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How is Heat Transferred through the Atmosphere?
Weather requires energy
Our weather changes constantly, from day to day and even hour to hour we can experience wild swings in atmospheric conditions. All of these changes must be powered by energy.
THE ENERGY THAT POWERS OUR WEATHER SYSTEM COMES FROM THE SUN.
HOW DOES HEAT MOVE THROUGH OUR ATMOSPHERE?
Radiation
RADIATION IS THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY BY WAVES.
Energy from the Sun reaches the Earth through radiation called insolation.
INSOLATION IS INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION, OR LIGHT.
The insolation that strikes Earth's surface is then absorbed and then re-radiated in a different form called infrared radiation.
INFRARED RADIATION IS HEAT
Conduction
CONDUCTION IS THE TRANSFER OF HEAT BY PHYSICAL CONTACT.
Objects that absorb insolation become hot. The heat is then transferred to any objects they are touching. This is also how your stove works. The gas burns on your stove creating heat. The heat is transferred to the pan physically touching the stove, and from there to the food physically touching the pan!
Convection
CONVECTION IS THE TRANSFER OF HEAT BY CURRENTS.
HOW IT WORKS:
- The hot Earth warms the air above it
- Hot air expands becoming less dense
- Hot less dense air rises
- As it rises away from the Earth the air cools
- Cool air contracts becoming more dense
- Cold air sinks back down to Earth's surface
Here it is warmed and the cycle repeats itself creating massive looping currents of air.
Earth's Heat Budget
Ideally all the INSOLATION entering Earth from the Sun would leave as INFRARED and we would have a temperature equilibrium. If this were the case, we would gain the same amount as we loose the Earth’s heat budget is in balance and our planet's temperature would remain stable.
If the heat budget is out of balance the Earth will either heat up or cool down.
Unfortunetly, human activities like energy production and transportation have thrown our planet's heat budget out of balance, causing our planet to warm up.
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT:
CERTAIN GASES IN OUR ATMOSPHERE ABSORB AND REFLECT INFRARED RADIATION BACK TO THE EARTH'S SURFACE, TRAPPING HEAT IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
GREENHOUSE GASES LIKE CO2, METHANE, AND WATER VAPOR ABOSORB INFRARED RADIATION TRAPPING IT IN OUR ATMOSPHERE. | http://peter-mulroy.squarespace.com/how-is-heat-transfered-through-the-atmosphere |
FIELD
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present disclosure relates generally to portable dispensers for substantially cylindrical containers and more particularly to backpacks for dispensing beverages.
Many of the previously known insulated packs for dispensing beverages have been designed primarily for use by vendors and are not sufficiently compact for personal use. Previously known compact packs sized for personal use have a capacity for relatively few canned or bottled beverages or are designed only for top loading items such as baby food. Further, prior packs that include two or more vertical stacks of canned beverages leading to a single dispensing path have no mechanism for avoiding a gridlock or jamming of the cans within the pack.
In a first embodiment of the present disclosure, a portable cooler is provided. The cooler including a housing defining an interior volume and having at least one access point proximate a lower end of the housing; and a removable guide sized and shaped to be removably positioned within the interior volume, wherein the guide directs containers within the interior volume to a location proximate the at least one access point of the housing, the guide retaining containers within the housing when the at least one access point is open.
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a cooler element is provided. The cooler element includes a guide sized and shaped to be removably positioned within an interior volume of a cooler having two access points located on opposite sides of the cooler and proximate a lower end of the cooler, wherein the guide directs containers within the interior volume to a location proximate one of the two access points.
According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of using a cooler is provided. The method including the steps of providing a housing; providing a removable guide sized and shaped to be received within the housing; and providing a removable liner sized and shaped to be selectively coupled to the housing.
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As shown in , an embodiment of container is provided in the form of a backpack for the retention, conveyance, and thermal control of a plurality of beverages or other perishables. Container includes cover , framework , and thermal packs . Optionally, liner may be employed in place of framework .
FIGS. 1 and 2
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show an embodiment of cover of container suitable for receiving framework or liner . Cover includes insulated walls -shoulder straps , , hanging strap , top cover , front pockets , , side pockets , dispensing flaps , and liner retainers (not shown).
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Shoulder straps , are provided for carrying container as a backpack. Shoulder straps , are adjustable and include padded upper portions and straps . Padded upper portions are sewn or otherwise affixed to upper edge of back wall . Straps are sewn or otherwise affixed to lower portions near the interface of back wall and respective side walls Hanging strap is provided by which container may be hung such that the weight of container is approximately evenly distributed on each side thereof (assuming substantially even payload distribution). Top cover includes fixed end , access end , and a pair of sides extending between fixed end and access end . Fixed end is sewn to insulated wall . Access end includes a strip of hook and loop fastener that corresponds to a similarly sized strip of hook and loop fastener coupled proximate upper edge of insulated wall . Each of sides have one half of zipper coupled thereto that mate with halves of zippers on upper edges of respective insulated walls . Accordingly, top cover can be lifted by access end to open container or top cover can be secured by hook and loop fastener and zippers for closure. Strap extends between zippers such that pulling on strap pulls both zippers .
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Front pockets , are positioned on the exterior of front insulated wall . Pocket includes outer wall that is insulated. Outer wall includes an area where signage may be stitched therein or otherwise affixed. Upper edge and portions of side walls have one half of zipper coupled thereto that mate with a half of a zipper on front insulated wall to selectively close pocket . The interior of front pocket forms a waterproof pouch. Pocket is positioned on the exterior of outer wall . Pocket is not waterproof and includes outer wall . Pocket is selectively opened and closed via zipper .
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Side pockets each include mesh portions and elastic portions . Mesh portions are sewn to respective side walls at lower ends and sides . Upper ends of mesh portions are coupled to elastic portions . Elastic portions expand when under load allowing mesh portions to extend outward so that side pockets may receive and retain items therein.
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Dispensing flaps are provided at the lower ends of side walls and provide a portion of bottom of cover . Dispensing flaps are formed from an insulated wall. Dispensing flaps are sewn or otherwise fixed to bottom . Sides of dispensing flaps have one half of zippers thereon, with complementary sides of zippers coupled to respective walls Strap extends between zippers such that pulling on strap pulls both zippers on respective flap . Inner side of upper ends of flaps include a strip of hook and loop fastener thereon. Complementary strips of hook and loop fastener are mounted on walls . Accordingly, flaps can be pulled by upper ends after zippers are pulled down to open flaps or flaps can be secured by hook and loop fasteners and zippers for closure.
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Liner retainers (not shown) are strips of hook and loop fastener coupled to the interior of walls . Liner retainers (not shown) are sized and positioned to couple to complementary hook and loop strips on liner . Liner is a waterproof pouch having dimensions substantially similar to the interior dimensions of container . Liner is formed from a single sheet of waterproof material that is sonically welded or otherwise coupled to form a watertight pouch having open upper edge . Hook and loop strips are affixed to surround the outside of open upper edge .
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Framework , as shown in , includes two container guides and six (6) spacing connectors . Container guides and connectors can be made from any material that is strong enough to hold many, such as twenty, typical filled beverage containers without significantly bending or breaking and is sufficiently light weight so as not to add a great weight when worn as a part of a backpack. Such suitable materials include aluminum or molded plastic such as polycarbonate, polypropylene, high density polyethylene or polystyrene. As shown, container guides and connectors are formed from injection molded plastic.
FIG. 4
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shows container guide that can be either a front or back framework component. Front and back container guides are identical and can be produced in the same injection mold. Front and back container guides are also symmetrical about central axis . Accordingly, only one side will be discussed with the understanding that identical structure is present on the opposite side.
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The front and back container guides each include substantially flat back wall . Ridges and extend substantially perpendicularly from back wall to form first pathway , which extends downwardly from container receiving upper end and ends at first shaped rigid member . Rigid member is shaped to block the movement of containers in the absence of manipulation by an operator.
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Ridges and form second pathway that begins at container receiving upper end and extends to merging location at which second pathway merges with first pathway . Ridge ends at second rigid shaped member . Second rigid shaped member is shaped and positioned so as to allow containers in second pathway to merge into first pathway when containers are in first pathway only by moving laterally so that containers in second pathway merge into first pathway only when a highest container in first pathway is below merging location .
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It should be appreciated that ridges of the respective sides define a vertical gap therebetween. Similarly, ridge and side ridge define a vertical gap of a width similar to gap . Notches are defined in back wall near upper end of each gap , . Gaps , are sized to receive thermal packs therein.
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Each container guide includes six spacing connector voids therein. Spacing connector voids are located on each side ridge with one near upper end and one near dispensing point , and on bottom . Spacing connector voids are sized to receive spacing connectors therein. Container guides further include shoulders (see ) proximate connector voids that engage lock shoulders of spacing connectors thereon.
FIG. 5
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As shown in , assembled container guides are spaced apart by spacing connectors that connect to form framework for holding and dispensing cylindrical containers, such as cans or bottles containing beverages. Spacing connectors include body and tabs . Body is substantially flat and of any useful length, depending on the typical height of beverage cans or bottles expected to be used in the resulting container . Tabs include lock shoulders sized and shaped to engage shoulders of container guides . Alternatively, container guides and spacing connectors may be connected by any of a variety of well known fastening mechanisms and techniques, including riveting and ultrasonic welding. It should also be appreciated that the entire framework could be injection molded as one piece.
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Spacing connectors hold container guides sufficiently far apart to enable free movement of beverage containers down pathways , while at the same time maintaining container guides sufficiently close that movement of beverage containers down pathways , is controlled by ridges , , . Spacing connectors are between four and six inches in length. Each ridge , , within each set of ridges is sufficiently far apart from the other to accommodate the diameter of a beverage can or bottle.
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Thermal packs , as shown in , include hangers , pouches , and thermal gel . Hangers are of a length to span between opposing back walls and are sized to snugly fit in notches . Each pouch is formed from flexible plastic and includes gel compartment and hanger receiving portion . Gel compartment is sealed to minimize escape of thermal gel contained therein. Hanger receiving portion is a doubled over portion that provides an opening through which hanger may extend. Hanger receiving portion and thermal packs in general is of a width less than hangers and framework . Ends of hangers are sized and shaped to engage notches . When hangers are within hanger receiving portion and ends engage notches , thermal packs hang within gaps , . This placement allows thermal packs to be proximate any beverages stored in framework . Thermal packs are placed in a freezer or otherwise extensively cooled prior to insertion into gaps , . Accordingly, thermal packs cool stored beverages within framework .
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Beverage containers are removed from the assembled framework , after opening dispensing flaps , by an operator by moving the selected container upwardly over edge of the first shaped rigid member .
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shows assembled framework holding beverage cans in first pathway , which descends from container receiving upper end of framework and curves into a downward sloping path , ending at first rigid shaped member . Member is formed by the upturned terminal portions of ridges on both front and back container guides and is shaped and positioned to stop progress of a beverage container, such as can , either when alone in framework or when it is under pressure from the weight of additional cans above it in first pathway -. The upturned and centrally opened shape of member also allows easy removal of cans from framework by an upward pressure on can in the area between the upturned terminal portions of the ridges that form member .
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A second line of beverage cans is shown in descending second pathway defined by ridges , on both the front and back container guides . Ridge ends in second rigid shaped member at location where pathway merges with pathway -
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Member is positioned to hold cylindrical containers so that they will be blocked from feeding into pathway -when a container occupies pathway -at location , but will feed easily into pathway -when no can or container blocks lateral movement into that pathway -. The lateral movement of containers from pathway into pathway -avoids the downward weight of the containers in pathway against member and facilitates removal of the containers from pathway
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shows pack with top cover opened to show pathways , defined by ridges , , . Dispensing flaps are also opened to expose first shaped rigid member and cans .
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Framework is removable from the interior of container . Removal of framework and addition of liner allows container to function more like a traditional cooler. Waterproof liner allows items and ice to be placed therein such that melting ice will not escape through dispensing flaps .
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The present invention has been illustrated in terms of a backpack for carrying beverages in cans or bottles. It will be understood, however, by those skilled in the art that the device disclosed here for controlling the movement of generally cylindrical shapes in merging, descending pathways to avoid gridlock or jamming of the shapes at the point of merging and to avoid excessive weight on the lowermost such shape will have wide application and is intended to be within the scope of the appended claims. Likewise, a device for holding generally cylindrical shapes in single or multiple descending pathways such that the final such shape can be removed with a relatively small upward pressure will have many applications, each of which are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a perspective view of a pack according to the present disclosure partially loaded with beverages;
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is a perspective view of a cover of the pack of ;
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
is a perspective view of an assembled framework of the pack of ;
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
is a front view of a framework piece used to construct the framework unit of ;
FIG. 5
FIG. 4
is a perspective view of connectors of the framework unit of ;
FIG. 6
FIG. 3
is a perspective view of the framework of with a plurality of beverage cans ready for extraction therefrom;
FIG. 7
FIG. 1
is a perspective view of thermal packs used with the pack of ;
FIG. 8
FIG. 7
is a perspective view of a hanger of the thermal packs of ; and
FIG. 9
FIG. 2
is a perspective view of a liner for use with the cover of . | |
Alfa Hotel was built in 2007 in the center of Pechora river part (Komi Republic). A new hotel with high standards of service accommodates 48 guests at once in rooms of various types. Depending on your needs we can offer you single and twin standard rooms, single and twin economy rooms as well as superior rooms and de luxe suite.
Each room has its own original color scale and comfortably arranged modern furniture, free Wi-Fi is available. The hotel provides the conditions both for comfortable rest and efficient work.
Every morning the cozy café offers guests free breakfast, every evening you are welcome to rest and dinner with friends under gentle music. A modern sauna with pearl bath is a good place for rest and relax.
The hotel offers services of hairdresser, manicurist, chiropodist, cosmetologist, massage therapist and also SPA.
Convenient parking is nearby the hotel. | http://pechora-alpha.ru/en/ |
A GUIDE TO THE I CHING, first published in 1980, was a guide to the Wilhelm/Baynes classic translation of the I Ching. It has now become a classic in its own right. This first psychological interpretation of the I Ching has been recognised until now by teachers and longtime students of the Wilhelm/Baynes translation, as indispensable to its understanding and use. Developed from notes taken over many years, the Guide mirrors the readers true inner feelings, helping them to bring their life and fate into harmony with the Tao ” the way of the Universe.
The book has been translated into German, Spanish, Portuguese and Croatian, and has sold more than 150,000 copies worldwide.
Readers have asked how this book differs from the book, I Ching, The Oracle of the Cosmic Way, co-written by Carol K. Anthony and Hanna Moog and published in 2002. After discovering a new method of consulting the I Ching and understanding its answers from the Sages viewpoint, the authors began to experience that the Sage that speaks through the I Ching wanted to correct a number of concepts that were written into the ancient text over the millenia, as well as to correct assumptions written into it by its translators. The cascading number of insights brought them to ask the Sage, Are we to write these insights into a new version of the I Ching? The answer came as an unqualified Yes. While A GUIDE TO THE I CHING has many gifts and insights and is a simpler introduction into the I Ching, the later book, I Ching, The Oracle of the Cosmic Way, clarifies the Cosmic Way that leads to success.
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- Published : 31/12/1998
- ISBN : 9780960383245
- Format : Paperback
- Imprint : Anthony Publishing Company
- Size (mm): 140 x 210
- Category: Divination
- Pages : 334
- Edition : | https://www.deep-books.co.uk/books/Divination/9780960383245-guide-to-the-i-ching |
To kick off 2019, small business CRM provider Infusionsoft announced it would rebrand as Keap. The new name is designed to reflect the company’s core mission to help small businesses continue to grow even though the odds may be stacked against them. In an exclusive interview with Demand Gen Report, Keap CEO and Co-Founder Clate Mask opened up about the company’s rebrand and shared his perspective on the current state of CRM.
During its Modern Customer Experience conference, Oracle unveiled new features for its Marketing Cloud. The updates to Oracle Eloqua, Responsys, Infinity and Maxymiser aim to eliminate data silos and provide real-time insights into behavioral data. Shashi Seth, SVP of Oracle Marketing Cloud, shared details on the updates and more in an exclusive interview with Demand Gen Report. | https://www.demandgenreport.com/feed?start=20 |
Dwell Magazine included Rammed Earth Works (as well as Watershed Materials) in their recent Special Issue - Materials Sourcebook 2016. We're so honored!
The letter from the Editor-in-Chief, Amanda Dameron, entitled In the Material World speaks to our mission in more ways than one :
"Over the past 16 years, we've amassed a deep archive of architectural projects that convey modern values through conscious design decisions. This special issue celebrates the way that architects and residents alike have engaged bold material palettes as a vehicle for communicating their ideals.
In the pages that follow, we honor the artistry of the build through the lens of material exploration. We acknowledge that when architects experiment with material properties, they push their own power of expression.
While the wheel need not be reinvented with each use of stone, wood, concrete, metal, glass, and even recycled goods - surely we can chart modern architectural progress through technological innovation and ceaseless iteration. What would 'modern architecture' mean today if Alvar Aalto hadn't spent years experimenting with wood, if Louis Kahn hadn't embraced brick, or if Frank Gehry hadn't explored the limits of metal?
It's inconceivable to conjure the work without the materials, not to mention the tireless minds that dared to recast the mundane."
We couldn't agree more!
This feature is a reissue of a larger Dwell Magazine story on Rammed Earth Worksoriginally published in April, 2009. | https://www.rammedearthworks.com/blog/2016/5/13/dwell-magazine-special-issue-materials-sourcebook-features-rammed-earth-works |
Big Society Capital’s overall purpose is to help build an investment ecosystem that supports enterprises to improve people’s lives. We do this both through investing our own capital in ways that bring in other co-investors and also through wider market building activities. These involve building awareness and understanding of social impact investment among investors of all kinds, as well as among social enterprises and charities that could use repayable finance.
Our approach to market building is through education and partnership, with a long-term goal of building a movement of people and organisations who use social impact investment to improve lives.
Engaging investors
We engage with investors to raise awareness and understanding of investments that help to solve some of the most pressing social issues in the UK.
Responding to Covid-19
The global pandemic is the greatest challenge we’ve faced in generations. It threatened, and continues to threaten, the financial stability of social enterprises, charities and social purpose organisations.
Diversity, equality and inclusion
Our mission at Big Society Capital is all about system change. But what if we try to change systems only to replicate the bias, unfairness and inequality found in the old?
Governance and accountability
The Oversight Trust - Assets for the Common Good, our majority shareholder, commissioned an independent review of Big Society Capital in 2020. | https://bigsocietycapital.com/annual-review-2020/market-building/ |
Five industrial plantation forest concessions that supply timber to PT Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) in South Sumatra – locally known as HTI concessions – are areas of high conservation value inhabited by endangered Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and other endemic wildlife, according to a report issued at the end of March.
The research, conducted by Ekologika Consultants, which provides technical advice and service for the natural resource management sector, assessed concession areas belonging toPT Sumber Hijau Permai (SHP), PT Tripupa Jaya (TPJ), PT Rimba Hutani Mas (RHM), PT Bumi Persada Permai (BPP) I and BPP II, located in the districts of Musiwaras, Musi Banyuasin and Banyuasin in South Sumatra province, starting in 2013.
The report found many species, such as Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae), are living in or near the concessions. Photo by Rhett A. Butler.
The concessions of these five companies are located near protected forests, primary forests that are still pristine and intact, and national parks – BPP I near protected forest, BPP II near an ecosystem restoration area owned by PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia, SHP near Sembilang National Park and areas of untouched forest, and TPJ near Sembilang National Park.
The assessment was conducted in compliance with APP’s Forest Conservation Policy, for which at least 2.6 million hectares of its 38 concessions were evaluated last year and found to have high conservation value (HCV) and high carbon stock (HCS). Besides Ekologika Consultants, other independent organizations were involved in the research, such as The Forest Trust (TFT) and Ata Marie.
Recently, APP launched another commitment to protect and restore one million hectares of forest in Indonesia, which represents an area equivalent to the total plantation area from which the company sourced pulp in 2013.
Ekologika Consultants used a variety of methods to determine whether there were at-risk species inhabiting the concessions and areas surrounding them.
“We found Sumatran tigers based on footprints, surveillance [footage] from the company and people’s [anecdotes]. But we have yet to [determine] how many there are,” said Neville Kemp, director of Ekologika Consultants.
An APP concession in Sumatra. Photo by Rhett A. Butler.
When assessing BPP I concessions in Banyuasin district, they discovered prints of Sumatran tigers, along with other endemic mammals, including endangered otters (Lutra sumatrana), sun bears (Helarctos malayanus), macaques, muntjacs (Muntiacus montanus), flat-headed cats (Prionailurus planiceps),sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), silvery lutungs (Trachypithecus cristatus), long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis),agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis), sambar deers (Cervus unicolor), mittered leaf-monkeys (Presbytis melalophos) and tapirs (Tapirus indicus).
Meanwhile, in BPP II in Musi Banyuasin district, they also found Sumatran tigers and other animals, including otter-civets (Cynogale bennettii), sun bears, agile gibbons, otters, long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), muntjacs, slow loris, mitered leaf-monkeys, flat-headed catss, sambar deer, tapirs and silvery lutungs.
They also found evidence of Sumatran tigers and Sumatran elephants in RHM concession areas in Musi Banyuasin district, along with sun bears, agile gibbons, four-striped ground squirrels (Lariscus hosei), mitered leaf-monkeys, flat-headed cats, cream-coloured giant squirrels (Ratufa affinis), sambar deer, silvery lutungs, greater mouse-deer or napu (Tragulus napu), bearded pigs (Sus barbatus), lesser mouse-deer or kanchil (Tragulus kanchil), and pangolins (Manis javanica).
Meanwhile, at the TPJ concession area in Banyuasin district, in addition to Sumatran tigers, they found sun bears, agile gibbons, Sumatran porcupines (Hystrix sumatraeReport finds five timber concessions in South Sumatra have high conservation value), four-striped ground squirrels, otters, long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques, muntjacs, mittered leaf-monkeys, flat-headed cats, cream-colored giant squirrels, sambar deer, and greater mouse-deer or napu.
Many concessions abut protected areas, such as Sembilang National Park. Courtesy of Global Forest Watch. Click to enlarge.
Because they are habitat for Sumatran tigers and other endemic animals, these concession areas have been given the highest-possible conservation value rating, HCV1, which is reserved for areas that contain regionally, nationally, or globally significant concentrations of biodiversity. The HCVF rating was established by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in 1999.
To protect at-risk species in South Sumatra, Ekologika recommends implementing a hunting ban supported by strict law enforcement, and raising local awareness of the issues surrounding these species through education. They also encourage cooperation between villagers, companies, and authorities to more effectively tackle poaching, as well as promoting effective forest management to help reestablish logged forests and reduce human-caused wildfires.
According to data from Global Forest Watch, South Sumatra has lost more than 1.5 million hectares of forest since 2000 – in other words, more than 20 percent of its total land area was deforested over the past 13 years. Wood fiber plantations such as those of APP account for a significant portion of that loss, shrinking both wildlife habitat and constraining human communities. Protecting regions of high conservation value like those outlined in Ekologica’s report from conversion into timber plantations would not only help to preserve South Sumatra’s rich biodiversity, but reduce human conflicts in the region, as well.
South Sumatra has lost an estimated 20 percent of its forests in the past 13 years. Courtesy of Global Forest Watch. Click to enlarge.
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Police apprehend elephant-killers in Sumatra
(05/01/2014) Eleven people were arrested on April 16 by West Aceh police for allegedly killing a Sumatran elephant in a forest six kilometers away from Teupin Panah village, Kaway XVI, in the West Aceh district.
Indonesian activist wins Goldman Prize for fighting palm oil, deforestation
(04/28/2014) An Indonesian has won the world’s most prestigious award for environmental activism for his efforts to fight illegal logging, forest encroachment for palm oil production, and a policy that would open up vast swathes of an endangered ecosystem for mining and industrial plantations. | https://news.mongabay.com/2014/05/timber-concessions-in-sumatra-have-high-conservation-value-according-to-report/ |
Article Overview: Living in Vermont | Moving to Vermont
Wondering about the pros and cons of moving to Vermont? I think I can help.
I’ve been living in Vermont for the past 38 years and can’t imagine being anywhere else. I’ve traveled the US extensively but something always calls me home.
I’d like to highlight some of the perks of moving to Vermont for anyone considering a similar lifestyle. Read on to learn about my personal roundup of the pros and cons of living in Vermont from a lifelong local’s perspective.
Just keep in mind that this is my personal list and not everyone will feel the same way. With that said, let’s jump right in.
Meet the Author | This guide is written by Annie, a lifelong Vermonter. She grew up in Burlington but currently calls Stowe home (along with her husband and cheeky French Bulldog, Francis).
Quick Stats About Living in Vermont
Pros & Cons of Living in Vermont
Before we dive into the pros and cons of moving to Vermont, it might be helpful to know three (neutral) things about daily life in Vermont. These are neither good nor bad — merely factual statements.
Vermont is rural (it’s one of the least populous states in the US)
Vermont is rural in every sense of the word. While there’s a handful of cities/towns, the largest one (Burlington) has a population of only 45,000. Many people move to Vermont specifically to escape the bustle of city living — as such, Vermont is extremely rural.
How rural you might ask? Well, Vermont is the second-least populous state in the country. If you’re moving to Vermont for peace and quiet, chances are good that you’ll find what you’re looking for.
It’s one of the most liberal states in the country
It might seem odd for this statement to follow the last, but it’s true. Vermont is considered the third most liberal state in the country. But because of the rural nature of the state, there’s a 50% chance your liberal neighbor will own a gun and hunt on the weekends.
Vermont is very progressive, friendly and accepting regardless of your political preference. Live and let live seems to be the common thread keeping daily life in harmony.
Is marijuana legal in Vermont?
Yes, marijuana use is legalized in Vermont. In fact, Vermont was the first state to legalize recreational cannabis through state legislature.
Medical marijuana was legalized in 2004, but it wasn’t until 2018 that recreational marijuana became decriminalized.
Locals are comfortable with the topic of marijuana, it’s it’s openly discussed without judgement. Everyone knows someone that smokes and folks are alright with it overall. Live and let live.
Pros of Living in Vermont
#1. Vermont is the greenest state in the country
Let’s start with my favorite thing about living in Vermont — we are the most environmentally-conscious state in the country. So, what does that mean for the average Joe that calls the state home?
Well, for starters, being environmentally conscious means going the extra mile to ensure your daily actions have a minimal impact on the environment.
Secondly, this type of thinking permeates into every aspect of daily life in Vermont. From the morning commute to the produce you buy. Ask any lifelong local about proper recycling habits and they’re bound to give you an A+ answer.
Personally, I love living in a state that cares so much about the environment because it improves the overall quality of life. I’m healthier, happier and more productive simply because I’m more active and eat better than I would otherwise.
#2. It’s also one of the safest states in the country
Here’s a fun fact that few folks moving to Vermont realize: it’s the second-safest state in the country. Crime is rare and well below the national average.
You won’t hear folks discussing petty or major crime often, which is refreshing for those moving to Vermont from larger cities.
Speaking from personal experience, I’ve never felt unsafe while living in Vermont. I think there’s a strong sense of community and everyone looks out for each other, which keeps suspicious activity at bay.
#3. Winter activities
Ask any local about their favorite things about living in Vermont and most will tell you it’s the winter activities. Ask any newcomer about their least favorite thing about moving to Vermont and they’ll tell you it’s the harsh winters.
The best way to describe the seasons while living in Vermont is like this: long winters, short summers. Thankfully, locals can “get with the program” and have learned to actually enjoy winter. The secret? Snow sports. You’ll find us outside regardless of the temperatures because otherwise we’d be going stir crazy 6 months of the year.
And thanks to the mountains, there’s so many great opportunities for winter outdoor recreation when living in Vermont. Everything from snowshoeing, skiing and snowboarding, to snowmobiling, sledding and ice fishing. You’re sure to find something to love if you can effectively combat the cold.
The biggest gripe newcomers have about our winters are the brutal temperatures (they are brutal!). But there’s a way around this hurdle and it starts with clothes. It’s crucial to learn how to dress properly while living in Vermont.
You’ll need good quality warm layers, which is why I swear by my Patagonia staples and this magical invention I can’t imagine living without.
Average winter temperatures (December – March) range between 10-20°F (sometimes dipping into the negatives). The winter months seldom climb above freezing and take a while to adjust to.
#4. Locals are self-sufficient
I’ve mentioned this earlier, but I’d like to delve into the details. A lot of people end up moving to Vermont in hopes of living a more self-sustainable lifestyle and it’s hard to blame them.
Unless you move to one of the towns in Vermont, most of your neighborhoods will probably own livestock. Everyone is handy and well connected, so if your car breaks down you’ll have several folks to call.
There’s many advantages to a self-sufficient way of life, chief among them is the deep sense of community that ensues. Vermonters have each others backs, which speaks to the small town style of living.
Another way this self-sufficient/small town living shines through is in the abundance of local farmers markets (especially in the summer and fall). Everyone has something interesting to offer!
Expect to find tons of home-baked goodies, handmade crafts (like candles and soaps) and the best apple cider donuts you will ever have (fighting words, I know).
The self-sustainability culture is prevalent and brings folks together to mingle and share, giving daily life in Vermont a charming vibe that few places can offer.
#5. Great outdoor recreation
I’ve lost count of the number of times I’ve heard coworkers refer to life in Vermont as a luxury. And it’s true, we’re downright spoiled. Spoiled by the beautiful nature, local cuisine, quality of life and infinite hiking options.
Whatever your itch, life in Vermont is sure to satisfy. Popular recreational activities include biking, hiking, climbing and the snow sports mentioned earlier.
If you’re moving to Vermont with plans to take advantage of the great outdoors, I highly recommend hiking the Camel’s Hump Trail (the second tallest summit in the state) to give yourself an introduction to the area.
#6. Access to top-notch schools
If you’re moving to Vermont with kids in tow then you’re in luck. Vermont has the highest annual per-pupil spending in the country ($20,795) and has the high rating to show for it.
In fact, Vermont’s state schools are considered the third best in the country.
Likewise, Vermont is considered the fourth-most educated state in the nation. In terms of degrees, 92.7% of residents have a high school diploma (the 6th highest percentage in the country) and 38% hold Bachelor’s degrees (the 7th highest percentage in the country).
#7. Mild summer temperatures
Vermont is one of the few places in America that hasn’t been impacted by scorching summer temps exceeding 100°F on the regular. Sometimes it feels like winters overstays its welcome, sure, but the pristine summer temperatures and striking greenery make up for past transgressions.
Average summer temperatures dance between 75°F and 82°F, which makes being outside very enjoyable.
Vermont is so beautiful in the summer (and fall too, of course). Sometimes I catch myself wanting to cry tears of job because I can’t stand it. I’ve traveled to so many places in the country and have yet to find a place that compares to the beauty of Vermont.
But I don’t want to fool you, even though the summer temperatures are pure bliss the bugs and ticks will keep you humble. They’re the worst (but we’ll cover that more in depth shortly).
Also, you may notice after moving to Vermont that there’s no billboards in the state. The reason? They were banned.
#8. The craft brew scene is off the charts
One of the more recent trends that has really excited me about living in Vermont is the craft brew scene. Vermont has more breweries per capita than any other state, with 15 breweries for every 100,000 residents. Locals are spoiled for choice.
There’s (far) too many great breweries to list here, but a few of my personal favorites are: The Alchemist, Hill Farmstead and Lost Nation.
Fun fact: Hazy IPAs originated in Waterbury, Vermont. The trend is sweeping the nation by storm and it’s cool to think that it started in our little state.
Cons of Moving to Vermont
#1. Cost of living is high
Let’s kick off this list of the (honest) disadvantages of living in Vermont properly: she’s beautiful but comes with a steep price tag. Don’t just take my word for it, Vermont is the 10th most expensive state in the country.
From groceries and gas to restaurants, utilities, housing and self-care, everything will cost more while living in Vermont (17% higher than the national average).
I understand that “expensive” is a subjective term. If someone’s moving to Vermont from New York City they won’t find our cost of living astronomical by any stretch of the imagination, I get that. But here’s the thing: This is rural Vermont and are salaries can’t keep up with the high cost of living.
Here’s the kicker: Vermont is deemed the least affordable state in the country. It’s estimated that only 16% of households can afford a mortgage payment, the lowest percentage in the country.
For reference, Connecticut is the second least-affordable state, with only 21% of households in a position to afford a mortgage.
It also doesn’t help that Vermont has some of the highest taxes in the country, to boot.
#2. This isn’t a place to grow a career
Another big thing to keep in mind before moving to Vermont is that finding a gig can be a mixed bag. At 2.3%, Vermont has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country but that doesn’t necessarily mean jobs are easy to come by.
The largest employers in Vermont are: National Life Group, The University of Vermont Medical Center, Cabot Creamery Cooperative Inc, Casella Waste Systems Inc and the University of Vermont. Seems dandy enough until you notice that most of the jobs are in insurance, government, medical and education.
If you work in a creative field then you may have a hard time finding a job after moving to Vermont. What’s more, there seems to be very low turnover (this is based on my personal experience in the workforce), so connections matter more than some people realize.
My biggest advice is to make sure you have a job lined up before moving to Vermont.
#3. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Vermont often ranks in the top 10 states with worst seasonal affective disorder (SAD), which is not to be taken lightly because it impacts your daily life.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression related to seasonal weather changes. It tends to keep regular office hours — opening shop in October and closing for the season come May. (This is obviously not a medical definition).
Honestly, between January – March, the gray weather and cold temperatures are a lot to handle. There’s two things that have helped me most in dealing with the impossible winter season. First, investing in this bad boy (I use it daily) and secondly, budging a vacation in February.
Likewise, outdoor sports are essential to sanity after moving to Vermont. This is why locals have come to love them. I can’t stress this enough: If you don’t pick up a winter sport while living in Vermont then you will find winter intolerable.
Local’s Tip: You may hear locals refer to “five seasons” after moving to Vermont. What they mean is this: There are five true seasons in Vermont: Foliage, Stick, Winter, Mud and Summer.
#4. Reserved locals
This goes hand-in-hand with how self-sufficient locals are but it warrants a deeper dive. Vermonters tend to be pretty reserved and private, so it will take a long time to build friendships.
Granted, it will be much easier to make friends if you’re living in one of the cities because there’s a higher chance you’ll run into other transplants.
But most of Vermont is rural and making friends requires a great effort. Locals are more observant of newcomers (which is not unique to Vermont, mind you) which seems to be the norm in most small towns.
#5. Lack of diversity
One of my least favorite things about living in Vermont is the stark lack of diversity. The state is 89.1% white, which makes is the second-least diverse state in the country.
Further Reading: How Cultural Diversity Makes a City a Better Place to Live, Work and Play.
#6. You’ll need a car to get around
Everything is spread far apart so you’ll definitely need a car while living in Vermont. Some might argue that if you live in a city you’ll be fine without a car, which is partially true but then your access to the great outdoors will be substantially limited.
And since outdoor recreation is the biggest perk of living in Vermont, I’d argue a car is a necessity. You might want to factor in rising gas prices before moving to Vermont (especially if you’re coming from a city where you didn’t own a car) because the expenses add up.
#7. Internet + cell reception is spotty at best
There’s no reason to sugarcoat this one: the internet service in Vermont is terrible, almost non-existent. Don’t expect good internet access if you’re living in the rural areas (even the cities leave much to be desired). I always mention to family and friends not to panic if they can’t reach me for a few days, it just is what it is.
#8. Mosquitos and ticks
One of the biggest cons of living in Vermont are the intolerable bugs. It seems like we have the worst of them, blackflies, ticks, mosquitos and spiders galore. The only way to enjoy the pristine summer weather at home is to have a screened in porch, because otherwise you might be eaten alive.
#9. Oh yeah, can’t forget to mention fall tourist season
The longer I find myself living in Vermont, the more I realize how easily annoyed I become during high tourist season in the fall. This probably reflects very poorly on me, but it gets old after a while.
Vermont is a stunning place so the tourism is completely warranted. Fall foliage draws in millions of people annually and there’s a good reason for that (Vermont is one of the fall color capitals of the world!). The boost in tourism also provides seasonal jobs for locals (not well paying, but still something).
The thing that seems to get most annoying for locals are the tourists that don’t respect private property and trespass for photos. So word to the wise — if you’re visiting Vermont for the fall color (as you should) be mindful of signage, it goes a long way with locals.
Pros & Cons of Living in Vermont (Post Summary)
In sum, here’s a quick roundup of the pros and cons of living in Vermont.
- Vermont is rural (it’s one of the least populous states in the US)
- It’s one of the most liberal states in the country
- Weed is legal and enjoyed
- Vermont is the greenest state in the country
- It’s also one of the safest states in the country
- Winter is what you make it
- Local community (self sustainability)
- Access to top-notch schools
- Great outdoor recreation
- Mild summer temperatures
- The craft beer scene is off the charts
- Cost of living is high
- This isn’t a place to grow a career
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
- Reserved locals
- Lack of diversity
- You’ll need a car to get around
- Cell reception is spotty at best
- Mosquitos and ticks
- Fall tourist season
I hope you enjoyed reading my list of the perks of moving to Vermont. Don’t hesitate to let me know in the comments below if you think I missed anything. | https://www.thehonestlocal.com/pros-cons-living-vermont-moving/ |
AbstractIn Brazil, pastures for cattle ranching are being established in areas that were previously forested. To investigate some consequences of this change in land use we measured fluxes of CO2 and water vapour over a typical pasture, dominated by the introduced C4 grass Brachiaria brizantha. In addition, we compared the CO2, water vapour fluxes and canopy stomatal conductances observed with those obtained simultaneously over a nearby undisturbed rain forest. Measurements were made near the end of the wet season under conditions of ample soil moisture. Leaf area index of the pasture was 3.9.
The pasture had a lower canopy stomatal conductance than the forest (typically 0.2–0.3 mol m-2 s-1 versus 0.4–0.9 mol m-2 s-1 at high photon irradiance) and was less responsive to the canopy-to-air vapour pressure difference. As a consequence of these lower canopy stomatal conductances, the pasture used much less water than the forest with average values over the period examined being 153 mol H2O m-2 d-1 and 249 mol H2O m-2 d-1 for pasture and forest respectively (2.74 and 4.48 mm d-1 respectively). This was also reflected by differing fractions of the absorbed energy being dissipated as evaporation. This proportion was typically 0.56 for the pasture and 0.74 for the forest.
After allowing for soil and plant respiration, average daily photosynthetic rates were 0.67 mol C m-2 d-1 for the pasture and 0.57 mol C m-2 d-1for the forest (8.0 and 6.8 g C m-2 d-1, respectively). Thus, despite an appreciably lower rate of water use the pasture assimilated more carbon on a daily basis. Nevertheless, Brachiaria displayed a somewhat lower rate of photosynthesis than expected for a C4 grass, perhaps because of a low nutrient status. Indeed, at low and medium photon irradiance the pasture and forest showed remarkably similar photosynthetic performance. There was, however, less tendency for CO2 assimilation rates of the pasture canopy to saturate at high photon irradiance. The respiratory fluxes from the two ecosystems at night were quite similar, 6–8 µmol m-2 s-1.
The ratio of intercellular CO2 concentration to ambient CO2 concentration was usually 0.4 to 0.6 for the pasture, a range which is higher than that often reported for C4 plants but possibly not unusual for tropical grasses in their natural environment. | http://www.publish.csiro.au/fp/PP97120 |
Green from the ground up, the Brower Center is a powerful model of sustainable, mixed-use development. Utilizing the latest in energy-saving technologies and recycled building materials, the Center makes as light a footprint on the Earth as possible, taking into account the true life-cycle cost of building construction, operation, and maintenance.
Designed by acclaimed architect Dan Solomon, the Brower Center follows the example of some of Europe’s most distinguished green buildings in both its contextual fit and use of innovative technologies. In so doing, the Brower Center is articulated with a distinct base, middle, and top.
The base is formed by awnings, arcades, and entrances for the various ground floor uses, while the middle of the building is defined by exposed structural columns and various light control devices. A projecting upper floor and sculpted awning structure that orients photovoltaic panels southward toward the sun delineates the building’s top.
The Brower Center has received a LEED Platinum rating, the highest possible rating from the US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program. | http://browercenter.org/about/our-building/ |
The quarter-final match between Austria and Switzerland in 1954 fifa world cup is the highest scoring match in the history of fifa world cup. 12 goals were scored in the match. Austria 7-5 Switzerland.
Hungary10-El Salvador
germany vs saudi arabia
15-9 Germany vs. Austrailia 1989 World Cup
The best player and highest scoring player in the 2010 World Cup in South Africa was Diego Forlán, of Uruguay.
Diego Forlán of Uruguay was both the highest scoring player and the best player of the cup.
Austria overcame Switzerland in the 12-goal thriller in their 1954 quarter final.
The world's highest scoring game was in the Madagascar first division. It was 123-0. The other team continued scoring own goals in a protest against a bad refereeing decision. I'm not kidding.
I think the highest paid midfielder is frank lampard.
7-0 Portugal
the highest score is made by Gary kirsten scoring 188
The highest number of world cups a soccer team can win is never limited but the most recent world cups a team has won in soccer is 5.
Soccer
The highest paid soccer player in the world is currently Cristiano Ronaldo, a Portuguese soccer player, who now plays for Real Madrid. David Beckham is also known to be one of the highest paid players in the world.
1930, in Uruguay
It was the 1958 final in Sweden, Brazil won 5-2, this is also a match with the highest goal score in the final.
Andres Escobar
The highest paid soccer player in the world is Christiano Ronaldo who plays for Real Madrid.
Christiano Ronaldo
how am i supposed to know??
Football is the highest rated in the USA. But the highest in the world is soccer, followed by Hockey.
The length of a soccer match is a full ninety minutes, of 45 minutes each.But there will be extra time added for injury.
Futbol or as known in America soccer is the sport with the highest participation.
roger milla
1 is the record and that was me !! | https://sports.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_highest_scoring_match_in_a_soccer_world_cup |
As outlined in the Case Information Catchwords on the High Court’s webpage, the Special Case in Zhang v Commissioner of Police appeared to raise a bundle of interesting questions about the operation of the implied freedom of political communication in a global context, and the extent of police powers concerning foreign interference offences under Commonwealth legislation. However, when judgment was delivered, it appeared to be a bit of a fizzer – none of the interesting questions about the implied freedom of political communication were touched upon in the High Court’s unanimous decision, with the Court ultimately deeming the questions in the Special Case “unnecessary to answer”.
Nevertheless, although the decision does not assist in our understanding of the implied freedom of political communication, it remains an important judgment for constitutional lawyers and academics. It is an important illustration of the principle that a statute should, where possible, be read so as to avoid constitutional invalidity. The decision also demonstrates some of the risks of the Special Case procedure for the determination of constitutional questions.
The Facts
The facts giving rise to the proceedings were particularly interesting – the plaintiff (Zhang) was an Australian citizen, born in the People’s Republic of China, who was employed in the office of a (later suspended) New South Wales Member of Parliament. For some time, Zhang had been under investigation by the Australian Federal Police (AFP) in relation to suspected offences under s 92.3(1) and (2) of the Commonwealth Criminal Code. These “reckless foreign interference” offences criminalise, in general terms, conduct engaged in on behalf of, or with the collaboration of, a foreign government, where the person is reckless as to whether the conduct will, inter alia, influence a political or governmental process, support a foreign intelligence activity or (in the case of an offence against s 92.3(1)), prejudice national security. (The differences between the two provisions are subtle, s 92.3(2) is directed towards the influence upon a person in relation to a particular process, or exercise of a right or duty, whereas s 92.3(1) is directed towards the influence on that process, or exercise of a right or duty.)
During the course of the investigation, the AFP obtained search warrants under the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth). Those warrants purported to authorise search and seizure of material relevant to the suspected foreign interference offences. When the warrants were executed, the AFP seized material (including mobile phones and computers) relevant to the foreign interference offences (as well as other material that the AFP officers believed was relevant to offences under other provisions of the Commonwealth Crimes Act).
Zhang commenced proceedings in the original jurisdiction of the High Court, seeking declarations that s 92.3(1) and (2) of the Criminal Code were invalid, together with writs of certiorari quashing the warrants and a mandatory injunction requiring the destruction or return of the seized and copied material. By a Special Case, Zhang and the Commissioner for Police agreed to the statement of various questions of law.
In that Special Case, Zhang challenged the validity of each warrant on two grounds. First, he contended that each warrant was invalid because it did not identify the substance of the offences with sufficient precision. Second (and more interestingly), he contended that each warrant failed to authorise the search and seizure because s 92.3(1) and (2) each contravened the implied freedom of political communication.
In contending that s 92.3(1) and (2) were invalid, Zhang observed that, for each of the offences created by s 92.3, the effect of the criminalised conduct related to the influence of political or governmental processes and/or democratic and political rights and duties. Zhang argued that “criminalisation of conduct which may have the effect of influencing a person in that regard, or the particular process, right or duty, limits the making or content of political communications and thus burdens the implied freedom”: Zhang’s written submissions at .
Zhang further submitted that, as the legislation burdened political communication, it was therefore necessary to address the legitimacy of the purpose of the legislation. In this respect, Zhang noted that whilst the extrinsic materials indicated that the purpose of the provision was to avoid harm to Australian interests, such harm was not an element of an offence under either provision. Rather, the minimum quality of the conduct necessary for the offence was that the conduct be “covert”: at . By reference to its ordinary meaning (which stood in contrast to terms such as “deceptive” or “clandestine”) and the extrinsic materials, Zhang argued that the term “covert” should be read as including any conduct “which is not openly acknowledged, shown or engaged in, or which lacks transparency or is private”: at . In particular, this would include any communication on private social media.
Whilst acknowledging that foreign interference may have “serious consequences for liberal democratic systems of government”, and that undisclosed or non-transparent foreign influence can have “serious implications for sovereignty and national policy as it may result in the prioritisation of foreign interests over domestic interests”, Zhang contended that the breadth of the provisions overreached any legitimate purpose, such that the provisions were not proportionate to the potential threat: at .
In response, the Commissioner of Police argued that “properly construed, the provisions have a narrower operation than that for which the plaintiff contends”: Commissioner’s written submissions at [6.2]. The Commissioner emphasised that the legislation only criminalised “covert” communications, and submitted that this required the prosecution to establish that the accused took “action to conceal, hide, keep secret or disguise the relevant conduct”: at . The Commissioner submitted that, so construed, the legislation burdened the implied freedom, at most, to a very limited extent, and that the legislation was reasonably appropriate and adapted to a legitimate purpose, namely the protection of Australia’s sovereignty, by reducing the risk of foreign interference in Australia’s political or governmental processes: at , and – .
During the course of oral argument, Gageler J squarely raised the significance of this question of statutory construction. After observing that the “real thrust” of Zhang’s argument was “one of which the Americans would call ‘overbreadth’”, Gageler J put the following proposition to senior counsel for Zhang:
GAGELER J: Without being too simplistic, I hope, if you read ‘covert’ broadly, you say you win; if you read ‘covert’ narrowly, then there is no overbreadth problem.
Senior counsel accepted this characterisation of the submissions, responding:
MR WALKER: That is a useful simplification, with respect. I do not intend by my assent to it to dispense with everything I have advanced in support of that, but yes, that is the way in which that part of the argument proceeds.
Previously in the hearing, Edelman J had had the following exchange with senior counsel:
EDELMAN J: If ‘covert’ did have those broad connotations, why could it not be read down to have the narrower meaning?
MR WALKER: In a criminal case one would no doubt argue that, in my position, yes…
The Full Court of the High Court unanimously held that this concession was fatal to Zhang’s constitutional contentions. At , the Court explained:
Implicit in Mr Zhang’s failure to assert that the word ‘covert’ in s 92.3(1)(d)(i) would be incapable of being read down to ensure validity was an acknowledgement that those parts of s 92.3(1) which support the offences against s 92.3(1) to which each warrant relates (being s 92.3(1)(a) read with the first part of s 92.3(1)(b)(i), s 92.3(1)(c)(i) and (ii) and the first part of s 92.3(1)(d)(i)) have some valid operation. That being so, his argument that those offences do not exist can be rejected without need of determining the constitutional argument he presents and without need of determining the attendant question of the proper construction of the word.
The Court accordingly answered the questions in the Special Case relating to the validity of s 92.3 as unnecessary and inappropriate to answer.
A Fizzer?
For anyone anxiously awaiting the outcome in Zhang for its discussion of the implied freedom of political communication and its relationship to foreign interference offences in a world of instant global communication, the case was definitely a fizzer. The High Court did not engage with any of the constitutional contentions, and did not touch upon any of the interesting issues that were addressed in the parties’ submissions.
The High Court’s decision in Zhang should nonetheless remain of interest to constitutional lawyers. In particular, Zhang is a particularly strong illustration of the role of statutory interpretation in constitutional law, and of the importance of the principle that a statute should, where possible, be read so as to avoid constitutional invalidity.
In this respect, Zhang is another example of a case in which the arguments “divid[ed] along battlelines” where “the party seeking to challenge validity advance[d] a literal and draconian construction, even though the construction would be detrimental to that party were the law to be held valid”, whereas “the party seeking to support validity advance[d] a strained but benign construction, even though the construction is less efficacious from the perspective of that party than the literal construction embraced by the challenger”: Zhang at , citing Northern Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency Ltd v Northern Territory HCA 41 (NAAJA v NT) at , per Gageler J.
As the Court in Zhang observed, this subversion of the parties’ positions also occurred in NAAJA v NT. In those proceedings, NAAJA contended for a wide construction of the ‘paperless arrest laws’, such that the amending provisions would have authorised a person to be taken into custody for an infringement notice offence and detained for up to four hours; whilst the NT government’s position was that detention was only authorised for so long as was reasonable for a decision to be made as to what action should be taken in respect of that person (an interpretation that did not accord with the purpose of the provisions as explained in the extrinsic material: NAAJA v NT at , per Gageler J).
Such a reversal of positions was also seen, albeit to a lesser extent, in Minister for Home Affairs v Benbrika HCA 4, where Mr Benbrika argued that legislation empowering a Supreme Court to order a person convicted of certain terrorist offences to be detained following the expiration of his or her sentence was unconstitutional as authorising detention of a citizen for a punitive purpose. In response, the Commonwealth Attorney-General emphasised the limits of the legislation, pointing out that a continuing detention order could only be made where the offender poses an unacceptable risk of committing a serious terrorist offence and “there is no other less restrictive measure that would be effective in preventing the unacceptable risk”: Commonwealth Attorney-General’s submissions at . Indeed, it may be observed that one of the significant differences between the decisions of the majority and the dissenting Judges in Benbrika is the extent to which the Judges accepted the significance of this limitation emphasised by the Commonwealth: Benbrika at , per Kiefel CJ, Bell, Keane and Stewart JJ; at – , per Gageler J; at , per Gordon J; and at , per Edelman J.
As Gageler J observed in NAAJA v NT at , such reversals in the parties’ usual positions are “not unfamiliar where questions about the constitutional validity of a law are abstracted from questions about the concrete application of that law to determine the rights and liabilities of the parties”.
It may be noted that each of Benbrika, NAAJA v NT and Zhang were cases in which abstract questions were posed to the Court for determination prior to the finding of any fact (either by removal of a question reserved or through a Special Case). In this respect, Zhang illustrates the risks of this form of such Stated Case procedures for the determination of constitutional questions. By permitting the abstraction of constitutional issues at a point in the litigation where no determination has yet been made about the application of the statute to the particular factual situation, the procedure channels the parties into reversed positions on questions of statutory construction: the government is driven to read the legislation down in order to maximise the prospect that the legislation will be found to be valid, whereas the challenging party is driven to adopt an overbroad construction, so as to maximise the prospect that the legislation will be found to be unconstitutional.
As the United States Supreme Court has observed (in the context of what is referred to in the US as a “facial challenge” to legislation), such an approach risks the “premature interpretation of statutes on the basis of factually barebones records”: Sabri v United States, 541 U.S. 600, 609 (2004); see similarly Tajjour v New South Wales (2014) 254 CLR 508 at , per Gageler J (referring to the problems that arise where constitutional adjudication is conducted in a “factual vacuum”). Such a case will lack “that clear concreteness provided when a question emerges precisely framed and necessary for decision from a clash of adversary argument exploring every aspect of a multi-faced situation embracing conflicting and demanding interests”: Zhang at , citing Mellifont v Attorney-General (Qld) (1991) 173 CLR 289 at and Kuczborski v Queensland (2014) 254 CLR 51 at .
The Court in Zhang concluded (citing Gageler J in NAAJA) that “a court should be wary” where this reversal occurs. The Australian adversarial system proceeds on the basis that legal questions are best determined when two parties with a direct interest in the proceeding fully and completely present their case before an independent tribunal. When constitutional questions are determined prior to the determination of the underlying facts and prior to the application of the statute to those facts, the determination of the constitutional issues will tend to become hypothetical in nature. The determination of such hypothetical questions “run[s] counter to the administration of justice in an adversary system”: Zhang at .
Conclusion
The decision in Zhang clearly illustrates the risks of Stated Case procedures for the determination of constitutional questions. When constitutional questions are posited prior to the determination of factual questions, it will not be uncommon for the parties’ positions to be reversed on underlying issues of statutory interpretation, with the government arguing for a (potentially) unduly narrow construction of the legislation and the challenging party arguing for a (potentially) unduly broad construction of the legislation. Such a reversal of positions potentially undermines the adversarial system, and risks questions of constitutional validity being determined without full consideration of the nuanced and varied ways in which the legislation may be applied (or misapplied) in a particular situation. For these reasons, as the Court held in Zhang, courts “should be wary” whenever constitutional questions are posed for consideration prior to the determination of the relevant facts in issue between the parties.
Belinda Baker is a fellow of the Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law at UNSW Law & Justice and a Deputy Senior Crown Prosecutor at the NSW ODPP. | https://auspublaw.org/2021/06/a-court-should-be-wary-zhang-v-commissioner-of-police-2021-hca-16/ |
The Human EGF ELISA kit is configured as a Sandwich antibody assay. The micro ELISA plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antibody specific to EGF. Standards or samples are added to the appropriate micro ELISA plate wells and bound by the specific antibody. Then a biotinylated detection antibody specific for EGF and Avidin-Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) conjugate is added to each micro plate well successively and incubated. Free components are washed away. The substrate solution is added to each well. Only those wells that contain EGF, biotinylated detection antibody and Avidin-HRP conjugate will appear blue in color. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by the addition of a sulphuric acid solution and the color turns yellow. The optical density (OD) is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm ± 2 nm. The OD value is proportional to the concentration of EGF. You can calculate the concentration of EGF in the samples by comparing the OD of the samples to the standard curve.
Detected Target name: Epidermal Growth Factor
Abbreviation : EGF
Uniprot ID : P01133
Format : 96 rx
Reactivity : Human
ELISA configuration : Sandwich
Sensitivity : 2.344 pg/ml
Detection Range : 3.906 – 250 pg/ml
More information about this Human EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) ELISA Kit from Elabscience
Additional information
|Format|
96 rx
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Infrastructure Australia (IA) is a statutory authority established on 1 September 2014 following amendment of the Infrastructure Australia Act 2008. IA's primary role is to support the Australian Government's plan to build a strong and prosperous economy. This is to be done through the provision of high quality independent advice concerning nationally significant infrastructure matters. This advice is for the Australian Government, and in turn, all levels of government, industry and stakeholders.
In accordance with the outcome in Section 2 of this document, “Outcomes and Planned Performance”, IA is responsible for providing independent advice for:
- improved decision-making on infrastructure matters
- better identification and assessment of key drivers of infrastructure demand and utilisation
- improved prioritisation of infrastructure projects
- the identification, implementation and promotion of best practice infrastructure planning, financing, delivery and operation
The key priorities for IA in 2018–19 are:
- continue to undertake evaluations on all infrastructure proposals where funding of more than $100 million is sought from the Commonwealth. This includes economic and social infrastructure proposals but excludes defence proposals
- regularly update and further develop the Infrastructure Priority List. This priority list will be informed by the other work of IA, in particular the Australian Infrastructure Audit, the Australian Infrastructure Plan and evaluation of infrastructure proposals
- develop the second Australian Infrastructure Audit (the Audit). The Audit should:
- identify and measure gaps in Australia's infrastructure, including current gaps and gaps expected to emerge as projected future demand exceeds available capacity
- identify opportunities to support economic growth through better use of existing infrastructure and strategic investment in additional capacity
- be completed by 30 June 2019
- development of further advice, through the development of research papers, on the recommendations in the Australian Infrastructure Plan (delivered in 2015–16)
- develop and maintain data sources to inform future plans and priority lists
- continue to establish and develop the corporate capabilities to support IA's role as an independent entity that provides high quality advice
The Australian Infrastructure Plan (delivered in 2015–16) identifies reform and investment priorities to be implemented in the coming 15 years, to increase productivity and support economic growth.
The plan was informed by the outcomes of the Northern Australia Audit, the Australian Infrastructure Audit, evaluations of infrastructure project proposals and input from jurisdictions, industry and community stakeholders.
The plan will be updated at least every five years. In 2018–19, IA will play an active role in ongoing research and collaboration initiatives that promote and develop effective data and information sharing, analysis and benchmarking. In particular, IA will undertake initiatives to maintain the currency of its data to inform future Audits, plans, priority lists and project evaluations.
Additional priorities of IA in 2018–19 include:
- continuing to evolve the frameworks utilised by jurisdictions in submitting proposals to IA for evaluation to promote best practice in infrastructure planning, procurement and delivery. This will include consideration of costs and benefits and the appropriate assessment of wider benefits (in addition to direct benefits) providing guidance on how these should be measured and applied, if required
- promoting best practice in the planning, funding, delivery and operations of infrastructure through leadership on regulatory reform objectives
- through engagement with all levels of government and industry, facilitating the continual evolution of planning and procurement practices by contributing to a repository of data, information and knowledge on the nation's infrastructure resources, requirements, delivery and practices
- continuing to establish and maintain productive working relationships with all levels of government and industry. This includes engaging closely with Commonwealth departments, agencies and entities as well as states, territories, local governments, investors in infrastructure, owners of infrastructure and communities—as the end users of infrastructure
1.2 Entity resource statement
Table 1.1 shows the total funding from all sources available to IA for its operations and to deliver programs and services on behalf of the Government.
The table summarises how resources will be applied by outcome (government strategic policy objectives) and by departmental (for IA's operations) classification.
For more detailed information on special appropriations, please refer to Budget Paper No. 4—Agency Resourcing.
Information in this table is presented on a resourcing (i.e. appropriations/cash available) basis, whilst the ‘Budgeted expenses by Outcome 1’ table in Section 2 and the financial statements in Section 3 are presented on an accrual basis.
Table 1.1: Infrastructure Australia resource statement—Budget estimates for 2018–19 as at Budget May 2018
1.3 Budget measures
There are no Budget measures relating to IA detailed in Budget Paper No. 2—Budget Measures.
Table 1.2: Entity 2018–19 Budget measures
Part 1: Measures announced since the 2017–18 Mid-Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook (MYEFO)
This table is not provided as there have been no measures since MYEFO for IA.
Part 2: Other measures not previously reported in a portfolio statement
This table is not provided as there are no other measures not previously reported in a portfolio statement for IA. | https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/department/statements/2018_2019/budget/ia1.aspx |
After you have completed this module, you will be able to:
|Contents|| |
Chapter 1: The Basics
Chapter 2: Essence of Journalistic Writing
Chapter 3: News, Features and Opinion Journalism
Chapter 4: Reporting and Interviewing
Chapter 5: Print, Online and Broadcast Writing
|Study points||2|
|Preview||Journalistic Writing|
Why journalistic writing is one of the most important skills for journalists
Often individuals who want to begin careers in journalistic writing recognize the value of attaining a formal education in the subject. In this article, we'll provide you with a brief yet thorough overview of the journalistic writing field as well as our module that will provide you with the information and experience necessary to excel in this vocational sector.
In this contemporary era, more and more individuals are expressing interest in journalistic writing. Although defined broadly, journalistic writing is basically a form of writing that is geared towards covering news stories. Typically, there are several elements indigenous to journalistic writing that set it apart from other forms of writing. Specifically, journalistic writing involves locating stories that are relevant, timely, easily simplified, predictable, unexpected, continuous, and oftentimes negative. Once these stories are located, writers will mold and shape them with simple, easily digestible language that people from all walks of life can read.
Why study journalistic writing?
As many journalism experts know, the subject of journalistic writing is immensely important. This is the case for several reasons, including the fact that news journalists are responsible for providing the public with detailed, balanced information regarding events that transpire at the local, national, and global level. Because news journalists play such a primary role in shaping the world view of people all across the world, it is critically important that they operate in integrity and excellence.
