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http://namibia-aid.org.uk/nacatherine.htm

Catherine

["Catherine\nCatherine was born on 23 October 1979 at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital and was a sister for Leigh and Kim. She spent her first few years in the village of Ellingham in Norfolk, where was a content but somewhat shy girl in the presence of strangers. In 1984, the family moved into the centre of Bungay, a small market town on the Norfolk and Suffolk border. However, within a year there was another move, this time to somewhere more exotic, Singapore for a possible stay of two to three years", "Catherine\nUnfortunately this all came to a very abrupt end by the following Christmas when it was decided to close the factory and the family returned home to Bungay.", "Catherine\nAfter the initial shock of returning to a very cold English winter, Catherine settled down again in Bungay and attended the Primary School there and also became quite proficient in her ballet and tap dance lessons at a local church hall only yards from where she lived.", "Catherine\nAnother change of job resulted in the family moving once again in February 1987, this time to Mersea Island in Essex, Here Catherine attended the local Primary School and her academic ability started to come to the fore. By the age of ten she had made up her mind that she wanted to become a doctor and in particular a GP. The following year she passed the eleven-plus and was accepted into the Colchester High School for Girls.", "Catherine\nColchester High School for Girls is rated as one of the top academic schools in the country in the public sector. It regularly features in the top ten in national newspapers. It was here that Catherine blossomed. As well as achieving academically, she learnt the clarinet and gained a bronze and silver in the Duke of Edinburgh Awards. She eagerly awaited her GCSE results which were faxed over to the family\u2019s rented villa in France", "Catherine\nShe was not to be disappointed, gaining ten subjects at Grade A, four of those being A*. Two years later, she gained four A Levels all at Grade A. Throughout her school years, she concentrated on what needed to be done to achieve her results always focused on her goal, that of getting to university to train as a Doctor.", "Catherine\nIn October 1998, she went to Bristol University to begin her first year as a Medical student, staying for the first two years at Durdham Hall, halls of residence. Here she was to meet a fellow medical student who became her best friend. The friendship developed to the point that they could have been taken as twin sisters, and they supported each other through the highs and lows of their training", "Catherine\nFrom Durdham Hall, they moved to a private hall of residence called \u2018Unite House\u2019 and then finally to a house share with four other medical students. On her visits home she would revise for her exams, setting herself a revision plan, which she would strictly adhere to. Once the exams were over, she would modestly say that she thought she had done okay. The results would always come back that she had done more than \u2018okay\u2019", "Catherine\nThere were times when she doubted herself, possibly because she set herself too high a standard. Her caring and friendly personality left a lasting impression on everyone she met and she showed a genuine concern for the environment and for those less fortunate then herself.", "Catherine\nIn the autumn 2001, she started to make plans for her elective placement in her fifth year, which was to gain medical experience in Africa. She left England on 9 August 2002, spending time in Dubai and South Africa, before going on a safari in Namibia. This was to have been followed by a placement in Zambia and then Tanzania. Finally, after a few days rest in Dar-es-Salaam she was to return home on 25 October 2002. It was to be the journey of a lifetime.", "Catherine\nOn 21 August 2002 she commenced the safari in Namibia with the first port of call being the Waterberg Plateau. The next day she complained of feeling ill, but seemed to recover that night. The following day she deteriorated and that evening it was decided to get her to a hospital. On the way her situation became critical and her companions stopped at a medical clinic at Oshivelo to seek help. However, it was too late and Catherine died on 23 August 2002 from severe gastro-enteritis.", "Catherine\nHer family, her friends and the university staff were devastated by her death and many tributes were paid to her.\n\u2018Catherine was one of our top students, she had distinguished herself in many of the units of the course, particularly the clinical ones. She was described by her teachers as a gentle, quiet and caring person who had excellent doctoring skills. We all feel a great loss over a student who was destined to become one of our top doctors\u2019", "Catherine\nDr Clive Roberts, Clinical Dean, School of Medicine, Bristol University.