fixed further, thereby resulting in the wrinkles of the decorating cloth 40 to appear on the pointed portion 34. In other words, the wrinkles of the decorating cloth 40 are concealed under the periphery 32 of the female retaining body 30. The nail 62 is continuously forced into the axial hole 37 such that the head 63 of the nail 62 is forced through the shoulder 38 of the axial hole 37, and that the lower end surface of the head 63 of the nail 62 is retained by the shoulder 38 of the axial hole 37. As a result, the male retaining body 60 is held securely by the female retaining body 30. The tapered base 65 of the nail 62 is attached to the inverted angle of the bottom end of the axial hole 37 so that the belly portion 39 of the projection 36 is able to urge continuously the cushion 50.
The male retaining body and the female retaining body are typically put together by a riveting machine. In prior-art buttons, the impact force of the male retaining body often causes the head of the nail of the male retaining body to pierce the top end of the inner hole of the female retaining body, thereby causing the female retaining body to have a protruded body or a hole. The head of the nail of the male retaining body may also pierce the decorating cloth. As a result, the esthetic effect of the crown button of a cap is seriously undermined.
In the present invention, the tapered portion 64 of the head 63 of the nail 62 and the sustaining portion 371 are similar in inclination to each other. Preferably, both have similar conical shapes with substantially equal apex angles. As the male retaining body 60 is forced into the female retaining body 30, the periphery of the head 63 is obstructed by the sustaining portion 371. In the meantime, the impact force of the head 63 is absorbed by the sustaining portion 371 of the axial hole 37, so as to prevent the head 63 of the male retaining body 60 from piercing the female retaining body 30 and the decorating cloth 40.
The cap crown button of the present invention is inherently superior to the prior art cap crown buttons in that the former can be made economically, and that the male retaining body of the present invention is held firmly by the female retaining body, and further that the belly portion of the female retaining body of the present invention is capable of urging the cushion so as to fix the decorating cloth firmly on the surface of the female retaining body, and still further that the wrinkles of the decorating cloth are effectively concealed under the belly portion of the female retaining body, and still further that the female retaining body is provided at the bottom segment thereof with a precipitous portion capable of preventing the cap crown buttons of the present invention from being crammed during the automatic feeding process.
The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without undue experimentation and without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. The means and materials for carrying out various disclosed functions may take a variety of alternative forms without departing from the invention. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. | |
Duties & Responsibilities
- Prepare plan of action for developing and enhancement of lending process/guideline.
- Identify initiative concept for delivery mechanism on improvement of business process for more efficient and fulfill customer’s satisfaction.
- Implement the assigned plan of action of Loan Policy Department.
- Develop new initiative business process to support WBF’s business growth.
- On-going enhancement for existing lending process/guideline to support business changes.
- Initiate/Develop new lending forms and updating all existing form, form filling guideline in respond to the process changes as well as to ensure the efficiency and friendly-use from implementer.
- Keep reviewing the existing lending process in consultation with Operations Team and other relevant stakeholders to ensure smoothly implementation.
- Responsible for By-laws translation (Policy, Manual, Guideline, Process, Instruction …).
- Provide training to pool of trainer/end-user for any updated/changed business process.
- Work closely with Training Team to ensure field staff’s capacity on process implementation.
- Provide strong and friendly support to all branch staff to ensure the right track for implementation of policies, process and procedures including instruction and guideline.
- Keep up to date of current situation and trend of market/industry.
- Conduct the industry survey for specific/relevant features/process.
- Collect the constructive feedback and challenges from branch on policy/process implementation.
Requirement Competencies
- Degree in Business Administration, Economics, Finance, Banking and other related field.
- Good understanding on MFI/Banking’s product and services, especially lending process development.
- Ability to work independently, self-managed, and proactively as a member of a small, busy team.
- Have better computer literacy – word processing, spreadsheet, power point, internet and email.
- Good understanding, speaking in English, especial writing skill.
- Patient and humble in working under pressure and excellent in managing multi project within tight deadline.
- At least two-year work experiences in the financial sector especially in the field related credit process.
- Excellent training skills and ability to communicate to individual/group in clear, simple terms with collaborative, influential and service-minded personality.
- Strong ability to manage multi-tasks simultaneously to deadline.
- Be capable to systematically and critically think on things need to be done for any specific job assignment.
Benefit Packages
We offer competitive remuneration package and opportunity for career and personal development.
How to Apply
Apply: [email protected]
Phone: 087 666 870
Head Office Address: Building #398, Preah Monivong Blvd, Sangkat Boeung Keng Kang I, Boeung Keng Kang , Phnom Penh. | https://www.wooribank.com.kh/career/assistant-manager-lending-process-enhancement-3/ |
Dr. Rick Bright is an American immunologist, virologist, and former public health official. Dr. Bright was the director of the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) from 2016 to 2020 and the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response at the Department of Health and Human Services. He also previously served as an advisor to the World Health Organization and the United States Department of Defense. His career has focused on the development of vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics to address emerging infectious diseases and national security threats.
Dr. Bright previously served as Director of the Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division in the BARDA where he was responsible for preparing the nation for influenza pandemics and coordinating production, acquisition and delivery of medical countermeasures during a pandemic response. In this role, he managed a portfolio of projects for advanced development of vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics and respirator devices to aid in the response and protection against pandemic and seasonal influenza.
Dr. Bright joined BARDA in 2010 to lead the BARDA Influenza Division International Program, supporting programs to build and enhance global capacity for influenza vaccine production and evaluation in developing countries. Dr. Bright serves as an international subject matter expert on influenza, vaccines and therapeutics development and diagnostic programs. He has also serves as an advisor to the World Health Organization and the US Department of Defense.
Dr. Bright began his career in influenza vaccine and therapeutics development at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division. At the CDC, he focused on avian and human viruses from multiple perspectives including immunology and vaccine development, viral pathogenesis and molecular correlates of pathogenicity, as well as antiviral drugs and development novel assays for high throughput surveillance for resistance to antiviral drugs. Dr. Bright was a recipient of the Charles C. Shepard Science Award for Scientific Excellence.
Dr. Bright has also worked in the biotechnology industry where he serves as the Director of Immunology at Altea Therapeutics and Vice President of Research and Development and Global Influenza Programs at Novavax, Inc. In 2008, Dr. Bright joined PATH as the Scientific Director of the Influenza Vaccine Project in the Vaccine Development Global Program and the Director of the Influenza Vaccine Capacity Building Project in Vietnam. In this capacity, he provided technical leadership to accelerate the development of innovative vaccine and adjuvant candidates against influenza to ensure protection and access to vaccines for populations of developing countries.
Dr. Bright received his PhD in Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis from Emory University (Atlanta, GA) and his BS in Biology (Medical Technology) and Physical Sciences from Auburn University (Montgomery, AL).
Dr. Rick Bright Age
Dr. Rick Bright was born on June 7, 1966, in Hutchinson, Kansas, United States. | https://primalinformation.com/rick-bright-wiki/ |
The major seaport of Israel and the country's entryway to the North, Haifa is a city known for its hospitality, beauty, and diversity. As the third largest city in Israel, Haifa offers a wealth of cultural activities and attractions.
Spread between the beautiful slopes and forests of the Carmel Mountain and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the city's topography provides dramatic panoramic views of both ocean and greenery
from almost every angle.
This natural beauty is accented by some of the city's prime attractions, built to compliment the dramatic slopes of Mount Carmel.
The city's beautiful Baha'i gardens are sculpted up the mountain in dramatic geographic shapes and vibrant colors, set in alignment with the renovated main street of the nineteenth century German Colony at the mountain's foot.
These breathtaking views are highlighted by the gold-domed shrine of the Baha'i center, serving as a centerpiece to the city's postcard-perfect scenery.
The Baha'i faith is only one of many religions that are represented in this unique city, which has become known as a symbol for coexistence and tolerance throughout the country.
About nine percent of the population is Arab - including Muslims and Christians - making Haifa a mixed city of Jews and Arabs that provides rich cultural insights and experiences.
Haifa also serves as a base camp for exploring the country's northern attractions, including the Carmel forests, the Galielee, Casearea, the Kinneret, and the nearby ancient city of Acco.
Since Haifa serves as Israel's major seaport, the city has many historical connections to the wider Mediterranean area and Middle East as well.
Today the port and its related industries serve as a hub for Haifa's largely blue-collar working class. With the development of the hi-tech industry and as home to the Technion and the University of Haifa, however, the working class is diversifying and developing along with the city's commercial and cultural scene. | http://www.destinations.co.il/Haifa |
Conduct qualitative and quantitative user research for assigned products, applications or solution areas.
Analyze and synthesize user research & understanding to define appropriate functionality and product requirements to drive design.
Define and design user personas, customer journeys, service blueprints, etc. to document and share optimal user experiences and opportunities for innovation or improved experiences.
Define and design User Experience Strategies and Frameworks representing the future state of products, services and solutions.
Define and design User Experience Architectures (wireframes, sitemaps, interaction flows, prototypes, etc.) for online, mobile, device and store experiences.
Ensure proper application of UX standards, design systems, patterns and processes on all projects.
Design and conduct usability tests, analyze results and write reports with recommended actions.
Provide subject matter expertise to business leaders, product owners and agile development teams as needed.
Bachelors or Masters in interaction design, visual design, cognitive psychology, human factors or related field.
5+ years experience as a UX professional working in corporate, agency or startup environments.
Excellent creative problem solver, systems thinker and advocate for quality experiences.
Strong communication (verbal, visual and written), organization and people skills.
Extensive experience working in agile software development.
Strong knowledge of user-centered design principles, processes, and techniques.
Expert skill in modern design and prototyping software.
Expert understanding of design systems and frameworks.
Strong portfolio of work with examples of work demonstrating qualifications. | https://techpoint.org/tech-jobs/fusion-alliance/user-experience-designer/ |
Adolescents in low‐ and middle‐income countries in need of mental health care often do not receive it due to stigma, cost, and lack of mental health professionals. Culturally appropriate, brief, and low‐cost interventions delivered by lay‐providers can help overcome these barriers and appear effective at reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety until several months post‐intervention. However, little is known about whether these interventions may have long‐term effects on health, mental health, social, or academic outcomes.
Three previous randomized controlled trials of the Shamiri intervention, a 4‐week, group‐delivered, lay‐ provider‐led intervention, have been conducted in Kenyan high schools. Shamiri teaches positively focused intervention elements (i.e., growth mindset and strategies for growth, gratitude, and value affirmation) to target symptoms
of depression and anxiety and to improve academic performance and social relationships, by fostering character strengths. In this long‐term follow‐up study, we will test whether this mental health, academic, social, and character-strength outcomes, along with related health outcomes (e.g., sleep quality, heart‐rate variability and activity level measured via wearables, HIV risk behaviors, alcohol and substance use), differ between the intervention and control group at 3–4‐year follow‐up. For primary analyses (Nanticipated = 432), youths who participated in the three previous trials will be contacted again to assess whether outcomes at 3–4‐year‐follow‐up differ for those in the Shamiri Interven‐ tion group compared to those in the study‐skills active control group. Multi‐level models will be used to model trajectories over time of primary outcomes and secondary outcomes that were collected in previous trials. For outcomes only collected at 3–4‐year follow‐up, tests of location difference (e.g., t‐tests) will be used to assess group differences in metric outcomes and difference tests (e.g., odds ratios) will be used to assess differences in categorical outcomes. Finally, standardized effect sizes will be used to compare groups on all measures.
This follow‐up study of participants from three randomized controlled trials of the Shamiri intervention will provide evidence bearing on the long‐term and health and mental health effects of brief, lay‐provider‐delivered character strength interventions for youth in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Trial registration: PACTR Trial ID: PACTR202201600200783. Approved on January 21, 2022. | https://www.shamiri.institute/journals/long-term-health-outcomes-of-adolescent-character-strength-interventions-3-to-4-year-outcomes-of-three-randomized-controlled-trials-of-the-shamiri-program |
Who was 33rd president?
Truman, 33rd President of the United States. Harry S. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri on May 8, 1884, the son of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen (Young) Truman.
When was Harry S Truman elected president?
Truman became President of the United States upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and ended on January 20, 1953. He had been Vice President of the United States for only 82 days when he succeeded to the presidency. A Democrat from Missouri, he ran for and won a full four–year term in the 1948 election.
When did Harry Truman die?
Deciding not to run again, he retired to Independence; at age 88, he died December 26, 1972, after a stubborn fight for life. For more information about President Truman, please visit the Harry S.
Did Truman serve 2 terms?
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president.
Who is the poorest president of the United States?
Truman was among the poorest U.S. presidents, with a net worth considerably less than $1 million. His financial situation contributed to the doubling of the presidential salary to $100,000 in 1949.
What does S stand for in Harry S Truman?
Harry Truman s middle name really was just “S.” According to the Truman Library the “S” was a compromise between the names of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young.
Who was the youngest president?
Age of presidents
The youngest person to assume the presidency was Theodore Roosevelt, who, at the age of 42, succeeded to the office after the assassination of William McKinley. The youngest to become president by election was John F.
What president died during ww2?
Roosevelt won reelection in 1944, but with his physical health declining during the war years, he died in April 1945, less than three months into his fourth term. The Axis Powers surrendered to the Allies in the months following Roosevelt’s death, during the presidency of his successor, Harry S. Truman.
Why did Truman not run in 1952?
Incumbent President Harry S. Truman was eligible to run again because the newly passed 22nd amendment did not apply to the incumbent president at that time. Truman chose not to run, so the Democratic Party nominated Adlai Stevenson. Eisenhower was 62 when he won the election.
Why did Harry S Truman leave office?
The frustrations of Korea, the President’s inability to enact much of his domestic program and scandals involving some of his staff led many to label him weak and ineffective. On the eve of his departure from office he stood below 30% in popularity polls.
Who was the president in 1950 to 1953?
Selected Images From the Collections of the Library of Congress
|YEAR||PRESIDENT||FIRST LADY|
|1945||Franklin D. Roosevelt||Eleanor Roosevelt|
|1945-1949||Harry S. Truman||Bess Wallace Truman|
|1949-1953||Harry S. Truman||Bess Wallace Truman|
|1953-1961||Dwight D. Eisenhower||Mamie Doud Eisenhower|
Who was the first president in the world?
Everybody knows that the first president in that sense was George Washington. But in fact the Articles of Confederation, the predecessor to the Constitution, also called for a president- albeit one with greatly diminished powers. | https://www.lisenbyretirement.com/useful/readers-ask-when-was-harry-truman-president.html |
Vitalik Buterin: Blockchains Will Discourage Monopolies, Not Create Them
Vitalik Buterin has called for lawmakers to be more accommodating to blockchain protocols, saying they can actually help antitrust agencies fight monopolies and anti-competitive behavior.
Together with Thibault Schrepel, an antitrust academic and Harvard faculty associate, the creator of Ethereum argued in a newly-published paper that blockchain and antitrust agencies "share a common goal" in stopping the overt centralization of economic clout. In another word: decentralization.
Titled: "Blockchain Code as Antitrust," Buterin and Schrepel argue antitrust agencies promote decentralization by punishing anti-competitive behaviors to prevent "harmful concentrations," similar to a blockchain that puts decentralization at its very core-layer of functioning.
See also: Vitalik Buterin Clarifies Remarks on Expected Launch Date of Eth 2.0
But on a more pragmatic level, the report argues that allowing blockchains to flourish will actually benefit antitrust agencies. As anyone can transact on them, irrespective of location, they can create fairer environments in places where there is either ineffective or non-existent antitrust enforcement.
The paper, which was published Monday, argues that in the short term antitrust agencies – which include bodies such as the Fair Trade Commission (FTC) in the U.S. – should support initiatives like sandboxes, sanctified spaces where blockchains can grow and function with less regulatory oversight.
Speaking to CoinDesk, Schrepel elaborated this could include "not going after the potential anti-competitive practices of blockchains which are designed in a highly decentralized way" as well as "not regulating these blockchains too strictly (especially, not their key characteristics)."
See also: The Netherlands’ AMLD5 Interpretation Appears to Be Killing Crypto Firms
In the long term, antitrust agencies could even try and help foster a new regulatory framework for the technology to operate within, including the legal sanctioning of things like sandboxes. The report says this could form part of a process of "re-conceptualization;" where regulators are directed "toward technological issues in exchange for not going after other anticompetitive practices." | https://pro-blockchain.com/en/vitalik-buterin-blockchains-will-discourage-monopolies-not-create-them |
Introduction
============
Epidemiology
------------
Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a large and growing public health burden and account for nearly 1.36 million deaths worldwide in 2015. RTI was ranked as the eighth leading cause of years of life lost (YLLs) ([@B1]). The burden of RTIs is projected to be the fourth leading cause of disease burden by 2030 ([@B2], [@B3]). The low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) account for a disproportionate share of RTIs worldwide ([@B4]). One-fifth of these deaths occurred in South Asia. Rapid urbanization and motorization associated with rapid economic growth are some of the reasons for the rising RTI related burden in South Asia ([@B5]). India is a nation of more than 1 billion people and is one of the fastest-growing economies with rapid motorization leading to increasing RTIs burden; It has one of the highest reported mortality rates from RTI in the world ([@B6], [@B7]). In 2015, 6.3 million persons injured and out of them, about 1.5 million died. It is further noted that remarkable interstate variations exist in both injury rates and death rates ([@B8]). The variations in injury rates are due to several reasons like conditions of roads and vehicles, and implementation of safety measures. However, the fatality rate amongst road traffic accident (RTA) victims is different and it depends on the health system's response. Unfortunately, 50--60% of deaths occur either at the scene or in route to the hospital ([@B9]). These fatality rates (percentage of deaths out of total RTA victims) varied remarkably across Indian states and union territories. On average, 24% of RTA victims died in 2015. But this rate is as high as 52.6% in Punjab, and as low as 8.8% in Kerala ([@B8]). Previous studies have found traffic crashes to be under-reported in India by 5% for deaths and more than 50% for serious injuries ([@B10]). It is possible that most of the critical and immediately fatal cases may not get recorded in crowded urban areas of India. Therefore, it is likely that the fatality statistics for urban areas in India may be underestimated by say 10--20%. According to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, 61% of the RTI fatalities occur in rural areas and it is possible that a larger number of cases go unreported on rural roads too. If we assume that a significant proportion of fatalities that occur many days after the crash in rural areas are missed (that would reduce the number by less than 30% of the total deaths) and a smaller proportion of deaths on the spot or on the way to the hospital are missed, then we can expect underreporting to be around 50% of rural deaths. Overall, this would imply that the underreporting of fatalities in India may not be less than 50%.
Risk factors
------------
Rather than mechanical, its human factor that contributes significantly to the increasing number of road accidents in India. Alcohol's involvement in various types of injuries, including RTIs is well-established among emergency department patients and has also been documented in India ([@B11]). The risk of being involved in a crash increases significantly above a blood alcohol concentration of 0.04 g/dl ([@B12]). Over speeding, refusal to follow traffic rules, and reckless driving are the main reasons for RTAs. Reckless driving like the use of mobile phones during driving, non-use of helmets and non-use of seat-belts are significant contributing factors for RTAs. Driver fatigue and sleepiness also contribute to crashes. Improper designing of roads and lack of pedestrian pavement are other contributing factors. Only 28 countries have comprehensive road safety laws on major key risk factors like drunken driving, speeding, and failing to use helmets, seat-belts and child restraints ([@B13]).
Economic impact
---------------
RTIs can also require expensive hospital-based treatment, including trauma care ([@B14]). High out of pocket (OOP) expenditures pose a major economic burden for the affected families with one of the prior studies showing average household OOP expenses ranging from 380--780 US\$ in Bangalore ([@B15]). A study of 95 traffic accident cases in Chandigarh showed that OOP medical expenses averaged 100 US\$ ([@B16]). One-half of the households with traffic injury cases, income and food consumption declined, and indebtedness increased ([@B17], [@B18]). A review of four studies in India estimated the cost of traffic crashes in the country to be between 0.29% and 0.69% of the gross domestic product ([@B19]).
Prevention and management
-------------------------
Road traffic deaths and injuries are preventable. Effective road safety interventions should address the traffic system as a whole and look into interactions between vehicle, road users, and road infrastructure to identify the solution. Many deaths and impact of injuries can be prevented with first aid if causalities are treated immediately and by taking victims at the earliest to appropriate trauma care centre. 'Golden Hour', the first hour after trauma, is vital from the health system's perspective. If proper care is given during this period, the victims have a greater chance of survival and a reduction in the severity of their injury. Injuries occur due to a combination of agent, host, vector and environment factors ([@B20]). Understanding injuries using this model will help in identifying factors involved in an injury. This would help policymakers, professionals, product manufacturers and others to identify situations and target interventions to prevent such injuries from happening in the future or reduce the harm done when they happen.
Existing challenges
-------------------
1. ▪ Limited data exist addressing the problem of RTIs.
2. ▪ Existing data is of poor quality, non-representative and difficult to access, and includes a limited number of relevant variables.
3. ▪ The incidence and burden of RTI remains poorly measured in India.
4. ▪ Various data sources exist in different parts of the country that capture information on RTIs. These data sources include that of hospital and police (for example, National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)). However, there is no digital RTI surveillance system that can integrate these various data sources to optimally use the information to predict etiological variables of RTI and predictors of poor outcomes due to RTI across diverse settings.
There is clearly a need for data on RTIs, which is essential for implementing preventive strategies. Strengthening and undertaking research on the public health burden and impact of RTIs, understanding of their risk factors, and studying the characteristics of trauma, using hospital and population-based studies are need of the hour. Most of the issues can be addressed by establishing a surveillance system. Hence, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has commissioned this multi-centric study to develop a model of passive surveillance at the higher health facility and active surveillance from health and non-health sectors and community.
Objectives of the study
-----------------------
**• Broad objective**
The broad objective of this study is to establish an electronic-based comprehensive and integrated RTI surveillance system, to assess the burden of RTI, its risk factors and outcomes across rural and urban settings in India.
**• Specific objectives**
1. ▪ To design an online electronic-based RTI surveillance system (mobile app) that enables capture of RTI data from various sources.
2. ▪ To conduct a situation analysis of data sources, systems and quality for RTIs.
3. ▪ To assess the facilities available for pre-hospital and trauma care in the district including for emergency transport system and their utilization.
4. ▪ To describe the availability and utilization pattern of existing facilities for post-crash emergency care at various levels of the health system in both urban and rural areas.
5. ▪ To describe the burden of RTAs and its epidemiological factors including the outcome.
6. ▪ To describe factors associated with RTI of serious nature.
METHODS
=======
Definition of RTI
-----------------
An RTI is a fatal or non-fatal injury incurred as a result of a collision on a public road involving at least one moving vehicle.
Study area
----------
This study is progressing in three cities (Chennai, Delhi and Jaipur) and two rural areas (Chittoor and Tehri-Garhwal) located across the country. The RTI-related data given in this description is calculated based on the data given by India's NCRB ([@B21]).