Many cultural theorists and academicians argue that journalistic writing is more important now than ever as a result of the rise of globalism, multiculturalism, and technological advances that have made it possible for people across the globe to easily communicate with one another. As a result of these sociocultural realities and the assessments made about them, many people are paying careful attention to the way that the media (including news journalists) represent events as they unfold on the global stage.
Overview on the module
In recognizing the importance of ensuring that individuals who opt for a career in journalistic writing gain the knowledge and experience necessary to operate in excellence, we are pleased to offer a module geared towards helping students realize this objective. To help facilitate the learning process, we have established a plethora of results-driven objectives to ensure that students can excel in their chosen vocation. Some of the skills that you will master after completing this module include the ability to identify and utilize basic journalistic writing and story forms and analyze and subsequently synthesize the primary principles of journalistic writing.
Throughout this journalistic writing module, you will also gain the ability to distinguish between news writing, feature writing, and opinion writing. Recognizing the similarities and differences between the form and content of these writing styles will be professionally advantageous as students learn which style they prefer as well as whether they have greater aptitude for one or the other. This module will also afford students the opportunity to learn where they can find information. This skill will be immensely advantageous throughout the course of one's career in journalism, as compiling data and facts pertaining to a story will play an integral role in generating the news writer's credibility in the mind of the reading public.
Yet another skill that students will acquire throughout the course of the module is the ability to conduct interviews. This skill is of great value in the world of journalistic writing insomuch as asking pertinent questions and being sensitive to the needs and values of the person being interviewed will empower the student to compile thorough, detailed information that will contribute to the formation of an excellent article or news story.
Another skill that students will attain through completion of this journalistic writing module is the ability to distinguish the elements of journalistic writing as they manifest through print, online and broadcast news. This skill will provide students with a competitive edge resulting from their ability to note the oftentimes minute yet significant differentiating factors that give specific forms of journalistic writing their unique edge and import.
To help you gain an even more thorough understanding of the subject matter you can expect to encounter and master by taking this journalistic writing module, we will provide a brief overview of the topics that will be covered therein. We will begin with a basic overview of the journalistic writing sector, covering foundational topics such as the main elements of the story and news values. We will also provide students with a comprehensive understanding of what journalistic writing is as well as what it is not.
Once students have mastered some basic principles pertaining to journalistic writing, we will move forward by getting into the essence of journalistic writing. Topics to be covered in this section of the module will include leads, nutgraphs, and kickers. We will also cover story forms and provide students with a quick, concise guide to proper punctuation.
The third component of the module will pertain to news, features and opinion journalism. Each of these topics is important because they will provide the student with a basic yet thorough, detailed understanding of how the act of journalistic writing gives shape and substance to the news world. This element of the module will also provide students with an understanding of the different types of news writing and their distinct role and significance within the world of journalistic writing.
The fourth component of this journalistic writing module will cover the subjects of reporting and interviewing. Topics covered will include identifying who and what are the sources, determining where to find information, and learning how to conduct an interview. Individuals who master these skill sets will typically find that they are able to excel in the journalistic writing sector.
The fifth and final component of the journalistic writing course unit will cover print, online and broadcast writing. Some of the topics discussed will include writing for print, writing for online, and writing for broadcast. This section of the class is important because it will provide the student with detailed information regarding the different writing styles that one should be able to identify and emulate in the world of journalistic writing. | https://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/journalistic-writing-style-jt030 |
Dan Witz is a Brooklyn Born New York based street artist and realist painter. Consistently active since the late 1970s, Witz is one of the pioneers of the street art movement, throwing all the way back to painting hummingbirds in the streets of New York in the 70's. Even back then it was clear that his art was headed in a different direction. While other street artists were using spray paints and bold blocky colours, Witz' images were comparatively calm and realistic in style.
He gradually started painting in a hyper-realistic manner, depicting people, alone or in groups, doing things that they usually do in everyday life. One of his popular series was a set of paintings which depict people staring into their cell phones, in a strangely intimate, almost sacred atmosphere.
The events and happenings that he chooses to represent are based on the way that young people live and spend their free time. Punk-rock subculture had great influence over Dan Witz, being a former musician and all. He often represents riots, fights, parties etc.
Explaining a feeling is one of the hardest thins to accomplish, just like painting the human soul is almost impossible, at least when compared to painting physical features, at least according to Dan Witz. Still, what he aims to do is exactly that thing which he describes as hard, he aims to translate the feeling of being in a mosh pit, or being at a huge rave party. The way that these bodies touch each other and get mixed up in the crowd is supposed to depict a form of tension, yet the composition resembles the one found in Renaissance paintings, and in the end everything seems to be one long, delicate moment in slow motion. Thanks to some amazing, magical talent, Witz succeeds in making paintings that capture moments like photographs.
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Here it is, the 2019 "Summer of Gold" release!
Snapped in your local beer garden the Summer Of Gold showcases a range of casual tees and short sleeve dress shirts that can either be dressed up or down.
Festival season is around the corner! "But What the f*** do I wear??? ..."
Don't worry, we have you covered! Check out a few of our 2020 Festival looks! | https://dvnt-clothing.com/blogs/we-are-counter-culture/dan-wiz-picture-perfect |
WASHINGTON D.C. – Today, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and the Conference of State Bank Supervisors (CSBS), acting on behalf of state financial regulatory authorities, announced a framework which establishes a process for coordination on supervision and enforcement matters. The framework will apply in situations where the CFPB and state regulators share concurrent supervisory jurisdiction.
“Our strong partnership with state regulators is critical to protecting consumers,” said CFPB Director Richard Cordray. “By working together, we are streamlining our processes, making the most of our joint resources, and ensuring evenhanded oversight of federal consumer financial laws.”
The framework is based on a memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed by CFPB and CSBS in 2011 and a corresponding 2012 Statement of Intent issued by the CFPB. The MOU provides that state regulators and the CFPB will consult on standards, procedures, and practices used to conduct examinations of providers of consumer financial products and services to ensure that they are complying with federal consumer financial law. The framework applies to all non-depository institutions and those depository institutions with over $10 billion in assets.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act requires the CFPB to coordinate supervisory activities with state bank regulators. The framework announced today facilitates the implementation of this statutory requirement by providing a guide for flexible and dynamic regulatory coordination that both protects consumers and reduces regulatory burden on industry. Among other things, the framework provides processes for:
- coordinating exam schedules;
- developing comprehensive supervisory plans for particular institutions;
- coordinating information requests;
- streamlining information sharing; and
- providing advance notice of corrective actions.
By working together in these key areas, both the CFPB and state regulators will maximize their resources and better protect consumers.
A copy of the framework can be found at: https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201305_cfpb_state-supervisory-coordination-framework.pdf
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is a 21st century agency that helps consumer finance markets work by making rules more effective, by consistently and fairly enforcing those rules, and by empowering consumers to take more control over their economic lives. For more information, visit www.consumerfinance.gov. | https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/the-cfpb-establishes-framework-to-better-coordinate-with-state-regulators/ |
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VP3, Risk Governance, Risk & Prevention
VP3, Risk Governance, Risk & Prevention …
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OCBC Bank
in Singapore
Permanent, Full time
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Competitive
OCBC Bank
in Singapore
Permanent, Full time
Be the first to apply
Competitive
VP3, Risk Governance, Risk & Prevention
Key Responsibilities
1. Responsible for design, implement and regular reporting of overall risk management framework tailored for consumer banking business.
2. Lead engagement conversation with business heads to identify key risks and formulate the appropriate risk indicators to measure the risk status of the business.
3. Work with the business units to identify root causes of adverse risk status and corrective actions to improve the status.
4. Lead the development of regular communications and programs to uplift the risk awareness for the division.
5. Implement initiatives on timely manner to drive positive outcomes on conduct related programs.
6. Manage regular consolidated reporting to senior management on the risk status of all consumer banking business units, and the corrective actions.
7. Understand the operating environments of different jurisdictions to ensure effective roll-out of the risk governance framework and processes across the group.
• Engage and support in industry wide regulatory and compliance initiatives, discussion groups and implementation.
• Build and maintain relationships with key stakeholders to promote an efficient and cohesive work environment.
Key Stakeholders Management
Branch Service Risk Management
Personal and Premier Banking
Premier Banking Offshore
Premier Private Client Business Management Unit
Group Lifestyle Financing
Group Wealth Management
Consumer Secured Lending
Business Risk Management & Technology
Regulatory Compliance Unit
Group Operational Risk Management
Group Audit
Qualifications
Educational and Work Experiences:
Degree holders aspiring to enhance skills in risk management and market conduct.
Technical skills:
Working experience in consumer banking for at least 10 years and has a good understanding of regulatory requirements governing consumer banking business.
A strong foundation in audit / controls to be able to perform effective risk assessment, risk measurements and risk mitigations.
Collaborate with the relevant stakeholders to adopt best industry practices
Personal Traits:
Ability to work independently with or without direction and/or supervision.
Ability to prioritize and multitask. Flexibility and adaptability in work approach.
Calmness and clarity of thought under pressure and ability to maintain confidentially.
Strong written and verbal communication skills.
Demonstrated leader with team-oriented interpersonal skills; ability to effectively interface with a broad range of people and roles.
Accept responsibility and personal accountability
Job ID: 210000UK
3oZnh2TmjXyvLZjH
Posted Date: 12 Jun 21
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It’s sunflower season at the Platte River Prairies. Stiff sunflower is winding down its flowering, but Maximilian and sawtooth sunflowers are going crazy, especially in some of our newer restored prairies. During a brief period of good photography light this week, I grabbed some photos of sunflowers from both the ground and the air.
There are several interesting things to see in the above photo (you can click on these images to get better views of them). First, while this land was formerly cropland, we did some excavation work before our recent seeding projects and recreated slough wetlands (old river channels). In fact, if you look at the first aerial photo, which shows a broader view, you can see how our restored sloughs match up with the sloughs in the foreground of that photo (below the yellow) which run through unplowed prairie. These prairies are on alluvial soil laid down long ago by the Platte River and the old river channels and sandbars now host their own individual prairie plant communities. In the restored areas, you can see the ‘sandbars’ we recreated from the spoil removed during the excavation of the wetlands as we tried to produce a similar diversity of soil and plant community types.
Second, you can see the abundance of yellow sunflowers, especially in the more recently planted (and ungrazed this year) part of the site. A lot of that yellow is Maximilian sunflower (Helianthus maximiliani), but on this mesic to wet-mesic prairie, there is also a lot of sawtooth sunflower (H. grosseserratus), and stiff sunflower (H. pauciflorus) on the drier areas. Common annual sunflower (H. annuus) is also present – especially in small patches where perennial grasses and forbs haven’t yet fully established. Other plants chipping into the yellow color include several species of goldenrod, a couple Silphiums, and various others.
The left side of the photo shows a restoration that is three years older, but the lack of abundant yellow isn’t due to age as much as to this year’s management. Cattle have been grazing that area at a moderate intensity all season. They are creating lots of small ‘grazing lawns’ where big bluestem, especially, is grazed almost to the ground. But there are also lots of taller patches of grass scattered around. The cows have also been nipping at the sunflowers all season, keeping most plants to waist height or shorter. They’ve also cropped off quite a few of the flowers. Flower abundance is a lot higher in reality than this aerial photo shows, but the grazing definitely affected the height and density of sunflower plants – just as we’d hoped.
Finally, on the right half of the photo, you can also see the varying density of yellow across the prairie. That’s driven by soil, not by anything we did during the seeding process. There are some areas where forbs, and especially perennial sunflowers, are really abundant, and other places where grasses are much more dominant. Even where sunflowers are pretty thick, they’re far from a monoculture, but they’re pretty dang thick.
The more scarce yellow in the grazed area to the left hints at some of the impacts of grazing, but the story is pretty complex. If this site follows the pattern we see in most of our restored prairies, our ‘shifting mosaic‘ approach to grazing will affect the relative abundance of prairie plants quite a bit over the next decade or so. Those big sunflowers will become less visually dominant (smaller, less vigorous plants), and somewhat less abundant, as will big grasses like big bluestem, indiangrass, and prairie cordgrass. Many other plant species will become more abundant around those plants, increasing overall plant diversity. It should be fun to watch.
Late August and early September are very yellow periods in our prairies. The big sunflowers and goldenrods are all going strong, and joined by other less abundant flowering species. Those plants are loaded with pollinators and herbivorous insects that are feeding on the flowers and other parts of the plants. Tiny predators are all over too, chipping away at the abundance of the other invertebrates.
Our newer restorations definitely have the most dramatic yellows. Longer-established sites, especially those that have had years of fire and grazing treatments, tend to have less concentrated yellow, but only because the overall diversity of plants is higher. Patches of sunflowers don’t appear as big monocultures in those older sites, but instead blend into the broader matrix of plant species that make up the plant community. There’s still plenty of yellow, but it’s mixed in with lavenders, whites, blues, and the other flower colors produced by plants that benefit from management that prevents a few species from becoming dominant. Those older prairies might look less striking from the air, but they’re healthy and diverse and literally buzzing with life. | https://prairieecologist.com/2021/09/03/photos-of-the-week-september-3-2021/?shared=email&msg=fail |
From faculty to first-years, progress on gender inequality can be felt across campus. On Wednesday, Sept. 20, UW President Feridun Hamdullahpur took to the world stage to present the fruit of Waterloo’s efforts.
Joining the ranks of university presidents from across North America, Hamdullahpur marked the second annual HeforShe IMPACT 10x10x10 Parity Report in New York City, with a panel discussion on progress made since joining the campaign in 2015.
Among other achievements, Hamdullahpur said the University of Waterloo has so far been able to accomplish a 35 per cent increase of women in STEM outreach, noting as well that 30 per cent of first-year engineering students are female.
In two short years since committing to the United Nation’s campaign for gender parity, these achievements are no small feat for on-campus equity. However, as Hamdullahpur reiterated, the university’s commitments extend far beyond the campaign’s initial goal of 2020.
“Gender equity is important to the whole world,” the president told Imprint.
“I cannot see… a future without this being addressed fully. I think the University of Waterloo takes it upon itself as our social responsibility, our educational responsibility that we need to be in a leadership position to ensure that we are.. not only addressing this [but] we are making it as part of our own mission.”
In terms of the continued quest for inclusivity, Hamdullahpur noted that changes can be expected to continue, “across the board.. from one end of the campus to the other.”
“I want it to become more and more and more diverse in terms of gender.. I want our campus to be an exemplary campus in terms of how inclusive it is and how welcoming it is and how we value and appreciate that inclusivity in everything we do, in all areas. For that, what our students.. not only will be saying, but what they will be doing, will be incredibly important.”
Building upon the university’s existing progress, the president acknowledged as well that “there’s a much broader aspect” to gender issues than parity alone.
In addition to current measures, Hamdullahpur said matters of gender identity too deserve the focus and commitment of the university.
“We are very keen on this,” he said. “We are addressing everything, from gender equity to inclusivity.”
In terms of catalysts for progress, the president had a hopeful message to share, stating that the largest potential for change rests with the student body itself. | https://uwimprint.ca/article/united-efforts-the-continued-quest-for-on-campus-inclusivity/ |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process supplying, simultaneously and under the best economic conditions, energy sources, soft water and at least one by-product, from aqueous substances and an energy source, in which the aqueous substance is brought to boiling point in a sealed enclosure provided with means for supplying the aqueous substances and means for recovering the steam and the residue from evaporation, the steam produced is fed under pressure into a turbine of a turbo-alternator for producing electricity, the water vapor leaving the turbine is condensed into soft water, for use as drinking water, water for domestic purposes, or water for sprinkling or in irrigation, and the residue of the evaporation of the aqueous substance is recovered as a by- product.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention consists furthermore in feeding the steam either directly or on exiting from the turbine onto a bed of subdivided iron heated to about 800° C., to reduce it partially into hydrogen which is collected; in condensing the steam, which has not been reduced after passing over the bed of iron, into soft water to be used for the above- mentioned purposes; and in using as initial energy source for heating the starting aqueous substance and the steam to be reduced, besides solar energy, any other known source of energy, even not economic coal, combustible gases, electricity, peat, combustible waste may be mentioned, this list not being limitative, and use may even be made of a source of energy unused because it is too expensive, but which becomes economic because the present process itself will provide sources of energy lowering the cost of the initial energy. By way of example, coal sources situated at great depths which are no longer worked because the cost of mining is too high, become usable and economic in the present process, as initial source of energy, since the process provides, besides energy sources, by-products having market value. Thus, in the case of coal beds situated at a depth of 800 m, if the cost of its extraction is double that of imported coal, the present process brings this price to a value equal, or even less than that of the imported coal.
It is to be noted that the containers, in which either the starting aqueous substance is heated to produce steam, or this steam is reduced to hydrogen, are heated from above, when the energy employed for this purpose is solar energy and are generally heated from below when it is another form of energy.
The said iron, which is oxidized into iron oxide, Fe.sub.3 O. sub. 4, is used as an oligo-element for agriculture.
If the starting aqueous substance is sea water, salt is obtained as a by-product which can be used as such, or from which elements such as sodium and magnesium may be extracted if there is excess production thereof. In this case, the process of the invention provides, besides sea salt and its constituent parts, electricity or hydrogen, or both, and soft water. Furthermore, the sea salt may be transformed by oxidization by means of known processes into sodium chlorate, NaClO.sub. 3, usable in the manufacture of matches and usable as a fuel in pyrotechnics. One of the known processes for oxidizing sea salt consists in electrolysis in a neutral medium providing NaClO.sub.3 and hydrogen according to the reaction: NaCl+3 H.sub.2 O→NaClO.sub.3 +3 H.sub. 2 (see Techniques de l'Ingenieur, PARIS, France; tome Genie Chimique J6020- 961 of 11-1965). The electricity required may be provided by the present process.
The starting aqueous substance may also be formed by sludges from sewarage water-purifying stations, in which case the by-product is a dry residue which has been sterilized considering the temperature and pressure conditions during boiling, and which can be used for example as dry non-polluting fertilizer. As in the preceding case, electricity and/or hydrogen and soft water are obtained simultaneously. An additional form of energy may be obtained from the sludges coming from purification which are dried and sterilized by the process and compressed into fuel bricks, as is done with coaldust, the energy for the compressers being possibly provided by the system itself.
Thus, one of the aims of the invention is an economic use of solar energy or of another source of expensive energy, considering the triple recovery (energy sources, soft water, useful by-products).
Any other aqueous substance, leaving behind by evaporation a useful or valuable residue, may be used as raw material in the present process.
Thus there may be used, as aqueous starting substance, not only sea water, but also a saline aqueous solution of rock salt, in regions where there exist beds of this salt, the surplus of which is often discharged into water courses thus polluting these latter. The solutions of rock salt will provide, in the application of the present process, sodium chlorate and hydrogen, in the same way as sea water.
It should be noted that the sodium chlorate may be transformed in a known way into potassium chlorate, by double decomposition by means of potassium chloride, according to the invention: ##EQU1##
A potassium chlorate precipitate is obtained which has the same uses as sodium chlorate and which has furthermore applications in pharmacy. A process for preparing potassium chlorate is described in the work "Techniques de l'Ingenieur", PARIS, France, tome Genie Chimique, page J 6020-961 of the revised edition of 11-1965.
Chlorate, whether it is sodium chlorate or potassium chlorate, can be used as an industrial fuel in the following way: it is partially but sufficiently soluble in ethyl alcohol to form an equivalent of petrol for internal combustion engines, and it is soluble in mineral oils for operating, in this form, diesel engines; furthermore, it can be directly used in solid form as an oxidant for propelling rockets and it may, in this form, be mixed with any other solid combustible product or be placed in suspension in any liquid combustible product.
As starting aqueous substance sludges from water-purifying stations may be used or the waters to be purified themselves, which are salted by addition of salt water or of rock salt. In this case, the electrolysis of the residue of evaporation, consisting of brine charged with sludges and brought to a suitable salt concentration for electrolysis, supplies a mixture of sludges and sodium chlorate which, after desiccation, forms a better fuel than the dried sludges alone.
This fuel, like all the sources of energy provided by the process, may be used in the process itself. It may also be mixed with household waste, to facilitate incineration thereof, or even for using this latter as a fuel for implementing the process.
The evaporation of the starting aqueous substance in a pressure vessel may be effected by charges, with discharge and storage of the residue which, when the substance treated is salt water, may serve for supplying an electrolyser. In this case, the residue is preferably not a salty solid the salt component of which would have to be redissolved, but a concentrated brine having a sodium chloride content suitable for electrolysis. However, the electrolyser may also be said sealed enclosure itself, at the top of which the electrodes are introduced. The salt is then allowed to accumulate at the bottom of the enclosure during evaporation of the aqueous substance introduced continuously and electrolysis is proceeded with. After letting the enclosure cool down and after having filled it completely with water, so as to avoid the explosive air-hydrogen mixture, the amount of salt deposited in the enclosure is redissolved in a volume of liquid completely filling this latter, and corresponds to the desirable sodium chloride concentration for electrolysis (about 200 g/l).
For the electrolysis process, reference may also be made to the work of Faith, Keyse and Clark "Industrial Chemicals," 2nd edition, published Wiley, NEW YORK (1957), pages 665-670, the chapter entitled "Sodium chlorate obtained by electrolysis".
The containers used for implementing the process must of course resist corrosion, being for example made from galvanized iron or stainless steel or titanium steel, and they must withstand high pressures, the construction of such containers being known per se.
When the potassium chlorate is used as a fuel in engines, considering the corrosive effect of the chlorine, it is advisable to use corrosion resistant materials for the parts of the engine in contact with the fuel materials withstanding corrosion; a metal may be used lined with polytetrafluorethylene, a plastic material sold under the trademark "Teflon" for the parts where the temperature of the gases is less than 180° C., for example the exhaust pipe.
An additional advantage of the present process is that the steam collected may further be used, before being condensed to serve as soft water, for heating for industrial or domestic purposes, which represents a complementary recovery of energy.
The steam collected at the outlets of the turbine or of the container for reducing to hydrogen being still at a high pressure, of the order of 200 to 250 bars, the pipes receiving this steam must also have adequate mechanical strength. The strength required will moreover be degressive, the pressure of the steam being reduced by pressure losses as the steam travels in the piping, and this pressure allowing the steam to be fed over long distances before it condenses.
The sealed enclosure in which the aqueous substance is enclosed is advantageously a closed metal container being a good heat conductor. If solar energy is used, it is preferably black, in the case where it is desired to heat solely by the "greenhouse effect;" this is the simplest process. However, all known solar optical systems, from the simplest to the most sophisticated, can be used for concentrating the solar rays on the container. Heliostats may be used or, more practically and more inexpensively, magnifying glasses of a power preferably between 12 and 24 dioptres. An assembly of magnifying glasses may be used disposed in a cupola and crown above the container. This latter may be sealed and it is the lid thereof which is heated. The use of magnifying glasses as a cover for the container is not suitable for the steam which is then deposited thereon cancels out their effect.
The container or vessel which is made from a rust-proof metal as indicated above comprises, of course, an aqueous substance supply inlet, an outlet for the steam produced and an outlet for discharging the residue. The supply inlet is provided with a valve or cock for regulating the flow and the outlet for the steam is equipped with a pressure gauge and a safety valve opening at the desired steam pressure, which depends on the type of turbine which the steam is intended to drive for the production of electricity; it is generally the pressure of steam at about 800° C. If the steam is fed concurrently into an enclosure for catalytic reduction into hydrogen by means of iron, the same temperature of about 800° C. is required in this enclosure and is thus immediately obtained.
The pump used for supplying the container with aqueous substance, as well as that used for pumping the soft water produced into the user pipes, may be a solar pump, for example sold by the firm Etablissements Defontaine, Nantes, France. The use of a solar pump is more rational, when the container is itself heated by solar energy, the water supply having to correspond with the production of steam, itself depending on the amount of sunshine. Furthermore, that avoids consuming another form of energy, the aim being to produce energy. A part of the energy produced by the process may also be used for supplying the pumps, this energy having different forms, as indicated above (electricity, hydrogen, sodium chlorate). The turbine is of a type known per se, adapted for recovery of the steam at its outlet.
This steam is either condensed into soft water, or fed into the reduction enclosure, which is another sealed and heat-conducting metal container containing iron heated to at least 800° C., by solar energy, or any other form of energy. By reduction on iron, about 8% combined hydrogen is recovered which is contained in the water vapor. The non- dissociated water leaving this second container is condensed into soft water.
Considering the sources of energy which the process supplies, it is of course possible to continue heating the aqueous substance, for example when solar energy is lacking (during the night) or is insufficient (depending on the atmospheric conditions and the seasons), or for economizing any other source of energy to which recourse is had, by using said sources of energy supplied (electricity and hydrogen, when the aqueous substance treated is sea water or a rock salt solution; electricity, hydrogen and fuel bricks of dried sludges, when the aqueous substance treated is the sludge from water purification stations).
We saw above the possible uses of the soft water recovered. Particularly in regions where there is sunshine, which it is suitable to use as an energy source, but where water is lacking, the water recovered may be bottled as drinking water, stored in reservoirs for domestic use and for spreading over arid soils. If the steam recovered is still under pressure, that facilitates its feeding through underground piping to distant reservoirs. As far as the economic aspect of the process is concerned, there is a close correspondence between the investments in equipment and the yield of the process. Thus, if it is only desired, and this depending on the amount of sunshine, to extract salt from sea water, or to sterilize sludges from water purification, while producing electricity and while collecting soft water, it will suffice to use the greenhouse effect, or preferably this effect improved by a system of magnifying glasses, which is inexpensive. If it is desired in addition to produce hydrogen, when the amount of sunshine is sufficient for this production, use must be made of other more expensive optical systems, considering the high temperature to be reached in the reduction container. The amortizement of the equipment is increased thereby, but also the efficiency of the process.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
As starting substance, sea water containing 20 to 30 g/l of sodium chloride is used and as initial energy source coal is used.
The sea water is heated in a sealingly closed container withstanding corrosion and pressure and heated from below. This container has in its upper part in orifice to which piping is connected for feeding in sea water and an orifice to which is connected piping for discharging the steam produced; the first piping is provided with a valve or cock and the second piping is provided with a pressure gauge and is closed by a valve, which only opens under the effect of pressure corresponding to the pressure of steam at 800° C. At the base of the container there is connected a pipe provided with a valve or cock for discharging the residual concentrated brine.
Operation is by batches and the evaporation is stopped and the residual brine drawn off when this latter has a sodium chloride concentration of about 200 g/l, which is that usually used for electrolysis providing sodium chlorate and hydrogen. The concentrated residual brines are gathered together and stored, which will serve for supplying an electrolyser, which will be operated at about 70° C. for the production, in a way known per se, of sodium chlorate and hydrogen. On leaving the electrolyser, the solution contains about 500 g/l of sodium chlorate and 100 g/l of sodium chloride; it is fed into reservoirs which are cooled by brine at about -10° C.; the sodium chlorate precipitates; the suspension of the precipitate is drawn off discontinuously from the cooling reservoirs, the sodium chlorate is then separated, washed and dried and the residual solution, containing 300 g/l of sodium chlorate and 100 g/l of sodium chloride is recycled in the electrolyser, after having been enriched in sodium chloride by means of the concentrated residual brine resulting from the evaporation of sea water.
In a variation, the evaporation container may also itself serve periodically as electrolyser, in which case it is provided at its top with an additional outlet with piping for discharging the hydrogen, the lower outlet being then used for discharging the sodium chlorate solution. The two electrodes are introduced through the top of the container. Evaporation is carried out by continuously supplying the container with salt water, until the deposit of sodium chloride at the bottom of the container is sufficient for the dissolution of this salt in a volume of water completely filling the recipient to supply brine at about 200 g/l of sodium chloride. Electrolysis is carried out after cooling of the container to the required temperature of about 70° C.
The steam discharge at 800° C. during the evaporation phase is fed, concurrently, into a turbo-alternator turbine and into a reduction container, sealingly closed and withstanding corrosion and pressure. This container contains iron, which is oxidized into ferric hydroxide whereas a part of the steam is reduced to hydrogen, which escapes with the non- reduced steam through an orifice provided at the top of the reduction container and to which is connected piping for recovering the gas and the steam, this latter being separated and recovered by condensation.
On leaving the turbine, the steam is at a pressure between 200 and 250 bars. It may be immediately cooled to condense it into soft water, or else its pressure may be used for feeding it to be condensed in reservoirs situated a great distance away, and its heat is preferably recovered for industrial or domestic heating, during its cooling.
These operations supply therefore, as sources of energy, electricity at the output of the turbo-alternator, sodium chlorate and hydrogen resulting from the electrolysis, and hydrogen resulting from the reduction of the steam.
As for the by-products, these are ferric oxide from the reduction of the steam and usable as an oligo-element in agriculture, sea salt and the chemical elements which it contains, if part of the salt is collected without electrolyzing it, and soft water from the condensation of the steam.
It will be understood in this case that the initial source of energy for implementing the process may be coal situated at a depth such that its working has been abandoned, but may be taken up again and becomes economic in the particular case considered.
Of course, all the sources of energy produced may, after the process has been started up, replace coal, for heating the evaporation container and the reduction container; these energies can also be used for driving the pump supplying the evaporation container, the one pumping the soft water produced into the user piping and all the other pumps and in general all the motors whose use may be necessary in the process.
It is apparent that within the scope of the invention, modifications and different arrangements can be made other than are here disclosed. The present disclosure is merely illustrative with the invention comprehending all variations thereof. | |
The cross-building energy exchange requires a systematic view of individual components of the energy supply system and includes in addition to the energy production technologies also the buildings, where the energy (electricity/heat) is exchanged and also the network infrastructure, which is responsible for the transfer of the exchangeable energy.
As far as exchange of energy beyond the boundaries of a building is concerned, in the past in particular technical concepts had been analysed scientifically and pilot projects had been implemented. Economical and especially legal aspects and influences have been greatly neglected in this context. The project GebEn is going one step further and analyses, non project-based, but from the general legal view and taking into account the relevant economic and technical aspects, possibilities, chances but also new problem areas in connection with the energy exchange across-buildings.
Contents and Objectives
The fundamental goal of the recent study is to develop the legal and economic aspects of the cross-building energy exchange for electricity and heat separately, under consideration of technical relevant restrictions. In addition, based on the legal analyses, an Austrian-wide standard contract for the specific sector (electricity/heat) is created and thus serves as a basic conclusion of the present study.
According to these primary goals the following sub-objectives are :
- Determination of the analytical framework, to legally and economically evaluate the cross-building energy exchange.
- Comprehensive analysis of relevant provisions of law as well as the description of legal problem areas.
- Elaboration of relevant technology and system configurations for electricity and heat.
- Analysis of the economic framework conditions and economic ratings of the configurations.
- Implementation of an economic legal evaluation of possible configurations.
- Development of legal adaptation requirements and a list of criteria for standard contracts.
Methods
In a first step, a scope of the investigations is set, which represents the base for the legal and economical investigation of this project. This defined scope contains the following scenarios:
- The cross-building electricity exchange between a producing building and a customer via private direct lines.
- The cross-building electricity exchange between a producing building and a customer by using the existing public electricity grid.
- The cross-building heat exchange between a producing building and one or more customers over private lines.
- The cross-building heat exchange between a producing building and one or more customers by using the existing public heat grid.
Fist all four variants are analysed separately in detail to their legal effects. Based on this research framework the next step is to provide an economic assessment in the context of individual versions against the background of cross-building energy exchange. The economic analyse takes into account the different energy carriers or production technologies as well as different building types, where the energy exchange of electricity or heat should be undertaken. The respective economic analyses, is distinguished between different cost categories (energy costs, infrastructure costs, etc.) and payment models. Subsequently, economically interesting versions of the cross-building energy exchange are legally detailed presented and explained to finally lead to be able to prepare respective standard contracts for the individual variants of the cross-building energy. The following figure provides an overview of the individual working packages of the project GebEn.
Prospects / Suggestions for future research
In general it can be stated that for a cross-building power change in particular PV systems are suitable, since this technology has been proven for all types of buildings, it has high growth rates and can also be operated economically viable. The statistical analysis of household load profiles in combination with a PV feed-in profile also revealed that the more the two load profiles from each other differ, the higher is the consumption of the households, i.e. the more can be actually used by the PV yield and the less power must be obtained from the public network. Also essential for the effectiveness of PV electricity is the current demand of the two households and size of the installed PV system. The analysis shows that by increasing the size of the system the entire internal consumption increase slightly and is also associated with much higher investments. By analysing the combination with a battery storage system much higher self-consumption shares were quantified, which are associated with much higher total annual cost and specific energy costs. Hence, the cross-building power exchange could be operated economically meaningful in the future depending on the electricity prices, the costs for the battery storage and the distances for the direct line.
Since the supply of neighbours results in relatively high administrative and organizational efforts, appropriate legislative changes would be possible, provided that this is politically desired. Taking into account the requirements under EU law in the context of EltRL 2009 would require in ElWOG 2010 legal clarifications, who may operate and under which conditions a direct line may be installed. It should be taken into account that the mixing with electricity from the public grid in the direct line is not allowed according to the present view in Austria. So the question arise how an electricity company, that produces no power itself, should supply a customer through a direct line. Also it has to be mentioned that the concept of "authorized" customers can be deleted, since now all end users have network access and thus free choice of supplier.
The findings of the economic analysis of the cross-building energy exchanges show that especially the cross-building heat exchange can only be economically viable in certain cases. An economically interesting version can be specifically operated at new buildings, because there the most cost-effective installation for direct lines can be used, the revenues can be maximized due to the low temperature level of the heating systems and only a small distance between the heating systems have to be passed. In this case, however, a supply of allinvolved buildings should be covered by a heating system because the economies of scale as a function of the power of the heating system have the greatest impact to the economic viability. | https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/en/hdz/projects/cross-building-energy-exchange-legal-and-economic-framework-and-influencing-factors-geben.php |
Venue Seating Layouts
When you’re looking to hold an event, one of the biggest considerations is where the audience are going to sit! To do this it’s really useful to know if it’s mainly for a dinner around a table, for an information talk, or for education purposes, or even a combination of all often seen for breakfast and lunch meetings.
Different configurations can be made to allow viewing of a stage and screen, or for group discussions. Sometimes the main element of the event is a celebration.
Theatre layout originates from actual theatre layouts where the audience are facing a stage and the main focus is on the stage
Classroom Layout is a slight variation on Theatre, it can be for smaller audience numbers needing to write on a desk
Banquet Style is typically for dinners and evening celebration, where entertainment is coming around round tables, but the main focus is dinner.
Cabaret Style is often seen for breakfast and Lunchtime meetings and events where there is an element of focus on the screen / projector and stage, perhaps there are some keynote speakers , but also included is some education where the table is useful to write, and then also a buffet lunch to conclude. | https://cbsvl.co.uk/understanding-table-layouts-in-a-venue/ |
This joint research carries out three topics with advanced, unique and innovative in mind. The first topic is to design lattice structural materials and multiple material composites with novel functions, based on computer simulations such as topology optimization. The second one is to fabricate the designed material with additive manufacturing technologies, commonly known as 3D print, which can fabricate parts with arbitrary shape according to sliced 3D–CAD data without mold and subtractive machining process. The third one is to establish advanced process technologies associated with the material fabrication using additive manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, these research topics aim to generate new materials, which traditional process technologies cannot generate, with establishing their process technologies. | http://www.imr.tohoku.ac.jp/en/about/divisions-and-centers/research-division/31.html |
Goliath Grouper: Giant of the Reef
Management of the goliath grouper, the largest member of the seabass family, has become an intensely debated issue in recent years. The University of Florida has been looking at the most recent science-based information on the biology and ecology of goliath grouper relevant to management issues.
Susceptible to overfishing
Historically, the goliath grouper was relatively common and highly conspicuous in portions of its range. It is a relatively shallow-water species with a tropical to subtropical distribution. In the western Atlantic Ocean goliath grouper are found from Florida to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. In the Eastern Atlantic they occurred from Senegal south to the Congo; however, this population is believed to have been eliminated because no individuals have been observed there for many years. A similar-looking species also occurs in the Pacific Ocean, but recent genetic studies indicate it is a different species.
While once relatively abundant, the goliath grouper has proven to be vulnerable to fishing pressure. Due to significant declines in abundance through the 1960s-80s, harvest of goliath grouper was prohibited in U.S. waters in 1990.
In 1994, goliath grouper was listed as critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species http://www.iucnredlist.org/. The species has since been protected in Brazil (2002), Puerto Rico (2004) and the U.S. Virgin Islands (2004), but fishing continues in other parts of its range.
Following the granting of protected species status, abundance in Florida has appeared to increase over the past two decades, but the extent of the recovery is not clearly understood. Information on historical abundance is limited and not precise. Likewise, information on the perceived increase in abundance is limited, and it is difficult for fisheries managers to truly understand the extent to which the species has recovered throughout its geographic range.
So, what is the problem?
A common perception among anglers and spear-fishing enthusiasts is that large and abundant goliath groupers eat other groupers and snappers, and thus substantially decrease the abundance of the fish that fishermen are targeting. This perception is reinforced by the fact that goliath grouper will opportunistically prey upon hooked or speared fish. Many anglers report that aggressive goliath grouper can make it almost impossible to land a fish. In extreme cases, anglers complain that such activity can make it essentially impossible to fish an area with any hope of successfully bringing legal-sized or even undersized reef fish to the boat.
Recreational divers have expressed concern about human safety as goliath grouper repeatedly exposed to wounded or dead fish can become aggressive, and in extreme cases may harass divers with speared fish. Many anglers and divers are now concerned that the goliath grouper’s protected status has resulted in abundance levels that do not represent a natural ecosystem balance. They believe some harvest would be desirable to reestablish a more natural balance.
Why are goliath grouper vulnerable to harvest?
Goliath grouper are relatively long-lived. The maximum known age is 37 years and scientists think they may live to 50 or even 100 years. There are several other reasons why goliath grouper are vulnerable. They are relatively slow growing and take five to seven years to reach sexual maturity. Adult goliath groupers are generally sedentary and have small home ranges, making them more vulnerable to spearfishing. The fact that they form predictable spawning aggregations further increases susceptibility to fishing pressure.
When and where do goliath grouper spawn?
Most of the known spawning aggregations are off southwest Florida, but additional aggregations have recently been observed off Florida’s central east coast. It appears that these spawning sites are relatively constant from year to year and consist of wrecks, rock ledges and isolated patch reefs. These aggregations usually contain less than 100 individuals. Spawning occurs in late summer or early fall and occurs on dark nights (new moon particularly) between 10 p.m. and 3 a.m. Spawning during the darkest nights may represent an adaptation to reducing predation on the eggs. Goliath grouper are dispersal spawners, meaning eggs and sperm are released and mixed in the water column during spawning. The planktonic larval stage lasts for approximately six weeks. Juveniles settle in shallow estuarine habitats, where they reside for several years before moving offshore.
Where is the nursery habitat for goliath grouper?
Mangroves serve as critical nursery habitat, with small, newly settled goliath found first in mangrove leaf litter and then along mangrove shorelines. The Ten Thousand Islands and the Everglades in southwest Florida have been identified as important sources of juvenile recruitment, but other areas in Florida are likely also significant. Juveniles remain in mangrove habitat for the first five to six years of life, and then move offshore when they reach about 3 feet. Abundant food and shelter result in high survival and fairly rapid growth of 4.5-6 inches per year during the juvenile phase. They tend not to move much and usually stay within about 100 yards of the same spot.
How much do they move around?
As with juveniles, adult goliath groupers also have a tendency to remain at one site for extended periods. Many of the tagged adults re-sighted by researchers or reported by anglers were often found in the same location where they were tagged. However, there is also evidence that individuals may move around more than previously believed, because multiple tagged individuals have been observed moving among different wrecks that are many miles apart. Juveniles moving out of mangrove habitat may disperse far and wide until they establish a more permanent home range. One juvenile tagged in the Ten Thousand Islands was recaptured on the central east coast in the Indian River area. Also, adults may move for spawning purposes and migrate up to 100 miles or more to reach spawning aggregation sites.
What do goliath grouper eat? The findings may surprise you!
To date, goliath grouper stomach content analysis has documented that about 85% of their diet consists of crustaceans, mostly crabs. The remaining 15% primarily consists of slow-moving fishes such as burrfish, catfish and toad fish. In the stomach contents of more than 200 goliath grouper, no grouper and only a few snapper (about 3%) were found.
Besides looking at stomach contents, which provide just a short-term view of what a grouper has eaten before it is captured, scientists have also examined the grouper’s diet over the long-term using a sophisticated analytical technique called stable isotope analysis. This measures the relative concentration of certain molecules like oxygen and carbon in body tissue to help scientists understand links in the marine food web. Results show that goliath groupers occupy a relatively low position on the food chain, about on the same level as the tiny pinfish, a common baitfish. Thus, the results tend to confirm that goliath grouper do not usually eat high-level predators such as groupers and snappers.
This does not mean that a hungry goliath grouper, as many anglers have experienced, won’t opportunistically go after struggling fish on a line or fish wounded by spear fishing. However, the perception that goliath grouper are consuming healthy groupers and snappers is not supported by scientific evidence. Research published in 2011 (http://www.bio.fsu.edu/coleman_lab/documents/Koenigetal_2011_GG_recover%20(BMS).pdf ) by Florida State University researchers documented that reef fish diversity and abundance is actually higher when goliath grouper are present.
They forage for food during daylight and are mostly inactive during the night. Consequently, the number of goliath grouper observed concentrated over structure during the day may not represent all that are actually present.
How are fishery managers evaluating goliath grouper recovery?
Since protective measures were implemented in 1990, anecdotal accounts and directed research efforts indicate increasing abundance of goliath grouper throughout Florida. The most recent stock assessment (2004) indicated that goliath grouper in Florida waters were recovering, but that the population may not experience full recovery until 2020 or later. Because the harvest of goliath grouper is prohibited, the conclusions of the stock assessment were made in the absence of certain types of biological information (e.g., age structure, sex ratio) that are typically available for other species through the examination of harvested individuals.
These are the types of information that have been used:
- REEF: Most of the current abundance estimates for adults remain limited to Reef Environmental Education Foundation (www.reef.org) survey reports and localized accounts by the fishing and diving communities. Citizen volunteers have played an important role in assessing goliath grouper abundance and locating spawning aggregations. Although useful, these data do not consistently include size distribution or standardized sampling throughout seasons. Additionally, if more than one goliath is observed the exact number of observed fish is often not recorded.
- Everglades National Park Angler Surveys: Detailed catch and effort data collected during volunteer dockside interviews of recreational anglers from within Everglades National Park show a substantial decline in abundance during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since the moratorium in 1990, the abundance of juveniles within ENP, which includes critical nursery habitat for this species, has increased considerably.
- Florida State University/Coleman and Koenig Laboratory goliath grouper tagging program (www.bio.fsu.edu/coleman_lab/goliath_grouper.php): This program has yielded important information on the movements and distribution of goliath grouper in Florida. Anglers and divers can provide valuable assistance by reporting observations of tagged goliath grouper (see information below).
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: FWC scientists at the Florida Wildlife Research Institute are currently conducting scuba surveys of goliath grouper abundance and size distribution at specific sites along the central west coast of Florida. Both artificial and natural reefs across a range of depths are surveyed consistently throughout the year, and fish are tagged with ID tags and acoustic tags to help identify movement and site fidelity.
- Plans for future stock assessment: The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission conducted a statewide assessment in 2010 and the National Marine Fisheries Service will conduct a more comprehensive assessment in 2014.
How can I help?
Citizen volunteers have played an important role in helping scientists evaluate the recovery of goliath grouper and also in identifying spawning aggregations. The known vulnerability of goliath grouper coupled with a lack of traditional fishery data will make it difficult for fishery managers to consider what level of harvest, if any, can be safely allowed.
You can play a role in the goliath grouper’s recovery and assist scientists in data collection.
Catch-and-Release
Practice effective catch-and-release techniques (catchandrelease.org) when you fish for goliath grouper. Large goliath grouper should not be brought on board. Their skeletal structure cannot adequately support their weight out of the water without some type of damage. All attempts should be made to remove the hook at the side of the boat with the fish in the water to minimize injury to the fish. Have a venting tool and a de-hooking device at hand. Removing smaller goliath groupers from the water to remove hooks is not necessarily a bad practice, but this process must be done as quickly as possible, using proper fish handling techniques.
Report Tag Numbers
Assist scientists in assessing recovery. A number of adult and juvenile goliath grouper have been tagged in research studies. Adult tags are placed on the fish’s back. The smaller tags used on juveniles are placed on the fish’s belly. Anglers and divers who encounter these fish are asked to report the tag number, sighting location and date of sighting. The hotline number is listed on the tag (1-800-367-4661). | https://thefishsite.com/articles/goliath-grouper-giant-of-the-reef |
Jiang Zemin is a former Chinese politician, best known for his key role in the success of the ‘Communist Party of China’ (CPC). He was the general secretary of the party from 1989 to 2002 and has also served as the chairman of the ‘Central Military Commission.’ In addition, he was also the president of the ‘People’s Republic of China’ from 1993 to 2003. Jiang’s political ascent was unexpected, as he climbed up the ladder as a “compromise candidate.” He rose to fame following the ‘Tiananmen Square’ protests that took place in 1989. The then-general secretary, Zhao Ziyang, was thrown out because of his support to the student movement. Soon, Jiang took his place, and in the following few years, he proved his strength as a political leader and turned into a “paramount leader.” The country grew rapidly on both the social and the economic fronts under his strong leadership. Although he stepped down from the post of the general secretary of the ‘CPC’ in 2002, he continued to influence the workings of the party till much later. At the age of 91, he is currently the oldest living former president or general secretary.
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- Jiang Zemin was born on August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu. His ancestral home was in Jiangwan, a Chinese province that was home to several prominent Chinese intellectuals and politicians. Jiang was born at the peak of the Japanese occupation of China, right after the First World War. His uncle, who was also his foster father, was in the Chinese army and was considered a national hero after his death in the Second World War.Zemin’s father, Jiang Shijun, worked at the publicity department of the Nanking regime, which was a Japanese puppet government. Shijun severed all ties with his family, and following this incident, Zemin’s uncle took him under his custody. After his uncle’s death in the World War, Zemin and the family experienced hard times. His father Shijun was a wealthy man but never came ahead to help.Zemin enrolled in the electrical engineering program at the ‘National Central University’ in Nanjing and was later transferred to the ‘National Chiao Tung University.’ He finally graduated in 1947 with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering.His political aspirations grew while he was in college, and he is said to have become a worker of the ‘CPC’ while he was in college. He received his training at the ‘Stalin Automobile Works’ in Moscow. He frequently switched jobs and eventually acquired a spot on the ‘Central Committee of the Communist Party’ in 1983, as the ‘Minister of Electric Industries.’In the mid-80s, he was offered the position of the ‘Mayor’ of Shanghai, one of the busiest metropolitan cities in China. His reign was considered to be very weak at that time. His haters believed that although he seemed useful, he was mostly an “empty vessel.”Although he had a chaotic early political career, Jiang was known as an accomplished orator, who spoke several foreign languages, such as Russian, Romanian, and English. These skills helped him become popular with the foreign delegates and celebrities who visited China.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists:
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- Jiang Zemin’s foray into national politics happened in 1987, when he acquired a seat in the ‘Politburo’ of the ‘CPC Central Committee.’ However, his place was not earned, as it was a custom to have a seat reserved for the ‘Party Secretary’ of Shanghai. Soon, intense protests broke out in in Tiananmen Square, and the central government did not know the right way to handle the protestors.The general secretary of the party, Zhao Ziyang, had liberal tendencies. He was not in tune with the principles of the ‘CPC.’ He was sympathetic toward the protestors. This made the party supreme Deng Xiaoping search for a replacement. Jiang had shut down the newspaper ‘World Economic Herald,’ which was a significantly brave step. Deng noticed this, and Jiang, who was serving as the ‘Shanghai Party Secretary’ at that time, was given the position of the general secretary of the ‘CPC.’Although Jiang was now given the top position in the party’s leadership, he was not given enough power. Over time, he earned the respect of the party’s elders and propagated against the liberalization. He stated that in order for the ‘CPC’ to maintain its hold over the country, modernization and economic reforms needed to be put in place.1993 was the year of economic reforms in China, as Jiang brought introduced a “socialist market economy,” which was step forward from the existing socialist economy toward a government-regulated capitalist market economy. With his effective policies, he earned the confidence of Deng and diminished the ‘Central Advisory Committee.’ In 1993, he contested the ‘Presidency’ elections.In March 1993, he was named the fifth president of the ‘Republic of China.’ In the 90s, following the economic reforms, the country faced many issues related to corruption and unequal distribution of wealth. It further gave rise to a growing rate of unemployment in the country. The migration of people from rural areas to urban areas was taking place in great numbers, and the entire country was on the verge of collapsing.Determined to turn the course of the events around, Jiang introduced reforms to bring stability to China, in 1996. He used the media, which was mostly state-controlled, to his benefit. He gave interviews to foreign media houses too and further halted the activities of almost all his political rivals. This helped him take complete control of the country, and the death of Deng Xiaoping further elevated his position.Well aware of the requirement of a strong economic wave in the country, he handed over the economic governance of the country to his close ally Zhu Rongji, and they went through the Asian financial crisis of 1997. However, with time, China turned into a strong economic nation and maintained an annual GDP growth of 8%, eventually becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.China ended up becoming the fastest-growing nation in terms of per-capita income, and this rapid development further raised eyebrows around the world. The remarkable growth of China helped it become a superpower within two decades. What further strengthened China’s hold in the international arena was its membership of the ‘World Trade Organization’ and subsequently, China’s win of the bid to host the 2008 ‘Olympic Games’ in Beijing.In 2002, Jiang finally vacated the post of the general secretary of ‘CPC,’ but retained his position as the chairman of the ‘Central Military Commission.’ In September 2004, he resigned from that post too, thereby losing all of his official power in the party. However, he remained a key figure and an advisor to the party’s new leadership.Jiang has been a controversial figure in Chinese politics. He has faced several charges of corruption and inefficiency during his tenure as the president and the general secretary of his party. Jiang’s term has also seen a lot of instability due to the introduction of economic reforms, which took place at a rapid pace.Recommended Lists:
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- Jiang Zemin married Wang Yeping in 1949. The couple has two sons: Jiang Mianheng and Jiang Miankang. | https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/jiang-zemin-8781.php |
The Harappan Civilization is called so because the civilization was first unearthed at Harappa in the province of West Punjab in Pakistan. In 1862, Sir Alexander Cunningham noticed the traits of the cities. Later, while collecting bricks for the laying down of a railway line, the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were discovered. In 1921, Dayaram Sahni discovered Harappa and R. D. Banerjee discovered Mohenjodaro. Indus Valley Civilization is known as Harappan Civilization because of the following reasons
Why is Indus Valley Civilization known as Harappan Civilization?
The archaeologists made various excavations in the northwestern region of India which led to the discovery of the mins of the pre-historic cities of Harappan in West Punjab and Mohenjo-Daro in Sind. The sites of early excavations were found on the river Indus and its tributaries. Therefore, Indus Valley Civilization came to be known as Harappan Civilization. | https://homeoflearning.in/why-is-indus-valley-civilization-known-as-harappan-civilization/ |
The telephone rings. It is a grammar school friend you have not heard from in 30 years, but just now, while going through a box of old photographs, you came across his picture. Is this coincidence, or do such events have deeper significance? This engaging and penetrating book opens readers to the world of meaningful coincidences. Weaving ancient insights with contemporary teachings on sacred psychology, astrology, and subtle energy. Grasse shows readers how to understand the deeper meaning of the symbols and synchronicities of their everyday lives.
Ray Grasse worked for ten years on the editorial staffs of Quest Books and Quest magazine. His book The Wakign Dream (Quest, 1996), a study on synchronicity and symbolism, received favorable reviews in periodicals such as Booklist, Institute of Noetic Sciences Review, Gnosis, and Intuition. A professional astrologer, Grasse has lectured widely on the meaning and dynamics of the Aquarian Age and published many articles on the subject. He lives in Wheaton, Illinois. | http://redwheelweiser.com/detail.html?session=df427551750c059411dd7e481e2f0ba9&id=9780835607490 |
We have courage, conviction and we are tenacious. We value commercial astuteness and accomplish more with less – for us constraints breed resourcefulness, self-sufficiency and creativity. We never stop exploring the markets and industry trends, ensuring our products and services are of the best fit to the environment and clients we serve. We are practical thinkers and hands-on deliverers. We understand that “ideas” only materialise through concrete project management and calculated risk taking.
We are versatile in the face of challenges encountered in the emerging markets, seeing opportunities where others see obstacles. We remain resilient and focused on our mission even if we need to change the means of arriving at our goals. We can quickly bounce back from any set-backs. We are supple to the dynamic organisational structure, as we have confidence and trust in our abilities – our job title doesn’t define us. We treasure our diversity and adapt our working style to every culture we encounter.
We are self-motivated and ambitious. We are passionate about our métier and eager to learn more. We understand that hard work will allow us to cross our own limits. For us – Editec is the white canvas where we can paint our master piece. Most of all, we are adults who can self-manage and determine our own career paths.
We understand that expansion of our footprint can only be possible if we all remain connected. We find all means to communicate across geographical regions, time zones and various divisions of our business. Our potency depends solely on our ability to build relationships, influence and take others on the journey. We are astute to corporate politics and able to manoeuvre through landscapes of unregulated markets, setting highest and market leading standards, across the African continent and within the gaming industry. | https://www.editec.co/careers/corporate-values/ |
In 1984, a school principal from Dhupguri, Assam started a hobby of setting up a garden. Gopinath Sharma, the gardener, was not just doing this for himself. Rather, whenever people visited him and asked for any plants, he would give them away free of cost.
In addition to putting together a garden in his home, Gopinath had even managed to set up an equally adorable garden in his school, which also had a pond.
Growing up in this household, Gopinath’s children also developed an interest in gardening. They would assist their father in watering and taking care of the plants. When Gopinath retired, both from his profession and hobbies, his son Dhrubajyoti Sharma took over the planting activities and decided to expand them.
“It was by seeing my father’s interest in plants that encouraged me to read more about them. Even my career shifted as I took up biology as the main subject,” shares Dhrubajyoti.
He continues, “In 1992, I took gardening seriously. I had just completed my post-graduation in biology and thought of earning some pocket money by helping my father. I was also preparing for a job then.”
Dhrubajyoti is now the head of the Department of Zoology at Dimoria College, Guwahati. He also runs one of the biggest garden nurseries in the Northeast called Daffodil Farm.
“The garden was set up on a small scale basis in 1992 by taking the plant collections of my father. In the initial days, I couldn’t earn even Rs 100 per day. Slowly but steadily, the business picked up and by 1996, we began getting a daily income of Rs 1,000,” shares the professor.
Two years later, his father passed away and Dhrubajyoti’s brother joined the business. In 1999, Dhrubajyoti married Rekha Goswami, a teacher by profession.
“Just like everyone in my family, Rekha was also very interested in gardening. She even quit her job in 2003 to spend more time in the nursery and ensure its smooth functioning. Because of this, I could continue my job and use the rest of my time for the nursery,” he says.
Dhrubajyoti adds that his love for the subject remains the same even today. “I have the option to stop teaching and run the business. But my love for biology and teaching is never-ending. Moreover, as my family members and employees are doing great with the business, I have no worries.”
Haven of age-old mother plants
“Spread over 17 bighas (land area varying locally from one-third to one acre), Daffodil Farm is one of the biggest nurseries in the state,” says the owner. He adds that it is also a tourist attraction in Assam as it is home to more than 700-year-old mother plants certified by the Department of Horticulture.
Dhrubajyoti shares that the farm has more than 10,000 varieties of flowers, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal and ornamental plants. The enormous bonsai collection is another major attraction here.
“There are about 300 full-time employees at this large nursery”, says Dhrubajyoti, “including landscapers, delivery persons and drivers. Apart from shipping nationwide, lakhs of saplings get exported to Nepal, Bhutan, the Philippines and Bangladesh, every year.”
Varieties of seedless litchi, mango, apple, kiwi, banana and coconut are present in this nursery. Many types of lemon plants are also sold here.
Dhrubajyoti says, “During winters, 200 to 300 people visit the farm every day. Most of them are attracted to the bonsai collection. Some of them come to take advice in setting up their own nurseries. So far, we have helped around 600 people to open their own nurseries in the northeastern region.”
Setting up a horticulture college
In 2017, Dhrubajyoti and Rekha came up with the idea of starting a horticulture college. Both of them being biology teachers, it was quite easy for them. They felt that this will help in developing more interest in farming among young people.
“This thought sprouted when a large number of people started coming to us for advice. We felt that it would be good to have a separate college to teach about horticulture. In 2017, we launched Daffodil College of Horticulture in Khetri, Assam,” says Dhrubajyoti.
The college has an affiliation with Assam Science and Technology University. Additionally, the college is associated with many projects of the Horticulture Department, Government of India.
The institution is equipped with a large library with up to 6,000 books related to horticulture, which are from the personal collection of Dhrubajyoti. The professor’s son is also studying at the college.
“We plan to turn the college into an agricultural university soon. Another future plan is to expand the collection in our nursery and ship the plants to more foreign countries. We’d also love to spread our knowledge in the field to upcoming gardeners,” says Dhrubajyoti.
Interested to know more? Contact their Facebook page.
Read this story in Hindi here. | https://www.thebetterindia.com/305718/biology-professor-starts-daffodil-farm-turns-fathers-garden-to-nursery-assam-northeast-india/ |
Report was facilitated by The Hackett Center for Mental Health, with input from specially-appointed Blue Ribbon Panel and funded by corporate partner BHP
Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Houston (BGCGH), in affiliation with The Hackett Center for Mental Health, the Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute and a specially-appointed Blue Ribbon Panel, has released a groundbreaking report titled Fostering Resiliency in a Post-Pandemic World. The report, funded by BHP, details findings on the impact of COVID-19 among youth in the Greater Houston area and provides specific actions/recommendations on resiliency programming for Boys & Girls Clubs in a five-county region.
The Greater Houston community has been impacted by traumatic events in recent years, including Hurricane Harvey and the Santa Fe High School shootings, coupled with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which brought to light numerous inequities. These factors convinced BGCGH leadership of the urgency of developing organization-wide strategies to foster youth resiliency.
In May 2021, Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Houston convened a Blue Ribbon Panel for an information session with its leadership, facilitated by The Hackett Center for Mental Health. The Panel is a brain trust of community leaders committed to youth development and after-school programming. Participants represented a range of organizations with relevant experiences and perspectives, including K–12 and higher education, mental health services, philanthropy and workforce development.
The panel’s purpose was to convene subject matter experts committed to youth development and after-school programming to (1) identify and co-create solutions to address inequities exacerbated by COVID-19 and (2) provide guidance on resiliency initiatives that focus on social justice, health, education and economic development. The related strategies, programs and interventions recommended in the report will be additions, not replacements, to BGCGH programming, with the goal of strengthening or enhancing current approaches.
The COVID-19 pandemic has required Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Houston and clubs across the country to rapidly retool and rethink how to serve youth amidst a global crisis that has exacerbated existing inequities. BGCGH responded with a Response, Recovery, Resiliency campaign. In the 2020 Response phase, BGCGH focused on the urgent and immediate needs of Club members and their families, including addressing food insecurity and providing childcare for essential workers.
In 2020–2021, BGCGH entered the Recovery phase by offering safe programming and beginning the long process of helping members cope with the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related stressors. In 2021, the nonprofit is launching the 24–36 month Resiliency phase to build on its Recovery efforts by addressing trauma and learning loss, while looking ahead to post-pandemic life. The Blue Ribbon Panel is a key driver of the Resiliency response.
“Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Houston has prioritized the physical and emotional well-being of our Club members and their families since the pandemic began through our programming and outreach,” says Kevin Hattery, President and CEO. “COVID-19 compounded existing inequities that disproportionately affect BGCGH youth and their communities, particularly communities of color. We will continue to support these young people and their families through innovative programming going forth.”
“The Blue Ribbon Panel was an invaluable asset in developing the recommendations that will inform our strategies to address inequities as we implement resiliency-based programming in all of our Clubs,” continues Hattery. “Great appreciation goes to BHP for funding the report and for its financial commitment during the pandemic. With these partners, we will continue to be a thought leader in youth development as we take our work to the next level.”
Hattery notes that as members return to Clubs during this month for the new school year, two of the major focuses are mitigation of pandemic learning loss and Social and Emotional Learning (SEL). One of BGCGH’s core pillars is Academics, which give youth the opportunity to engage in enrichment activities designed to increase connections with school and boost their academic performances. This includes improving reading and math skills and retention of material, while fostering positive attitudes toward school. Trained staff and mentors work to bridge the learning gap from stay-at-home mandates with group and individual tutoring sessions, incorporating an SEL approach for additional support.
Additionally, part of Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Houston’s mitigation strategy for pandemic and summer learning losses has been to align several of its in-person programs to TEKS (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills). TEKS are learning standards set by the state of Texas for all school districts and represent the objectives students learn throughout the year.