\nA plaque underneath a tree planted in her memory at the university has inscribed on it \u2013 \u2018May her love for the study of medicine grow in the hearts she inspired.\u2019\nIn July 2003, Catherine was posthumously awarded a Bachelor of Science degree.\nOne of her favourite quotations was from St Augustine.\n\u2018Trust the past to the mercy of God\nThe present to his love\nThe future to his providence.\u2019\nCatherine's Poem\nBy Wesley Bullen", "Catherine\nNo pearly gates, or streets of gold,\nAngelic choirs,\nOr saints of old,\nNo, I am not there.\nGo out into the sun,\nThe wind and the rain,\nThe meadows and the garden flowers.\nDo not weep, just grasp each other\u2019s hand.\nRemember all past joy,\nThe laughter and the song,\nDo not be sad,\nJust carry on,\nDo what I would have liked to see you do.\nRemember, I will be there to help you journey on.\nYes, I'll be there\nWith every deed that needs a helping hand.\nSome lonely heart,\nJust understand\nThat I'll be there", "Catherine\nThis poem was written in memory of Catherine by her granddad, affectionately known to her as 'Opa' (German for granddad). It has been used by a number of our friends at the funeral of loved ones. If you would like to use it in the same circumstances, please do so. The poem's copyright is held by The Catherine Bullen Foundation and if used the trustees would appreciate a donation to the Foundation.\nThe Catherine Bullen Primary Healthcare Clinic", "Catherine\nThe story begins in July 2008, when Linda and Roger Bullen visited Namibia to open the clinic at Otjimanangombe. At the opening ceremony, Dr Richard Kamwi, the Minister of Health and Social Services announced that provision was to be made in the 2009 budget to build a large new Health Facility at Oshivelo to replace the small outdated clinic where Catherine died and would be named after her.", "Catherine\nIn October 2011, Linda and Roger had a meeting with the Permanent Health Secretary for an update on the situation and he advised that that the new clinic would be a large Health facility. During our visit in March 2012, they saw a request for tenders for the clinic in a national newspaper and they were told the following May, that a decision was still to be made on the tenders.", "Catherine\nNothing more was heard, until October 2013, when they spent some time in the Etosha National Park and on leaving mentioned that they were going to Oshivelo to lay some flowers for Catherine, as they do when they are in the area. On hearing this, the attendant at the gate said that they should go and have a look at the new clinic being built. Excited by this news they drove to the police station at Oshivelo to get permission to lay the flowers and they also told them about the new clinic", "Catherine\nOn their return to Windhoek, they asked Komeho, to make enquiries their behalf regarding what was going on at Oshivelo. Their investigations turned up a letter that had been sent to them on 16 October 2012, but had never arrived. It advised that the clinic would comprise of twelve in-patient beds (six male and six female) and six casualty beds. It would have five consulting rooms and numerous specialist rooms Envisaged completion at the time was September 2013", "Catherine\nIn February 2014, they were forwarded a letter to advise that the clinic was nearing completion and would be called \u2018The Catherine Bullen Primary Healthcare Clinic\u2019. Seeing this brought it home to them that it was really happening.", "Catherine\nSo in March 2014, they visited the almost completed clinic again and back in Windhoek they visited the Dr Richard Kamwi, Minister of Health to thank him for keeping his promise and he told them to keep July free for the inauguration. On 6 June, they received a letter from the Minister advising that the inauguration would take place on 16 July 2014.", "Catherine\nThis is Linda and Roger's account of the opening - \u2018so on Wednesday 16 July at 05.30 am we found ourselves in the reception at the Minen Hotel in Tsumeb where we had stayed the previous night. With us were Rev Noleen West and her husband Robert, Gertrude Kavaca, the cleaner from our clinic at Otjimanangombe, Mrs Nelago Kasuto, Managing Director of Komeho and Mr Negumbo, the Chairman of Komeho", "Catherine\nWe left the hotel at around 06.00 am in the cold half light of a Namibian winter's morning with temperatures barely above freezing. As we drive out of Tsumeb, we pass the winding gear of what used to be a copper mine, now no longer in use. The town is now known for its smelter which converts ore from all over the continent and beyond. We join the B1, the main road to the north, with scrub and bush either side", "Catherine\nSoon we come upon Lake Otjikoto, a deep limestone sinkhole, here in 1915, the retreating German army dumped weaponry and ammunition into the lake to prevent it falling into South African hands. Over the years, divers have brought field guns and ammunition wagons to the surface for display in museums. An