**• Chennai**
Chennai is the capital city of Tamil Nadu State. Tamil Nadu accounted for 10.5% of total accidental deaths in India in 2015. Chennai reported a total of 8206 RTI victims, of which 886 died in 2015.
**• Chittoor**
Chittoor is one of the district headquarters towns of Andhra Pradesh state. In 2015, the total number of RTAs in Andhra Pradesh were found to be 22,839 (about 5% of the country). Due to these RTAs, 29,439 injured and 8,297 died, these figures constitute 6.1% and 5.6% to the national totals, respectively.
**• Delhi**
Delhi is the second-largest metropolis by area and population in India. Delhi had reported the second-highest cases of RTAs after Chennai. The total number of persons killed in road accidents increased by 4.6% and road accident injuries by 1.4% between 2014 and 2015. Delhi city registered a total of 7,148 RTAs in 2015. Due to these RTAs, 7,385 had RTIs and 1,316 died.
**• Tehri-Garhwal**
It is a hilly area in the state of Uttarakhand. Uttarakhand reported 1,523 RTA in 2015. The RTIs and deaths due to these RTAs are 1,657 and 913, respectively.
**• Jaipur**
Jaipur is the capital city of Rajasthan. Rajasthan is the largest state in the country in terms of geographical area, which constitutes 10.4% area of the country and 5.7% of the national population. Jaipur registered a total of 3,151 RTAs in 2015. The RTIs and deaths reported due to these RTAs are 2,892 and 939, respectively.
Source of data
--------------
This study is progressing in 5 participating centres across the country. At each centre, major sources of data can be categorized under two categories including health facilities and community. In urban areas (Chennai, Delhi and Jaipur), one trauma centre, one private hospital and a community of 10000-population are included in the study. In rural areas (Chittoor and Tehri-Garhwal), a district hospital, a private nursing home and two subcentres areas of different primary health centres at each site are included for the surveillance. Passive surveillance is done at the trauma centres/district hospitals, while active surveillance is done in private hospitals/nursing homes, sub-centres and communities. Any individual brought to any surveillance points will be enrolled in the study. Before establishing the surveillance as described above, situational analysis has been undertaken ([@B22]). The tools used for this situational analysis and also surveillance tools are given as [appendix 1](#APP1){ref-type="app"} and [2](#APP2){ref-type="app"}, respectively.
Procedure for capturing data
----------------------------
Software is developed during the preparatory stage by the Foundation of Health Technology Society (FHTS). FHTS is a collaborating institute and supported all teams and ICMR in developing, testing and implementing the electronic surveillance platform. This electronic surveillance platform allowed individuals to gather data electronically across multiple sites. This internet-enabled surveillance platform has several modules including: (i) User management module: Users can register their facility and create a site profile. The system will assign a unique ID to each site. Each site coordinator will have its own user profile. In case there is no internet, the system will still capture data as a standalone application and will be able to transmit the data to a central server once connected to the internet. The site coordinator will be able to approve multiple users at each site to use the system and will also provide user access control based on their roles.(ii) Data collection module: The surveys will be electronically designed so that the surveillance platform is easy to use even if the users have limited technology literacy.(iii) Data validation module: If there are any error/missing data, the system will generate alert and flag the variables to ensure data completeness and accuracy.(iv) Data management module: The system will have import and export functions such that it can import the data files in Excel, CSV or other database formats into the system. This will facilitate to import the data from 108 services into our existing system. Further, the data from police records will also be captured into the system.(v) Data visualization module: The data recorded will then be interactively visualized using a series of charts, and graphs.
All data will be secured using a database protected password or the data gathered will be stored in an encrypted format.
Intervention
------------
**• Alerting the district administration**
Bi-monthly alerts/bulletins will be released based on the surveillance data of 2 months. These alerts will highlight the incidence of RTIs and its risk factors and provide appropriate actions to be taken by the district/local authorities including health, police and transport systems. The actions taken by the above authorities/systems will be documented by following different methods, including interviewing key officials and community members.
**• Creating awareness**
The research team will develop health awareness material on prevention of RTIs and on care to be taken immediately after an accident. It will highlight the importance of the golden hour. It will be similar to the training meant for first responders in trauma care.
Discussion
==========
RTIs are a major issue in the world, especially in LMICs. India is experiencing a high burden of RTIs and the fatality rate is high compared to many countries ([@B8]). However, one of the main problems in developing strategies for preventing RTAs and injuries is the lack of actual and quality-related data ([@B1], [@B23], [@B24]). Hence, the establishment of RTI surveillance is an important step for a better understanding of the problem thus leasing to RTI prevention ([@B25]). There is substantial evidence that effective surveillance systems help in reducing the burden of RTIs and their impact ([@B26]). Hence, RTI surveillance is recommended to assess the burden of injuries, identify high-risk groups and probable risk factors, and plan interventions to control and monitor the impact ([@B27]).
Hence, this study aimed to establish an electronic-based comprehensive and integrated RTI surveillance system. After establishing the system and demonstrating the feasibility of establishment within the public health system, attempts will be made to handing over it to the government for scaling-up. It is the responsibility of the government health sector to ensure the establishment of necessary data systems through the surveillance system ([@B28]). Along with collecting qualified data; analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health information and getting feedback to the beneficiaries must be considered ([@B29]).
In India, RTAs are more common on urban roads and on roads connected to urban area and majority of the accident victims are referred to urban-based tertiary care hospitals. Hence a passive surveillance system in tertiary care hospitals is being established in this study. Most of the critical and immediately fatal cases are recorded and those who die in tertiary care hospitals also enter the official statistics through police network. It is reported that more than 60% of the fatalities occur in rural areas and usually these cases of injuries, particularly non-fatal and minor injuries, go unreported on rural roads ([@B30]). These non-fatal and minor injuries were treated in smaller nursing homes and clinics. Usually, these facilities are of private in nature, and they do not like to involve in medico-legal cases. In addition, a significant proportion of fatalities, which occur after the crash in rural areas are missed. Some deaths escape from police records as people involved in the road accidents settle the dispute out of the legal system. All these cases seldom get registered with the police. In view of these realities, the present study has integrated an active surveillance system to cover police stations, community-based health facilities like primary health centres, community health centres and private hospitals. Active surveillance is also placed in communities to track missing cases. Thus, this study is being established both passive and active surveillances comprehensively to capture all RTIs and related deaths in a particular geographical area.
Conclusions
===========
RTIs have been recognized globally as an important public health problem, however, the deaths and injuries are preventable. The situation needs serious efforts through governmental policies, including establishing a surveillance system to capture RTIs occurred at all levels. The present study provides a model of surveillance including both passive and active surveillance to cover maximum number of RTIs. This study further provides the first comprehensive epidemiology of RTIs. The results of these studies will contribute to the setting of research and investment priorities to tackle the burden of RTIs.
None.
**Authors' contribution**
All the authors met the standards of authorship based on the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. KRJ, PM, JK, RS, DKM and AJ contributed equally to the research and should be considered as joint second author. Former five of these authors are corresponding to the sequence of cities shown in the paper and each of these authors is responsible for research in the corresponding city. AJ is responsible for surveillance platform. MB and YS contributed equally and should be considered as joint third authors, as these authors involved in the compilation of information and initial drafting of the manuscript. The first author (BVB) is the national coordinator of this research.
**Conflict of interest**
None declared.
**Funding**
This National Task Force Study was supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India (Number: NTF/2017/HSR/02).
**[Situational Assessment for understanding the RTI data systems]{.ul}**
It is necessary and a pre-requisite to do a situation analysis to understand the strength and weakness of the data systems pertaining to RTI in Tamil Nadu. The analysis will identify gaps and help in building the existing system and integration with other data sources. WHO's Data Systems: A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners enumerates the following four steps for conducting a situational assessment: Stakeholder analysisAssessment of data sources and existing systemsEnd-user needs assessmentEnvironmental analysis
The following section details each step with its objectives and their corresponding checklists and questions for assessment.
**Objectives** **Checklist**
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
***Step: 1 Stakeholder Analysis***
Identification of organizations, potential partners and individuals who have an interest in the collection and/or use of road safety data Have you identified all stakeholders in the law enforcement, transport and health sectors?
Have you identified other types of stakeholders (e.g. insurance industry, NGOs, academic institutions, automobile industry)?
Examine the roles and activities of all stakeholders Have you identified the activities and roles of each stakeholder in relation to road safety data?
Have you identified the stakeholders who will be key supporters or opponents?
How stakeholders should be involved in the process What is the nature, mode and form of Participation?
Have you convened a stakeholder meeting, including supporters and opponents, data collectors and data users?
***Step: 2 Assessment of data sources and existing systems***
Assess data sources What are all organizations or individuals involved in collection of data pertaining to RTI?
What information or variables are collected in the data sources?
What is the format used to collect data?
What is the system to store and process data?
Assess data systems What population or geographical area (jurisdiction) is covered?
Does it provide a census of incidents among a whole population, or does it include data from a sample of the population only?
Are there estimates of population coverage/completeness?
What events are captured (i.e. fatalities, non-fatal injuries, damage-only crashes)?
What definitions are used?
How are data transferred from the crash scene to the database (including reporting requirements)?
What are the existing and potential linkages with other databases?
What are the formal/informal data-sharing mechanisms with other agencies/sectors?
What format are data stored in (as case-level records, tabulations provided to customized specifications, or only as pre-tabulated results)?
What are training tools and training status of the staff in data systems?
How accessible are the data?
Assess data quality Are there standard definitions available for inclusion and exclusion of crashes and injuries?
Are there SOPs available for entire data flow management process?
Are there any under-reporting of crashes/Injuries to and by the authorities?
For the events captured, are the data complete and accurate? What validation procedures are in place?
What is the frequency with which missing data occurs?
Is that the missing data systematic for certain fields and crashes?
Are there any errors in recording data, coding data and data entry?
***Step: 3 End user needs assessment***
For setting up and expanding the Road safety information system to enhance the usability of the system Who are the users of the data system for policy action?
What are the circumstances or situations that lead to require road safety information?
What is the type of information different users requiring and expect from an information system?
What are the sources of information users currently relying?
What is the preferred format in which users would like to access information?
What are the factors that affect or determine their access to, and use of, road safety information?
***Step: 4 Environmental Analysis***
Overview of political environment Is there a lead agency responsible for road safety? What is it and what is its main function?
Which are the main government departments involved in road safety decision-making and what role does each department play?
What is the nature of inter-agency relationships?
Is there a road safety strategy, and does it include a data component?
What are the existing policies in transport, law enforcement, health and finance that are relevant to road safety? Do they have data components? Which factors in the political environment willdrive change, and which will oppose it?
Is there adequate capacity for implementation/improvement of data collection, data processing, data analysis, and dissemination and use of data?
**Questionnaire / Checklist for situational analysis**
***Step 1: Stakeholders Analysis:***
1. List out all the existing stakeholders involved with road traffic injury surveillance system in your district/city? (Remember the list has to exhaustive including all the present organizations/Individuals involves in data collection and use of road safety data)
2. Identify potential organizations/Individuals or partners who might utilize or facilitate development of better road safety data systems and support in integration. (List has to add-on to the existing/current stakeholders involved)
What is the role and activity of each organization pertaining to road traffic injury surveillance systems?
--------------------- -- ----------------- --
Data collection Data management
Report generation Policy makers
Clinical management Advocacy groups
--------------------- -- ----------------- --
(The above functions are only indicative and may include many other roles and activity of the organizations) 3. List the stakeholders who will be supporting or opposing the establishment and integration of the road traffic injury surveillance system.4. What would be the nature, mode and form of participation of the stakeholders in the proposed system? Advisers or consultantsCollaborating partnersAs a member of a working groupAs an individual participantAs a representative of a group5. Plan a meeting involving all the stakeholders for discussion and dissemination of the proposed system.
**Questionnaire / Checklist for situational analysis**
***Step 2: Assessment of data sources and existing systems***
1. What is the organization/individuals involved in the road traffic injury surveillance system? PoliceRoadways DepartmentTransport DepartmentHospitalsEmergency transport servicesGovernment Health FacilityPrivate health facility
2. What information or variables are collected in the data sources? Demographic detailsVehicle related detailsCrash related detailsRoad related detailsPerson related detailsPre hospital careEmergency transport detailsMedical care and managementOutcome of the event
3. What is the format used to collect data? ElectronicHard copy
4. What is the system to store and process data? ElectronicHard copy
5. What population or geographical area (jurisdiction) is covered? (Describe)
6. Does it provide a census of incidents among a whole population, or does it include data from a sample of the population only?
7. Are there estimates of population coverage/completeness?
8. What events are captured? FatalitiesNon-fatal injuriesDamage-only crashes
9. Are there definitions are used?
10. How are data transferred from the crash scene to the database? Real timeDelayedManual
11. What are the existing and potential linkages with other databases?
12. What are the data-sharing mechanisms with other agencies/sectors? FormalInformal
13. What format are data stored? Case-level recordsTabulations provided to customized specificationsPre-tabulated results
14. What are training tools and training status of the staff in data systems? Describe... Inclusion/Exclusion criteriaDefinitions availabilityTraining status of the data collectorsRefresher training
15. How accessible are the data? Open sourcePublic domainPaid
16. How data is analyzed? Variables analyzedComputerized or manualPeriodicity of analysisReport generation
17. Are there standard definitions available for inclusion and exclusion of crashes and injuries? YesNo
18. Is there SOPs available for entire data flow management process? YesNo
19. Is there any under-reporting of crashes/Injuries to and by the authorities? Crash not being reportedReported but not included for data collectionIncomplete data collectionDelayed or no data entryData lost
20. For the events captured, are the data complete and accurate? What validation procedures are in place? CompletenessAccuracyQuality control mechanisms
21. What is the frequency with which missing data occurs?
22. Is that the missing data systematic for certain fields and crashes?
23. Are there any errors in recording data, coding data and data entry?
**Questionnaire / Checklist for situational analysis**
***Step: 3 End user needs assessment***
1. Who are the users of the data system for policy action? Stakeholders feedbackPolicy decisions
2. What are the circumstances or situations that lead to require road safety information?
3. What is the type of information different users requiring and expect from an information system?
4. What are the sources of information users currently relying?
5. What is the preferred format in which users would like to access information?
6. What are the factors that affect or determine their access to, and use of, road safety information?
**Questionnaire /Checklist for situational analysis**
***Step: 4 Environmental Analysis***
1. Is there a lead agency responsible for road safety? What is it and what is its main function?
2. Which are the main government departments involved in road safety decision-making, and what role does each department play?
3. What is the nature of inter-agency relationships?
4. Is there a road safety strategy, and does it include a data component?
5. What are the existing policies in transport, law enforcement, health and finance that are relevant to road safety? Do they have data components? Which factors in the political environment will drive change, and which will oppose it?
6. Is there adequate capacity for implementation/improvement of data collection, data processing, data analysis, and dissemination and use of data?
######
Surveillance tool for Health Facility
**Q. No.** **Question** **Data entry rule** **Values Assigned** **Req** **Skip Pattern**
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------- ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Centre Code Dropdown Chennai 1 Yes
Chitoor 2
Jaipur 3
Delhi 4
TehriGarhwal 5
2 Hospital Code Dropdown Public sector health facility 1 Yes
Private sector health facility 2
3 Serial number Numeric Box 0001--9999 Yes
4 User code Numeric Box 01--99 Yes
5 IRIS ID Auto-generated. Should not allow entering or editing the field. Will constitute the Centre code, Hospital code, User code and Serial No. Yes "Auto generated field" appears if we try to enter.
For e.g. IRIS:ID:11010005 means case belongs to Chennai, Public hospital and 1^st^ user and is in the fifth case in serial order
Once IRIS ID is generated it should be displayed as the header of the form in display. One can save the form only after filling up to IRIS ID, before which the form cannot be saved and should be discarded. Every form should be saved with its IRISID as name.
6 Medical Record Number (Inpatient/Out Patient Number) Text Box Yes
7 AR Number (Accident Register number) Numeric box
8 Admission Date Calendar pick dd/ mm/ yyyy Yes
9 Admission Time Time pick hh:mm
10 Respondent Name Text Box (Alpha only) Yes
11 How are you related to the injured? Dropdown Self 1 Yes If 1 is selected Skip Q12 to 14. If 997 go to Q12, else Skip Q12.
Family member 2
Friend 3
Driver 4
Co-passenger 5
Unknown passerby 6
Others 997
12 Specify Relationship with injured Text Box
13 Do you have a mobile number? (Respondent) Radio button Yes 1 Yes If 1 is selected go to Q14 else skip Q14.
No 2
Unknown 998
14 Enter Mobile Number of the Respondent Numeric Box Add zero (0) before 10 digit mobile number Yes
15 What is the name of the Injured? Text Box (Alpha only) Yes
16 Do you have mobile number? (Injured) Radio button Yes 1 Yes If 1 is selected go to Q17 else skip Q17.
No 2
Unknown 998
17 Enter Mobile number of the injured Numeric Box Add zero (0) before 10 digit mobile number Yes
18 Do you know the address of the injured? Radio Button Yes 1 Yes If 1 is selected go to Q19 else skip Q 19 to 22.
No 2
19 State of Injured Dropdown All States Of India Yes
20 District of Injured Dropdown Districts of selected state Yes
21 Taluk of Injured Dropdown Taluk of selected District Yes
22 Village/Area of Injured Text Box
**B** **SOCIO DEMOGRAPHICAL DETAIL**
1 Age of Injured Radio button (Text box is enabled based on Q1. If 1 is selected Text box1and unknown is enabled, If 2 is selected Text box2 and unknown is enabled) \< 1year (In Months) -- Text box1 Yes B01_AgeYr s is greater than or equal to 5 show Q4, Q5 or Skip Q4, Q5
\>1 year (In Years) Text -- box2
Unknown 998
2 Gender of Injured Dropdown Male 1 Yes
Female 2
Transgender 3
3 Educational status of the Injured Dropdown Illiterate 1 Yes
Primary 2
High School 3
Higher Secondary 4
Diploma/Certified course 5
Graduate and above 6
Unknown 998
4 Occupation of the Injured Dropdown Business 1 Yes If 997 go to Q5, else Skip Q5.
Self Employed/Medium Business 2
Professional/Executive/Managers 3
Employee (Govt./Private) 4
Skilled Manual (Artisians, Agriculture, Fishery, Forestry) 5
Unskilled Manual (Labour) 6
Home maker 7
Student 8
Unemployed 9
Others 997
Unknown 998
5 Specify Occupation of the injured Text Box
**C** **ACCIDENT IDENTIFICATION DETAILS**
1 Date of accident Date pick dd/mm/yyyy Yes
2 Time of accident Time pick (Scroll) hh:mm Yes
3 State of accident Dropdown All States Of India Yes
4 District of accident Dropdown District of selected state Yes
5 Taluk of accident state Dropdown Taluk of Selected District Yes
6 Village/Town of accident site Text Box Yes
7 Nearest landmark of accident site Text Box (GIS mapping-insert map)
8 What is the type of accident? Dropdown Self-fall/Skid 1 Yes If 997 go to Q9, else Skip Q9.
Crash with pedestrian 2
Crash with parked vehicle 3
Crash with fixed obstacle 4
Crash with non-fixed obstacle 5
Crash between two
vehicles 6
Crash with two or more
vehicles 7
Crash with animal 8
Others 997
Unknown 998
9 Specify Type of Accident Text Box
10 What was the weather condition at the time of accident? Dropdown Clear 1 Yes If 997 go to Q11, else Skip Q11.
Hot/dry weather 2
Rainy 3
Fog/Mist/Smoke/Smog 4
Sever winds 5
Landslide 6
Snow 7
Others 997
Unknown 998
11 Specify weather condition Text Box Yes
12 What was the light condition at the time of accident? Dropdown Excess Light 1 Yes
Sufficient Light 2
Partial light 3
Insufficient Light 4
Unknown 998
13 Has FIR been lodged Dropdown Yes 1 Yes If 1 go to Q14 else Skip Q14
No 2
Unknown 998
Not applicable 996
14 FIR Number Text box
**D** **ROAD RELATED DETAILS**
1 What is the type of road of the accident site? Dropdown National highway 1 Yes
State highway 2
Major District Roads (MDR) 3
Other District Roads(ODR) 4
Village Roads (VR) 5
Unknown 998
2 What is the sub-type of the accident site Multiple Choice One way road 1 Yes If any 6,7,8,11,12 selected go to Q3 else Skip Q3 and Q4.
Two way road 2
Single lane 3
Two lane road 4
Four or above lane road 5
Cross Road 6
Round about 7
Railway crossing 8
Curve road/Blind curve 9
Gradient road 10
T or Staggered junction 11
Multiple Junction 12
Unknown 998
3 Traffic Controlled by Multiple choice Traffic signal/Rail road barrier 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q4 else Skip Q4.
Traffic personnel/Railway personnel 2
Concerned Institute/organization personnel 3
Public Volunteer 4
Uncontrolled 5
Others 997
Unknown 998
4 Specify Traffic Control Text Box
5 How were the road conditions at the accident site Dropdown Safe 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q6 else Skip Q6.
Slippery (Wet/Oily) 2
Muddy 3
Rutted/Pot holed 4
Flooded 5
Snow 6
Work under progress 7
Others 997
Unknown 998
6 Specify Road Condition Text Box
7 Do you know the Speed limit of the Road? Dropdown Yes 1 Yes If 1 is selected go to Q8 else Skip Q8.
No 2
Not applicable 996
8 Enter the Speed Limit Numeric Box Yes
**E** **VEHICLE INFORMATION**
1 How many vehicles involved in the crash? Numeric Box Yes
The following Questions Q2 to Q13 should repeat based on the number entered in Q1. The variable name should change with the number. For example, if 3 is entered in Q1, 3 times the Questions 2 to 13 will be repeated each time variable name number will change (Eg: E02_TypeVehcl_1 first time, E02_TypeVehcl_2 Second time and E02_TypeVehcl_3 Third time).
Each set should have the label "Vehicle (number-1) Details", the number is based on the number of times the Question set is repeated. For example, first set will have the label "Vehicle 1 Detail", Second set will have the label "Vehicle 2 Detail" and so on up to 5.
2 What was the type of vehicle involved in the accident? Dropdown Bicycle/Cycle rickshaw 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q3 else Skip Q3.
Bullock cart 2
Two wheeler geared 3
Two wheeler non-geared 4
Auto rickshaw 5
Car 6
Tempo traveler/Van/City ride 7
Bus/Mini Bus 8
Trucks/Tra ctors 9
Lorry 10
Others 997
Unknown 998
3 Specify Vehicle: Text Box
4 What is the special function of the vehicle? Dropdown Personnel private vehicle 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q5 else Skip Q5.
Public passenger vehicle 2
Private passenger vehicle 3
Goods vehicle (Public/Co mmercial) 4
Govt. official vehicle 5
Others 997
Unknown 998
5 Specify vehicle function Text Box
6 Vehicle manoeuvre (action taken by vehicle immediately before it become involved in crash) Dropdown Normal straight driving 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q7 else Skip Q7.