“We are honored to work with the Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Houston, who are uniquely positioned to identify needs in the children they serve, many of whom come from communities that are considered under-resourced, and help them build the resiliency and coping skills needed to adjust to life’s challenges and thrive,” says Marcy Melvin, Deputy Director of The Hackett Center for Mental Health. “As part of the process, it is important to take a whole-child and whole-family approach when engaging children’s families as well, keeping them informed and as an active partner on the programs their children are involved in, and giving them the communication skills necessary to support ongoing resiliency development outside of the programs BGCGH offers.”
The Hackett Center uncovered six guiding principles for the Resiliency phase from common themes communicated in the Blue Ribbon Panel sessions. All BGCGH strategies, programs or interventions will complement one or more core pillars, including Healthy Lifestyles, Good Character and Citizenship, Academic Success and Workforce and Career Readiness, through a holistic approach targeting families and Club members. Each element will be:
operated through a whole-child and whole-family lens;
evidence-based;
culturally informed, sensitive, and responsive;
equitable;
community connected; and
measured and evaluated.
With these guiding principles as a framework, the major findings from the Blue Ribbon Panel sessions are:
BGCGH youth have experienced varying levels of trauma and grief and will require supports to build resiliency and address the inequities exacerbated by COVID-19.
COVID-19 and existing inequities highlighted by events in 2020 have led many young people to feel disenfranchised, powerless, and disconnected from their communities.
Fostering resiliency takes time and effort and requires active motivation to develop those skills.
BGCGH has a unique staffing model and serves a diverse community that spans a large geographic area with an array of needs.
Club communities vastly differ, and individual cultures and experiences should be represented in program approaches while viewing youth as partners, not simply as service recipients.
Detailed recommendations presented in the report correlate to each finding. For example, there are four recommendations for Finding #1 regarding youth experiencing grief and trauma. These are:
1a: Implement a tiered system of supports to help clubs address varying behavioral and emotional needs by giving all club members access to universal Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) supports at the base level, with built-in targeted small group and intensive individualized supports as needed.
1b: Highlight and celebrate community partnerships and referral systems that worked during the pandemic. Evaluate and reimagine the referral process.
1c: Extend supports and training to families to teach parents and caregivers communication and resiliency skills to implement at home.
1d: Address learning loss in youth.
Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Houston has begun implementation of the recommendations in the report. Mitigation of learning loss and a focus on Social Emotional Learning will be front and center going forward to help youth realize a bright future. You can read more about the key findings and recommendations in Fostering Resiliency in a Post-Pandemic World through this link. | |
The knowledge and skills set forth in the personal financial literacy standards cross all grade levels and disciplines. A comprehensive, developmentally appropriate pre-kindergarten through grade 12 program can promote personal financial literacy throughout numerous curricular areas. Educators from all grade levels can use the financial literacy standards to align instruction and create curriculum and activities designed to instill within students a desire to be financially literate. The standards are intended to help schools develop programs that provide the knowledge and skills to establish sound financial habits. | https://mymazuma.com/resources/national-standards-in-k-12-personal-finance-education-2/ |
Due to their speed, data density, and versatility, optical metrology tools play important roles in today’s high-speed industrial manufacturing applications. Handbook of Optical Dimensional Metrology provides useful background information and practical examples to help readers understand and effectively use state-of-the-art optical metrology methods.
The book first builds a foundation for evaluating optical measurement methods. It explores the many terms of optical metrology and compares it to other forms of metrology, such as mechanical gaging, highlighting the limitations and errors associated with each mode of measurement at a general level. This comparison is particularly helpful to current industry users who operate the most widely applied mechanical tools.
The book then focuses on each application area of measurement, working down from large area to medium-sized to submicron measurements. It describes the measurement of large objects on the scale of buildings, the measurement of durable manufactured goods such as aircraft engines and appliances, and the measurement of fine features on the micron and nanometer scales. In each area, the book covers fast, coarse measures as well as the finest measurements possible. Best practices and practical examples for each technology aid readers in effectively using the methods.
Requiring no prior expertise in optical dimensional metrology, this handbook helps engineers and quality specialists understand the capabilities and limitations of optical metrology methods. It also shows them how to successfully apply optical metrology to a vast array of current engineering and scientific problems.
Optical Metrology: Introduction
Optical Metrology Overview, Kevin Harding
Machine Vision for Metrology, Kevin Harding and Gil Abramovich
Optical Metrology of Larger Objects
Laser Tracking Systems, Scott Sandwith and Stephen Kyle
Displacement Measuring Interferometry, Vivek G. Badami and Peter J. de Groot
Metrology of Large Parts, H. Philip Stahl
Optical Metrology of Medium-Size Objects
Portable Metrology, Daniel Brown and Jean Francois Laurie
Phase-Shifting Systems and Phase-Shifting Analysis, Qingying Hu
Moire Measurement, Toru Yoshizawa and Lianhua Jin
Optical Micro-Metrology of Small Objects
Automation in Interferometry, Erik Novak and Bryan Guenther
White-Light Interference 3D Microscopes, Joanna Schmit
Focus-Based Optical Metrology, Kevin Harding
Advanced Optical Micro-Metrology Methods
Parallel Multifunctional System for MEMS/MOEMS and Microoptics Testing, Małgorzata Kujawińska, Michał Józwik, and Adam Styk
Index
"This handbook is an impressive collection of methods to make very precise measurements of location, length and surface quality." | https://www.crcpress.com/Handbook-of-Optical-Dimensional-Metrology/Harding/p/book/9781439854815 |
As a professional, dynamic and developing organisation, currently employing over 1000 people, we are continually seeking the brightest and best people to maintain our position as one of the world's leading healthcare providers.
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In addition to salary, we offer an excellent benefits package, which includes a company pension scheme, and Vhi Healthcare cover.
Our Learning and Development team provide specialised training for various roles. We encourage further study while providing financial support for a range of relevant education courses.
If you are interested in joining our dynamic team at Vhi Healthcare please view our current vacancies below. | https://www.vhi.ie/about/recruitment |
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Cultural deprivation means when children are deprived from things what they need. This can include the lack of values and support they get from their parents, which can influence on socialisation skills. It can be argued that due to lack of family structure, social cultural and soft skills pupils are less likely to underachieve. Cultural deprivation is a theory that many working-class children are inadequately socialised and therefore lack the ‘right’ culture appropriate for a successful education. Many people argue that development is vital in the younger years in the child’s life, and the ability to solve problems and apply ideas help in the long-term.
These kids are the ones that are more likely to run away from home or take drugs and this is all going to be blamed onto their parents for not raising them up correctly. Many parents do not discipline their child in the correct manner. They may smack or spank their child or even whip them. This should not be necessary and they as parents should not be going to this extent. They should learn that physically punishing their child does not make the child understand what they have done wrong.
Insecurity can also mean fear of abandonment or fear of being replaced. Parents may also fear that questions or criticism will put their child at a disadvantage in school. However, in most cases, the provider is the secondary attachment for the child. Guilt is another emotion parents sometimes may feel because the parents are not there as much as they should be because of work or other obligations. Parents are often show frustration at not being there and being able to help their children in addition to not getting to see them as much as the teachers do.
Some parents ignore to teach their children when they were young. It cause many children don’t care their behavior and they will get the wrong worldview. I like this book because that is a good advice for children and parents, it can help parents teach their children keep a good behavior when they were young. How to listening to the other people, that is a serious problem for children, especially for parents. Now, more and more children don’t like to listen to the other people.
One begins to understand that his mom is pushing him for his own good and it is what is best for him. The other is pushed too hard and loses her self-confidence. Their mothers just want them to be able to succeed in life, because as children, Amy and Mark’s moms were uneducated and unhappy. In “Kaffir Boy” and “Two Kinds”, children are faced with high expectations to become educated and become something great, which challenge their relationships with their respected mothers. Throughout the stories the children are faced with the expectation to succeed.
The problem arises when parents fail to teach their children the correct way of behaving toward adults. Once threats are made, the parents back down and the teenager feels powerful. Now, the teenager has control over the parent, causing the parent to feel weak and powerless. Moreover, teens lately have been mimicking the disrespectful and disobedient attitude their friends exhibit in school. This can mainly be seen between a student and a teacher, another adult, or just a simple student with student.
Brittiany Garcia English 101 8:00am Summary Review of “Correcting the Mistakes of Parenting” In his article “Correcting the Mistakes of Parenting” Ruben Navarrette Jr., discusses how today’s parents are choosing to raise their children or more appropriately the mistakes that they are making while doing so. He begins his article by stating that buying your children everything will not guarantee your child’s respect. It’s what he goes on to say where things get interesting. In a survey where both Adults and children were surveyed the findings reveal that many of today’s children do not intend to raise their own children the same way that they were raised. They plan to be tougher with their own children as well as a lot less generous.
On the other hand there are parents that are very protective over their children. They don`t trust their children to do things on their own and help them too much. Those children can fall behind in the development of their motor skills. Simple tasks as getting
Obedience means that the children do what they are told to do. Authoritarian Parents always use this type of parenting which consists of 3 characteristics: having strict rules and expectations, demanding but not responsive, utilizing punishments with little explanation. However, today’ society is changing and become more open and more competitive, we hope our next generation to have all-round development. An obedient parenting is no longer suitable to adopt, even worse, it can hinder children’s personal development and reach to other disadvantages. In my opinion, obedient to parents is not a must-follow rule nowadays.
Ignorance, mentioned by the parents, is an indication of parents’ judgement based on their experience, not their true understanding of such questions. Parents are not the best teachers because they judge things with experience. They may not convey things in logical and theoretical ways. Difficulty to explain questions may lead to inability to elaborate on such questions. Most parents want their children to develop both physically and morally. | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Bad-Behavior-26664.html |
Mirko Ivanovski added another goal for Astra in league play, Daniel Georgievski scored an own goal for Steaua București against Chelsea, while Zoran Danoski converted a spot kick in the penalty shooutout to help Příbram progress to the next round of the Czech Cup.
UEFA Champions League, Group F, Arsenal – Napoli 2:0
Goran Pandev started up front for Napoli as the lone striker, with Gonzalo Higuaín nursing an injury, and played until the 61st minute when he was replaced by Dries Mertens. Goran was rather quiet as Arsenal scored its two goals in the opening 15 minutes to record the three points.
UEFA Champions League, Group E, Steaua București – Chelsea 0:4
Daniel Georgievski started at right-back for Steaua București and played until the 71st minute when he was substituted by Fernando Varela. Georgievski struggled mightily dealing with Chelsea winger André Schürrle, and to cap off a bad game also scored an own goal in the 44th minute. The Steaua keeper saved a shot by Samuel Eto’o, but Georgievski, who was running full speed towards his goal to mark Ashley Cole, sent the rebound into his own net for an unfortunate own goal. When he was substituted, Georgievski received loud boos from the crowd and also has been getting hammered by Romanian newspapers for his play in the game. In times like these, we will find about Daniel’s character in how he responds from a difficult situation.
The own goal by Georgievski (at 2:41):
https://youtube.com/watch?v=bThKxemCRdQ
UEFA Europa League, Group A, Swansea City – St. Gallen 1:0
Muhamed Demiri was an unused substitute for St. Gallen.
Romania, Liga I Bergenbier, Astra – Brașov 3:0
Mirko Ivanovski started on the bench for Astra before he entered the game in the 66th minute replacing Sadat Bukari. Ivanovski scored the second Astra goal in the 85th minute when he received the ball near the edge of the area before then reaching the back of the net with a sliding right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
https://youtube.com/watch?v=pge7W8KTCSw
Sweden, Allsvenskan, Malmö – Mjällby 1:0
Daniel Ivanovski played all 90 minutes for Mjällby who conceded the lone goal of the game in the 84th minute against the current leaders in the Swedish top division.
Sweden, Allsvenskan, Gefle – Häcken 0:0
Leonard Zuta played the entire game for Häcken and was part of a defense that kept a clean sheet in the goalless draw against Gefle.
Turkey, Ziraat Türkiye Kupası, Denizlispor – Evrenseki 1:2
Bajram Fetai was not included in the 18 player squad by Denizlispor.
Denmark, DBU Pokalen, Lyngby – Viborg 1:0
Aleksandar Stankov was an unused substitute for Viborg who was eliminated from the Danish Cup with the narrow loss against Lyngby.
Ukraine, Premyer-Liha, Arsenal Kyiv – Sevastopol 3:1
Besart Ibraimi was not among the 18 players called up by Sevastopol.
Cyprus, First Division Championship, Ermis – Kouklia 5:2
Armend Alimi started for Ermis in midfield and played until the 59th minute when he was replaced by Constantinos Samaras.
Czech Republic, Pohár České, České Budějovice – Příbram 0:0 (Příbram advanced 4:2 on penalties)
Zoran Danoski played the entire game for Příbram who needed penalties to down České Budějovice and reach the next round of the Czech Cup. Danoski converted one of the four penalties for Příbram. | http://macedonianfootball.com/midweek-internationals-performances-137/ |
This memoir details the life of Sarah Saaroni in the years after her survival during the Holocaust as told in her previous book Life Goes on Regardless.
While that title reflects reality, Sarah has never been a passive participant in life but has used her determination, courage, ingenuity and resourcefulness to face the numerous challenges with which life has confronted her.
The story that Sarah relates in this small book probably reflects the difficulties facing many refugees after their escape from war and areas of conflict. But so many would never face these challenges with the same determination and resolve that contributed to Sarah Saaroni’s survival through the Holocaust. She shows that these same characteristics have helped her confront the demands of post-war life, move countries, learn new languages, bear two children, work numerous jobs, support her husband, take up piano lessons and become a highly regarded sculptress. Now in her 90s she continues to lead a very active and productive life.
Despite all that life has thrown at her, the message she continues to believe and deliver is that ‘the world is so beautiful. If only people could live in peace and accept one another.’ Surely it is this philosophy that has allowed her to reach this stage of life. | https://www.jhc.org.au/books/saaroni-sarah-hope-for-a-better-future/ |
The Anatomy of Style by Patrick J Jones is a book for beginners learning to draw the human figure. This book is a collection of tips and techniques that he wished he had learned years ago. The content comes from his 15 years of experience as an artist and also from the art classes he teaches.
This 160-page paperback has several chapters.
The first chapter talks about the foundation of understanding anatomy. Here it has a lot of pointers in regards to specific landmarks on the human figure to look out for when you're drawing. There are tips to help you understand the form and structure, for the whole human figure and also in detail for each feature of the head.
The other chapters covers poses and gestures, such as the use of contrapposto (aka counterpoise), how to make your figures more lively and less rigid, how to tackle life figure drawings with detail or with limited time, finding your own style, and using what you've learned to draw from imagination.
There are many wonderful illustrated examples with notes, several step by step drawings with explanation. I find the instructions very insightful and the book definitely warrant repeated readings.
When I went through the book, I was reminded of other anatomy books, such as Drawing the Living Figure, Figure Drawing: Design and Invention, Force: Dynamic Life Drawing for Animators, Anatomy for Artists: A New Approach to Discovering, Learning and Remembering the Body and some others. If you're an experienced artist, then perhaps you'll already know much of what's taught because the target audience for this book is for beginners. As a standalone book, the subject coverage is great.
Overall, it's a very informative and helpful book on human figure drawing. Highly recommended.
The Anatomy of Style: Figure Drawing Techniques is available at Amazon (US | CA | UK | DE | FR | IT | ES | JP | CN) and Book Depository
Visit Amazon to check out more reviews.
If you buy from the links, I get a little commission that helps me get more books to feature.
Here are direct links to the book: | https://www.parkablogs.com/ja/content/book-review-anatomy-of-style-figure-drawing-techniques |
Should the American people give more power to the federal government in order to have more secure elections?
Article I and II of the United States Constitution state that Congress has the ability to set the “Times, Places and Manner” of congressional elections, as well as allow Congress to designate the “Time” for the election of presidents. Therefore, the federal government can regulate certain factors of elections, but ultimately, the states are responsible for the administration of the elections of senators, representatives and presidents.
Our founding fathers ensured that our federal government would not be primarily in charge of the elections, as the government could become corrupt, and with this power, overtake our democratic election system, ending democracy in the United States as we know it. To those men, it would be like giving a king control of the elections that keep him on the throne — therefore a federal government should not control elections that keep them in office.
Although this was the fundamental basis of elections for our founding fathers, many politicians, including our current president Joe Biden, wish to change this, giving more power to the federal government over elections.
The House of Representatives just passed a bill, which included the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act and the Freedom to Vote Act, that aims to centralize presidential elections, federalizing the electoral system. States, under this bill, would be required to get clearance from the Department of Justice for any changes to voting laws, whether it be changing locations of voting polls or instituting stricter voting ID requirements. Along with that, the federal government would enforce a list of requirements and restrictions for the elections, some of which include: ending registration deadlines, counting ballots that were cast out of precinct or county, allowing felons to vote after release from prison, lessening restrictions of voter identification laws, allowing for more mail-in voting, same-day registration for voting, and more.
Since restrictions on the election process vary depending on the state, the bill seeks to make the election process (like voter rights, regulations of voting locations, etc.) the same in every state, and ensure that the states cannot change it without the federal government’s approval. This bill must now be approved by the Senate before becoming law.
Many people believe that most of these laws within the bill are fair, protecting our elections and our democracy altogether.
“I think this bill would help protect voter rights,” San Clemente High School sophomore Jackson Talley said. “Ultimately, it would make our elections run more efficiently.”
In opposition, some citizens feel that centralizing the elections would give the federal government too much power over elections.
“The restrictions in these bills seem like they would help secure the election process, but it’s also giving the federal government a lot of power,” an anonymous sophomore said. “If the federal government can overrule states’ decisions regarding elections or voting rights, the federal government has a tighter grip on the election process than the states do – which is a scary thought.”
So, there is a large question to consider: in order to secure the election process, which politicians believe is necessary, should we put more faith in the federal government, giving them much of the power over our democratic system?
Regardless of one’s opinion, it is important to note that this bill is asking the American people to choose freedom or security. To choose freedom is to reject the bill, allowing the states to keep primary responsibility for the election process, which also means that there will continue to be different regulations for the election process depending on the state. To choose security is to pass the bill, ensuring that the election process is the same in all states, but willingly giving the federal government the keys to the car regarding our democratic elections.
With great power comes great responsibility – but that does not necessarily mean that politicians will always act in the best interests of the American people? | https://tritontimes.com/41844/columns/federalizing-elections-security-or-loss-of-power/ |
But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire. James 1:14, ESV...
Bear one another’s burdens, and so fulfill the law of Christ. Galatians 6:2...
Listen to advice and accept instruction, that you may gain wisdom in the future. Proverbs 19:20, ESV...
How good and pleasant it is when God's people live together in unity! Psalms 133:1, NIV...
I appeal to you, dear brothers and sisters, by the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, to live in harmony with each other. Let there be no divisions in the church. Rather, be of one mind, united in thought and purpose. ...
“...Praying at all times in the Spirit, with all prayer and supplication. To that end, keep alert with all perseverance, making supplication for all the saints.” Ephesians 6:18...
“...Take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God.” Ephesians 6:17 ...
“In all circumstances take up the shield of faith, with which you can extinguish all the flaming darts of the evil one.” Ephesians 6:16...
“...As shoes for your feet, having put on the readiness given by the gospel of peace.” Ephesians 6:15...
"Therefore take up the whole armor of God, that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand firm. Stand therefore, having fastened on the belt of truth, and having put on the breastplate of righteousness..." Ephesians 6:13-14... | https://www.northvalleychurch.org/blog/page/43 |
Mathematics for Testing, Reliability and Information Security (MaTRIS) group was founded to facilitate the connection between discrete mathematics, computer science in general and, in particular, the interplay with information security. The group has positioned itself within SBA Research to serve as a major long-term vision of the center with regard to the successful development of real-world applications as well as necessary for the advancement of theoretical approaches and methodologies. More information about the group here: https://matris.sba-research.org/
SBA Research is a research center for Information Security funded partly by the national initiative for COMET Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies. Within a network of more than 70 companies, 15 Austrian and international universities and research institutions, and many additional international research partners we jointly work on research challenges ranging from organizational to technical security to strengthen Europe’s Cybersecurity capabilities.
We are looking for
Research project assistants
The filled positions will become part of a research team focused on software and security testing with methodologies arising from the field of combinatorial mathematics. Main tasks of the project assistant positions are
- Develop and write software employing combinatorial testing methodologies
- Maintenance of existing tools
These positions have a focus on software engineering for those that have a research interest on applied mathematics and security aspects of software and hardware systems. The project assistants will be closely mentored and monitored by senior researchers of the team.
- There is also an option the positions to be converted to junior researcher positions (PhD Student) should the interest arise, but is not mandatory to do so.
Minimum Requirements
- master degree in software engineering, computer science, mathematics or related discipline (Uni, FH) or any equivalent credentials that prove seniority on the previous aspects especially in software engineering
- Interest in applying mathematics to real-world problems of information security
- proficient in at least one programming language
- Working language of the group is English
- capacity for teamwork
- interest in a multi-disciplinary thematic working area
- high motivation
Desireable Skills
- Experience with at least two programming languages and/or the capacity to learn new ones
- Proficient in Linux programming and scripting
We offer
- a world-renowned team of experienced researchers
- a network of scientific and company partners interlocking of academia and economy
- an attractive working environment and flat hierarchy
- full- or part-time employment
- salary according to FWF (Austrian Science Fund) standards (http://www.fwf.ac.at/en/research-funding/personnel-costs/)
- flexible working hours
An overview of the current research projects of the group can be found here: https://matris.sba-research.org/projects/#current .
For an application for these positions, please send your application exclusively in English to [email protected] (should include a CV and motivation letter).
For informal queries, please write to MaTRIS group leader Dimitris Simos at [email protected]. | https://www.sba-research.org/about/jobs/project-assistant-positions-in-matris/ |
are not in the office, we are still working on keeping our project going.
Due to COVID-19, the team is currently working remotely from home. While we
are not in the office, we are still working on keeping our project going.
Firstly, we are a project that is focused on building and maintaining a Black Canadian archive in the
Ottawa – Gatineau region, we are currently seeking collections to add to our archive. Please visit this page [here] to get an acquisition form if you have any items you could share or donate.
Moreover, we are still conducting interviews with community members/leaders virtually. If you know of someone who would like to be featured on our stories page, please contact us [here]. To see the interviews, please visit our Youtube channel [here] or Our Stories page [here].
Last but not least, we are hosting a paid mentorship program for Black youth ages 15-18 in collaboration with Jaku Konbit & BIA Media. This paid mentorship program is starting this July; pre-employment courses start June 8th. Guided by Dr. Ledbetter & members of Bia Media. The mentorship curriculum will focus on African archiving, media production, and storytelling. This program will help Black youth to understand the importance of preserving history, gain access to knowledge on media/video production to create their own platforms, as well as to learn the art of storytelling.
If you are a youth between the age of 15-18 or if you know of a youth that would like to be a part of this program, please [sign up today]. For more questions contact Dr. Ledbetter at [email protected]; there are a limited amount of spots! Sign up now & spread the word!
This summer we also have a volunteer program for youth ages 13 & 14. This volunteer program aims to make our communities safe spaces for youth to create, engage, and build for positive impacts. They will learn life, employment, and social skills to be able to apply to our mentorship program within the coming years. They will work with members of The Griot In Me, BIA Media & Jaku Konbit to contribute to community spaces, help seniors, and explore their own creative ideas.
COVID-19 is affecting Black communities across Canada due to systemic practices of racism and discrimination in government, law, and healthcare sectors where our concerns are not being reviewed; Leaving a lack of resources, testing sites, data collection, etc. Our businesses/organizations have been impacted financially. If you can support, search Black businesses and organizations in your area to contribute by volunteering, donating, or purchasing items via curbside pickup/online orders.
Thank you,
#StaySafe
#StayConnected
The Griot In Me Team
We are the Black Canadian Archive for the National Capital Region.
Our mission is to preserve history, pass on knowledge, collect resources, and recognize experiences and practices of Black Canadians in the National Capital Region through oral and written tradition and initiatives. | https://thegriotinme.com/covid19/ |
Brent Thompson 2013
A common mistake municipalities make in transportation planning is to focus only on the movement of and parking of cars. This is a mistake because the most vital and economically successful communities also focus on bicycles and pedestrians. It is people out of their cars who shop, stroll, linger, sit on benches, and enter restaurants. People in cars don’t buy much except gas and “fast food”.
Plus, people passing through towns don’t tend to stop if a town looks uninteresting and uninviting to walk around in. Thus, community leaders who ignore or downplay pedestrian and bicycle amenities do so at an economic cost to their communities.
But for a community to develop pedestrian and bicycle amenities it first must develop a pedestrian and bicycle transportation plan. This plan needs to include pathways, sidewalks, short cuts, ramps, stairways, and small parks leading to and from places people want to go. A valuable source of ideas are children. Kids travel around on foot, and by bicycle, scooter, and skateboard. They know where routes and improvements need to be that will be convenient for both kids and adults. Their thoughts and ideas should be heeded.
A transportation system plan must include safe routes to schools so parents won’t worry about their kids’ safety and will thereby feel less need to drive them. Routes to schools are best when they are off busy streets. This means that when cities have what is called poor “connectivity” on back streets, planning commissions and city councils must hold public hearings to decide where new routes are to go to connect streets and where sidewalks should be.
Often in the formulation of a transportation plan it is necessary to consider easements for pathways for better “connectivity.” The public hearing process to determine the location of easements is guaranteed to bring out strong emotions, but it is an essential process if a city is to develop a varied transportation system.
These new routes or improvements may not be built for decades, but at some point any city that wants to reduce vehicle trips and make transportation easier for people out of their cars has to commit to the preferred routes and improvements. As part of a comprehensive plan revision, the routes will be shown on the city transportation map where they will remain until development or redevelopment occurs or until money becomes available to purchase easements so the routes can be built.
The Safe Routes to Schools program initiated under the Clinton Administration was an opportunity for communities to move ahead with alternative forms of transportation, but local leaders needed to push to get the work done. If elected officials or staff members failed to formulate a transportation plan and failed to apply for the funds, that opportunity which was available for almost a decade was lost.
Public transportation for small communities is often not feasible because neither population density nor the revenue needed to support such a system are adequate.
Thus, city leaders should focus on what is possible. That first step is to map existing non automobile routes. Then leaders need to formulate and “map” where future bicycle and pedestrian routes and improvements ought to be. Once the mapping is completed, the city will be ready to apply for grant money when it might again be available. And the city will be able to include these routes and sidewalk improvements as a condition of approval in future planning actions. Defaulting on formulating a pedestrian and bicycle plan should not be an option. | https://alternativestogrowth.com/the-need-for-alternative-modes-of-transportation-in-cities/ |
27 entrepreneurs on a marathon in Tripoli and Benghazi to restart their businesses
Funded by the Government of Japan, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Libya launched today a two-day marathon in Tripoli which aimed at helping entrepreneurs to rebuild their businesses and reunite their communities with an eye on gender mainstreaming, environment and peace.
Under the name Re-Start-Up, the marathon seeks to address the economic crisis provoked by the conflict that severely impacted the private sector in Libya, leading to the closure of businesses, as well as the high unemployment rates that have been compounded by the current COVID-19 pandemic.
During Re-Start-up, participants will receive business development training to further improve their ideas, enrich them and turn them into reality.
Selected ideas will be technically and financially supported during the business development process with grants of up to US$40,000, and the individual or teams' authors of those ideas will have the chance to receive a pre-incubation accelerator program to benefit from training and mentoring for three months.
During the Re-Start-Up launch, which was streamed live on UNDP Libya Facebook page, a UNDP staff read the opening remarks on behalf of Chargé d'Affaires of Japan to Libya, Mr. Tsuneki Matsuda, which stated:
"The Government of Japan is pleased to support the Re-Start-Up initiative. Through economic development and job creation, the private sector has tremendous potential to help in the stabilization of the country. As the tide of business rises, it has the potential to reunite the communities and the country. The business sector must look at how it can likewise become more resilient, sustainable, and people-centered."
On her part, UNDP Libya Deputy Resident Representative, Ms. Gözde AVCI-LEGRAND, said:
"The spread of Covid-19 pandemic in Libya has exacerbated livelihoods and employment opportunities for many in Libya, adding layers of challenges and complexities on the top of an ongoing conflict.
"UNDP's efforts on livelihoods and economic recovery are the first critical steps for addressing underlying vulnerabilities and inequalities towards sustainable and equitable development. I am confident that the Re-Start-Up Marathon will contribute to boost jobs creation in Libya and reinvigorate the local economy to support the most vulnerable people." | https://libya-businessnews.com/2020/10/28/27-entrepreneurs-on-a-marathon-to-re-start-their-businesses/ |
A NEW 10-year study will look at how arts and culture benefits the wellbeing of Bradford’s residents.
In May Bradford launched its 10-year cultural strategy - dubbed “Culture is Our Plan” that aims to get more of the District’s residents involved in culture.
And it has now been revealed that research project Born in Bradford will be involved in a “UK first” study into the impact of culture on people’s lives.
The plan will be discussed at a meeting of the Bradford and Airedale Wellbeing Board next Tuesday, when members will hear that there is currently little research into how many people in the District access arts, museums, galleries, theatre and other cultural offers.
However, it is thought that more than half of Bradford’s residents have “low engagement” with the arts - much higher than the national average of around 35 per cent.
The Born In Bradford project has been tracking the lives of 13,500 babies and their families – around 30,000 people in total – for more than a decade.
It has looked at how issues such as poverty and pollution have affected the health of the city’s children.
And now the same expertise will be used to study how access to cultural activities can improve health and wellbeing.
The Committee will be given an update on the strategy and what it hopes to achieve.
Launch of 10-year culture plan to help put Bradford on "national and international stage"
But it says that as things stand there is no way to tell whether the plan is attracting people who would normally get involved in arts and culture.
To fix this there will be a decade long study by Born in Bradford to run alongside the strategy to gauge the impact it is having on residents' lives.
It is thought that access to arts and culture can help people feel part of their community, improve their mental wellbeing and help people become more active - and the new study will help identify exactly how important culture is to residents’ lives.
A report by the Department of Culture Media and Sport in September 2020 said the arts had positive impacts on child development, social skills and social cohesion, including a reduction of loneliness and isolation, a decline in aggression and discrimination, and an "improvement in social consciousness."
At the launch of the Cultural strategy in May, leaders of the Bradford Cultural Place Partnership said the 10 year plan aimed to give Bradford more recognition on the national, and international, stage.
Making sure people from all different backgrounds, and all parts of the District, had access to arts and culture was also a vital part of the strategy.
It is hoped that Bradford will be named City of Culture in 2025 - half way through the 10 years strategy.
At Tuesday’s meeting the Wellbeing Board will be asked to support plans for the study, which will be known as Live Life Better.
The report to the board says: “Having examined all of the data available on audiences across the District, we now know
enough to know what we don’t know.
“We can see that the conventional tools to measure cultural engagement don’t help us understand either the breadth of cultural activity in the District or people’s level of engagement with it.
“Even within our professional National Portfolio Organisations (organisations supported by the Arts Council) very few operate box-office systems.
“The picture they can paint is partial at best. Bradford needs to devise its own means of collecting and understanding data about cultural engagement.
“Fortunately, we have a unique asset to help us do this – and a great deal more besides.
“At the Bradford Institute for Health Research, Born in Bradford is a worldleading study that has been tracking the lives of 13,500 babies and their families – around 30,000 people in total – for more than a decade.
“It is helping unravel the reasons for ill health and using the evidence to save lives. On top of this, the Connected Bradford project holds anonymised data for approximately 700,000 citizens across the Bradford and Airedale region.
“The Bradford Cultural Place Partnership will co-commission a UK-first, ten-year study using the unique Born in Bradford data. Working with the team at Bradford Institute for Health Research, we will get a better understanding of people’s engagement with culture.
“The study will give us evidence of the benefits of arts, culture and heritage to everyone’s lives.”
The board will also be asked to support another of the cultural plan’s goals - to link up the cultural sector with schools and higher education settings in the city to help provide young people with the means to get a job in the cultural sector, especially in emerging digital industries. | https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/19501976.10-year-study-test-impact-culture-bradford-residents-wellbeing/?ref=twtrec |
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To prevent any kind of unauthorized access or disclosure of information, we rely on various types of data protection, management, and security protocols. As a result of such measures, we are one of the most trusted websites with secure and protected information. However, to be on the safer side; always be careful while sharing your personal information through insecure social networks, email, and other communication channels. | https://varasoldigi.co.uk/privacy.aspx |
BET was assigned to investigate water damage in multiple units on the property located at 109 Chestnut Street in Boston, MA by the property managers from Street and Company. The property at 109 Chestnut Street consists of a five story high residential apartment building that consists of exterior coated masonry facades. The reported leaks are in 3 different locations in two of the units on site, where our team will conduct an investigation of the interior and exterior facades where the water damage is present. The windows and doors in the units were also tested for water leakage issues.
BET
Street and Company, Inc. | https://www.buildingenvelopetech.com/portfolio-item/109-chestnut-street/ |
This month’s Frontline Festival is all about conflict and conflict resolution. I am grateful to all the wonderful contributors for sharing their insights on this important topic. If you have written a post on conflict, feel free to add a link to it in the comments section.
Root Causes of Conflict
I like this post from Jesse Lyn Stoner of Seapoint Center because she examines conflict from a systems perspective, showing how we can miss the opportunity to clarify and resolve the deeper, underlying issues if we just assume conflict between two people is a personality conflict. 5 Tips to Ensure Your Values Unify Your Team, Not Divide It
Conflict Begins With You
Lolly Daskal of Lead From Within offers a trilogy of posts that examine the root causes of conflict.
Every conflict starts with SELF. and as a leader from within, you must self manage and self regulate.
As a leader, you are comparing yourself to others that makes you feel less than self so it causes CONFLICT. Leadership Beyond Compare
As a leader do you give yourself permission to honor yourself so you don’t feel depleted and you are more incline to handle conflict because you are NOT feeling stretched emotionally. Honor Yourself
As a leader do you have blind spots of self and they are causing conflict and you don’t even realize what you are projecting onto others. Strangers Unto Yourself. She continues, “SO in my coaching with leaders around the world and my facilitation on the subject of “conflict resolution” is always taking stock of SELF and looking in the mirror. The best leaders look within first for conflict resolution.”
The Positive Side of Conflict
Joy and Tom Guthrie of Vizwerxs share the conflict pic on the left. I have had the delight of working with them on art for my next keynote. A great creative duo.
Henna Inam of Transformational Leadership shares 5 Steps to Embrace Conflict. My favorite line, “Every conflict has within it the opportunity for positive change – the transformation of the problem through the transformation of those engaged in the conflict.”
John Hunter, of Curious Cat shares I wish more people objected to bad ideas, even if doing so risks conflict. Far too often we are so fearful of the potential downsides of addressing issues that might be contentious that we avoid those issues and just accept the damage they cause. This is not wise. This sub-optimizes overall performance to minimize conflict. We need to be able to address contentious issues effectively even if that means dealing with conflict.
Joan Kofodimos of Teleos Consulting Learn to Love Conflict. I particularly like her list of “prescriptive beliefs about what should be true.”
Terri Klass of Terri Klass Consulting explains the difference between toxic and productive conflict in her post, What’s a Leader to Do About Confict?
Lisa Kohn of Chatsworth Consulting Group presents Conflict is good – five ways to make it even better! on The Thoughtful LeadersÔ Blog where she presents a few simple, but not so easy, steps to take that can help make conflict more effective and productive.
Conflict Management Tips and Tools
Blair Glaser of Blair Glaser shares her witty yet poignant view of manage conflicts in relationships in her post How to Have the Same Fight Over and Over
Jennifer V. Miller of The People Equation reminds us of the snowball effects of snappy remarks in The Snowball Effect: When Small Workplace Offenses Grow Out of Control
Matt McWilliams of Matt McWiliams offers practical advice for managing conflict with dominant and controlling types in his post, Conflict and the High D.
Sridhar Laxman of Lucid Minds Coaching shares his views on dealing with difficult co workers. My favorite tip, “Fight fire with water, resolve to stay calm while your coworker fumes.”
Linda Fisher Thornton of Leading in Context shares How to Not Lead Through Conflict. A practical list for leaders managing in high-conflict arenas.
Greg Richardson of The Strategic Monk, reminds us of the folly of arguing to just to win in his post, Argument vs. Persuasion: Winning Vs. Winning Over.
Tanveer Naseer of Tanveer Naseer draws on an exceptional customer service experience for tips on how to diffuse conflict in his post 4 Keys to Successfully Resolving Conflicts in the Workplace
New to the Festival, John Stoker, of Dialogue Works shares his post Managing Conflict With Ease. He extends lessons learned in childhood to provide practical advice for grown-ups.
Conflict, Fear and Frustration
Bob Winchester, Culture Ninja, shares Handling Conflict in the Workplace. What I love most about his post is that he goes back and edits it and let’s us see his mind shift. Well played.
“I’ve learned a lesson since I first wrote this that requires me to make an edit here. Sometimes, it isn’t that people don’t care. It may just appear that they don’t care. Maybe they had a bad day or maybe they don’t care about the same issues that you do. Either way, people are complex. They care about some things and care less about others; that doesn’t make them bad. I have to be careful in making judgments like that, because they do more harm than good.”
Greg Marcus, of Idolbuster takes on the angle of personal organizational conflict in his post, 3 Options if Your Values Conflict With Company Culture. He reminds of our important choices.
Frank Sonnenberg Online describes the role fear holds in conflict situations in his post, Fear the Silent Killer.
Coming Next:
July’s Festival is all about Teams and Teamwork. Submissions due July 12th. I’m working on the topic calendar for the remainder of the year. Please comment with suggestions on future Frontline Festival topics.
Previous Frontline Festivals: | https://letsgrowleaders.com/2013/06/14/frontline-festival-conflict/ |
Saddened by the news of the recent Philippines typhoon, designer Victoria Beckham decided to dig deep in to her personal wardrobe. She donated several boxes of designer clothing, shoes and accessories to London’s Red Cross who will use the pieces to raise money for the relief effort. Victoria also encouraged others to follow her by taking old or unwanted items to a Red Cross store who can re-sell and use the extra money to help those left without homes:
“Typhoon Haiyan has devastated the Philippines, killing thousands and leaving hundreds of thousands homeless. The British Red Cross is now carrying out an enormous humanitarian relief project to help all those people in desperate need. David and I are supporting the Red Cross Shop Drop for the Philippines campaign and we urge everyone in Britain to do the same. Everyone has something in their closet they were holding onto, a dress, suit, or pair of shoes they thought they might wear again, dig them out, bag them up, drop them off and give someone else the chance to buy them, raising much needed funds for the Red Cross aid effort. Thank you.”
British Red Cross Director of Fund-raising, Mark Astarita, commented that Victoria’s charitable effort will help those who have survived the devastation and who need help with essential care: | https://www.bevoguish.com/designer-news/victoria-beckham-donates-designer-clothes-to-aid-philippines-relief/ |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Detergent Disclosure
Examples
Materials and Methods
Description of the MDW Scrubbing Machine Used for Examples 1 and 2
Description of the MDW Scrubbing Machine Used for Examples 3-11
Soiled Tiles
Description of the Method
Enzymes Used:
Example 1
Use of Amylase in the Method of the Invention
Example 2
Use of Amylase and Protease in the Method of the Invention
Example 3
Use of Amylase in the Method of the Invention
Results:
Example 4
Use of Amylase in the Method of the Invention
Results:
Example 5
Use of Amylase in the Method of the Invention
Results:
Example 6
Use of Amylase in the Method of the Invention
Results:
Example 7
Use of Amylase in the Method of the Invention
Results:
Example 8
Use of Amylase in the Method of the Invention
Results:
Example 9
Use of Amylase and Protease in the Method of the Invention
Example 10
Use of Amylase and Protease in the Method of the Invention
Results:
Example 11
Use of Amylase and Protease in the Method of the Invention
Results:
The present invention relates to dish wash in particular manual dishwash (MDW).
Dish washing is a well know activity that takes place in practically all places where food is prepared or consumed. Traditionally dish washing is done manually by immersing the soiled dishware in dishwater, brushing or other mechanical action to the dishware followed by rinsing and drying the cleaned dishware.
Despite that automated dishwashers have been available for several years, many people around the world are still doing dishwashing manually. Especially pots and pans and other kitchenware used to heat food either on the stove or in the oven are often considered annoying to clean, because they have to soak for a long time and require a high mechanical effort to be cleaned.
There is therefore a need for improved method for dish wash in order to ease the dish washing task and to reduce the amount of mechanical action needed to obtain a satisfactory result when cleaning the dishes.
a. Providing a solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes;
b. Soaking the soiled dishware into the solution for a period between 30 seconds and 120 minutes, preferably between 1 minute and 60 minutes preferably between 1 minute and 30 minutes, most preferred between 1 minute and 10 minutes;
c. Applying mechanical action in order to release the stains; and
d. Rinsing and drying the clean dishware.
The invention provides an improved method for manual dish wash comprising the steps of:
It has surprisingly been found that using the method of the invention that a considerable improved cleaning of the dishware can be achieved compared with dish washing under the same conditions but with the omission of the one or more enzymes in the detergent composition, or that the same cleaning effect can be achieved with application of significant less mechanical action compared with dishwashing under the same conditions but without one or more enzymes in the detergent composition.
Furthermore, the invention provides a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising at least one surfactant and one or more enzymes selected among protease, lipase, cutinase, amylase, carbohydrase, cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, arabinase, galactanase, xylanase, oxidase, e.g., laccase, and/or peroxidase.
Dish washing composition: The term “dish washing composition” refers to all forms of compositions for cleaning hard surfaces in particular dish ware. The present invention is not restricted to any particular type of dish wash composition or any particular detergent.
Detergent composition: The term “detergent composition” refers to all form of detergent composition for manually cleaning dish ware. The detergent composition may be in solid or in liquid form, including gels. In use the detergent composition is dissolved is an amount of water to form the ready to use wash solution.
Dish wash: The term “dish wash” refers to all forms of washing dishes, e.g. by hand or automatic dish wash. Washing dishes includes, but is not limited to, the cleaning of all forms of crockery such as plates, cups, glasses, bowls, all forms of cutlery such as spoons, knives, forks and serving utensils as well as ceramics, plastics, metals, china, glass and acrylics.
Dish ware: The term dish ware is intended to mean any form of kitchen utensil, dinner set or tableware such as but not limited to pans, plates, cops, knives, forks, spoons, porcelain etc.
Hard surface cleaning: The term “Hard surface cleaning” is defined herein as cleaning of hard surfaces wherein hard surfaces may include floors, tables, walls, roofs etc. as well as surfaces of hard objects such as cars (car wash) and dishes (dish wash). Dish washing includes but are not limited to cleaning of plates, cups, glasses, bowls, cutlery such as spoons, knives, forks, serving utensils, ceramics, plastics, metals, china, glass and acrylics.
a. Providing an solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes;
b. Soaking the soiled dishware in to solution for a period between 30 seconds and 120 minutes, preferably between 1 minute and 60 minutes preferably between 1 minute and 30 minutes, most preferred between 1 minute and 10 minutes; and
c. Applying mechanical action in order to release the stains; and
d. Rinsing and drying the dishware.
The method for manual dish wash according to the invention comprises the steps of:
Manual dish wash may be performed in several different ways and the invention is not limited to any particular setting of the dish was. In general manual dish wash is performed by immersing or contacting the soiled dishware with dishwater, using some kind of mechanical action to release the stains from the dishware, for example using a brush or sponge, followed by rinsing and drying the dishware. Manual dish wash is generally performed in some kind of open container such as a sink, a tub or a bowl, in contrast to automated dish wash that takes place inside of an automated dishwasher machine.
In step a. of the method of the invention a solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes is provided.
The invention is not limited to any particular composition of the detergent composition for manual dish wash and any such composition as known in the art may be used according to the invention. In case that the detergent composition for manual dish wash does not comprise enzymes the solution may be provided by mixing the detergent composition with water and a further composition comprising one or more enzymes. However, it is preferred that the detergent composition is a detergent composition comprising one or more enzymes.
The skilled person will appreciate that a detergent composition may be a highly concentrated composition or it may be a less concentrated composition and it is therefore appreciated that the amount of the detergent composition added to the solution will depend on the particular detergent composition.
Thus in general the detergent composition is added in an amount of between 0.1 g and 2 g per liter water, such as between 0.2 g and 1.5 g per liter water, such as between 0.3 g and 1.5 g pr liter water. Highly concentrated detergent compositions for manual dish wash is typically dosed in amount of 0.3-0.5 g/l and less concentrated detergent compositions are typically dosed at 0.7 to 1.5 g/l.
The water supply for the dish wash is in general the local tap water having the composition characteristic for each geographical location. Thus, the invention is not restricted by any particular composition of the water source, but preferably the detergent composition and the amount of detergent composition is adapted to the local water quality. It is within the skills of the average detergent producers to design a detergent composition for manual dish wash that is suitable for a particular local water quality, and in general the instructions of the manufacturer of the detergent compositions can be followed in order to find a suitable amount of detergent composition.
The one or more enzymes may in principle be any enzyme that is capable of degrading or modifying a component of soils originating from food sources. Preferably the one or more enzymes are selected among: protease, lipase, acyltransferase, cutinase, an amylase, carbohydrase, cellulase, endoglucanase, xyloglucanase, pectinase, mannanase, arabinase, galactanase, xanthanase, xanthan lyase xylanase, oxidase, e.g., a laccase, and/or peroxidase. Preferably the one or more enzymes comprises at least one protease or at least one amylase and even more preferred at least one protease and one amylase.
A particular preferred embodiment uses the method of the invention a detergent composition comprising a protease and an alpha-amylase. It has surprisingly been discovered that proteases and alpha-amylases have a synergistic effect in the method of the invention on at least some stains, i.e. the effect of the combination of the two enzymes is larger than the sum of the effects of the individual enzymes.
In general the properties of the selected enzyme(s) should be compatible with the selected detergent, (i.e., pH-optimum, compatibility with other enzymatic and non-enzymatic ingredients, etc.), and the enzyme(s) should be present in effective amounts.
Bacillus
Fusarium
Proteases: Suitable proteases include those of animal, vegetable or microbial origin. Microbial origin is preferred. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. The protease may be a serine protease or a metalloprotease, preferably an alkaline microbial protease or a trypsin-like protease. Examples of alkaline proteases are subtilisins, especially those derived from , e.g., subtilisin Novo, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin 309, subtilisin 147 and subtilisin 168 (described in WO 89/06279). Examples of trypsin-like proteases are trypsin (e.g., of porcine or bovine origin) and the protease described in WO 89/06270 and WO 94/25583.
Examples of useful proteases are the variants described in WO 92/19729, WO 98/20115, WO 98/20116, and WO 98/34946, especially the variants with substitutions in one or more of the following positions: 27, 36, 57, 76, 87, 97, 101, 104, 120, 123, 167, 170, 194, 206, 218, 222, 224, 235, and 274.
Preferred commercially available protease enzymes include Alcalase™, Savinase™ Primase™, Duralase™, Esperase™, and Kannase™, Everlase (Novozymes NS), Maxatase™ Maxacal™, Maxapem™, Properase™, Purafect™, Purafect OxP™, FN2™, and FN3™ (Genencor International Inc.).
Bacillus
Bacillus licheniformis
Amylases: Suitable amylases (α and/or β) include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Amylases include, for example, α-amylases obtained from , e.g., a special strain of , described in more detail in GB 1,296,839.
Examples of useful amylases are the variants described in WO 94/02597, WO 94/18314, WO 96/23873, and WO 97/43424, especially the variants with substitutions in one or more of the following positions: 15, 23, 105, 106, 124, 128, 133, 154, 156, 181, 188, 190, 197, 202, 208, 209, 243, 264, 304, 305, 391, 408, and 444.
Other useful amylases are the alpha-amylase having SEQ ID NO: 1 (corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 12 in WO01/66712) or a variant having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and having a substitution, a deletion or an insertion of one amino acids downstream for the amino acid corresponding to the positions in the amylase having SEQ ID NO: 1: R28, R118, N174; R181, G182, D183, G184, G186, W189, N195, M202, Y298, N299, K302, S303, N306, R310, N314; R320, H324, E345, Y396, R400, W439, R444, N445, K446, Q449, R458, N471, N484. Particular preferred amylases include such an variant having a deletion of D183 and G184 and having the substitutions R118K, N195F, R320K and R458K and a variant additionally having substitutions in one or more position selected from the group: M9, G149, G182, G186, M202, T257, Y295, N299, M323, E345 and A339, most preferred a variant that additionally having substitutions in all these positions. (Stainzyme)
Commercially available amylases are Stainzyme™, Stainzyme™ Plus, Natalase™′ Duramyl™, Termamyl™, Fungamyl™ and BAN™ (Novozymes NS), Rapidase™, Purastar™ and Purastar OxAm (from Genencor International Inc.).
Thermomyces
T. lanuginosus
Humicola lanuginosa
Humicola
H. insolens
Pseudomonas
P. alcaligenes
P. pseudoalcaligenes
P. cepacia
P. stutzeri
P. fluorescens, Pseudomonas
P. wisconsinensis
Bacillus
B. subtilis
, Biochemica et Biophysica Acta,
B. stearothermophilus
B. pumilus
Lipases and Cutinases: Suitable lipases and cutinases include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Examples include lipase from , e.g., from (previously named ) as described in EP 258 068 and EP 305 216, cutinase from , e.g. as described in WO 96/13580, a lipase, e.g., from or (EP 218 272), (EP 331 376), (GB 1,372,034), sp. strain SD 705 (WO 95/06720 and WO 96/27002), (WO 96/12012), a lipase, e.g., from (Dartois et al., 19931131: 253-360), (JP 64/744992) or (WO 91/16422).
Other examples are lipase variants such as those described in WO 92/05249, WO 94/01541, EP 407 225, EP 260 105, WO 95/35381, WO 96/00292, WO 95/30744, WO 94/25578, WO 95/14783, WO 95/22615, WO 97/04079, WO 97/07202, WO 00/060063, WO2007/087508 and WO 2009/109500.
Bacillus
Preferred commercially available lipase enzymes include Lipolase™, Lipolase Ultra™′ and Lipex™; Lecitase™, Lipolex™; Lipoclean™, Lipoprime™ (Novozymes NS). Other commercially available lipases include Lumafast (Genencor Int Inc); Lipomax (Gist-Brocades/Genencor Int Inc) and sp lipase from Solvay.
Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Humicola, Fusarium, Thielavia, Acremonium
Humicola insolens, Myceliophthora thermophila
Fusarium oxysporum
Cellulases: Suitable cellulases include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Suitable cellulases include cellulases from the genera , e.g., the fungal cellulases produced from and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,263, U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,178, U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,757 and WO 89/09259.
Especially suitable cellulases are the alkaline or neutral cellulases having colour care benefits. Examples of such cellulases are cellulases described in EP 0 495 257, EP 0 531 372, WO 96/11262, WO 96/29397, WO 98/08940. Other examples are cellulase variants such as those described in WO 94/07998, EP 0 531 315, U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,046, U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,593, U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,254, WO 95/24471, WO 98/12307 and PCT/DK98/00299.
Commercially available cellulases include Celluzyme™, and Carezyme™ (Novozymes NS), Clazinase™, and Puradax HA™ (Genencor International Inc.), KAC-500(B)™ (Kao Corporation) and BioTouch™ (AB Enzymes).
Coprinus
C. cinereus
Peroxidases/Oxidases: Suitable peroxidases/oxidases include those of plant, bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Examples of useful peroxidases include peroxidases from , e.g., from , and variants thereof as those described in WO 93/24618, WO 95/10602, and WO 98/15257.
Commercially available peroxidases include Guardzyme™ (Novozymes NS).
The one or more enzymes acts in the method of the invention to degrade or modify the stains of the dishware so that the stains are easier released or dissolved into the dishwater.
The one or more enzymes are added in sufficient amounts to obtain a satisfactory degradation or modification in a reasonable short time. It will be appreciated that using high enzyme concentration will lead to a short holding time in step b., whereas with a lower enzyme concentration a longer holding time is needed in step b. in order to obtain same degradation of the stains.
In general each of the one or more enzymes are added in an amount corresponding to 0.001-100 mg of protein, such as 0.01-100 mg of protein, preferably 0.005-50 mg of protein, more preferably 0.01-25 mg of protein, even more preferably 0.05-10 mg of protein, most preferably 0.05-5 mg of protein, and even most preferably 0.01-2 mg of protein per liter of dishwash solution.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises enzymes in combination with one or more additional manual dishwashing composition components. The choice of additional components is within the skill of the artisan and includes conventional ingredients, including the exemplary non-limiting components set forth below.
The non-limiting list of composition components illustrated hereinafter are suitable for use in the compositions and methods herein may be desirably incorporated in certain embodiments of the invention, e.g. to assist or enhance cleaning performance, for treatment of the substrate to be cleaned, or to modify the aesthetics of the composition as is the case with perfumes, colorants, dyes or the like. The levels of any such components incorporated in any compositions are in addition to any materials previously recited for incorporation. The precise nature of these additional components, and levels of incorporation thereof, will depend on the physical form of the composition and the nature of the cleaning operation for which it is to be used. Although components mentioned below are categorized by general header according to a particular functionality, this is not to be construed as a limitation, as a component may comprise additional functionalities as will be appreciated by the skilled artisan.
Unless otherwise indicated the amounts in percentage is by weight of the composition (wt %). Suitable component materials include, but are not limited to, surfactants, builders, chelating agents, dye transfer inhibiting agents, dispersants, enzymes, and enzyme stabilizers, catalytic materials, bleach activators, hydrogen peroxide, sources of hydrogen peroxide, preformed peracids, polymeric dispersing agents, clay soil removal/anti-redeposition agents, brighteners, suds suppressors, dyes, hueing dyes, perfumes, perfume delivery systems, structure elasticizing agents, fabric softeners, carriers, hydrotropes, processing aids, solvents and/or pigments. In addition to the disclosure below, suitable examples of such other components and levels of use are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,282, U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,812, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,348 hereby incorporated by reference.
Thus, in certain embodiments the invention do not contain one or more of the following adjuncts materials: surfactants, soaps, builders, chelating agents, dye transfer inhibiting agents, dispersants, additional enzymes, enzyme stabilizers, catalytic materials, bleach activators, hydrogen peroxide, sources of hydrogen peroxide, preformed peracids, polymeric dispersing agents, clay soil removal/anti-redeposition agents, brighteners, suds suppressors, dyes, perfumes, perfume delivery systems, structure elasticizing agents, fabric softeners, carriers, hydrotropes, processing aids, solvents and/or pigments. However, when one or more components are present, such one or more components may be present as detailed below:
In one embodiment of the invention the detergent composition comprises one or more components selected among: polymers, pH regulating agent, perfume and color.
The temperature of the solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes is in general selected so the user burns his or hers hands. On the other side the temperature is preferably selected sufficiently high to ease release of in particular lipids from the dishware. Thus in general the temperature may be in the range of 0° C. and 90° C., however it is preferred that the temperature is selected in the range of 10° C. to 65° C., such as 15° C. to 60° C., such as 15° C. to 55° C., such as 15° C. to 45° C.
In step b. the dishware is soaked in the solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes until the stains are degraded in a sufficient degree to dissolve in the solution or at least to be easily releasable from the dishware by mechanical action of e.g. a brush or a sponge. It will be appreciated that the soaking period depends on the concentration of the one or more enzymes in the solution, however, in general the soaking time is in the range between 30 seconds and 120 minutes, preferably between 1 minute and 60 minutes preferably between 1 minute and 30 minutes, most preferred between 1 minute and 10 minutes.
The soaking may be performed by immersing the soiled dishware in the solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes, by wetting the dishware with solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes e.g. by spraying the solution on the dishware; by dipping the dishware in solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes followed by leaving the dishware for the period, or by other methods where the dishware is in contact with solution of a detergent composition for manual dish wash comprising one or more enzymes for the selected holding period. No particular action is required during the holding period even though it may be beneficial to agitate dishware or the solution during the period.
In step c. mechanical action is applied in order to release the stains.
The invention is not limited to any particular type of mechanical action or any particular type of tool for applying the mechanical action.
Traditionally a number of different tools have been used in manual dish wash including but not limited to a brush, a sponge or a cloth and any of these can also be applied to the present invention.
Finally in step d. the dishware is rinsed in order to remove liberated stains and dried, which may be done using methods known in the art. The rinsing may even be combined with the mechanical action applied in step c., e.g. by using a brush or a sponge for the mechanical action the user will in general dip the brush or the sponge in the dishwater before applying the mechanical action meaning that the dishwater will drain out of the brush or the sponge and rinse the soils of practically simultaneously with the mechanical action.
Drying is performed as known in the art and the invention is not limited to any particular way of drying the dishware.
The method of the invention has several benefits compared with prior art methods for manual dish wash and an improved cleaning can be achieved by the use of a certain amount of mechanical work compared to a prior art method without the use of one or more enzymes in the dishwater. Alternatively, same cleaning effect can be achieved by the use of significantly less mechanical work compared to the situation where the dish water does no comprise one or more enzymes.
In one embodiment, the invention is directed to detergent compositions for use in the method of the invention, the composition comprising one or more enzymes in combination with one or more additional cleaning composition components. The choice of additional components is within the skill of the artisan and includes conventional ingredients, including the exemplary non-limiting components set forth below.
The detergent composition may comprise one or more surfactants, which may be anionic and/or cationic and/or non-ionic and/or semi-polar and/or zwitterionic and/or amphoteric, or a mixture thereof. In a particular embodiment, the detergent composition includes a mixture of one or more nonionic surfactants and one or more anionic surfactants. The surfactant(s) is typically present at a level of from about 0.1% to 60% by weight, such as about 1% to about 40%, or about 3% to about 20%, or about 3% to about 10%. The surfactant(s) is chosen based on the desired cleaning application, and includes any conventional surfactant(s) known in the art. Any surfactant known in the art for use in detergents may be utilized. When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 1% to about 40% by weight, such as from about 5% to about 30%, including from about 5% to about 15%, or from about 20% to about 25% of an anionic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of anionic surfactants include sulfates and sulfonates, in particular, linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), isomers of LAS, branched alkylbenzenesulfonates (BABS), phenylalkanesulfonates, alpha-olefinsulfonates (AOS), olefin sulfonates, alkene sulfonates, alkane-2,3-diylbis(sulfates), hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates, alkyl sulfates (AS) such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS), primary alcohol sulfates (PAS), alcohol ethersulfates (AES or AEOS or FES, also known as alcohol ethoxysulfates or fatty alcohol ether sulfates), secondary alkanesulfonates (SAS), paraffin sulfonates (PS), ester sulfonates, sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters, alpha-sulfo fatty acid methyl esters (alpha-SFMe or SES) including methyl ester sulfonate (MES), alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid, dodecenyl/tetradecenyl succinic acid (DTSA), fatty acid derivatives of amino acids, diesters and monoesters of sulfo-succinic acid or soap, and combinations thereof.
When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of a cationic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of cationic surfactants include alklydimethylethanolamine quat (ADMEAQ), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), dimethyldistearylammonium chloride (DSDMAC), and alkylbenzyldimethylammonium, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, alkoxylated quaternary ammonium (AQA) compounds, and combinations thereof.
When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 0.2% to about 40% by weight of a non-ionic surfactant, for example from about 0.5% to about 30%, in particular from about 1% to about 20%, from about 3% to about 10%, such as from about 3% to about 5%, or from about 8% to about 12%. Non-limiting examples of non-ionic surfactants include alcohol ethoxylates (AE or AEO), alcohol propoxylates, propoxylated fatty alcohols (PFA), alkoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, such as ethoxylated and/or propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE), alkylpolyglycosides (APG), alkoxylated amines, fatty acid monoethanolamides (FAM), fatty acid diethanolamides (FADA), ethoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamides (EFAM), propoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamides (PFAM), polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amides, or N-acyl N-alkyl derivatives of glucosamine (glucamides, GA, or fatty acid glucamide, FAGA), as well as products available under the trade names SPAN and TWEEN, and combinations thereof.
When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of a semipolar surfactant, typically 0.1% to 5%. Non-limiting examples of semipolar surfactants include amine oxides (AO) such as alkyldimethylamineoxide, N-(coco alkyl)-N,N-dimethylamine oxide and N-(tallow-alkyl)-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, fatty acid alkanolamides and ethoxylated fatty acid alkanolamides, and combinations thereof.
When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 0.1% to about 40% by weight of a zwitterionic/amphoteric surfactant typically 0.1% to 20%. Non-limiting examples of zwitterionic surfactants include betaine, alkyldimethylbetaine, sulfobetaine, and combinations thereof.