hour into our journey, we pass the turning to Namutoni in the Etosha National Park and a sign with 'Oshivelo 23 kms'", "Catherine\nSoon we approach Oshivelo with its informal settlement of shacks on the left as we approach a police checkpoint on what is known as the 'Red Line'. This is a veterinary fence that separates the commercial cattle ranches of the south from the communal subsistence lands to the north as a precaution against disease. Today traffic is light, and the police wave us through. As we pass we see the police station and beside it the old clinic where Catherine died", "Catherine\nOur eyes catch a covered up road sign, with the letters 'CA' visible, for a moment our hearts miss a beat - a road sign with Catherine\u2019s name on it! After the sign we turned right and passed the service station, a builder's warehouse and there we were in front of the clinic. A large marquee had been erected in it grounds facing the front door where the top table had been placed. But where was everybody", "Catherine\n? The programme advised that guests, the media and the community should arrive between 07.30 and 08.00, but we were the only ones here, accept for those cooking the food. But then this is Africa and everyone works to Africa time.", "Catherine\nLeft: The Catherine Bullen Primary Healthcare Clinic. Oshivelo. One of the largest clinics in Namibia.\nRight: Roger and Linda unveil the clinic sign.\nWith us all having taken up our positions at the top table, proceedings began with the singing of the African Union and Namibian National Anthems followed by a prayer by Rev. J Haneb. We were then entertained by children from the local school performing a traditional dance.", "Catherine\nAfterwards a representative from the Guinas Constituency welcomed everybody and introduced a second traditional dance performance. Then it was my turn to make my speech, full of mixed emotions of joy and sadness, I composed myself to deliver what will probably be the most challenging thing I have had to do since Catherine\u2019s death", "Catherine\nI managed to get through it with a couple of wobbly moments concluding by thanking the Namibian government and the people of the Oshikoto region for naming the clinic after Catherine, in recognition of her continuing legacy to the Namibian people through the Foundation\u2019s work. I told the assembled audience that Catherine was described as a caring, compassionate person who was destined to become an outstanding doctor in the UK", "Catherine\nThe Rev Noleen West, who with her husband Robert have been dear friends since we first visited Namibia in 2003, when they accompanied us to carry out a small memorial service at the old Oshivelo clinic. Today, twelve years later they repeated that journey and Noleen led those present in prayer.", "Catherine\nIt was then time for the Minister of Health and Social Services, the Hon. Dr Richard Kamwi to make his speech after being introduced by the Governor, Hon Penda Ya Ndakolo. In his speech he said that the clinic had been built by the government at a cost of \u00a31,110,000 to serve the local community and travellers such as Catherine", "Catherine\nHe thanked the Bullens for their support with the many projects that they had carried out in the Omaheke region under the auspices of the Catherine Bullen Foundation, including a clinic at Otjimanangombe, refurbishment of the dormitories and the construction of a kitchen at Omuhaturua Primary School Hostel, and most recently the provision of a dormitory at Eiseb Primary School Hostel, all at a total cost of \u00a3300,000.", "Catherine\nA vote of thanks by the Oshivelo Headman, Mr Nation Nashikaku, was followed by a closing prayer from Rev J Haneb and the singing of the two anthems. It was then time to unveil the plaque on the front of the clinic and cut the ribbon.\nThe final task of the day was to go to the main road and unveil the two huge road signs proclaiming Catherine\u2019s clinic to those travelling the road in both directions. So ended an emotional and memorable day.", "Catherine\nThe clinic inauguration was reported on Namibian TV News, radio and the national press. In the UK in the Bristol Post, East Anglian Daily Times, and the Gazette and it also featured on BBC Look East.", "Catherine\nThe Bristol Post commented, 'Despite her tragic early death Catherine will always be remembered. Thanks to her parent\u2019s fundraising and the Namibian Government who have named a health clinic after her. Tragically she never lived to become the brilliant doctor her tutors at Bristol University envisaged. But how fitting that her name will now be forever associated with caring people and saving lives'.\nLeft: The casualty ward. Right: The ambulance station.", "Catherine\nThe team from the Regional Ministry of Health accompanied by the Governor Hon. Penda Ya Ndakolo (extreme right), the Regional Director of Health, Mr Peter Angala beside him and Linda and Roger unveil the sign to the clinic.\nThe Catherine Bullen Foundation"]