Changing lane 2
Reversing 3
Turning 4
Over taking 5
Slowing/st opping/mo ving off 6
Parked 7
Driving off the lane/road 8
Others 997
Unknown 998
7 Specify vehicle manoeuvre Text Box
8 What is the driving licensure status of the vehicle driver? Dropdown Present Valid 1 Yes
Present Invalid 2
Absent 3
Learners License 4
Unknown 998
Not applicable 996
9 Was the vehicle over speeding at the time of accident? Dropdown Yes 1 Yes
No 2
Unknown 998
10 What was the driving quality of the vehicle at the time of accident? Dropdown Safe driving 1 Yes
Distracted Driving 2
Uncontrolle d Driving 3
Sleepless/worn out driving 4
Unsafe driving due to health 5
Impairment Unknown 998
**F** **PERSON RELATED DATA**
1 What type of road user was the injured person? Dropdown Driver 1 Yes If 1 and 998 is selected skip Q2 and Q3. If 2 is selected go to Q2 and skip Q3. If 3 is selected go to Q3 and skip Q2
Passenger 2
Pedestrian 3
Unknown 998
2 What is the seating position of the passenger Dropdown Front 1 Yes
Rear middle 2
Rear side 3
On the roof 4
Standing inside/on vehicle 5
Foot Board 6
Pillion rider (sitting behind in two wheeler) 7
Unknown 998
3 Pedestrian activity at the time of accident? Dropdown Crossing road 1 Yes
Standing middle of the road 2
Walking/standing along shoulder of the road 3
Walking/standing in the footpath 4
Unknown 998
4 What were the safety precautions taken by injured person at the time of accident? Multiple choice Seat belt worn 1 Yes If 1 or 2 in Q1 in session F and 3 or 4 in Q2 in session E is selected enable only options 2, 4, 996 and 998 If 1 or 2 in Q1 in session F and 5, 6, 7 and 8 in Q2 in session E is selected then enable only options 1, 3, 4, 996and 998 If 3 is selected in Q1 in session F then enable only options 4, 5, 996 and 998. If 1 or 2 in Q1 in session F and 1, 2, 9, 10, 997 and 998 in Q2 in session E enable options only 4, 998 and 996.
Helmet worn 2
Airbag present in vehicle 3
Followed traffic signal 4
Used Zebra crossing 5
Unknown 998
Not applicable 996
5 Who were Drunken/consumed alcohol during accident? Multiple choice Driver of the injured vehicle 1 Yes If 1 in Q5 and 1 in Q1 is selected or 2 in Q5 and 2 in Q1 is selected or 5 in Q5 and 3 in Q1 is selected Go to Q6 else skip Q6.
Passenger/Co-passenger of the injured vehicle 2
Driver of the counterpart vehicle 3
Passenger/Co-passenger of the counterpart vehicle 4
Pedestrian 5
Unknown 998
6 Blood Alcohol level of the injured Numeric Box
7 Who used Mobile phone during accident? Multiple choice Driver of the injured vehicle 1 Yes
Driver of the counterpart vehicle 2
Pedestrian 3
Unknown 998
**G** **PRE-HOSPITAL ADMISSION DATA**
1 What was the time duration taken for rescue efforts after the accident happened? Time Format hh:mm Yes
2 How was the injured person rescued? Dropdown Self 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q3 else skip Q3.
Known Person (Friends/Relatives) 2
Driver/Passenger/Co-Passenger 3
Local People/Passerby 4
Police 5
Army 6
Disaster Response Force (State/National) 7
Others 997
Unknown 998
3 Specify how was the injured person rescued Text Box .
4 What was the reason for delay in rescuing the injured person? Dropdown Noticed Late 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q5 else skip Q5.
Late Information given to rescue team/Emergency transport 2
Access difficulty (Difficult terrain or difficult to access site) 3
Weather conditions 4
Emergency Transport Vehicle arrived late 5
Others 997
Unknown 998
Not applicable 996
5 Specify the reason for delay in rescuing the injured person Text Box
6 How was the injured person taken from the accident site to the transport vehicle? Dropdown Stretcher 1 Yes
Sheets 2
Hold by 2--4 peoples 3
Carried by people on their back 4
Others 997
Unknown 998
Not applicable 996
7 Specify how was the injured person taken from the accident site to the transport vehicle Text Box
8 Was the injured person given first aid? Dropdown Yes 1 Yes If 1 go to Q9 or skip Q9, Q10, Q11 and Q12.
No 2
Unknown 998
9 Where was the first aid given? Dropdown At the accident site 1 Yes If 997 go to Q10 else skip Q10.
Nearby Govt. Hospital 2
Nearby Private clinic 3
Ambulance 4
Others 997
Unknown 998
10 Specify where was the first aid given Text Box
11 Who gave the first aid? Dropdown Health worker/Nurse 1 Yes If 2,3,4 is selected in Q9 disable options 4,5 and 6. If 997 go to Q12 else skip Q12
Ambulance technician 2
Doctor 3
Public 4
Police 5
Family members 6
Others 997
Unknown 998
12 Specify who gave the first aid Text Box
13 How was the injured person transported to health facility? Dropdown Self 1 Yes If 997 go to Q14 else skip Q14.
Government Ambulance 2
Private Ambulance 3
Commercial passenger vehicle 4
Commercial goods vehicle 5
Private vehicle 6
Govt. Official vehicle 7
Others 997
Unknown 998
14 Specify how was the injured person transported to health facility Text Box
15 Number of hospitals/health facilities visited before attending the registering hospital Numeric Box Yes If 0 skip Q16, Q 17, Q18, Q19, Q20, Q21, Q22 and Q23. If 1 Skip Q16 If \>1 go to Q16.
16 What was the first referral hospital? Dropdown Primary health care facility 1
District Government Hospitals 2
Other Government Hospitals 3
Private hospitals 4
Private nursing home 5
Unknown 998
17 What was the Last referral hospital? Dropdown Primary health care facility 1 Yes
18 Last Referral hospital State Dropdown All States in India Yes
19 Last Referral hospital District Dropdown District of selected state Yes
20 Last Referral hospital Taluk Dropdown Taluk of Selected District Yes
21 Last Referral hospital Village/Town/Area Text Box (GIS mapping-insert map) Yes
22 Reason for shifting from the referral hospital? Dropdown Not equipped for the treatment required 1 Yes If 997 go to Q23 else skip Q23.
Specialist doctors not available 2
Bed not available 3
Patient's desire 4
Others 997
Unknown 998
23 Specify reason for shifting from the referral hospital Text Box
**H** **AMBULACNE DETAILS** (This section appears only if 1 or 2 is selected in Q12 of G section else skip)
1 Whether ambulance details available? Radio button Yes 1 Yes If 2 is selected skip rest questions in this section else go to Q2.
No 2
2 Date of the call received by ambulance personnel regarding the accident? (Date) Calendar Format dd/mm/yyyy Yes
3 Time of the call received by ambulance personnel regarding the accident? (Time) Time Format (Scroll) hh:mm
4 Date - ambulance reached the accident site? (Date) Calendar Format dd/mm/yyyy Yes
5 Time-ambulance reached the accident site? (Time) Time Format (Scroll) hh:mm
6 Date patient dropped at the hospital? (Date) Calendar Format dd/mm/yyyy Yes
7 Time patient dropped at the hospital? (Time) Time Format (Scroll) hh:mm
8 How was the patient managed in the transport vehicle during the transport from accident site to hospital? Multiple choice CPR 1 If 997 go to Q9 else skip Q9.
Electrical defibrillation 2
Maintained airway 3
Bleeding controlled 4
IV Fluid 5
IV Blood 6
IV / IM Drugs 7
Positioning of the patient 8
Others 997
Not applicable 996
9 Specify how was the patient managed in the transport vehicle Text Box
10 Ambulance has the facility to record and monitor Multiple choice Pulse rate 1 Yes If 994 or 998 skip rest questions. If 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 is yes showQ11, Q12 and Q13, Q14, Q15 and Q16 respectivel y. For Options not selected hide the respective questions.
BP 2
Respiratory Rate 3
Oxygen Saturation 4
GCS 5
None 994
Unknown 998
11 Ambulance pulse rate Numeric box1 (First)
Numeric box2 (Last)
12 Ambulance Systolic Blood Pressure Numeric box1 (First)
Numeric box2 (Last)
13 Ambulance Diastolic Blood Pressure Numeric box1 (First)
Numeric box2 (Last)
14 Ambulance Respiratory Rate Numeric box1 (First)
Numeric box2 (Last)
15 Ambulance oxygen saturation Numeric box1 (First)
Numeric box2 (Last)
16 Ambulance Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Numeric box1 (First)
Numeric box2 (Last)
**I** **CLINICAL DETAILS (On the day of admission)**
1 What was status of injured at the time of admission Dropdown Unconscious 1 Yes
Conscious 2
Unknown 998
2 Co morbidity Level Dropdown Healthy 1
Non-Limiting 2
Limiting 3
Constant Threat to life 4
Unknown 998
Not documented 999
3 Pulse rate Numeric box
4 Systolic BP Numeric box
5 Diastolic BP Numeric box
6 Respiratory rate Numeric box
7 Oxygen Saturation Numeric box
8 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Numeric box
**FORM II**
J **CLINICAL, TREATMENT AND OUTCOME DETAILS *discharge/ death/ abscond / referral of the patient) (Follow up-to be submitted during***
1 User code Numeric Box Jan-99 Yes
2 IRIS ID Dropdown of the User code synced IRIS-ID Yes
3 What are the parts of the body injured Dropdown Head 1
Neck 2
Thorax 3
Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis 4
Shoulder and upper arm 5
Elbow and forearm 6
Wrist and hand 7
Hip and thigh 8
Knee and lower leg 9
Ankle and foot 10
Multiple body regions 11
Injuries to unspecified part of trunk limb and body 12
4 What was the nature of injuries sustained Dropdown Superficial injury 1
Open wound 2
Fracture 3
Dislocation, sprain and strain 4
Injury to nerves and spinal cord 5
Injury to blood vessels 6
Muscles and Tendons 7
Crushing Injury 8
Traumatic amputation 9
Injury to internal organs 10
Foreign body in natural orifice 11
Burns and corrosions 12
Other unspecified Injurie 13
5 Type of fracture Radio button Open 1
Closed 2
6 Describe the injury Text Box
7 Injury classification as per ICD_10 Dropdown Include only Chapter XIX up to Burns and corrosion, Certain early complications of trauma and Sequel of injuries. Cascade based on response from Q2 and Q5
8 How is the severity of injury Dropdown Minor 1
Moderate 2
Serious 3
Severe 4
Critical 5
Maximum (Untreatable) 6
9 Abbreviated injury Scale (AIS) Dropdown AIS 2008 code set. Cased based on Q2, Q4, Q6 And Q7.
10 FAST Result Dropdown Done-Positive 1
Done-Negative 2
Equivocal 3
No Facility 994
Not done 996
Unknown 998
Not recorded 999
11 What is the patient treatment status? Dropdown First Aid Provided 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q12 else skip Q12
Stabilized 2
Treated in emergency room 3
Definitive care (Comprehensive care) 4
LAMA 5
Others 997
12 Specify Treatment status Text Box
13 What is the Patient admission status? Referred 1 Yes If 1 is selected show questions 17 to 26 or skip questions 20 to 26. If 2 is selected skip questions 20 to 26. If 3 is selected show questions 17, 18 and 19 and skip rest of the questions
In hospital care (Shifted to IP/Remains admitted) 2
Abscond/Left 3
14 What was the time taken to initiate treatment? (Time between admission and first aid/ stabilization/ treatment/ to declare brought dead based on options selected in Q18) Date pick Date format
Time pick Time format
15 Reason for delay in treatment? Dropdown Delay to get investigation results 1 If 997 is selected go to Q16 else skip Q16
Doctors not available 2
Delay in blood availability 3
Others 997
Not applicable 996
16 Specify, reason for delay in treatment Text box
17 Outcome Dropdown Alive 1 If 2 is selected show Q27, show Q27, 28 and 29 and skip rest of the questions If 1 is selected Show Q18, 19 and skip rest of the questions
Dead 2
18 Date of discharge Calendar Format dd/mm/yyyy
19 Discharge summary Text Box
20 What is the centre referred? Text Primary health care facility 1 Yes
21 What was mode of transport for shifting the patient to higher centre? Dropdown Government Ambulance 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q22 else skip Q22
Private Ambulance 2
Private vehicle 3
Others 997
Unknown 998
22 Specify mode of transport for shifting patient Text Box
23 Date of referral Calendar Format dd/mm/yyy Yes
24 Time of referral Time Format hh:mm
25 Reason for referral Dropdown Not equipped for the treatment required 1 Yes If 997 is selected go to Q26 else skip Q26
26 Specify reason for referral Text Box
27 Date of death Calendar Format dd/mm/yyyy Yes
28 Time of death Time format Hh:mm Yes
29 Cause of death Text Box
######
Community-based road accident recording form-Informant (individual)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Q. No.** **Question** **Data entry rule** **Values Assigned** **Req** **Range** **Skip Pattern**
------------ -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- ----------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A **IDENTIFICATION**
2 Serial number Numeric Box Yes 0001--9999
3 User code Numeric Box Yes 01--99
4 IRIS ID Auto-generated. Should not allow entering or editing the field. Will constitute the Centre code, Hospital code, User code and Serial No. For e.g. IRIS:ID:11010005 means case belongs to Chennai, Public hospital and 1^st^ user and is in the fifth case in serial order Yes "Auto generated field" appears if we try to enter.
5 Informant Name Text Box Yes
6 Age of Injured Radio button (Text box is enabled based on Q1. If 1 is selected Text box1and unknown is enabled, If 2 is selected Text box2 and unknown is enabled) \< 1year (In Months) -- Text box1\ 998 Yes In months-0 to 12 In years-1 to 150 998 B01_AgeYrs is greater than or equal to 5 show question on education, occupation
\>1 year (In Years) -- Text box2 Unknown
7 Gender of Injured Dropdown Male\ 1\ Yes
Female Transgender 2\
3
8 Educational status of the Injured Dropdown Illiterate\ 1\ Yes
9 Occupation of the Injured Dropdown Business\ 1\ Yes If 997 go to Q6, or Skip Q6.
Others\ 10\
Unknown 997\
998
10 Specify Occupation of the injured Text Box
11 Outcome Dropdown Alive\ 1\
Dead 2
12 Type of area where data is collected Radio Button Urban\ 1\ Yes
Rural\ 2\
Peri/sub urban\ 3\
Unknown 4
13 Date of Data Collection Date format dd/mm/yyyy Yes
B ACCIDENT DETAILS
1 Date of accident Date format dd/mm/yyyy Yes
2 Time of accident Time format hh:mm Yes
3 Place of accident
4 What is the type of accident? Dropdown Self-fall/Skid\ 1\ Yes If 97 go to Q9, or Skip Q9. If 2 is selected show Q8 or skip Q8.
Crash between two vehicles\ 6\
Crash with two or more vehicles\ 7\
Crash with animal\ 8\
Others\ 997\
Unknown 998
5 Specify Type of Accident Text Box
6 Number of fatalities Numeric Box Yes 0--200, 998
7 Number of persons hospitalized Numeric Box Yes 0--200, 998
8 Number of pedestrians involved Numeric Box Yes 1--100, 998
9 Number of vehicles involved Numeric Box Yes 1--5, 998
10 Type of vehicle involved Multiple choice Bicycle/Cycle rickshaw\ 1\ Yes If 97 is selected go to Q11 or Skip Q11.
11 Specify type of vehicle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/EP2019/082636 filed Nov. 26, 2019 which designated the U.S. and claims priority to FR 1871883 filed Nov. 27, 2018, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
Description of the Related Art
The present invention relates to the field of the classification and sorting of waste and particularly packaging, especially packaging made from glass, metal, plastics material, paper and cardboard.
A first type of technology used for automated sorting is based on optical-sorting machines, which generally use light spectrometry for classifying the material of the objects in a flow of waste. According to this technology, the objects are irradiated by a light spectrum, generally in the infrared lengths, sometimes supplemented by complementary analyses, and a sensor records the reflected spectrum, to compare it with spectra recorded in a database of spectra, which makes it possible to identify the material of the irradiated objects. Such a method is for example described in the application WO2013/027083. However, the performance in distinguishing between the various materials is not completely satisfactory, in particular in the field of plastics material, where novel complex flows have been put on the market, (of the multilayer type, complex assemblies, novel opaque resins, etc.) which are not always well recognized or in the case of the demand of buyers for high purity levels (sometimes much greater than 95%) required for recycling certain plastics.
Thus recently systems using image analysis in the visible spectrum have appeared, in particular by means of the development of artificial intelligence, and by means of the algorithms developed by virtue of learning methods using image banks (“deep learning”) in order to recognize the object itself (through its shape, its appearance, etc.) rather than the material making up an object. Recognition of the objects to be sorted by waste-sorting robots (or simply to be classified), currently on the market is generally based on a system of gantries for classifying the waste on a line allowing the analysis of images obtained by illumination under white light and detection in the visible spectrum. Typically, the flow of objects (bottles, dishes, food trays, cans, boxes, films, pieces of paper or cardboard, etc.) is illuminated by a white light, and the images are captured by a camera (active in visible light), images that are then analyzed using algorithms for identifying/classifying the objects in the flow.
However, the performance of these detection systems in the visible spectrum are still below the expectations of the operators (at the present time, recognition levels of around 85% on average) and the qualities of the products after sorting by the robots do not in general meet the criteria of buyers of secondary raw materials, requiring the addition of human sorters to complement the robots.
This low level of performance of the object-recognition system is in particular due to the fact that the analysis is currently done solely with white light and with a camera in the visible spectrum: there are therefore few contrasts and distinguishing factors for the identification. In particular, transparent objects are little visible, superimposed objects may be poorly identified (a transparent bottle on top of a colored bottle is generally considered to be a colored bottle for example) and nested objects are poorly identified (in particular bottles made from PET (polyethylene terephthalate) nested in an aluminum can). Mention can also be made of the problem of distinguishing between opaque PET and HDPE (high density polyethylene), two plastics used for manufacturing milk bottles: opaque PET is currently considered to be a contaminant of HDPE and it is therefore necessary to reduce to a minimum the proportion of opaque PET in batches of HDPE, but the current automatic sorting systems for the moment give only mediocre performance.
There is therefore a need for a method and a system for automated waste sorting that is more discriminating while being simple to implement and if possible with little extra cost compared with the systems currently on the market.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The applicant has demonstrated that the use of lights of different natures for irradiating a flow of waste makes it possible to obtain more contrasted images, facilitating the image analysis and resulting in better discrimination of the waste according to the material thereof.
It will be noted that the invention applies not only to the classification and sorting of waste, but also to the classification and sorting of any object in general.
an image acquisition device installed so as to be able to acquire at least one image of a portion of the flow of objects to be sorted, the image acquisition device visually covering a zone called the object identification zone;
8
a first light source, emitting in the visible spectrum, installed overhanging and illuminating said portion of flow of objects to be sorted, said at least one image of which is acquired by the image acquisition device ;
a classification device able to classify the objects in said portion of the flow of objects to be sorted according to said at least one image acquired.
Thus one object of the invention relates firstly to a system for classifying objects in a flow of objects to be sorted, the flow of objects to be sorted being installed on a conveying device, comprising:
The system being characterized in that it further comprises at least one second light source, with a nature distinct from the first light source, allowing the appearance of additional visual information on said at least one image acquired.
The appearance of this additional visual information, whether it be a reflection of colors and/or fluorescence, makes it possible to add additional distinguishing pixels in the acquired image in order to improve the classification of the objects in the image.
Advantageously and non-limitatively, said at least one second light source emits an ultraviolet light allowing the appearance of fluorescence in the visible spectrum when an object in the portion of flow of objects reacts to the ultraviolet.
Advantageously and non-limitatively, said at least one second light source emits a light in the visible spectrum, with a color and/or intensity distinct from the first light source, and oriented so as to illuminate, at an illumination angle distinct from the first light source, the objects in the portion of flow of objects illuminated by the first light source. This makes it possible in particular better to reveal the contours of the objects in the flow of objects.
Advantageously and non-limitatively, said at least one second light source is installed so as to define a main illumination axis forming an acute angle with a plane wherein the device conveying said flow of objects extends. Thus the appearance of distinctive light contours on the edges of the objects is improved.
In particular, the second light source forms an angle of 30° to 45° with the plane wherein the device conveying said flow of objects extends, which provides relatively low-angle illumination able to illuminate a wide area of objects to be detected.
The system further comprises a unit for taking off objects connected to the classification device, the take-off unit being configured to take off objects in accordance with predetermined characteristics, obtained by means of the classification device.
In particular, the take-off unit is a robotic gripping unit.
Another object of the invention relates to a method for classifying objects to be sorted, comprising the following successive steps:
a) providing a flow of objects to be sorted;
b) illuminating at least part of said flow with at least one first light source and one second light source concomitantly, the first and second light sources being of different natures, and at least one of the two sources comprising wavelengths in the visible spectrum,
c) acquiring at least one image in the visible spectrum of said illuminated flow part;
d) detecting at least one object in said acquired image;
e) classifying said detected object according to the visual information acquired in said at least one image, such as the color and/or transparency and/or material thereof.
Advantageously and non-limitatively, the first light source is a source of white light, and
the second light source is selected from a source of ultraviolet light, a source of monochrome light in the visible spectrum, or a mixture thereof.
UV light generates a fluorescence phenomenon for certain materials, which will provide distinguishing characters for detection thereof, in particular the composition (material) of the waste, its mass, its shape, its surface or the thickness of certain parts thereof (i.e. shape or appearance), and
the sources of monochrome light (of color) provide, in particular according to the material and/or the opacity of the waste, certain colored reflections (at the corners and some flat surfaces) and shadow regions, which improve the discrimination in a flow of waste. This is because the reflection zones and the shadow zones are different according to the shape, the surface, the orientation of some surfaces and corners, and the composition of the waste.
The detection of the objects is improved in the visible spectrum since:
Advantageously and non-limitatively, the method further comprises a step of classification by infrared, comprising:
f) a step of irradiating at least part of the flow of waste by an infrared light source, in particular a source of light in the near infrared (NIR),
g) a step of detecting the infrared spectrum reflected from the irradiated flow of step f), by means of an infrared sensor,
h) a step of analyzing the infrared spectrum of step g) to classify the waste of said flow, in particular according to the material thereof.
Thus it is possible to add together the classification in the visible spectrum and in the ultraviolet, with a technique of classification by infrared, or near infrared, in accordance with a method known by the name Near Infra-Red (NIR).
The invention also relates to a waste sorting method, said method comprising the following successive steps:
a) a step of implementing the waste classification method as previously described; and
b) a step of automated waste sorting on the basis of the classification of step a), according to predetermined parameters, such as the material, the color and/or the transparency of the waste.
In particular, step b) is implemented by means of a robotic take-off unit.
As it uses the classification method of the invention, the sorting method makes it possible to obtain flows of sorted waste with a purity and/or a quality superior to that obtained with the conventional classification methods and systems using a single light source.