The detergent may further contain 0-10% by weight, such as 0.5-5%, 2-5%, 0.5-2% or 0.2-1% of a polymer. Any polymer known in the art for use in detergents may be utilized. The polymer may function as a co-builder as mentioned above, or may provide antiredeposition, fiber protection, soil release, dye transfer inhibition, grease cleaning and/or anti-foaming properties. Some polymers may have more than one of the above-mentioned properties and/or more than one of the below-mentioned motifs. Exemplary polymers include (carboxymethyl)cellulose (CMC), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(ethyleneglycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEG), ethoxylated poly(ethyleneimine), carboxymethyl inulin (CMI), and polycarboxylates such as PAA, PAA/PMA, poly-aspartic acid, and lauryl methacrylate/acrylic acid copolymers, hydrophobically modified CMC (HM-CMC) and silicones, copolymers of terephthalic acid and oligomeric glycols, copolymers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(oxyethene terephthalate) (PET-POET), PVP, poly(vinylimidazole) (PVI), poly(vinylpyridine-N-oxide) (PVPO or PVPNO) and polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinylimidazole (PVPVI). Further exemplary polymers include sulfonated polycarboxylates, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide (PEO-PPO) and diquaternium ethoxy sulfate. Other exemplary polymers are disclosed in, e.g., WO 2006/130575. Salts of the above-mentioned polymers are also contemplated.
The detergent composition may further comprise a detergent builder or co-builder, or a mixture thereof. The builder and/or co-builder may particularly be a chelating agent that forms water-soluble complexes with Ca and Mg. Any builder and/or co-builder known in the art for use in detergents may be utilized. Non-limiting examples of builders include zeolites, diphosphates (pyrophosphates), triphosphates such as sodium triphosphate (STP or STPP), carbonates such as sodium carbonate, soluble silicates such as sodium metasilicate, layered silicates (e.g., SKS-6 from Hoechst), ethanolamines such as 2-aminoethan-1-ol (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA, also known as iminodiethanol), triethanolamine (TEA, also known as 2,2′,2″-nitrilotriethanol), and carboxymethyl inulin (CMI), and combinations thereof.
The detergent composition may also contain 0-10% by weight, such as about 1% to about 5%, of a detergent co-builder, or a mixture thereof. The detergent composition may include a co-builder alone, or in combination with a builder, for example a zeolite builder. Non-limiting examples of co-builders include homopolymers of polyacrylates or copolymers thereof, such as poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or copoly(acrylic acid/maleic acid) (PAA/PMA). Further non-limiting examples include citrate, chelators such as aminocarboxylates, aminopolycarboxylates and phosphonates, and alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid. Additional specific examples include 2,2′,2″-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), iminodisuccinic acid (IDS), ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS), methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), glutamic acid-N,N-diacetic acid (GLDA), 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMPA), diethylenetriaminepentakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (DTMPA or DTPMPA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid (EDG), aspartic acid-N-monoacetic acid (ASMA), aspartic acid-N,N-diacetic acid (ASDA), aspartic acid-N-monopropionic acid (ASMP), iminodisuccinic acid (IDA), N-(2-sulfomethyl)-aspartic acid (SMAS), N-(2-sulfoethyl)-aspartic acid (SEAS), N-(2-sulfomethyl)-glutamic acid (SMGL), N-(2-sulfoethyl)-glutamic acid (SEGL), N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA), α-alanine-N, N-diacetic acid (α-ALDA), serine-N, N-diacetic acid (SEDA), isoserine-N, N-diacetic acid (ISDA), phenylalanine-N, N-diacetic acid (PHDA), anthranilic acid-N, N-diacetic acid (ANDA), sulfanilic acid-N, N-diacetic acid (SLDA), taurine-N, N-diacetic acid (TUDA) and sulfomethyl-N, N-diacetic acid (SMDA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylidenediamine-N,N′,N′-triacetate (HEDTA), diethanolglycine (DEG), diethylenetriamine penta(methylenephosphonic acid) (DTPMP), aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (ATMP), and combinations and salts thereof. Further exemplary builders and/or co-builders are described in, e.g., WO 09/102854, U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,053.
The invention is now further described by way of examples and it should be understood that the examples are not intended to be limiting for the invention in any way.
A manual dishwash (MDW) scrubbing machine was used to test the soil removal power of different MDW detergents.
The MDW scrubbing machine (Center For Testmaterial BV, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands) consists of an electrified mechanical device onto which a normal kitchen dishwashing sponge can is mounted on a holding arm. In operation the holding arm, and hence the sponge, is moved move back and forth over a soiled tile in a reproducible uniform way for a given number of times which can be set using a counter incorporated in the scrubbing machine. The machine further comprises a slot wherein an exchangeable, flat soiled tile (approximately 10 cm*12 cm*0.5 cm) can be mounted so that it can engage with the sponge on the holding arm. At a certain position in the movement cycle of the holding arm, the sponge comes in contact with the surface of the soiled tile and is moving across the soiled tile in a reproducible way. The sponge exerts a constant pressure on the soiled tile, resembling how a person could be cleaning the surface of a given soiled piece of kitchenware during a manual dishwashing process.
Before the first cyclus of the sponge and between subsequent cycles the sponge is submerged in a solution of the MDW detergent being tested for its soil removal power.
A MDW scrubbing machine was used to test the soil removal power of different MDW detergents.
The MDW scrubbing machine used was the AB5000 abrasion and washability tester (TQC Thermimport Quality Control, Capelle aan den Ussel, the Netherlands) consists of an electrified mechanical device onto which a normal kitchen dishwashing sponge can is mounted on a holding arm. In operation the holding arm, and hence the sponge, is moved move back and forth over a soiled tile in a reproducible uniform way for a given number of times which can be set using a counter incorporated in the scrubbing machine. The machine further comprises a slot wherein an exchangeable, flat soiled tile (approximately 10 cm*12 cm*0.5 cm) can be mounted so that it can engage with the sponge on the holding arm. At a certain position in the movement cycle of the holding arm, the sponge comes in contact with the surface of the soiled tile and is moving across the soiled tile in a reproducible way. The sponge exerts a constant pressure on the soiled tile, resembling how a person could be cleaning the surface of a given soiled piece of kitchenware during a manual dishwashing process.
During the scrubbing process, there is a flow of a solution equivalent to the soil soaking solution on to the soiled tile being cleaned. The flow rate is 3 mL/min.
The soiled tiles used for the experiments are standard soiled melamin tiles intended for testing the cleaning power of dishwash detergents, marketed under the name of CFT Dishwash Monitors. These tiles are produced by Center For Testmaterials BV (Vlaardingen, the Netherlands). The following two tiles identified by their product number have been used for the examples:
DM 177—mix starch severe—used for examples where amylase is the sole enzyme in the detergent.
DM 06—baked diet cheese—used for examples where amylase and protease is present in the detergent.
Tiles were soaked in a detergent solution of a detergent dosed in a concentration of 0.3 g/L to 0.8 g/L, comprising the specified amount of one or more enzymes and having a starting temperature of 43° C. for a given period of time—typically 0, 10, 30, 60 or 120 minutes.
After soaking, a given tile was placed in the MDW scrubbing machine and scrubbed for a given number of times—typically 4, 8, 16 or 32 times.
After scrubbing the tile was gently rinsed under running tap water for 5 seconds and dried while lying horizontally at room temperature for at least 2 h.
After drying, the R460 value at the center of the tile was measured using a standard Color Eye apparatus (Producer: Macbeth (USA, U.K., Germany), Supplier: Largo, Model: 370).
Stainzyme 12 L and Savinase Ultra 16XL. Both available from Novozymes NS, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
Detergent: Commercial Manual dishwash detergent
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
2+
2+
−
3
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
detergent concentration/dosage of 0.5 g/L
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Enzyme levels used: 0 wt %; 0.2 wt %; 0.5 wt % (dosed on top of detergent)
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 4 and 8
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Results:
Stainzyme 12 L
Number of
Soaking
dosage (wt %)
scrubbings
time (min.)
R460
0.0
4
0
5.45
10
5.82
30
6.76
60
6.88
8
0
11.14
10
11.56
30
16.26
60
19.20
0.2
4
0
3.38
10
12.11
30
25.52
8
0
12.98
10
22.05
30
32.16
0.5
4
0
8.55
10
22.15
30
32.75
8
0
12.61
10
28.88
30
36.38
An R460 value of 4.95 +/− 0.14 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
A comparison of e.g. soil removal levels of “0 wt % enzyme, 60 min. soaking time, 8 scrubs” to “0.2 wt % Stainzyme 12 L, 30 min. soaking time, 4 scrubs” shows that addition of 0.2 wt % Stainzyme 12 L to the detergent solution can reduce the necessary soil soaking time and mechanical action, respectively, by at least 50% to achieve a certain level of soil removal.
A comparison of e.g. soil removal levels of “0 wt % enzyme, 60 min. soaking time, 8 scrubs” to “0.5 wt % Stainzyme 12 L, 10 min. soaking time, 4 scrubs” shows that addition of 0.5 wt % Stainzyme 12 L to the detergent solution can reduce the necessary soil soaking time by at least 80% and the necessary mechanical action by at least 50% to achieve a certain level of soil removal.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases and proteases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
Detergent: Commercial Manual dishwash detergent
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
2+
2+
−
3
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
detergent concentration/dosage of 0.5 g/L
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Amylase levels used: 0 wt %; 0.5 wt %
Protease used: Savinase Ultra 16 XL
Protease levels used: 0 wt %; 0.5 wt %
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 16 and 32
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Results
Enzyme
Number of
Soaking
Enzyme
dosage (wt %)
scrubbings
time (min.)
R460
None
0.0
16
0
22.72
30
23.77
60
23.09
120
26.70
32
0
19.26
30
27.42
60
25.56
120
28.41
Stainzyme 12 L +
0.5
16
0
18.94
Savinase Ultra
30
40.93
16 XL
60
68.71
32
0
29.91
30
45.74
60
74.79
Stainzyme 12 L
0.5
16
0
18.05
30
21.25
60
36.87
32
0
18.33
30
25.88
60
40.63
Savinase Ultra
0.5
16
0
20.35
16 XL
30
20.79
60
21.23
32
0
21.98
30
21.78
60
21.85
An R460 value of 11.48 +/− 0.42 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
A comparison of e.g. soil removal levels of “0 wt % enzyme, 120 min. soaking time, 32 scrubs” to “0.5 wt % Stainzyme 12 L, 60 min. soaking time, 16 scrubs” shows that addition of 0.5 wt % Stainzyme 12 L to the detergent solution can reduce the necessary soil soaking time and mechanical action, respectively, by at least 50% to achieve a certain level of soil removal.
A comparison of e.g. soil removal levels of “0 wt % enzyme, 120 min. soaking time, 32 scrubs” to “0.5 wt % Stainzyme 12 L+0.5 wt % Savinase Ultra 16 XL, 30 min. soaking time, 16 scrubs” shows that addition of 0.5 wt % Stainzyme 12 L+0.5 wt % Savinase Ultra 16 XL to the detergent solution can reduce the necessary soil soaking time by at least 75% and the necessary mechanical action by at least 50% to achieve a certain level of soil removal.
Comparing the total soil removal level of “0.5 wt % Savinase Ultra 16 XL, 16 scrubs” and “0.5 wt % Stainzyme 12 L, 16 scrubs” to the soil removal level at “0.5 wt % Savinase Ultra 16 XL+0.5 wt % Stainzyme 12 L, 16 scrubs” after either 30 min. or 60 min. Soaking time, respectively, clearly reveals that there is a synergetic soil removal effect of protease and amylase on this soil, i.e. the soil removal level of the enzymes in combination is larger than the sum soil removal levels for the individual enzymes.
This synergy effect is also seen when comparing the soil removal levels at the same conditions but for 32 scrubs instead of 16 scrubs. The experiment demonstrates the benefits of using alpha-amylases and proteases in manual dish wash. Further, a clear synergi between amylase and protease was observed.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
100% detergent dosage: 0.8 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Enzyme levels used: 0 wt %; 0.1 wt %; 0.2 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 4 and 8
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Detergent
Stainzyme 12 L
Number of
Soaking
dosage (g/L)
dosage (wt %)
scrubbings
Time (min.)
R460
0.8
0
4
0
8.59
10
10.72
30
10.33
60
9.96
8
0
9.58
10
12.56
30
12.40
60
12.07
0.6
0.2
4
0
8.94
10
14.23
30
38.14
60
47.96
8
0
9.09
10
20.97
30
43.23
60
52.48
0.6
0.1
4
0
9.19
10
11.39
30
22.04
60
40.79
8
0
9.70
10
14.07
30
28.62
60
48.18
0.4
0.2
4
0
7.88
10
13.55
30
29.66
60
40.38
8
0
7.87
10
23.03
30
32.58
60
44.98
0.4
0.1
4
0
7.93
10
9.63
30
19.32
60
34.02
8
0
8.69
10
13.44
30
26.31
60
40.36
An R460 value of 4.95 +/− 0.14 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
Detergent dosage: 0.5 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Enzyme levels used: 0 wt %; 0.2 wt % (dosed on top of detergent)
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 4 and 8
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Detergent
Stainzyme 12 L
Number of
Soaking
dosage (g/L)
dosage (wt %)
scrubbings
Time (min)
R460
0.5
0.0
4
0
7.33
10
11.10
30
10.74
60
9.88
8
0
9.74
10
12.09
30
12.00
60
10.89
0.5
0.2
4
0
9.30
10
12.52
30
23.72
60
30.02
8
0
11.04
10
16.17
30
22.75
60
37.84
An R460 value of 4.95 +/− 0.14 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
100% detergent dosage: 0.4 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Enzyme levels used: 0 wt %; 0.15 wt %; 0.30 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 4 and 8
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Detergent
Stainzyme 12 L
Number of
Soaking
dosage (g/L)
dosage wt %)
scrubbings
Time (min.)
R460
0.4
0.0
4
0
8.58
10
9.96
30
9.66
60
10.28
8
0
8.97
10
11.02
30
10.71
60
10.17
0.3
0.3
4
0
8.59
10
11.55
30
16.44
60
44.51
8
0
9.26
10
15.09
30
22.34
60
45.41
0.3
0.15
4
0
8.96
10
11.73
30
16.14
60
35.63
8
0
10.00
10
13.90
30
23.30
60
40.24
0.2
0.3
4
0
9.39
10
12.32
30
29.36
60
36.49
8
0
9.18
10
18.89
30
35.33
60
43.82
0.2
0.15
4
0
9.14
10
10.45
30
14.86
60
38.03
8
0
8.64
10
12.63
30
21.42
60
42.06
An R460 value of 4.95 +/− 0.14 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
100% detergent dosage: 0.4 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Enzyme levels used: 0 wt %; 0.15 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 12 and 24
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Detergent
Stainzyme 12 L
Number of
Soaking
dosage (g/L)
dosage (wt %)
scrubbings
Time (min.)
R460
0.4
0.00
12
0
9.28
10
9.44
30
13.32
60
11.55
24
0
11.74
10
13.85
30
14.08
60
16.23
0.3
0.15
12
0
10.52
10
14.73
30
18.35
60
33.80
24
0
11.44
10
19.76
30
28.30
60
44.94
An R460 value of 4.95 +/− 0.14 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
100% detergent dosage: 0.4 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Enzyme levels used: 0 wt %; 0.30 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 12 and 24
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Detergent
Stainzyme 12 L
Number of
Soaking
dosage (g/L)
dosage (wt %)
scrubbings
Time (min.)
R460
0.4
0.00
12
0
10.03
10
10.43
30
9.59
60
10.34
24
0
10.06
10
11.20
30
13.11
60
12.37
0.3
0.30
12
0
8.77
10
15.25
30
35.73
60
42.94
24
0
10.68
10
26.91
30
39.34
60
50.62
An R460 value of 4.95 +/− 0.14 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
100% detergent dosage: 0.4 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Enzyme levels used: 0 wt %; 0.30 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 12 and 24
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Detergent
Stainzyme 12 L
Number of
Soaking
dosage (g/L)
dosage (wt %)
scrubbings
Time (min.)
R460
0.4
0 g
24
0
8.72
10
10.38
30
10.66
60
9.28
0.3
0.3
12
0
10.01
10
12.09
30
12.51
60
38.80
0.3
0.3
24
0
12.00
10
22.27
30
22.88
60
44.74
An R460 value of 4.95 +/− 0.14 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases and proteases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
100% detergent dosage: 0.8 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Amylase levels used: 0 wt %; 0.20 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Protease used: Savinase Ultra 16 XL
Protease levels used: 0 wt %; 0.20 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 32
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Detergent
Enzyme
Number
Soaking
dosage
dosage dosage
of
Time
(g/L)
Enzyme
(wt %)
scrubbings
(min.)
R460
0.8
None
0
32
0
15.39
32
60
18.22
32
120
19.81
0.6
Stainzyme
0.2
32
0
15.14
12L
32
60
20.43
32
120
46.15
0.6
Savinase
0.2
32
0
14.95
16 Ultra XL
32
60
21.60
32
120
19.46
0.6
Stainzyme
0.2 and 0.2
32
0
15.25
12 L and
32
60
30.71
Savinase
32
120
61.94
Ultra 16 XL
An R460 value of 11.48 +/− 0.42 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases and proteases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
100% detergent dosage: 0.4 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Amylase levels used: 0 wt %; 0.30 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Protease used: Savinase Ultra 16 XL
Protease levels used: 0 wt %; 0.30 wt % (dosed on top of detergent. The enzyme levels are based on the 100% detergent dosage).
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 32
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Measurement of remission values at 460 nm using a standard Color Eye apparatus.
Detergent
Enzyme
Number
Soaking
dosage
dosage
of
Time
(g/L)
Enzyme
(wt %)
scrubbings
(min.)
R460
0.4
None
0
32
0
15.74
32
60
18.95
32
120
18.54
0.3
Stainzyme
0.3
32
0
15.27
12L
32
60
20.30
32
120
31.29
0.3
Savinase
0.3
32
0
13.34
16 Ultra XL
32
60
16.78
32
120
18.67
0.3
Stainzyme
0.3 and 0.3
32
0
13.63
12 L and
32
60
18.28
Savinase
32
120
44.43
Ultra 16 XL
An R460 value of 11.48 +/− 0.42 is equivalent to “no soil removal”.
In order to demonstrate the benefit of alpha-amylases and proteases in manual dish wash an experiment was conducted using the method described above with the following conditions:
2+
2+
−
3
Soil type: Knorr Quattro Formaggi®—4 Sorten Káse & Basilikum (ingredients: Vegetable fat, flour (wheat, corn), 19% cheese mix (blue cheese, mozzarella, hard cheese, Crescenza cheese, whey product, cheese), starch, iodized table salt, lactose, milk protein, yeast extract, table salt, onions, sugar, herbs, white wine extract, spices, aroma, glucose)
Soil preparation method: The content of 1 sauce bag is mixed with 250 mL water using a whisk. While stirring, the mixture is heated in a pot on a stove and allowed to boil for one minute. After cooling, the sauce is applied onto clean stainless steel tiles using a paint roller to create an even layer of the sauce on the tiles. The soiled tiles are heated in an oven at 150° C. for 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature the tiles are ready for use.
Detergent: Commercial manual dishwash detergent
Detergent dosage: 0.4 g/L
Initial soaking temperature (43° C.)
Water hardness: 15° dH (Ca:Mg:HCO=4:1:7.5)
Amylase used: Stainzyme 12 L
Amylase levels used: 0 wt %; 0.30 wt % (dosed on top of detergent)
Protease used: Savinase Ultra 16 XL
Protease levels used: 0 wt %; 0.30 wt % (dosed on top of detergent)
Number of scrubbings applied on the soil: 32
Number of repetitions for each tested combination of variables: 2
Soil removal evaluation method: Visual Scoring Units (0=no soil removal, 10=complete soil removal).
Detergent
Enzyme
Soaking
dosage
dosage
Number of
time
Visual
(g/L)
Enzyme
(wt %)
scrubbings
(min.)
Scoring
0.4
None
0
32
60
0
32
90
1
32
120
2
0.4
Stainzyme
0.3
32
60
3
12L
32
90
4
32
120
5
0.4
Savinase
0.3
32
60
2
Ultra 16 XL
32
90
2
32
120
2
0.4
Stainzyme
0.3 and 0.3
32
60
6
12 L and
32
90
7
Savinase
32
120
8
Ultra 16 XL | |
This article is free to access.
Background: Documented age, gender, race and socio-economic disparities in total joint arthroplasty (TJA), suggest that those who need the surgery may not receive it, and present a challenge to explain the causes of unmet need. It is not clear whether doctors limit treatment opportunities to patients, nor is it known the effect that patient beliefs and expectations about the operation, including their paid work status and retirement plans, have on the decision to undergo TJA. Identifying socio-economic and other determinants of demand would inform the design of effective and efficient health policy. This review was conducted to identify the factors that lead patients in need to undergo TJA. Methods. An electronic search of the Embase and Medline (Ovid) bibliographic databases conducted in September 2011 identified studies in the English language that reported on factors driving patients in need of hip or knee replacement to undergo surgery. The review included reports of elective surgery rates in eligible patients or, controlling for disease severity, in general subjects, and stated clinical experts and patients opinions on suitability for or willingness to undergo TJA. Quantitative and qualitative studies were reviewed, but quantitative studies involving fewer than 20 subjects were excluded. The quality of individual studies was assessed on the basis of study design (i.e., prospective versus retrospective), reporting of attrition, adjustment for and report of confounding effects, and reported measures of need (self-reported versus doctor-assessed). Reported estimates of effect on the probability of surgery from analyses adjusting for confounders were summarised in narrative form and synthesised in odds ratio (OR) forest plots for individual determinants. Results: The review included 26 quantitative studies23 on individuals decisions or views on having the operation and three about health professionals opinions-and 10 qualitative studies. Ethnic and racial disparities in TJA use are associated with socio-economic access factors and expectations about the process and outcomes of surgery. In the United States, health insurance coverage affects demand, including that from the Medicare population, for whom having supplemental Medicaid coverage increases the likelihood of undergoing TJA. Patients with post-secondary education are more likely to demand hip or knee surgery than those without it (range of OR 0.87-2.38). Women are as willing to undergo surgery as men, but they are less likely to be offered surgery by specialists than men with the same need. There is considerable variation in patient demand with age, with distinct patterns for hip and knee. Paid employment appears to increase the chances of undergoing surgery, but no study was found that investigated the relationship between retirement plans and demand for TJA. There is evidence of substantial geographical variation in access to joint replacement within the territory covered by a public national health system, which is unlikely to be explained by differences in preference or unmeasured need alone. The literature tends to focus on associations, rather than testing of causal relationships, and is insufficient to assess the relative importance of determinants. Conclusions: Patients use of hip and knee replacement is a function of their socio-economic circumstances, which reinforce disparities by gender and race originating in the doctor-patient interaction. Willingness to undergo surgery declines steeply after the age of retirement, at the time some eligible patients may lower their expectations of health status achievement. There is some evidence that paid employment independently increases the likelihood of operation. The relative contribution of variations in surgical decision making to differential access across regions within countries deserves further research that controls for clinical need and patient lifestyle preferences, including retirement decisions. Evidence on this question will become increasingly relevant for service planning and policy design in societies with ageing populations. © 2012 Mújica-Mota et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
CITATION STYLE
Mota, R. E. M., Tarricone, R., Ciani, O., Bridges, J. F. P., & Drummond, M. (2012). Determinants of demand for total hip and knee arthroplasty: A systematic literature review. BMC Health Services Research, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-225
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The Executive Assistant is the right hand of managers and politicians, provides direct support and manages the schedule of appointments. Plan, organize, coordinate and monitor all procedures, activities and documentation.
Unlike the Administrative Assistant Jobs,here the candidate provides advice and recommendations, as well as performing a variety of office jobs. They often act as representatives, collaborating with individuals and organizations, and can coordinate Public Relations.
Main Responsibilities
Here is a partial, non-exhaustive list of some of the most common tasks for an Executive Assistant.To act as an intermediary and be the first point of contact for customers, salesmen and staff members, interacting with them on a professional and timely basis:
Provide the requested information, prepare the necessary documentation and guarantee the subsequent control actions. Meet individuals, special interest groups and others on behalf of managers, to discuss topics and provide advice.
Review and filter all incoming and outgoing mail, calls and faxes:
- Analyze incoming and outgoing circulars, requests and reports
- Coordinate communication and shipping / courier services with preferred suppliers
- Monitor, reply and forward incoming emails
- Update and maintain contact lists
Create and review written communications, reports, presentations and worksheets:
Conduct research and generate reports by collecting data from different sources and / or transforming them into documents;
Present reports and give information to managers, commissions and boards of directors.
- To ensure that tasks and projects are carried out within the deadlines
- Book meeting rooms and other meeting locations
- Book venues and coordinate catering for the organization of important events
- Prepare the meeting agenda to optimize time
- Take notes during meetings and make summaries
- Manage travel reservations and accommodations
Archive and organize paper and electronic documents such as emails, reports and other administrative documents:
- Convert paper documents to digital using a scanner
- Assist in data entry and database maintenance.
- Order the missing material and keep the inventory, replacing the equipment if necessary or required.
- Understand and keep up-to-date with the company’s structures, internal policies and objectives.
- Manage and report expenses:
- In some cases, perform accounting-related tasks, such as billing.
Daily activities
- Review and filter all incoming and outgoing mail, emails, calls and faxes.
- Manage the executive’s daily schedule, setting professional and personal appointments.
- Acting as a liaison and being the first point of contact with individuals and organizations.
- Conduct research and provide information and advice.
- Prepare presentations and documents.
- Archive and organize paper and electronic documents.
Required Skills and Qualifications
Exceptional organizational and time management skills:
Establish priorities and plan work activities efficiently, optimizing time by managing large workloads;
Be multitasking; know how to work in a dynamic and fast-paced environment.
Great initiative, flexibility and efficiency:
- Knowing how to learn and adapt quickly, facing continuous different requests.
- Great attention to detail and precision.
Exceptional interpersonal and communication skills: | http://www.surreyassistants.com/2019/04 |
The programme will run one evening, every other week with 3hr sessions
Our West Sussex 18-30 group provides support for young adults with SEN to develop and cement friendships whilst integrating into their local community. Sessions will vary from in-house activities at our Crawley location, which focus on developing social interactions and communication skills. The sessions will do this by using team tasks, problem-solving games and teaching life skills.
Other sessions focus on independence out in the community and will involve trips into the local area to develop interests and skills. Community trips will involve places such as restaurants, cinemas and food shopping.
Each session will keep the focus on developing and strengthening friendships, improving communication skills and strengthening independent skills. We hope that you will gain the knowledge and confidence to follow your hobbies and interests within the community.
Goals for the sessions:
- Develop confidence with communication and interacting within social groups
- Encourage friendships and socialising
- Pursue interests and hobbies
- Increase independence when in the local community
- Improve individual’s self-esteem and wellbeing
- Strengthen important life skills
The Community Pathway will run for one evening, every other week for 3 hours. This will be based in Crawley and surrounding areas for accessing activities.
The programme also offers sessions during the school holidays, these are longer sessions of 5 and a half hours.
Sign up
Signing up for our Community Pathway is just a 3-step process: | https://springboardsupport.org/stepping-stones/community-pathway/west-sussex-18-30s/ |
All American Apple Pie
All American Apple Pie | Americas favorite pie piled high with juicy Granny Smith apples, brown sugar and cinnamon. Pack this delicious pie up and take to grandmas house, a pot luck, backyard barbecue or social event.
There’s nothing more comforting then smelling an apple pie baking. Fill your how with the warm scent of Fall. This All American Apple Pie is topped with a light flaky crust and sprinkled with a sugar and cinnamon sugar mixture to add a layer of crunch.
Pile on the coated apple slices.
Add a top piece of dough.
Crimp dough.
Add a sprinkle of sugar and cinnamon.
Protect the crimped crust with foil.
Baked!
If you would prefer….here are some hand held versions of your favorite pie. SEMI HOMEMADE MINI CARAMEL APPLE PIES, MASON JAR LID APPLE PIES and CINNAMON ROLL APPLE PIE POPS.
Down to that last piece of apple pie? Create a delicious shake! Click here to find out how—->>>>APPLE PIE SHAKES
Ingredients
- 3 1/4 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup shortening
- 1 cup water
- 10 cups (about 7) Granny Smith apples, peeled, cored and sliced
- 1 cup light brown sugar
- 1/2 cup granulated sugar
- 4 tablespoons all-purpose flour
- 2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
- 1 tablespoon butter, melted
- 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 tablespoon granulated sugar
Instructions
- Preheat oven to 375 degrees.
- To a large mixing bowl add the flour, salt and shortening.
- Cut the shortening into the flour until the mixture has a crumb texture.
- Add the water and stir until combined with the flour mixture.
- Divide the dough with one portion slightly larger than the other.
- On a lightly floured surface, roll the larger portion into a round piece to fit the pie plate and slightly hang over the side.
- Place pie dough into the bottom of a 9-inch pie plate.
- Add apple mixture.
- Roll the section portion large enough to hang over the top of the apples and pie plate.
- Cut any extra off, fold the top dough over the bottom dough and tuck under.
- Crimp with fingers.
- Apply butter with pastry brush, sprinkle with cinnamon and sugar.
- Cut air vents.
- If desired cover the outside crust with foil and bake 25 minutes.
- Take off the foil and bake an additional 35 to 40 minutes or until the pie crust is golden.
- Cool on a wire rack.
- In a large bowl combine the apples, sugars, flour and cinnamon.
- Pour into prepared pie shell.
Notes
If your apples are EXTRA juicy when you first cut the pie you may have a lot of juice build up. If desired, tilt the pie over the sink and pour out extra juice. | https://www.ladybehindthecurtain.com/all-american-apple-pie/ |
Objectives:
Ask yourself questions about which practices you should adopt online.
Encourage positive, respectful digital citizenship.
Know how to talk about and argue your opinion.
This activity consists of participants filling in a table and a list of a number of possible behaviours on the internet. Participants must choose which practices/behaviours they think are good and bad.
In addition, dialogue and argumentation are vital to this activity; students are required to justify their choice. This objective is achieved even more effectively by appointing a spokesperson for each group, which forces students to seek coordination and consensus before submitting a final answer.
Activity variation: If you do not have a computer or whiteboard, you can print out multiple copies of the best practices table and leave a number of blank squares for participants to fill in as suggestions are made.
ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS
1. Set up the room: Divide students into two or three groups and present the best practices table on the board, on the projector, or on paper.
2. Give some examples of suggestions that participants should categorise:
Reporting a hateful or violent comment on a post.
Accepting any and all friend requests.
Blocking someone on a social network.
Debating someone who spews insults in the comment section of a video.
Giving away your address or personal information.
Posting photos of your friends without asking.
Using the same password for all social media.
3. Each response should be logically argued by the groups, with a short debate being held based on the following elements: freedom of expression, moderating hateful content, conspiracy theories, or defamation (see SHEET 14 – DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP and SHEET 12 – AWARENESS AGAINST HATE SPEECH).
DOING THIS ACTIVITY ONLINE
To have participants fill in the table remotely, send it to them and give them some examples of suggestions to use to insert into the table.
APPENDIX
Sample table of digital habits: | https://talmil.org/activity-1-the-table-of-good-online-habits/ |
Education minister Kirsty Williams visited Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor in Gwynedd last week to attend the annual Wales Coding Competition.
The competition is aimed at promoting computing and programming skills among young people aged between 7-16 in Wales. This year, pupils were challenged to create a computer game based on the theme of discovery and adventure.
Supporters of the competition included Bangor University, Gwynedd Council, Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol, Menter Môn, BT, Carl Kammerling International, Harlech Foodservice Ltd, and GwE.
“I’d like to congratulate everyone involved in growing Codio Cymru – it’s really encouraging to see entries have doubled since last year,” said Williams.
“I’d also like to thank our partners Code Club, Technocamps, the Raspberry Pi Foundation and others for the work they do in promoting coding and ensuring their resources are available bilingually.”
Codio Cymru is part of a continued push by the Welsh Government to improve coding skills across Wales, having already invested £1.3 million in the cause. It’s working with education consortia, businesses and third sector partners to advance Wales’ IT curriculum.
Speaking about this investment, Williams commented: “Our new curriculum aims to equip children and young people with the knowledge and skills they need for future jobs, and coding has a big part to play in that.
“Coding is included in the new Curriculum for Wales as part of the Science and Technology Area of Learning and Experience, which will be available for feedback next month.
“But we are not waiting for the new curriculum. Our ongoing investment in our young people’s digital and computing skills is about ensuring those in school now have the opportunity to develop essential 21st century skills.”
Aled Jones-Griffith , principal of Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor and Coleg Menai, added: “Coding is an ever growing subject and an important skill to have in today’s technological world.
“For a number of years our Pwllheli campus has worked closely with schools in Gwynedd to support the teaching of coding and to emphasise the importance of such skills for children and young people today. | http://techdragons.wales/pupils-take-part-in-coding-competition/ |
The 2017 Building Trust and Mutual Respect to Improve Health Care call for proposals (CFP) will fund empirical research studies to help us better understand how to build trust and mutual respect to meet vulnerable patients’ health care needs. For this CFP, we would define vulnerable populations in a number of different ways, including the economically disadvantaged, diverse racial and ethnic populations, the uninsured, older adults, homeless individuals, and people with complex health and social needs (including people with acute behavioral health needs or multiple chronic conditions). Proposals most closely aligned with the scope of this CFP will go beyond documenting the problem to generate findings that will be generalizable and have broad application across health systems and the field. | http://cancer.unm-intranet.com/building-trust-and-mutual-respect-to-improve-health-care/ |
Continuing with my “What’s For Dinner” posts, today’s dinner will be a shorter version of my above photo of the Paleo Chicken Noodle soup, which as you recall, was done in a crock pot and took just about 24 hours to complete. I hope to keep these up daily, along with my otherwise enjoyable daily posts about my other meals, and my random food thoughts. And so far, so good! So, here it is:
Chicken Vegetable Soup
Ingredients:
- 1 lb Chicken meat (your favorite cuts; for soup, I prefer chicken thighs)
- 2 Leeks, chopped
- 1 Zucchini, chopped (not peeled)
- 2 Parsnips, chopped (small; 1 if medium)
- 2 Carrots, chopped (not “baby” carrots)
- 2 Sweet Potato or Yam, chopped
- 4-6 oz White Button Mushrooms, sliced (Shiitake will be great here too)
- 8 oz Celery, chopped
- Your favorite soup spices; I will be using Turmeric, Italian seasoning, Sea Salt, ground Pepper
Several hours before dinner: I suggest starting the meat immediately, adding the turmeric, some salt, some pepper, and some Italian seasoning, 4 oz of the chopped celery, and one of the sweet potatoes. The flavor of the celery is important for the stewed chicken, and it will retain that flavor. You don’t want to use all of the celery, though, because you still want that flavor to be prominent in the final dish, and the best way to do that is by having some fresh celery added in close to serving time. You want one of the sweet potatoes to have mostly fallen apart, becoming part of the broth by the time you serve, while the other will be added later, so that it contributes to the colors of the dish. The chicken in a chicken soup is excellent if it’s allowed to stew for several hours on a low heat; a crock pot is perfect for this if you have one available. Let this cook until approximately 1 hour before serving.
About an hour before serving: add the mushrooms, parsnips, carrots, and the other sweet potato. Make sure to stir it well, so that the vegetables are well mixed. If you did not cut up the chicken before hand, now is the time to take the chicken out of the pot (you can leave the vegetables in) and make sure the chicken is also in bite-sized pieces, like the vegetables. I have a general rule of thumb that the primary flavor ingredients should always be the largest sized ingredient in a dish. And while that’s true for chicken soup as well, the pieces should still be bite sized as we don’t eat soup with a knife! Ok, joking aside, put the chicken back in the pot and let the mushrooms and root vegetables cook with it.
About 15-20 minutes before serving: add the remaining celery, the leeks, and all of the zucchini. These are soft enough vegetables that if you add them too soon, they will not retain either their flavor or their texture, and both are important for the soup. Also, now is the time to taste test the broth. You’ll need to add more Italian seasoning, sea salt, and pepper at this point, to make certain that the flavor is what you’re looking for. As always, use the seasoning sparingly, and taste frequently. It’s better to be just under than just over, especially with salt.
And enjoy! For more “What’s For Dinner” suggestions, be sure to check back to Urban Paleo Chef every day! | http://urbanpaleochef.com/2012/12/09/whats-for-dinner-3/ |
HAYS — So far on Saturday morning for Trevor Wilkerson, of Hastings, Neb., hole No. 12 near the Main Street bridge had been the most difficult.
It was the start of the 35th Annual Frontier Open disc golf tournament in Frontier Park.
“You’ve got to throw underneath the bridge, it’s mandatory, and then you throw an up shot,” Wilkerson said, as he watched his buddies each take their turn at hole No. 13 in Frontier Park East, throwing through thick trees across Big Creek to the bank on the other side.
“You have to do it without getting in the water,” Wilkerson said. “I was the only one to get a par on that one.”
Waiting his turn at hole No. 13, Jake Lazzo said he’d driven four hours from Kansas City, Mo., to play in the annual event, “because this is the best course in Kansas,” he said.
“I like the trees, the creek, the variety, the character of the park, and the people,” Lazzo said. “It all makes this a great tournament.”
Diran Missack, of Omaha, Neb., said it’s his second year playing the Flying Bison Disc Golf Course, aptly named for the herd of bison that have inhabited the perimeter of the park for decades.
“It’s a beautiful course, it’s a tough course,” Missack said. “The first time I played it I just immediately fell in love with it. It’s a great tournament, and a lot of people here take great pride in putting it on.”
Tournament director Brett Straight, of Hays, said this year’s 180 registered players, with just one no-show, breaks last year’s record of 149. And there would have been more, but Straight had to put five players on a waiting list.
Sanctioned by the Professional Disc Golf Association, the tournament play Saturday was 18 holes on the east side of the 75-acre park, and 18 on the west, which officially allowed for 180 players.
“We actually had to turn a few people away, I can only have five people on each tee box,” said Straight, a PDGA certified director.
Given the growing popularity of the tournament each year, Straight is working with the Hays Park Department and Fort Hays State University to install more holes. Disc golfer Greg Hunt Farley, former dean of FHSU’s College of Science, Technology and Mathematics, and now a dean at Black Hills State University in South Dakota, has been a fan of the Flying Bison course, and continues as a tournament sponsor and someone interested in extending the course to the Fort Hays campus, Straight said.
“I hope that it can give us a little bit of an opportunity to maybe get some more courses installed,” said Straight. “I’ve worked with Dr. Farley and he has some money available for us to be able to get a course installed on campus.”
The course design is already drawn up, and Straight and others developing the course plan to walk it by the end of the month to work out any hiccups, he said.
With another 18 holes, Straight said he could register 270 players next year.
Every player approaches the Flying Bison course differently, said golfer Patrick Ryan, of Salina, including what discs they have in their bag.
“Some people carry five,” Ryan said, “some people carry 20 or more.”
The 36th Annual Frontier Open, like all the others before it, will be the first weekend after Labor Day 2020. | https://www.kiowacountysignal.com/news/20190908/flying-bison-course-may-be-expanded |
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As you can tell from your over post, there are various avenues to utilize blogs and forums properly for delight or company. Begin using these tips to boost your weblog and increase your users' practical experience moving forward. Apply the minds laid out for producing your site or so that it is stand above other individuals. | https://kelleescheffelvirtual9.dailyhitblog.com/17777818/expert-consultancy-on-creating-a-greater-blogging-strategy |
We are aware of concepts of osmotic and oncotic pressure in clinical physiology. Per Starling\'s law, the freely movable ions do not significantly contribute to the retention of vascular volume, or the maintenance of interstitial fluid pressure (Jacob and Chappell, [@B18]). On the other hand, albumin, due to its molecular size and inefficiency of free diffusion through the transcellular pores, assumes a major role of maintaining oncotic pressure and retaining fluid within the vascular space. The implications are obvious: either the lack of protein synthesis in liver diseases or loss of protein through the leaky glomerulus in nephrotic conditions leads to deficiency of oncotic pressure, fluid leak and its accumulation in tissue spaces.
In a recent manuscript by Estévez-Herrera et al. ([@B9]), a relatively newly appreciated biophysical role of ATP is elucidated. Namely, the authors provide evidence using *in vitro* chromaffin cells that ATP agglomerates peptides and amines within the vesicles, thus reducing their particle numbers and effectively reducing the osmotic pressure within the vesicles. This may be critically important for maintaining isotonicity and survival of the vesicles in the cytosolic matrix.
ATP is a highly negatively charged molecule. It cannot simply diffuse through the membrane. Though the existence of a vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) was predicted for a long time (Stiernet et al., [@B45]), the solute carrier protein SLC17A9 was only recently identified as the channel that transports ATP through the membrane (Sawada et al., [@B38]). Since its discovery, several studies have shown existence of SLC17A9 in enteric synaptic vesicles (Chaudhury et al., [@B7]), biliary epithelial microvesicles (Sathe et al., [@B36]), in the central nervous system (Larsson et al., [@B22]) and in the beta cells of the pancreas (Sakamoto et al., [@B35]).
In the beta cells of the pancreas, the insulin granules are not freely soluble molecules in the cytosol but rather exists as packaged vesicles. Electron micrographs of beta cells and physiological experiments have revealed that these insulin granules undergo regulated exocytosis to a glucose load, rather than random secretion (Dean, [@B8]). Potassium-sensitive ATP channels have been shown to play an important role for sensing of the glucose load and initiation of the exocytosis (Rutter and Hill, [@B33]).
Recently, it has been suggested that the exocytosis involving insulin granules resembles remarkable similarity to the pattern of inhibitory enteric neuromuscular neurotransmission (Chaudhury, [@B6]). Insulin granule exocytosis involves sequential release of ATP and the gaseous nitric oxide (NO), which may have important regulatory roles.
The SLC17A9 channel transports ATP within the insulin containing dense core vesicles (Sawada et al., [@B38]). In VNUT^−/−^ mice, the number and appearances of secretory granules in islet β-cells of knockout mice were normal (Sakamoto et al., [@B35]). However, insulin exocytosis was accelerated (Sakamoto et al., [@B35]) The recent manuscript by Estévez-Herrera et al. ([@B9]) may potentially explain this significant observation. It is well known that insulin hypersecretion is an early stage pathophysiology which occurs in genetic obesity and prediabetes (Gonzalez et al., [@B13]; Irles et al., [@B16]). When VNUT is absent or deficient, ATP fails to enter the beta cells, or may load the vesicles suboptimally (Sakamoto et al., [@B35]; Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The decrease of ATP within the vesicle may alter the consistency of the dense crystalline core of the insulin. Thus, the vesicular osmotic pressure may be considerably elevated, leading to rapid exocytosis. Additionally, due to the lack of insulin polymer formation with ATP, the granular exocytosis may be sped up. These aspects remains to be examined.
![**ATP may contribute to colligative property of insulin containing vesicles (A)**. Note the exocytotic insulin vesicle and the dense insulin cluster in the electron micrograph. Recent study by Estévez-Herrera et al. ([@B9]) suggest that ATP may contribute to colligative and osmotic balance of peptide containing vesicles. Such may be true for insulin vesicles **(B)**. ATP and insulin colocalize in beta cells of pancreas. Scale bar, 2 μm **(C)**. During exocytosis, both ATP and insulin are co-released. This co-release may have wide implications as discussed in the commentary **(D)**. In SLC17A9 knockout, the insulin containing vesicles are not altered in number or appearance **(E)**. In SLC17A9 knockout, the ATP and insulin contents of vesicles are decreased. But note that insulin exocytosis in SLC17A9 knockout is accelerated. This may occur due to lack of formation of ATP-(insulin)~n~ polymer. This rapid exocytosis is a feature of early prediabetic state, as well as seen in progressive type II diabetes mellitus. Reproduced with permission from Sakamoto et al. ([@B35]) and Liu et al. ([@B24]). ^\*^Significance.](fphys-08-00053-g0001){#F1}
Type II diabetes mellitus is characterized by progressive exhaustion of the beta cells of the pancreas (Butler et al., [@B5]). This leads to increased insulin resistance and finally leads to an insulin-dependent state. The rates of beta cell damage are stochastic, and are likely multifactorial, including the effect of ongoing treatment with anti-diabetic medications. The ATP content in SLC17A9 knockout mice was reduced, though not significantly (Sakamoto et al., [@B35]; Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). It may be remembered that insulin granule exocytosis is very complex and may involve several protein interactors, association with the cellular cytoskeleton, motor proteins like myosin Va, complex spatial negotiations at the subcellular cortex and finally the interaction with the membrane, where the dynamic pore size may be a critical determinant of exocytosis of the insulin, which is released either as a monomer or dimer (Ashcroft et al., [@B2]; Rothman, [@B32]; Li et al., [@B23]; Sudhof, [@B46]; Ivarsson et al., [@B17]; Braun et al., [@B4]; Karanauskaite et al., [@B21]; Wang and Thurmond, [@B51]; Solimena and Speier, [@B43]; Galvanovskis et al., [@B12]; MacDonald, [@B25]; Andersson et al., [@B1]; Schvartz et al., [@B40]; Seino, [@B41]; Rosengren et al., [@B31]; Wiseman and Thurmond, [@B52]; Kalwat and Thurmond, [@B20]; Moghadam and Jackson, [@B28]; Rorsman and Braun, [@B30]; Stamper and Wang, [@B44]; Xie et al., [@B54]; Bergeron et al., [@B3]; Gaisano, [@B11]; Heaslip et al., [@B14]; Satoh, [@B37]; Sun et al., [@B47]; Hoang Do and Thorn, [@B15]; Rutter et al., [@B34]; Schumacher et al., [@B39]; Takahashi, [@B48]; Takahashi et al., [@B49]; Wuttke, [@B53]; Thorn et al., [@B50]). Some or all of these pathways may be affected or altered in SLC17A9 channelopathy.
In this commentary, we advance the hypothesis that SLC17A9 dysfunction may contribute to the ongoing inefficacy of insulin exocytosis, leading to progressive diabetes. The lack of entry of ATP through a dysfunctional SLC17A9 (Sakamoto et al., [@B35]; Estévez-Herrera et al., [@B9]) may lead to a labile insulin vesicle formation, with enhanced rates of exocytosis. This may lead to increased demand on the cell for further insulin biogenesis, which may lead to a cascade of genomic stress and ultimate beta cell death. The mechanisms involved in the rapid dissolution of the insulin crystal before and during exocytosis, is not well-studied. Newer methodologies may be employed to study the insulin porosome (Jena, [@B19]).
What causes SLC17A9 dysfunction is not clear. Interestingly, SLC17A9 is gated by ATP itself (Sawada et al., [@B38]). Thus, ATP generation may be a limiting factor. Recent evidence suggest the inefficiency of mitochondrial coupling function with progressive diabetes, leading to diminished ATP production (Maechler, [@B27]; Peiris et al., [@B29]). This may be a potential underlying mechanism for the SLC17A9 dysfunction. Also, the channel may be gated by NO. NO downstream effectors are present in the beta cells and NO is known to inhibit ATP loading of dense vesicles (Machado et al., [@B26]). Using a range of biophysical methods including dynamic light scattering, turbidimetry, circular dichroism and atomic force microscopy, an elegant study has demonstrated that the amino acid L-arginine (Arg) has the ability to influence insulin aggregation propensity (Smirnova et al., [@B42]). The modification of the net charge of insulin induced by increase in the pH level of the incubation medium resulted in major alterations clustering of Arg-insulin. Using pH markers like pHluorin, vesicle pH may be assessed, which may serve as a surrogate for the vesicle osmotic pressure, which is otherwise a challenging technique to perform. Here, we may recollect that acidification of the vesicles is the main driver of ATP entry within the vesicles (Sawada et al., [@B38]).
There have been recent advances of novel markers that can tag synaptic proteins, especially those acting on the membranes. PET imaging may detect these global aspects of neurotransmission (Finnema et al., [@B10]). It is possible that such novel imaging may be applied for estimating beta cell mass in progressive diabetes mellitus. This is a huge area of unmet need in diabetes mellitus management. SLC17A9 may be tagged and imaged with similar novel methodologies to estimate whether their quantitative distribution is altered in progressive diabetes. Currently, C peptide analyses is used as a crude method to estimate disease status and functional beta cell reserve. Our thesis provides a novel paradigm in approaching management of diabetes mellitus from a precision medicine perspective.
Author contributions {#s1}
====================
ArC, conceptualized and development of manuscript, drafted manuscript. CD, major intellectual contribution. VD, major intellectual contribution. CM, important discussion. NS, important discussion. WM, important discussion and conceptualizations. RR, important discussion. AM, important discussion, manuscript recheck. AdR, important discussion and prospects. All authors read and approved final version of manuscript.
Conflict of interest statement
------------------------------
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
[^1]: Edited by: Ghanshyam Upadhyay, City College of New York (CUNY), USA
[^2]: Reviewed by: Nagaraja Nagre, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA; Santosh Kumar Maurya, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, USA
[^3]: This article was submitted to Gastrointestinal Sciences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology
[^4]: †These authors have contributed equally to this work.
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The automotive and heavy-duty truck industries are developing standards to address On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) cybersecurity with the Sociality of Automotive Engineers (SAE). SAE is taking best practices from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive vehicle data over a CAN network.
Attendees will learn about existing limitations of digital forensics, along with hand-on labs for ECU hacking and a review of existing hacking tools alongside demonstrations on data acquisition, diagnostics and anomaly detection for CAN and Ethernet networks.
Spirent’s Jeff Warra will be a guest speaker at the SAE Vehicle Cybersecurity Training Course introducing concepts and testing methodologies of Ethernet development in the first track on day 2.
We look forward to seeing you in Michigan! | https://www.spirent.com/newsroom/events/event-listing/2018/12/12-18_introduction-to-car-hacking-with-canbus-c1857 |
Ethyl acrylate risk assessment with a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based nasal dosimetry model.
Cytotoxicity in the nasal epithelium is frequently observed in rodents exposed to volatile organic acids and esters by inhalation. An interspecies, hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (CFD-PBPK) dosimetry model for inhaled ethyl acrylate (EA) is available for estimating internal dose measures for EA, its metabolite acrylic acid (AA), and EA-mediated reductions in tissue glutathione (GSH). Nasal tissue concentrations of AA were previously used as the dose metric for a chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) calculation with this compound. However, EA was more toxic than expected, based on calculated tissue AA concentrations. Unlike AA, EA causes depletion of tissue GSH. We have developed an RfC for EA using tissue GSH depletion in the olfactory epithelium as the primary measure of nasal tissue dose. The hybrid CFD-PBPK model was refined to improve the accuracy of simulations for GSH in rat olfactory tissues. This refined model was used to determine the concentration for continuous human exposures to EA predicted to reduce nasal GSH levels to the same extent as seen in rats exposed to EA at the no-observed-effect level (NOEL). Importantly, AA concentrations in the human nasal olfactory epithelium at the proposed chronic RfC were predicted to be lower than the AA concentrations estimated in the rat at the NOEL. Thus, a chronic RfC based on maintaining GSH in the human nasal olfactory epithelium at levels equivalent to the rat NOEL would also provide an adequate margin of safety with respect to AA concentrations in nasal tissues.
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Kerala Plus One Computer Science Notes Chapter 12 Internet and Mobile Computing
Introduction:
Internet means international network of networks. The first from of internet is ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) started by US Department of Defence for their military during 1970’s.
Internet:
It is a network of networks. It means that international network. We can transfer information between computers within nations very cheaply and speedily.
- Intranet: A private network inside a company or organisation is called intranet.
- Extranet: It allows vendors and business partners to access the company resources.
The hardware and software requirement for internet:
- A computer with a modem (internal/external).
- A telephone connection.
- An account with an ISP.
- A browser software.
Different types of Connectivity:
There are two ways to connect to the internet. They are:
1. Dial up connection:
The internet connection is established by dialling into an ISP’s computer. If ISP is not busy they verify the user name and password if it is valid they will connect our computer to the internet. It uses Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or Point to Point Protocol (PPP). It is slower and has a higher error rate.
2. Direct connection:
In this there is fixed cable or dedicated phone line to the ISP. Here it uses ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) a high speed version of a standard phone line. Another method is leased lines that uses fibre optic cables. Digital Subscribers Line (DSL) is another direct connection. Direct connection provides high speed internet connection and error rate is less. Fibre To The Home (FTTH) uses optical fibers for data transmission.
3. Wireless broadband connectivity:
They are:
- Mobile broadband: Accessing internet using wireless devices like mobile phones.
- Wi MAX (Wireless Microwave Access): It uses microwaves to transmit information across a network in a range 2 GHz to 11 GHz over very long distance.
- Satellite broadband: Accessing internet through satellite. A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) dish antenna and transceiver and modem are required at the user’s location. It is expensive and high speed.
Internet Access Sharing Methods:
One internet connection can be shared among several computers using:
- LAN: The internet connection in a LAN can be shared among other computers in the network.
- Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): It uses radio waves to transmit information across a net-work in a range 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz in short distance.
- Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) network: It is a fast optical (uses visible light for data transmission) version of Wi-Fi. Its main component is a LED lamp that can transmit data and a photo diode that acts as a receiver.
Services in Internet
- www (World Wide Web): This means this website address is unique and can be accessed each nook and corner of the world.
- Browser: It is a piece of software that acts as an interface between the user and the internal working of the internet. Different browsers are Microsoft internet explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome, Opera, etc.
Web browsing:
It is the process of navigation through the web pages in the www.
Search Engine
[ It is a newly developed tool that helped to search the information on the internet more effectively and easily. Search engines are programs that help people to locate information from the website on internet using a database that consists of references. Search engine use softwares called spiders I or bots to search documents and their web addresses.
E-mail (Electronic mail)
It is used to send text, multimedia messages between computers over internet. To send an email, first type the recipients address and type the message then click the send button.
The advantages of email are given below:
- Speed is high.
- It is cheap.
- We can send email to multiple recipients.
- Incoming messages can be saved locally.
- It reduce the usage of paper.
- We can access mail box anytime and from anywhere.
Social media
Various social medias are:
- Internet forums: It is an online discussion site where people can exchange information about various issues.
- Social blogs: Conducting discussions about particular subjects by entries or ; posts, eg., blogger.com
- Microblogs: It allows users to exchange short messages, multimedia files etc. eg., S twitter.com
- Wikis: It give informations about various topic, eg., wikipedia
- Social networks: We can post our data ;and view others data, eg., facebook
- Content communities: We can share multimedia files, eg., youtube
Cyber Security:
It is used to provide protection of valuable information such as credit card information from unauthorized access, intentional access, deletion etc.
Computer Virus:
A virus is a bad program or harmful program to damage routine 1 working of a computer system. It reduces the speed of a computer. It may be delete the useful system files and make the computer useless.
Worm:
It is a stand alone malware program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers. It slows down the traffic by consuming the bandwidth.
Trojan horse:
It appears as a useful software but it is a harmful software and it will delete useful softwares or files.
Spams:
Sending an email without recipient’s consent to promote a product or service i is called spamming. Such an email is called a spam.
Hacking:
It is process of trespassing computer networks. These are two types white : hats and black hats. White hats hack the computer networks to test the security but black hats intentionally stealing valuable data or destroying data.
Phishing:
It is an attempt to get others information such as usernames, passwords, ; bank a/c details etc by acting as the authorized website. Phishing websites have URLs and home pages similar to their original ones and mislead others, it is called spoofing.
Denial of Service (DoS) attack:
Its main target is a web server. Due to this attack the web server/computer forced to restart and this results refusal of service to the genuine users. DoS attacks send huge number of requests to the web server until it collapses due to the load and stops functioning.
Man in the Middle attacks:
It is an attack in which an attacker secretly intercepts electronic messages send by the sender to the receiver and then modifies the message and retransmit it to the receiver. To prevent this type of attack, encrypted connections such as HTTPS (HTTP Secure), SFTP (Secure FTP) etc, must be used, that will be displayed in the URL.
Preventing Network attacks
- Firewall: It is a system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data and then provides security to the computer network in an organization from other network (internet).
- Antivirus scanners: It is a tool used to scan computer files for viruses, worms and Trojan horses and cure the infected system. If any fault found it stops the file from running and stores the file in a special area called Quarantine (isolated area) and can be deleted later.
- Cookies: These are small text files that are created when we visit a website that keep track of our details. This information will help the hacker to use it for malicious purposes. It acts as a spyware.
Mobile communication
Mobile communication networks do not require any physical connection. Various generations in mobile communication are:
1. First Generation networks (1G):
It was developed around 1980, based on analog system and only voice transmission was allowed.
2. Second Generation Networks (2G):
This is the next generation network that was allowed voice and data transmission. GSM and CDMA standards were introduced by 2G. MMS and picture messages are introduced.
- Global System for Mobile (GSM): It is the most successful standard. It uses narrow band TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). The network is identified using the SIM (Subscriber Identify Module). GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G on GSM. EDGE (Enchanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) is three times faster than GPRS. It is used for voice communication as well as an internet connection.
- Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): It is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple access, which is where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over I a single communication channel.
3. Third Generation networks (3G):
It allows high data transfer rate for mobile devices and offers high speed wireless broad band services combining voice and data. To enjoy this service, 3G enabled mobile towers and hand sets are required.
4. Forth Generation networks (4G):
It is also called Long Term Evolution (LTE) and also offers ultra broadband internet facility such as high quality streaming video.
Mobile Communication Services
- Short Message Service (SMS): It allows transferring short text messages containing up to 160 characters between mobile phones.
- Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): It allows sending Multimedia.
- Global Positioning System (GPS): It is space based satellite navigation system j that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
- Smart card: It is a plastic card with a computer chip or memory that stores and I transacts data. A smart card (may be like an ATM card) reader used to store and transmit data.
Mobile Operating System
It is an OS used in hand held devices such as smart phone, table, etc. It manages the hardware, multimedia functions, internet connectivity, etc. eg., Android, iOS. | https://www.aplustopper.com/plus-one-computer-science-notes-chapter-12/ |
Any individual with a shred of experience in the business world would know that one of the keys to becoming a juggernaut in the market is having a motivated workforce. If a company aims to ride high on the mounts of success holding the thumb of a competitive edge, it would look for people who are driven and empowered to take it a step forward. However, it is not an easy task to master the art of leading and motivating people. It requires a certain level of understanding about why people behave in a particular way, what are the needs hidden behind their wants and actions, what are the factors that would affect their behavior. Finding the answers may especially become a tough job if the lack of understanding owes to the big generation gap between the boss and the employees. This situation is not exactly unfamiliar if you take a look around.
According to new Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data, over one-in-three American workers are Millennials who are expected to become the largest share of the American workforce. Therefore, for the company to run with effective communication, one cannot stress enough on the importance of bosses understanding the mindset of the Millennials. Do not worry! Let us break them down to you in three definite points!
1 Millennials like to feel included
Millennials are known to work better when they feel like an important part of something. They are motivated when they know that is where they belong and whatever the company achieves is also their own achievement because it is not just a company but a family which works and achieves together!
Managers must try to develop interpersonal relationships with the staff by spending time with them or perhaps having lunch together. The more managers spend time with their employees, the more they can find out about their preferences and pick on how they think. Company picnics or day outs can also help building the bonding between the managers and the staff.
2 Millennials want Accountability and Responsibility
Nothing gives more satisfaction than owning your work. This works a lot for the millennials. They want to be empowered. This makes them feel trusted and that creates a sense of responsibility towards living up to that trust. Besides, it also makes them feel that their contribution is important for the company’s success.
Managers should adopt a democratic leadership and carry out all the activities in a participative manner. The employees should get the chance to voice their opinions at all circumstances and managers should make them feel that their opinion is respected. This would help the millennials to connect themselves with the company’s well being.
3 Millennials should not be generalized
Millennials, as a generation, might be a bit different than others but that does not mean that they should be generalized because that might lead to skewed opinions about them. Every individual is different; what might drive one person may not have much of an effect on another. Therefore, it is okay to have a basic idea about what the youth wants but it is always better to not bring them all in one basket. To understand the different individuals, bonding with them is again highly emphasized. The more you get to know them, the more you can see through their personality. | https://newsteca.info/2022/04/12/3-things-every-boss-should-know-to-interact-better-with-their-millennial-employees/ |
Event Information: This workshop addresses uneven posture, scoliosis and offers effective, non-invasive techniques for changing, improving, and preventing it. We will celebrate our curves, improve our relationship to our bodies, and explore the natural ability of the brain and nervous system to change itself, towards more mobility, improved posture, sensation, control, and less pain. You will go home with an illustrated manual, and videos to support your learning process.
Laura M Gates, CCSE, CHSE, your workshop leader, is a certified Hanna (Clinical) Somatic Educator, and on the training team for Essential Somatics, LLC teaching internationally. She developed scoliosis specific strategies for her own scoliosis and her clients, over the last decade, and developed this workshop. | https://taborspace.org/public-events/2019/4/12/somatic-solutions |
This pestilence has been unleashing its venomous poison on humanity in a manner humanity is yet to come to grips with.