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http://lodzghetto.ago.net/dorisbergen?t:state:flow=c007ce8d-4ae7-47d5-a8b7-aa8b380b5139

Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto

["Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nOverexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nDoris L. Bergen and Sylwia Szyma\u0144ska-Smolkin\nOverexposed and Underexposed was written for this site by Doris Bergen, the Chancellor Rose and Ray Wolfe Professor of Holocaust Studies in the Department of History at the University of Toronto and Sylwia Szyma\u0144ska-Smolkin who is a PhD Candidate in the Department of History and Centre for Jewish Studies at the University of Toronto. Read their full biographies here.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nWhat were ghettos in the Holocaust?\nDuring World War II, Nazi Germans forced Jews into designated areas of cities and towns known as \u201cghettos.\u201d There were more than 1,000 ghettos. All of them were sites of death, yet also of Jewish life. Ghettos are a well-known part of the Holocaust, although much about them is poorly understood.\nCharacteristics of ghettos", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nIn ghettos, people of all ages and genders lived together, often as families. Concentration and labour camps, by contrast, separated prisoners by sex and excluded the youngest and oldest members of the population. Ghettos had an element of self-administration \u2013 Jewish Councils \u2013 that the Germans used to carry out their commands. Compared to prisons and camps, German presence in the ghettos was limited", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThe Germans typically used local police, who worked under German supervision, to guard the ghetto from the outside. For instance Polish police were posted around the Warsaw Ghetto, and Lithuanian police guarded the Kovno Ghetto. Internal matters were left to Jewish police, who officially worked under the supervision of the Jewish Council but were subordinate to the non-Jewish police and often subjected to direct German pressure.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nGhettos varied enormously. The Germans set up ghettos in some territories but not others. In western Poland, they began to establish ghettos in 1939, just months after the defeat of Poland. But in parts of eastern Poland and Ukraine, they did not create ghettos; instead they shot most Jews there in the months after they invaded in 1941", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nGhettos were not used in western Europe (France, the Netherlands, Belgium), nor were there ghettos in Germany itself, although starting in 1938, Jews were confined to certain buildings, the \u201cJew houses.\u201d", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nSome ghettos were large, in effect cities within cities. Others encompassed only one or two buildings and a handful of people. Some lasted for years, whereas others were short-lived. In Hungary, the Germans worked with local officials to set up ghettos in 1944 that existed only for a few weeks, until transports of Jews \u2013 to labour battalions, to camps and to Auschwitz-Birkenau for killing \u2013 could be arranged. Ghettos also varied in how tightly they were sealed", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nIn some, walls, fences and guards blocked contact between Jews and the outside world. In others, Jewish workers passed in and out to workplaces outside the ghetto. The Germans only set up ghettos for Jews, although Roma were sometimes held in these same ghettos.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nFor the Germans, ghettos served many purposes. Ghettos made it easier to control Jews, take their property and exploit their labour. Ghettos provided a place to dump people deemed unwanted: German Jews were sent to ghettos in occupied Poland, Latvia and Lithuania, and Roma arrested in Austria were dispatched to ghettos in the east. Through deprivation \u2013 hunger, disease and hard labour \u2013 ghettos destroyed Jewish lives and eroded family and communal bonds", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThey also deepened the divide between Jews and non-Jews. Ghettos are often described as a stage in the destruction process, between \u201cdefinition\u201d and \u201cannihilation.\u201d But ghettos themselves were sites of mass death, intentional on the part of German authorities who enforced conditions that could not sustain human life.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nFor the people confined in them, ghettos had other meanings. By forcing Jews to live and die together under brutal conditions, ghettos both intensified ties between people and undermined them. People with little or nothing in common before the war were crammed together in close quarters: old and young; Polish speakers with Yiddish speakers; urban, secular professionals with Orthodox Jews from small towns; Hasidim with Zionists, Communists and Bundists (Jewish socialists).", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nStill, people found ways to continue Jewish life: to educate children, observe religious traditions and organize social services. Large ghettos had hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages and theatres, and all ghettos were sites of individual creativity. Emanuel Ringelblum, a historian in Warsaw, observed that in the ghetto, everyone wrote. People kept diaries and wrote poetry, plays, stories, songs, reports, philosophical and theological treatises, letters and jokes", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nMany of those writings were destroyed or lost, but some survived: hidden, buried, mailed to people on the outside or committed to memory. Like Henryk Ross\u2019s photographs, these writings speak to the contradictions and uncertainty of ghetto life.Still, people found ways to continue Jewish life: to educate children, observe religious traditions and organize social services. Large ghettos had hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages and theatres, and all ghettos were sites of individual creativity", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nEmanuel Ringelblum, a historian in Warsaw, observed that in the ghetto, everyone wrote. People kept diaries and wrote poetry, plays, stories, songs, reports, philosophical and theological treatises, letters and jokes. Many of those writings were destroyed or lost, but some survived: hidden, buried, mailed to people on the outside or committed to memory. Like Henryk Ross\u2019s photographs, these writings speak to the contradictions and uncertainty of ghetto life.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nWhat were the Jewish Councils?\nThe Germans established Jewish Councils (in German, Judenr\u00e4te) in occupied areas with substantial Jewish populations. They appointed members in various ways, sometimes seeking recognized community leaders, sometimes making Jews decide among themselves. The councils were to enforce Nazi orders and administer the daily affairs of the ghettos. They also tried to provide services and otherwise ease the situation.