Furthermore, the method of the invention is easy to implement, in particular on commercial sorting units or detection gantries: the modifications to be made are minimal (simple addition of supplementary light sources, and optionally adjustment of the image bank).
a conveyor, said conveyor comprising an object classification zone and an object take-off zone,
an object classification system as described previously, comprising a classification device positioned around or above said object classification zone.
Another object of the invention relates to a sorting assembly comprising:
The sorting assembly is in particular adapted for implementing the method described previously.
Within the meaning of the present invention, “two light sources of different natures” means two light sources wherein the spectrum of wavelengths emitted is not completely identical. For example, two light sources of different natures are a source of white light and a source of UV light, or a source of white light and a source of monochrome light.
Within the meaning of the present invention, an “ultraviolet (UV) light source” is a light source emitting light in the wavelengths lying between 10 and 400 nm. A UV source may emit in all or part of the ultraviolet spectrum.
Within the meaning of the present invention, “white light source” is a light source emitting light in the wavelengths lying between 400 and 700 nm, optionally between 400 nm and 670 nm. A white light source emits in the whole of the visible spectrum, unlike a monochrome light.
Within the meaning of the present invention, a “monochrome light source” is a light source emitting in only part of the visible light spectrum (i.e. over only part of the spectrum of white light). For example, a blue monochrome source can emit in the wavelengths lying between 470 and 485 nm, while a red monochrome source can emit in the wavelengths lying between 610 and 650 nm, and a green monochrome source can emit in the wavelengths lying between 500 and 555 nm.
Within the meaning of the present invention, an “infrared (IR) light source” is a light source emitting light in the wavelengths lying between 700 nm and 350 μm. An IR source can emit in all or part of the IR spectrum. Advantageously, the IR light source is a near infrared source, i.e. emitting light in the wavelengths lying between 700 nm and 2.5 μm, preferably between 1 and 2.5 μm.
Within the meaning of the present invention, an illumination “concomitantly” by at least two light sources means a common illumination and at the same time of at least part of the flow of waste, so as to obtain a superimposition of the light spectra of the two light sources on this flow of waste.
Within the meaning of the present invention, a “flow of waste” means a set of pre-sorted waste. It may be a case for example of waste coming from a selective household waste sorting channel, that is to say essentially comprising paper, cardboard, plastic and/or metal packaging (for example, it may be a mixture of PET bottles, HDPE bottles, aluminum or steel cans or boxes, of plastic films, or mixtures of paper and cardboard, such as newspapers, magazines, office paper, cardboard boxes or cartons, etc.). According to a particular embodiment, it is a set of “single-material” waste, that is to say waste mainly comprising (that is to say to the extent of more than 60% in number, preferably more than 70% by volume, even more preferably more than 85% by volume or even more than 95% by volume) elements of the same material. In particular, it is plastic waste, or a mixture of paper and cardboard waste.
Plastic waste comprises various types of plastic material: there is generally a mixture of transparent and opaque plastic materials, colored or not, in particular waste made from PET, PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), in particular HDPE, PS (polystyrene) or all resins generally used in packaging.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the “classification of the waste” means the determination of a certain number of parameters associated with the waste, in particular the material, color and/or transparency thereof. This step is a preliminary to the sorting, which makes it possible to obtain batches of waste homogeneous in material, color and/or transparency, which is necessary for recycling. For example, the transparent PET obtained by recycling transparent PET will be a better quality if the “purity” and the homogeneity of the waste used for recycling is greater.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the term “classification” of waste is understood in the broad sense, comprising both the classification of the materials making up the waste, as disclosed previously, and the identification of the waste, for example by recognition of the shape thereof.
In the present invention, the percentages by number are calculated with respect to the total number of objects considered, in particular with respect to the total number of waste items to be classified or respectively to be sorted.
Waste Classification Method
According to a particular embodiment, the flow of waste comprises plastic waste, in particular made from transparent or opaque plastics material.
According to another particular embodiment, the flow of waste comprises paper and/or cardboard waste.
According to a variant, the flow of waste consists of paper and/or cardboard waste, in particular of different colors.
The flow of waste is supplied on a support, which may be light in color or dark in color. It should be noted that the color of the support may not be homogeneous in time and space. This is because the support is generally a conveyor belt. The color of the support can be selected so as to optimize the contrast effects during the illumination of step b).
Advantageously, the first light source being a source of white light, and the second light source being selected from a source of ultraviolet light, a source of monochrome light, or a mixture thereof.
The illumination of step b) is preferably continuous for the two light sources, so that the flow of waste is illuminated by a light with a spectrum that is homogeneous over time.
Typically, the second light source comprises an ultraviolet light source, optionally a combination with at least one monochrome light source. In particular, the second light source may consist of an ultraviolet light source. The UV light source can emit in the whole of or in part of the UV spectrum, according to the parameters to be determined, in particular in terms of the shape, material, opacity, thickness and/or color of the objects to be classified.
According to a particular embodiment, the second light source comprises a monochrome light source, such as a blue, green, yellow or red monochrome source, or a mixture thereof, provided that the combination thereof does not form white light. For example, the second light source comprises a blue or red monochrome source.
According to a particular embodiment, the second light source comprises an ultraviolet light source in combination with at least one monochrome light, in particular a red, green, blue or yellow monochrome light. In particular, the second light source may consist of an ultraviolet light source in combination with a monochrome light, such as a blue or red monochrome light.
According to a particular embodiment, the second light source comprises an ultraviolet light source in combination with at least two monochrome light sources, in particular a red, green, blue or yellow monochrome light source, preferably a red monochrome light source and a green monochrome light source.
The combination of light sources affords an appreciable increase in the identification performance by improving the discrimination in the recognition process for any object, whether it be:
objects made from synthetic material, of the plastic bottle and flask type, plastic films, other plastic objects, synthetic fabrics, etc.),
objects composed of organic materials (of the wood, paper, cardboard, cotton, etc. type), or
metal materials (of the aluminum can or tray type, cans of preserves, aluminum film, etc.) or
mineral materials (glass, ceramic, stone, sand, etc.).
Step c) is usual for a person skilled in the art.
The image of step c) means an image at an instant T. It can change over time (in particular because the flow of waste is in movement).
Step d) is implemented in particular by computer. It can comprise a substep of comparing an image part with an image bank, associating images with classification parameters such as color, opacity, thickness, material, etc. Step d) can also comprise an automated learning substep (“deep learning”) in particular by means of so-called artificial intelligence algorithms.
According to a variant of the invention, step d) also comprises an analysis of the degree of coverage of the support (in particular by means of the reinforcement of contrasts and contours, in particular for the transparent objects).
The classification method may further comprise a step of classification by infrared. Such a step typically comprises:
e) a step of irradiating the flow of waste by an infrared light source, in particular a source of light in the near infrared (NIR),
f) detecting the infrared spectrum reflected from the flow irradiated at step e), using an infrared sensor,
g) analyzing the infrared spectrum of step f) to classify the waste in said flow, in particular according to the material thereof.
Waste Classification Device
Advantageously, the first light source being a white light source, and the second light source being selected from an ultraviolet light source, a monochrome light source or a mixture thereof.
Advantageously, the light sources are continuous sources.
5
6
7
According to a particular embodiment, the second light source is an ultraviolet light source () optionally in combination with a monochrome light source (, ). According to a variant, the second light source consists of an ultraviolet light source. The UV light source can emit in all or part of the UV spectrum, according to the parameters to be determined, in particular in terms of material, opacity, thickness and/or color.
6
7
According to a particular embodiment, the second light source comprises a monochrome light source (, ), such as a blue, green, a yellow or red monochrome source, or a mixture thereof, provided that the combination thereof does not form white light. For example, the second light source comprises a blue or red monochrome light source.
According to a particular embodiment, the second light source comprises an ultraviolet light source in combination with at least two monochrome light sources, in particular a red, green, blue or yellow monochrome light source, preferably a red monochrome light source and a green monochrome light source.
According to a particular embodiment, the first light source is parallel to the flow of waste (i.e. the light rays are orthogonal to the flow of waste), and the second light source is parallel to the flow of waste.
In other words, when the first light source is parallel to the flow of waste, the axis of the light beam of the first light source is orthogonal to the flow of waste.
According to a particular embodiment, the first light source is parallel to the flow of waste, and the second light source forms an incident angle with the flow of waste (i.e. the light rays form an incident angle with the flow of waste). The incident angle makes it possible to optimize the contrasts and the classification. For example, the incident angle of the light rays with the flow of waste will then be approximately 30 or 60 degrees.
The visible-light sensor may be any sensor adapted for such use, in particular a camera that is active in the visible spectrum.
The image captured by the sensor means an image at an instant T. It can change over time (in particular because the flow of waste is in movement).
Waste Sorting Method
Step a) may be implemented according to any variant or particular or advantageous embodiment presented above in relation to the waste sorting method.
Advantageously, step b) is implemented by means of a robotic take-off unit.
The method according to the invention makes it possible to achieve sorting performance superior to the methods currently used. In particular, on a flow of single-material waste of the plastic type, the method of the invention makes it possible advantageously to achieve sorting performance 90% superior in number, preferably 95% superior in number.
Advantageously, the use of detection methods implementing machine learning techniques makes it possible to obtain sorting performance ranging up to 99% in number.
Within the meaning of the invention, the term sorting performance means the ability of the method to correctly detect the objects to be sorted, independently of the actual implementation of the sorting.
Device for Sorting a Flow of Waste
2
Advantageously, the waste classification device is positioned around said waste classification zone ().
In particular, the waste is supplied on the conveyor belt. The latter serves as a support for the waste during the waste sorting step. The color of the support can be selected so as to optimize the contrast effects during the implementation of the methods of the invention. The color of the conveyor belt may not be homogeneous in time and space.
According to a particular embodiment, the sorting device further comprises a waste take-off unit connected to the classification device, the take-off unit being configured to take off waste according to predetermined characteristics, obtained by means of the waste classification device.
For example, the take-off unit is a robotic gripping unit. It may be any sorting robot known to persons skilled in the art adapted for such use.
a zone for identifying waste in a flow, said zone comprising at least one infrared light source for illuminating the waste,
an infrared sensor, said sensor being positioned so as to at least partly capture the image of the waste illuminated in the identification zone, and said sensor being connected to an infrared spectrum analysis unit adapted for classifying the waste, in particular according to the material thereof, on the basis of the spectrum captured by the infrared sensor.
According to a particular embodiment, the device further comprises a device for classifying waste by infrared, such as a gantry for classifying by infrared. Such a device for classifying waste by infrared typically comprises:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
1
2
3
shows an example of an embodiment of the invention. It is the case of a conveyor equipped with a robot and an analysis system with a zone for identifying the objects and a gripping zone for the robot.
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
4
5
6
7
8
shows in more detail the analysis system of . It comprises zones for emitting white light, zones for emitting UV light (for example a spotlight or a strip light) and/or zones , emitting monochrome light, identical or different, and a zone for detecting visible light (for example a camera).
FIG. 3
Transparent plastic packages on a dark surface: a. visible light only—b. visible light+UV—c. UV only.
FIG. 4
Transparent plastic packages on a pink surface: a. visible light only—b. visible light+UV—c. UV only.
FIG. 5
Opaque/aluminum plastic packages on a dark surface: a. visible light only—b. visible light+UV—c. UV only.
FIG. 6
Opaque/aluminum plastic packages on a pink surface: a. visible light only—b. visible light+UV—c. UV only.
FIG. 7
Paper/cardboard on a dark surface: a. visible light only—b. visible light+UV—c. UV only.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Irradiation with Combination of Visible and UV Lights on Waste of the Transparent Plastic Packaging Type
Example 2: Irradiation with Combination of Visible and UV Lights on Waste of the Opaque Plastic Packaging Type
Example 3: Irradiation with Combination of Visible and UV Lights on Waste of the Paper and Cardboard Type
CONCLUSIONS
The embodiment described and the following examples that are associated therewith are given purely for illustration and must not be considered to limit the invention in any way.
1
3
According to a first embodiment of the invention, an object sorting assembly, for example for sorting waste, comprises a conveyor, such as a belt conveyor , moving a flow of objects to be sorted, a system for classifying the flow of objects and a sorting device for sorting the objects in a sorting zone according to the classification thereof.
8
4
5
6
7
The classification system comprises an image acquisition device , a classification device for classifying the objects to be sorted according to at least one image acquired and at least two light sources , , , as described below.
The flow of objects to be sorted is composed of a plurality of objects of various natures, such as objects to be recycled.
The objects to be recycled may in particular comprise aluminum objects, such as cans, or objects made from transparent and/or opaque polyethylene terephthalate (PET), such as plastic bottles, containers of household or hygiene products, but these examples are non-limitative and any object known in the field of the recycling objects and the processing of waste may be an object to be sorted within the meaning of the present invention.
8
2
1
8
8
The image acquisition device is adapted to capture one or more images of a predefined zone on the belt conveyor . Thus the image acquisition device acquires, for a given instant, an image of the portion of flow of objects passing through the field of vision of the image acquisition device , here referred to as the object identification zone.
8
In this embodiment the image acquisition device is a camera capturing images in the visible spectrum, but the invention is however not limited to a single type of camera, and may also use a photographic apparatus or any other device adapted for capturing images.
It is generally accepted that the visible spectrum corresponds to a range of wavelengths in vacuum ranging from 380 nm to 780 nm, however the camera used by the invention is not limited to this defined range, and the camera may in particular capture images going beyond this wavelength range, for example by also capturing ultraviolet light lying between 200 nm and 380 nm, and then a hyper-spectral camera is spoken of; or on the other hand going below this wavelength as long as the camera is adapted to capture usable images of the objects to be processed according to the illumination conditions described below.
The objective of the camera is to acquire an image of the portion of flow of objects making it possible to classify the objects visible in the image.
Classification means defining the shape, material or type of the object visible in the image.
8
Thus the image acquisition device transmits the images acquired to the classification device, which detects and classifies the objects and, object by object, determines the sorting to be done. Then the classification device instructs the sorting device to execute the sorting according to the detection done.
2
To obtain a reliable image analysis, it is relatively important to define lighting adapted to the good visibility of the objects in the identification zone corresponding substantially to the field of vision of the camera.
2
In practice, the classification device frequency comprises a classification gantry passing over the object conveyor. The camera can then be installed under the gantry or at a distance from the gantry, so that the identification zone is defined as the zone extending under the classification gantry.
2
4
4
The identification zone is illuminated with a main light , also referred to as the first light source .
4
4
2
4
This first light source is not necessarily made from a single point of emission. In particular, the first light source is generally adapted to provide uniform illumination over the identification zone . Thus it is possible to arrange a plurality of identical lights forming the first light source .
4
4
This first light source is, in the first embodiment of the invention, a set of white lights distributed overhanging the acquisition zone.
4
However, this first light source is not necessarily white and may emit any other color, adapted to an image analysis after acquisition by an image acquisition device such as a camera in the visible spectrum.
4
The purpose of this first light source is in particular to define relatively uniform lighting able to allow sharp and contrasted acquisition of the objects in the portion of the flow of objects in the field of vision of the camera while reducing the appearance of visual artifacts that could affect the analysis of the images acquired, such as shadows or reflections caused by the lighting.
5
6
7
In order to improve the classification of the objects present in the image acquired, a second light source , , is added.
5
6
7
This second light source , , is selected according to the materials that it is wished to identify, in particular in the portion of flow of objects analyzed.
5
6
7
This second light source , , may be obtained by a light having a color distinct from the main light.
5
The examples described below illustrate in particular the results obtained by combining a first light source with a second light source diffusing ultraviolet, as well as the visual improvement obtained according to the materials of the objects present in the portion of flow of objects analyzed.
Equipment
Dark-colored support: 2 cm panel made from graphite expanded polystyrene;
Light-colored support: 2 cm panel made from extruded polyurethane;
White light: set of 4 LED lamps placed at the 4 corners of the panels, type GU10, 5 W, 400 lumens, warm white 2700-3000 K over 110°;
One 20 W black-light tube, 60 cm long (situated just below the bottom part of the photograph),
One 15 W T3 mini-spiral fluocompact bulb (situated along the right-hand side of the photograph);
UV light:
Image sensor: Photographic apparatus of the Panasonic Lumix type, DMC-PZ 100, automatic mode in MP4.
Results
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
a
a
FIGS. 3and 4
b
b
FIGS. 3and 4
c
c
FIGS. 3and 4
Waste of the transparent plastic packaging type is disposed randomly on a dark support () or on a light support (pink, ). The waste is illuminated solely with white light (), a combination of UV light and white light (), or with UV light alone ().
It is observed that:
White paper and labels stand out more;
Transparent PET exhibits a white veil by fluorescence, which is all the more marked, the thicker is it; and
Fluorescence of transparent plastics is more visible on a dark non-reflective background.
The same equipment as in example 1 is used for implementing example 2.
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
a
a
FIGS. 5and 6
b
b
FIGS. 5and 6
c
c
FIGS. 5and 6
Waste of the opaque plastic packaging type is disposed randomly on a dark support () or on a light support (pink, ). The waste is illuminated with white light alone (), a combination of UV light and white light (), or with UV light alone ().
white paper and labels stand out more, and
PE and PP do not really change color whereas other plastics are illuminated by fluorescence, exhibiting a discriminating character more advanced than simply white light.
It is observed that:
The same equipment as in example 1 is used for implementing example 3.
FIG. 7
a
FIG. 7
b
FIG. 7
c
FIG. 7
Waste of the paper and cardboard packaging type is disposed randomly on a dark support (). The waste is illuminated with white light only (), a combination of UV light and white light (), or with UV light alone ().
It is observed that:
White paper appears much whiter (by fluorescence).
The contrast between brown, white and grey cardboard is much greater.
5
4
Thus it is noted that adding an ultraviolet UV light source , in addition to visible light , for image recognition makes it possible to provide additional distinguishing characteristics for visual recognition and gives rise to an increase in the recognition performance in some sorting scenarios.
5
This is because illuminating objects by ultraviolet makes it possible to add, by fluorescence, distinguishing pixels in the images acquired, which improves the efficacy of the image-analysis and object-classification methods.
The invention is however not limited to a second light source diffusing ultraviolet.
6
7
According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the second light source , comprises a monochrome light in the visible spectrum, with a color different from white, for example green or red.
6
7
2
As with the main light, the second light source is not limited to a single emission point. Here the second light source consists of two light sources , , with identical optical characteristics, but opposite each other with respect to the flow of objects, or in other words each on one side of the identification zone .
6
7
4
This second light source , is then diffused at an angle differing from the main emission angle of the first light source .
6
7
In particular, each emission point of the second light source , is installed so that the main emission axis thereof forms an angle lying substantially between 30° and 45° with the normal to the support on which the objects of the portion of objects being analyzed are installed.
6
7
Main emission axis means the axis forming the center of the light beam emitted by the light source , .
6
7
6
7
The objective of the particular arrangement of this second light source , is to allow the appearance of reflections on the objects, and in particular to color the edges of the objects, so as to reveal on the images acquired the borders of the objects in the color of the second light source , .
Thus, if the second light source is red, the borders of the objects of the identification zone will reflect the red color, this color being able to vary with the color of the material concerned, which relatively greatly facilitates the classification of the objects in the image acquired.
6
7
According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the second light source , could have a color similar to the first light source but with a distinct emission intensity, for example with an appreciably greater illumination intensity, so that the borders of the objects will be over-illuminated.
4
6
7
4
5
It is also possible to combine the above embodiments, and in particular to define a classification system comprising a main light source , a second light source , in the visible spectrum, for example with a color distinct from the main light source , and a third light source emitting an ultraviolet light as previously described, this making it possible to combine the advantages described previously.
5
6
7
Moreover, it is possible to combine a second light source , , and optionally an additional light source, for example an ultraviolet source and a light source in the visible spectrum, for example red or green, with illumination by infrared, or near infrared.
In the field of the sorting of objects, the technique of classification by infrared, or near infrared (better known by the term NIR), is well known to a person skilled in the art, and this technique of classifying the materials may be combined with the detection means described in the present invention.
The invention also relates to a method for classifying the objects in a flow of objects, comprising in particular a step of providing a flow of objects to be sorted, such as a flow of waste.
2
A step of illuminating an identification zone through which at least a portion of the flow of objects is passing at a given instant is implemented.
4
5
6
7
4
The illumination is implemented by disposing a first light source and a second light source , , having a nature distinct from the first light source .
8
Then, by means of an image acquisition device , at least one image of said portion of the flow of objects is acquired at the given instant.
when the second light source is an ultraviolet source, to classify the materials by the fluorescence that can be produced on the objects in the flow of objects, as described in the previous examples; and/or
when the second light source is a monochrome source of the spectrum in the visible range, for example red or green or any other visible color, to classify the objects in particular by improving the contours of these objects.
This image is transmitted to the classification device, which detects and classifies the objects present in the image. The double illumination disclosed previously makes it possible in particular:
Thus the illumination step makes it possible to improve the result obtained at the classification step.
Next, depending on the classification of the objects present in the image acquired, the sorting device is instructed to proceed with the sorting of the objects detected, in accordance with normal practice in the sorting field.
classifying the materials constituting the objects of the acquired image, for example by evaluating the fluorescence during illumination by UV; and/or
recognizing objects by implementing the image recognition method, in particular by identifying remarkable contours and shapes.
Classifying the objects can thus be freely adapted for:
This recognition step can be implemented by conventional image recognition methods or machine learning methods, such as neural networks. In particular, convolutional neural networks are particularly effective for implementing object recognition in an acquired image. | |
In 1998, the web was just starting and there was very little information available. It was the moment when the idea for Digimind emerged, and our mission was clear: to build innovative technologies helping our clients turn those scattered pieces of data into insights. Two decades later, we live in information overload but our mission remained the same: helping our clients to understand the world as it is.
Consumers in Asia Pacific more vocal about the importance of personal health amid Covid-19, while continuing to cast scrutiny on the ...
NEW YORK, Dec 18, 2020 - Digimind announces the availability of integrations with Qualtrics, Microsoft Teams, and Google Data Studio, as ...
In-depth analysis concluded Digimind is a Strong Performer in Social Listening Platforms evaluation, ranking among highest scores in ... | https://www.digimind.com/about |
Edition: Second EditionAuthor: Roberts, B. H.
Publication date: 1992
Publisher: Signature BooksFormat: Paperback 416 pages
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Book details
ISBN-13: 9781560850274
ISBN-10: 1560850272
Edition: Second EditionAuthor: Roberts, B. H.
Publication date: 1992
Publisher: Signature BooksFormat: Paperback 416 pages
Summary
Acknowledged authors Roberts, B. H. wrote Studies of the Book of Mormon comprising 416 pages back in 1992. Textbook and eTextbook are published under ISBN 1560850272 and 9781560850274. Since then Studies of the Book of Mormon textbook was available to sell back to BooksRun online for the top buyback price or rent at the marketplace.