When an adversity hits someone other than you, it is so easy to describe same as a regression, but when it happens to you, you’d quickly learn to describe it as a depression.
If COVID-19 has not taken someone closer to you away, the tendency for you to dismiss all the warning signals attached to it is high. It is only when a family member or breadwinner of your family is whisked away by this violent virus would you come to your senses that we are at war.
Humanity is on trial. Mankind is faced with a formidable antagonist. Though some antidotal solutions have been discovered and rolled out, only a few people have had access to these vaccines.
Ghana is sad once again as another illustrious son of the land has been forced to embrace a fate not pleasant in any way.
May the dearly departed son of the land rest in perfect peace. The living should know that COVID-19 is not done with us and the best shield against it is to adhere to the necessary protocols prescribed by the Ghana Health Service.
—–
By: P.K. Sarpong,
Whispers from the Corridors of the Thinking Place. | https://frontpageghana.com/this-pestilence-has-been-unleashing-its-venomous-poison-on-humanity-in-a-manner-humanity-is-yet-to-come-to-grips-with/ |
Mark Chediak (Bloomberg) -- Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval vetoed a bill late Friday that would have boosted the state’s renewable energy target, dealing a setback for clean-energy advocates looking for state action after President Donald Trump said he would pull the U.S. from the Paris climate pact.
The legislation required that 40 percent of the state’s electricity come from clean energy sources by 2030, up from the current target of 25 percent by 2025. The Nevada Resort Association, a casino trade group, called the mandate premature because the state was starting to deregulate its electricity market through a November ballot measure.
The group also said that the measure could increase energy prices. Bill backers said those concerns were unwarranted as the cost of solar and wind power continues to decline.
More on renewable energy and data centers in Nevada:
- Cleaning Up Data Center Power is Dirty Work
- Apple to Build Huge Solar Project to Power Reno Data Center Campus
- How Reno Became a Data Center Hub: a Timeline
- Why Data Center Provider Switch is Suing Nevada and NV Energy
While the promise of the measure is "commendable, its adoption is premature in the face of evolving energy policy in Nevada," Sandoval said in a statement issued with his veto, which was posted on the state’s website. The Republican governor said he would direct an energy committee to study increasing the renewable mandate with recommendations provided to him and the 2019 legislature.
The decision comes as clean-energy advocates enlist states, municipalities and corporations to pick up the mantle of combating climate change after Trump’s decision to leave the landmark international environmental agreement. Earlier this month, nine states, including California and New York, and the leaders of 125 cities pledged their support to policies to reduce emissions and meet the Paris accord. Nevada hasn’t signed on with the group.
See also:
- Digital Realty: Trump’s Climate Order Won’t Change Firm’s Clean Energy Goals
- Equinix to Press on With Clean Energy Goals after Trump’s Climate Order
The Nevada bill would have added about 1.7 gigawatts of solar to the state by 2030, nearly double the current amount, said Dylan Sullivan, a senior scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council. The measure received support from environmental groups, MGM Resorts International -- which broke with the casino trade group -- and companies including EBay Inc., Levi Strauss & Co., and data-center operator Switch.
Earlier this week, Sandoval signed a measure designed to revive the rooftop solar industry by boosting credits for excess energy produced by small systems. | https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/06/19/nevada-governor-vetoes-renewable-bill-in-setback-for-advocates/ |
Basal sliding is the act of a glacier sliding over the bed due to meltwater under the ice acting as a lubricant. This movement very much depends on the temperature of the area, the slope of the glacier, the bed roughness, the amount of meltwater from the glacier, and the glacier's size.
The movement that happens to these glaciers as they slide is that of a jerky motion where any seismic events, especially at the base of glacier, can cause movement. Most movement is found to be caused by pressured meltwater or very small water-saturated sediments underneath the glacier. This gives the glacier a much smoother surface on which to move as opposed to a harsh surface that tends to slow the speed of the sliding. Although meltwater is the most common source of basal sliding, it has been shown that water-saturated sediment can also play up to 90% of the basal movement these glaciers make.
Most activity seen from basal sliding is within thin glaciers that are resting on a steep slope, and this most commonly happens during the summer seasons when surface meltwater runoff peaks. Factors that can slow or stop basal sliding relate to the glacier's composition and also the surrounding environment. Glacier movement is resisted by debris, whether it is inside the glacier or under the glacier. This can affect the amount of movement that is made by the glacier by a large percentage especially if the slope on which it lies is low. The traction caused by this sediment can halt a steadily moving glacier if it interferes with the underlying sediment or water that was helping to carry it.
The Great Lakes were created due to basal movement.
YouTube Encyclopedic
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Sheet Flow vs Basal Sliding
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"Physical Geography", Glaciers: Basal Slip and Internal Flow
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Demonstration of glacier movement in flubber
Transcription
References
- Easterbrook, Jason. 1999. “Surface Processes and Landforms,” 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 297-300. | https://wiki2.org/en/Basal_sliding |
Presiding Bishop Michael Curry is scheduled to participate in a panel discussion during Unsung Champions of Civil Rights from MLK to Today at the Apollo Theater, part of the Uptown Hall series, on Sunday, January 20 at 3:00 pm EST. This event will be live-streamed.
The Apollo Theater and WNYC are partnering for the sixth year to present WNYC’s 13th Annual Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day celebration, Unsung Champions of Civil Rights from MLK to Today as part of the Apollo’s Uptown Hall series. WNYC’s Peabody Award-winning host Brian Lehrer and Jami Floyd, local host of All Things Considered, will moderate meaningful conversations examining Dr. King’s legacy and its impact on modern social justice movements.
A lively mix of one-on-one interviews and panels featuring notable guests will commemorate the legacy of Dr. King. Unsung Champions of Civil Rights from MLK to Today will also place special emphasis on some of the lesser-known names who, nevertheless, were crucial in making both the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and today’s social issue movements successful. The “unsung” will include women, members of the LGBTQ community and others who didn’t receive warranted, timely, or lasting recognition.
More information and access to the live-stream here. | https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/pressreleases/martin-luther-king-jr-event-at-the-apollo-theater-jan-20-presiding-bishop-michael-curry-among-panelists/ |
I’m a philosopher at heart. If I had to label myself as a philosopher — “What are you, a Thomist, Platonist, Kantian, Heideggarian…?” — I’d end up like this guy:
Biltirix has become kind of a mashup. (And this is a restart, as of 12/16/2019). What began as “Cultural Apologitics for the New Evangelization” became a thelological-scriptural-philosophical-liturgical-logical… blog.
To simplify, we’re calling it “liturgical logic” and here is what we mean by that.
My first love in Philosophy was Aristotle, the Father of Logic. The logic of Aristotle, however, is not the logic of liturgy. The logic of liturgy is the logic of analogy, and that’s a messy field, but if you’re really in the mood for some Medieval pedantry, here’s a dose of it for you: Medieval Theories of Analogy, @ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (only the best!). Finally, the kind of logical analogy we’re interested in is the type you are probably most familiar with, i.e., the simile/metaphor or the extended version of the analogy commonly called allegory.
My approach to interpreting, understanding, and living the life of the Church, is to dive in and meditate on the allegory of Scripture presented in the readings for the Mass throughout the liturgical year.
As I mentioned, this is a restart (as of 12/16/2019). I plan to build up numerous examples in my blog posts to make it very clear what we mean by liturgical logic. In the meantime, I’ll share a couple of my favorite sources I’ve used and recommended to teach Sacred Scripture, Liturgy, and Sacraments to high school and college students as well as Adults wanting to learn more about or grow deeper in their knowledge of the Catholic Faith.
- Understanding the Scriptures, a Complete Course, Scott Hahn,
- The Bible Project Video Series (also on YouTube)
In Understanding the Scriptures, Scott Hahn does an excellent job engaging the reader and providing the tools to interpret the story of Salvation History in the Bible. It’s masterfully written so that young and adult students can grasp and put to use the key concepts he teaches for understanding the Scriptures. For our purposes, we would like to draw attention to his presentation on the senses of Scripture, which are the literal sense and the spiritual sense. The spiritual sense is subdivided into three distinct aspects: the moral, allegorical, and anagogic (a big fancy word meaning “the eternal perspective”). So all together we can treat them as “the four senses of Scripture.” Hahn emphasizes that while we must try to understand the literal sense first, the moral, allegorical, and anagogic senses are indispensable keys to unlocking the full meaning of the text. Here, we will give due consideration to all of these aspects when presenting the connections between liturgical readings on any given Sunday. The one we will spend more time unpacking will usually be the allegorical sense.
The Bible Project videos present a range of topics related to reading and interpreting the Scriptures. They cover every book of the Bible in picture board format and also treat various groups of books in the Bible thematically. My favorite videos deal with word studies that delve deeper into the Hebrew philology. Clear and simple, yet deep and enriching, each video is aimed at enabling the layperson to study and pray with the Scriptures with confidence. Videos are short enough to watch in under 10 minutes. CAVEAT: they are binge worthy. You could spend hours watching these videos, though in my opinion, it would be time well spent leaning about the word of God. Here’s a sample of what I’m talking about.
My desire is to cover the readings for Sundays and Solemnities throughout the liturgical year and share some insights based on the four senses of Scripture, focusing mainly on the allegorical sense, to make some connections between the Gospel and the other readings for that day, within the context of their respective Liturgical Season.
And because I know myself well enough to know that I can’t help myself, I might as well just say it now. Every once and a while, I might get off topic and show a bit of my quirky side, like this guy…
Yep, We’re Back. | https://biltrix.com/2019/12/16/biltrix-redefined/?shared=email&msg=fail |
World Earth Day — 22nd April, 2022
What is World Earth Day?
Earth day is an annual occasion celebrated by millions throughout the world to draw attention to the major environmental issues we face, such as the climate catastrophe, environmental pollution, and deforestation. For the last 50 years, thousands of people across the world have honored Earth Day on April 22 each year to raise awareness about the preservation of our environment.
Some may see it as only another holiday, or an excuse to dress in green and a flower crown like St. Patrick’s Day, but serious concerns regarding our altering environment are being studied and discussed today by reputable scientists, public officials, and young climate change activists alike, some individuals are adapting to more eco-friendly ways of life — each day, not just on April 22 annually. To conserve the turtles, start composting, recycling, reusing, carpooling, thrifting, and using reusable straws.
Why is World Earth Day Named So?
Our Earth is a great place, but it requires our support to flourish! That is why, on April 22, over a billion people worldwide commemorate Earth Day to safeguard the planet from threats like contamination and deforestation. On April 22, 1970, United States Senator Gaylord Nelson suggested a countrywide environmental education. Denis Hayes, a young activist, was appointed as the National Coordinator. The event was titled “Earth Day” by Nelson and Hayes.
When is World Earth Day 2022?
Earth Day is on April 22 this year, and serves as a recall to conserve the environment, repair degraded ecosystems, and live a more responsible lifestyle. This year celebrates the 52nd anniversary of the holiday, which was first observed in 1970.
Today, Earth Day is generally regarded as the world’s greatest humanist celebration, with over a billion people participating each year as a day of action to improve human behavior and generate global, national, and local changes in policy.
What is the Theme of World Earth Day 2022?
This year’s theme for EarthDay.org is “Invest in Our Planet.” This is the opportunity to transform it all – the economic outlook, the governmental climate, as well as how people take climate change responsibility.
“Now is the moment for relentless bravery to maintain and defend our wellness, families, and livelihood… we must all ‘Invest In Our Planet’ together.” It also warns that time is running out.
The campaign ‘Invest in Our Planet’ strives to promote a more sustainable future. Private firms, together with public support, may become enthusiastic Earth Day volunteers and strive toward a healthy and sustainable lifestyle. Smart innovations and a green economy are critical to maintaining profitability, achieving great financial results, boosting market performance, and keeping workers satisfied.
Investing in cleaner types of energy, embracing sustainable fashion, reducing one’s carbon footprint, and taking conscientious measures as corporations and people to reduce waste, environmental pollution, and plastic usage are among the factors tapped into by the Earth Day theme.
Furthermore, governments will be capable of creating an eco-friendly alternative more profitable by offering advantages to green enterprises and pushing corporations to adopt strong environment social governance standards.
Planting trees, turning off gadgets during Earth Hour, conveying climate information, and choosing a simpler and more responsible life are all urgent needs that may be met on a personal level. The millennials have the potential to impact changes in the environment by choosing sustainable and fair brands that invest in the planet’s recovery.
History of World Earth Day
The concept of Earth Day emerged in 1969 in the United States, when Senator Gaylord Nelson witnessed the ravages of a major oil spill in Santa Barbara, California. In 1970, he summoned all Americans to a countrywide rally to support the goals of a healthier environment, sustainable resources, and natural preservation. The date was April 22nd. It was attended by a large number of American students and university people, and it resulted in the establishment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
The Clean Air Act was approved before the end of the year to broaden the effects and spread awareness of Earth Day, and the Endangered Species Act followed in 1973. Earth Day became a global celebration in 1990, with over 140 nations actively participating. Every year until then, businesses, governments, non-governmental organizations, and individual participants have joined together to do their part for the environment.
What to Do on World Earth Day? | World Earth Day Activities
Earth Day should be celebrated by enjoying and appreciating the natural environment. Here are some ideas to get you started this year.
1. Help Our Pollinators!
Bring in native bees and other pollinators to your yard. One method is to pick the appropriate plants.
Through a collection of plants that lure butterflies and plants that attracts hummingbirds, you’re sure to find beauty or two.
Learn further about native bees (super-pollinators!) and build a native bee home (similar to a birdhouse!). Alternatively, learn how to create a bee-friendly garden environment using bee-friendly plants.
2. Remove Plastic from Your Community or Park
Cleanups are one of the finest ways to interact with the Earth! Take a walk with a garbage bag and help pick up all the plastic you discover. Perhaps you are aware of nearby trash-polluted ditches that require a spring cleaning! You’ll see that plastic infects every area of our existence. But, when the planet awakens to its addiction, how simple would it be to abandon plastic while producing and preserving more of our own food? Remember to recycle any plastic that you can.
3. Grow a Tree!
We adore trees! They absorb carbon, cool hot areas, aid agriculture, help pollinators, minimize transmission of infection risk, and promote the local economy. Did you know that growing one oak tree attracts more bug and bird species than planting a complete yard’s worth of plants? Discuss with your local government the possibility of more trees and native flower beds being planted in public locations, or try planting your own on your land!
4. Increase Public Awareness
Instead of staying in the office to celebrate Earth Day, take the party outside. Consider basic techniques that you and your coworkers may use to assist promote awareness in your neighborhood. You might distribute copies of Earthday.org’s plastic, pollution, primer, and action toolkit to your customers and clients to educate them on how to make their operations more ethical and environmentally friendly.
How to Celebrate World Earth Day?
Earth Day activities and events are open to anybody who wants to join hands to heal the world, either as a youthful activist or a business executive.
The Earth Day Organization organizes a variety of programs to commemorate Earth Day. Donate to the Canopy Project online to help plant trees and promote reforestation, or participate in The Great Global Cleanup to help clean up rubbish in your neighborhood or aquatic environment with the aid of local communities.
You may also find and register for a campaign near you, as well as sign up for the Earth Day 2022 toolkit, which entails working toward the aim of making the world more habitable and sustainable. You may also go to the Earth Day Organization’s website for further details and events. You may support Earth Day through your own unique manner by becoming a member, registering as a volunteer, donating money, or participating in projects and events.
World Earth Day Quotes
- “I only feel angry when I see waste. When I see people throwing away things we could use.”— Mother Teresa
- “What makes earth feel like hell is our expectation that it should feel like heaven.” — Chuck Palahniuk
- “One of the first conditions of happiness is that the link between man and nature shall not be broken.” — Leo Tolstoy
- “The environment is where we all meet; where all have a mutual interest; it is the one thing all of us share.” — Lady Bird Johnson
- “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed.” — Mahatma Gandhi
- “A true conservationist is a man who knows that the world is not given by his fathers, but borrowed from his children.” — John James Audubon
- “He that plants trees loves others besides himself.” — Thomas Fuller
- “Time spent among trees is never time wasted.” — Katrina Mayer
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
What is the 2022 theme for Earth Day?
Every year, the topic spotlights a new concern, and the theme for this year is ‘Invest in Our Planet,’ as per the Earth Day Network.
What should I do to honor Earth Day?
If you’re searching for an event to attend, such as a group cleanup operation or a climate strike march, check out Earth Day Networks’ global infographic. There are several things you can do to help our planet, as well as numerous opportunities to get involved with the community on Earth Day.
Can I wear anything green on Earth Day?
Though wearing holiday-themed clothing is recommended to raise awareness, the most important thing on this day is not really what you wear, but what you do.
Conclusion
Climate changes, man-made alterations to nature, and actions that damage biodiversity, such as deforestation, habitat change, intensive agriculture, livestock farming, or the expanding illegal wildlife trade, can all hasten the planet’s demise.
Ecosystems provide a home for every species on earth. Restoring our damaged ecosystems will aid in the abolition of poverty, combating climate change, and averting extinction events. However, we will only be successful if everyone contributes.
On this Global Mother Earth Day, let us remember ourselves – more than ever – that we need to transition to a more sustainable economy that benefits both people and the earth. Let us work together to foster harmony with nature and the Earth. Join the worldwide effort to reclaim our planet!
Want to read about other important days in the month of April? Then click here.
Or if you want to read about important days of other months of the year, then check out “important days of the year” category.
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June 22, 2012
Vanguard CIO Sauter to Retire at Year End
The fund shop taps Tim Buckley as his future replacement
Vanguard said Chief Investment Officer Gus Sauter (left) will retire on Dec. 31, when he will be replaced by Tim Buckley. Sauter, 57, joined Vanguard in 1987 and is head of the firm’s global investment management groups, which oversee about $1.6 trillion of Vanguard’s $2.1 trillion in global assets.
“Under his leadership, Vanguard has emerged as a world-class investment management firm with an unparalleled record of accomplishment,” said Vanguard CEO Bill McNabb, in a press release. “And it is equally important to acknowledge Gus for his contributions as a member of Vanguard’s senior staff; the entire enterprise has greatly benefited from his values, judgment, investment acumen, and ability to identify and develop the best investment talent in the industry.”
Buckley, 43, is currently a managing director. He has been a member of Vanguard’s senior staff since 2001 and has directed Vanguard’s Retail Investor Group, which has about 5 million investor clients, since 2006.
The future CIO joined Vanguard in 1991 as assistant to then-Chairman John C. Bogle. He is also a long-tenured member of Vanguard’s Portfolio Review Group, which includes nine executives.
“Tim Buckley has a strong commitment to the Vanguard way of investing, a keen intellect, and a passion for serving Vanguard clients,” said McNabb. “He will inherit a deep, talented group of more than 300 highly experienced equity, fixed income, risk management, and investment strategy professionals who oversee Vanguard portfolios on behalf of clients around the globe.”
Career Highlights
Sauter joined Vanguard as head of the firm’s internal equity management group on October 5, 1987, two weeks before that year’s market crash, in which stocks declined more than 22% in a single day. At that time, Vanguard says, it offered just two index funds—Vanguard 500 Index Fund and Vanguard Total Bond Market Index Fund, with aggregate assets of $1.2 billion.
The fund group introduced its Vanguard Extended Market Index Fund in December 1987 and, in subsequent years, Sauter worked to further expand its index lineup. Today, Vanguard manages more than $1.1 trillion in total index assets.
Seeking to broaden the acceptance and use of index funds, Sauter led Vanguard’s foray into exchange-traded funds (ETFs). He helped develop a structure through which ETFs are offered as a separate share class of existing Vanguard index funds. Vanguard now offers 64 ETFs with nearly $200 billion in aggregate assets.
Sauter was named Vanguard’s first chief investment officer in 2003, assuming responsibility for all in-house stock and fixed-income management functions. In recent years, he has focused on integrating Vanguard’s global investment management capabilities to support the company’s expansion in Australia, the Pacific Rim, the U.K, Canada and Europe.
“I look back with a mixture of pride and humility on helping to popularize the indexing concept. I am also grateful for being associated with Vanguard for nearly my entire career, for it is an organization that truly stands alone in putting the interests of its clients first and giving them the best chance for investment success,” said Sauter, in a statement.
“It is time to pass the baton to a new leader who can further build upon our strong investment management foundation. Tim Buckley is the right choice for Vanguard and for our clients,” added the CIO, who is considering a number of activities after he retires, such as teaching.
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The guide is the result of an ESRC-funded project to provide a tool for locating information on specific areas of ethnic relations. In doing this we have drawn upon the expertise of the CRER Resources Centre staff who have many years experience in sourcing reliable and authoritative information in the field of ethnic relations. We have also been able to incorporate the knowledge of subject experts from the academic staff at CRER.
It is hoped that the guide will provide a useful jumping-off point for research into areas of ethnic relations. The first topic is Population Statistics, followed by International Migration. Additional subject guides are planned so please check regularly for updates.
|International Migration|
For enquiries about the guide or questions on other areas of ethnic relations, please contact Resources Centre staff. | https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/crer/resources/subject_guide/ |
UK’s rarest bumblebee found at Victory Wood, Kent
We are super excited here in the SE, because, late in summer 2018, the UK’s rarest bumblebee, the shrill carder bee, was recorded at Victory Wood in Kent, a Woodland Trust owned site since 2004.
So named because of its high pitched buzz, this species is now only found in fragmented communities at a few sites in southern Wales and England. Due to its late emergence from hibernation and specialist feeding habits (requiring long tubular flowers), the population has been heavily impacted by both the early cutting and general loss of flower rich meadows. The semi-natural open ground habitat present within Victory Wood is perfect for this and many other invertebrate, bird and plant species.
The UK government is committed to taking action in relation to bee advocacy and addressing pollinator decline, and both national and local initiatives are steadily gaining momentum. The Bumblebee Conservation Trust are currently coordinating an ambitious project ‘Making a buzz for the coast’, which aims to restore bee friendly habitat along the Kent coastline. Victory Wood sits within a key range for monitoring rare bumblebees as it is located just over 2km from the north Kent coast.
This year the Woodland Trust will be recruiting experienced wildlife monitors to help record habitat and species diversity at Victory Wood. These volunteers will be offered additional training in bee identification, ecology and survey methodology to contribute data to the Bumblebee Conservation Trust project. Botanical surveys will also take place during early, mid and late flight season to identify the wildflowers that are most readily used for foraging. The information gathered will help inform how to best manage the open ground habitat for bees, whilst safeguarding a potential stronghold for rare species such as the shrill carder bee.
You can also get involved and find out more about bees at Victory Wood at our Volunteers Week get together event there on Friday 7th June, 2019 (head over to the Events section on Whittle to find out more detail!). There are also plans in the pipeline for some bee-themed bio-blitz events at Victory in August so keep your eyes open for news when we have it.
Links for those who would like to find out more about bumblebee conservation are here:
https://www.bumblebeeconservation.org/making-a-buzz-for-the-coast/
https://www.bumblebeeconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/BBCT037-Shrill-Carder-bee-Leaflet-02.17.pdf
Many thanks to Claire Inglis, Assistant Site Manager (Kent) for sharing this news. | https://whittle.woodlandtrust.org.uk/2019/03/20/uks-rarest-bumblebee-found-at-victory-wood-kent/ |
Sometimes, on a Monday, I shuffle my entire MP3 collection in iTunes and list the first ten songs that played. Here are the ten tunes I heard today with a personal story about one of them.
Aimee Mann's "Save Me" plays at the end of Magnolia, an exceptional film from Paul Thomas Anderson. "Save Me" is good, but Aimee Mann's "Wise Up" drives a great sequence in which the characters sing the song in unison. It's chilling.
People love to hate on Tom Cruise, but I've always liked the guy as an actor and I think his performance in Magnolia was most definitely Oscar-worthy. If you haven't seen it, it's not too late.
And I see Bruce Springsteen's "Merry Christmas Baby" showed up... I have an iTunes question for you smart people. Can I shuffle my entire collection while excluding a playlist? I want to make a playlist of all my holiday music and suppress those songs from playing when I shuffle the entire library. How do I do that?
If you uncheck the little checkbox all the way to the left of a song, it won't play or be added to your iPod.
You can deselect the whole playlist by Apple+Clicking on that checkbox in the playlist.
A few years ago I Utubed the Lemon video for my kids to see. Every once and a while they still search is out and play it - what a classic! Probably my favorite U2 tune.
You can try excluding a particular genre if you use smart playlists and have your songs properly genre'd. Just checked and there is also an option to exclude a playlist. | https://www.torontomike.com/2008/10/monday_shuffle.html |
Trusts can be excellent tools, but they are only as good as the trustee someone chooses to administer them. A trustee has ultimate control over the assets in a trust and the access other people have to that property.
Many people planning a trust spend a lot of time trying to choose the right individual to serve as their trustee. They may want someone from their family or someone that they have known for years. There are numerous limitations to this approach. The first is that your trustee might be close in age to you, meaning they could die before you or may only outlive you by a few years.
Another concern is how people can sometimes behave in unpredictable and selfish ways when it comes to resources like trust assets. Bringing in a professional trustee or fiduciary can be a great solution for many people.
What are the advantages of using a professional trustee?
A professional trustee has a legal obligation to the trust and its beneficiaries without the personal relationships that can sometimes complicate trust administration. A professional fiduciary will more strictly adhere to the terms of the trust and will be less likely to succumb to pressure from your beneficiaries about modifying your wishes.
Additionally, a professional fiduciary will transfer that authority to someone else when they retire or leave their profession. That way, you can have fiduciary services that persist for generations. This approach can be particularly beneficial for someone who wants to leave a trust for multiple generations of descendants for charitable purposes.
Learning more about using a professional fiduciary for your trust can help you decide if this is the solution you need. | https://www.coloradoelderlaw.com/blog/2022/01/the-potential-benefits-of-enlisting-a-professional-trustee/ |
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) has issued the following statement on last night’s vote in the House of Commons.
Last night we witnessed an historic vote against war in the House of Commons. For the first time in decades, the UK government listened to the anti-war majority in this country and refused to support a US-led war. Politicians from all parties voted against an attack on Syria, marking a break with the UK’s default setting of backing US wars. For once, a majority of our elected representatives were in step with the British public – who don’t believe that bombing Syria is the answer to the tragic and complex problems it is facing.
Had the anti-war protests against Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya not taken place – including the largest ever demonstration in British history on February 15 2003 – such a result would be unimaginable. And as MPs entered the Commons, the echoes of these anti-war demonstrations will have been ringing in their ears. From Afghanistan to Iraq to Libya, the peace movement has consistently made the case that war is not a solution to regional problems or humanitarian crises. The legacies of these wars and of the huge levels of vocal opposition to them has meant that British governments cannot expect unquestioning public support for engaging in illegal and bloody conflicts.
To the millions who have participated in protests, rallies, meetings, and pickets over the last decade: we pay tribute to the unflagging commitment of the anti-war movement, which has consistently and justly said ‘not in my name’.
But it’s not over yet. The UK has refused to go to war, but the US is still pushing for the attacks. Join us tomorrow for a national demonstration in London to say ‘Don’t Attack Syria’. If we are to truly help the people of Syria, we should be sending aid, medicine, food, and trying every diplomatic route possible – bringing in regional powers – to ensure a swift and just end to this awful conflict.
But dropping bombs is not the answer. | https://cnduk.org/cnd-anti-war-vote-parliament-historic/ |
Project: Development of a measurement system for energy reduction in the ceramic industry
The production of ceramic bricks is rather energy consuming due to the high temperatures the clay brick has to be fired to become ceramic bricks. Hence, the national and European authorities are putting a lot of pressure on the ceramic brick industry to reduce their energy consumption. Moreover, also for reasons of economics (both increasing natural gas prices and CO2 emission credits) as well as competitiveness it is of great importance to reduce the required amount of energy significantly. The current kiln process control is merely based on the measurement of the flue gasses (temperature and amount) which supplies only very limited information on the actual process conditions in the product itself. The limits of process efficiency which can be achieved with this type of process control are more or less reached. Hence, if the required reduction of the energy consumption has to be achieved a different type of process control has to be developed. Aim of this project is therefor to develop a measuring method by which measurements are carried out in real time on products inside the kiln. Furthermore, this information will be translated to product properties which forms the bases for the control of the kiln process (rather then just looking to the flue gasses). For reasons that the kiln atmosphere is extremely hostile it has been chosen to use non destructive measurement methods which enables to measure properties of the product without the need to have direct contact between measuring device and the product. In a feasibility study which is carried out in preparation of this project, this turned out to be a promising approach. _x000D__x000D_In several phases the measuring system will be developed. In the first phase the required (theoretical) background will be gathered. Also a first testing of individual selected NDT devices under lab conditions will take place. In the second phase measurements will be carried out on a factory kiln in order to sample data on both measuring the product inside the kiln as well as first experiences on the response of the systems in a factory kiln surrounding. In the third phase several NDT devices will be combined in order to collect data in the different stages of the kiln, as well as to analyze whether the combination of NDT methods gives a synergy resulting in a better information on the product properties at any given time. In the next phase the aspects considering the translation from the signals from the measuring devices into operational kiln control will be looked upon. In the 5th phase a longer term test will be carried out in which a combination of different firing curves and brick types will be tested as well as long term behavior of the devices themselves. When this phase is carried out basically all the required data and (back ground) information as a basis for the development of the measuring system are gathered. Subsequently in the 6th phase the actual measuring system will be developed. This will consist of the required adjusted/developed measuring devices, the configuration (in terms of which device at what location and the measurement frequency etc.) and the translation of the data into operational kiln control. It is foreseen that at the end of this phase both a working prototype of the system is developed and the general approach by which the specification of the system can be set up given an individual kiln._x000D__x000D_After this project the implementation in several factories of Vandersanden will occur as start of developing the market which is a combined action of the other Ps. The market in Europe is estimated to be several hundred kilns on which this measuring system could be applied. Worldwide there are many thousands ceramic brick kilns which have the required technological standard to make application of a modern control system potentially possible. _x000D__x000D_The Ps are a R&D bureau (IBR Consult BV) specialised in the development of mineral building products (such as ceramic bricks) with the emphasis on the material aspects as well as the interaction between material aspects and process requirements. The second P is a ceramic brick manufacturer (Vandersanden) which owns in the Netherlands two state of the art ceramic brick production plants and has a competent staff to be able to carry out the complex testing at one of their kilns. Moreover, they have the required know how on the brick firing process itself. The third P is Sensor Ps which is a developer and supplier of all kinds of NDT devices with their own application laboratories. _x000D__x000D_Based on the business analyses it is seen to be possible to have a return on investment between 2 and 4 years depending on both scenario and P: Vandersanden will get its return due to the decreasing amount of required natural gas for firing the kiln, the other Ps by selling the system worldwide. The market approach will be to start in Benelux and Germany and then expand step by step throughout the world. | https://www.era-learn.eu/network-information/networks/eurostars/cut-off-13-3-2014/development-of-a-measurement-system-for-energy-reduction-in-the-ceramic-industry |
French master Camille Saint-Saëns said of his uplifting masterpiece for orchestra and organ, “I gave everything to it I was able to give. What I have here accomplished, I will never achieve again.” The “Organ” Symphony is one of the significant orchestral works of the romantic era, with great tunes, wide ranging colors, masterful counterpoint and a thrilling finale that is second to none. The first half features a true rarity – a concerto for trapset, percussion and orchestra.
Soloist Stewart Copeland is one of most inventive and recognizable rock drummers of all time. He has composed for The Police, opera and ballet companies, orchestras and films by Francis Ford Coppola and Oliver Stone. The work celebrates the un-tapped virtuosity of the symphonic percussion section and demonstrates that the distance between rock drummer and timpani virtuoso is not as far as one may think. | http://events.getcreativesanantonio.com/event/detail/441989784/San_Antonio_Symphony_The_Tyrants_Crush_Concerto |
Dr. Anil Seth is director of the Sackler Center for Consciousness Science at the University of Sussex, in Brighton, UK. He is an internationally renowned expert in the field of consciousness, and has advanced our knowledge of the mind-brain relation with numerous conceptual, theoretical and methodological advances. His work on the application of Granger Causality analysis (GCA) to brain signals like MEG, EEG and fMRI has made it possible to look at high level cognitive functions in terms of brain dynamics and complexity. Most pertinent is the calculation of Causal Density as an independent measure of consciousness, which can be used to verify theories on consciousness but likewise can be applied to non-communicating patients, animals or even machines.
During his stay at the CSCA, Dr. Seth gave a two-day workshop for staff and PhD students (about 35 people) on how to apply GCA to brain data, how to properly interpret these analyses, and what the future directions of these applications are.The workshop was tailor-made on the basis of an inventory of the staff’s questions and whishes, and hence was of extreme practical use.
Following this workshop, Dr. Seth spoke with a large number of staff and students about potential ways of analyzing data, preparing experiments and future collaborations. This was not only with researchers of the inviting research priority program (Lamme and Pennartz group: Sligte, Fahrenfort, Vandenbroucke, Meuwese, Van Loon), but also with a wide range of people from other programs, such as those working on cognitive control (Cohen, Fortsmann), perception (Donner, Knapen), synesthesia (Rouw), fMRI (Scholte), image statistics (Scholte, Ghebreab, Groen) and methodology (Waldorp, Wagenmakers). Also, there was a keen interest from people at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (Roelfesema, Kerkoerle, Poort) who would like to apply these methods to the data recorded from different regions of the cortex in monkeys.
With Dr. Lamme, three projects were planned for direct collaboration. In these projects, MEG/EEG and fMRI signals will be recorded in tasks that enable a dissociation between phenomenal and access consciousness, reveal the mechanisms underlying illusory percepts, and distinguish between successive stages in making decisions about perceptual input.
To wrap things up, Dr. Seth gave a well received general lecture on the topic of consciousness entitled ‘Measuring consciousness: from behaviour to neurophysiology’. Some 150 people attended. Finally, Dr. Seth spoke to a journalist from NRC Handelsblad about his work.
Dr. Seth’s visit clearly made a huge difference and will have a large impact on the work that is planned for the future. What needs to be worked out are details about how exactly to staff and finance the plans that have been made. Future visits of Dr. Seth or his staff members are eagerly anticipated. | https://abc.uva.nl/research/visitors/visitor-articles/dr-anil-seth-university-of-sussex-uk.html?origin=wsbO7U%2BXTiin7F6n9EYhaw |
In 2018, our agency joined with Audubon Canyon Ranch, California State Parks, Sonoma County Regional Parks, Sonoma Land Trust, and Sonoma Mountain Ranch Preservation Foundation to form the Sonoma Valley Wildlands Collaborative (Collaborative) as our group of six private organizations and public agencies collectively own and manage approximately 18,000 acres of protected lands between eastern Santa Rosa and Agua Caliente. Over the past several months, the Collaborative has been working with CAL FIRE to plan strategic fuel reduction and vegetation management measures to modulate the impacts of future wildfires, protect communities, and improve ecosystem health in the northern Sonoma Valley area and surrounding hills.
On April 16, 2019, the Collaborative received word that it was awarded a grant from CAL FIRE in the amount of $1,055,575 to undertake fuel reduction work on our collective lands in Sonoma Valley. Among the treatments being planned by the Collaborative are controlled burns, targeted thinning and reduction of ladder fuels where appropriate, installation of shaded fuel breaks, and clearing vegetation along roadways to improve access for emergency personnel. Our portion of the grant includes funds for shaded fuel breaks and targeted thinning at Calabazas Creek Open Space Preserve – work that will enhance the safety of emergency responders and the public, and lay the groundwork for future prescribed fire on the Preserve. The grant award period is about two years, so the identified projects and awarded funding are just a first step in the Collaborative’s 10+ year vision.
The budget for Ag + Open Space, specifically, includes $365,000 for shared planning and outreach resources (including a contract with a Registered Professional Forester to develop fuel break and thinning prescriptions for identified phase 1 projects across the entire 18,000-acre Collaborative area), plus $132,000 for implementation at our own Calabazas Creek Open Space Preserve. | https://www.sonomaopenspace.org/news-and-features/2019/04/million-dollar-grant-secured-for-fire-resiliency-work/ |
Edina currently works as the Head of the Museum Education Department at the Budapest Museum of Fine Arts – Hungarian National Gallery. Since 2006 she has served as a museum educator and has run the volunteer guide program. Through her work with the museum she gives lectures on art history, trains volunteer guides, and regularly conducts museum tours for the general public and museum professionals. A native of Hungary, Edina has lived in several countries, including Austria, Scotland, and the United States. She holds two MA degrees, one in history and the other in cultural history. As part of her scholarly work she has published articles on Hungarian history and museum education, and has been writing and editing educational publications in Hungarian and English, including exhibition, family, and audio guides.
Eszter Susán holds in MA in the Theory of Art and is an active member of the Jewish youth community in Budapest. For the past four years she has done extensive research on the past history and present culture of Budapest's Jewish community.
Szonja is a historian, a teacher and an experienced tour guide, with a deep interest in cultural, social and urban history. A native of Budapest, she has studied and lived extensively in Oxford, Jerusalem and New York. She holds a DPhil from the University of Oxford, and MA degrees from Oxford and Budapest. Her main field of research and interest is Hungarian Jewish history and cultural history, and she is especially intrigued by issues related to changes in national identity and language choice. She has lectured and published extensively in her field, in English, Hungarian, Hebrew and Yiddish. As an educator her passion is to tell the story behind the facts, and as a tour guide to show the stories behind various layers of a city or region - historical, social and architectural alike.
Reviews can only be left by Context customers after they have completed a tour. For more information about our reviews, please see our FAQ. | https://www.contexttravel.com/cities/budapest/tours/contemporary-budapest-politics-conflict-culture |
Clouds impact the radiative transfer of the Earth's atmosphere and strongly influence satellite measurements in the ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) and infrared (IR) spectral ranges. For satellite measurements of trace gases absorbing in the UV–vis spectral range, particularly clouds ultimately determine the vertical sensitivity profile, mainly by reducing the sensitivity for trace-gas columns below the cloud.
The Mainz iterative cloud retrieval utilities (MICRU) algorithm is specifically designed to reduce the error budget of trace-gas retrievals, such as those for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which strongly depends on the accuracy of small cloud fractions (CFs) in particular. The accuracy of MICRU is governed by an empirical parameterisation of the viewing-geometry-dependent background surface reflectivity taking instrumental and physical effects into account. Instrumental effects are mainly degradation and polarisation effects; physical effects are due to the anisotropy of the surface reflectivity, e.g. shadowing of plants and sun glitter.
MICRU is applied to main science channel (MSC) and polarisation measurement device (PMD) data collected between April 2007 and June 2013 by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2A (GOME-2A) instrument aboard the MetOp-A satellite. CFs are retrieved at different spectral bands between 374 and 758 nm. The MICRU results for MSC and PMD at different wavelengths are intercompared to study CF precision and accuracy, which depend on wavelength and spatial correlation. Furthermore, MICRU results are compared to FRESCO (fast retrieval scheme for clouds from the oxygen A band) and OCRA (optical cloud recognition algorithm) operational cloud products.
We show that MICRU retrieves small CFs with an accuracy of 0.04 or better for the entire 1920 km wide swath with a potential bias between −0.01 and −0.03. CFs retrieved at shorter wavelengths are less affected by adverse surface heterogeneities. The comparison to the operational CF algorithms shows that MICRU significantly reduces the dependence on viewing angle, time, and sun glitter. Systematic effects along coasts are particularly small for MICRU due to its dedicated treatment of land and ocean surfaces.
The MICRU algorithm is designed for spectroscopic instruments ranging from the GOME to Sentinel-5P/Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) but is also applicable to UV–vis imagers like the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Sentinel-2.
Clouds are the most clearly visible component of the atmosphere, both from the ground and from space. Their presence increases the shortwave albedo of the Earth and hence reduces the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth. Clouds furthermore alter the radiative transfer (RT) within the atmosphere by effectively shielding the underlying atmosphere and surface from observation. This paper focuses on the influence of clouds on the measurement sensitivity for atmospheric trace gases retrieved from satellite observations in the UV and visible (UV–vis) spectral ranges. The largest portion of the Earth's surface is darker than overlying clouds. In this scenario, the measurement sensitivity – that is, the air mass factor (AMF) (Noxon et al., 1979; Solomon et al., 1987; McKenzie et al., 1991; Perliski and Solomon, 1993; Sarkissian et al., 1995; Rozanov and Rozanov, 2010; Deutschmann et al., 2011) – is decreased for trace-gas abundances below clouds and increased above (see, e.g. Wagner et al., 2003). For trace gases located within clouds, however, the influence of clouds depends on the cloud characteristics and trace-gas profiles. In any case, cloud properties need to be carefully constrained in order to achieve high accuracy in tropospheric trace-gas measurements from satellites (De Smedt et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2011; Barkley et al., 2012; Lorente et al., 2017). Boersma et al. (2004), for example, estimated the uncertainty in the tropospheric air mass factor for GOME measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) due to uncertainties in the cloud fraction between 25 % and 30 % over large parts of North America, Europe, and southeast Asia, where most anthropogenic NO2 emissions occur.
Satellite retrievals of trace gases with high abundances in the boundary layer depend on the amount and properties of clouds within one satellite pixel. The effective cloud fraction (CF, c) is one measure to quantify cloud contamination. CF is defined by
based on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance
with TOA radiance I, solar irradiance E0, and solar zenith angle ϑ0. This definition of c applies the independent pixel approximation (IPA), neglecting the influence of horizontal RT (Martin et al., 2002). Rmin and Rmax in Eq. (1) denote lower and upper thresholds corresponding to reflectances from cloud-free and completely cloudy pixels, respectively. Rmin depends on the reflecting properties of the surface and viewing geometry. Hence, an Rmin approximating the time dependency of the actual bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is required for any geolocation in order to retrieve small CFs at high accuracy. In contrast, Rmax depends on cloud albedo. The cloud albedo depends on optical density and scattering properties, which can be described by an a priori cloud model, in addition to the observation geometry. Rmax may be empirically determined (e.g. Grzegorski et al., 2006; Lutz et al., 2016) or calculated using a radiative transfer model (RTM) (e.g. Wang et al., 2008). The Mainz iterative cloud retrieval utilities (MICRU) algorithm applies a Lambertian cloud model with a fixed albedo of 0.8 (e.g. McPeters et al., 1996; Stammes et al., 2008; Vasilkov et al., 2017), rendering Rmax depending on observation geometry alone.
Within tropospheric trace-gas retrievals, cloudy pixels are usually flagged by applying a threshold for c between 10 % and 30 %, and a high accuracy of c is required for the correction of cloud effects of the remaining pixels. Specifically, the accurate determination of Rmin is crucial to determine small CFs accurately. Rmin depends on the geolocation and time, and therefore maps of the lower threshold are needed. The Heidelberg iterative cloud retrieval utilities (HICRU), for example, derive background maps based on TOA reflectances using image processing techniques (Grzegorski et al., 2006; Grzegorski, 2009). In contrast, Koelemeijer et al. (2003) take Rayleigh scattering into account providing Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (LER) maps. More sophisticated methods apply a complex BRDF accounting for the anisotropy of the surface reflectivity (Vasilkov et al., 2017; Lorente et al., 2018) or a geometry-dependent LER model (Vasilkov et al., 2018; Loyola et al., 2020).
Algorithms for the retrieval of background maps usually rely on completely cloud-free observations over a certain location. Here, we are interested in CFs of spectroscopic measurements. Compared to imager instruments, spectrometers are characterised by lower spatial but much higher spectral resolution. For example, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) imager features 22 spectral channels at a resolution of approximately 400 m, whereas the spectrometer Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) offers 1176 spectral channels at a nadir resolution of 13 km × 24 km (Schueler et al., 2002; Levelt et al., 2006; KNMI, 2019; de Graaf et al., 2016; Sihler et al., 2017). Based on this difference of spatial resolution, it becomes evident that the probability to obtain a completely cloud-free observation over a certain location is much higher for imagers than for spectrometers (Krijger et al., 2007). Therefore, background-reflectance-retrieving algorithms applicable to spectrometer data have to deal with much sparser statistics than those tailored for imagers.
Algorithms deriving cloud fractions from spectroscopic measurements feature different approaches for background maps. One of the first algorithms published for the Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument (GOME; Burrows et al., 1999) is the initial cloud fitting algorithm (ICFA), applying the global ETOPO5 digital elevation model (Kuze and Chance, 1994; Tuinder et al., 2004). Then, 7 years later, Koelemeijer et al. (2001) published the fast retrieval scheme for clouds from the oxygen A band (FRESCO), whose development continued as FRESCO+ (Fournier et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2008; TEMIS, 2021). Operational algorithms, like FRESCO+, apply background maps from auxiliary instruments in order to provide data directly after launch. The algorithms are then usually updated by implementing different background maps as the mission evolves. The background maps may be either supplied from spectrometers or images. FRESCO version 6, for example, applies imager data from the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), resolving albedo gradients, e.g. over coastlines, much better than the spectrometer data (Popp et al., 2011). Kokhanovsky et al. (2009), on the other hand, interprets MERIS data using threshold techniques to derive cloud fractions for the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY; Bovensmann et al., 1999). FRESCO version 7 features another approach for the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2; Callies et al., 2000; Munro et al., 2006, 2016) by applying LER maps derived from GOME-2 itself (TEMIS, 2021; Tilstra et al., 2017b). Version 8 of FRESCO then applies a LER climatology derived from GOME-2 data by taking the viewing geometry into account. In contrast to FRESCO, the optical cloud recognition algorithm (OCRA) applies background maps derived in the RGB colour space (Loyola, 1998; Loyola et al., 2007; Lutz et al., 2016). In its third version, developed for GOME-2 and the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI; Veefkind et al., 2012), OCRA also accounts for degradation, viewing geometry dependence, and sunglint (Lutz et al., 2016). The fourth version of OCRA applied to TROPOMI is described by Loyola et al. (2018). For OMI, the first version of reprocessed OMI/Aura Level-2 cloud data product (OMCLDO2) (Stammes et al., 2008) uses albedo data from GOME (Koelemeijer et al., 2003) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) (Herman and Celarier, 1997) for calculating effective cloud fractions, whereas OMCLDO2 version 2 (Veefkind et al., 2016) applies a LER database derived from OMI measurements themselves as published by Kleipool et al. (2008). It is preferred to apply background maps from the same sensor for cloud retrievals – like in Grzegorski et al. (2006), Veefkind et al. (2016), and Tilstra et al. (2017b) – in order to achieve higher CF accuracy especially at small CFs because radiometric properties and their dependence on viewing angles vary between sensors (e.g. Tilstra et al., 2012). This approach is especially suitable for scientific studies using data processed offline. However, operational CF processors require background obtained from auxiliary sensors because data from the same sensor are then not yet available.
Recent developments also focus on applying geometry-dependent background maps in CF algorithms. HICRU empirically derives lower thresholds for each of the three subpixels of GOME separately (Grzegorski et al., 2006). For instruments featuring wider swaths like OMI and GOME-2, the limitations of the LER surface model become more important (Vasilkov et al., 2017; Lorente et al., 2017, 2018; Fasnacht et al., 2019). Lorente et al. (2018) find biases in cloud fractions of up to 50 % between backward-scattering and forward-scattering geometries in the GOME-2 FRESCO and 26 % in the OMI OMCLDO2 cloud algorithms. Vasilkov et al. (2017) show that applying a geometry-dependent LER instead of a regular LER can lead up to a 50 % increase of the trace-gas column density over polluted areas. Furthermore, Vasilkov et al. (2018) compared CFs derived using geometry-dependent LER with those based on regular LER and found CF differences of up to 0.07, especially for small CFs. These absolute differences correspond to relative errors that have a significant impact on trace-gas retrievals. Aerosols, however, reduce the effect of the BRDF (Noguchi et al., 2015). These recent studies rely on BRDF information derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; Justice et al., 1998) measurements because similar information from spectrometers is still too sparse to derive all coefficients of, for example, the Ross–Li BRDF model (Wanner et al., 1995).
This paper presents a new method to derive a geometry-dependent lower threshold map from spectroscopic measurements. MICRU applies an empirical parameterisation of the geometry dependence in order to overcome the limitation of having sparse data per geolocation. MICRU derives the lower threshold as LER in contrast to its heritage algorithm (HICRU), which applies TOA reflectances directly. Hence, first-order atmospheric effects are accounted for. The remaining dependencies on the viewing angle, which may be either instrumental artefacts or physical, are modelled by a combination of a second-order polynomial and a reduced model for surface effects of land and sun glitter over ocean (Cox and Munk, 1954a; Harmel and Chami, 2013; Martin et al., 2016). It is noted that the idea of modelling the viewing angle dependence using a second-order polynomial is not new. For example, Várnai and Marshak (2007) used a second-order polynomial to model the mean optical thickness of inhomogeneous clouds in MODIS measurements.
In this study, we apply MICRU to GOME-2 data exemplarily. Unlike its heritage algorithm (HICRU), MICRU is applicable to almost arbitrary wavelength intervals in the UV–vis wavelength region. MICRU furthermore uses an RT model to reduce the influence of atmospheric scattering for the retrieval of Rmin. MICRU CFs are evaluated between 382 and 757.5 nm in order to investigate the spectral stability of the algorithm, the influence of the surface on CF accuracy, and the influence of spatial aliasing specific to GOME/GOME-2 instruments (EUMETSAT, 2015).
The MICRU algorithm has been developed as part of the cloud fraction verification activities for the S5P/TROPOMI (Veefkind et al., 2012) and Sentinel-5 satellite missions. The operational cloud fraction algorithm for Sentinel-5P (S5P)/TROPOMI is OCRA (Loyola et al., 2018), and FRESCO is an auxiliary cloud product used for selected level-2 products (Wang et al., 2008), respectively. A comparison between all three algorithms is performed in Sect. 3 after introducing MICRU in Sect. 2.
MICRU is designed to be applicable to UV–vis satellite sensors operating on Sun-synchronous orbits. In this study, we examine its applicability using GOME-2 data. This section first describes the required input data (Sect. 2.1) and the conversion between TOA reflectances R to the LER (Sect. 2.2). Section 2.3 then details the retrieval of Tmin maps. The calculation of Rmax is described in Sect. 2.4. Section 2.5 specifies the implementation of the MICRU algorithm, followed by a description of the data sets that MICRU results are compared to (Sect. 2.6).
2.1 Input data
2.1.1 GOME-2 data
The primary data used in this work are radiances measured by the GOME-2 instrument aboard the MetOp satellites. There are three essentially identical MetOp satellites in total: MetOp-A was launched in 2006, followed by MetOp-B and MetOp-C in 2012 and 2018, respectively. The MetOp satellites fly in a Sun-synchronous orbit with an Equator-crossing time around 09:30 LST (local solar time) (Munro et al., 2016). This study applies data from GOME-2A only as it features the longest uninterrupted time series at the time of the MICRU algorithm development.
GOME-2 has four spectral main science channels (MSCs) with a spectral resolution between 0.26 and 0.51 nm ranging between 240 and 790 nm. Each MSC band features 1024 spectral channels. This study uses GOME-2A MSC data collected between February 2007 and June 2013. Data before and after this period are discarded in order to avoid interferences from instrument startup and a change of the operational swath width, respectively (EUMETSAT, 2015). Furthermore, GOME-2 has two polarisation measurement devices (PMDs) covering a similar spectral range but at a much coarser spectral resolution: PMD-PP and PMD-SP measure the polarised intensity parallel and perpendicular to the slit of the spectrometer, respectively. Lang (2010) defines 15 discrete wavelength intervals for each PMD instrument. On 11 March 2008, the PMD band definitions of GOME-2A were updated to version 3.1 (EUMETSAT, 2015; Munro et al., 2016). Therefore, PMD data obtained before April 2008 are disregarded here in order to achieve a consistent PMD data set. All spectral data are contained in the level-1b (L1b) data (processor version 5.3) provided by EUMETSAT.
GOME-2 is a scanning spectrometer featuring a nominally 1920 km wide swath, which was reduced to 960 km in July 2013 (Munro et al., 2016). One swath consists of 32 MSC or 256 PMD pixels, respectively. One swath is divided into a forward and a backward scan. The scanner turns 3 times faster during the backward scan resulting in 3 times larger pixels, which are discarded altogether in the following. Hence, 24 MSC or 192 PMD pixels remain, respectively. At nadir, the nominal (that is, forward scan) MSC pixel size is 40 km × 80 km in along- and across-track directions, respectively. The PMDs feature an 8 times higher acquisition frequency, leading to a smaller pixel size of 40 km × 10 km. The illumination-observation geometry is defined by the solar zenith angle (SZA) θ0, the viewing zenith angle (VZA) θ, and the relative azimuth angle (RAA) ϕ as sketched in Fig. 1. The angles are defined at the pixel centre at the surface. It is noted that the along-track pixel size increases with increasing VZA due to the Earth's curvature. Hence, the pixel shape becomes trapezoidal (de Graaf et al., 2016; Sihler et al., 2017).
In the spectral domain, the MICRU algorithm is applied to 14 MSC and 16 PMD channels in order to assess the influence of systematic differences on the accuracy of c. In principle, the radiometric input required by MICRU may be integrated along any spectral interval, but it is beneficial to avoid significant absorption structures in order to minimise the influence of atmospheric absorptions. A dependence on the accuracy of the spectral calibration, which may not be optimal, is reduced by avoiding narrowband absorption features and Fraunhofer lines. Furthermore, broadband absorption by molecules and aerosols interferes with the inversion of the LER from measured R. Interferences may not be avoided completely in the UV–vis, but MICRU MSC channels are defined by minimising interferences from broad- and narrowband spectral features caused by Fraunhofer lines, inelastic Raman scattering (Grainger and Ring, 1962; Solomon et al., 1987, Ring effect), and molecular absorption by H2O, O2, and O4. The TOA reflectance Rk of MSC channel k is derived from the measured spectrum R(λ) by applying
where Kk is the convolution kernel of channel k. Kk indicates either Gaussian or boxcar convolution kernels with different widths as listed in Table 1 and depicted in Fig. 2. The MICRU PMD channels as listed in Table 2 are selected from predefined PMD bands (Lang, 2010).
The convolution kernels for 14 MICRU MSC channels are manually defined in the range between 374 and 758 nm. Hence, CF results are available for a variety of spectral ranges with different atmospheric trace-gas absorptions. This is particularly important to improve collocation between CF and trace-gas measurement featuring different spatial sensitivities caused by spatial aliasing (EUMETSAT, 2015; Munro et al., 2016). Spatial aliasing is caused by the sequential detector readout in connection with the movement of the GOME-2 scanning mirror (Sihler et al., 2017). The comparison of MICRU results from MSC channels 2, 5, 10, and 11 allows the investigation of spatial aliasing. These channels furthermore allow us to compare the effect of spatial with spectral aliasing, which is due to differences in the spectral response of different channels. The horizontal arrows in Fig. 3 indicate MSC channels 2 and 5 matching the spectral sensitivity of the two PMD-PP/SP channel pairs 1/9 and 4/12, respectively. The vertical arrows indicate MICRU channels featuring the same acquisition time and hence minimising the spatial aliasing between them: MSC channels 2 and 10 correspond to PMD channels 1/9 and 4/12; MSC data acquired at the same time but in different bands are sampled by MSC channels 1 and 9 in bands 2B and 3, respectively, and MSC channels 4, 7, and 14 in bands 2B, 3, and 4, respectively. The correlation of MICRU CFs depending on spatial alignment is investigated in Sect. 3.3.3.
2.1.2 Auxiliary data for MICRU
The MICRU algorithm requires several external data sets listed in Table 3. Two different strategies of collocating these data to the GOME-2 observations are applied depending on the spatial resolution. Data provided at spatial resolutions significantly higher than the generic GOME-2 resolution are convolved with the respective average MSC and PMD point spread function (PSF), as depicted in Fig. 4. The average PSFs are derived from all forward scan pixel edges from one orbit of GOME-2A data at latitudes lower than 55∘. This approach simplifies the interpolation of auxiliary data on GOME-2 observations because a linear interpolation can be performed based on the GOME-2 pixel centre alone while providing still sufficient spatial accuracy. Data provided at coarser resolutions than GOME-2 are linearly interpolated based on the GOME-2 pixel centre without prior convolution.Wessel and Smith (1996)NOAA (2018)USGS (2018)Hall and Riggs (2016)Cavalieri et al. (1996)Dee et al. (2011)Tuinder et al. (2020)
MICRU features a separate Tmin parameterisation for measurements over land and ocean, respectively. An accurate description of the land and water transition is therefore crucial for the accurate interpolation of Tmin at coasts. An algorithm specifically developed for MICRU derives the fraction of water and land in each satellite pixel at high resolution. As input, the land–sea mask (LSM) compiled from revision 679 of the Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) shoreline database (Wessel and Smith, 1996; NOAA, 2018) is applied. The polygon data from intermediate GSHHG resolution neglecting polygons smaller in area than one GOME-2 pixel are first sampled at 0.1∘ × 0.05∘ and 0.0125∘ × 0.05∘ for MSC and PMD, respectively, and then convolved with the corresponding PSF (Fig. 4). The convolution yields a global map of fractional land cover ranging between 0 and 1 representing complete water and land coverage, respectively. Hence, Tmin values for land and ocean may be interpolated for each satellite pixel based on the convolved land cover map. The interpolated fractional land cover values are later also used for flagging (Sect. 2.5.3).
The second important input is the surface elevation h required for the inversion of the LER (Sect. 2.2). Elevations maps are inferred based on GTOPO30 raw data (USGS, 2018), which are averaged on a 0.05∘ × 0.05∘ grid, and convolved with a mean PSF sampled on the same grid resolution. Interpolation to GOME-2 resolution is again performed by applying nearest-neighbour interpolation.
Snow and sea ice data are queried to flag possible interferences from highly reflecting surfaces during post-processing (Sect. 2.5.3). Snow data are imported from MODIS Terra measurements with a similar Equator-crossing time of 10:30 LST in the descending node, similar to GOME-2. Hence, possible effects of different orbital parameters are supposed to be reduced. We used the 8 d composite MOD10C2 product (Hall and Riggs, 2016). Spatiotemporal interpolation uses the nearest-neighbour method based on spatially convolved 8 d maps as described above.
Sea ice data are provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and integrate microwave measurements from different sensors (Cavalieri et al., 1996). These data have a native resolution of 25 km × 25 km, which is convolved using average PSFs on 0.1∘ resolution before merging to GOME-2. Data voids at the poles are filled with values from the nearest valid latitude. Unfortunately, there is no information on the sea ice concentration close to shores in the applied data set. This limitation leads to interferences at shores at high latitudes because GOME-2 pixels possibly affected by sea ice may not be filtered a priori.
Information on wind speed for the calculation of contributions from sun glitter is extracted from ERA-Interim data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (Dee et al., 2011). ECMWF 10 m wind fields are used to parameterise sun glitter. As proposed by Ebuchi and Kizu (2002), the ECMWF wind fields are divided by a factor of 0.918 to approximate the wind speed at 41 ft (≈ 12.5 m) above the surface, which is required as input for the sun glitter model by Cox and Munk (1954a). This factor corresponds to a drag coefficient of 0.0015, assuming neutral stratification (Ebuchi and Kizu, 2002). ECMWF data are imported at 1∘ and 6 h spatial and temporal resolution, respectively. Spatially, nearest-neighbour interpolation is applied based on GOME-2 pixel centres.
Absorbing aerosol indices (AAIs) are also used to mask measurements potentially biased by aerosol effects (AAI > 2). For this purpose, AAI data inferred from GOME-2 measurements at both MSC and PMD resolutions are used (Tuinder et al., 2020). The reflectances used for the determination of the AAI at MSC resolution are centred at 340 and 380 nm. For the AAI at PMD resolution, PMD-PP bands 4 and 6 at 338 and 382 nm are applied, respectively. Hence, no interpolation is required to merge MICRU and AAI data.
2.2 RT calculations and inversion of LER
The conversion between surface LER and measured TOA reflectance R applies a look-up table (LUT) based on reduced reflectances . The LUT entries are pre-computed using SCIATRAN software version 3.7.1 (Rozanov et al., 2014; IFE-Bremen, 2018). The LUT has five dimensions: SZA, VZA , RAA, surface height h, and surface LER. Table 4 compiles the LUT nodes as well as the wavelengths applied as described in Sect. 2.1.1. It needs to be noted that the resolution of the LUTs in the LER direction may appear rather coarse. However, the difference of the obtained results compared to preliminary RT computations featuring a 10 times higher resolution was found to be < 0.001 in the UV and even 1 order of magnitude lower in the red spectral region. The LUT nodes in the SZA and VZA directions are defined in reduced angles μ0=cos θ0 and μ=cos θ, respectively, in order to provide more nodes at angles featuring larger gradients. The linear interpolation between the nodes is performed in θ0 and θ space, respectively, in order to increase numerical stability at nadir.