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThere were precedents for such bodies. Historically, Jewish communities had councils (kehillot) who negotiated with secular authorities and collected taxes. European colonizers commonly ruled through indigenous elites or appointed intermediaries to do their bidding. In both contexts, the middlemen were lightning rods for resentment. In the ghettos, Jewish Councils found themselves forced to make terrible choices", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nWhen the Germans in charge decided to purge a ghetto of those deemed unfit to work, they demanded that the Jewish Council turn over a certain number of people. If not, the entire ghetto would be destroyed. But who would be in that group?", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nFaced with such dilemmas Jewish Councils responded in different ways. Some refused to cooperate and were killed by the Germans and replaced with more compliant men. Some committed suicide. Others tried to bribe or negotiate with the Germans, in the hope that sacrificing some Jews would save others. Many tried first to protect their own families, friends and the people who worked for them, especially the Jewish police", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThe Lodz Ghetto, in the Polish city of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, renamed Litzmannstadt by the Germans, was the second largest ghetto after Warsaw. More than 200,000 Jews lived there at some point after the ghetto was established in 1940. Only about 10,000 of them survived the war. The Lodz Ghetto existed for more than four years, longer than any other ghetto. In August 1944 it was \u201cliquidated\u201d by the Germans", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nLiquidation meant destroying the Jewish self-administration, sending most of the people in the ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be killed and dispersing the others to labour units. In January 1945, when the Soviet army liberated the city, only about 800 Jews remained alive in Lodz. One of them was the photographer, Henryk Ross.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThe Lodz Ghetto was unusual in the degree to which it was closed off from the world. Inmates worked inside the ghetto. Before the war, Lodz was known for its textile industry, and Jewish leaders in the ghetto built on that capacity in their strategy of \u201csurvival through work.\u201d Workshops and factories were set up inside the ghetto to make uniforms, mattresses and other things that were useful for the war effort or profitable to certain powerful Germans", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nWithout the regular movement of people in and out of the ghetto, it was almost impossible to smuggle food or weapons, to convey news, or to get people out of the ghetto.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nAnother reason for the ghetto\u2019s isolation was demographic. Lodz was located in the part of conquered Poland that was incorporated into Germany, and Nazi leaders planned to transform it into a German city. To that end, SS race and resettlement authorities expelled Jews and Poles and brought in ethnic Germans from other territories. As a result, even Jews who had lived in Lodz all their lives had few if any reliable contacts outside the ghetto", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nIn contrast to Warsaw, where thousands of Jews escaped from the ghetto to the \u201cAryan\u201d side of the city, or Kovno, where many Jewish children were smuggled out of the ghetto into the care of non-Jews, in Lodz, very few Jews survived outside.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThe ghetto was established in a poor, industrial part of the city. There was no sewer system, minimal running water and heating, and terrible housing. In the crowded conditions, disease ran rampant and people struggled just to find a place to sleep. To make matters worse, the Germans crammed in 20,000 Jews from Germany, Czechoslovakia and Luxembourg, and 5,000 Roma rounded up in Austria.\nWhat did Chelmno have to do with the Lodz Ghetto?", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nLodz had another distinction: the first killing centre for gassing Jews was located nearby. Chelmno, called Kulmhof by the Germans, began operations in December 1941, and inmates of the Lodz Ghetto were its first victims. At Chelmno, killing was done in specially equipped gas vans rather than in fixed gas chambers.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nOver the course of 1942, Germans removed around 70,000 people from the Lodz Ghetto and murdered them at Chelmno. At the time (and since) the raids and transports are often referred to as \u201cdeportations,\u201d but the term is misleading, because victims were not deported to some other jurisdiction, only brought by truck or train about 50 km to the killing site. The most intense killing actions came in September 1942, when the Germans demanded that 20,000 people be removed from the ghetto", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThousands of children, sick, and elderly Jews were rounded up from hospitals, nursing homes, and orphanages, torn from their families, dragged from hiding places, and sent to Chelmno. Afterward the ghetto became effectively a labour camp.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nWho was Rumkowski?\nMordechai Chaim Rumkowski was head of the Lodz Jewish Council. A businessman, he had a long record of involvement in the Jewish community, including as the director of an orphanage. During the war and ever since, Rumkowski has been one of the most maligned figures of the Holocaust. Jokes about him made the rounds, and a popular song in the ghetto mocked his love of pomp and power: \u201cOur Royal Highness has gray hair, May he live to be a hundred!\u201d", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nRumkowski did wield considerable power in the ghetto, but only to the extent permitted by the Germans. They demonstrated those limits from the start. Within months of appointing the first Jewish Council of Lodz, they shot 22 of its members. Rumkowski, who tried to intervene, was beaten for his efforts, but allowed to remain in his post as \u201cEldest of the Jews.\u201d From that point on, he was not only the leader but also, in effect, the entire body of the Jewish Council.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nMore than anything, Rumkowski\u2019s notoriety is linked to the role he played in the roundup of children in September 1942. In a speech to the desperate people of the ghetto, he pleaded with them to trust him:", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nI must carry out these difficult and bloody operations, I have to amputate limbs to save the body! I must take children, otherwise\u2014God forbid\u2014others will be taken.\u2026 Before you stands a destroyed Jew. Do not envy me! This is the most difficult order I have ever had to follow", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nI am extending toward you my crushed, trembling hands and implore you: \u201cPlace your sacrifices in my hands so that further sacrifices can be prevented, so that I can save a group of one hundred thousand Jews.\u201d (in Oskar Rosenfeld, In the Beginning Was the Ghetto, 296\u2013297)", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nRumkowski, it is said, was so despised that when he arrived in Auschwitz, he was beaten to death by Jews from Lodz. Accusations continue to swirl around him. Lucille Eichengreen, a Holocaust survivor from Germany, says he molested her when she worked for the Jewish Council in Lodz. Already before the war there were rumors that he neglected and abused children in his orphanage. At this point, decades later, it is not possible to ascertain exactly what Rumkowski did", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nWhat is clear is that Rumkowski\u2019s reputation as a callous megalomaniac has made it easy for people to believe the worst about him in other regards, too.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nYet Rumkowski\u2019s reputation might have been different. His strategy of \u201csurvival through work\u201d does seem to have prolonged the existence of the Lodz Ghetto. In August 1944, when the Germans shut down the ghetto and killed most of its remaining inhabitants, the Soviet army was only about 150 kilometres away. What if the Soviets had liberated Lodz before the Germans had been able to send those 65,000 Jews from the ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most of them were gassed", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nHenryk Ross was a Polish Jewish photographer who specialized in sports photography and journalism before the war. In the Lodz Ghetto he was employed by the Jewish Council in the Department of Statistics. In that capacity, Ross took pictures for specific purposes: to illustrate the productivity of the ghetto workshops, to document deaths and to make identification cards for registered workers", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nHe did not work directly for the Germans or make German propaganda, although it is possible that some of his photographs were used to that end. The Germans had their own photographers and propaganda units that took pictures and filmed in the major ghettos, including Lodz.