Description
Available for the first time fifty years after the author’s death, Studies of the Book of Mormon presents this respected church leader’s investigation into Mormonism’s founding scripture. Reflecting his talent for combining history and theology, B. H. Roberts considered the evident parallels between the Book of Mormon and Ethan Smith’s View of the Hebrews, a book that predated the Mormon scripture by seven years. If the Book of Mormon is not historical, but rather a reflection of the misconceptions current in Joseph Smith’s day regarding Indian origins, then its theological claims are suspect as well, Roberts asserted.
In this and other research, it was Roberts’s proclivity to go wherever the evidence took him, in this case anticipating and defending against potential future problems. Yet the manuscript was so poorly received by fellow church leaders that it was left to Roberts alone to decide whether he had overlooked some important piece of the puzzle or whether the Mormon scripture’s claims were, in fact, illegitimate. Clearly for most of his colleagues, institutional priorities overshadowed epistemological integrity.
But Roberts’s pathbreaking work has been judged by the editor to be methodologically sound–still relevant today. It shows the work of a keen mind, and illustrates why Roberts was one of the most influential Mormon thinkers of his day. The manuscript is accompanied by a preface and introduction, a history of the documents’ provenances, a biographical essay, correspondence to and from Roberts relating to the manuscript, a bibliography, and an afterword–all of which put the information into perspective.
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The purpose of the General Education curriculum is to provide a unifying core experience for all undergraduate students at NDMU to develop the skills that are highly sought after by employers:
All courses are designed to inspire a free spirit of inquiry through observation, analysis, and reflection.
Essential to the NDMU experience, opportunities to help the community and tackle real-world challenges are offered through Service-Learning and Experiential Learning pursuits such as internships, practicum assignments, clinicals, independent research, and study abroad. All require purposeful reflection on the experience which helps you gain insight into yourself and your view of the world. As part of the requirements for graduation, all Women’s College students will participate in at least one Experiential Learning opportunity.
By taking courses in a variety of subject areas, you will gain a broader perspective and a more holistic worldview by seeing how ideas and concepts intersect across disciplines. At NDMU, you’ll have opportunities to explore questions you may have never thought to ask, helping you to develop as an individual and a professional who can make a profound impact on the world around you.
(7 credits | 2 courses)
Evaluate and interpret information; examine and defend arguments; and think constructively and critically to solve real life problems.
(9 credits | 3 courses)
Develop proficiency in written and oral communication and artistic expression across disciplines.
(7-8 credits | 2 courses)
Analyze and produce quantitative or symbolic models; select and employ quantitative methods to solve applied problems; use scientific methods to investigate questions in the natural world; evaluate scientific arguments based on data, methods, and assumptions, and pose evidence-based solutions.
(7 credits | 3 courses)
Develop and evaluate ethical values, explore spirituality and faith, and embrace strategies and practices promoting holistic wellness
(9 credits | 3 courses)
Develop a global mindset and language skills to operate comfortably across borders and cultures. Analyze the impact of diversity (race, ethnicity, religion, and gender) on the individual and society.
(3 credits | 1 course)
Cultivate civic commitment as global citizens. Develop tools of engagement to assess and act on current civic issues. Engage in teamwork in the service of engaged citizenship.
To ensure a solid foundation of general knowledge and a broad liberal arts background, NDMU requires approximately one-third of coursework in Engage and Empower courses.
In areas where there are options to select from approved classes offered by more than one department, selections must satisfy the following requirements over the course of General Education studies:
International students may fulfill the General Education Foreign Language Requirement in one of three ways:
All departments will designate a course within the major that will satisfy the Technological Competency requirement that will be assessed as part of General Education assessment. | https://ndm.edu/student-experience/imrpint-experience/general-education-curriculum |
Research projects should include appropriate mechanisms and procedures for reporting on ethical aspects of the research and complying with these guidelines.
Researchers and research funding bodies should ensure that there are appropriate, ongoing processes in place for reporting research progress, especially with regard to any actual or potential changes in the ethical conditions/contexts.
Take appropriate measures in the design, implementation and monitoring of a research project to ensure it complies with these guidelines and the principles they contain at all stages of a project.
Be aware of the risks (including any penalties) that may result from breaches of these guidelines (for instance, where they are part of a funding contract). | https://dawn.aiatsis.gov.au/research/ethical-research/guidelines-ethical-research-australian-indigenous-studies/reporting-and-compliance |
What are the odds that two major universities would release insights on blockchain technology on the same day? Well, it’s happened, with Harvard and MIT taking two different perspectives.
First, from Harvard, is a look at who exactly controls the blockchain and what legally governs it. The answer is nobody and nothing, but the article correctly points to some flaws that exist in blockchain at present, such as the highly publicized $50M heist that occurred with “The Dao” last year. Turns out it was neither illegal nor did it violate the rule of Ethereum or The Dao. Now that is troubling, but the Harvard article chalks it off to naivete.
Next from MIT is a look at how blockchain technology is being used to build an entirely different kind of energy grid, with buyers and sellers transacting energy purchases over a peer-to-peer network.
Bottom line is that the smart minds are talking about blockchain – in one instance about its potential flaws and loopholes – and in another about one of its many applications. But either way, they are talking.
“Blockchain networks tend to support principles, like open access and permissionless use, that should be familiar to proponents of the early internet. To protect this vision from political pressure and regulatory interference, blockchain networks rely on a decentralized infrastructure that can’t be controlled by any one person or group. Unlike political regulation, blockchain governance is not emergent from the community. Rather, it is ex ante, encoded in the protocols and processes as an integral part of the original network architecture. To be a part of a community supporting a blockchain is to accept the rules of the network as they were originally established.
“If you have solar panels that produce more energy than you need, you can sell the excess to a utility company. But what if you could sell it to your neighbor instead? | https://finteknews.com/harvard-mit-comments-blockchain/ |
Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) is a collaborative approach that has great value for both the customer and the supplier. With VMI, the supplier has access to customer inventory information and is responsible for maintaining required inventory levels. It can be applied to more than just parts, and is often used for printed materials, supplies, equipment repair and so on.
Benefits to the customer include:
- Reduced total cost of ownership
- Improved service levels (lower stock outs)
- Improved inventory turns
- Reduced floor space
- Reduced efforts on the part of buyers for replenishment
- Reduced obsolete inventory
VMI can improve profitability and use of assets. Consideration needs to be given to which suppliers can be relied on, which parts should be covered, and what access the supplier will be given. Good planning and management are critical for success, but the rewards can be great. | https://www.rpaycompany.com/benefits-of-vendor-managed-inventory/ |
Airports have been chaotic, flight prices are soaring, and your Instagram feeds are filled with trip after trip. It seems as though the entire world is excited to be traveling again after the pandemic, or so we thought. There’s a group of people who say they’ll “never travel” again.
Related: These Are The Most Welcoming Countries Of 2022 For Travelers
What the survey says
In a survey of 16,000 adults in 15 countries conducted by Morning Consult, Asia has the highest amount of respondents who say they will never travel again.
According to Morning Consult’s “The State of Travel & Hospitality” report, 15% of South Korean and 14% of Chinese respondents say they won’t travel again. 14% of American and 11% of Mexican respondents said the same.
At 35%, Japan has the highest percentage of respondents who have no intention of traveling again.
The survey asked about leisure travel and didn’t specify between domestic or international trips, according to Lindsey Roeschke, a travel and hospitality analyst at Morning Consult.
Respondents were surveyed in April and July of this year, and in that time, there was a 7-point increase in Japanese respondents who said they would travel in the next three months. An increase of 4 points was seen in Japanese respondents saying they would travel in the next 12 months. The number of Japanese respondents saying they would never travel again stayed the same.
Although about 45% of Japanese respondents say they would travel in the next year, this percentage falls behind China (65%) and South Korea (66%). | https://travelnoire.com/this-asian-country-has-the-highest-amount-of-people-who-say-they-will-never-travel-again/ |
SAFARI-1: 2030 AND BEYOND
The successful commercial use of SAFARI-1 has encouraged development and upgrading of the reactor’s facilities and infrastructure, including an extensive ageing management programme.
Although many early nuclear research reactors had planned lifespans of just 40 years, SAFARI-1 in South Africa is one of a handful, worldwide to reach the age of 50 – and it is planned that its operational life will be extended well beyond this, to at least 2030.
Low utilisation of SAFARI-1 between the late 1970s and early 1990s significantly reduced the effects of radiation stress and exposure on the reactor vessel, equipment, and the reactor building. But it was the commercialisation programme initiated in the early 1990s that ushered in a new era of structure, system and component upgrades that would ensure the longevity of this valuable national asset.
Over two decades of intensive commercial operation, SAFARI-1 has become increasingly strategically important to South Africa, not just in terms of revenue generation but, more importantly, in creating millions of life-saving doses of medical radioisotopes used by local and international patients.
In order to ensure uninterrupted supply of the world’s most important medical isotope, molybdenum-99, SAFARI-1’s operational hours were increased to 24-hour, seven-day-a-week utilisation, with all maintenance and upgrade tasks planned for the reactor’s annual ten five-day and one 12-day shutdowns. Parallel changes to NTP’s personnel culture and management processes, ensuring the retention and replacement of skills, resulted in a decreased number of unscheduled reactor shutdowns and increased operation days. SAFARI-1 is currently operational for about 300 planned days each year, and is one of the most highly commercially utilised research reactors in the world.
In 2010, an ageing management programme was developed in accordance with IAEA Guideline SSG-10. Through this programme, which was funded by increased contributions from NTP Radioisotopes, more than 150 different projects were identified to address the ageing of SAFARI-1. These projects are prioritised on a risk basis and implemented accordingly. Ageing management of SAFARI-1 will be a continuous activity for the rest of SAFARI-1’s lifetime.
Necsa and NTP have invested in integrated management systems that cover maintenance, safety, health, environment and quality (SHEQ), safe reactor operations, and nuclear and physical security of both the site and SAFARI-1 personnel. These systems comply with the requirements of the South African National Nuclear Regulator (NNR), and with international and IAEA safety standards.
SAFARI-1’s incredible track record and shining future is a testimony to the resilience and professionalism of a generation of South African scientists – many of whom still work at NTP today – who, through their commitment, have ensured that new generations, of all South Africans, can benefit from this proudly South African success story. | https://www.ntp.co.za/life-extension/ |
Mediterráneo, directed by Marcel Barrena, was shot over just two months, in September and October this year. The film features Eduard Fernández, Dani Rovira (who appeared in his earlier film, 100 Metres [+see also:
trailer
film profile]), Anna Castillo, Sergi López and Àlex Monner. The story takes us back to a voyage undertaken in 2015 by Óscar Camps and Gerard Canals, lifeguards on the Badalona coast, after seeing an image that sickened the world: the lifeless body of a young boy, washed up on a Mediterranean beach. Since that photograph was taken, hundreds of unsung heroes have saved the lives of more than 100,000 fellow humans, under the auspices of the NGO Open Arms. Mediterráneo was inspired by these brave volunteers, and their struggle to stem the tragedy unfolding at sea.
To prepare for the shoot, Barrena’s team undertook four years of painstaking documentation, working shoulder-to-shoulder with the coastguard and refugees themselves and making countless trips to Greece so as to be confident that the story would be told with absolute accuracy. The film retraces the journey of lifeguards Óscar (Fernández) and Gerard (Rovira) in the autumn of 2015. Bound for Lesbos, the pair have been shocked into action by the photograph of a dead child, drowned in the familiar waters of the Mediterranean.
What they discover on their arrival is staggering: thousands of people are risking their lives every single day, crossing the ocean in makeshift vessels to escape armed conflict at home. And yet, nobody is lifting a finger to save them. Crewing up with Esther (Castillo), Nico (López) and various others, they embark on a mission to help the thousands who desperately need them, for as long as it takes. For all of them, this first voyage will mark the beginning of a life-changing odyssey. Mediterráneo portrays their struggle to survive in an often-deadly environment, where every life matters.
As the film was to be based on a true story, its producers knew instinctively that it would have to be entrusted to someone “with the ability to tell human stories with all the intimacy or distance they need.” Their chosen director, Marcel Barrena, threw himself into the challenge of recreating this epic journey, alongside screenwriter Danielle Schleif (Summer Camp [+see also:
trailer
film profile]), working closely with Open Arms with a view to crafting a faithful retelling laden with emotion and truth.
In the words of Barrena himself, currently immersed in post-production, “Mediterráneo has been conceived as a sensitive, hopeful film that keeps you on the edge of your seat, without losing sight of what it means to tell the true story of this unthinkable reality that keeps on repeating itself, day after day, on our own beaches.”
Mediterráneo is being produced by Lastor Media, Fasten Films, Arcadia Motion Pictures and Cados Producciones (Spain) and Heretic (Greece), in association with RTVE, Movistar+ and TVC. The project has received support from the ICAA, the ICEC and Creative Europe MEDIA Programme. It should be released in Spanish cinemas some time in 2021, distributed by DeAPlaneta, while Filmax is handling international sales.
(Translated from Spanish)
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Two decades after the discovery that heterozygous mutations within and around SOX9 cause campomelic dysplasia, a generalized skeleton malformation syndrome, it is well established that SOX9 is a master transcription factor in chondrocytes. In contrast, the mechanisms whereby translocations in the –350/–50-kb region 5 of SOX9 cause severe disease and whereby SOX9 expression is specified in chondrocytes remain scarcely known. We here screen this upstream region and uncover multiple enhancers that activate Sox9-promoter transgenes in the SOX9 expression domain. Three of them are primarily active in chondrocytes. E250 (located at – 250 kb) confines its activity to condensed prechondrocytes, E195 mainly targets proliferating chondrocytes, and E84 is potent in all differentiated chondrocytes. E84 and E195 synergize with E70, previously shown to be active in most Sox9-expressing somatic tissues, including cartilage. While SOX9 protein powerfully activates E70, it does not control E250. It requires its SOX5/SOX6 chondrogenic partners to robustly activate E195 and additional factors to activate E84. Altogether, these results indicate that SOX9 expression in chondrocytes relies on widely spread transcriptional modules whose synergistic and overlapping activities are driven by SOX9, SOX5/SOX6 and other factors. They help elucidate mechanisms underlying campomelic dysplasia and will likely help uncover other disease mechanisms.
Comments
The copy of record is available at https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv426. Copyright © The Author(s) 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
Recommended Citation
Yao B, Wang Q, Liu CF, Bhattaram P, Li W, Mead TJ, Crish JF, Lefebvre V. The SOX9 upstream region prone to chromosomal aberrations causing campomelic dysplasia contains multiple cartilage enhancers. Nucleic Acids Research. 2015;43(11):5394-408. | https://mds.marshall.edu/sm_biomedical_sciences/15/ |
Kate Ashley reports on a new piece of research that has drawn brickbats from the renewables industry.
'Powerful Targets’ is a controversial report that aims to demonstrate how the UK could achieve EU carbon emission reduction targets without investing in renewable energy sources.
The report, produced by AF Consult alone after KPMG withdrew following earlier involvement, has been heavily criticised by environmental groups and the Department of Climate Change (DECC), for ‘oversimplifying’ the costs and benefits of different energy sources as well as working from faulty assumptions.
The report portrays three possible scenarios: one with no targets, one with just carbon emission targets, and one with targets in place for carbon emissions and renewable energy commitments – our current policy. The authors conclude that scenario two would be significantly cheaper than three, and would still enable the UK to achieve its emissions targets by using a mixture of gas and nuclear power. The fact that the country has binding obligations to both reduce emissions and increase the use of renewable energy sources seems to be a minor detail to the authors, who promote instead wider use of new nuclear and gas.
DECC responded: “All credible analysis agrees that renewable energy has a central role to play in the low carbon technology race under way. The consumer is at the heart of the decisions we’re making today to design tomorrow’s energy system, but the bargain basement is not the place to look for a responsible long term energy strategy.”
According to DECC, there are also several key reasons why the conclusions of this report are invalid. Firstly, the demand for electricity is set to increase dramatically, meaning that we must invest in sustainable energies to meet this.
Secondly, diversity in energy technologies would afford the UK a lower risk; the relative costs of different energy sources in the future are difficult to predict and relying on only two forms of power, particularly when the price of gas is potentially more volatile than that of renewables, may be unwise.
Additionally, renewable costs are being driven down as the technology matures. To eliminate them from long-term policy based on a short-sighted cost/benefit analysis is to ignore the savings these sources could generate in the future.
With more than just business prosperity at stake, decisions regarding our current and future commitments to renewable energy should be taken with the utmost care and be based on objective evidence.
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Morning Five: 03.04.14 EditionPosted by nvr1983 on March 4th, 2014
- Coming off Saturday night’s loss at Oklahoma State the big concern out of Lawrence was not the Jayhawks’ loss, but instead was the health of Joel Embiid. Yesterday, Kansas announced that Embiid had reinjured his back and would miss the final two games of the regular season. Embiid could be back in time for the Big 12 Tournament, but with the Jayhawks’ final two games being against Texas Tech and West Virginia it would seem that the Jayhawks are locked into a #2 seed at worst. So while they could play Embiid in the Big 12 Tournament they have no need to do that so we would expect Embiid’s next game to be in the NCAA Tournament.
- Normally we would make a big deal out of Roscoe Smith (11 points and 11 rebounds per game) missing Wednesday’s game against San Diego State after suffering a concussion on Saturday, but with UNLV unlikely to make the NCAA Tournament it probably doesn’t affect the big picture. On the other hand, the absence of Isaiah Zierden (3.2 points per game) usually would not merit mentioning here, but with the freshman being out indefinitely after injuring the medial collateral ligament in his right knee it could be a fairly significant blow to Creighton. Zierdan played sparingly at times this year, but has shown flashes of his potential with three double-digit games this season including a 13-point performance against Villanova on February 16.
- Like many of you when we first read Mark Cuban‘s comments about how “hypocritical” the NCAA rules for one-and-done players were we were waiting for somebody to tear his argument apart. Mike DeCourcy was happy to oblige pointing out that it was the NBA that is in charge of the one-and-done situation. On some level we can understand Cuban’s logic that there is a better way to develop basketball ability than the current NCAA system he is going about it the wrong way. If he wants to make a change he needs to go to the other owners and the players association to make a change. On a selfish level, we would prefer that he opts to push for an age minimum of 21 years, but whatever option Cuban decides to pursue we hope he will do a little more homework in the future.
- Last week on Twitter we mentioned how Doug Gottlieb had been widely criticized for ranking Kentucky #7 in his preseason poll, but looking back on it now it is clear that he ranked them too highly. We also referenced how wrong we were in our preseason rankings with only a handful of teams being +/- 3 spots of where they are now. Dan Hanner took a deeper look into which teams are exceeding or falling short of preseason expectations. Much of his analysis focuses on his own predictions, but it does offer some interesting insight into polls overall as Hanner analyzes his own work.
- We are still a couple of weeks away from what should be a Black Monday for college basketball coaches, but that did not stop Tennessee-Martin from firing Jason James after his fifth consecutive losing season. James, who was an assistant at Tennessee-Martin before taking over as the head coach, finished with a 37-117 record in his five seasons there. The school’s administration commended James for leading running the program with “the highest degree of integrity,” but in the end he simply did not win enough. Although this will make for a vacancy at the Division I level don’t count on a big-name assistant heading to the Ohio Valley Conference so we would guess this job will probably go to an internal candidate or someone who doesn’t have high-major aspirations. | http://rushthecourt.net/tag/jason-james/ |
Q:
Quantile regression revealing different relationships at different quantiles: how?
Quantile regression (QR) is sometimes said to reveal different relationships between variables at different quantiles of the distribution. E.g. Le Cook et al. "Thinking beyond the mean: a practical guide for using quantile regression methods for health services research" imply that QR allows for relationships between the outcomes of interest and the explanatory variables to be nonconstant across different values of the variables.
However, as far as I know, in a standard linear regression model
$$
y = \beta_0 + \beta X + \varepsilon
$$
with $\varepsilon$ being i.i.d. and independent of $X$, the QR estimator for the slope $\beta$ is consistent for the population slope (which is unique and does not anyhow vary across quantiles). That is, the object being estimated is always the same, regardless of the quantile. Admittedly, this is not the case for the intercept, since the QR intercept estimator aims at estimating a particular quantile of the error distribution. Taken together, I do not see how the different relationships between variables are supposed to be revealed at different quantiles via the QR. I guess this is a property of the standard linear regression model rather than a mistake in my understanding, but I am not sure.
I suppose the situation is different when some of the assumptions of the standard linear model are violated, e.g. under certain forms of conditional heteroskedasticity. Then perhaps the QR slope estimators converge to something else than the true slope of the linear model and somehow reveal different relationships at different quantiles.
What am I getting wrong? How should I properly understand/interpret the claim that quantile regression reveals different relationships between variables at different quantiles?
A:
The "true slope" in a normal linear model tells you how much the mean response changes thanks to a one point increase in $x$. By assuming normality and equal variance, all quantiles of the conditional distribution of the response move in line with that. Sometimes, these assumptions are very unrealistic: variance or skewness of the conditional distribution depend on $x$ and thus, its quantiles move at their own speed when increasing $x$. In QR you will immediately see this from very different slope estimates. Since OLS only cares about the mean (i.e. the average quantile), you can't model each quantile separately. There, you are fully relying on the assumption of fixed shape of the conditional distribution when making statements on its quantiles.
EDIT: Embed comment and illustrate
If you are willing to make that strong assumtions, there is not much point in running QR as you can always calculate conditional quantiles via conditional mean and fixed variance. The "true" slopes of all quantiles will be equal to the true slope of the mean. In a specific sample, of course there will be some random variation. Or you might even detect that your strict assumptions were wrong...
Let me illustrate by an example in R. It shows the least squares line (black) and then in red the modelled 20%, 50%, and 80% quantiles of data simulated according to the following linear relationship
$$
y = x + x \varepsilon, \quad \varepsilon \sim N(0, 1) \ \text{iid},
$$
so that not only the conditional mean of $y$ depends on $x$ but also the variance.
The regression lines of the mean and the median are essentially identical because of the symmetrical conditional distribution. Their slope is 1.
The regression line of the 80% quantile is much steeper (slope 1.9), while the regression line of the 20% quantile is almost constant (slope 0.3). This suits well to the extremely unequal variance.
Approximately 60% of all values are within the outer red lines. They form a simple, pointwise 60% forecast interval at each value of $x$.
The code to generate the picture:
library(quantreg)
set.seed(3249)
n <- 1000
x <- seq(0, 1, length.out = n)
y <- rnorm(n, mean = x, sd = x)
plot(y~x)
(fit_lm <- lm(y~x)) # intercept: 0.02445, slope: 1.04858
abline(fit_lm, lwd = 3)
# quantile cuts
taus <- c(0.2, 0.5, 0.8)
(fit_rq <- rq(y~x, tau = taus))
# tau= 0.2 tau= 0.5 tau= 0.8
# (Intercept) 0.00108228 -0.0005110046 0.001089583
# x 0.29960652 1.0954521888 1.918622442
lapply(seq_along(taus), function(i) abline(coef(fit_rq)[, i], lwd = 2, lty = 2, col = "red"))
| |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND
DOCUMENTS FOR PRIOR ART
Patent Documents
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
Means for Solving the Problems
Effects of the Invention
EMBODIMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE INVENTION
Embodiment
(Added Metals)
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
The present invention relates to audio solder alloy that is applicable to joining solder for connecting electronics parts on a printed circuit board which is used for an audio system or the like.