The vector RT calculations are performed in spherical geometry based on a US standard atmosphere with 1013 hPa surface pressure at h = 0 m and accounting for atmospheric refraction. The surface is treated as a Lambertian reflector. The model accounts for molecular absorption by O3 and O4. The O3 column is fixed to 250 Dobson units (DU) in order to reduce the number of required input parameters. This simplification may affect MICRU retrievals within the ozone Chappuis band, most notably PMD channels 6 and 14, and, to a lesser extent, MSC channels 11 and 12. Preliminary results, however, showed that errors are on average negligible as the empirical approach of MICRU reduces the influence of systematic errors. Aerosols and Raman scattering are not included in the simulations.
From the LUT, the relation is interpolated for all observation geometries except for h < 0 km, which are tweaked to h = 0 km. is monotonic, and therefore can be readily inverted. We apply linear interpolation to infer .
2.3 Tmin retrieval
The Tmin MICRU algorithm requires a certain number of measurements in order to constrain its model parameters using observations not contaminated by clouds. For the description of the algorithm, we define a base set of measurements Ω0, which are spatially and temporally correlated. It is noted that Ω0 is a subset of all available measurements depending on grid resolution, measurement resolution, time period, surface structure, and cloud statistics. Section 2.5.1 describes the implementation of the subsetting process.
MICRU defines Tmin depending on the measurement geometry (θ0, θ, ϕ), geolocation, and time t. Tmin is not a true LER because it contains geophysical and instrumental information. This information is not separated within MICRU and will be treated simultaneously, as the ultimate goal is to determine a parameterisation of Tmin as accurately as possible. In general, it is not possible to parameterise Tmin in full (θ0, θ, ϕ) space due to the Sun-synchronous orbit of GOME-2 (Sect. 2.1.1). At every latitude, the dependencies of SZA and RAA on both VZA and time repeat annually. The dependence of SZA and RAA on VZA and time is exemplarily depicted for 45∘ N latitude in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. It is therefore sufficient to parameterise the observation geometry (in each bin) by θ and t.
Ω0 typically contains a significant number of observations contaminated by clouds. Cloudy observations need to be filtered in order to retrieve a Tmin parameterisation based on cloud-free observations. Therefore, an iterative filter algorithm to find the lower accumulation point by Grzegorski et al. (2006) is presented in Appendix A. Compared to HICRU, however, the MICRU algorithm generalises from zero to four dimensions.
Tmin model
The MICRU Tmin model is
applying four independent variables (, , θs, and rg) and seven dependent variables (a0, at, ap, aa0, aa1, as, and ag), which are introduced in the following. Equation (4) is an empirical parameterisation accounting for actual and systematic effects of the lower threshold, which are not linearly independent in general.
Equation (4) applies normalised time and normalised VZA instead of t, and θ as independent model parameters to improve fit stability. Assuming t measures in units of days, we then define the normalised time:
measuring in units of years centred on t0. In the case of GOME-2A, t0 is chosen so that = 0 for 1 January 2010. θ measured in units of degrees and the normalised VZA,
ranges between −1 and 1.
The two further model parameters are the scattering angle θs, defined by
and the reflected Sun angle θr, defined by
Both angles are also illustrated in Fig. 1.
The right-hand side of Eq. (4) is the sum of the following terms.
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The constant offset a0 accounts for the mean surface LER.
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Residual line-of-sight dependencies are modelled by a second-order polynomial (Fig. 7), which is parameterised by the normalised apex angle and curvature ap:
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Temporal degradation is assumed by a linear offset degradation factor at and the time-dependent normalised apex angle:
as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 7. Tests applying a second-order polynomial or an exponential to model degradation of GOME-2 MSC data were not successful. The former does not improve results significantly and the latter deteriorates the stability of the fit.
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BRDF effects are modelled by an empiric cos θs term. Its inverse shows a similar behaviour to the Li dense kernel for closed canopy (Li and Strahler, 1992; Wanner et al., 1995) but does not require any further parameters. This term models the annual oscillations particularly visible at the western swath edge in Figs. 8d, e and 9d, e.
The cosine normalises the parameter improving the fit stability. As tests, we replaced the empirical term either with the precise Li dense kernels, a reduced cos θr term for surface effects, csc θs, or cos 2θs, but all of these tests resulted in less accurate surface fits and hence increased Tmin noise compared to our final choice.
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The contribution of sun glitter on water surfaces is parameterised based on the isotropic sun glitter model suggested by Cox and Munk (1954a, b). This model was found to be sufficiently accurate for MICRU and, according to Zhang and Wang (2010), performs reasonably well compared to competing models in their study. We apply the glitter reflectance rg as provided in Eqs. (1)–(4), (9), and (15) in Zhang and Wang (2010). According to Cox and Munk (1954a), the mean square slope of the clean surface is
where W is the wind speed at 41 ft (≈ 12.5 m) above sea level, which is computed from 10 m wind speeds as described in Sect. 2.1.2. The index of refraction is set to n=1.34 (Blum et al., 2012). Hence, rg as illustrated in Fig. 7 is a function of θ0, θ, ϕ, and W.
Table 5 summarises the Tmin model parameters and the bounds of the constrained fit. The parameters at and aa1 are constrained to 0 for MSC channels 12, 13, and 14, as preliminary evaluations showed that degradation can be neglected for these channels, which furthermore improved the signal-to-noise ratio. Clearly, the above model is a trade-off between accuracy and stability. Choosing a model based on more parameters would increase the accuracy of modelling the physical effects but degrade the stability of the fit limited by the number of cloud-free observations.
∗ Degradation constrained to 0 for MSC channels 12, 13, and 14.
2.4 Determination of Rmax
The upper threshold Rmax is defined as the reflectance of a Lambertian surface with an albedo of 0.8 located at 7 km altitude. This simple cloud model, which was adopted from McPeters et al. (1996) and Koelemeijer et al. (2001), improves applicability to retrievals building on MICRU cloud products because cloud correction algorithms in many trace-gas retrievals apply the same model (Vasilkov et al., 2017). Furthermore, the assumptions on cloud RT need to be consistent between cloud and trace-gas retrievals for AMF calculation. Volumetric clouds, on the other hand, are more complex to simulate and would require more parameters, which are unknown a priori.
Rmax is assumed independent of geolocation and time and calculated applying the look-up tables described in Sect. 2.2 and Table 4. A quantitative discussion of choosing Tmax = 0.8 as a cloud albedo for an Lambertian cloud model as an upper threshold is provided by Koelemeijer et al. (2001), Ahmad et al. (2004), and Stammes et al. (2008). As a consequence, however, very bright clouds exceeding Tmax = 0.8 will result in a MICRU CF > 1. Some CF algorithms normalise CF > 1 to 1, but MICRU rather provides these exceptionally high values as additional output.
It needs to be noted that instrumental degradation may introduce a systematic bias of the CF, which will be strongest for large CFs. Most importantly, for MICRU, the influence of the applied cloud model on the CF accuracy decreases with CF.
2.5 Implementation
The MICRU algorithm consists of several consecutive steps: import of data, RT simulation, merging of external data, determination of Rmin, determination of Rmax, and finally the computation of CF. The following subsections detail the implementation of the methods described above in the MICRU framework.
2.5.1 Geospatial subsetting
The Tmin algorithm (Sect. 2.3) requires a spatiotemporal subset of satellite measurements with a sufficient number of measurements. Section 2.1.2 describes how GOME-2 pixels are reduced to their centres. Hence, geospatial locations can be readily indexed and assigned to geospatial subsets. All MICRU computation refers to pixel centres rather than their actual area. This simplification takes advantage of the fact that the surface is scanned by almost identically shaped ground pixels over the evaluated measurement period, and therefore measurements with an identical pixel centre are congruent.
Temporally, larger subsets should be favoured over smaller ones unless there are significant changes of surface properties or the instrument response degrades much differently than considered in the model (Sect. 2.3). For example, for MSC binning no. 1, there are 400 equatorial bins over land with 15 or less measurements considered cloud-free by the Tmin retrieval despite applying a study period of 77 months. Longer time series increase the probability of including measurements not contaminated by clouds (Krijger et al., 2007).
Spatially, a very small geospatial interval would be beneficial in order to increase the correlation between measurement and collocated Tmin where the true surface is inhomogeneous. However, there is a trade-off because the probability of including enough cloud-free measurements decreases if the geospatial interval becomes too small. If there are not enough cloud-free measurements, the accuracy of the fit degrades. Furthermore, spatial subsampling can be avoided using spatial sampling intervals larger than the native resolution of the measurements defined by its PSF.
Within MICRU, the geospatial subsetting is called “binning”, which is performed on a longitude–latitude grid. Each binning corresponds to a global map at a different resolution. The Tmin retrieval is independently applied on each binning, whose definition distinguishes between measurements over ocean and land. The results are then merged to form complete parameterisations of Tmin for ocean and land surfaces independently. There are several advantages of this approach.
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If, for some reason, the fit fails using the highest resolution, the parameterisation results from evaluation using larger bins may be used instead.
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The bin dimensions can be adapted to the surface type: smaller and approximately quadratic over land; larger and less depending on longitude over ocean.
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It enables independent parameterisations for the two different surface types. Hence, Tmin gradients at the coast can be mitigated.
Table 6 details and Fig. 4 illustrates the MICRU binnings for GOME-2 MSC and PMD evaluations, respectively. Figure 8a illustrates the dimension and location of bin 25152 of MSC binning no. 2.
The entire data set needs to be resorted with respect to geolocation instead of acquisition time for computational purposes. Therefore, input data are organised in geospatial “tiles” as defined in Table 6, which reduces the memory requirement for a process performing the iterative surface fitting per bin (Appendix A). Tiling furthermore enables parallel processing of MICRU on a cluster because each subprocess only requires a small portion of the observational data. Hence, scaling MICRU to sensors different from GOME-2 is straightforward by adjusting the tile resolution.
2.5.2 Tmin maps
The following filters are applied on the input data prior to the Tmin retrieval:
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Filter measurement in ascending node to avoid ambiguities of the time- and latitude-dependent θ selection.
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Filter viewing modes other than the nominal 1920 km swath (EUMETSAT, 2015). For example, this filter excludes nadir static and narrow swath orbits as well as data recorded after June 2013.
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Filter SZA larger 85∘.
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Filter data possibly affected by solar eclipses as defined in Appendix B of Tilstra et al. (2017a).
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Filter times of instrumental malfunction as listed in EUMETSAT (2014).
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Filter measurements with AAI > 2.
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Filter measurements, which include neither > 90 % land nor > 90 % ocean.
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Over ocean, filter measurements with θr < 8∘ (sun glitter).
Then, the Tmin algorithm (Sect. 2.3) is applied on the measurement tuples within each bin. Figure 8 illustrates the Tmin algorithm applied on MSC channel 2 for a 1∘ × 1∘ bin over Australia. Similarly, Fig. 9 illustrates the same on MSC channel 10 data at 516.7 nm over the Atlantic Ocean. This step is repeated for all binnings listed in Table 6 and all channels listed in Tables 1 and 2 for MSC and PMD, respectively. For diagnostic purposes, the number of iterations i, the number of included measurements N, the number of fitted measurements N∗, threshold τ, and residual statistics are intermediately stored alongside the fit result β for diagnostic purposes.
Tiled Tmin results are stitched together to form global maps for all binnings and channels. For each channel, the maps of different resolutions need to be merged in order to obtain two complete and unambiguous β maps, respectively: one for ocean and one for land. The steps of the merging process are detailed in Appendix B. Appendix C presents exemplary results for MICRU channel 2.
2.5.3 CF calculation and flagging
Once Rmin and Rmax are determined, c can be computed using Eq. (1) for all MICRU channels separately. The MICRU data set furthermore provides several quality flags listed in Table 7. MICRU MSC and PMD data are merged with three aliasing offsets (m=0, 1, 2) (Sect. 2.1.1) for the investigation of the spatial aliasing in Sect. 3.3.3.
2.6 Comparison data
For GOME-2 MSCs, FRESCO+ cloud fractions evaluated at the O2-A band are widely used (Wang et al., 2008; TEMIS, 2021). In this study, three different versions of the FRESCO cloud fractions are applied in order to study the particular differences with respect to background map generation and residual VZA dependence:
- FRESCO L1b
-
denotes the CF data shipped with the L1b files from EUMETSAT, also denoted FRESCO version 6. This FRESCO version applies a background map compiled from MERIS measurements over land and GOME-1 surface LER over ocean (Popp et al., 2011; Tilstra et al., 2017b).
- FRESCO v7
-
is the first FRESCO version applying a background LER map derived from GOME-2 measurements themselves (Tilstra et al., 2017b).
- FRESCO v8
-
is the most recent version applying a directional LER database compiled from GOME-2 measurements. The resolution at the coast and over specific regions is increased to reduce interference from different surface types within one GOME-2 pixel (Wang et al., 2018).
FRESCO L1b data of the entire evaluation period are included in this study. For FRESCO v7 and v8, however, comparisons to MICRU are limited to selected months. For FRESCO v7, it is January, April, July, and October 2010. For FRESCO v8, it is January to December 2010 plus April 2007 and 2013 (see Fig. 24b and c). The applied FRESCO products do not correct for interferences with sun glitter. It is furthermore noted that MICRU data are ignored in the comparisons in Sect. 3.4 if respective OCRA/FRESCO data are invalid.
The second batch of comparison data are OCRA cloud fractions inferred from GOME-2 PMD measurements described by Lutz et al. (2016). In its actual version (3.0), OCRA is mainly developed as the operational CF product for the S5P/TROPOMI mission (Loyola et al., 2018). In contrast to FRESCO, OCRA applies an empirical correction scheme for the sunglint effect (Lutz et al., 2016). OCRA CFs are officially provided at PMD resolution and are therefore suited to be compared directly to MICRU PMD results. OCRA results mapped to MSC resolution are denoted OCRA MSC. OCRA, however, does not assume a constant cloud albedo of 0.8 as the upper threshold, resulting in systematic differences between both products. We therefore introduce scaled OCRA results as a third OCRA data set. The scaling performed requires the cloud albedo CAROCINN retrieved by the retrieval of cloud information using neural networks (ROCINN) algorithm (Loyola et al., 2007, 2011, 2018), which is therefore only available at MSC resolution. We define the scaled OCRA CF CFOCRA_fixed_albedo by
denoted as “OCRA_fixed_albedo” below.
The selected cloud products define the upper threshold differently. FRESCO applies a Lambertian (or reflecting) cloud model – like MICRU – and OCRA applies a colour space approach for the upper threshold (Wang et al., 2008; Lutz et al., 2016). Furthermore, the treatment of extreme CFs significantly differs between MICRU, FRESCO, and OCRA. Both FRESCO and OCRA provide normalised CFs, which means that CFs do not linearly scale with reflectance. OCRA, for example, normalises CF < 0 to 0 and CF > 1 to 1. For FRESCO, normalisation schemes defer between versions: FRESCO L1b sets CF < 0 to 0. For CF > 1, all FRESCO versions vary the cloud albedo to improve convergence. In contrast, MICRU does not apply any normalisation by default, leading to an unlimited CF distribution. We define “cropped” subsets of data: CFs < 0 are set to 0 and CFs > 1 are omitted from statistical comparisons (Sect. 3.4) in order to avoid systematic bias from different normalisation strategies. It shall be noted that both normalisation and cropping lead to biased mean results. These biases propagate into trace-gas retrievals if normalised CF data are applied.
Finally, measurements by the AVHRR/3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer version 3) instrument are applied as independent measurements for the detection of clouds from the MetOp satellite (Cracknell, 1997; NOAA, 2021; EUMETSAT, 2011). AVHRR is an imager with six spectral channels centred between 630 nm and 12 µm. The spatial sampling of GOME-2 and AVHRR is detailed by Sihler et al. (2017). In this study, AVHRR data of bands 1, 2, and 3a are applied to produce RGB false colour images. Furthermore, an artificial AVHRR cloud mask is constructed, where an AVHRR pixel is assumed cloudy if either the albedo test, the T4-T3 test, or the T4-T5 test indicates a cloudy scene (see EUMETSAT, 2011).
This section starts off with results from the Tmin retrieval (Sect. 3.1) and a comparison between MICRU, FRESCO, and OCRA based on single, cloud-free swaths (Sect. 3.2). Subsequently, statistical ensembles are applied to intercompare MICRU CF results (Sect. 3.3) and to evaluate differences between the three CF algorithms (Sect. 3.4).
Studies on monthly statistics exclude data where
-
SZA ≥ 84∘,
-
latitudes ≥ 55∘,
-
MODIS snow concentration > 2 %,
-
AAI > 2,
-
the sunglint risk flag is raised, or
-
the coast warning is raised (exception: average maps)
in order to reduce interferences.
3.1 Tmin retrieval
Figure 8 illustrates the input measurements and output results of the Tmin retrieval (Sect. 2.3) by applying MSC channel 2 at 382 nm and binning no. 2 over continental Australia. The blue dots in Fig. 8b denote the input data, omitting scattering angle θs and glitter reflectance rg dimensions for the sake of clarity. Figure 8d shows a matrix of lower aggregation points of LER retrieved independently in discrete boxes defined in the t–θ plane. The lower aggregation points are retrieved with the same τ resulting from the surface fit but without parameterisation. The matrix reveals an increasing trend with time and a significant VZA dependence. The iterative surface fitting result using the same data (Fig. 8e) shows a similar but much smoother result due to improved statistics by combining the information from all measurements and applying a parameterised surface model. Figure 8f shows the difference between boxed and fitted results, indicating average deviations much smaller than 0.04. There are, however, small systematic deviations towards the edges indicating a slight overestimation of Tmin at the beginning of the sensing period (2007) and at large VZAs, and slight underestimation at the end of the period (colder colours for 2013). The histogram of the residual R of LER measurements and modelled Tmin is plotted in Fig. 8c using the respective colours as in Fig. 8b. Measurements applied for the final iteration of the surface fit peak between −0.01 and 0, for which a final threshold of τ = 0.018 is applied.
Figure 9, in contrast to Fig. 8, illustrates the application to another MSC channel at 516.7 nm and surface type ocean. Compared to Australia, the fraction of fitted measurements is significantly lower due to a higher probability for clouds. The smaller fraction of fitted measurements is also indicated by a less pronounced peak in the histogram (Fig. 9c). There is a significant contribution of sun glitter, which is visible by the annually appearing red areas at positive VZA in Fig. 9d and e. The scatter in Fig. 9f collocated with the regions affected by sun glitter is probably due to poor statistics when calculating the boxed comparison results. The LER in the first, western-most column of boxes seems to be biased low, of the order of 0.01, compared to other viewing angles.
Figure 10 investigates trends of the VZA dependence for the three GOME-2 channels (MSC, PMD-PP, and PMD-SP) but same spectral region, respectively. Figure 10a corresponds to the first and last rows in Fig. 8d/e, indicated by blue and green dots, respectively. Circled dots correspond to the red dots in Fig. 8b. The red lines correspond to the fit results shown in 8e. Figure 10a reveals a lower threshold increasing with time (≈ 0.02 in total) and a time-dependent VZA dependence affecting apex VZA and curvature. Figure 10b and c illustrate the temporal behaviour of the corresponding PMD-PP and PMD-SP measurements. For PMD-PP, the VZA dependence and its degradation is smallest compared to the other channels. PMD-PP, however, features a significantly larger overall trend compared to PMD-SP in Fig. 10c. For PMD-SP, the overall trend is small, but the VZA dependence degrades significantly more than MSC channel 2.
Another estimate of the residual VZA dependence may be assessed by analysing the cross-track dependence of the lower CF accumulation point displayed in Figs. 11a and 12a for land and ocean surfaces, respectively. Over land, the small CFs accumulate between −0.02 and 0.03 almost evenly over the entire swath. Over ocean, small CFs are slightly more scattered. The distribution dilutes significantly and reveals a slight positive bias towards the west (negative VZA in Fig. 12).
3.2 Cloud-free observations
Figure 13 compares cloud-free measurements of MICRU, OCRA, and FRESCO over three exemplary sites featuring different surface cover (left to right): rainforest, continental midlatitudes, and ocean. Independent AVHRR measurements are included to identify essentially cloud-free scans (top row). MICRU MSC and PMD results are specifically obtained at 440 and 460 nm, respectively. OCRA results are based on PMD measurements between 321 and 804 nm. FRESCO applies the O2-A band at 757.5 nm.
MICRU MSC and PMD results show no significant cloud cover where also AVHRR does not detect clouds. Purple colours at the swath edges, however, indicate biased low CF results (Fig. 13d–i in cloud-free observations over both land and ocean. Over land, the MICRU results are consistent with the AVHRR cloud mask; e.g. CF contributions of singular clouds smaller than the GOME-2 pixel sizes are reproduced in Fig. 13e and h over North America. The bias of cloud-free observations is small and the colour bar range almost does not resolve the scatter around zero CF.
In the case of sunglint, the situation is more complex. In Fig. 13f and i, MICRU measurements scatter significantly as indicated within the area flagged with a sunglint warning (green edges). The scatter is only significant in the eastern swath (orbit 17907), whereas the western swath (orbit 17908) shows almost no scatter. The analysis of the wind fields (not plotted) reveals that wind speeds vary between 0 and 5 m s−1 for the cloud-free region of the eastern swath and between 3 and 4 m s−1 in the western swath, respectively. The interpolation of the wind fields is apparently not accurate enough for the eastern swath. The interpolation is limited by a spatial resolution of 1∘ and a temporal resolution of 6 h. Hence, MICRU CFs may be over- and underestimated in the event of heterogeneous wind situations and especially for very low winds. We conclude, however, that MICRU is able to model moderate Rmin contributions by sun glitter. When sun glitter is large (in the event of low winds), as indicated by yellow colours in the false colour background image of Fig. 13c, this correction is less reliable. Therefore, measurements flagged with a sunglint warning are screened from the statistical comparison studies below.
Figure 13 furthermore compares MICRU results to FRESCO and OCRA. Over land, the CF maps of FRESCO L1b and v7 measurements (Fig. 13j, k, m, and n) reveal significant positive biases in the western part of the swath. Cloud fractions larger than 20 % are detected even though AVHRR and MICRU both detect no clouds. FRESCO v8 displays a significant improvement over Brazil (Fig. 13p), whereas CFs over North America in Fig. 13q are still significantly biased in the west of the swath. Over eastern India (orbit no. 17907), however, all FRESCO versions are significantly biased high (Fig. 13l, o, and r). Switching to OCRA, Fig. 13s reveals significantly smaller positive biases of OCRA over Brazil compared to FRESCO L1b and v7. Over North America (Fig. 13t), however, a positive bias and scatter are significant. The biases of OCRA_fixed_albedo at MSC resolution are significantly smaller, especially over Brazil (Fig. 13v). Similarly, Fig. 13x shows significantly smaller biases over eastern India compared to the native OCRA results at PMD resolution in Fig. 13u.
Over ocean (right column in Fig. 13), biases in regions possibly affected by sun glitter are obvious in the FRESCO and OCRA data. FRESCO products are not correcting for this interference, leading to systematic positive biases because the increased intensity is apparently interpreted as reflecting clouds (Fig. 13l, o, and r). In contrast to FRESCO, OCRA corrects for the sunglint effect in the centre of the affected region (Fig. 13u), but interferences still persist for θr < 36∘, which is flagged by MICRU as sunglint warning.
3.3 MICRU
3.3.1 Global average cloud fraction
Figure 14 shows a global map of the average MICRU cloud fraction of 6 consecutive years using GOME-2A measurements. Therefore, it is a snapshot of the average CF at 09:30 LST. The averaging period starts in July 2007 and ends in June 2013. The map clearly reveals a statistically increased CF at the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), off the western coasts of continents in the subtropics, and in the subpolar oceans. The comparatively high average CF over China indicates a significant bias due to aerosol scattering. Similar plots for MICRU PMD, FRESCO and OCRA are described in Appendix F.
3.3.2 MSC intercomparison
Figure 15 shows correlation density plots and bi-variate fits (Cantrell, 2008) of MICRU CF for channels 2, 12, and 14 with respect to MICRU channel 8 (see Table 1).
The comparison between MICRU evaluations at 382 and 440 nm shows an almost perfect correlation of r2 = 0.997 in Fig. 15a. The slope reveals a minute positive bias. Figure 15b and c reveal significantly increased scatter for comparisons with longer wavelengths, which is dominated by increased heterogeneities of the land surface reflectance because the scatter is almost independent of wavelength over ocean (not shown). It is important to note that in Fig. 15b and c the scatter in the y direction for small is larger than the scatter in the x direction for small . This indicates that the accuracy of CF is decreasing towards larger wavelengths.
Figure 15 furthermore indicates that the CF slope differs between MICRU channels, which is discussed in Sect. 4.1. Appendix E comprehensively compares results from MICRU channels and other cloud products.
3.3.3 MSC vs. PMD
Figure 16 shows CF comparison plots of two corresponding MSC/PMD evaluations. A spatial aliasing of m=0 is chosen for the comparison at 382 nm in Fig. 16a and m=1 at 519 nm in Fig. 16b, respectively. According to Fig. 3, these are the optimal choices of m, which is confirmed by the circled values in Fig. E2a, indicating a significantly higher correlation between MSC and PMD channels compared to the results neighbouring to the left and right.
Furthermore, the matrix results in Figs. E1b and E2a can be used to compare the influence of spatial vs. spectral aliasing. Due to the different readout scheme (Fig. 3), both cannot be perfectly fulfilled simultaneously, either spectral or the spatial alignment between MSC and PMD can be achieved. In Fig. E1b, the standard deviation of MSC measurements at 382 nm is slightly smaller (0.008) than for those at 424.5 nm (0.009). At 519 nm, however, the MSC values at 516.7 nm feature a smaller standard deviation (0.008) compared to those at 521.8 nm (0.009). Hence, spectral alignment seems favourable for PMD channel 1 at 382 nm, whereas spatial alignment seems favourable for PMD channel 4 at 519 nm. The linear coefficients of correlation in Fig. E2a, however, indicate that PMD channel 1 correlates slightly better to MSC channel 5 (0.998) compared to MSC channel 2 (0.997). Hence, spatial alignment is favourable if r2 should be optimal. For PMD channel 4, the deviation of the respective r2 values is < 0.001 (both 0.998). It shall be noted here that Fig. E2a also illustrates the importance for the correct choice of m. The correlation of PMD-PP at 519 nm with itself is significantly reduced from 1 to 0.994 if the value of m deviates by ±1.
The coefficient of correlation between MSC channel 10 and PMD channel 4 (m=1) of r2=0.998 is optimal for allowing a direct comparison and the investigation of the accuracy of small cloud fractions in the MSC product assuming that zero CF is physically only possible if all including PMD CFs are also zero. Therefore, standard deviations of PMD CFs within each MSC pixel are computed. Figure 17 shows the density of CF standard deviations vs. MSC cloud fractions. The maximum standard deviation is minimal for small and large CFs and maximal for a CF of approximately 0.5. The absolute and relative distributions of MSC measurements corresponding to a standard deviation of PMD CF < 0.005 are plotted in Fig. 17b and c, respectively. The width of the histogram bins is 0.02 CFs. Figure 17b peaks at −0.01 CFs and Fig. 17c at −0.03 CFs, which can be interpreted as an estimate for the accuracy of small MICRU CFs.
3.4 Comparison to other CF algorithms
3.4.1 MICRU vs. OCRA
Figure 13s and t in Sect. 3.2 suggest that OCRA measurements may be biased high in the western part of single cloud-free swaths over land. This observation is now investigated further based on monthly statistics. Figure 18a and b compare MICRU and OCRA measurements recorded over land and ocean, respectively. Most apparently, the slope of 1.35 indicates different definitions of the upper threshold. Figure E2c consistently confirms that OCRA overestimates large CFs compared to FRESCO and MICRU CFs. This is probably due to OCRA applying a scattering cloud model to define the upper threshold, whereas FRESCO and MICRU apply a reflecting cloud model. It needs to be noted that this comparison between OCRA and MICRU applies cropped data as described in Sect. 2.6, which may furthermore affect the overall slope. And indeed, the comparisons between MICRU MSC and OCRA_fixed_albedo in Fig. 19 result in more moderate slopes of 0.9 and 0.86 for land and ocean, respectively. Also the linear coefficient of correlation is slightly higher compared to the uncorrected OCRA values in Fig. 18.
Secondly, it is focused on the scatter of very small cloud fractions. Figure 18 clearly shows that OCRA CFs for very small MICRU CFs scatter more than MICRU CFs for very small OCRA CFs (cf. Fig. E1b). Figure 18a and b investigate this feature depending on surface type land and ocean, respectively. Small OCRA CFs over land scatter significantly more for small MICRU CFs when compared to measurements over ocean. The same but less pronounced behaviour may be observed for OCRA_fixed_albedo in Fig. 19.
Figure 20 shows a detailed comparison between OCRA and MICRU over land where the data are sorted according to the west, nadir, and east viewing directions, respectively. Focusing again on small CFs, a significant bias of 0.066 may be detected when averaging over the eight westernmost GOME-2 pixels of the swath (Fig. 20a), whereas the bias towards nadir and east is negligible (0.02). Furthermore, the scatter of small OCRA CFs is larger towards western compared to eastern viewing directions.
An additional view of the VZA dependence of MICRU and OCRA CFs is provided in Figs. 11a–c and 12a–c for land and ocean surfaces, respectively. Over land, the accumulation points of small OCRA MSC are significantly biased high for all negative VZA. The albedo correction for OCRA_fixed_albedo (Fig. 11c) improves the situation significantly, confining the accumulation point to CF < 0.1, which is still significantly larger than the MICRU CFs in Fig. 11a. Over ocean, both investigated versions of OCRA reveal a significant bias from sun glitter for positive VZA in Fig. 11b and c. Towards the west (negative VZA), the lower accumulation point of OCRA_fixed_albedo is more populated than MICRU.
3.4.2 MICRU vs. FRESCO
Figure 21 compiles the comparison between MICRU CFs at 440 nm and three FRESCO versions depending on surface type land or ocean, respectively. Overall, all FRESCO versions reveal a significantly higher scatter of small CFs compared to MICRU, which is similar to the comparison to OCRA. Furthermore, the scatter over land is consistently larger compared that to over ocean due to the increased albedo effect at 757 nm applied by FRESCO. The slope of the comparisons is close to unity due to a similar definition of the upper threshold. But there are specific differences between the FRESCO versions.
The comparisons to FRESCO L1b in Fig. 21a and b feature smaller biases for small CFs than FRESCO v7 and v8, which is in agreement with Fig. E1b. The respective comparisons applying FRESCO v7 data in Fig. 21c and d reveal significantly larger scatter over both land and ocean. The bias over land is larger than 0.08, which seems to be a specific feature for FRESCO v7, as all other investigated products are less biased against each other (cf. Fig. E2b). The comparison over land in Fig. 21c includes FRESCO CFs up to 0.5 for MICRU CF equal to 0, which may be attributed to albedo effects along coasts as investigated below (Fig. 23). Figure 21d then shows a small quantity of unrealistic CFs smaller than 0.2 over ocean for MICRU CFs up to 0.8. Next, the comparison between FRESCO v8 and MICRU features a bias that is smaller compared to v7 but still larger than L1b. The scatter is significantly improved compared to v7, but the scatter of small FRESCO CFs for small MICRU CFs is still much larger than vice versa. In Fig. 21, it may be furthermore observed that both FRESCO versions (v7 and v8) feature CF < 0. This is an improvement considering that physical measurements are affected by noise.
Similar to the comparison to OCRA, the comparisons between FRESCO and MICRU over land are now investigated depending on viewing geometry. Figure 22 consistently demonstrates that the western parts of the swath are biased due to BRDF effects. Largest biases are observed towards the west for FRESCO L1b and v7 (Fig. 22a and d), whereas the comparisons between FRESCO v8 and MICRU are almost independent of the viewing direction (Fig. 22g–i). It is furthermore noted that the comparisons between MICRU and FRESCO L1b for nadir and eastern viewing geometries in Fig. 22b and c reveal an almost identical scatter of small MICRU CFs for small FRESCO CFs and vice versa. This feature, however, is not visible in the comparison with the two more recent FRESCO versions, for which a significant number of small CFs are systematically biased (Fig. 22e, f, h, and i).
Figures 11d–f and 12d–f detail the VZA dependence of the three FRESCO versions over land and ocean, respectively. Over land, the accumulation points of small CFs are significantly biased high for negative VZA, especially for FRESCO L1b and v7. The distribution of FRESCO v8 CFs (Fig. 11f), however, is almost independent of VZA. Over ocean, the differences between the FRESCO versions are small and the bias from sun glitter is again significant, which is consistent with other results.
A final comparison between MICRU and FRESCO focuses on spatial features in average CF maps. Figure 23 compares average MICRU CF maps derived at 440 nm with three corresponding average maps from FRESCO data. The maps zoom on Mexico and its Pacific coast where interferences due to the land–sea contrast can be expected. All maps are computed using the same selection of data: January, April, July, and October 2010. In order to reduce potential interferences from BRDF effects (see Fig. 22), only the central third (nadir) of the swath is considered where 23.5∘. Significant differences between the four CF products are visible in the mean CF maps in the left column of Fig. 23 even though major features are similar. The difference plots in the right column quantify the differences. Comparing MICRU to FRESCO L1b in Fig. 23c reveals relatively high spatial gradients, especially at the coast of the peninsula. Furthermore, MICRU seems to be biased low in comparison to FRESCO L1b over the Pacific and mainland Mexico, especially in the north-east of the zoom image. The comparison to FRESCO v7 in Fig. 23e differs significantly. Here, FRESCO v7 is biased high throughout the image. Furthermore, FRESCO v7 CFs are biased low by more than 15 % along the coasts, which may be attributed to the low resolution sampling applied in the LER computation for this FRESCO version in combination with the larger albedo contrast between land and ocean in the wavelength range applied by FRESCO. For FRESCO v8 (Fig. 23g), this issue is partially reduced by applying LER maps with an increased resolution along coasts. Another feature in the comparison to FRESCO v7 and v8 in Fig. 23e and g is pointed out. Both average FRESCO data are biased high with respect to MICRU in central Mexico east of Torreón municipality, where the surface albedo is significantly higher compared to the surroundings. Hence, this feature may again be due to the comparatively low spatial sampling of the background LER maps and the red wavelength range, where the influence of the albedo on CF is larger compared to shorter wavelengths. In contrast, this interference is not visible in Fig. 23c where a MERIS background map sampled at higher spatial resolution is applied.
3.4.3 Temporal evolution and degradation
So far, the statistical evaluations are carried out on monthly data aggregates. Now, the temporal evolution of the different CF products is investigated with respect to small CFs. Here, the temporal evolution is studied based on the 15th percentile of monthly CF measurements framed by the 55∘ parallels. Preceding tests showed that 10 % to 15 % of GOME-2 MSC measurements are effectively cloud-free. The selection of the 15th percentile showed optimal contrast for this study and avoids saturation or normalisation effects. Figure 24 compiles the temporal evolution of selected CF products and groups them in order to highlight different comparative aspects.
There are, however, no significant trends visible in the investigated time period.
Figure 24a compares the time series of different cloud products: MICRU MSC channel 8, the same MSC channel but applying only 1 year of data (dashed blue), the two MICRU PMD channels at a similar wavelength of 460 nm (Table 2), OCRA MSC, OCRA_fixed_albedo, and the three FRESCO versions. First off, the two MICRU MSC versions align almost perfectly. Apparently, reducing the time interval used to derive the LT parameterisation has an almost negligible effect in this comparison. Furthermore, the statistics of MICRU MSC, MICRU PMD, and OCRA_fixed_albedo data are almost identical, with the MICRU PMD and OCRA_fixed_albedo results being positively biased of ≈ 0.005. The amplitude of bi-annual variations is of the same order for the MICRU versions and less pronounced for OCRA_fixed_albedo. In contrast to the MICRU results, OCRA and FRESCO results feature a larger amplitude of at least 0.01 and an increased annual instead of bi-annual oscillation. For all products, the overall trends are negligible compared to the annual variations.
Figure 24b details the CF statistics depending on VZA over land (see Figs. 20 and 22). The plot confirms the aforementioned results: MICRU shows negligible VZA dependence of the 15th percentile. For FRESCO v8, the 15th percentile of nadir measurements (solid gray line) is approximately 0.01 smaller compared to measurements in the eastern and western thirds of the swath. The VZA dependence in the OCRA_fixed_albedo percentiles is significantly larger compared to MICRU and FRESCO. OCRA data reveal a clear east-to-west trend, while FRESCO v8 features minimal CF values in the centre third of the swath. The CFs in the western third of the swath of OCRA_fixed_albedo (dotted orange line) average to 0.02, while the average is close to zero in the eastern third of the swath.
4.1 MICRU
Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the Tmin retrieval at two different sites and wavelengths. The residuals in both examples (Figs. 8f and 9f) are on average significantly smaller than the targeted 0.04 accuracy. Systematic contributions from degradation, seasonal variability, VZA dependence, and sun glitter are small. This indicates that Eq. (4) is sufficient to parameterise Tmin for GOME-2A. Figures 13 and 24b also support this conclusion. The periodic structures in the west of Fig. 8e, which are also visible but less pronounced in Fig. 9e, may be mostly attributed to the anisotropic reflectivity over land. Figure 11 suggests that this anisotropy may be underestimated by the operational CF products. In Fig. 8e, there seems to be an upward trend and a shift of the apex towards east over time. Both may be attributed to the degradation of this particular MICRU channel (cf. Fig. D1a and d). Furthermore, also local changes of land use, vegetation type, or precipitation climatology may lead to shifts in the lower threshold, which would be linearised by the applied Tmin model. These additional local trends may be reproduced by the MICRU algorithm as Fig. C1d and g illustrate.
Equation (4) models the residual VZA dependence. Figure 10 shows that the VZA dependence and its temporal dependence vary between GOME-2 channels even though they are measuring in the same wavelength region. This indicates that the instrumental contribution to the residual VZA dependence is at least of the same order as possible inaccuracies of RT used to invert the surface LER. Hence, this issue cannot be solved by a more accurate RT but needs to be corrected for empirically. Furthermore, degradation needs to be accounted for and it needs to be noted that the design of MICRU would allow degradation models different from Eqs. (4) and (10). For example, discrete functions and prescribed degradation are both possible to be included.
Considering the influence of surface BRDF effects on MICRU CFs, our results support the discussion by Lorente et al. (2018) that the LER model systematically underestimates the surface reflectance in forward direction corresponding to the eastern part of the GOME-2 swath. Figures C1f and D1c show that the average apex offset is biased high. The minimum gradient of the polynomial is more frequently in the eastern part of the swath. This suggests stronger contributions from the surface BRDF in the western part of the swath in accordance with Lorente et al. (2018). Therefore, MICRU CFs in Figs. 11, 12, 13, 20, and 22 are consistently smaller in the western part of the swath when compared to OCRA and the three FRESCO versions because OCRA and FRESCO both apply a constant surface reflectance model, whereas MICRU applies an empiric VZA dependence model. This effect is almost independent of wavelength and consistent for all MICRU channels (cf. Fig. 15 and Appendix E). It needs to be noted, however, that also OCRA applies an empirical VZA correction based on global monthly means (Lutz et al., 2016).
Lorente et al. (2018) furthermore claim that surface effects are stronger for longer wavelengths where atmospheric scattering is weaker. Figure D1b may support this claim: the average curvature of the residual VZA dependency decreases with wavelength but its variance increases. This observation is consistent for all three channels and suggests that, at shorter wavelengths, the residual VZA dependency is due to a combination of instrumental and RT effects, which are similar for the ensemble of measurements. At larger wavelengths, however, the surface introduces a larger variance due to stronger spatial and season heterogeneities. However, the wavelength dependency of the apex offset in Fig. D1c is ambiguous. The average apex offset peaks between 450 and 700 nm for two out of three GOME-2 channels. The variance, on the other hand, is minimal for shorter wavelengths. Therefore, retrieving CFs in the UV–blue spectral range is in any case beneficial in order to reduce interferences with surface albedo and type.
In addition to interferences with BRDF effects, there is another drawback of retrieving CFs at larger wavelengths (Sect. 3.3.2), which is caused by the spectral surface albedo and its heterogeneity increasing with wavelength. CFs retrieved at 382 and 440 nm correlate better compared to those retrieved at the O2-B and O2-A bands at 670 and 757.5 nm, respectively. This effect is studied more systematically in Fig. E1b, revealing a significant increase of the standard deviation of small CFs between 521.8 and 670 nm. The average CF maps (Figs. F1, 14, F2, and F3) of MICRU CFs at 382, 440, 670, and 757.5 nm, respectively, reveal significant systematic biases of the bright tropic deserts at 670 and 757.5 nm, notably aver Africa and Australia. At 382 and 440 nm, the MICRU results over bright desert areas are significantly smaller than all other results and may therefore be assumed more reliable. This assumption is confirmed in Fig. 13, where MICRU CF results over North America and eastern India, which are significantly brighter compared to Brazil, are not significantly biased. These maps furthermore indicate systematic CF biases from anthropogenic aerosols over East Asia and residual clouds in the tropics of South America and Africa.
Another aspect of the MICRU MSC channel intercomparison are differences at different wavelengths for high values of CF and hence slopes deviating from unity as, for example, shown in Fig. 15a. CFs at 382 nm are biased high with respect to those retrieved at 440 nm, while the intercept at zero CF is negligible. Hence, the definition of Tmax apparently deviates between MICRU channels, which should be independent of surface effects. Figure E2c comprehensively compares the slopes of all MICRU channels. There is a significantly biased slope for MSC channels 1–4 retrieved at 389.7 nm and below. This step between MSC channels 4 and 5 may be attributed to the application of different GOME-2 bands, specifically bands 2B and 3, from which the MICRU channels are extracted (Table 1). Hence, we conclude that differences between MICRU channels at high CF values are dominated by instrumental effects and calibration deficiencies of the input data. We would like to note that we observed also the CF accuracy degrading near GOME-2 band edges when fine tuning the MSC channel definitions (Table 1). The degradation depends only weakly on kernel width, leading to the conclusion that this is a broadband effect. Furthermore, interferences with molecular absorption and atmospheric scattering above the clouds resulting in a wavelength dependent R may also cause a systematic slope bias. It needs to be noted, however, that the influence of the slope on the accuracy on small cloud fractions is minor.
From the systematic studies compiled in Figs. E1 and E2c, we may conclude that MSC channels between 424.5 and 521.8 nm are most consistent. The varying slope in band 2B may be influenced by instrumental effects. For cloud height retrievals using the O2-A band, MICRU channels 4 and 7 centred at 389.68 ad 433.4 nm, respectively, may be a good option for GOME-2 as they offer reasonable spatial aliasing (Fig. 3). There is a slight priority for channel 7 when considering the mean and standard deviation of small CFs in Fig. E1a and b.
The comparison between MSC and PMD channel results with minimal spatial alignment in Fig. 16 shows an almost perfect correlation and biases ≤ 0.4. The correlation in the UV is slightly lower compared to the visible, which may be caused by the inferior spatial aliasing in the UV. The comparisons between MSC and PMD furthermore reveal a slope significantly smaller than 1. Figure E2b reveals that this is a minor feature and may be explained by calibration differences between the different GOME-2 channels. However, the slope is dominated by differences of the definition of the UT, which are not accounted for by MICRU. This behaviour has a minor effect on the accuracy of the LT.
The comparison between MSC and PMD measurements allows us to estimate the influence of spatial (i.e. temporal) and the spectral alignment. Figure E2a confirms a maximum correlation for optimal m as expected. The influence of the spatial alignment parameter m is found significant and deviations by ±1 degrade the correlation from 0.998 to 0.992 for MSC at 516.7 nm. Results comparing spatial vs. spectral alignment are not very clear. At least for PMD channel 4 (PMD-PP centred at 519 nm), spatial alignment seems slightly favourable over spectral alignment, which would be perfect for MSC channel 11 (Fig. E1b).
Hence, MSC channel 10 is selected over channel 11 to be compared to PMD-PP channel 4 with m=1 in order to investigate the absolute accuracy of small CFs. The comparison between the standard deviation of PMD CFs within one MSC pixel in Fig. 17 indicates that the systematic bias of MICRU CFs is of the order of −0.03.
Figure 24 finally shows that small MICRU CFs have a negligible trend over the investigated period of more than 6 years. The variations of the 15th percentile are smaller than 0.01. Clearly, CFs at different viewing directions are significantly more consistent for MICRU compared to OCRA and FRESCO.
4.2 OCRA
OCRA CFs are compared to MICRU results based on singular orbits and exemplary monthly statistics. Both approaches consistently reveal that OCRA CFs are biased high for observations towards the west (Figs. 13s, t, and 20a). This indicates that BRDF effects have a stronger influence on OCRA results for observation geometries opposing the Sun and that the empirical VZA correction performed by OCRA is not sufficient. OCRA_fixed_albedo results, however, indicate that considering the cloud albedo by ROCINN significantly lowers the biases between MICRU and OCRA/ROCINN CFs (Figs. 13v–x, 19). OCRA_fixed_albedo CF values in the eastern third of the GOME-2 swath have similar statistics to MICRU (Fig. 24b). It needs to be noted, however, that comparisons to OCRA_fixed_albedo may only be performed at MSC resolution because the required ROCINN cloud albedo values are not available in PMD resolution. Therefore, all comparisons to OCRA at PMD resolution are affected by a different cloud albedo.
Considering the bias of small MICRU CFs of −0.03, the bias of OCRA measurement in the western third of the swath can be estimated to 0.095 on average over land. These biases may be even larger depending on observation geometry and surface type (Fig. 13t).
The overall statistics in Fig. 18 indicate that small OCRA CFs are on average less biased when taking into account the negative systematic bias of MICRU (Sect. 3.3.3). The accuracy of singular OCRA measurements, however, is significantly and consistently lower compared to MICRU, as revealed by the larger scatter of OCRA CFs for very small MICRU CFs than vice versa (Figs. 18, 20, and E1b). Again, the application of OCRA_fixed_albedo improves the comparison in Fig. 19 significantly compared to OCRA at PMD resolution (Fig. 18). The remaining excess scatter of small OCRA_fixed_albedo compared to small MICRU CFs may be explained by the spatial aliasing effect intrinsically affecting all OCRA evaluations, which combine PMD measurements from three PMD bands with slightly different acquisition times.
From the investigation of OCRA CFs over ocean in Fig. 13u, it can be concluded that OCRA's empirical correction algorithm is a bit too optimistic. While large contributions by sun glitter seem to be removed, the area at larger θr are still positively biased. In regions of very strong sun glitter (yellow areas in Fig. 13c), OCRA seems to properly account for this effect on PMD resolution. OCRA_fixed_albedo, however, is again affected by sun glitter as indicated in Fig. 13x. It is noted that the conservative MICRU sunglint warning flag contains the affected regions and that also OCRA contains a sunglint flag.
4.3 FRESCO
Three different versions of FRESCO CFs are compared to MICRU MSC results based on singular orbits, exemplary monthly statistics, and average nadir maps. The different approaches for the background maps of the FRESCO versions are clearly visible in Figs. 22 and 23. Small FRESCO CFs over land are significantly biased high for western observation geometries by 0.17 and 0.21 on average for FRESCO L1b and v7, respectively. In contrast, the comparison between FRESCO v8 and MICRU is almost independent of the VZA. Therefore, we conclude that the consideration of BRDF effects in FRESCO v8 displays a significant improvement compared to preceding versions of the product.
On the other hand, however, Fig. 23 shows that interferences with the coast are minimal for FRESCO L1b, whereas both newer FRESCO versions are significantly biased high at coasts and inland. This issue is slightly improved in FRESCO v8, where GOME-2 background LER data are sampled at a 4 times higher resolution at coasts. This specific positive bias along coasts may interfere with the processing and evaluation of tropospheric trace-gas products from GOME-2 applying FRESCO because it leads to filtering a significant amount of measurements there when a CF-threshold filter is applied. Assuming a significant fraction of the world's population resides along coasts, this interference is considered significant. Less coastal measurements would be applied using FRESCO L1b, but this would come with the cost of filtering many measurements in the western part of the swath, as investigated in Fig. 22.
Compared to MICRU, FRESCO results are biased high, as indicated in the top right panel of Fig. E1a. The mean biases of FRESCO v7 and v8 are between 0.05 and 0.07, which is unrealistic even when considering the systematic bias of MICRU CFs. In this light, FRESCO L1b CFs, however, are probably less biased on average compared to MICRU.
The scatter of FRESCO CFs for very small MICRU CFs, however, is consistently larger for all FRESCO versions than vice versa. This may be attributed to the application of radiances close to the O2-A band as discussed above. From the comparison of MICRU CFs at different wavelengths, we may furthermore conclude that the attempt by Desmons et al. (2019) to apply FRESCO at the O2-B band may not fully mitigate significant interferences with heterogeneities of the absolute surface albedo.
In general, it appears that features in the comparison between one FRESCO version and MICRU do not appear in the comparison with the other FRESCO versions. We therefore conclude that MICRU reveals actually less systematic features than all three considered FRESCO versions.
MICRU is a cloud fraction retrieval algorithm based on satellite radiance measurements of backscattered solar radiation. The MICRU algorithm achieves an accuracy of 0.04 in calculating small effective CFs from spectroscopic satellite measurements. This is a prerequisite for accurate trace-gas retrievals because clouds in most cases determine the radiative transport within each satellite measurement. The unique feature of MICRU is the application of an empirical BRDF surface model accounting for viewing angle dependencies in the cloud retrieval. The paper demonstrates that MICRU CFs depend significantly less on VZA compared to other available CF products for GOME-2 and hence are significantly more accurate. MICRU determines the lower threshold from the measurements themselves, furthermore reducing biases due to calibration and degradation issues.
As a proof of concept, we applied MICRU to GOME-2A data, but the algorithm is also applicable to similar spectroscopic satellite missions like SCIAMACHY, OMI, S5P/TROPOMI, and Sentinel-5/UVNS. Furthermore, MICRU can also process UV–vis imager data like AVHRR, MERIS, MODIS, or Sentinel-2/MSI (multi-spectral instrument) due to its scalable design.
Our results confirm that MICRU is able to accurately retrieve small CFs over a wide spectral range, which renders it an optimal choice for tropospheric trace-gas retrievals. These should use a cloud product based on radiance measurements of similar wavelength and spatial sampling so that the correlations between cloud and trace-gas retrievals are optimised. For example, satellite instruments like Sentinel-5 have an inter-band offset of up to 30 %, which deteriorates the applicability of particularly small cloud fractions retrieved in the red spectra range (e.g. FRESCO) to differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) products like NO2 and HCHO retrieved in the UV–blue spectral region.
In conclusion, applying radiances recorded in the UV–blue spectral range is advantageous over the red spectral range in order to reduce surface effects. Furthermore, spatial alignment effects between MSC and PMD channels may be minimised by choosing appropriate spectral convolution kernels. In order to test the applicability of MICRU to data from recent satellite missions spanning less than 6 years, it was applied on a data set reduced to 1 year. Results of this alternative retrieval are found to provide sufficient accuracy. Hence, MICRU may be applied on satellite missions offering less data than the GOME-2A mission with confidence.
MICRU applies an iterative threshold technique to retrieve the lower accumulation point Tmin. The method is similar to the threshold method applied by HICRU (Grzegorski et al., 2006), where Rmin is assumed to only depend on time and viewing direction. For HICRU, this dependency could be resolved manually because the number of discrete VZAs was small, and therefore the lower accumulation point could be efficiently retrieved in an image processing manner. MICRU, however, assumes a more complex behaviour of Tmin and therefore incorporates a non-linear least-squares fit in every iteration of the lower accumulation point determination algorithm.
The basic idea behind iterative surface fitting is that the lower envelope of measurement set Ω (blue dots in exemplary Figs. 8b and 9b) is approximated by iteratively filtering measurement tuples fulfilling
where y(β) is the fit result and τ is a positive threshold. β denotes the result vector of Eq. (4):
The accuracy and the convergence of the method depend on the choice of τ (Grzegorski et al., 2006), the applicability of the Tmin model, the stability of the surface fit, and the initial values β0. Compared to HICRU, MICRU introduces two improvements: (1) an adaptive scaling of τ reducing the number of a priori assumptions, and (2) the application of a surface fit. The surface fit incorporates parameter constraints (Table 5), and therefore the trust-region-reflective algorithm (Coleman and Li, 1994, 1996) is applied.
The initialisation of the fit defines β0 and an initial selection vector V0. The selection vector Vi defines the subset of measurements , on which the (i+1)th iteration of the surface fit is applied. Table 5 provides initial values β0 except for a0, which is set to the median of LER(Ω). V0 is set true for all LER measurements fulfilling , where σ0 is the standard deviation of residual vector . The initial threshold τ0 is set to 0.012.
The ith iteration consists of the following steps: fit Eq. (4) to Ωi with initial guess βi−1 yielding βi. The residual vector is then , defining the measurement set used in the next iteration through
where σR is again the standard deviation of R. The second condition in Eq. (A3) filters outliers of the measurements distribution towards −∞.
After that, the threshold for the next iteration is determined. τi+1 depends on the retrieved mean LER; that is, the threshold becomes larger for brighter surfaces. The adjustment is retarded to steps of δτ=0.002. The upper limit τmax is defined. τmax increases linearly with : for and τmax = 0.1 for = 1. Then, τ is increased if
or decreased if
Iterations terminate if at least one of the following four conditions is true: number of iteration steps exceeds imax = 40, invariance of selection vector (Vi+1 = Vi), invariance of result vector (βi = βi−1), or Ωi+1 includes less than eight data points.
The result is β = βi, corresponding to a remaining set Ωi (red dots in Fig. 8b) defining Tmin as a function of , , θs, and rg in a specific geospatial bin. Diagnostic metrics for filtering (Sect. 2.5.3) are the number of elements in Ωi, its ratio to the number of elements in Ω0, and the number of iterations i.
The merging process consists of the following steps:
-
Extrapolate all results to highest resolution.
-
Discard result bins fulfilling
-
i < 4, or
-
a0 ≤ −0.5 for φ > 80∘ S.
-
-
Additionally, filter oceans bins where
-
120, or
-
1000 for and 65∘
is fulfilled, except in the coarsest resolution realised in binning no. 7.
-
-
Additionally, filter bins over land with .
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Filtered maps are merged from coarse to fine resolution in order to maintain the highest resolution possible.
-
Empty bins – or gaps – are extrapolated as follows:
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For φ≤ 80∘ S, zonal means are copied into the gaps; if there are no data at the same latitude at all, β from one row towards the north are applied.
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Remote gaps, like islands or lakes, which are more than 6∘ longitude and 3∘ latitude away from a valid bin, are filled with zonal mean values.
-
Remaining gaps, e.g. at coasts, are filled by successive applying a Gaussian convolution kernel with a 1σ diameter of 3∘ longitude and 1∘ latitude.
-
-
Set ag = 0 for 65∘.
Figure C1 shows an exemplary stitching result for MSC channel 2. The spatial origin of the finally applied fit results is compiled in Fig. C1a: fit results from the highest resolution – binning no. 1 over land and binning no. 4 over the ocean – are in dark blue colour. Extrapolated bins are coloured in yellow. Coastlines typically apply coarser resolutions because of the poorer statistics and the 90 % cut-off criterion for the respective surface types. Polar oceans appear in light blue or orange colours because frequent clouds and bright sea ice significantly reduce N∗.
Figure C1 is a merged Tmin map of all binned Tmin results for MSC channel 2. It is the base LUT for calculating Rmin globally. Figure C1b indicates that τ increases over water and desert regions with larger LER. Figure C1c–i illustrate the geographical dependence of the fitted surface parameters. A significant latitudinal dependence and interferences with the increased cloud probability at the ITCZ can be observed for all parameters. A significant land–sea contrast is visible for the apex degradation in Fig. C1g: the apex seems to shift systematically less over land. Furthermore, there is a significantly different behaviour of the apex angle and scattering angle dependence over the rainforest regions between South America and Africa in Fig. C1f and h, respectively. Both regions feature a comparatively large cloud probability and hence fewer statistics available for the Tmin retrieval.
It is noted that Fig. C1d and g reveal that both trend terms are latitudinally correlated with the opposite sign. A discussion of independent terms is therefore difficult. This observation, however, confirms an overall degradation of the VZA dependence as shown in Fig. 7.
Sunglint is not constant throughout Fig. C1i and therefore cannot be corrected for a priori. Specifically, panel (i) indicates lower values in the ocean west of equatorial Africa and India. Towards the poles, scatter increases as sunglint contribution diminishes. Over the Amazon, interestingly, there is a clear signal from sun glitter, which was not expected a priori, illustrating the gain by fitting this parameter also over land.
Figure D1 compiles the average wavelength dependency of the Tmin parameters for the MSC and PMD MICRU channels. Apparently, offset degradation is much more an issue for MSC and PMD-PP when compared to PMD-SP (Fig. D1a), which is in accordance with the findings from Fig. 10. The VZA dependence is consistently stronger in the UV compared to MICRU channels at longer wavelengths (Fig. D1b) but relatively smaller for PMD-PP as already discussed above. The wavelength dependence of the apex degradation in Fig. D1d seems to be much more complex, changing signs below 500 nm. The wavelength dependence of as is small compared to the overall variability in Fig. D1e. ag values in Fig. D1f are increasing with wavelength, suggesting Rayleigh scattering is damping the contribution from sun glitter in the UV.
Figures E1 and E2 show a selection of comparisons between different MICRU MSC, MICRU PMD, FRESCO, and OCRA cloud products for April 2010. Figure E1a and b show the mean CF and standard deviation of selected CFs for the product in the x direction. The selection includes only those measurements fulfilling of the product in the y direction. As a reference, results in Fig. 15, which are the results where MICRU MSC channels 2, 12, and 14 are compared to MICRU MSC channel 8 evaluated at 440 nm, correspond to the results in the second row as indicated by circles in Fig. E1a.
Focusing on the inter-MSC comparison, the upper left block in Figs. E1 and E2, one observes that the MICRU results are relatively consistent for all MICRU channels. The standard deviation in Fig. E1b reveals a significant jump between 521.8 and 670 nm, which was already observed in Fig. 15. Figure E2a and b show that the correlation degrades and the deviation of small CF increases with increasing spectral distance. The slope, which is dominated by Rmax, reveals a significant jump between 389.7 and 425.5 nm in Fig. E2c, coinciding with a step from MSC band 2B to band 3 (Table 1).
MSC applying less data
In addition to the standard MSC evaluation integrating 6 years of measurements (Sect. 2.1.1), an evaluation using only 1 year of data is performed in order to simulate the performance of MICRU if applied to shorter data sets. We chose the year 2010 because it ranges approximately in the centre of the standard evaluation period where CF accuracy may be assumed optimal (see Sect. 3.4.3). For this special evaluation, the parameters accounting for degradation (at and aa1 in Table 5) are constrained to 0 for all MSC channels. The results of this simulation are included in the result matrices in Figs. E1 and E2 and denoted as “1 year”.
The circles in Fig. E1b indicate the entries, where the new results are compared to the standard results, which are located one column to the left. All circled values are larger compared to the standard evaluation. This indicates that small cloud fractions are less accurate if a shorter evaluation period is chosen. The corresponding matrix entries in Fig. E1a indicate that small cloud fractions retrieved at 382 nm are more deviated compared to the standard evaluation (−0.3) compared to those at longer wavelengths, where corresponding entries are negligible (denoted by ⋅).
This section compiles global average cloud fraction maps of MICRU MSC channels 2, 12, and 14 (Figs. F1, F2, F3), FRESCO L1b (Fig. F4), FRESCO v7 (Fig. F5), FRESCO v8 (Fig. F6), MICRU PMD channel 4 (Fig. F8), OCRA (Fig. F9), and OCRA_fixed_albedo (Fig. F7) similar to Fig. 14 in Sect. 3.3.1, applying MICRU MSC channel 8 in the main body of the paper. MICRU MSC and FRESCO L1b maps are compiled from 6 years of data collected between July 2007 and June 2013. Averages of MICRU PMD and OCRA data begin 1 year later. FRESCO v7 data (Fig. F5) comprise 4 months; FRESCO v8 data (Fig. F6) solely comprise the year 2010.
GOME-2 Level 1b data are available via the EUMETSAT Data Centre on the EUMETSAT Earth Observation (EO) Portal (see also https://navigator.eumetsat.int/product/EO:EUM:DAT:METOP:GOMEL1, last access: 25 May 2021). Reprocessed GOME-2 AAI data (R1) version 1.01 are available from AC-SAF (https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_O3M_0003, AC SAF, 2017a; https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_O3M_0004, AC SAF, 2017b). MODIS snow data have been provided by Hall and Riggs (2016) (https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD10C2.006). Sea ice data have been provided by Cavalieri et al. (1996) (https://doi.org/10.5067/8GQ8LZQVL0VL). The Global 30-Arc-Second Elevation (GTOPO30) data set can be found at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DF6PQS (USGS, 2018). The Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database (GSHHG) can be downloaded from NOAA NCEI (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines/, NOAA, 2018). ERA-Interim data used in this study were provided by ECMWF. MICRU MSC results are archived and will be distributed through the Edmond service of the Max Planck Digital Library (https://edmond.mpdl.mpg.de/imeji/, last access: 27 May 2021) under https://doi.org/10.17617/3.59 (Sihler and Wagner, 2020). MICRU PMD results are available from the authors upon request.