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nRoss was one of two talented Jewish photographers to work for the Statistics Department in Lodz. The other, Mendel Grossman, did not survive the war. Both Ross and Grossman took pictures off the record, for reasons of their own. Ross openly and secretly photographed roundups and transports of Jews, perhaps with the photojournalist\u2019s impulse to capture momentous events, perhaps with the hope of using the images one day as evidence", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nHe also photographed people in the ghetto in happy moments: playing, celebrating, kissing. Some of those images may have been commissioned by acquaintances, friends or members of the ghetto elite, for instance, Jewish policemen who wanted pictures of their children. After September 1942, few children remained in the ghetto, and their presence must have been painful to the many people who had lost children. Perhaps Ross photographed them and other happy scenes simply because they caught his artist\u2019s eye.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nIn mid-1944, the Germans began shutting down the ghetto and transporting the remaining Jews to Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Henryk Ross feared that he too would be killed. With the help of his wife and a small group of friends, he buried thousands of his negatives, in the hope that they would survive even if he did not.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nAfter the war, Ross used some of his photographs to accuse perpetrators of the Holocaust, at the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel, and in various publications. He also used them to support an image of himself as a resistor, who risked his life to document the tragedy and martyrdom of the Jewish people, to use his words. But even if Ross may have over-stated his own heroism at times, the photographs are a compelling tribute to the victims of the Holocaust", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nIt is not the case that he never took another picture; that claim too is part of the myth of Ross as a survivor who sacrificed everything to preserve his ghetto photographs. Still, these images represent his life\u2019s work and constitute a powerful record of the lives and deaths of Jews in the Lodz Ghetto.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nDespite their complicated history, or more precisely, because of it, Ross\u2019s photographs capture something of the complexity of life in the ghetto and what is remembered, forgotten and commemorated. Photographs of the workshops show the need to demonstrate productivity in order to prolong the existence of the ghetto. Images of healthy, well-dressed, cheerful people depict the continuation of life, against all odds, and also document the hierarchies within the ghetto", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nViewed together, the pictures reveal the persistence and the disintegration of families, the resilience of love and the ravages of deprivation and grief.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nHenryk Ross\u2019s images challenge viewers to reflect on the role of photographs and photographers in documenting the Holocaust and shaping public memory. They also remind us of the importance of thinking about the sources and uses of Holocaust images. A photograph is not a clear window onto the past any more than a written document is. Every picture was taken by someone for a reason. Someone decided what to photograph and how to frame the subject: what to include, what to leave out", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThen someone developed the film and made prints. After that, the photograph became a material object with its own history. Did someone keep the prints and the negatives, and why", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\n? Were the photographs cropped, retouched, reproduced, traded, given as souvenirs or gifts, displayed, hidden, put in albums, published, damaged, defaced, restored, presented as evidence in a trial, used to identify someone, cherished by loved ones, preserved in archives, lost or discarded as trash? All of these questions take on particular weight in the midst of genocide, with its efforts to destroy, manipulate and erase.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nThe quality of photographic images also merits attention. High-quality images suggest the presence of professional photographers with access to good darkrooms and film stock. These considerations in turn raise questions about the role of cultural actors in the construction of memories and knowledge of atrocities. Most of the images that have become the visual memory of the Holocaust were photographed by or for the perpetrators", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nMany of them were posed or staged for particular purposes: to make the Germans look powerful, to humiliate victims, to celebrate triumph and destruction. When we use such photographs unquestioningly, we run the risk of reproducing the perpetrators\u2019 gaze, of seeing events through their eyes. Henryk Ross\u2019s photographs have their own complex perspective, but it is not the line of vision of the masters and killers", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nInstead of the overexposed, stock view of \u201cthe Jew,\u201d they offer an underexposed, bewildering glimpse of Jewish lives in the ghetto, as seen from the inside.", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nDoris Bergen is the Chancellor Rose and Ray Wolfe Professor of Holocaust Studies in the Department of History at the University of Toronto. She is the author of \"War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust,\" \"Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich,\" and many other volumes, articles, and essays on aspects of the Holocaust and the Second World War", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nBefore coming to Toronto in 2007, she was a professor at the Universities of Notre Dame and Vermont; she has also been a visiting instructor at the Universities of Warsaw, Tuzla, and Pristina. Bergen received her B.A. from the University of Saskatchewan, M.A. from the University of Alberta, and PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is a member of the design team for the National Holocaust Monument in Ottawa and the Academic Advisory Committee at the U.S", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nSylwia Szyma\u0144ska-Smolkin is a PhD Candidate in the Department of History and Centre for Jewish Studies at the University of Toronto. Sylwia\u2019s doctoral dissertation examines the policies and activities of the Polish Police (also known as the Blue Police) vis-\u00e0-vis the Jewish population in occupied Poland. Her research focuses on the question of complicity and collaboration", "Overexposed and Underexposed: The Many Faces of the Lodz Ghetto\nSylwia is a recipient of grants and fellowships from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Claims Conference Academic Fellowship for Advanced Shoah Studies, the Holocaust Education Foundation at the Northwestern University, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS), Canadian Friends of Hebrew University, and the Ontario International Education Opportunity Scholarship. She has taught at the University of Toronto Mississauga and York University"]