In order to improve sound quality in sound-reproducing system (audio products) as audio system, it is not only required to select electronics parts to be used in the sound-reproducing system but also to collectively study circuit design in the printed circuit board used for an amplifier constituting this sound-reproducing system, an arrangement of parts in the printed circuit board, quality of connecting wire to be used for the connecting wire (oxygen free copper etc.) between a final (output) amplifier and a speaker and the like.
Among them, the selection of electronics parts and the circuit design when using the printed circuit board have been already executed as an improvement for sound quality but in order to further improve sound quality and to provide a sound-reproducing system with high auditory sensation assessment, solder for joining the electronics parts has been noticed.
As the solder for joining the electronics parts, the (Patent Document 1) through (Patent Document 3) and the like have been known.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H11-277290
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-239780
Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-230980
The Patent Document 1 relates to quaternary solder alloy in which Ni is added to (Sn.Ag.Cu), which improves any resistance to thermal shock. The Patent Document 2 relates to solder alloy to pursuit joining reliability and the like and the Patent Document 3 is an invention relating to solder alloy to improve joining reliability.
However, the above-mentioned Patent Documents 1 through 3 do not disclose that a composition of solder alloy for joining electronics parts and contained amounts thereof exert an influence on sound quality, auditory sensation assessment and the like.
Applicants of this application confirmed on the basis of various kinds of examinations that, by changing the metal composition of solder alloy and/or the contained amounts thereof, sound quality and/or auditory sensation were changed. In other words, it was understood that combination of the composition of solder alloy for joining electronics parts and contained amounts thereof were an important primary factor to improve sound quality and to acquire high auditory sensation assessment.
Accordingly, the present invention solves such a conventional problem and its object is to provide audio solder alloy that is applicable to audio system or the like which allows sound quality to be improved and allows high audio sensation assessment to be acquired.
In order to solve the problem, audio solder alloy according to the invention contains Ag of 0.8 through 1.20% by mass, Cu of 0.65 through 0.75% by mass, In of 0.002 through 0.004% by mass, Ni of 0.01 through 0.02% by mass, Pb of 0.005% or less by mass and the remainder of Sn. Selecting such composition elements and their contained amounts enables to be acquired audio solder alloy with high sound quality and high auditory assessment value.
According to the invention, senary solder alloy is configured in which (tin, Sn, argent, Ag and copper, Cu) are principle ingredients and indium, In, nickel, Ni and lead, Pb, in minuscule quantities, are added thereto, and their contained amounts are set to their appropriate values so that it is possible to accomplish audio solder alloy with high sound quality and high auditory assessment.
Next, a case where an example of audio solder alloy according to the invention is applied to joining solder for jointing electronics parts which are used for a circuit system constituting the above-mentioned audio system will be described more in detail referring to drawings and the like.
As the joining solder which could exert any influence on any sound quality and/or auditory assessment, pieces of audio solder alloy which were presented to the auditory assessment were prepared.
(1) Auditory Audio Solder Alloys:
As the joining solder for joining the electronics parts, ternary flux cored solder alloy (solder alloy made of tin, Sn, argent, Ag and copper, Cu), which is the most widely used as the joining solder for joining the electronics parts, is basically used.
It was confirmed by auditory tests that some metals, in minuscule quantities, were added to this ternary solder alloy to change auditory assessment so that species of the following metal were selected as trace metals based on various kinds of repeated auditory tests.
[Indium, In; Nickel, Ni; antimony, Sb; Bismuth, Bi; Iron, Fe; Arsenic, As; and Lead, Pb]
Since lead, Pb is a trace element contained in tin, Sn constituting the ternary solder alloy, the auditory assessment was actually carried out on the senary solder alloy in which the above-mentioned trace metals were added to the quaternary solder alloy of (tin, Sn, argent, Ag and copper, Cu) and lead, Pb.
(2) Numbers of Prepared Joining Audio Solder Alloys:
As the metals, to be added, two species of metals were selected other than lead, Pb, and their amounts of addition and the amounts of addition of other quaternary metal were regulated so that the audio solder alloys were made. Nine species of audio solder alloys which had the same metal composition as each other and contained different amounts of addition thereof were actually prepared for auditory.
(3) Auditory Equipment (Auditory Assessment Device)
FIG. 1
10
Shows an example of an auditory assessment device . As an electronic circuit for auditory assessment, filter circuits NW each constituting the electronic circuit by soldering discrete parts on the printed circuit board (circuit board) are illustrated.
Since any stereophonic recording is generally performed on sound source, reproducing equipment is constituted of a pair of right and left speakers, which will be described by using only a single side one.
Further, if CD (compact disk) is sound source, any sound source reproducing apparatus such as CD player having a rotation system reproduces the sound source to listen to it when reproducing the sound source. However, any uneven rotation, eccentricity or the like may generate in the rotation when reproducing the CD sound source so that there is possibility such that any influence thereof is exerted over different portions every auditory tests, which impedes any appropriate auditory assessment. Thus, in this moment, when reproducing the sound source for the auditory tests, any sound source reproducing apparatus such as CD player having a rotation system was not directly used. In the other words, when CD was sound source, the CD player reproduced CD and any semiconductor memory such as USB memory temporarily stored it to be used as sound source so that the sound source could be reproduced under the same condition.
20
30
0
40
50
An audio signal from the sound source is supplied to a filter circuit NW through an output amplifier and is divided into two ways, middle/low range and high range, in this example. Accordingly, this filter circuit NW (NW) is constituted of a low pass filter (LPF) and a high pass filter (HPF) , both circuits of which are constituted using printed circuit boards (circuit boards).
40
50
An output signal from the low pass filter is supplied to a speaker for middle/low range (woofer) WF through connection lines La, Lb. Similarly, an output signal from the high pass filter is supplied to a speaker for high range (tweeter) TW through connection lines Lc, Ld.
FIG. 2
40
43
44
43
44
shows an example of the low pass filter which is constituted of a parallel circuit of an iron-core coil and a capacitor . As the iron-core coil , a coil having a diameter of 1.2 mmØ is used in this example. The coil having inductance value of 0.45 mH is used. The capacitor having a withstand voltage of 250 V (DC) and 12 μF is used.
40
46
43
44
47
48
40
40
42
42
46
FIG. 3
This low pass filter actually utilizes a printed circuit board , as shown in , on a surface of which the iron-core coil and the capacitor are arranged with them having a shown positional relationship. Screw terminals , each containing two input terminals A, A) or two output terminals (A, A), are provided on right and left both end sides of the printed circuit board .
30
40
40
As a result thereof, the output amplifier is not soldered to the low pass filter but is screwed thereon (or inserted thereto). The low pass filter is also not soldered to the connection lines La, Lb which connect the speaker WF but is mechanically screwed thereon.
40
43
44
46
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
As a result thereof, the low pass filter shown in is configured so that the iron-core coil and the capacitor (both are electronics parts) are soldered on the printed circuit board with a total of four points using solder (audio solder alloy), as shown as black dots in . Numbers of soldered points are counted including soldering on a lead line of the electronics parts. In fact, since two input terminal portions and two output terminal portions are respectively soldered on the printed circuit board (circuit board), a total of eight points are soldered in this embodiment.
47
48
The reason why the screw (insert) terminals , are used as the terminals is because plural filter circuits NW, which will be described later, are easily exchanged to listen to and compare them.
FIG. 4
50
53
54
53
54
shows an example of the high pass filter which is constituted of a parallel circuit of a capacitor and an iron-core coil . The capacitor having a withstand voltage of 250 V (DC) and 6.8 μF is used. As the iron-core coil , a coil having a diameter of 1.0 mmØ is used in this embodiment. The coil having inductance value of 0.4 mH is used.
52
56
58
52
56
56
56
56
a
b
a
b
Terminals A and the speaker for high range reproduction TW are respectively connected by the connection lines Lc, Ld. A pair of attenuation resistances , are connected in series between a side of the terminal A and a terminal and a terminal is led from a middle connection point thereof. The terminals , are used for attenuation of the output signal depending on the situation.
50
66
53
54
67
68
50
50
52
52
56
56
66
30
50
50
FIG. 4
a
b
This high pass filter also actually utilizes a printed circuit board , as shown in , on a surface of which the capacitor and the iron-core coil are arranged with them having a shown positional relationship. Screw terminals , each having two input terminals (A, A) or four output terminals (A, A, , ), are provided on right and left both end sides of the printed circuit board . As a result thereof, the output amplifier is not soldered to the high pass filter but is screwed thereon (or inserted thereto). The high pass filter is also not soldered to the speaker TW, but is mechanically screwed on the connection lines Lc, Ld.
50
53
54
66
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
As a result thereof, the high pass filter shown in is configured so that the capacitor and the iron-core coil (both are electronics parts) are soldered on the printed circuit board with a total of four points using solder (audio solder alloy), as shown as black dots in . In fact, since two input terminal points and two output terminal points are respectively soldered on the printed circuit board (circuit board), a total of eight points are soldered in this embodiment
67
68
The reason why the screw (insert) terminals , are used as the terminals is because plural filter circuits NW, which will be described later, are easily exchanged to listen to and compare them.
(4) Specification of Audio Solder Alloys to be used as Auditory Test
The audio solder alloy to be now used for auditory assessment contains metal (of Sn.Ag.Cu) (metal elements) as the base thereof and a trace of Pb, as described above, in addition to two optional species of elements among In, Ni, Sb, Bi, Fe and As as a trance of added metal.
10
In order to enhance auditory assessment accuracy and find out better audio solder alloy, in the following examples, four species of metal elements (of Sn.Ag.Cu.Pb) are selected as the base among the above-mentioned species of metal (of Sn.Ag.Cu.Pb.In.Ni.Sb.Bi.Fe.As) and two species of metal are optionally extracted from the remaining (six species) of metal so that the audio solder alloy (senary solder alloy) is made of a set of six species of metals.
Further, even when they have the same composition metals, by changing their contained amounts (amounts of addition), a set of nine species of the audio solder alloys is prepared in this embodiment so that they are used as the joining solder for auditory assessment.
Further, a total of 15 species of the audio solder alloys in which a combination of the extracted composition metals were changed was prepared and the auditory assessment was carried out using filter circuits NW in which these audio solder alloys were used as the joining solder.
FIG. 1
0
15
10
0
15
Therefore, as shown in , 15 species of the filter circuits NW through BW are used as the auditory assessment device . The identical circuits and speakers are used as other circuits and speakers. Combinations of these filter circuits NW through BW and the extracted elements are shown in Table 1.
Metal elements (of Sri.Ag.Cu.Pb) to be commonly used in the audio solder alloy are shown out of the table.
TABLE 1
SPECIES OF SOLDER
FILTER CIRCUITS
ADDED
HAVING DIFFERENT
GROUPS
NW
ELEMENTS
AMOUNTS OF ADDITION
CORRESPONDING TABLES
1
NWO<sub>1~9</sub>
In•Ni
RESPECTIVE 9 SPECIES
TABLE 3~TABLE 5
NWO<sub>3~8</sub>, NWO<sub>10~12</sub>
In•Ni
TABLE 6~TABLE 8
2
NW2<sub>1~9</sub>
Bi
Sb
RESPECTIVE 9 SPECIES
TABLE 9~TABLE 11
NW3<sub>1~9</sub>
Fe
TABLE 12~TABLE 14
NW4<sub>1~9</sub>
As
TABLE 15~TABLE 17
NW5<sub>1~9</sub>
In
TABLE 18~TABLE 20
NW6<sub>1~9</sub>
Ni
TABLE 21~TABLE 23
3
NW7<sub>1~9</sub>
Fe
Bi
RESPECTIVE 9 SPECIES
TABLE 24~TABLE 26
NW8<sub>1~9</sub>
As
TABLE 27~TABLE 29
NW9<sub>1~9</sub>
In
TABLE 30~TABLE 32
NW10<sub>1~9</sub>
Ni
TABLE 33~TABLE 35
4
NW11<sub>1~9</sub>
As
Fe
RESPECTIVE 9 SPECIES
TABLE 36~TABLE 38
NW12<sub>1~9</sub>
In
TABLE 39~TABLE 41
NW13<sub>1~9</sub>
Ni
TABLE 42~TABLE 44
5
NW14<sub>1~9</sub>
In
As
RESPECTIVE 9 SPECIES
TABLE 45~TABLE 47
NW15<sub>1~9</sub>
Ni
TABLE 48~TABLE 50
(COMMON ELEMENTS: Sn, Ag, Cu and Pb)
(5) Optimal Audio Solder Alloys
As a result of the auditory assessment, senary solder alloy (of Sn.Ag.Cu.In.Ni.Pb) in which and a trace of lead, Pb, a trace of indium, In and a trace of nickel, Ni were added to (tin, Sn.argent, Ag.copper, Cu) and amounts of addition thereof were appropriately selected, had the highest auditory assessment value (the maximum value thereof is 5.0).
Specific examples thereof will be described later but it is necessary to verify whether or not the highest auditory assessment by listeners is the appropriate auditory assessment.
Higher auditory sensation assessment satisfied by improving sound quality is only assessments by the listeners so that even if assessing persons are audio specialists, variation in their assessment (auditory assessment values) arises. As one means (quantitative means) to verify whether or not the variation in their assessment was small, general sound sources, which were often used for auditory assessment, were first sampled. Items of auditory assessment were then set. Next, the auditory assessment was analyzed using multiple correlation model which utilized correlations between the auditory assessment value and the predictive (estimation or theoretical) value.
(6) Samples of Sound Sources and Items of Auditory Assessment
20
As the general sound sources, which were often used for auditory assessment, the following three pieces of music (on popular music, classic music and vocal) were referred. The sound source in which CD had been reproduced and had been once stored was used.
(i) Vincent
(ii) Carmen ballet
(iii) Somewhere somebody
One example of items of the auditory assessment is shown in (Table 2). In this example, a total of 10 items of the auditory assessment from low range property to instrument property were performed on the basis of 5 points and their mean values were estimated as the auditory assessment values.
TABLE 2
AUDIO-VISUAL
ASSESSMENT
VALUE
ITEMS OF
(MAXIMUM
ASSESSMENT
SONG TITLES
ASSESSMENT CONTENTS
OF 5.0)
{circle around (1)}
LOW RANGE
vincent
Listen to balance of rich guitar body sound.
PROPERTY
Carmen ballet
Listen to how scale is the importance of percussion system sounds.
somewhere
Listen to volume of low pitch sound of the synthesizer.
somebody
{circle around (2)}
middle
vincent
Listen to enhanced balance of female vocal which occupies the
majority of middle range.
RANGE
Carmen ballet
Listen to unbalance of volume of wind instrument system.
PROPERTY
somewhere
Listen to whether or not male and female vocals are appropriate.
somebody
{circle around (3)}
HIGH RANGE
vincent
Listen to whether or not harmonic overtones of the guitar can be extracted.
PROPERTY
Carmen ballet
Listen to whether or not triangle's presence is properly strong.
somewhere
Listen to which husky components are too much or less in the high range of voice
of voice components.
somebody
{circle around (4)}
RENEWABILITY
vincent
Listen to whether or not the guitar sounds are clear.
Carmen ballet
Listen to whether the instruments sound vividly even when the recording is old.
somewhere
Listen to clear voice.
somebody
{circle around (5)}
DENSITY
vincent
Listen to whether or not recognition that there are many strings
of the guitar can be given.
Carmen ballet
Listen to how many number of percussion systems can be listened.
somewhere
Listen to whether instrument of each part has proper density.
somebody
{circle around (6)}
AMOUNT OF
vincent
Listen to any tones in which strings of the guitar are rubbed or snapped,
and a sound of which remains.
INFORMATION
Carmen ballet
Distinguish live performance like sounds information.
somewhere
Listen to breathing and tenderness touched a microphone.
somebody
{circle around (7)}
S/N
vincent
Listen to whether or not voice is distorted because the voice
is more strongly recorded.
Carmen ballet
Listen to whether each instrument weakly recorded is clearly heard over
any noise of equipment and audience.
somewhere
Listen to whether ot not base recorded low and richly causes upper
range to be made unharmonious.
somebody
{circle around (8)}
SOUND FIELD
vincent
Listen to voice depth and lip size.
Carmen ballet
Listen to positions of the instruments and an expanse and depth of space.
somewhere
Listen to expanse feeling of voice and instrument and their feeling of depth.
somebody
{circle around (9)}
VOCAL
vincent
Listen to smooth and vivid voice.
PROPERTY
Carmen ballet
None
somewhere
Listen to deep male voice and smooth and vivid female voice.
somebody
{circle around (10)}
INSTRUMENT
vincent
Listen to whether or not it is a sound that is near living instrument sound.
PROPERTY
Carmen ballet
Listen to whether ot not it is near a situation where instrument of live
performance sounds in a hall.
somewhere
Listen to reality and vividness of the percussion system.
somebody
AUDIO VISUAL
ASSESSMENT
VALUE
(MEAN VALUE)
(7) Analysis of Auditory Assessment
The analysis of auditory assessment is performed so that, as described above, the multiple correlation analysis is respectively performed on a set of audio solder alloy constituted of extracted senary composition alloy, each of which contains 9 species of audio solder alloy having different amounts of addition, and the same is also performed on 15 kinds of audio solder alloy constituted of different composition metals. The most multiple correlation of this multiple correlation analysis was estimated as the audio solder alloy of the highest auditory assessment (in this invention).
In the following examples, the multiple correlation analysis provided with Excel (registered trade mark) was used as an analysis tool. In this example, a main component made of (Sn.Ag.Cu) and plural species (therefore, three species) of metal elements to be added were respectively set as explanatory variables (independent variables) and it was verified with the explanatory variable being changed how much a multiple correlation equation (multiple correlation model) derived from the multiple correlation analysis reflected the auditory assessment values (measured values, namely, dependent variables (objective variables), maximum value of which is 5.0).
(8) Grouping of Audio Solder Alloys and Relation to Corresponding Tables of Multiple Correlation Analysis
When performing the multiple correlation analysis, the audio solder alloys are grouped into the ones shown in the (Table 1).
(A) Audio Solder Alloys of Group 1
The composition of the audio solder alloys of this group is [Audio solder alloys of group 1: (Sr.Ag.Cu.In.Ni.Pb)].
The corresponding tables indicating results of the multiple correlation analysis when using the audio solder alloys are shown as (Tables 3 through 5) and (Tables 6 through 8) among the combination examples of (Table 1). The (Tables 3 through 5) indicate results of the multiple correlation analysis of the audio solder alloys according to this invention.
It is to be noted that solder alloy shown in data 7 is a solder alloy which is a typical solder alloy as lead-free solder composed of almost (Sn.3AG.0.5Cu) so that the assessment has been performed on the basis of this solder alloy.
TABLE 3
Y
Cu
Ag
In
Ni
Pb
NW
EXAMPLE 1
5.00
0.7200
1.0100
0.0030
0.0160
0.0035
NWO<sub>1</sub>
EXAMPLE 2
5.00
0.7100
1.0000
0.0037
0.0170
0.0025
NWO<sub>2</sub>
DATA 1
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0000
0.0001
0.0042
NWO<sub>3</sub>
DATA 2
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0025
0.0007
0.0130
NWO<sub>4</sub>
DATA 3
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0029
0.0007
0.0130
NWO<sub>5</sub>
DATA 4
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
NWO<sub>6</sub>
DATA 5
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0022
0.0077
0.0290
NWO<sub>7</sub>
DATA 6
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0023
0.0022
0.0250
NWO<sub>8</sub>
DATA 7
3.00
0.5800
2.9900
0.0010
0.0057
0.0280
NWO<sub>9</sub>
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
In the (Table 3), (this example 1) and (this example 2) indicate composition elements of the audio solder alloys according to this invention and their contained amounts (% by mass (Wt %). The auditory assessment values are dependent variables, namely, measured values and the explanatory variables are the contained amounts of Ag, Cu, In, Ni and Pb (amounts of their additions). (Table 4) and (Table 5) indicate results of the multiple correlation analysis of the audio solder alloys containing their contained amounts.
TABLE 4
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.981433294
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.963211311
CORRECTION R2
0.901896828
STANDARD ERROR
0.196582672
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 5
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
OBSERVED VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
3.035421315
0.6070843
15.70936056
0.023169979
RESIDUAL
3
0.115934241
0.0386447
TOTAL
8
3.151355556
UPPER
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
BOUND,
COEFFICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
95%
INTER-
3.63863756
0.434739723
8.3696919
0.003576532
2.255101735
5.022173385
2.255101735
5.022173385
CEPT
Ag
0.11048792
0.081812703
1.3504983
0.269697507
−0.149876613
0.370852453
−0.149876613
0.370852453
Cu
0.072138465
0.188893804
0.3818996
0.727981931
−0.529005924
0.673282854
−0.529005924
0.673282854
In
376.9303504
134.5321205
2.801787
0.067752378
−51.21089948
805.0716003
−51.21089948
805.0716003
Ni
4.65124922
22.53562479
0.2063954
0.849695835
−67.06716662
76.36966506
−67.06716662
76.36966506
Pb
−45.7281429
8.463893494
−5.402731
0.012430905
−72.66402948
−18.79225633
−72.66402948
−18.79225633
Based on (Table 3) and (Table 5), the multiple correlation equation in this case is as follows. A predictive value is estimated as y.
y=
0.1104879Ag+0.072135Cu+376.93035In+4.651292Ni−45.72814Pb+3.6386376 (1)
Here, since the multiple correlation coefficient of Pb indicates minus, it is said that an amount of addition of Pb is preferably as small as possible. Pb is contained in high-purity Sn so that a trace of In and/or Ni is added to order to prevent Pb from having impact thereon as much as possible.
As shown in (Table 4), since a multiple correlation coefficient R between the predictive value y by the multiple correlation equation and actual auditory assessment value Y is [0.9814333], this is closely near (1.0) so that it is understood that they have very strong correlation.
Since the multiple determination R2 (coefficient of determination: R square) is [0.9632113] and the correction R2 (adjusted R square of coefficient of determination R2) is [0.9018968], it is understood that fitting ratio (fitting accuracy) of this multiple correlation equation y is very good.
Further, since, in the table of analysis of variance shown in (Table 5), the significant F is [0.023169979], the correlation occurs with a probability of 97.7% (=100%-2.3%) so that it is said that reliability of the multiple correlation equation y, which is calculated from the multiple correlation coefficients shown in (Table 3) and (Table 5), is considerably high.
Therefore, it is said that the auditory assessment value Y, [5.0], which is maximum assessment value, of each of the audio solder alloys of the (this example 1) and (this example 2) shown in (Table 3) is very reliable assessment value. Thus, it is understood that combination of composition elements of the audio solder alloys shown in (this example 1) and (this example 2) and their contained amounts (amounts of addition) are suitable for the joining solder which allows high sound quality and high auditory assessment value to be obtained.