HS developed and implemented the algorithm with additional input from MGPdV, SB, SD, CB, SW, and TW; SCIATRAN RT simulations were supervised by MGPdV; HS, MGPdV, CH, SB, and TW interpreted the results, HS drafted the paper; all co-authors were involved in proofing the paper.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
We thank Michael Grzegorski, the main developer of HICRU, for inspiration and discussion, and Andreas Richter (IUP Bremen) for fruitful discussions and the first application of the data. Furthermore, Piet Stammes (KNMI), Ping Wang (KNMI), Ronny Lutz (DLR), Diego Loyola (DLR), and Rüdiger Lang (EUMETSAT) are gratefully acknowledged. EUMETSAT and NASA are acknowledged for providing data. The programme developers at IUP/IFE Bremen are acknowledged for providing the SCIATRAN software.
This research has been supported by DLR Bonn (contract
no. 550EE1247) as part of the S5P/TROPOMI verification and by
ESA (contract no. ST-ESA-S5L2PP-CON-003) as part of
the Sentinel-5 verification.
The article processing charges for this open-access
publication were covered by the Max Planck Society.
This paper was edited by Andrew Sayer and reviewed by two anonymous referees. | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/3989/2021/amt-14-3989-2021.html |
This brief has been prepared to assist in the selection and engagement of a historian to undertake research relating to Ellensbrook situated 12km north of Margaret River in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Park approximately 290km south of Perth. It is arguably one of the most significant within the portfolio of heritage places managed by the National Trust, largely as a consequence of its highly layered and complex histories.
The history of Ellensbrook attests to both the amicable and frequently volatile relations between Aboriginal people and the early colonists. It offers the unique potential to explore these relationships, to redress an imbalance in the telling of these histories and to contribute to the process of reconciliation.
The place is one that tells stories of the natural world and how this environment has been shaped by human intervention. It represents patterns of use that have been replicated throughout the south west and is positioned to tell a broader story of land uses in the region.
Comprehensive historical research can assist in this process by documenting and revealing primary sources and material evidence that survives. The annotated bibliography/ historical sources review will provide the baseline data for the National Trust’s team to support its work across a range of disciplines.
The National Trust has received a grant from Lotterywest to undertake conservation and interpretation works combined with education and community engagement activities at Ellensbrook. The annotated bibliography will be used to guide the development of key themes and more detailed research for each of these inter-related programs. The project will be carried out over the 2016/17 financial year.
Lodgement of Submissions
Your submission should be clearly marked, “Historian – Ellensbrook Project”, and arrive at the National Trust no later than 9am WST on Monday 25th July 2016. | https://www.nationaltrust.org.au/initiatives/ellensbrook-annotated-bibliography-historical-sources-review/ |
Environment and Forestry Principal Secretary Dr. Chris Kiptoo has underscored the need for proper handling and disposal of medical waste in order to protect the ecological environment and human health, and prevent spread of infections like COVID-19.
Speaking during the handing over of environment protection equipments and commodities to be distributed to 13 Health Care Facilities in different Counties, PS Dr. Kiptoo said there is need for timely, orderly, efficient and harmless disposal of medical waste.
He called on individuals and medical facilities to take a lead in proper medical waste disposal especially the face masks being used now during the COVID-19 pandemic, saying Kenyans should follow the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) guidelines on proper and safe disposal of masks to avoid re-infections of the COVID-19.
The equipments comprising of color coded bins, bin liners, weighing scale, safety boxes, aprons, overall, heavy duty glove and gumboots, eye protective gear, helmets and surgical masks will be used be in the disposal processes of medical waste.
The equipment’s which were purchased under the Ministry of Environment, Chemicals Management, Mainstreaming and Unintentionally Produced Organic Pollutant’s Project at a cost Ksh 12 million will be distributed to 13 project medical facilities in Nakuru, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu.
Speaking during the event, Ministry of Health, Head of Projects, Dr. Kepha Ombacho said that the equipments will ease handling medical waste at the 13 medical facilities in the counties, especially now that hospitals are handling more wastes from disposables.
He said the Ministry of Health will collaborate with the Ministry of Environment through NEMA to deal with those who will not follow the proper mask disposal.
United Nations Development Program Kenya Resident Representative Dr. Walid Badawi sound management of chemical waste is important, and the project facility is timely given the current COVID -19 pandemic. | https://www.environment.go.ke/?p=7580 |
Wherever you are in the design and renovation process, I encourage you to develop a holistic approach to thinking about technology, furniture, and spatial design.
SOME VITAL STATISTICS FOR EDUCATORS
By Steve Baule
Globally, only about 20 percent of the $9.52 billion is being invested in K–20, according to GeekWire. Why isn’t the K–12 market driving more of this spending?
TECH TOOLS FOR ACTIVE LEARNING CLASSROOMS (opens in new tab)
By Matthew X. Joseph
One of the latest buzzwords in education is “active learning,” but what does this really look like in the classroom? Here are some great tools to introduce active learning into your classrooms.
DIGITAL EQUITY: TRANSFORMING THE PLAYING FIELD
By Tara Smith
Digital equity is one of the most complex and urgent issues facing 21st-century educators. Many educators are looking beneath the surface inequities of devices and connectivity to consider how digital tools can revolutionize learning and address even deeper inequities.
● How to Address Digital Equity
SEL: T&L LEADERSHIP ROUNDTABLE
School leaders discuss their district approaches to Social Emotional Learning.
DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY
We ask our advisors about their current data privacy and security challenges. | https://www.techlearning.com/magazine/october-2018 |
A home away from homeBOOK A TOUR!
Chabad Glen Eira centre includes a family Shul, a creche and a youth centre. It provides a genuinely warm, empowering and exciting environment for families and individuals in the broader Caulfield area to grow learn and connect to each other and their Jewish Heritage. Directors Mendy and Esther Groner are the proud parents of 8 children and 2 grandchildren. They have an innate respect and passion for early childhood education and care. They strive to create an environment where parents feel supported in their parenting and families feel their genuine warmth and care.
Our crèche is characterized by a commitment to transmit Jewish values that are taught by the Torah and are central to our philosophy. These values include: love of their fellow man, respect for parents, teachers and oneself, a love of learning and observance and appreciation of Mitzvot (good deeds). Based on the culture and tradition of our families and communities, these Jewish beliefs and values are embedded in our service. We also respect and abide by the Education and care services National regulations and law at all times and our ethical decisions will be guided by early childhood Australia Code of Ethics.
Our program also provides a healthy balance of social, religious and general themes as well as life skills, to promote the child’s inclusive development. We have a child-centred approach where the needs, abilities and interests of individual children are met. Children are seen as capable, able learners and our curriculum aims to facilitate and support their learning and celebrate their individuality. Children are treated with respect as we try to see the world through their eyes. All children are welcome here and family involvement is encouraged. We see communication with families as essential and our educators aim to be open and approachable, offering families various avenues of contact.
Our service embraces the Early Years Learning Framework and strives to exceed the National Quality Standards. They guide our practices, and these are:
With these principles and outcomes as our guide, we make every effort to provide a nurturing and accepting, positive and co-operative environment in which children can be free to grow, learn and develop a positive self-esteem. We strive to promote a sustainably friendly environment – in both looking after and educating our children and families in sustainable practices.
Our practices are motivated by the principles set out in the EYLF. They are: | https://www.chabadgleneiracreche.com/our-approach/ |
Title: Clang versus GCC: binary size Date: 2017-07-08 Modified: 2018-07-01 Category: Blog Slug: clang-vs-gcc-binary-size Tags: c, clang, gcc Summary: In which I compare sizes (of binaries) and find, as ever, that mileages vary
EDIT: Thanks to a friendly GCC developer, it turns out that the difference in sizes between GCC and Clang on Chibi was down to debug information. Apparently, GCC adds much more debug info than Clang on the settings being used in Chibi's makefile, which produced the considerable increase in size. Thank you for the clarification - and sorry it took me so long to make this edit!
Currently, there is hardly a less resolvable argument than the old 'GCC versus Clang' one, unless you count Emacs versus Vim (or perhaps Linux-based versus BSD-based). The reasons for this range from the constant work on both compilers to try and one-up each other, the fact that much of the debate is social rather than technical, and the fact that benchmarks frequently lie or aren't representative of your particular use case. Despite this, the argument continues, and several sites do regular performance shoot-outs between the two compilers whenever one or the other has a new release.
These shoot-outs tend to be focused around speed, and to nobody's great
surprise, are both highly varied and tend to be quite narrow margin-wise.
Recently, however, I've been looking into compiling the smallest possible
binaries. There are several reasons for this in my particular case, but in
general, small is beautiful, and can even be faster. Due to mostly social
issues (availability of tooling), I tend to prefer Clang, and seemingly just to
please obsessives like me, it even has an
-Oz optimization option, designed
to produce even smaller binaries than
-Os would. On this basis, I've been
using it for my own work up to now. However, I'm not a diehard Clang fanboy, and
have switched between the two several times in the last few years.
Not too long ago, I decided to try and compile the smallest possible
decompressor (for reasons that aren't too significant to any of this),
eventually finding miniLZO. However, in the process of doing this testing
with various decompressors, I found that Clang with
-Oz did not necessarily
produce the smallest binary; in some cases, GCC would win, and by a non-trivial
amount, even though it has no corresponding
-Oz flag. A little light
searching showed me that others had stumbled across similar outcomes.
With this new information, I decided that some testing of it might be in order.
This is partly to see how much of a difference it can make (turns out that the
answer is 'quite a bit'), and whether GCC or Clang tend to do better (turns out
that the answer is 'Clang, but sorta-kinda'); but it is also to bring some
attention to this, and get some answers from people who know a bit
more about both compilers (and maybe to even see some improvements, who knows).
Coming from a position of relative ignorance, I can't really speculate why any of my results came out the way they did. However, I hope that maybe someone might be able to chime in and tell me. With that in mind, here is my experiment and what happened.
As per Morgan Spurlock, there shall be a few rules:
wc -c(i.e. the number of bytes in the resulting executable or library).
gcc --version) and Clang version 4.0.1 (as per
clang --version).
The particular codebases I chose are as follows:
8589333
I chose these for several reasons: they're the kind of thing you'd want to make
small, they are of varying sizes and do different things, and I happen to like
them. For each of these, I will compile them using both GCC and Clang, given the
rules above, and check their byte counts. As a further test, I will also compile
them with Clang using
-Oz to see if this makes any difference.
So, without further ado, here are the results. I've bolded the best result.
| Codebase |
gcc -Os |
clang -Os |
clang -Oz |
| ------------------- | ----------- | ------------- | --------------|
| Lua interpreter | 212560 | 215432 | 221472 |
| Lua statlib | 368324 | 366828 | 369980 |
| Chibi interpreter | 202768 | 62752 | 60376 |
| Chibi dynalib | 867520 | 655552 | 620360 |
| miniLZO tester | 14384 | 14360 | 14360 |
| MuPDF executable | 35488120 | 35858928 | 35858928 |
| cmus executable | 344016 | 344816 | 344752 |
| SQLite amalgamation | 646704 | 726272 | 697872 |
Here is the same data, as a delta from the best:
| Codebase |
gcc -Os |
clang -Os |
clang -Oz |
| ------------------- | ----------- | ------------- | --------------|
| Lua interpreter | 0 | 2872 | 8912 |
| Lua statlib | 1496 | 0 | 3152 |
| Chibi interpreter | 142392 | 2376 | 0 |
| Chibi dynalib | 247160 | 35192 | 0 |
| miniLZO tester | 24 | 0 | 0 |
| MuPDF executable | 0 | 370808 | 370808 |
| cmus executable | 0 | 800 | 736 |
| SQLite amalgamation | 0 | 79568 | 51168 |
And the same deltas, only this time as percentages of the best:
| Codebase |
gcc -Os |
clang -Os |
clang -Oz |
| ------------------- | ----------- | ------------- | --------------|
| Lua interpreter | 0% | ~1.4% | ~4.2% |
| Lua statlib | ~0.4% | 0% | ~0.9% |
| Chibi interpreter | ~235.8% | ~4% | 0% |
| Chibi dynalib | ~39.8% | ~5.7% | 0% |
| miniLZO tester | ~0.2% | 0% | 0% |
| MuPDF executable | 0% | ~1% | ~1% |
| cmus executable | 0% | ~0.2% | ~0.2% |
| SQLite amalgamation | 0% | ~12.3% | ~7.9% |
At a glance, we basically have every possible outcome represented here: in some
cases, GCC is the best (Lua interpreter, SQLite amalgamation, MuPDF and cmus); in
some cases, Clang with
-Os is (Lua static library); in some cases, Clang
with
-Oz is (Chibi in general); and sometimes, both
-Os and
-Oz are
the same (miniLZO tester). The differences between Clang and GCC also vary,
ranging from a difference of less than a percentage point (cmus) to over three
times bigger (Chibi interpreter). However, when Clang loses, it doesn't lose as
badly as GCC: if we compare
-Os performance, Clang only added about 12% at
worst (about 8% if we look at
-Oz), while GCC inflated the Chibi interpreter
by a hilarious 235% or so. The results also shows that
-Oz isn't always better
than
-Os; however, the difference is pretty marginal (less than 1% in all cases).
There does not appear to be any obvious reason for these differences, although it is broadly true that Clang appears to compile slightly larger executables in most cases. However, GCC suffers the biggest blowup in size on an executable (and a pretty thin one actually, considering that most of Chibi's interpreter functionality comes from its dynamic library). Library-wise, Clang appears to be better, but as I only tested two libraries (one static, one dynamic), this result may not be typical or representative.
It's worth mentioning that these tests were done only on x86_64 (because that's
what Sebastian happens to be), and on such platforms, space is rarely an issue.
What these results would look like on platforms where space could be of
concern (such as ARM) is unknown (although I might end up doing that on
something like my microserver or tablet just to see what happens). Additionally,
I didn't compare these for speed with the typical settings used by each of these
projects (usually
-O2); it would be instructive to do this, but this
requires considerably more complex experimental design, to which I am currently
not up.
Overall, we have a tie, but at least for these cases, I believe GCC loses. The worst inflation for Clang is only between 8 and 12 percent, while for GCC, it's over threefold; additionally, GCC's worst blowup is on a simple bit of code, but Clang's worst one is on a fairly complex single-file amalgamation.
What I believe this highlights above all is that you should test your assumptions thoroughly. Unless you're feature-bound to a single one of GCC or Clang (and the number of such features is relatively small, and tends to impact relatively few projects), you should try both, with different settings, and see which gives the best results. This has been known to be true of optimizations for speed for a long time; these results suggest that much the same can be said for size.
This also highlights the importance of writing portable code. If you don't rely on features that are unique to a specific compiler (or that step outside the standard generally), you can always switch to another one if you find it produces better results, whether on your particular platform or in general. You can chalk this up to the benefits of portability, in addition to everything else that this brings. While GCC and Clang are neck-and-neck for a lot of things, this can only be said in general: your specific results may vary, and from what I've seen here, potentially by a whole damn lot. | https://notabug.org/koz.ross/blog/src/master/content/clang-vs-gcc-binary-size.md |
It has taken me 20 years to be comfortable with the title of "Photographer." I have no formal training aside from IB Art in high school. For many years I abandoned my craft for lack of direction and confidence; which was crippling, because I see the world in still images. I have seen scenes that I have regretted not capturing. I've seen moments that should have never been forgotten. Through photography, you can capture life as it is, crystalizing emotions it in a permanent state.
6 years ago I pick my camera back up and I have not put it down. Someone once asked my why I take pictures. My answer was simple. "I just have to." Photography fulfills my need to create. In a world with disappointment and sorrow, it allows me to focus on the good. If I am to capture moments, I prefer to capture joy and beauty that encompasses us all. This I have found to be quite therapeutic.
As I grow as an artist, my craft has challenged me to confront my fears and insecurities, which in the end has made me grow. I am not the best, or the most skilled, but I am here. I learn from each images, evaluating my intention but also identifying my mistakes and learning from them. I am a "photographer", but I prefer the title "student". I am always learning and know that there is so much more to learn.
I create stories, I show beauty and I find immense gratitude that I allow myself to see the world in this way. | https://www.candicemroberts.com/about |
PM Announces Terms Of Reference For F-16 InquiryPrime Minister
Prime Minister Helen Clark announced today that Hon Derek Quigley will conduct an independent review of the F-16 lease arrangement and report back to the Government by 6 March 2000.
“We have asked Mr Quigley to take a thorough look at all aspects of the lease arrangement entered into by the previous government, including its impact on defence capital expenditure plans for the future,” Helen Clark said.
The terms of reference for Mr Quigley’s review are to:
* Provide a description of the project: equipment, timeframes, legal and financial structure;
* Assess the costs: already committed and through life; timing of cost increments;
* Consider the impact of the project on the current defence capital equipment expenditure plans and on the total level of Defence expenditure in the current and following fiscal years;
* Outline by what process New Zealand could cancel, defer, amend or confirm the project;
* Assess the consequences of cancellation, deferment, amendment or confirmation of the project: fiscal cost, diplomatic and legal considerations;
* Examine the implications of decisions on the F-16 project for retention of a broader air strike capability;
* Identify costs and benefits of continuing to maintain the A-4 Skyhawk capability; and the costs and benefits of early disposal; and
* Draw conclusions and propose recommendations in light of the above review for consideration by Cabinet by 6 March 2000.
Mr Quigley will convene at his request meetings of Chief Executives or their deputies of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Ministry of Defence, the New Zealand Defence Force, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and Treasury, where he requires that assistance with the review.
“The Quigley Review is an important step towards a thorough re-examination of New Zealand’s defence policy,” said Helen Clark. | https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/pm-announces-terms-reference-f-16-inquiry |
Watch BBC Four Barneys, Books and Bust-Ups: 50 Years of the Booker Prize Documentary exploring how the Booker Prize revolutionised the world of literary fiction and became a central part of British cultural life.
"Why do we have a literary prize? Someone asked me just recently what the Man Booker Prize is for. What is its purpose? My answer was that the prize is for readers..." Baroness Helena Kennedy QC, Chair of the Booker Prize Foundation, discusses the continued importance of the prize.
A message from Luke Ellis, CEO of the prize's sponsor Man Group, here.
Author and comedian Adam Kay has written and performed a Man Booker 50 song. A tune owing a debt to Tom Lehrer as much as Gilbert and Sullivan, it features all 51 winners’ names in under a minute — well worth a listen! | http://r.themanbookerprize.com/goldenmanbooker/vintagemanbooker |
A new study by the Pew Hispanic Center reveals that more Latinos are learning and using English as their primary language, as the number of Latinos in the United States who consume their news in English continues to grow.
In 2012, 82 percent of Hispanic adults consumed news in English, up from 78 percent in 2006. Meanwhile the number who consumed news in Spanish declined from 78 percent to 68 percent in those same years. Also on the decline are the number who receive their news in both languages-50 percent in 2012, from 57 percent in 2010.
The findings come at a time of ever-changing demographics in the U.S. with Latinos making up 16.9 percent of the U.S. population, according to the 2012 census.
"As the nation's Latino population changes, what language Latinos use in their daily lives, including getting the news, might change," Mark Lopez, associate director for the Pew Hispanic Center, told ABC News. "Use of English rises through the generations. And as the share of foreign-born among Latinos falls, English will likely be used more by Hispanics."
The change can be attributed, Lopez said, to a growing number of English-speaking adults, falling numbers for immigration to the United States, and more Latinos born in this country, as well as U.S.-born and second generation youth coming of age.
"We have tracked these measures only for a short time, so while we see some notable changes, it's important to note that many of these changes have been likely going on for a while," Lopez said. "And while young people coming of age is a part of the story, this results are not solely driven by the DREAMers."
A June study by Pew found that each year approximately 800,000 young U.S.-born Latinos, or 24 percent of the U.S. under-18 population, come of age.
When it comes to sources of news, 96 percent of all Latino adults use one of four mediums for their news: television, print newspaper, radio or the Internet.
Television is the most popular (86 percent), radio and Internet tied for second both with 56 percent and newspaper last with 42 percent. On average, however, Latinos use two or three news media platforms to get their news on a typical weekday. Interestingly, half of Latinos who received their news from newspapers do so only in English, whereas 61 percent of Latinos who get news from the Internet do so only in English.
Spanish-language media are seen as doing a better job covering news relevant to Hispanics, but only slimly-46 percent of Spanish-language stations do a "good job," compared with 42 percent of English language news media. Lopez said this could be attributed to the "big news stories done on the Latino vote in 2012," when the Pew survey was conducted.
"Not only was that covered by Latinos, but it was also covered in the general news media," he said. The survey examined more than 1,700 Latinos, including U.S. citizens, legal residents and undocumented, about their preferences when it came to what sources they use for news, accuracy and how closely followed the news.
| |
Hatch is currently seeking applications from Senior Mining Engineers who can build and contribute to the mining engineering capability across the Australia-Asia (AUA) region. Based in Brisbane, the successful candidate will be responsible for both business development and providing technical support on projects of varying stages and operations throughout the AUA region.
A core part of this role will be to develop a multicultural network across the region - building relationships with key clients and internal networks within Hatch globally to deliver “best value” outcomes for clients.
To do this effectively you will need to both be willing and able to travel to various work sites throughout the region as the role requires.
Core Functional Tasks & Key Responsibilities of this role will include:
Providing specialist advisory support to clients and project teams working on mining operations and projects
Undertaking underground and/or open pit mining studies, including first principle mining engineering, benchmarking, mine designs, schedules, cost estimates and economic evaluations
Ensuring that the methodology and tools used to undertake mining studies, ore reserve estimates and analysis are appropriate to attain the level of accuracy to meet the client requirements at minimum cost
Ensuring that all reserve statements are sound and comply with the appropriate code
Maintaining and improving technical skills in mining engineering to improve the quality of technical solutions and reduce cost and improved client acceptance
Identifying developments in the “mining practice” and analysis techniques which offer opportunity for improved efficiency and business development
Undertaking technical and peer reviews to ensure quality outcomes
Taking on the lead and/or project manager role for nominated projects
Key required skills, experience and attributes:
B.Eng. Mining or equivalent tertiary education from a recognized institution and professional registration as an engineer
Extensive mine site experience, covering both production and project environments
Significant experience in the Australian hard rock mining environment
Understanding of financial modelling principles and genera business acumen
Effective and open communication style including the ability to plan and deliver high quality reports, proposals and bids
Experience in contract administration and recognized Business Management qualification (e.g. MBA)
Demonstrated leadership, relationship building and negotiation skills
Mine Managers Certificate of Competency is considered advantageous and you will be preferably literate in a mine planning software package (e.g. Deswik, Studio 5D, Mine2-4D, Xpac, Surpac, Datamine or Whittle)
Hatch’s offering:
Hatch believes in work-life balance and creating a harmonious work environment that allows people to effectively contribute - working productively and flexibly. Working for Hatch you will be provided with many benefits including: competitive remuneration and above statutory superannuation payments; optional salary sacrifice for additional leave, and participation in various employee reward and recognition and health and wellbeing programs (e.g. EAP).
If you can demonstrate a high level of motivation, effective interpersonal skills and the ability to work in a multi-disciplinary and integrated team environment we want to hear from you. | http://themininghub.com/en/jobs/vacancy/WzdPZBzY/senior-mining-engineer-116/ |
Harland Miller is a notable artist and writer who has contributed to the Abstract Art and Figurative Art movement hugely in the 21st century. Born in Yorkshire, Miller earned his BA and MA in Art History from the Chelsea College of Art. Miller is a renowned writer and in 2000, he achieved critical acclaim for his first novel, Slow Down Arthur, Stick to Thirty, which featured a young boy who travels around England on adventures with a David Bowie impersonator. In 2001, Harland Miller painted a series of paintings based on the covers of Penguin classic dust covers, leading to his successful career as a visual artist.
Harland Miller is a notable international artist and writer who has contributed to the Abstract Art and Figurative Art movement hugely in the 21st century.
Self-dubbed the International Lonely Guy, Harland Miller grew up in Yorkshire and graduated from the Chelsea School of Art in 1988. He published his first novel 'Slow Down Arthur, Stick To Thirty' to critical acclaim in 2000, closely followed by two novellas in the same year.
In 2001, Miller came to artistic prominence after painting a series of works based on the covers of Penguin classic dust covers which continue to be popular to this day. | http://www.loughrangallery.co.uk/artists/harland-miller.aspx |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2019/128428, filed on Dec. 25, 2019, which is hereby incorporated in entirety by reference.
BACKGROUND
In a multi-access protocol data unit (MA-PDU) session scenario, data flows of one MA-PDU session is transmitted on data transmission channels of two different access technologies.
After an uplink classifier (UL CL) for traffic steering is inserted into a data transmission channel of one of the access technologies, because there is no unified aggregation point, between the data transmission channels of the two access technologies, for controlling an aggregate maximum bit rate (AMBR) of downlink data flows, an actual downlink AMBR of the MA-PDU session exceeds an allowed AMBR.
SUMMARY
Embodiments of this application provide a communication method, apparatus, and system, to control downlink data flows of an MA-PDU session.
According to a first aspect, this application provides a communication method. The method includes: determining that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is an uplink classifier UL CL; determining a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and sending the first AMBR to the first user plane network element, where the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and determining a second AMBR, and sending the second AMBR to the UL CL, where the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
Based on the foregoing embodiment, the first user plane network element receives the first AMBR from a session management network element, to control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The UL CL receives the second AMBR from the session management network element, to control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve communication quality.
In a possible implementation method, the determining that a first session is an MA-PDU session includes: receiving first indication information from a mobility management network element, where the first indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session; or receiving an access traffic steering, switching, and splitting ATSSS rule from a policy control network element, and determining, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about the first access technology and information about the second access technology.
In a possible implementation method, a third AMBR is determined, and the third AMBR is sent to the first user plane network element, where the third AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
In a possible implementation method, a fourth AMBR is determined, and the fourth AMBR is sent to a second user plane network element, where the fourth AMBR is used by the second user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel pass through the second user plane network element.
In a possible implementation method, the data flows of the first session include a first data flow, and a steering mode of the first data flow is a priority-based mode. Second indication information is sent to the first user plane network element, where the second indication information is used to request a split percentage of the first data flow. The split percentage of the first data flow is received from the first user plane network element.
According to a second aspect, this application provides a communication method. The method includes: A session management network element determines that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is an uplink classifier UL CL. The session management network element sends first indication information to the first user plane network element, where the first indication information is used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The session management network element sends second indication information to the UL CL, where the second indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine a second AMBR, and the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
Based on the foregoing embodiment, the first user plane network element determines the first AMBR, to control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The UL CL determines the second AMBR, to control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve communication quality.
In a possible implementation method, that a session management network element determines that a first session is an MA-PDU session includes: The session management network element receives third indication information from a mobility management network element, where the third indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session; or the session management network element receives an access traffic steering, switching, and splitting ATSSS rule from a policy control network element, and determines, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about the first access technology and information about the second access technology.
In a possible implementation method, the first indication information is further used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine a third AMBR, where the third AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel. Alternatively, the session management network element sends fourth indication information to the first user plane network element, where the fourth indication information is used to indicate to determine a third AMBR.
In a possible implementation method, the session management network element sends fifth indication information to a second user plane network element, where the fifth indication information is used to indicate the second user plane network element to determine a fourth AMBR, the fourth AMBR is used by the second user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel pass through the second user plane network element.
According to a third aspect, this application provides a communication method. The method includes: A first user plane network element determines a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR of a first session, where the first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is the first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is an uplink classifier UL CL. The first user plane network element controls, based on the first AMBR, one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology.
Based on the foregoing embodiment, the first user plane network element determines the first AMBR, to control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve communication quality.
In a possible implementation method, the first user plane network element receives first indication information, where the first indication information is used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine the first AMBR; or the first user plane network element determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session.
In a possible implementation method, that the first user plane network element determines that the first session is a MA-PDU session includes: The first user plane network element receives sixth indication information from a mobility management network element, where the sixth indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session; or the first user plane network element receives an access traffic steering, switching, and splitting ATSSS rule from a policy control network element, and determines, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about the first access technology and information about the second access technology.
According to a fourth aspect, this application provides a communication method. The method includes: An uplink classifier UL CL determines a second aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR of a first session, where the first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is the UL CL. The UL CL controls, based on the second AMBR, data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
Based on the foregoing embodiment, the UL CL determines the second AMBR, to control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve communication quality.
In a possible implementation method, the UL CL receives second indication information, where the second indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine the second AMBR.
In a possible implementation method, data flows of the first session that pass through the first data transmission channel include a first data flow, and a split percentage of the first data flow between the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is determined by the first user plane network element. The UL CL receives a downlink data packet from the first user plane network element, where the downlink data packet carries the split percentage.
According to a fifth aspect, this application provides a communication method. The method includes: A second user plane network element determines a fourth aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR of a first session, where the first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is an uplink classifier UL CL, and one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel pass through the second user plane network element. The second user plane network element controls, based on the fourth AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel.
Based on the foregoing embodiment, the second user plane network element determines the fourth AMBR, to control, based on the fourth AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve communication quality.
In a possible implementation method, fifth indication information is received, where the fifth indication information is used to indicate the second user plane network element to determine the fourth AMBR.
Based on the first aspect to the fifth aspect, in any one of the foregoing embodiments, a method for determining the first AMBR is:
The first session includes M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, N data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and both M and N are positive integers. One or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology are determined based on N MBRs corresponding to the N data flows and a split percentage at which each of the N data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology. Maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session are determined based on M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows. The first AMBR is determined based on a session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In this embodiment of this application, a sequence of determining the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology and determining the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session is not limited.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>first</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>N</mi></msubsup><mrow><msubsup><mi>MBR</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
th
j
t
t
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, an MBR of a j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of an i (i=1, 2, . . . , N)data flow in the N data flows is MBR, and a split percentage at which the idata flow passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology is s.
Based on the first aspect to the fifth aspect, in any one of the foregoing embodiments, a method for determining the second AMBR is:
The first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, L data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and both M and L are positive integers. Maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology are determined based on L MBRs corresponding to the L data flows and a split percentage at which each of the L data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology. The maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session are determined based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows. The second AMBR is determined based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In this embodiment of this application, a sequence of determining the maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology and determining the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session is not limited.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>second</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>L</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
th
j
k
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of a k (k=1, 2, . . . , L)data flow in the L data flows is AMBR, and a split percentage at which the kdata flow passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology is s.
Based on the first aspect to the fifth aspect, in any one of the foregoing embodiments, a method for determining the third AMBR is:
The first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, Q data flows in the M data flows pass through the first data transmission channel, and both M and Q are positive integers. One or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel are determined based on Q MBRs corresponding to the Q data flows and a split percentage at which each of the Q data flows passes through the first data transmission channel. The maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session are determined based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows. The third AMBR is determined based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In this embodiment of this application, a sequence of determining the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel and determining the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session is not limited.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>third</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mtext></mtext><mtext></mtext></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>Q</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
th
j
t
t
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of a t (t=1, 2, . . . , Q)data flow in the Q data flows is MBR, and a split percentage at which the tdata flow passes through the first data transmission channel is s.
Based on the first aspect to the fifth aspect, in any one of the foregoing embodiments, a method for determining the fourth AMBR is:
The first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, P data flows in the M data flows pass through the second data transmission channel, and both M and P are positive integers. One or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel are determined based on P MBRs corresponding to the P data flows. The maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session are determined based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows. The fourth AMBR is determined based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In this embodiment of this application, a sequence of determining the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel and determining the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session is not limited.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>fourth</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>P</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
j
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, and an MBR of an r (r=1, 2, . . . , P) a data flow in the P data flows is MBR.
According to a sixth aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus. The apparatus is a session management network element, or is a chip used in the session management network element. The apparatus has functions of implementing the first aspect, the second aspect, the embodiments of the first aspect, or the embodiments of the second aspect. The functions are implemented by hardware, or is implemented by hardware executing corresponding software. The hardware or the software includes one or more modules corresponding to the foregoing functions.
According to a seventh aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus. The apparatus is a first user plane network element, or is a chip used in the first user plane network element. The apparatus has functions of implementing the third aspect or the embodiments of the third aspect. The functions are implemented by hardware, or is implemented by hardware executing corresponding software. The hardware or the software includes one or more modules corresponding to the foregoing functions.
According to an eighth aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus. The apparatus is a UL CL, or is a chip used in the UL CL. The apparatus has functions of implementing the fourth aspect or the embodiments of the fourth aspect. The functions are implemented by hardware, or is implemented by hardware executing corresponding software. The hardware or the software includes one or more modules corresponding to the foregoing functions.
According to a ninth aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus. The apparatus is a second user plane network element, or is a chip used in the second user plane network element. The apparatus has functions of implementing the fifth aspect or the embodiments of the fifth aspect. The functions are implemented by hardware, or is implemented by hardware executing corresponding software. The hardware or the software includes one or more modules corresponding to the foregoing functions.
According to a tenth aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus. The apparatus includes a processor and a memory. The memory is configured to store computer-executable instructions. When the apparatus runs, the processor executes the computer-executable instructions stored in the memory, to enable the apparatus to perform the methods according to the first aspect to the fifth aspect or the embodiments of the first aspect to the fifth aspect.
According to an eleventh aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus. The apparatus includes units or means configured to perform the steps in the first aspect to the fourth aspect or the embodiments of the first aspect to the fifth aspect.
According to a twelfth aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus. The apparatus includes a processor and an interface circuit. The processor is configured to: communicate with another apparatus through the interface circuit, and perform the methods according to the first aspect to the fifth aspect or the embodiments of the first aspect to the fifth aspect. There are one or more processors.
According to a thirteenth aspect, this application provides a communication apparatus. The apparatus includes a processor. The processor is configured to: be connected to a memory, and invoke a program stored in the memory, to perform the methods according to the first aspect to the fifth aspect or the embodiments of the first aspect to the fifth aspect. The memory is located inside the apparatus, or is located outside the apparatus. In addition, there are one or more processors.
According to a fourteenth aspect, this application further provides a computer-readable storage medium. The computer-readable storage medium stores instructions. When the instructions are run on a computer, a processor is enabled to perform the methods according to the first aspect to the fifth aspect or the embodiments of the first aspect to the fifth aspect.
According to a fifteenth aspect, this application further provides a computer program product. When the computer program product runs on a computer, the computer is enabled to perform the methods according to the first aspect to the fifth aspect or the embodiments of the first aspect to the fifth aspect.
According to a sixteenth aspect, this application further provides a chip system. The system includes a processor. The processor is configured to perform the methods according to the first aspect to the fifth aspect or the embodiments of the first aspect to the fifth aspect.
According to a seventeenth aspect, this application further provides a communication system. The system includes a session management network element, a first user plane network element, and a UL CL. The session management network element is configured to: determine that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is the first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is the UL CL; determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and send the first AMBR to the first user plane network element, where the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and determine a second AMBR, and send the second AMBR to the UL CL, where the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. The first user plane network element is configured to control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The UL CL is configured to control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
The session management network element in the communication system is the session management network element in the first aspect.
According to an eighteenth aspect, this application further provides a communication method. The method includes: A session management network element determines that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is a UL CL; determines a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and sends the first AMBR to the first user plane network element, where the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and determines a second AMBR, and sends the second AMBR to the UL CL, where the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. The first user plane network element controls, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The UL CL controls, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
The session management network element in the communication method is the session management network element in the first aspect.
According to a nineteenth aspect, this application further provides a communication system. The system includes a session management network element, a first user plane network element, and a UL CL. The session management network element is configured to: determine that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is the first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is the UL CL; send first indication information to the first user plane network element, where the first indication information is used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and send second indication information to the UL CL, where the second indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine a second AMBR, and the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. The first user plane network element is configured to: determine the first AMBR, and control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The UL CL is configured to: determine the second AMBR, and control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
The session management network element, the first user plane network element, and the UL CL in the communication system is respectively the session management network element in the second aspect, the first user plane network element in the third aspect, and the UL CL in the fourth aspect.
According to a twentieth aspect, this application further provides a communication method. The method includes: A session management network element determines that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is a UL CL; sends first indication information to the first user plane network element, where the first indication information is used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and sends second indication information to the UL CL, where the second indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine a second AMBR, and the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. The first user plane network element determines the first AMBR, and controls, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The UL CL determines the second AMBR, and controls, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
The session management network element, the first user plane network element, and the UL CL in the communication method is respectively the session management network element in the second aspect, the first user plane network element in the third aspect, and the UL CL in the fourth aspect.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram of a communication system according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 2
is a schematic diagram of a 5G network architecture;
FIG. 3
is a schematic diagram of data transmission;
FIG. 4
is a schematic diagram of UL CL-based traffic steering of a PDU session;
FIG. 5A
is a schematic diagram of UL CL-based traffic steering of an MA-PDU session;
FIG. 5B
is another schematic diagram of UL CL-based traffic steering of an MA-PDU session;
FIG. 6A
is a schematic flowchart of a communication method according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 6B
is a schematic flowchart of another communication method according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 7A
FIG. 7B
and are a schematic flowchart of still another communication method according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 8
is a schematic flowchart of yet another communication method according to an embodiment of this application;
FIG. 9
is a schematic diagram of a communication apparatus according to this application;
FIG. 10
is a schematic diagram of another communication apparatus according to this application;
FIG. 11
is a schematic diagram of still another communication apparatus according to this application; and
FIG. 12
is a schematic diagram of yet another communication apparatus according to this application.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
To make objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of embodiments of this application clearer, the following further describes embodiments of this application in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. An operation method in a method embodiment is further applied to an apparatus embodiment or a system embodiment. In the descriptions of embodiments of this application, unless otherwise stated, “a plurality of” means two or more than two.
FIG. 1
To resolve the problem mentioned in the background, is a schematic diagram of a communication system according to an embodiment of this application. The communication system includes a session management network element, a first user plane network element, and a UL CL. Optionally, the system further includes a second user plane network element.
In the first embodiment:
The session management network element is configured to: determine that a first session is an MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is the first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is the UL CL; determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and send the first AMBR to the first user plane network element, where the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and determine a second AMBR, and send the second AMBR to the UL CL, where the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. The first user plane network element is configured to control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The UL CL is configured to control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
In a possible implementation method, that the session management network element is configured to determine that a first session is an MA-PDU session includes: The session management network element is configured to: receive first indication information from a mobility management network element, where the first indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session; or receive an access traffic steering, switching, and splitting ATSSS rule from a policy control network element, and determine, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about the first access technology and information about the second access technology.
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, N data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and both M and N are positive integers. That the session management network element is configured to determine a first AMBR includes: The session management network element is configured to: determine, based on N MBRs corresponding to the N data flows and a split percentage at which each of the N data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; determine maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the first AMBR based on a session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>first</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>N</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
th
th
th
j
t
t
where session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, an MBR of a j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of an i (i=1, 2, . . . , N)data flow in the N data flows is MBR, and a split percentage at which the idata flow passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology is s.
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, L data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and both M and L are positive integers. That the session management network element is configured to determine a second AMBR includes: The session management network element is configured to: determine, based on L MBRs corresponding to the L data flows and a split percentage at which each of the L data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology, maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the second AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>second</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>L</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
th
th
th
j
k
k
where session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of an k (k=1, 2, . . . , L)data flow in the L data flows is MBR, and a split percentage at which the kdata flow passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology is s.
In a possible implementation method, the session management network element is further configured to: determine a third AMBR, send the third AMBR to the first user plane network element, where the third AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, Q data flows in the M data flows pass through the first data transmission channel, and both M and Q are positive integers. That the session management network element is configured to determine a third AMBR includes: The session management network element is configured to: determine, based on Q MBRs corresponding to the Q data flows and a split percentage at which each of the Q data flows passes through the first data transmission channel, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the third AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>third</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mtext></mtext><mtext></mtext></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>Q</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
th
th
j
t
t
Where session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2 . . . M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of a t (t=1, 2, . . . , Q)data flow in the Q data flows is MBR, and a split percentage at which the ta data flow passes through the first data transmission channel is s.
In a possible implementation method, the first user plane network element is further configured to control, based on the third AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
In a possible implementation method, the session management network element is further configured to: determine a fourth AMBR, and send the fourth AMBR to the second user plane network element, where the fourth AMBR is used by the second user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel pass through the second user plane network element.
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, P data flows in the M data flows pass through the second data transmission channel, and both M and P are positive integers. That the session management network element is configured to determine a fourth AMBR includes: The session management network element is configured to: determine, based on P MBRs corresponding to the P data flows, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the fourth AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>fourth</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>P</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
th
th
j
where session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, and an MBR of an r (r=1, 2, . . . , P)data flow in the P data flows is MEK.
In a possible implementation method, the second user plane network element is configured to control, based on the fourth AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel.
In a possible implementation method, the data flows of the first session include a first data flow, and a steering mode of the first data flow is a priority-based mode. The session management network element is further configured to: send second indication information to the first user plane network element, where the second indication information is used to request a split percentage of the first data flow; and receive the split percentage of the first data flow from the first user plane network element.
In the second embodiment:
The session management network element is configured to: determine that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is the first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is the UL CL; send first indication information to the first user plane network element, where the first indication information is used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and send second indication information to the UL CL, where the second indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine a second AMBR, and the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology. The first user plane network element is configured to: determine the first AMBR, and control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. The UL CL is configured to: determine the second AMBR, and control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
In a possible implementation method, that the session management network element is configured to determine that a first session is an MA-PDU session includes: The session management network element is configured to receive third indication information from a mobility management network element, where the third indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session; or the session management network element is configured to: receive an access traffic steering, switching, and splitting ATSSS rule from a policy control network element, and determine, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about the first access technology and information about the second access technology.
In a possible implementation method, the first indication information is further used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine a third AMBR, where the third AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel. Alternatively, the session management network element is further configured to send fourth indication information to the first user plane network element, where the fourth indication information is used to indicate to determine a third AMBR.
In a possible implementation method, the first user plane network element is further configured to: determine the third AMBR, and control, based on the third AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, Q data flows in the M data flows pass through the first data transmission channel, and both M and Q are positive integers. That the first user plane network element is configured to determine the third AMBR includes: The first user plane network element is configured to: determine, based on Q MBRs corresponding to the Q data flows and a split percentage at which each of the Q data flows passes through the first data transmission channel, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel; determine maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; determine the third AMBR based on a session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session; and control, based on the third AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>third</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mtext></mtext><mtext></mtext></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>Q</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
th
j
t
t
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, an MBR of a j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of a t (t=1, 2, . . . , Q)data flow in the Q data flows is MBR, and a split percentage at which the tdata flow passes through the first data transmission channel is s.
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, N data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and both M and N are positive integers. That the first user plane network element is configured to determine the first AMBR includes: The first user plane network element is configured to: determine, based on N MBRs corresponding to the N data flows and a split percentage at which each of the N data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the first AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>first</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>N</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
th
j
t
t
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of an i (i=1, 2, . . . , N)data flow in the N data flows is MBR, and a split percentage at which the idata flow passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology is s.
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, L data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and both M and L are positive integers. That the UL CL is configured to determine the second AMBR includes: The UL CL is configured to: determine, based on L MBRs corresponding to the L data flows and a split percentage at which each of the L data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology, maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the second AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>second</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>L</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
th
j
k
k
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of a k (k=1, 2, . . . , L)data flow in the L data flows is MBR, and a split percentage at which the kdata flow passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology is s.
In a possible implementation method, the data flows of the first session that pass through the first data transmission channel include a first data flow, and a split percentage of the first data flow between the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is determined by the first user plane network element. The UL CL is further configured to receive a downlink data packet from the first user plane network element, where the downlink data packet carries the split percentage.
In a possible implementation method, the session management network element is further configured to send fifth indication information to the second user plane network element, where the fifth indication information is used to indicate the second user plane network element to determine a fourth AMBR, the fourth AMBR is used by the second user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel pass through the second user plane network element. The second user plane network element is configured to: determine the fourth AMBR, and control, based on the fourth AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel.
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, P data flows in the M data flows pass through the second data transmission channel, and both M and P are positive integers. That the second user plane network element is configured to determine the fourth AMBR includes: The second user plane network element is configured to: determine, based on P MBRs corresponding to the P data flows, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the fourth AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In a possible implementation method,
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>fourth</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>P</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
j
r
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, and an MBR of an r (r=1, 2, . . . , P)data flow in the P data flows is MBR.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
is a schematic diagram of a 5th generation (5G) network architecture. The 5G network architecture shown in includes three parts: a terminal device, a data network (DN), and a carrier network. The following describes functions of some network elements.
The carrier network includes but is not limited to one or more of the following network elements: a policy control function (PCF) network element, an application function (AF) network element, an access and mobility management function (AMF) network element, a session management function (SMF) network element, an access network and user plane function (UPF) network element, a unified data repository (UDR) (not shown in the figure), and the like. In the foregoing carrier network, parts other than an access network is referred to as core network parts.
The terminal device is a device having a wireless transceiver function. The terminal device is deployed on land, including an indoor or outdoor terminal device, a hand-held terminal device, or a vehicle-mounted terminal device; is deployed on a water surface (for example, on a ship); or is deployed in the air (for example, on an airplane, a balloon, or a satellite). The terminal device is a mobile phone, a tablet (pad), a computer having a wireless transceiver function, a virtual reality (VR) terminal, an augmented reality (AR) terminal, a wireless terminal in industrial control, a wireless terminal in self-driving, a wireless terminal in telemedicine (remote medical), a wireless terminal in a smart grid, a wireless terminal in transportation safety, a wireless terminal in a smart city, a wireless terminal in a smart home, user equipment (UE), or the like.
The terminal device establishes a connection to the carrier network through an interface (for example, N1) provided by the carrier network, and use services such as a data service and/or a voice service provided by the carrier network. The terminal device further accesses the data network through the carrier network, and use a carrier service deployed on the data network and/or a service provided by a third party. The third party is a service provider other than the carrier network and the terminal device, and provides services such as a data service and/or a voice service for the terminal device. A representation form of the third party is determined based on an actual application scenario, and is not limited herein.
The access network is a sub-network of the carrier network, and is an implementation system between a service node in the carrier network and the terminal device. To access the carrier network, the terminal device first passes through the access network, and is connected to the service node in the carrier network through the access network. There is two types of access networks: a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) access network and a non-3GPP access network. An access device in the 3GPP access network is referred to as a radio access network (RAN) device.
The RAN device is a device that provides a wireless communication function for the terminal device. The RAN device includes but is not limited to a next generation NodeB (gNB) in 5G, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a radio network controller (RNC), a NodeB (NB), a base station controller (BSC), a base transceiver station (BTS), a home base station (for example, a home evolved NodeB, or a home NodeB, HNB), a baseband unit (BBU), a transmission reception point (TRP), a transmission point (TP), a mobile switching center, or the like.
The access device in the non-3GPP access network is referred to as a non-3GPP interworking function (N3IWF) device. The N3IWF device includes, for example, a router.
The AMF network element is responsible for access and mobility management, is a termination point of an N2 interface, terminates a non-access stratum (NAS) message, completes registration management, connection management, reachability management, tracking area list (TA list) allocation, mobility management, and the like, and transparently routes a session management message to the SMF.
The SMF network element is responsible for session management, internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management of the UE, allocation and selection of a user plane anchor function, (re)selection of the UPF and a user plane path, and the like.
The UPF network element is responsible for functions such as data packet routing and forwarding, lawful interception, downlink data packet buffering, and downlink data packet notification message triggering.
The AF network element mainly transfers a requirement of an application side on a network side, for example, a quality of service (QoS) requirement or user status event subscription. The AF is a third-party functional entity, or is an application service deployed by a carrier, for example, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) voice call service.
The PCF network element is mainly responsible for policy control functions such as session-level or service flow-level charging, QoS bandwidth guarantee and mobility management, and UE policy decision. In this architecture, PCFs connected to the AMF and the SMF respectively correspond to an AM PCF (PCF for access and mobility control) and an SM PCF (PCF for session management). In an actual deployment scenario, the PCFs are unable to be a same PCF entity.
The UDR is mainly responsible for a function of accessing types of data such as subscription data, policy data, and application data.
The DN is a network outside the carrier network. The carrier network accesses a plurality of DNs. A plurality of services are deployed on the DN, and the DN provides services such as a data service and/or a voice service for the terminal device. For example, the DN is a private network of a smart factory, a sensor installed in a workshop of the smart factory is a terminal device, a control server of the sensor is deployed in the DN, and the control server provides a service for the sensor. The sensor communicates with the control server, to obtain instructions of the control server, transmit collected sensor data to the control server according to the instructions, and the like. For another example, the DN is an internal office network of a company, a mobile phone or a computer of an employee of the company is a terminal device, and the mobile phone or the computer of the employee accesses information, data resources, and the like on the internal office network of the company.
The network elements or the functions are network elements in a hardware device, software functions running on dedicated hardware, or virtualized functions instantiated on a platform (for example, a cloud platform). Optionally, the foregoing network elements or functions are implemented by one device, or is jointly implemented by a plurality of devices, or is one functional module in one device. This is not limited in embodiments of this application.
FIG. 2
The mobility management network element, the session management network element, the policy control network element, the application function network element, and the user plane network element in embodiments of this application is respectively the AMF, the SMF, the PCF, the UDR, and the UPF in , or is network elements that have functions of the AMF, the SMF, the PCF, the UDR, and the UPF in a future communication network such as a 6th generation (6G) network. This is not limited in embodiments of this application. For ease of description, embodiments of this application are described by using an example in which the mobility management network element, the session management network element, the policy control network element, the data repository, and the user plane network element are respectively the AMF, the SMF, the PCF, the UDR, and the UPF. Further, the terminal device is briefly referred to as UE in embodiments of this application.
To facilitate understanding of the solutions in embodiments of this application, the following first describes related backgrounds.
1. MA-PDU
FIG. 3
is a schematic diagram of data transmission. In a same protocol data unit (PDU) session, there is a 3GPP access network data flow and a non-3GPP access network data flow. A data flow is sent to a DN or a data flow in the DN is received through a same UPF. In an MA-PDU session, there is a tunnel endpoint for data transmission between a UPF in the MA-PDU session and an N3IWF and a tunnel endpoint between the UPF in the MA-PDU session and a RAN. Therefore, from the perspective of the UPF in the MA-PDU session, there are two pieces of tunnel endpoint information respectively corresponding to the N3IWF and the RAN.
2. Steering Mode of a Service Data Flow (SDF)
The steering mode of the service data flow is used to indicate how the service data flow is allocated to data transmission channels of two access technologies. The steering modes of the service data flow include but are not limited to the following.
(1) Active-Standby Mode
An active mode indicates that a service is provided. A standby mode indicates a dormant mode. In the standby mode, data synchronization is performed, and a service is ready to be provided. The two modes are switched over.
In the active-standby mode, when an active access technology is available, the service data flow is transmitted on a data transmission channel of the active access technology. When the active access technology is unavailable, the service data flow is switched to a data transmission channel of a standby access technology. When the active access technology is resumed from an unavailable state to an available state, the service data flow is switched back to the data transmission channel of the active access technology. If the standby access technology is not determined, the service data flow is transmitted in the data transmission channel of the active access technology.
(2) Smallest Delay Mode
In this mode, the service data flow is allocated to a data transmission channel of an access technology with minimum round-trip time (RTT) for transmission. UE and a UPF measures minimum RTT of a 3GPP access technology and minimum RTT of a non-3GPP access technology, and transmit the service data flow in the data transmission channel of the access technology with the minimum RTT. In addition, if one access technology is unavailable, and a policy and charging control (PCC) rule is allowed, service data flows are switched to a data transmission channel of another access technology.
(3) Load-Balancing Mode
In this mode, if two access technologies are available, the service data flow is split to the two access technologies for transmission. The service data flow is transmitted on the data transmission channels of the two access technologies based on a transmission percentage of the data flow.
This mode is applicable to a non-GBR QoS data flow. In addition, if one access technology is unavailable, data flows are switched to a data transmission channel of an available access technology, which means that 100% of the data flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the available access technology.
(4) Priority-Based Mode
In this mode, service data flows are directed to a data transmission channel of a high-priority access technology until the access technology is congested. In this case, the service data flows is further transmitted in a data transmission channel of a low-priority access technology. In other words, the service data flows are split to the two access technologies for transmission. In addition, when the high-priority access technology is unavailable, service data flows are switched to the low-priority access technology for transmission.
For the foregoing four steering modes, in the active-standby mode and the smallest delay mode, the service data flow is transmitted on a data transmission channel of one access technology, that is, 100% of the service data flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the access technology, and 0% of the service data flow is transmitted on a data transmission channel of another access technology. In the load-balancing mode and the priority-based mode, the service data flow is split to data transmission channels of two access technologies for simultaneous transmission, that is, a percent of the service data flow is transmitted on a data transmission channel of one access technology, and the other percent of the service data flow is transmitted on a data transmission channel of another access technology.
For the load-balancing mode, if the service data flow is split by percentage, a split percentage is delivered by an SMF to the UPF. For the priority-based mode, if the service data flow is split by percentage, a split percentage is determined by the UE and the UPF. In this case, the SMF is unaware of the split percentage of the data flow.
The steering mode of the foregoing data flow is at a data flow granularity. However, one MA-PDU session includes one or more data flows, and steering modes of these data flows are different. Therefore, some data flows are transmitted on a data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology, and some data flows are transmitted on a data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology.
3. QoS Mechanism
Each PDU session is associated with a session-AMBR. The session-AMBR is an aggregate maximum bit rate of each session.
The session-AMBRs include a subscribed session-AMBR and an authorized session-AMBR. The subscribed session-AMBR is a subscription parameter obtained by the SMF from a unified data management (UDM) network element, and the SMF is configured to use the parameter or modify the parameter according to a local policy. The authorized session-AMBR is obtained by authorizing the subscribed session-AMBR by the PCF. The authorized session-AMBR is the same as or different from the subscribed session-AMBR.
The session-AMBR is sent to the UPF and the UE, and is also sent to the RAN, so that the RAN calculates a UE-AMBR. The session-AMBR limits an aggregate bit rate of non-guaranteed bit rate (Non-GBR) QoS flows in a PDU session. That is, the session-AMBR is not used in a guaranteed bit rate (GBR) QoS flow.
Because data flows are classified into an uplink data flow and a downlink data flow, the session-AMBRs further includes an uplink session-AMBR for controlling the uplink data flow and a downlink session-AMBR for controlling the downlink data flow. The UPF controls the uplink data flow based on the uplink session-AMBR and controls the downlink data flow based on the downlink session-AMBR, and the UE controls the uplink data flow based on the uplink session-AMBR.
4. UL CL in a PDU Session
The UL CL is inserted into the PDU session. The UL CL is a UPF device. The UL CL splits a received data flow based on a filter of the data flow received from the SMF.
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
1
2
is a schematic diagram of UL CL-based traffic steering of a PDU session. For uplink data flows, after receiving the data flows from an N3 interface, a UPF (UL CL) routes the data flows to two N9 interfaces based on a flow template of a data packet. In this way, the data flows are sent to a same DN through two different UPFs. For downlink data flows, the UL CL aggregates the data flows received from two different UPFs and sends an aggregated data flow to UE through the N3 interface. If the UPF is the last UPF connected to the DN, the UPF is further referred to as a protocol data unit anchor (PSA). As shown in , the UL CL splits a data flow and sends the data flows to a PSA and a PSA .
2
2
When the PSA is deployed close to the UE, a transmission path of the data flow routed from the UL CL to the PSA is shortened, to shorten a transmission delay.
5. UL CL in an MA-PDU Session
FIG. 5B
FIG. 5B
The MA-PDU session includes data transmission channels of two access technologies, and the UL CL is inserted into one or two of the data transmission channels. is a schematic diagram of UL CL-based traffic steering of an MA-PDU session. In , the UL CL is inserted into a data transmission channel of a 3GPP access technology. For uplink data flows, after receiving the data flows from an N3 interface, the UL CL routes the data flows to two N9 interfaces based on a flow template of a data packet. In this way, the data flows are sent to a same DN through two different PSAs. For downlink data flows, the UL CL aggregates the data flows received from two different UPFs (where for example, the UPF is a PSA) and sends an aggregated data flow to UE through the N3 interface.
1
2
In an MA-PDU session scenario, after the UL CL is inserted into a data transmission channel of one access technology, because the downlink data flows are delivered from both a PSA and a PSA and no unified aggregation point controls an AMBR of the downlink data flows of the MA-PDU session, an actual downlink AMBR of the MA-PDU session exceeds an allowed AMBR.
FIG. 5A
is a schematic diagram of UL CL-based traffic steering of an MA-PDU session. On a user plane, there are the following data transmission channels:
(1) a data channel of a first access technology: UE-first access device-first UPF-DN;
(2) a first data channel of a second access technology: UE-second access device-UL CL-first UPF-DN; and
(3) a second data channel of the second access technology: UE-second access device-UL CL-second UPF-DN.
The first access device is an N3IWF device, the second access device is a RAN device, the first access technology is a non-3GPP access technology, and the second access technology is a 3GPP access technology. Alternatively, the first access device is a RAN device, the second access device is an N3IWF device, the first access technology is a 3GPP access technology, and the second access technology is a non-3GPP access technology.
An aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is the first UPF, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is the UL CL. One or more data flows on the second data transmission channel pass through the second UPF. Data flows of a first session are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the data transmission channels of the second access technology. In other words, a data flow of the first session is transmitted on the data channel of the first access technology, transmitted on the first data channel of the second access technology, transmitted on the second data channel of the second access technology, or transmitted on both the data channel of the first access technology and the first data channel of the second access technology.
In embodiments of this application, the data transmission channel of the first access technology is further referred to as a data transmission channel corresponding to the first access technology, the data transmission channel of the second access technology is further referred to as a data transmission channel corresponding to the second access technology, the first data transmission channel of the second access technology is further referred to as a first data transmission channel corresponding to the second access technology, and the second data transmission channel of the second access technology is further referred to as a second data transmission channel corresponding to the second access technology. Unified descriptions are provided herein, and details are not described below again.
1
2
FIG. 5A
FIG. 5B
FIG. 5B
FIG. 5A
Optionally, both the first UPF and the second UPF are PSAs. For example, when the first access device is the N3IWF device, the second access device is the RAN device, the first access technology is the non-3GPP access technology, the second access technology is the 3GPP access technology, the first UPF is a PSA , and the second UPF is a PSA , the structure shown in is shown in . That is, is an example of .
When the second UPF is a local UPF, a data flow on the second UPF is referred to as a local data flow, and the local data flow is transmitted on the second data transmission channel.
FIG. 2
FIG. 5A
FIG. 6A
To resolve the foregoing problem, with reference to the network architectures shown in and , as shown in , an embodiment of this application provides a schematic flowchart of a communication method. On a terminal device side, the method is performed by UE or a component (for example, a chip or a circuit) used in the UE. On a network side, the method is performed by a UPF or a component (for example, a chip or a circuit) used in the UPF, or an SMF or a component (for example, a chip or a circuit) used in the SMF. For ease of description, an example in which the method is performed by the UE, the UPF, and the SMF is used below for description. The UPF herein includes a UL CL.
FIG. 5A
FIG. 6A
With reference to the structure shown in , the method shown in includes the following steps.
601
a
Step : The SMF determines that a first session is an MA-PDU session.
Methods in which the SMF determines whether the first session is the MA-PDU session include but are not limited to:
Method 1: The SMF determines, based on first indication information received from an AMF, whether the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the first indication information indicates a type of the first session.
For example, the first indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session.
Method 2: The SMF determines, according to a received ATSSS rule, whether the first session is the MA-PDU session.
The SMF receives the access traffic steering, switching, and splitting (ATSSS) rule from a PCF, and determines, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about a first access technology and information about a second access technology. For example, when the ATSSS rule includes both the information about the first access technology and the information about the second access technology, the SMF determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session. For another example, when the ATSSS rule includes the information about the first access technology or includes the information about the second access technology, the SMF determines that the first session is not the MA-PDU session.
602
a
Step : The SMF determines a first AMBR.
603
a
Step : The SMF sends the first AMBR to a first UPF. Accordingly, the first UPF receives the first AMBR.
604
a
Step : The first UPF controls, based on the first AMBR, one or more data flows that are in data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on a data transmission channel of the first access technology.