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https://thenationonlineng.net/ozubulu-killings-anambra-community-goes-spiritual-deadly-attack-church/

Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church

["Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nOzubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nBy Nwanosike ONU, Awka On Aug 12, 2017\nThe sister, Mary Cynthia, who escaped by the whiskers", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nA dark cloud enveloped Amakwa, a village in Ozubulu community in Ekwusigo Local Government Area, Anambra State last Sunday. A lone gunman invaded St Philip\u2019s Catholic Church during the early morning mass, killing 12 worshippers and injuring no fewer than 27 others. There had been a similar incident in the community about 10 years ago when four persons were abducted from the community and taken to Ukpor in Nnewi South Local Government Area of the state before they were killed.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nBut the killer in last Sunday\u2019s incident did not arrive the scene alone. Five other persons were said to be waiting inside a Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) outside the church premises while the killings were going on in the auditorium of the Catholic Church said to have been built about two years ago by a 36-year-old man popularly known as High Chief Aloysius Ikegwuonu", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nHe is said to be a South Africa-based businessman regarded by many in the community as a good example for other wealthy indigenes because of his philanthropist disposition.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nThe Nation, however, gathered that the incident was orchestrated by a business deal gone sour between Ikegwuonu and one of his kinsmen. In the cause of the church\u2019s\ninvasion, Ikegwuonu\u2019s father was killed while his stepmother, Caroline, was injured.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nThe Nation was reliably informed that the alleged drug baron had left the community for Lagos two days before the incident and left the shores of Nigeria the following day. When our correspondent visited the community, there was palpable fear on the faces of residents, even though many of them were already going about their normal businesses. Some other churches in the area had been sealed by security operatives to avoid a repeat of the ugly incident", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nResidents exonerate alleged invaders\u2019 target\nAn interesting development in the saga is that no member of Ozubulu community would speak evil of the young builder of the church popularly called Bishop because of the philanthropic gesture.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nThe Nation gathered that the alleged main rival of Bishop in the community, Chinedu Ahuronu a.k.a. Obrocho, has been in prison in South Africa. The Nation investigation also revealed that no fewer than 400 members of the sleepy community live in South Africa in search of greener pastures. Although the number was not confirmed by the traditional ruler of Ozubulu, Igwe Nnamdi Fidelis Oruche, he confirmed that many of their sons and daughters are in South Africa", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nIn a chat with our correspondent, he vowed that the community would go traditional in unearthing the people responsible for the mayhem if security agents cannot get to the roots of it.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nAnambra State governor, Chief Willie Obiano, who rushed to the scene on learning about the incident, promptly announced that the state would pick the bills for all the victims in hospitals. He also said the state government would be actively involved in the burial of the dead to mitigate the pains of the families.\nSome families had two or three persons dead or injured.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nThe alleged drug baron\u2019s stepmother, 40-year-old Caroline Ikegwuonu, who was hit by a bullet in her abdomen, was discharged from the Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi on Thursday. Until she was discharged from the hospital, the poor woman did not know that her husband, Pa Cyprian Ikegwuonu, had been shot dead.\nThe Nation gathered that when the man was shot in the church, he was rushed to the hospital by the policemen attached to him through his son, but it was too late.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nA policeman, who spoke with The Nation said everybody was willing to donate blood to save the man\u2019s life, but it was too late. He blamed the hospital for the delay that caused his death.\nBut medical doctors at (NAUTH) denied the allegation, saying that some of them even donated blood to save the lives of some of the victims rushed to the hospital. They described the allegation of the security man as false.\nNigeria records two cases of Omicron COVID-19 variant\u2026\nMTN Nigeria begins sale of 575m shares Wed.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nICPC: 257 duplicated projects found in 2021 budget\nIndigenes lament killings\nSince the incident occurred, Ozubulu has become a Mecca of sort, particularly for political office seekers. Some of them also donated money for the upkeep of the victims and families on hearing that Obiano had taken care of the hospital bills.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nFor Godwin Ezeemo, the invasion of the church was evidence of the moral decadence in the society, as he wondered why a person or group of persons would muster courage to take war to the House of God. \u201cWe lost it all. It was a proof of our morality level going down the depth,\u201d he said.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nHe said a wake-up call had been given to all parents, guardians and custodians of institutions where children are being trained and moulded to take the building of a sane society seriously by imparting values and morals to our growing children who when they become adults, would have a pricking conscience and fear for God and humanity.\nHe believes that the group of persons who engaged in this gruesome act had sold their soul out and could only be redeemed by God.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\n\u201cWe from this part of the world must lay less emphasis on money. Trust in money is a sin being committed by all. No exception. Money is our idol in Igbo land. I do not know where we are going,\u201d he said.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nThe industrialist, while sympathising with the community, urged the government to deploy its antenna to see that the matter is pursued to a logical conclusion in order prevent a reoccurrence. He called on the youth to engage in genuine businesses which would blossom in the course of time and cater for all their economic and social needs.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nEzeemo said the urge to get rich quick and failure of family members to ask questions from their children, wards and relatives on the sources of their wealth have been the bane of the society.\nOne of the community leaders in Ozubulu, Chief Timothy Nwadike, told The Nation that what happened in the community was a national calamity. Nwadike, who is the President General of Egbema Ozubulu, said that the community would not sit down and watch anybody or group of people destroy the peaceful community.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nAnother community leader in the area, 70-year-old Chief John Ejimkonye, told The Nation that everybody in the community had been in shock since the incident occurred on Sunday, praying God not to allow such a thing happen again in their life time.\nHowever, they refused to be drawn into comments on the alleged feud between the drug barons in their community, adding that only God could intervene in the calamity that had befallen the area.", "Ozubulu killings: Anambra community goes spiritual after deadly attack on church\nFormer female governor of Anambra State, Dame Virgy Etiaba, who flew in from Lagos as a result, commiserated with the victims.\ndestroy the peaceful community.\nOzubulu killings\nTrump declares U.S. \u2018locked and loaded\u2019 in new North Korea threat\nCar allocation: Some Reps want cash to buy vehicle of their choice\nNigeria records two cases of Omicron COVID-19 variant \u2013 NCDC December 1, 2021\nBandits\u2019 errand boy among 32 arrested suspects December 1, 2021\nMTN Nigeria begins sale of 575m shares Wed. December 1, 2021"]