In (Table 3), as preferable examples of the suitable audio solder alloys, the audio solder alloys shown within a range of (this example 1) and (this example 2) have been illustrated.
The contained amounts in this audio solder alloys are (Sn.Ag (of 1.0 through 1.01% by mass).Cu (of 0.71 through 0.72% by mass).In (of 0.003 through 0.0037% by mass).Ni (of 0.016 through 0.017% by mass).Pb (of 0.0025 through 0.0035% by mass)
The contained amounts in the audio solder alloys according to this invention are not limited thereto: They can be extended to the following region.
(Region of Contained Amounts in Audio Solder Alloys According to This Invention)
(Sn (remainder).Ag (of 0.8 through 1.20).Cu (of 0.65 through 0.75).In (of 0.002 through 0.004).Ni (of 0.01 through 0.02).Pb (=<0.005)).
On the other hand, (Table 3) indicates the auditory assessment values of items of the data 1 through the data 7 indicated as the comparison examples. Similarly, (Table 4) and (Table 5) indicate the results of the multiple correlation analysis on the auditory time when the contained amounts are changed in each of the same composition elements.
In (Table 3), when their contained amounts are set like those of the data 1 through the data 7, the auditory assessment values indicate their highest value of only (4.35) even if the audio solder alloy uses the same composition metals and it is understood that they are inferior to (this example 1) and (this example 2) as the audio solder alloy.
(Table 6) through (Table 8) classified to Group 1 will indicate the cases in which the audio solder alloys have the same composition elements but their contained amounts are changed.
The data 1 through the data 6 of (Table 6) are quite identical to the data 1 through the data 6 of the above-mentioned (Table 3) and the data 8 through the data 10 of (Table 6) are newly added thereto. Since the data 7 of (Table 3) is the referenced solder as described above, it is omitted from the assessment of (Table 6).
(Table 6) indicates the auditory assessment values Y (dependent variables as the measured values) and the explanatory variables of the data 1 through the data 6 and the data 8 through the data 10. (Table 7) and (Table 8) indicate results of the multiple correlation analysis.
TABLE 6
Y
Cu
Ag
In
Ni
Pb
NW
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0000
0.0001
0.0042
NWO<sub>3</sub>
1
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0025
0.0007
0.0130
NWO<sub>4</sub>
2
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0029
0.0007
0.0130
NWO<sub>5</sub>
3
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
NWO<sub>6</sub>
4
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0022
0.0077
0.0290
NWO<sub>7</sub>
5
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0023
0.0022
0.0250
NWO<sub>8</sub>
6
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0025
0.0490
0.0320
NWO<sub>10</sub>
8
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0026
0.0010
0.0170
NWO<sub>11</sub>
9
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0016
0.0340
0.0250
NWO<sub>12</sub>
10
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 7
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISCTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.95190782
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.9061285
CORRECTION R2
0.74967601
STANDARD ERROR
0.11929342
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 8
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF
OBSERVED
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.412107243
0.082421449
5.791716488
0.089541617
RESIDUAL
3
0.042692757
0.014230919
TOTAL
8
0.4548
COEF-
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
FICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTER-
3.751029086
0.202480038
18.52542664
0.000343265
3.106647237
4.395410934
3.106647237
4.395410934
CEPT
Cu
−0.097330449
0.142818471
−0.681497626
0.54445154
−0.551842564
0.357181666
−0.551842564
0.357181666
Ag
0.142661943
0.060418387
2.361233895
0.099288844
−0.049616329
0.334940214
−0.049616329
0.334940214
In
547.1877181
180.8848859
3.025060471
0.056531793
−28.46871856
1122.844155
−28.46871856
1122.844155
Ni
27.44481571
7.489698162
3.664342022
0.035138447
3.609253467
51.28037795
3.609253467
51.28037795
Pb
−65.7802265
19.5597036
−3.363048227
0.043634699
−128.0279329
−3.53252007
−128.0279329
−3.53252007
It is understood from the results of the multiple correlation analysis that the results have been considerably different to each other if the same composition elements are contained but their contained amounts are changed, a detailed explanation of which will be omitted.
By the way, values the multiple correlation R thereof and the coefficient of determination R2 thereof are good but values of the adjusted R square of coefficient of determination R2 (correction R2) thereof and the significant F thereof are no good so that the predictive value y and the auditory assessment value Y are not sufficiently correlated and the auditory assessment value Y has its maximum value of only (4.33). Therefore, it is not said that they are the optimal audio solder alloy.
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
12
1
2
3
12
It is to be noted that the audio solder alloys having the same composition elements are used as the joining solder for 12 filter circuits NW (NWthrough NW) so that the audio solder alloy having the contained amounts shown in (this example 1) is used for the filter circuit NWand the audio solder alloy having the contained amounts shown in (this example 2) is used for the filter circuit NW. Similarly, in the filter circuits NWthrough NW, the audio solder alloys shown in the data 1 through the data 10 are used and the sound quality thereof and the auditory thereof are assessed.
(9) Auditory Assessments of Other Grouped Audio Solder Alloys
The following audio solder alloys of groups 2 through 5 will indicate items of the data, all of which indicate that the auditory assessments like (this example 1) and (this example 2) cannot be acquired.
The following will show the result thereof.
(B) Audio Solder Alloys of Group 2
Composition of the audio solder alloys of this group is the one in which Pb and Sb are common added metals and, as shown in (Table 1), “Audio solder alloy of group 2: Any one of (Bi, Fe, As, In and Ni) is added into (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.Pb)”. Therefore, there are 5 species of audio solder alloys.
The corresponding tables indicating the results of the multiple correlation analysis when using these audio solder alloys are (Table 9 through Table 23).
(1) (Table 9 through Table 11): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.Bi.Pb);
(2) (Table 12 through Table 14): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.Fe.Pb);
(3) (Table 15 through Table 17): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.As.Pb);
(4) (Table 18 through Table 20): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.In.Pb); and
(5) (Table 21 through Table 23): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.Ni.Pb).
(a) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.Bi.Pb): (Table 9 through Table 11).
TABLE 9
Y
Cu
Ag
Sb
Bi
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0045
0.0026
0.0320
NW2<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0006
0.0021
0.0042
NW2<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0076
0.0020
0.0130
NW2<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0068
0.0022
0.0130
NW2<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0160
0.0057
0.0002
NW2<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0050
0.0022
0.0170
NW2<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0063
0.0018
0.0290
NW2<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0031
0.0021
0.0250
NW2<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0150
0.0080
0.0250
NW2<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 10
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.701375
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.491927
CORRECTION R2
−0.35486
STANDARD ERROR
0.277532
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 11
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF
OBSERVED
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.223728426
0.04474569
0.580932794
0.722401959
RESIDUAL
3
0.231071574
0.07702386
TOTAL
8
0.4548
COEF-
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
FICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTER-
3.958067899
0.701294227
5.64394765
0.011007654
1.726236679
6.189899118
1.726236679
6.189899118
CEPT
Cu
0.219793095
0.396367078
0.55451905
0.617882749
−1.041623848
1.481210039
−1.041623848
1.481210039
Ag
−0.030858379
0.0710587
−0.434266
0.693433006
−0.256998877
0.195282118
−0.256998877
0.195282118
Sb
−5.751897216
72.85352207
−0.0789515
0.942042561
−237.6043193
226.1005249
−237.6043193
226.1005249
Bi
−3.834340232
158.7625802
−0.0241514
0.982248474
−509.087727
501.4190466
−509.087727
501.4190466
Pb
−3.060031169
14.36288123
−0.2130513
0.844943398
−48.76912947
42.64906713
−48.76912947
42.64906713
As being made clear from (Table 9) through (Table 11), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(b) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.Fe.Pb): (Table 12 through Table 14).
TABLE 12
Y
Cu
Ag
Sb
Fe
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0045
0.0030
0.0320
NW3<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0006
0.0064
0.0042
NW3<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0076
0.0090
0.0130
NW3<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0068
0.0057
0.0130
NW3<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0160
0.0013
0.0002
NW3<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0050
0.0036
0.0170
NW3<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0063
0.0120
0.0290
NW3<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0031
0.0001
0.0250
NW3<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0150
0.0034
0.0250
NW3<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 13
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.72336
MULPTILE DETERMINATION R2
0.523249
CORRECTION R2
−0.27134
STANDARD ERROR
0.268841
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 14
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF
OBSERVED
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.237973791
0.047594758
0.658519442
0.681927452
RESIDUAL
3
0.216826209
0.072275403
TOTAL
8
0.4548
COEF-
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
FICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTER-
3.862092149
0.478814033
8.065954389
0.003980884
2.3382922
5.385892099
2.3382922
5.385892099
CEPT
Cu
0.325760224
0.311802544
1.044764482
0.372903358
−0.666534632
1.318055079
−0.666534632
1.318055079
Ag
−0.001247252
0.092252081
−0.013520038
0.990061754
−0.294834545
0.292340042
−0.294834545
0.292340042
Sb
−16.56819522
30.89852322
−0.536213174
0.62902132
−114.9010863
81.76469582
−114.9010863
81.76469582
Fe
−17.54621944
39.46010712
−0.444657167
0.6866905
−143.1258915
108.0334526
−143.1258915
108.0334526
Pb
1.544433928
15.56468153
0.099226825
0.927216973
−47.9893293
51.07819715
−47.9893293
51.07819715
As being made clear from (Table 12) through (Table 14), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(c) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.As.Pb): (Table 15 through Table 17).
TABLE 15
Y
Cu
Ag
Sb
As
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0045
0.0078
0.0320
NW4<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0006
0.0003
0.0042
NW4<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0076
0.0012
0.0130
NW4<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0068
0.0013
0.0130
NW4<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0160
0.0003
0.0002
NW4<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0050
0.0097
0.0170
NW4<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0063
0.0013
0.0290
NW4<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0031
0.0035
0.0250
NW4<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0150
0.0130
0.0250
NW4<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 16
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.717832
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.515283
CORRECTION R2
−0.29258
STANDARD ERROR
0.271078
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 17
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF
OBSERVED
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.234350822
0.046870164
0.637836323
0.692453051
RESIDUAL
3
0.220449178
0.073483059
TOTAL
8
0.4548
COEF-
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
FICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTER-
3.702606422
0.776490171
4.768388009
0.017520173
1.231468146
6.173744699
1.231468146
6.173744699
CEPT
Cu
0.397470694
0.498027561
0.798089753
0.4831536
−1.187475279
1.982416666
−1.187475279
1.982416666
Ag
0.010312241
0.125198746
0.082366967
0.939542714
−0.388126045
0.408750526
−0.388126045
0.408750526
Sb
−24.81544775
51.24024493
−0.484296041
0.661331582
−187.8847759
138.2538804
−187.8847759
138.2538804
As
23.56688404
61.85403615
0.381008023
0.72857809
−173.2802648
220.4140328
−173.2802648
220.4140328
Pb
−2.254793241
12.17499536
−0.185198694
0.864886566
−41.00106225
36.49147577
−41.00106225
36.49147577
As being made clear from (Table 15) through (Table 17), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(d) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.In.Pb): (Table 18 through Table 20).
TABLE 18
Y
Cu
Ag
Sb
In
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0045
0.0025
0.0320
NW5<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0006
0.0000
0.0042
NW5<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0076
0.0025
0.0130
NW5<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0068
0.0029
0.0130
NW5<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0160
0.0000
0.0002
NW5<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0050
0.0026
0.0170
NW5<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0063
0.0022
0.0290
NW5<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0031
0.0016
0.0250
NW5<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0150
0.0023
0.0250
NW5<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 19
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.704657
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.496541
CORRECTION R2
−0.34256
STANDARD ERROR
0.276269
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 20
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF
OBSERVED
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.22582694
0.045165388
0.59175592
0.716595198
RESIDUAL
3
0.22897306
0.076324353
TOTAL
8
0.4548
COEF-
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
FICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95%
INTER-
3.94691883
0.453145327
8.71005083
0.00318548
2.504808159
5.389029501
2.504808159
5.389029501
CEPT
Cu
0.249416923
0.261029131
0.955513147
0.409809226
−0.58129427
1.080128115
−0.58129427
1.080128115
Ag
−0.038781383
0.08389479
−0.462262118
0.675356143
−0.305772049
0.228209282
−0.305772049
0.228209282
Sb
−6.209054802
24.74894649
−0.25088158
0.818107439
−84.97124811
72.55313851
−84.97124811
725.55313851
In
−32.57040065
194.3564023
−0.167580796
0.87757286
−651.0992149
585.9584136
−651.0992149
585.9584136
Pb
−0.572723382
18.4711536
−0.031006368
0.977211926
−59.35617789
58.21073113
−59.35617789
58.21073113
As being made clear from (Table 18) through (Table 20), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(e) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.Ni.Pb): (Table 21 through Table 23).
TABLE 21
Y
Cu
Ag
Sb
Ni
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0045
0.0490
0.0320
NW6<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0006
0.0001
0.0042
NW6<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0076
0.0007
0.0130
NW6<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0068
0.0007
0.0130
NW6<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0160
0.0001
0.0002
NW6<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0050
0.0010
0.0170
NW6<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0063
0.0077
0.0290
NW6<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0031
0.0340
0.0250
NW6<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0150
0.0022
0.0250
NW6<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 22
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.79071
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.625222
CORRECTION R2
0.000591
STANDARD ERROR
0.238362
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 23
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF
OBSERVED
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.284350867
0.056870173
1.000946832
0.5348034
RESIDUAL
3
0.170449133
0.056816378
TOTAL
8
0.4548
COEF-
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
FICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTER-
3.894568747
0.393923908
9.886601626
0.002200702
2.640927062
5.148210432
2.640927062
5.148210432
CEPT
Cu
0.253918089
0.19695276
1.289233465
0.287725238
−0.372873494
0.880709672
−0.372873494
0.880709672
Ag
−0.016555698
0.059251008
−0.27941631
0.798081799
−0.20511885
0.172007455
−0.20511885
0.172007455
Sb
−4.306320272
20.65089523
−0.20852947
0.848171129
−70.0266855
61.41404495
−70.0266855
61.41404495
Ni
6.938791872
6.714954181
1.03333421
0.377447058
−14.43118925
28.30877299
−14.43118925
28.30877299
Pb
−8.459822294
11.90110308
−0.71084354
0.528462678
−46.33444382
29.41479923
−46.33444382
29.41479923
As being made clear from (Table 21) through (Table 23), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(C) Auditory Assessments of Audio Solder Alloys of Group 3
Composition of the audio solder alloys of this group is the one in which Pb and Bi are common added metals to ((Sn.Ag.Cu) and “Audio solder alloy of group 3: Any one of (Fe, As, In and Ni) is added into (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.Pb)”. Therefore, there are 4 species of audio solder alloys.
The corresponding tables indicating the results of the multiple correlation analysis when using these audio solder alloys are (Table 24 through Table 35).
(1) (Table 24 through Table 26): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.Fe.Pb);
(2) (Table 27 through Table 29): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.As.Pb);
(3) (Table 30 through Table 32): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.In.Pb); and
(4) (Table 33 through Table 35): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.Ni.Pb).
(a) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.Fe.Pb): (Table 24 through Table 26).
TABLE 24
Y
Cu
Ag
Bi
Fe
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0026
0.0030
0.0320
NW7<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0021
0.0064
0.0042
NW7<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0020
0.0090
0.0130
NW7<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0022
0.0057
0.0130
NW7<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0057
0.0013
0.0002
NW7<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0022
0.0036
0.0170
NW7<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0018
0.0120
0.0290
NW7<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0021
0.0001
0.0250
NW7<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0080
0.0034
0.0250
NW7<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 25
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.720256
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.518769
CORRECTION R2
−0.28328
STANDARD ERROR
0.270101
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 26
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF
OBSERVED
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.235936014
0.0471872
0.646801746
0.687866766
RESIDUAL
3
0.218863986
0.0729547
TOTAL
8
0.4548
COEF-
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
FICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTER-
3.984314243
0.4570727
8.7170252
0.003178072
2.529704918
5.438923569
2.529704918
5.438923569
CEPT
Cu
0.244161115
0.234936321
1.0392651
0.375082845
−0.5035111111
0.99183334
−0.503511111
0.99183334
Ag
−0.010401791
0.08231119
−0.126372
0.907431733
−0.272352732
0.25154915
−0.272352732
0.25154915
Bi
−33.54779275
66.18641656
−0.506868
0.647155073
−244.1825096
117.0869241
−244.1825096
117.0869241
Fe
−16.17546652
38.78750183
−0.417028
0.704702515
−139.6146084
107.2636754
−139.6146084
107.2636754
Pb
−0.522572444
13.89523236
−0.037608
0.972362821
−44.74340334
43.69825845
−44.74340334
43.69825845
As being made clear from (Table 24) through (Table 26), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(b) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.As.Pb): (Table 27 through Table 29).
TABLE 27
Y
Cu
Ag
Bi
As
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0026
0.0078
0.0320
NW8<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0021
0.0003
0.0042
NW8<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0020
0.0012
0.0130
NW8<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0022
0.0013
0.0130
NW8<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0057
0.0003
0.0002
NW8<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0022
0.0097
0.0170
NW8<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0018
0.0013
0.0290
NW8<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0021
0.0035
0.0250
NW8<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0080
0.0130
0.0250
NW8<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 28
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.711746
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.506582
CORRECTION R2
−0.31578
STANDARD ERROR
0.2735
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 29
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
OBSERVED VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.230393673
0.0460787
0.616008495
0.703770702
RESIDUAL
3
0.224406327
0.0748021
TOTAL
8
0.4548
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
COEFFICIENT
STANDARD ERROR
t
P-VALUE
95%
95%
95.0%
95.0%
INTERCEPT
3.913730879
0.538068372
7.2736683
0.005363161
2.201357178
5.626104582
2.201357176
5.626104582
Cu
0.258714395
0.293812452
0.8805427
0.443400708
−0.676327955
1.193756746
−0.676327955
1.193756746
Ag
−0.009057805
0.100309444
−0.090299
0.933740998
−0.328287225
0.310171616
−0.328287225
0.310171616
Bi
−42.93504698
101.9075613
−0.421314
0.701890944
−367.2503889
281.3802949
−367.2503889
281.3802949
As
17.44700584
56.4502227
0.3090689
0.777490573
−162.2027968
197.0968085
−162.2027968
197.0968085
Pb
−4.621665739
12.16614892
−0.379879
0.729333332
−43.3397814
34.09644992
−43.3397814
34.09644992
As being made clear from (Table 27) through (Table 29), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(c) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.In.Pb): (Table 30 through Table 32).
TABLE 30
Y
Cu
Ag
Bi
In
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0026
0.0025
0.0320
NW9<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0021
0.0000
0.0042
NW9<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0020
0.0025
0.0130
NW9<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0022
0.0029
0.0130
NW9<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0057
0.0000
0.0002
NW9<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0022
0.0026
0.0170
NW9<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0018
0.0022
0.0290
NW9<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0021
0.0016
0.0250
NW9<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0080
0.0023
0.0250
NW9<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 31
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.704459
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.496263
CORRECTION R2
−0.3433
STANDARD ERROR
0.276345
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 32
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
OBSERVED VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.225700373
0.045140075
0.591097532
0.71694697
RESIDUAL
3
0.229099627
0.076366542
TOTAL
8
0.4548
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
STANDARD
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
COEFFICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
95%
95%
95.0%
95.0%
INTERCEPT
3.992375349
0.467787317
8.534595106
0.003379586
2.50366733
5.481083369
2.50366733
5.481083369
Cu
0.222015287
0.261104244
0.850293672
0.457639963
−0.608934951
1.052965525
−0.608934951
1.052965525
Ag
−0.041825509
0.07757259
−0.539178971
0.627207581
−0.288696113
0.205045094
−0.288696113
0.205045094
Bi
−13.21947567
53.41499257
−0.24748624
0.820503172
−183.2098214
156.7708701
−183.2098214
156.7708701
In
−34.49229072
192.4897954
−0.17919023
0.869207265
−647.0807287
578.0961473
−647.0807287
578.0961473
Pb
−1.100243701
18.71788857
−0.058780332
0.956823415
−60.66891902
58.46843162
−60.66891902
58.46843162
As being made clear from (Table 30) through (Table 32), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(d) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Bi.Ni.Pb): (Table 33 through Table 35).
TABLE 33
Y
Cu
Ag
Bi
Ni
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0026
0.0490
0.0320
NW10<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0021
0.0001
0.0042
NW10<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0020
0.0007
0.0130
NW10<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0022
0.0007
0.0130
NW10<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0057
0.0001
0.0002
NW10<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0022
0.0010
0.0170
NW10<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0018
0.0077
0.0290
NW10<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0021
0.0340
0.0250
NW10<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0080
0.0022
0.0250
NW10<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 34
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.79152
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.626503
CORRECTION R2
0.004009
STANDARD ERROR
0.237954
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 35
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
OBSERVED VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.284933692
0.056986738
1.006439812
0.532826786
RESIDUAL
3
0.169866308
0.056622103
TOTAL
8
0.4548
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
STANDARD
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
COEFFICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
95%
95%
95.0%
95.0%
INTERCEPT
3.928790256
0.40707045
9.651376688
0.002361392
2.633310405
5.224270106
2.633310405
5.224270106
Cu
0.233650659
0.180818671
1.292182144
0.286829164
−0.341795054
0.809096371
−0.341795054
0.809096371
Ag
−0.017677031
0.0556983
−0.31737111
0.771767966
−0.194933881
0.159579818
−0.194933881
0.159579818
Bi
−10.38835964
44.73463571
−0.23222184
0.831305697
−152.7539358
131.9772165
−152.7539358
131.9772165
Ni
6.967044979
6.674987846
1.043753957
0.373302926
−14.27574543
28.20983539
−14.27574543
28.20983539
Pb
−8.934372075
11.41923688
−0.7823966
0.491056928
−45.27548029
27.40673614
−45.27548029
27.40673614
As being made clear from (Table 33) through (Table 35), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(D) Auditory Assessments of Audio Solder Alloys of Group 4
Composition of the audio solder alloys of this group is the one in which Pb and Fe are common added metals to (Sn.Ag.Cu) and “Audio solder alloy of group 4: Any one of (As, In and Ni) is added into (Sn.Ag.Cu.Fe.Pb)”. Therefore, there are 3 species of audio solder alloys.
The corresponding tables indicating the results of multiple correlation analysis when using these audio solder alloys are (Table 36 through Table 44).
(1) (Table 36 through Table 38): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Fe.As.Pb);
(2) (Table 39 through Table 41): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Fe.In.Pb); and
(3) (Table 42 through Table 44): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Fe.Ni.Pb).
(a) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Fe.As.Pb): (Table 36 through Table 38).