602
604
a
a
In the foregoing step to step , the first UPF receives the first AMBR from the SMF, to control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve communication quality.
605
a
Step : The SMF determines a second AMBR.
606
a
Step : The SMF sends the second AMBR to the UL CL. Accordingly, the UL CL receives the second AMBR.
607
a
Step : The UL CL controls, based on the second AMBR, data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on data transmission channels of the second access technology.
605
607
a
a
In the foregoing step to step , the UL CL receives the second AMBR from the SMF, to control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels (including a first data channel and a second data channel) of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve the communication quality.
608
610
a
a.
Optionally, the method further includes the following step to step
608
a
Step : The SMF determines a third AMBR.
609
a
Step : The SMF sends the third AMBR to the first UPF. Accordingly, the first UPF receives the third AMBR.
610
a
Step : The first UPF controls, based on the third AMBR, one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
608
610
a
a
In the foregoing step to step , the first UPF receives the third AMBR from the SMF, to control, based on the third AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve the communication quality.
611
613
a
a.
Optionally, the method further includes the following step to step
611
a
Step : The SMF determines a fourth AMBR.
612
a
Step : The SMF sends the fourth AMBR to a second UPF. Accordingly, the second UPF receives the fourth AMBR.
613
a
Step : The second UPF controls, based on the fourth AMBR, one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel.
611
613
a
a
In the foregoing step to step , the second UPF receives the fourth AMBR from the SMF, to control, based on the fourth AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve the communication quality.
602
604
605
607
608
610
611
613
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
In this embodiment of this application, an execution sequence of any one of step to step , any one of step to step , any one of step to step , and any one of step to step is not limited. Alternatively, determining and using the first AMBR, the second AMBR, the third AMBR, and the fourth AMBR are decoupled.
The following describes methods in which the SMF determines the first AMBR, the second AMBR, the third AMBR, and the fourth AMBR.
1. The SMF Determines the First AMBR.
The first session includes M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate (MBR), N data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and both M and N are positive integers. A process in which the SMF determines the first AMBR includes: The SMF determines, based on N MBRs corresponding to the N data flows and a split percentage at which each of the N data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; determines maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determines the first AMBR based on a session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
The foregoing process is expressed by using a formula:
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>first</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>N</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
j
i
t
i=1
i
i
j=1
j
th
th
N
M
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, an MBR of a data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of an i (i=1, 2, . . . , N)data flow in the N data flows is MBR, a split percentage at which the idata flow passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology is s, ΣMBR*sis a sum of the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and ΣMBRis a sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
2. The SMF Determines the Second AMBR.
The first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, L data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and both M and L are positive integers. A process in which the SMF determines the second AMBR includes: The SMF determines, based on L MBRs corresponding to the L data flows and a split percentage at which each of the L data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology, maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology; determines the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determines the second AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
The foregoing process is expressed by using a formula:
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>second</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>L</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
th
L
M
j
k
k
k=1
k
k
j=1
j
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of a k (k=1, 2, . . . , L)data flow in the L data flows is MBR, a split percentage at which the kdata flow passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology is s, ΣMBR*sis a sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and ΣMBRis the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
3. The SMF Determines the Third AMBR.
The first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, Q data flows in the M data flows pass through the first data transmission channel, and both M and Q are positive integers. A process in which the SMF determines the third AMBR includes: The SMF determines, based on Q MBRs corresponding to the Q data flows and a split percentage at which each of the Q data flows passes through the first data transmission channel, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel; determines the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determines the third AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
The foregoing process is expressed by using a formula:
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>third</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mtext></mtext><mtext></mtext></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>Q</mi></msubsup><mrow><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>*</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
th
Q
M
j
t
t
t=1
t
t
j=1
j
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2 . . . M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of a t (t=1, 2, . . . , Q)data flow in the Q data flows is MBP, a split percentage at which the tdata flow passes through the first data transmission channel is s, ΣMBR*sis a sum of the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel, and ΣMBRis the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
4. The SMF Determines the Fourth AMBR.
The first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, P data flows in the M data flows pass through the second data transmission channel, and both M and P are positive integers. A process in which the SMF determines the fourth AMBR includes: The SMF determines, based on P MBRs corresponding to the P data flows, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel; determines the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determines the fourth AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
The foregoing process is expressed by using a formula:
<math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>the</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>fourth</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mtext></mtext><mi>AMBR</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>session</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>AMBR</mi><mo>*</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>P</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>MBR</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math>
where
th
th
P
M
j
r
r=1
r
j=1
j
session-AMBR is the session-AMBR of the first session, the MBR of the j (j=1, 2, . . . , M)data flow in the M data flows is MBR, an MBR of an r (r=1, 2, . . . , P)data flow in the P data flows is MBR, ΣMBRis a sum of the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and ΣMBRis the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session. The data flow that passes through the second data transmission channel is a local data flow, and the local data flow is not split. In other words, the local data flow passes through the second UPF and the UL CL, but does not pass through the first UPF.
In this embodiment of this application, a steering mode of any data flow of the first session is an active-standby mode, a smallest delay mode, a load-balancing mode, or a priority-based mode.
When the data flows of the first session include a first data flow, and a steering mode of the first data flow is the priority-based mode, the SMF further sends second indication information to the first UPF, where the second indication information is used to request a split percentage of the first data flow, and then the first UPF sends the split percentage of the first data flow to the SMF, so that the SMF receives the split percentage of the first data flow from the first UPF.
FIG. 2
FIG. 5A
FIG. 6B
To resolve the foregoing problem, with reference to the network architectures shown in and , as shown in , an embodiment of this application provides a schematic flowchart of a communication method. On a terminal device side, the method is performed by UE or a component (for example, a chip or a circuit) used in the UE. On a network side, the method is performed by a UPF or a component (for example, a chip or a circuit) used in the UPF, or an SMF or a component (for example, a chip or a circuit) used in the SMF. For ease of description, an example in which the method is performed by the UE, the UPF, and the SMF is used below for description. The UPF herein includes a UL CL.
FIG. 5A
FIG. 6B
With reference to the structure shown in , the method shown in includes the following steps.
601
b
Step : The SMF determines that a first session is an MA-PDU session.
Methods in which the SMF determines whether the first session is the MA-PDU session include but are not limited to:
Method 1: The SMF determines, based on third indication information received from an AMF, whether the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the third indication information indicates a type of the first session.
For example, the third indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session.
Method 2: The SMF determines, based on a received ATSSS rule, whether the first session is the MA-PDU session.
The SMF receives the ATSSS rule from a PCF, and determines, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about a first access technology and information about a second access technology. For example, when the ATSSS rule includes both the information about the first access technology and the information about the second access technology, the SMF determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session. For another example, when the ATSSS rule includes the information about the first access technology or includes the information about the second access technology, the SMF determines that the first session is not the MA-PDU session.
602
b
Step : The SMF sends first indication information to a first UPF. Accordingly, the first UPF receives the first indication information.
The first indication information is used to indicate the first UPF to determine a first AMBR.
602
602
b
b
Step is an optional step. When step is not performed, the first UPF determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session. Methods in which the first UPF determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session include but are not limited to:
Method 1: The first UPF receives sixth indication information from the AMF, where the sixth indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session.
Method 2: The first UPF receives the ATSSS rule from the PCF, and determines, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes the information about the first access technology and the information about the second access technology.
603
b
Step : The first UPF determines the first AMBR.
604
b
Step : The first UPF controls, based on the first AMBR, one or more data flows that are in data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on a data transmission channel of the first access technology.
602
604
b
b
In the foregoing step to step , the first UPF receives the first indication information from the SMF, to determine the first AMBR based on the first indication information, and control, based on the first AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve communication quality.
605
b
Step : The SMF sends second indication information to the UL CL. Accordingly, the UL CL receives the second indication information.
The second indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine a second AMBR.
606
b
Step : The UL CL determines the second AMBR.
607
b
Step : The UL CL controls, based on the second AMBR, data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on data transmission channels of the second access technology.
605
607
b
b
In the foregoing step to step , the UL CL receives the second indication information from the SMF, to determine the second AMBR based on the second indication information, and control, based on the second AMBR, the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels (including a first data channel and a second data channel) of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve the communication quality.
608
610
b
b.
Optionally, the method further includes the following step to step
608
b
Step : The SMF sends fourth indication information to the first UPF. Accordingly, the first UPF receives the fourth indication information.
The fourth indication information is used to indicate to determine a third AMBR.
608
602
608
b
b
b
Step is an optional step. For example, when step is performed, the first indication information is used to indicate the first UPF to determine the first AMBR, and is used to indicate the first UPF to determine the third AMBR. In this case, step does not need to be performed.
609
b
Step : The first UPF determines the third AMBR.
610
b
Step : The first UPF controls, based on the third AMBR, one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
608
610
b
b
In the foregoing step to step , the first UPF receives the fourth indication information from the SMF, to determine the third AMBR based on the fourth indication information, and control, based on the third AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve the communication quality.
611
613
b
b.
Optionally, the method further includes the following step to step
611
b
Step : The SMF sends fifth indication information to a second UPF. Accordingly, the second UPF receives the fifth indication information.
612
b
Step : The second UPF determines a fourth AMBR.
613
b
Step : The second UPF controls, based on the fourth AMBR, one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel.
611
613
b
b
In the foregoing step to step , the second UPF receives the fifth indication information from the SMF, to determine the fourth AMBR based on the fifth indication information, and control, based on the fourth AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel of the second access technology. This implements control on the data flows of the session and helps improve the communication quality.
602
604
605
607
608
610
611
613
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
In this embodiment of this application, an execution sequence of any one of step to step , any one of step to step , any one of step to step , and any one of step to step is not limited. Alternatively, determining and using the first AMBR, the second AMBR, the third AMBR, and the fourth AMBR are decoupled.
The following describes methods in which the first UPF determines the first AMBR and the third AMBR, the UL CL determines the second AMBR, and the second UPF determines the fourth AMBR.
1. The First UPF Determines the First AMBR and the Third AMBR.
FIG. 6A
The methods in which the first UPF determines the first AMBR and the third AMBR are similar to the methods in which the SMF determines the first AMBR and the third AMBR in the embodiment corresponding to . Refer to the foregoing descriptions. Details are not described again.
2. The UL CL Determines the Second AMBR.
FIG. 6A
The method in which the UL CL determines the second AMBR is similar to the method in which the SMF determines the second AMBR in the embodiment corresponding to . Refer to the foregoing descriptions. Details are not described again.
When the data flows of the first session that pass through the first data transmission channel include a first data flow, and a split percentage of the first data flow between the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is determined by the first UPF, a downlink data packet sent by the first UPF to the UL CL carries the split percentage of the first data flow.
3. The Second UPF Determines the Fourth AMBR.
FIG. 6A
The method in which the second UPF determines the fourth AMBR is similar to the method in which the SMF determines the fourth AMBR in the embodiment corresponding to . Refer to the foregoing descriptions. Details are not described again.
In this embodiment of this application, a steering mode of any data flow of the first session is an active-standby mode, a smallest delay mode, a load-balancing mode, or a priority-based mode.
FIG. 6A
FIG. 7A
FIG. 7B
FIG. 6A
The following describes the processes shown in with reference to examples. and are a schematic flowchart of still another communication method according to an embodiment of this application. The method is an implementation of the embodiment corresponding to . In the method, an SMF determines AMBRs of data flows that are in data flows of a first session and that are transmitted on data transmission channels of a 3GPP access technology and a non-3GPP access technology.
701
706
707
711
In an active-standby mode, a smallest delay mode, and a load-balancing mode, the SMF is aware of an identifier, quality of service (including an MBR), and a corresponding steering mode of a data flow in an MA-PDU session. Therefore, the SMF determines the AMBRs on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology and the non-3GPP access technology, and notify a UPF of the AMBRs. Therefore, when an MA-PDU session does not include a data flow in the priority-based mode, that is, the MA-PDU session includes data flows in any one or more of the active-standby mode, the smallest delay mode, and the load-balancing mode, the following step to step and step to step are performed.
701
706
712
716
In the priority-based mode, the SMF is unaware of a split percentage of a data flow between the data transmission channels of the two access technologies. Therefore, the UPF needs to report the split percentage of the data flow, so that the SMF determines session-AMBRs on the data transmission channels of the two access technologies. Therefore, when an MA-PDU session includes at least a data flow in the priority-based mode, and optionally, the MA-PDU session further includes data flows in any one or more of the active-standby mode, the smallest delay mode, and the load-balancing mode, the following step to step and step to step are performed.
FIG. 5B
is used as an example for description in this embodiment, that is, a UL CL is inserted into the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology. An implementation method for inserting the UL CL into the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology is similar to an implementation method for inserting the UL CL into the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology, and details are not described again.
FIG. 7A
FIG. 7B
3
The embodiment corresponding to and is described by using a PDU session (the PDU session is also referred to as the first session) establishment process as an example. In actual application, the method in this embodiment of this application alternatively is performed in a PSA changing process of a multi-PDU session in a session and service continuity (SSC) mode .
2
2
1
2
1
A PSA in this embodiment is a local UPF, and a data flow passing through the PSA is a local data flow and is not split to a PSA . Alternatively, the local data flow passes through the UL CL and the PSA , and does not pass through the PSA .
FIG. 6A
1
2
In this embodiment, the first AMBR in the embodiment corresponding to is also referred to as an AMBR (non-3GPP), the second AMBR is also referred to as an AMBR (3GPP-UL CL), the third AMBR is also referred to as an AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), and the fourth AMBR is also referred to as an AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
FIG. 6A
In this embodiment, the maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology in the embodiment corresponding to is also referred to as a maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology, the maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the second access technology is also referred to as a maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology, the maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the first data transmission channel is also referred to as a maximum bit rate of a data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on a first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology, and the maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the second data transmission channel is also referred to as a maximum bit rate of a data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on a second data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology.
The method includes the following steps.
701
Step : The UL CL sends a context request to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the context request.
For example, the context request is an Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext request.
702
Step : The SMF sends a policy control establishment request to a PCF. Accordingly, the PCF receives the policy control establishment request.
If the SMF determines that PCC authorization is a condition and requests to establish a session management policy association with the PCF, the SMF sends the policy control establishment request to the PCF. For example, the policy control establishment request is an Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Create request.
703
Step : The PCF sends a query request to a UDR. Accordingly, the UDR receives the query request.
The query request is used to request to query subscription information of UE. For example, the query request is an Nudr_DM_Query&Nudr_DM_Subscribe request.
704
Step : The UDR sends a query response to the PCF. Accordingly, the PCF receives the query response.
The query response includes the subscription information of the UE. The subscription information of the UE includes information related to the first session, for example, a subscribed session-AMBR and an MBR of each data flow of the first session.
For example, the query response is an Nudr_DM_Query&Nudr_DM_Subscribe response.
705
Step : The PCF sends a policy control establishment response to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the policy control establishment response.
The policy control establishment response includes a PCC rule. The PCC rule includes a rule of the data flow of the first session and a session-AMBR. The session-AMBR is the subscribed session-AMBR or a session-AMBR authorized by the PCF.
Optionally, the PCC rule further includes an access traffic ATSSS rule. The ATSSS rule includes information about access technologies of the data transmission channels of the first session. For example, if the ATSSS rule includes information about the 3GPP access technology and information about the non-3GPP access technology, that indicates the data transmission channels of the first session include the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology and the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology.
For example, the policy control establishment response is an Npcf_SMPolicyControl_Create response.
706
Step : The SMF determines whether the first session is the MA-PDU session.
Methods in which the SMF determines whether the first session is the MA-PDU session include but are not limited to:
Method 1: The SMF determines, based on indication information received from an AMF, whether the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the indication information indicates a type of the first session.
For example, the indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session, or indicates that the first session is not the MA-PDU session.
Method 2: The SMF determines, based on the received ATSSS rule, whether the first session is the MA-PDU session.
705
If the ATSSS rule is carried in step , the SMF determines, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, or the first session is not the MA-PDU session.
For example, when the ATSSS rule includes the information about the 3GPP access technology and the information about the non-3GPP access technology, the SMF determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session. For another example, when the ATSSS rule includes the information about the 3GPP access technology or includes the information about the non-3GPP access technology, the SMF determines that the first session is not the MA-PDU session.
706
707
711
If the SMF determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session in step , and the MA-PDU session does not include the data flow in the priority-based mode, the following step to step are performed.
707
Step : The SMF determines the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL) and the AMBR (non-3GPP).
The AMBR (3GPP-UL CL) is an AMBR of data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology. The AMBR (3GPP-UL CL) is sent to the UL CL, and the UL CL controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL), that is, control a sum of maximum bit rates of the data flows on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL).
1
1
The AMBR (non-3GPP) is an AMBR of one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology. The AMBR (non-3GPP) is sent to the PSA , and the PSA controls the one or more data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (non-3GPP), that is, control a sum of one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (non-3GPP).
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Optionally, the SMF further determines the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ). The AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) is an AMBR of the first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology. The AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) is sent to the PSA , and the PSA controls the one or more data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control a sum of one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Optionally, the SMF further determines the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ). The AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) is an AMBR of the second data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology. The AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) is sent to the PSA , and the PSA controls the one or more data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control a sum of one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
The following provides descriptions with reference to an example.
For example, the PCC rule received by the SMF from the PCF includes rules of three data flows of an MA-PDU session, and the rules are respectively as follows:
1
A rule of a data flow is as follows: a flow descriptor: “a user datagram protocol (UDP) with a destination address of 1.2.3.4”; and a steering mode: active-standby, where active=3GPP, and standby=non-3GPP.
1
A meaning of the rule of the data flow is as follows: For a data flow of the UDP with the destination address of 1.2.3.4, if the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology (Active) is available, the data flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology. If the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology (Active) is unavailable, the data flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology (Standby).
1
For ease of description, the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology (Active) being unavailable is assumed. Therefore, the flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology.
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
The PSA is a local UPF. If the flow is a local data flow, a user plane transmission path of the flow is UE-RAN-UL CL-PSA -DN, and the flow does not pass through the PSA . In other words, the user plane transmission path of the flow is neither UE-RAN-UL CL-PSA -DN nor UE-N3IWF-PSA -DN.
2
A rule of a data flow is as follows:
a flow descriptor: “a transmission control protocol (TCP) with a target port of 8080”; and
a steering mode: smallest delay.
2
A meaning of the rule of the data flow is as follows: If a data transmission channel in the smallest delay mode is the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology, a data flow of the TCP with the target port of 8080 is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology. If a data transmission channel in the smallest delay mode is the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology, a data flow of the TCP with the target port of 8080 is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology.
2
For ease of description, the flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology is assumed.
3
A rule of a data flow is as follows:
a flow descriptor: “Application-1”; and
a steering mode: load-balancing, where 3GPP=20%, and non-3GPP=80%.
3
A meaning of the rule of the data flow is as follows: A data flow of the application-1 is separately transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology and the non-3GPP access technology, 20% of the data flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology, and 80% of the data flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology.
1
2
3
1
2
3
In addition, MBRs corresponding to the flow , the flow , and the flow are respectively an MBR , an MBR , and an MBR is assumed.
1
2
3
Based on the foregoing example, user plane paths of the flow , the flow , and the flow are respectively as follows:
1
2
the flow : UE-RAN-UL CL-PSA -DN;
2
1
the flow : UE-N3IWF-PSA -DN;
3
1
the flow : 20%: UE-RAN-UL CL-PSA -DN; and
1
80%: UE-N3IWF-PSA -DN.
Based on the foregoing example, the following information is obtained:
1
3
A sum of maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology=MBR +MBR *0.2.
3
A maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology=MBR *0.2.
1
A maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the second data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology=MBR .
2
3
A sum of maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology=MBR +MBR *0.8.
1
3
1
2
3
Therefore, AMBR (3GPP-UL CL)=session-AMBR*(MBR +MBR *0.2)/(MBR +MBR +MBR ).
1
3
1
2
3
AMBR (3GPP-PSA )=session-AMBR*(MBR *0.2)/(MBR +MBR +MBR ).
2
1
1
2
3
AMBR (3GPP-PSA )=session-AMBR*MBR /(MBR +MBR +MBR ).
2
3
1
2
3
AMBR (non-3GPP)=session-AMBR*(MBR +MBR *0.8)/(MBR +MBR +MBR ).
708
1
1
Step : The SMF sends a session establishment request to the PSA . Accordingly, the PSA receives the session establishment request.
For example, the session establishment request is an N4 session establishment request.
1
2
3
The session establishment request includes the AMBR (non-3GPP). The PSA controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (non-3GPP), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow and the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (non-3GPP).
1
1
1
3
1
Optionally, the session establishment request further includes the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ). The PSA controls the data flow of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control the maximum bit rate of the data flow (e.g., the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
709
1
Step : The PSA sends a session establishment response to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the session establishment response.
For example, the session establishment response is an N4 session establishment response.
709
Step is an optional step.
710
Step : The SMF sends the session establishment request to the UL CL. Accordingly, the UL CL receives the session establishment request.
For example, the session establishment request is the N4 session establishment request.
1
3
The session establishment request includes the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL). The UL CL controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow and the flow ) on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL).
711
Step : The UL CL sends the session establishment response to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the session establishment response.
For example, the session establishment response is the N4 session establishment response.
711
Step is an optional step.
2
2
2
2
2
2
Optionally, the SMF further sends the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) to the PSA . The PSA controls the data flow of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control the maximum bit rate of the data flow (e.g., the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
706
712
716
If the SMF determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session in step , and the MA-PDU session includes the data flow in the priority-based mode, the following step to step are performed.
712
1
1
Step : The SMF sends a session establishment request to the PSA , where the session establishment request carries indication information. Accordingly, the PSA receives the session establishment request.
For example, the session establishment request is an N4 session establishment request.
1
The indication information is used to indicate the PSA to report a split percentage of the data flow in the priority-based mode. Splitting the data flow means splitting the data flow to the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology and the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology.
Optionally, the session establishment request further includes identification information of a data flow that needs to be split, that is, include identification information of the data flow in the priority-based mode.
1
If the identification information of the data flow is not included, the PSA needs to report split percentages of data flows in the priority-based mode.
713
1
Step : The PSA sends a session establishment response to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the session establishment response.
For example, the session establishment response is an N4 session establishment response.
The session establishment response includes the identification information of the data flow in the priority-based mode and the split percentage of the data flow.
For example, the session establishment response includes:
4
a flow ID, 3GPP=50%, and non-3GPP=50%.
714
Step : The SMF determines the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL) and the AMBR (non-3GPP).
714
707
707
704
An implementation method of step is similar to that of step . Different from step , in step , when the AMBR (3GPP) and the AMBR (non-3GPP) are calculated, an MBR of the data flow in the priority-based mode is considered.
1
2
Optionally, the SMF further determines the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) and the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
The following provides descriptions with reference to an example.
1
2
3
1
2
3
707
For example, the PCC rule received by the SMF from the PCF includes rules of four data flows of the MA-PDU session, where rules of a data flow , a data flow , and a data flow are the same as the rules of the data flow , the data flow , and the data flow in step .
4
A rule of a data flow is as follows:
a flow descriptor: “Application-2”; and
a steering mode: priority-based.
4
A meaning of the rule of the data flow is as follows: A data flow of the application-2 is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology and the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology based on a priority.
1
4
In addition, percentages that are received by the SMF from the PSA and at which the flow is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology and the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology are:
3GPP: 40%; and
non-3GPP: 60%.
4
4
In addition, an MBR corresponding to the flow is an MBR is assumed.
1
2
3
Based on the foregoing example, user plane paths of the flow , the flow , and the flow are respectively as follows:
1
2
the flow : UE-RAN-UL CL-PSA -DN;
2
1
the flow : UE-N3IWF-PSA -DN;
3
1
the flow : 20%: UE-RAN-UL CL-PSA -DN;
1
80%: UE-N3IWF-PSA -DN;
4
1
the flow : 40%: UE-RAN-UL CL-PSA -DN; and
1
60%: UE-N3IWF-PSA -DN.
Based on the foregoing example, the following information is obtained:
1
3
4
A sum of maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology=MBR +MBR *0.2+MBR *0.4.
3
4
A sum of maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology=MBR *0.2+MBR *0.4.
1
A maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the second data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology=MBR .
2
3
4
A sum of maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology=MBR +MBR *0.8+MBR *0.6.
1
3
4
1
2
3
4
Therefore, AMBR (3GPP-UL CL)=session-AMBR*(MBR +MBR *0.2+MBR *0.4)/(MBR +MBR +MBR +MBR ).
1
3
4
1
2
3
4
AMBR (3GPP-PSA )=session-AMBR*(MBR *0.2+MBR *0.4)/(MBR +MBR +MBR +MBR ).
2
1
1
2
3
4
AMBR (3GPP-PSA )=session-AMBR*MBR /(MBR +MBR +MBR +MBR ).
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
AMBR (non-3GPP)=session-AMBR*(MBR +MBR *0.8+MBR *0.6)/(MBR +MBR +MBR +MBR ).
715
1
1
Step : The SMF sends a session modification request to the PSA . Accordingly, the PSA receives the session modification request.
For example, the session modification request is an N4 session modification request.
1
2
3
4
The session modification request includes the AMBR (non-3GPP). The PSA controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (non-3GPP), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow , the flow , and the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (non-3GPP).
1
1
1
3
4
1
Optionally, the session modification request further includes the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ). The PSA controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow and the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
716
1
Step : The PSA sends a session modification response to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the session modification response.
For example, the session modification response is an N4 session modification response.
716
Step is an optional step.
717
Step : The SMF sends the session establishment request to the UL CL. Accordingly, the UL CL receives the session establishment request.
For example, the session establishment request is the N4 session establishment request.
1
3
The session establishment request includes the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL). The UL CL controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow and the flow ) on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the (3GPP-UL CL).
718
Step : The UL CL sends the session establishment response to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the session establishment response.
For example, the session establishment response is the N4 session establishment response.
718
Step is an optional step.
2
2
2
2
2
2
Optionally, the SMF further sends the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) to the PSA . The PSA controls the data flow of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control the maximum bit rate of the data flow (e.g., the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
1
2
Based on the foregoing embodiment, the SMF calculates the AMBRs of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology and the non-3GPP access technology, and notifies the UPFs such as the PSA , the UL CL, and the PSA of the AMBRs. Therefore, these UPFs performs corresponding flow control based on the received AMBRs, to help improve communication quality.
FIG. 6B
FIG. 8
FIG. 6B
1
The following describes the processes shown in with reference to specific examples. is a schematic flowchart of yet another communication method according to an embodiment of this application. The method is a specific implementation of the embodiment corresponding to . In the method, a PSA determines an AMBR of one or more data flows that are in data flows of a first session and that are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a non-3GPP access technology, and a UL CL determines an AMBR of data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on data transmission channels of a 3GPP access technology.
FIG. 5B
is used as an example for description in this embodiment, that is, the UL CL is inserted into the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology. An implementation method for inserting the UL CL into the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology is similar to an implementation method for inserting the UL CL into the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology, and details are not described again.
FIG. 8
3
The embodiment corresponding to is described by using a PDU session (the PDU session is also referred to as the first session) establishment process as an example. In actual application, the method in this embodiment of this application alternatively is performed in a PSA changing process of a multi-PDU session in an SSC mode .
2
2
1
2
1
A PSA in this embodiment is a local UPF, and a data flow passing through the PSA is a local data flow and is not split to the PSA . Alternatively, the local data flow passes through the UL CL and the PSA , and does not pass through the PSA .
FIG. 6B
1
2
In this embodiment, the first AMBR in the embodiment corresponding to is also referred to as an AMBR (non-3GPP), the second AMBR is also referred to as an AMBR (3GPP-UL CL), the third AMBR is also referred to as an AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), and the fourth AMBR is also referred to as an AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
FIG. 6B
In this embodiment, the maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology in the embodiment corresponding to is also referred to as a maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology, the maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the second access technology is also referred to as a maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology, the maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the first data transmission channel is also referred to as a maximum bit rate of a data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on a first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology, and the maximum bit rate of the data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on the second data transmission channel is also referred to as a maximum bit rate of a data flow that is in the data flows of the first session and that is transmitted on a second data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology.
The method includes the following steps.
801
806
701
706
Step to step are the same as step to step in the embodiment. Refer to the foregoing descriptions. Details are not described again.
807
1
1
Step : The SMF sends a session establishment request to the PSA . Accordingly, the PSA receives the session establishment request.
For example, the session establishment request is an N4 session establishment request.
1
Optionally, the session establishment request includes indication information, and the indication information is used to indicate the PSA to determine an AMBR of one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology. In another implementation method, the indication information is used to indicate the PSA to determine an AMBR of one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology, and determine an AMBR of one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology.
808
1
Step : The PSA determines whether the first session is the MA-PDU session.
This step is an optional step.
807
1
808
When the indication information is carried in step , the PSA does not need to perform step .
807
808
1
809
1
When the indication information is not carried in step , step is performed. When the PSA determines that the first session is the MA-PDU session, step is performed. That is, when determining that the first session is the MA-PDU session, the PSA determines the AMBR of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology. Optionally, the AMBR of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology is further determined.
1
1
A method in which the PSA determines, whether the first session is the MA-PDU session includes but is not limited to: When receiving a multi-access rule (MAR), the PSA determines that the session is the MA-PDU session.
809
1
Step : The PSA determines the AMBR (non-3GPP).
1
1
The AMBR (non-3GPP) is the AMBR of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology. The AMBR (non-3GPP) is sent to the PSA , and the PSA controls the one or more data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (non-3GPP), that is, control a sum of one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (non-3GPP).
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Optionally, the PSA further determines the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ). The AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) is the AMBR of the first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology. The AMBR (3GPP-PSA ) is sent to the PSA , and the PSA controls the one or more data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control a sum of one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
714
1
FIG. 7A
FIG. 7B
The example in step in the embodiment corresponding to and is used, and the PSA obtains the following information through calculation:
AMBR (non-3GPP)=session-AMBR*(MBR 2+MBR 3*0.8+MBR 4*0.6)/(MBR 1+MBR 2+MBR 3+MBR 4).
AMBR (3GPP-PSA 1)=session-AMBR*(MBR 3*0.2+MBR 4*0.4)/(MBR 1+MBR 2+MBR 3+MBR 4).
1
2
3
4
The PSA controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (non-3GPP), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow , the flow , and the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (non-3GPP).
1
1
3
4
1
Optionally, the PSA controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow and the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
810
1
Step : The PSA sends a session establishment response to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the session establishment response.
For example, the session establishment response is an N4 session establishment response.
810
Step is an optional step.
811
Step : The SMF sends the session establishment request to the UL CL. Accordingly, the UL CL receives the session establishment request.
For example, the session establishment request is the N4 session establishment request.
The session establishment request includes the indication information, and the indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine an AMBR of data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology.
812
Step : The UL CL determines the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL).
714
FIG. 7A
FIG. 7B
The example in step in the embodiment corresponding to and is used, and methods in which the UL CL obtains the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL) through calculation include but are not limited to:
4
1
1
3
1
2
3
4
Method 1: When the UL CL does not know a split percentage that is of the flow and that is determined by the PSA , AMBR (3GPP-UL CL)=session-AMBR*(MBR +MBR *0.2)/(MBR +MBR +MBR +MBR ).
1
3
In the method, the UL CL controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow and the flow ) on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed AMBR (3GPP-UL CL).
4
In other words, although the flow passes through the UL CL, the UL CL does not control the flow.
4
1
1
3
4
1
2
3
4
Method 2: When the UL CL knows a split percentage that is of the flow and that is determined by the PSA , AMBR (3GPP-UL CL)=session-AMBR*(MBR +MBR *0.2+MBR *0.4)/(MBR +MBR +MBR +MBR ).
1
3
4
In the method, the UL CL controls the data flows of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-UL CL), that is, control the sum of the maximum bit rates of the data flows (e.g., the flow , the flow , and the flow ) on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed AMBR (3GPP-UL CL).
4
1
4
4
1
4
4
1
1
4
In this embodiment of this application, a method in which the UL CL knows the split percentage that is of the flow and that is determined by the PSA is not limited. For example, the indication information is added to a data packet of the flow . The indication information indicates the split percentage that is of the flow and that is determined by the PSA , so that the UL CL obtains, from the data packet of the flow , the split percentage that is of the flow and that is determined by the PSA . For another example, the PSA sends the split percentage of the flow to the UL CL through the SMF.
2
1
4
2
4
1
A difference between the method and the method is that the flow is controlled in the method , and the flow is not controlled in the method .
813
Step : The UL CL sends the session establishment response to the SMF. Accordingly, the SMF receives the session establishment response.
For example, the session establishment response is the N4 session establishment response.
813
Step is an optional step.
2
2
2
714
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
2
2
1
2
FIG. 7A
FIG. 7B
Optionally, the SMF further sends the indication information to the PSA , to indicate the PSA to determine an AMBR of one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology. In this way, the PSA calculates the AMBR. The example in step in the embodiment corresponding to and is used, and the PSA obtains the following information through calculation: AMBR (3GPP-PSA )=session-AMBR*MBR /(MBR +MBR +MBR +MBR ). In this way, the PSA controls the data flow of the MA-PDU session on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology based on the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ), that is, control the maximum bit rate of the data flow (e.g., the flow ) on the data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology not to exceed the AMBR (3GPP-PSA ).
1
2
Based on the foregoing embodiment, each UPF calculates the AMBR. The PSA calculates the AMBR of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the non-3GPP access technology and the AMBR of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology, the UL CL calculates the AMBR of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the 3GPP access technology, and the PSA calculates the AMBR of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel of the 3GPP access technology. Therefore, these UPFs separately performs corresponding flow control based on corresponding AMBRs, to help improve communication quality.
The foregoing mainly describes the solutions provided in this application from the perspective of interaction between network elements. To implement the foregoing functions, each network element includes a corresponding hardware structure and/or software module for implementing each function. A person skilled in the art is easily aware that, in combination with the units and algorithm steps in the examples described in embodiments disclosed in this specification, the present disclosure is implemented by hardware or a combination of hardware and computer software. Whether a function is performed by hardware or hardware driven by computer software depends on particular applications and design constraints of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art is configured to use different methods to implement the described functions for each particular application, but the implementation that goes beyond the scope of the present disclosure is unconsidered.
In the foregoing method embodiments, corresponding steps or operations implemented by the session management network element is further implemented by a component (for example, a chip or a circuit) used in the session management network element, corresponding steps or operations implemented by the user plane network element (for example, the UL CL, the first user plane network element, or the second user plane network element) is further implemented by a component (for example, a chip or a circuit) used in the user plane network element.
Embodiments of this application further provide an apparatus configured to implement any one of the foregoing methods. For example, an apparatus is provided, and includes units (or means) configured to implement the steps performed by the session management network element in any one of the foregoing methods. For another example, another apparatus is further provided, and includes units (or means) configured to implement the steps performed by the user plane network element in any one of the foregoing methods.
FIG. 9
FIG. 9
900
910
930
920
940
is a schematic diagram of a communication apparatus according to an embodiment of this application. The apparatus is configured to implement the corresponding steps performed by the session management network element in the foregoing method embodiments. As shown in , the apparatus includes a session determining unit and a sending unit . Optionally, an AMBR determining unit and a receiving unit are further included.
In the first embodiment:
910
920
930
The session determining unit is configured to determine that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is an uplink classifier UL CL. The AMBR determining unit is configured to: determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and determine a second AMBR. The sending unit is configured to: send the first AMBR to the first user plane network element, where the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and send the second AMBR to the UL CL, where the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
910
940
940
In a possible implementation method, the session determining unit is configured to: receive first indication information from a mobility management network element through the receiving unit , where the first indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session; or receive an access traffic steering, switching, and splitting ATSSS rule from a policy control network element through the receiving unit , and determine, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about the first access technology and information about the second access technology.
920
920
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, N data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and both M and N are positive integers. That the AMBR determining unit is configured to determine a first AMBR includes: The AMBR determining unit is configured to: determine, based on N MBRs corresponding to the N data flows and a split percentage at which each of the N data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; determine maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the first AMBR based on a session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
920
920
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, L data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and both M and L are positive integers. That the AMBR determining unit is configured to determine a second AMBR includes: The AMBR determining unit is configured to: determine, based on L MBRs corresponding to the L data flows and a split percentage at which each of the L data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology, maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the second AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
920
930
In a possible implementation method, the AMBR determining unit is further configured to determine a third AMBR, and the sending unit is further configured to send the third AMBR to the first user plane network element, where the third AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
920
920
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, Q data flows in the M data flows pass through the first data transmission channel, and both M and Q are positive integers. That the AMBR determining unit is configured to determine a third AMBR includes: The AMBR determining unit is configured to: determine, based on Q MBRs corresponding to the Q data flows and a split percentage at which each of the Q data flows passes through the first data transmission channel, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the third AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
920
In a possible implementation method, the AMBR determining unit is further configured to determine a fourth AMBR, and send the fourth AMBR to a second user plane network element, where the fourth AMBR is used by the second user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel pass through the second user plane network element.
920
920
In a possible implementation method, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, P data flows in the M data flows pass through the second data transmission channel, and both M and P are positive integers. That the AMBR determining unit is configured to determine a fourth AMBR includes: The AMBR determining unit is configured to: determine, based on P MBRs corresponding to the P data flows, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the fourth AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
930
940
In a possible implementation method, the data flows of the first session include a first data flow, and a steering mode of the first data flow is a priority-based mode. The sending unit is further configured to: send second indication information to the first user plane network element, where the second indication information is used to request a split percentage of the first data flow. The receiving unit is configured to receive the split percentage of the first data flow from the first user plane network element.
In the second embodiment:
910
930
The session determining unit is configured to determine that a first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, where data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is an uplink classifier UL CL. The sending unit is configured to: send first indication information to the first user plane network element, where the first indication information is used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR, and the first AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; and send second indication information to the UL CL, where the second indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine a second AMBR, and the second AMBR is used by the UL CL to control data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
910
940
940
In a possible implementation method, the session determining unit is configured to: receive third indication information from a mobility management network element through the receiving unit , where the third indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session; or receive an access traffic steering, switching, and splitting ATSSS rule from a policy control network element through the receiving unit , and determine, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about the first access technology and information about the second access technology.
930
In a possible implementation method, the first indication information is further used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine a third AMBR, where the third AMBR is used by the first user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel. Alternatively, the sending unit is further configured to send fourth indication information to the first user plane network element, where the fourth indication information is used to indicate to determine a third AMBR.
930
In a possible implementation method, the sending unit is further configured to send fifth indication information to a second user plane network element, where the fifth indication information is used to indicate the second user plane network element to determine a fourth AMBR, the fourth AMBR is used by the second user plane network element to control one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel pass through the second user plane network element.
The foregoing units is further referred to as modules, circuits, or the like, and the foregoing units are independently disposed, or is completely or partially integrated.
930
940
930
940
910
920
910
920
In a possible implementation, the sending unit and the receiving unit alternatively is implemented by a transceiver unit, or the sending unit and the receiving unit is collectively referred to as a transceiver unit. The session determining unit and the AMBR determining unit is further implemented by using a processing unit, or the session determining unit and the AMBR determining unit is collectively referred to as a processing unit.
930
940
The sending unit and the receiving unit or the transceiver unit is further referred to as a communication interface, and the processing unit is further referred to as a processor.
900
Optionally, the communication apparatus further includes a storage unit. The storage unit is configured to store data or instructions (which is further referred to as code or a program). The foregoing units interacts with or be coupled to the storage unit, to implement a corresponding method or function. For example, the processing unit reads the data or the instructions in the storage unit, to enable the communication apparatus to implement the methods in the foregoing embodiments.
FIG. 10
FIG. 10
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
is a schematic diagram of a communication apparatus according to an embodiment of this application. The apparatus is configured to implement the corresponding steps performed by the first user plane network element in the foregoing method embodiments. As shown in , the apparatus includes an AMBR determining unit and a control unit . Optionally, the apparatus further includes a receiving unit and a session determining unit .
1010
1020
The AMBR determining unit is configured to determine a first aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR of a first session, where the first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is the first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is an uplink classifier UL CL. The control unit is configured to control, based on the first AMBR, one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology.
1030
1040
In a possible implementation, the receiving unit is configured to receive first indication information, where the first indication information is used to indicate the first user plane network element to determine the first AMBR. Alternatively, the session determining unit is configured to determine that the first session is the MA-PDU session.
1040
1030
1030
In a possible implementation, the session determining unit is configured to: receive sixth indication information from a mobility management network element through the receiving unit , where the sixth indication information indicates that the first session is the MA-PDU session; or receive an access traffic steering, switching, and splitting ATSSS rule from a policy control network element through the receiving unit , and determine, according to the ATSSS rule, that the first session is the MA-PDU session, where the ATSSS rule includes information about the first access technology and information about the second access technology.
1010
In a possible implementation, the first session includes M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, N data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and both M and N are positive integers. The AMBR determining unit is configured to: determine, based on N MBRs corresponding to the N data flows and a split percentage at which each of the N data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the first access technology, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology; determine maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the first AMBR based on a session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channel of the first access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
1010
In a possible implementation, the first session includes the M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one MBR, Q data flows in the M data flows pass through the first data transmission channel, and both M and Q are positive integers. The AMBR determining unit is further configured to: determine, based on Q MBRs corresponding to the Q data flows and a split percentage at which each of the Q data flows passes through the first data transmission channel, one or more maximum bit rates of one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel; determine the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on the M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; determine the third AMBR based on the session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session; and control, based on the third AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the first data transmission channel.
The foregoing units is further referred to as modules, circuits, or the like, and the foregoing units are independently disposed, or is completely or partially integrated.
1010
1020
1040
1010
1020
1040
In some possible implementations, the AMBR determining unit , the control unit , and the session determining unit is further implemented by using a processing unit, or the AMBR determining unit , the control unit , and the session determining unit is collectively referred to as a processing unit.
1030
The receiving unit is further referred to as a communication interface, and the processing unit is further referred to as a processor.
1000
Optionally, the communication apparatus further includes a storage unit. The storage unit is configured to store data or instructions (which is further referred to as code or a program). The foregoing units interacts with or be coupled to the storage unit, to implement a corresponding method or function. For example, the processing unit reads the data or the instructions in the storage unit, to enable the communication apparatus to implement the methods in the foregoing embodiments.
FIG. 11
FIG. 11
1100
1110
1120
1130
is a schematic diagram of a communication apparatus according to an embodiment of this application. The apparatus is configured to implement the corresponding steps performed by the second user plane network element or the UL CL in the foregoing method embodiments. As shown in , the apparatus includes an AMBR determining unit and a control unit . Optionally, a receiving unit is further included.
In the first embodiment, the apparatus is configured to implement the corresponding steps performed by the second user plane network element in the foregoing method embodiments.
1110
1120
The AMBR determining unit is configured to determine a fourth aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR of a first session, where the first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is an uplink classifier UL CL, and one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel passes through the second user plane network element. The control unit is configured to control, based on the fourth AMBR, the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel.
1130
In a possible implementation, the receiving unit is configured to receive fifth indication information, where the fifth indication information is used to indicate the second user plane network element to determine the fourth AMBR.
1110
In a possible implementation, the first session includes M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, P data flows in the M data flows pass through the second data transmission channel, and both M and P are positive integers. The AMBR determining unit is configured to: determine, based on P MBRs corresponding to the P data flows, one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel; determine maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the fourth AMBR based on a session-AMBR of the first session, the one or more maximum bit rates of the one or more data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the second data transmission channel, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
In the second embodiment, the apparatus is configured to implement the corresponding steps performed by the UL CL in the foregoing method embodiments:
1110
1120
The AMBR determining unit is configured to determine a second aggregate maximum bit rate AMBR of a first session, where the first session is a multi-access protocol data unit MA-PDU session, data flows of the first session are transmitted on a data transmission channel of a first access technology and data transmission channels of a second access technology, the data transmission channels of the second access technology include a first data transmission channel and a second data transmission channel, an aggregation point of the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is a first user plane network element, and an aggregation point of the first data transmission channel and the second data transmission channel is the uplink classifier UL CL. The control unit is configured to control, based on the second AMBR, data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology.
1130
In a possible implementation, the receiving unit is configured to receive second indication information, where the second indication information is used to indicate the UL CL to determine the second AMBR.
1110
In a possible implementation, the first session includes M data flows, one data flow corresponds to one maximum bit rate MBR, L data flows in the M data flows pass through the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and both M and L are positive integers. The AMBR determining unit is configured to: determine, based on L MBRs corresponding to the L data flows and a split percentage at which each of the L data flows passes through the data transmission channel of the second access technology, maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology; determine maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session based on M MBRs corresponding to the M data flows; and determine the second AMBR based on a session-AMBR of the first session, the maximum bit rates of the data flows that are in the data flows of the first session and that are transmitted on the data transmission channels of the second access technology, and the maximum bit rates of the data flows of the first session.
1130
In a possible implementation, data flows of the first session that pass through the first data transmission channel include a first data flow, and a split percentage of the first data flow between the data transmission channel of the first access technology and the first data transmission channel is determined by the first user plane network element. The receiving unit is configured to receive a downlink data packet from the first user plane network element, where the downlink data packet carries the split percentage.
The foregoing units is further referred to as modules, circuits, or the like, and the foregoing units are independently disposed, or is completely or partially integrated.
1110
1120
1110
1120
In some possible implementations, the AMBR determining unit and the control unit is further implemented by using a processing unit, or the AMBR determining unit and the control unit is collectively referred to as a processing unit.
1130
The receiving unit is further referred to as a communication interface, and the processing unit is further referred to as a processor.
1100
Optionally, the communication apparatus further includes a storage unit. The storage unit is configured to store data or instructions (which is further referred to as code or a program). The foregoing units interacts with or be coupled to the storage unit, to implement a corresponding method or function. For example, the processing unit reads the data or the instructions in the storage unit, to enable the communication apparatus to implement the methods in the foregoing embodiments.
Division of the foregoing apparatus into the units is merely logical function division. In an actual implementation, all or some of the units are integrated into a physical entity, or is physically separate. In addition, the units in the apparatus is implemented in a form of software invoked by a processing element, or is implemented in a form of hardware. Alternatively, some units are implemented in a form of software invoked by a processing element, and some units are implemented in a form of hardware. For example, each unit is separately disposed processing elements, or is integrated into a chip of the apparatus for implementation. In addition, each unit is alternatively stored in a memory in a program form, and is invoked by a processing element of the apparatus to perform a function of the unit. In addition, all or some of the units are integrated or is implemented separately. The processing element herein is further referred to as a processor, and is an integrated circuit having a signal processing capability. In an implementation process, the steps in the foregoing method or the foregoing units are implemented by using a hardware integrated logic circuit in the processor element, or is implemented in a form of software invoked by the processing element.
For example, a unit in any one of the foregoing apparatuses are one or more integrated circuits configured to implement the foregoing method, for example, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more microprocessors (DSPs), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or a combination of at least two of the integrated circuits. For another example, when the units in the apparatus is implemented in a form of scheduling a program by a processing element, the processing element is a general-purpose processor, for example, a central processing unit (CPU) or another processor that invokes a program. For still another example, the units are integrated and implemented in a form of a system-on-a-chip (SoC).
The foregoing unit for receiving (for example, the receiving unit) is an interface circuit of the apparatus, and is configured to receive a signal from another apparatus. For example, when the apparatus is implemented by a chip, the receiving unit is an interface circuit that is of the chip and that is configured to receive a signal from another chip or apparatus. The foregoing unit for sending (for example, the sending unit) is an interface circuit of the apparatus, and is configured to send a signal to another apparatus. For example, when the apparatus is implemented by a chip, the sending unit is an interface circuit that is of the chip and that is configured to send a signal to another chip or apparatus.
FIG. 12
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is a schematic diagram of yet another communication apparatus according to an embodiment of this application. The communication apparatus is configured to implement the operations of the session management network element, the first user plane network element, the second user plane network element, or the UL CL in the foregoing embodiments. As shown in FIG. , the communication apparatus includes a processor and an interface , and optionally, further includes a memory . The interface is configured to communicate with another device.
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The method performed by the communication apparatus in the foregoing embodiments are implemented by the processor by invoking a program stored in a memory (which is the memory in the communication apparatus, or is an external memory). That is, an apparatus used for communication apparatus includes the processor . The processor invokes the program in the memory, to perform the methods performed by the session management network element, the first user plane network element, the second user plane network element, or the UL CL in the foregoing method embodiments. The processor herein is an integrated circuit having a signal processing capability, for example, a CPU.
All or some of the foregoing embodiments are implemented by using software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. When software is used to implement the embodiments, all or some of the embodiments are implemented in a form of a computer program product. The computer program product includes one or more computer instructions. When the computer program instructions are loaded and executed on a computer, all or some of the procedures or the functions according to embodiments of this application are generated. The computer is a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, a computer network, or another programmable apparatus. The computer instructions are stored in a computer-readable storage medium or is transmitted from one computer-readable storage medium to another computer-readable storage medium. For example, the computer instructions are transmitted from one website, computer, server, or data center to another website, computer, server, or data center in a wired (for example, a coaxial cable, an optical fiber, or a digital subscriber line (DSL)) or wireless (for example, infrared, radio, or microwave) manner. The computer-readable storage medium is any usable medium accessible by a computer, or a data storage device, for example, a server or a data center, integrating one or more usable media. The usable medium is a magnetic medium (for example, a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, or a magnetic tape), an optical medium (for example, a DVD), a semiconductor medium (for example, a solid-state drive (SSD)), or the like.
The various illustrative logical units and circuits described in embodiments of this application implements or operates the described functions by using a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or another programmable logical apparatus, a discrete gate or transistor logic, a discrete hardware component, or a design of any combination thereof. The general-purpose processor is a microprocessor. Optionally, the general-purpose processor alternatively is any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor is further implemented by a combination of computing apparatuses, such as a digital signal processor and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors with a digital signal processor core, or any other similar configuration.
In one or more example designs, the functions described in this application is implemented by using hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If the functions are implemented by using software, these functions are stored in a computer-readable medium or transmitted on a computer-readable medium in a form of one or more instructions or code. The computer-readable medium includes a computer storage medium or a communication medium that enables a computer program to move from one place to another place. The storage medium is any available medium accessible by a general-purpose computer or a special computer. For example, such a computer-readable medium includes but is not limited to a RAM, a ROM, an EEPROM, a CD-ROM, or another optical disc storage, a disk storage or another magnetic storage apparatus, or any other medium that is used to carry or store program code, where the program code is in an instruction form or a data structure form or in a form that is read by a general-purpose or special computer or a general-purpose or special processor. In addition, any connection is appropriately determined as a computer-readable medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, a server, or another remote resource by using a coaxial cable, an optical fiber computer, a twisted pair, a digital subscriber line (DSL) or in a wireless manner, such as infrared, radio, or microwave, the software is included in the determined computer-readable medium. The disk (disk) and the disc (disc) include a compact disc, a laser disc, an optical disc, a digital versatile disc (English: Digital Versatile Disc, DVD for short), a floppy disk, and a Blu-ray disc. The disc usually copies data by a magnetic means, and the disk optically copies data by a laser means. The foregoing combination alternatively is included in the computer-readable medium.
A person of skill in the art is aware that in one or more of the foregoing examples, the functions described in this application is implemented by using hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. When the functions are implemented by software, the foregoing functions are stored in a computer-readable medium or transmitted as one or more instructions or code in the computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium includes a computer storage medium and a communication medium. The communication medium includes any medium that facilitates transmission of a computer program from one place to another. The storage medium is any available medium accessible to a general purpose or dedicated computer.
Although this application is described with reference to specific features and embodiments thereof. Various modifications and combinations are made to without departing from the spirit and scope of this application. Correspondingly, the specification and accompanying drawings are merely example descriptions of this application defined by the appended claims, and are considered as any of or all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that cover the scope of this application. A person skilled in the art is able to make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this application. In this way, this application is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of the claims of this application and equivalent technologies. | |
Mintz Member Bruce Sokler to Address 2018 Antitrust in Healthcare Conference
Mintz Member and Chair of the Antitrust Section Bruce Sokler will be featured among industry leaders speaking at the 2018 Antitrust in Healthcare Conference, co-sponsored by the American Bar Association and American Health Lawyers Association. The conference features an expert faculty of the leading government enforcers, private counsel representing both plaintiffs and defendants, and highly experienced economists to share their insights and offer practical advice and policy recommendations.
On Thursday, May 17, 2018, Mr. Sokler and his co-panelists are set to discuss the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) increased focus on physician mergers it considers anticompetitive. The panel will look at recent challenges to physician mergers and consider how litigating a physician merger is both similar and different from a hospital merger litigation.
Mr. Sokler applies his extensive experience, understanding of clients' business, and judgment developed over decades in private practice to a broad range of antitrust matters, including government merger reviews and investigations and antitrust litigation.
This year’s Antitrust in Healthcare Conference will be held May 17-18, 2018 in Arlington, VA. | https://www.mintz.com/insights-center/news-press/mintz-member-bruce-sokler-address-2018-antitrust-healthcare-conference |
When the first European colonizers came to the Americas, they encountered Indigenous People who were very connected to the land, using nature to benefit themselves, while also remaining respectful of the environment. The Chesapeake Bay watershed is home to many excellent sites where you can learn about the history and culture of its American Indians.
Catoctin Mountain Park in Thurmont, Maryland showcases many cultural resources within one landscape and reflects plenty of history about the first early inhabitants. Archeologists have found evidence of rhyolite quarry sites and base camps related to hunting or kill sites in Catoctin Mountain Park. The mountain's resources provided American Indians with materials for tools, animals for food and clothing, and a variety of nuts and berries that were gathered as an additional food source. This forested park contains part of the Catoctin Mountain ridge, which forms the Blue Ridge Mountains, as well as the Appalachian Mountains. Catoctin Mountain Park has more than 25 miles of trails to hike and walk, in addition to six miles of bridle trails for horseback riding. The highest destination to reach in the park is Hog Rock overlook at 1600', giving you a stunning view of the landscape.
Chimney Rock at Catoctin Mountain Park, photo by Alicia Lafever, National Park Service
Visit this park, located in Accokeek, Maryland, to experience a natural landscape similar to when American Indians inhabited the area. This landscape, the Piscataway homeland, was the site of the political center of the Piscataway chiefdom, a large village that was able to sustain itself on the natural riches of the Potomac, nearby game, and agriculture. By 1300 AD, the settlement was a fishing village with a developed agricultural system and homes protected by a palisade. Archeological evidence from this time includes fishhooks and other hunting tools. The Accokeek Creek archaeological site, the place of a Piscataway settlement, is a National Historic Landmark. The area that is now Piscataway Park remains the spiritual center for the Piscataway people, who gather there for ceremonies.
Photo by Carly Sniffen
American Indians in the Chesapeake Bay watershed lived close to the waterways and were connected to the river systems, which provided a source of food, recreation, culture, and transportation. The Susquehannock Indians may have once resided in the area which is now Susquehanna State Park, located in Havre de Grace, Maryland. The park offers an American Indian petroglyph exhibit and interpretive display inside the Rock Run Grist Mill. Experience and learn about the ancient petroglyphs and carvings for yourself to interpret the history and meaning behind the artifacts.
The park is also home to a grist mill, an elegant waterfall, hiking trails, and outdoor recreation such as fishing, biking, and boating.
Petroglyph exhibit at Susquehanna State Park, Maryland Historic Trust photo
The Delmarva Discovery Museum in Pocomoke City, Maryland is the place to go for the Eastern Shore's cultural and natural history. This museum serves primarily as an interpretive center, providing programs on American Indian history, North American river otters, snakes, turtles, and other wildlife you can find in the Pocomoke River region. With interactive and immersive exhibits, a river otter aquarium, a cypress swamp, and a touch pool, people of all ages can find something to love about this museum! This is a great place to learn about the history of the Indigenous people who lived throughout the Delmarva region and on the Eastern Shore.
Photo courtesy the Delmarva Discovery Museum
The Handsell Historic Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The site, located in Vienna, Maryland has an historic home, now converted into an interpretive center, offering exhibits and storytelling about the American Indians and early Europeans who inhabited the area, as well as stories of enslaved persons who later lived and worked at Handsell. . A replica of a single-family American Indian homestead was constructed using the materials and techniques available to prehistoric people circa pre-1600.
Chicone Indian Village, David Harp photo
The Zimmerman Center for Heritage in Wrightsville, Pennsylvania is a fantastic resource for those looking to learn more about the Susquehannock Indians, the Iroquoian tribe who occupied the area for hundreds of years prior to European contact. Artifacts are on display here along with information about the history of the Susquehannocks. A short hike up the hill from the Zimmerman Center you will find Native Lands Park, the site of the last known Susquehannock village. Tours are available from the Zimmerman Center through the historic landscape of this last known settlement of native Susquehannocks.
Indian Steps Museum in Airville, Pennsylvania highlights the history and culture of American Indians who dwelled along the Susquehanna River, as well as the civilization of early people from all over North America. The museum contains exhibits of many American Indian artifacts with prehistoric relics embedded on the interior and exterior of the building itself. The Indian Steps Cabin is on the National Register of Historic Places. One of the main attractions on the grounds of the museum is the beautiful totem pole, a hand-carved remembrance of the Pacific Northwest Native American Tribes.
The Seaford Museum in Seaford, Delaware is a gem and must-visit place for learning about the American Indians who lived along the Nanticoke River. The museum showcases 60 alternating exhibits and galleries of the town's local history and heritage, including artifacts and exhibits on the Nanticoke Indians. Seaford Museum is a good place to discover the history of the Delawarean tribes and how they lived.
The Pamunkey Indian Reservation is located in King William, Virginia. The Pamunkey Indians have a strong presence and continue to thrive throughout Virginia. The museum, located on the reservation, educates visitors about the Pamunkey Tribe and showcases tribal art from Native artists. The Pamunkey Tribe, some of whom reside on the reservation, proudly maintain their culture and heritage, and are happy to share their stories and history with the general public.
Pamunkey Indian Museum exhibit, Carly Sniffen photo
Henricus Historical Park in Chester, Virginia hosts historical reenactments and interpretive programs to honor and represent the tribes who lived within the Tidewater region of Virginia. Visitors can tour Arrohateck, a re-created Virginia Indian community once located on the James River, and experience the Eastern Woodland Powhatan Indian culture just prior to contact. In the canoe-making area, visitors can use an oyster shell to help scrape out the charred wood that creates the cavity of the canoe and in the outside cooking area pound corn into meal. You can enter the Virginia Indian long-houses or “yehakins” and sit on the traditional pole beds lined with fur blankets and enjoy traditional Virginia Indian artifacts found inside.
Henricus, National Park Service photo
Susquehanna River Archaeological Center in Waverly, New York features exhibits on the history of American Indians from the Ice Age to the Revolutionary War. The museum focuses on the prehistoric time period of the Iroquoian peoples and the Iroquoian/Susquehannock tribes, showcasing thousands of artifacts and local excavation findings. Specialized guides and historians give daily tours and interpretive programming, and if you visit you may even get to be an archaeologist for the day!
With 25 miles of trails winding through Catoctin Mountain Park, a variety of experiences are available ranging from easy to strenuous, many leading to outstanding scenic vistas.
A place where all people can experience the history and culture of the Native People, the Early Settlers and those of African descent.
Henricus Historical Park is a living history museum interpreting the second successful English settlement in the New World. Visit Henricus Historical Park and relive America's beginnings.
The Delmarva Discovery Center on the Pocomoke River serves as a source of learning and discovery for the public through the preservation and interpretation of its cultural and natural heritage.
Explore Pamunkey tribal culture and history along the Pamunkey River, a tributary of the York River. The Museum houses extensive displays related to the Pamunkey Tribe's history, culture, and subsistence covering the past 12,000 years.
Piscataway Park is located in Prince George's County, Maryland and encompasses 5000 acres of open fields, dense forests, and wetlands along the Potomac River directly opposite Mt. Vernon, the land and home of George Washington.
The Susquehanna River Archaeological Center (SRAC) features exhibits about Native Americans in the region dating back to the Ice Age through the American Revolution.
Susquehanna State Park offers a wide variety of outdoor recreational opportunities as well as points of historical significance. The park is home to some of the most popular mountain biking trails in Maryland and the river itself beacons fishermen and boaters alike.
The Zimmerman center showcases river history through historical displays, exhibits and programs, hiking trails, and provides public access to and from the river for power, sail and paddlecraft boaters.
Native Lands Park is 187 acres if land with 160.5 acres that are specifically dedicated as park land.
Indian Steps Museum is a memorial to the Native Americans who lived along the Susquehanna River. | https://www.findyourchesapeake.com/trip-ideas/article/top-places-to-explore-american-indian-history |
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