TABLE 36
Y
Cu
Ag
Fe
As
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0030
0.0078
0.0320
NW11<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0064
0.0003
0.0042
NW11<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0090
0.0012
0.0130
NW11<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0057
0.0013
0.0130
NW11<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0013
0.0003
0.0002
NW11<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0036
0.0097
0.0170
NW11<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0120
0.0013
0.0290
NW11<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0001
0.0035
0.0250
NW11<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0034
0.0130
0.0250
NW11<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 37
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.693926
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.481533
CORRECTION R2
−0.38258
STANDARD ERROR
0.280356
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 38
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
OBSERVED
DEGREE OF
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.219001381
0.043800276
0.557258686
0.735279628
RESIDUAL
3
0.235798619
0.07859954
TOTAL
8
0.4548
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
STANDARD
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
COEFFICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
95%
95%
95.0%
95.0%
INTERCEPT
3.984340657
0.521085175
7.646236835
0.004645279
2.326015068
5.642666245
2.326015068
5.642666245
Cu
0.195187085
0.250745532
0.778426974
0.493073238
−0.602797105
0.993171276
−0.602797105
0.993171276
Ag
−0.040242104
0.0630699
−0.638055614
0.56880506
−0.240958676
0.160474468
−0.240958676
0.160474468
Fe
−5.014308251
32.37509931
−0.154881633
0.8867483
−108.0463234
98.01770693
−108.0463234
98.01770693
As
−4.641966497
30.60183149
−0.151689173
0.889058759
−102.030652
92.74671904
−102.030652
92.74671904
Pb
−2.611872537
13.92098378
−0.187621261
0.863146273
−46.91465594
41.69091087
−46.91465594
41.69691087
As being made clear from (Table 36) through (Table 38), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(b) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Fe.In.Pb): (Table 39 through Table 41).
TABLE 39
Y
Cu
Ag
Fe
In
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0030
0.0025
0.0320
NW12<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0064
0.0000
0.0042
NW12<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0090
0.0025
0.0130
NW12<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0057
0.0029
0.0130
NW12<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0013
0.0000
0.0002
NW12<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0036
0.0026
0.0170
NW12<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0120
0.0022
0.0290
NW12<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0001
0.0016
0.0250
NW12<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0034
0.0023
0.0250
NW12<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 40
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.697162
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.486034
CORRECTION R2
−0.37058
STANDARD ERROR
0.279137
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 41
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
OBSERVED
DEGREE OF
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.221048422
0.044209684
0.567393187
0.729737614
RESIDUAL
3
0.233751578
0.077917193
TOTAL
8
0.4548
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
STANDARD
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
BOUND,
COEFFICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
95%
95%
95.0%
95.0%
INTERCEPT
3.958618305
0.468759753
8.444876678
0.003484906
2.466815562
5.450421049
2.466815562
5.450421049
Cu
0.236527922
0.262604572
0.900699941
0.434132128
−0.599197027
1.072252872
−0.599197027
1.072252872
Ag
−0.050493294
0.081164634
−0.62210955
0.57794728
−0.308795384
0.207808796
−0.308795384
0.207808796
Fe
−0.598901892
33.13401385
−0.01801514
0.986713836
−106.0461218
104.8483181
−106.0461218
104.8483181
In
−45.32357362
203.7490757
−0.222448
0.838249178
−693.7440667
603.0969194
−693.7440667
603.0969194
Pb
−0.314436158
18.63463213
−0.01687375
0.987596802
−59.61815231
58.98928
−59.61815231
58.98928
As being made clear from (Table 39) through (Table 41), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(c) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.Fe.Ni.Pb): (Table 42 through Table 44).
TABLE 42
Y
Cu
Ag
Fe
Ni
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0030
0.0490
0.0320
NW13<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0064
0.0001
0.0042
NW13<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0090
0.0007
0.0130
NW13<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0057
0.0007
0.0130
NW13<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0013
0.0001
0.0002
NW13<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0036
0.0010
0.0170
NW13<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0120
0.0077
0.0290
NW13<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0001
0.0340
0.0250
NW13<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0034
0.0022
0.0250
NW13<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 43
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.806915
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.651112
CORRECTION R2
0.069633
STANDARD ERROR
0.229981
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 44
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
OBSERVED VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.29612592
0.05922518
1.119751578
0.494374817
RESIDUAL
3
0.15867408
0.05289136
TOTAL
8
0.4548
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
COEFFICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTERCEPT
3.940037454
0.384960927
10.2349022
0.001988348
2.714919975
5.165154932
2.714919975
5.165154932
Cu
0.195944272
0.191531543
1.02303918
0.38158491
−0.41359458
0.805483124
−0.41359458
0.805483124
Ag
−0.030218289
0.051701845
−0.5844721
0.599951166
−0.194756635
0.134320058
−0.194756635
0.134320058
Fe
15.30211197
29.48506187
0.51897846
0.639630463
−78.53251425
109.1367382
−78.53251425
109.1367382
Ni
9.171129852
7.507332944
1.2216229
0.309089734
−14.72055413
33.06281384
−14.72055413
33.06281384
Pb
−13.49870232
13.78533095
−0.9792077
0.399689449
−57.36977786
30.37237323
−57.36977786
30.37237323
As being made clear from (Table 42) through (Table 44), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(E) Audio Solder Alloy of Group 5
Composition of the audio solder alloys of this group is the one in which Pb and As are common added metals to (Sn.Ag.Cu) and “Audio solder alloy of group 5: Any one of (In and Ni) is added into (Sn.Ag.Cu.As.Pb). Therefore, there are 2 species of audio solder alloys.
The corresponding tables indicating the results of multiple correlation analysis when using these audio solder alloys are (Table 45 through Table 50).
(1) (Table 45 through Table 47): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.As.In.Pb); and
(2) (Table 48 through Table 50): The results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.As.Ni.Pb).
(a) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.As.In.Pb): (Table 45 through Table 47).
TABLE 45
Y
Cu
Ag
As
In
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0078
0.0025
0.0320
NW14<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0003
0.0000
0.0042
NW14<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0012
0.0025
0.0130
NW14<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0013
0.0029
0.0130
NW14<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0002
NW14<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0097
0.0026
0.0170
NW14<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0013
0.0022
0.0290
NW14<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0035
0.0016
0.0250
NW14<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0130
0.0023
0.0250
NW14<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 46
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.697697
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.486781
CORRECTION R2
−0.36858
STANDARD ERROR
0.278934
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 47
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
OBSERVED VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.221387933
0.044277587
0.56909123
0.728813311
RESIDUAL
3
0.233412067
0.077804022
TOTAL
8
0.4548
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
COEEFICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTERCEPT
3.93808035
0.56148352
7.013706029
0.005952844
2.151189196
5.724971503
2.151189196
5.724971503
Cu
0.255383127
0.386765049
0.660305598
0.556230226
−0.975475874
1.486242128
−0.975475874
1.486242128
Ag
−0.052000025
0.068909998
−0.75460784
0.505317205
−0.271302394
0.167302345
−0.271302394
0.167302345
As
2.589113616
37.80285872
0.068489889
0.949705135
−117.7164544
122.8946817
−117.7164544
122.8946817
In
−57.6269614
245.9291059
−0.23432347
0.829815338
−840.2831359
725.0292131
−840.2831359
725.0292131
Pb
0.325370583
20.8453849
0.015608759
0.988526542
−66.01394755
66.66468872
−66.01394755
66.66468872
As being made clear from (Table 45) through (Table 47), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
(b) The following will indicate the results of analysis of the audio solder alloy made of (Sn.Ag.Cu.As.Ni.Pb): (Table 48 through Table 50).
TABLE 48
Y
Cu
Ag
As
Ni
Pb
NW
DATA
4.33
0.6900
0.0048
0.0078
0.0490
0.0320
NW15<sub>1</sub>
1
DATA
4.00
0.7000
3.4900
0.0003
0.0001
0.0042
NW15<sub>2</sub>
2
DATA
4.15
1.9800
0.2700
0.0012
0.0007
0.0130
NW15<sub>3</sub>
3
DATA
4.35
1.9700
0.2700
0.0013
0.0007
0.0130
NW15<sub>4</sub>
4
DATA
4.18
1.6700
4.7000
0.0003
0.0001
0.0002
NW15<sub>5</sub>
5
DATA
4.03
0.7200
0.0120
0.0097
0.0010
0.0170
NW15<sub>6</sub>
6
DATA
3.83
0.8800
3.9800
0.0013
0.0077
0.0290
NW15<sub>7</sub>
7
DATA
3.78
0.7000
0.0042
0.0035
0.0340
0.0250
NW15<sub>8</sub>
8
DATA
3.68
0.5200
2.9900
0.0130
0.0022
0.0250
NW15<sub>9</sub>
9
Y = AUDITORY ASSESSMENT VALUE
TABLE 49
SUMMARY
REGRESSION STATISTICS
MULTIPLE CORRELATION R
0.798603
MULTIPLE DETERMINATION R2
0.637767
CORRECTION R2
0.034044
STANDARD ERROR
0.234339
OBSERVED FREQUENCY
9
TABLE 50
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
VARIATION
VARIANCE
OBSERVED VARIANCE RATIO
SIGNIFICANT F
REGRESSION
5
0.290056234
0.058011247
1.056390442
0.515341233
RESIDUAL
3
0.164743766
0.054914589
TOTAL
8
0.4548
STANDARD
LOWER
UPPER
LOWER
UPPER
COEFFICIENT
ERROR
t
P-VALUE
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95%
BOUND, 95.0%
BOUND, 95.0%
INTERCEPT
3.80317667
0.463759539
8.200751356
0.00379435
2.327286838
5.279066502
2.327286838
5.279066502
Cu
0.287776042
0.220168696
1.307070658
0.282349128
−0.41289901
0.988451093
−0.41289901
0.988451093
Ag
−0.01341697
0.05598541
−0.23965119
0.82604153
−0.191581532
0.164753591
−0.191587532
0.164753591
As
10.39398473
26.93738756
0.385857192
0.725338725
−75.33280476
96.12077423
−75.33280476
96.12077423
Ni
8.362627901
7.256092293
1.152497455
0.332618527
−14.72949621
31.45475201
−14.72949621
31.45475201
Pb
−10.82235046
11.97987396
−0.90337766
0.432914067
−48.94765607
27.30295516
−48.94765607
27.30295516
As being made clear from (Table 48) through (Table 50), it is difficult to say that they are the optimal audio solder alloys.
2
The above-mentioned groups 2 through 5 relate to sound quality and auditory assessments of the audio solder alloys which are obtained by adding any optional species of metals among (Bi, Fe, As, In and Ni) excluding a pair of (In, Ni) into (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.Pb) and the senary audio solder alloys made of these combinations cannot obtain any excellent sound quality and high auditory assessment values as indicated in (Table 9) through (Table 50).
As described above, according to this invention, as the joining solder used for the filter circuit or the like, an electronic circuit of which is configured by soldering discrete parts on the printed circuit board (circuit board), the audio solder alloys which contain the senary solder alloy, (Sn.Ag.Cu.Sb.In.Ni.Pb), as shown in group 1 and have their appropriate contained amounts have been developed to acquire excellent sound quality and high auditory assessment.
10
FIG. 1
The auditory assessment device shown in is one example, and a three-way auditory assessment device may perform the auditory assessment.
Although the flux cored solder has been used as the audio solder alloy, this invention is not limited thereto: Solder ball, solder paste or the like may be used. Configuration and shape thereof are not limited. Further, in the soldering method, any methods using a reflow furnace, a jet solder bath or the like may be used. Further, although the description has been performed using the discrete parts as electronics parts, chip typed electronics parts may be used.
Additionally, in the above-mentioned examples, as the solder for joining the electronics parts, it has been applied to the filter circuit, but the audio solder alloy according to the invention are applicable as the solder for connecting the electronics parts constituting whole of audio system, If so, further improved sound quality may be expected.
The audio solder alloy according to the invention is applicable for the joining solder which is used for soldering various kinds of electronics parts used for audio system on the printed circuit board (circuit board).
10
: auditory assessment device
20
: sound source
30
: output amplifier
0
15
NW through NW: filter circuits
40
: low pass filter
50
: high pass filter
WF, TW: speakers
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a block diagram showing an example of an auditory assessment device which is presented to the subject invention.
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is a circuit diagram of a low pass filter circuit showing an example of a filter circuit used in the auditory assessment device shown in .
FIG. 3
is a diagram showing an arrangement of parts on a printed circuit board of the low pass filter circuit.
FIG. 4
FIG. 1
is a circuit diagram of a high pass filter circuit showing an example of the filter circuit used in the auditory assessment device shown in .
FIG. 5
is a diagram showing an arrangement of parts on a printed circuit board of the high pass filter circuit. | |
What assets are probate assets, subject to probate administration, is an initial question in every probate administration in Florida. Probate assets are assets owned by the deceased at death – but only those assets that do not transfer automatically to someone else upon death.
The easiest way to understand which assets are subject to probate administration and which are not is to start with those assets which are not probate assets. Download the Assets of the Deceased Diagram for easy reference.
Joint Title With Right of Survivorship
The title of an asset, which typically denotes ownership, in the name of two or more persons. Real estate and bank accounts can be titled jointly with right of survivorship. When one owner passes, the remaining owner automatically becomes the owner of the asset. An asset that is titled jointly with right of survivorship is not a probate asset.
In some instances, it is not clear whether or not the joint title is intended to be one of survivorship, as opposed to a tenancy in common, or a convenience bank account.
Revocable Trusts
Assets within a revocable trust will be distributed by the trustee of the trust to the named beneficiaries as stated within the trust document. The assets in the revocable trust will not be probate assets.
Pay on Death / Transfer on Death
Banks and brokerage firms typically offer the ability to include a “pay on death” or “transfer on death” designation. Upon the death of the original owner, the bank or brokerage will simply give the account to the listed pay on death owner of the account.
Beneficiary Designation
Life insurance, annuities, IRA’s and retirement accounts will typically give the owner of the asset the ability to name a beneficiary upon the death of the owner. An asset with a beneficiary designation will not be a probate asset (unless the probate estate is listed as the beneficiary).
Tenancy By the Entireties
If a married couple owns an asset together, it will be treated as a tenancy by the entireties asset. The surviving spouse will become the owner of the asset upon the death of the first spouse. Any jointly owned asset will be treated as a tenancy by the entireties asset unless the asset is specifically titled in another fashion.
Florida Homestead
The primary residence of a Florida resident will be treated as Florida homestead property. Homestead property has its own set of of complex rules that will apply if the deceased had a surviving spouse or minor child at the time of death.
If an assets does not transfer to new owners by one of the methods set forth above, the asset is likely a probate asset, and will need to by administered in the probate process. | https://probatestars.com/what-assets-are-probate-assets-in-florida/ |
Algorithms are mathematical objects. The development of proven efficient algorithms is a challenge that requires tools from several areas of mathematics. Complexity is the study of lower or upper bounds for the efficiency of algorithms for a certain problem. Finding precise lower bounds can be extremely diff cult. We are particularly interested in algorithms and complexity for continuous problems, as such that arise in numerical analysis.
Impact and applications. From a technological viewpoint, a better mathematical understanding of numerical analysis means faster and more reliable algorithms. In particular, we do not have a satisfactory technology to solve systems of polynomial equations. Improvemnents in this technology would be useful for subjects such as mechanical engineering, chemical/biochemical kinetics, computer graphics, nonlinear optimization, control theory, etc...
Connections with other subjects within mathematics. Input and output spaces of numerical problems may be linear spaces or more generally smooth manifolds. One may assume a probability measure in input space and also some group action invariance. Invariants as the condition number can be then interpreted as a random variable, and the probability for a problem to be ill-posed can be estimated. But the condition number can also be related with the reciprocal distance to a discriminant variety, and may be bounded in terms of the arithmetic properties of the discriminant.
Researchers: | http://www.pgmat.im.ufrj.br/index.php/en/research-areas/complexity-and-foundations-of-computational-mathematics |
All pieces of our collection are proudly and lovingly made by hand.
For this reason, it is possible there may be slight discrepancies in colors and textures as most leathers are
hand-dyed and finished.
All metals, although sterling silver, are engineered to look aged and our gemstones are authentic in quality and color.
With love,
DECOSS
Please feel free to contact us: | https://decossbrands.com/contact |
It is our goal to promote cultural competency during the process of treatment. In understanding the importance of family and community when caring for Indigenous youth - the involvement of these members is highly encouraged in this programming and the direction of elders is greatly respected.
Our programming includes:
Our coordinator is a proud member of Moose Cree First Nation and has a Masters of Social Work degree. As a previous psychotherapist she has clinical expertise in the historical and present day issues effecting Indigenous youth and their families, such as residential schooling and intergenerational trauma. She provides annual training to our foster parents and child and youth workers, and is available to the psychotherapists working with Indigenous youth for consultation. Elders are available for one-to-one traditional counselling and also facilitate talking circles among our youth. Elders also provide opportunities for traditional forms of healing such as smudging ceremonies.
In recognizing the importance of artisans in the Indigenous culture, youth are given opportunities to participate in traditional arts and crafts workshops, such as medicine bags and drum making, and have access to resources should they wish to pursue these customs in their homes. This programming promotes that youth of all ages should have access to storybooks and educational resources on their history and culture, such as those on residential schooling. In addition, the program aims to ensure all homes are provided with language workbooks for the youth to practice their traditional tongue.
With the incentive to connect youth to the land we have begun offering seasonal medicine walks with elder Tim Yearington at Turtle Hill and Spirit Mountain in Huntsville, and Eagle's Nest and Manitou Mountain in Calabogie. We are in the process of establishing other walks in the province. Time on Mother Earth is sacred and it is in these moments where healing occurs simply by being on the land. Guided by an elder, these walks also provide traditional teachings and ceremony.
The teachings of the Medicine Wheel and Grandfathers are highly encouraged within the homes. This program provides a medicine wheel workshop for staff and youth, and Wellness Wheel workbooks are given upon admission so youth are able to work on their overall wellbeing under the premise of the Medicine Wheel teachings. Youth are also given the sacred medicines should they wish to smudge. Talking circles are encouraged as the forum to discuss weekly issues in the homes and it is an expectation that foster families participate in the cultural opportunities provided by their surrounding communities, such as pow wows, should their youth wish to participate.
Cultural events bring together all of the Connor Homes youth and their families across the province to celebrate Indigenous culture and "Native Pride". Inspirational role models, entertainers, musicians, drummers, dancers and artisans take the stage after everyone enjoys a traditional potluck. It is a great time to come together as a community, Indigenous and allies, and learn from traditional teachings, listen to inspirational stories and engage in friendly bannock competitions.
We currently have 37 Indigenous youth in our care: Ojibway, Oji-Cree, Cree, Mohawk, Chippewa and Oneida. We aim to provide treatment that is culturally relevant to specific tribes in understanding cultural differences. With that said, we also believe strongly in that all Nations can come together in the principle that certain teachings whether from an Ojibway or Mohawk elder are a strong foundation for all. We honour and celebrate both our differences and our common ground. This program has an elder's board that provides wisdom and guidance on how to best understand these teachings and how to best provide them to the children and youth in which we serve. | http://connorhomes.com/programs_indigenous-treatment-program.php |
Table 13.4 Serious military accidents involving birds in Canada and United States.* All listed accidents involved one or more of the following: destruction of the aircraft, pilot ejections or fatalities. * Excludes accidents involving Canadian ... <p id="elem-3686">There have been several recent major bird-strike accidents ... transport fleet. Examples of accidents involving both types of aircraft are reviewed
in bulk on ships or by pipeline. Dangerous goods accidents are “Reportable ... in Part 8 of the TDG Regulations. TDG accidents can occur while dangerous goods ... transport. “In-Transit” accidents include those that occur during actual transport
dangerous goods transported in bulk on ships or by pipeline. Dangerous goods accidents ... in the table contained in Part 8 of the TDG Regulations. TDG accidents can occur while ... storage pending transport. “In-Transit” accidents include those that occur
accident rates for air in 2006 decreased from both the previous year and the previous five-year average. The accident rate for marine (available only for commercial ... five-year average. Road accidents increased in 2005 and were 2.7 per cent below ... Figure 4-2: ACCIDENTS AND ACCIDENT RATES PER ACTIVITY MEASURE FOR RAIL, ROAD, MARINE AND AVIATION
MarineAccident Cost Analysis US to CAN multiplier Elasticity e=1 e=0.5 e=.75 e=1 Page 270 Rail Accident Cost Analysis US to CAN multiplier Elasticity e=1 e=0.5 e=.75 e=1 US to CAN multiplier Elasticity e=1 e=0.5 e=.75 e=1 Page 271 ... Cost VSL Injury Cost per million main track miles Crossing Trespassing Other Total Avoiding 38.4 death per year on average 38.4 death per year on average Air Accident Cost Analysis
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The vision of the Gaston County Schools’ English as a Second Language department is to inspire success and a lifetime of learning for students from all cultures and linguistic backgrounds.
Mission
Gaston County Schools strives to meet the needs of the whole child. The English as a Second Language (ESL) Department works to develop intercultural interactions to enhance students’ school experience. The ESL Department also seeks to provide support and instruction to language minority students to develop English language proficiency skills, which will enable them to become successful in mainstream classrooms, the school, and the community.
The ESL program is content-based and works to help English learners (EL) attain English proficiency and achieve at high levels in core academic subjects such as math, science, social studies, and language arts. ESL teachers use both the Common Core and the World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA) Standards to plan and deliver developmentally appropriate instruction to develop students’ listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills for both social and academic purposes. Gaston County Schools’ Language Instruction Education Program (LIEP) indicates how all students identified as English learners (EL) receive English language support. This support varies and includes ESL pull-out classes, ESL content-based classes, Sheltered Instruction (SIOP) in the mainstream classrooms, and newcomer classes. | https://www.gaston.k12.nc.us/Page/7965 |
Our products and services are based on integrating our expertise and experience in markets and technologies coupled with our unique tools, frameworks and platforms.
Market & Technology Insights: Over the last two decades, we have built detailed insights into markets, customers, technologies and products. Much of this knowledge has been codified, analysed and discussed in the Catalyzt platform, which provides a powerful tagged repository of knowledge. We provide contextual insights to our customers based on this platform, other open sources and the deep expertise of our team.
Eco-system Development: The success of many of our customers depends on understanding the eco-systems they operate in and engaging with the different players in their space. We have been actively involved in the creation of new eco-systems and have developed Riffstream# based on a musical analogy, to curate these dialogues.
The Scale-up Academy: The Scale-up Academy is a hands-on programme aimed at the leadership teams of high-growth companies. The Academy provides a structured framework for strategic dialogue within the leadership team based on a unique set of tools. It consists of three components: Subscription-based access to the Triple Chasm Platform, experienced mentors and coaches, and overall management of a strategic decision-making process including access to the right eco-system.
Strategic Advice & Consulting Services: We provide bespoke consulting and advisory services mainly to larger companies, particularly in the creation of new products, services and businesses. This includes guidance on build vs buy vs partner strategies.
Mentoring & Guidance: We provide hands-on guidance and advice, especially to smaller high-growth companies, including taking on advisory roles on board and strategic committees. We may sometimes take on critical roles in these companies for short periods if the situation demands it. | http://cartezia.com/page/products-plus-services |
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