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7429, 0.95080149]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 7429, 6.88690557]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 7429, 248.17692959]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 7429, 73.05879922]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 7429, 56.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.pas.rochester.edu/people/faculty/ghoshal_gourab/

Gourab Ghoshal : Faculty : Department of Physics and Astronomy : University of Rochester

["Gourab Ghoshal : Faculty : Department of Physics and Astronomy : University of Rochester\nDepartment of Physics and Astronomy\nLiving in Rochester\nResearch Associates, Fellows, & Visiting Scientists\nMinor & Cluster Requirements\nHigh Energy/Nuclear Physics\nHigh Energy Density Plasma & Laser Physics\nSeminars & Lectures\nGourab Ghoshal\nAssistant Professor of Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science,\nCoE Distinguished researcher\n464 Bausch & Lomb Hall\[email protected]", "Gourab Ghoshal : Faculty : Department of Physics and Astronomy : University of Rochester\nGourab Ghoshal is Assistant Professor of Physics and Astronomy with joint appointments at the departments of Computer Science and Mathematics. He comes to us from Harvard University, where he was a Research Scientist at the department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and a member of Harvard's multidisciplinary Orgins of Life initiative.", "Gourab Ghoshal : Faculty : Department of Physics and Astronomy : University of Rochester\nHailing from New Delhi, India, Professor Ghoshal got his bachelor's and master's degree at the University of London, UK (BS and MSc in theoretical Physics, 2004). He did his doctoral-thesis work at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (PhD in Physics, 2009) during which he attended the prestigious Complex Systems summer school at the Santa Fe Institute, NM and the Theoretical Physics school at Les Houches near Chamonix in France", "Gourab Ghoshal : Faculty : Department of Physics and Astronomy : University of Rochester\nFollowing his PhD, he was a postdoctoral scientist jointly at Northeastern University and Harvard Medical School as well as a visiting scientist at the Media Lab, MIT.", "Gourab Ghoshal : Faculty : Department of Physics and Astronomy : University of Rochester\nProfessor Ghoshal is trained as a Statistical Physicist and works in the field of Complex Systems. His research interests are in the theory and applications of Complex Networks as well as Non-equilibrium Statistical Physics, Game theory, Econophysics, Dynamical Systems and the Origins of Life. He is the editor of a book on Complex Networks (published by Springer) and his work has been published in Nature, Science and Physical Review Letters."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.britannica.com/topic/methode-champenoise

Méthode champenoise | wine making | Britannica

["M\u00e9thode champenoise | wine making | Britannica\nM\u00e9thode champenoise\nAlternative Title: champagne method\nsparkling-wine production\nIn wine: Bottle fermentation\n\u2026in classic bottle fermentation, or m\u00e9thode champenoise (\u201cchampagne method\u201d), the wine remains in the bottle, in contact with the yeast, for one to three years. During this period of aging under pressure, a series of complex reactions occurs, involving compounds from autolyzed yeast and from the wine, resulting in a\u2026", "M\u00e9thode champenoise | wine making | Britannica\nWhiskey, any of several distilled liquors made from a fermented mash of cereal grains and including Scotch,\u2026\nSugar, any of numerous sweet, colourless, water-soluble compounds present in the sap of seed plants and\u2026\nTea, beverage produced by steeping in freshly boiled water the young leaves and leaf buds of the tea\u2026"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://thequad.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/bcs-title-game-toledos-beckman-a-double-agent/

B.C.S. Title Game: Toledo's Beckman Is a Double Agent - The New York Times

["B.C.S. Title Game: Toledo's Beckman Is a Double Agent - The New York Times\nThe Quad | B.C.S. Title Game: Toledo\u2019s Beckman Is a Double Agent\nB.C.S. Title Game: Toledo\u2019s Beckman Is a Double Agent\nBy Pete Thamel\nJanuary 6, 2009 1:13 pm January 6, 2009 1:13 pm\nFORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. \u2013 Few people have a better perspective on Thursday\u2019s national title game between Florida and Oklahoma than Tim Beckman.", "B.C.S. Title Game: Toledo's Beckman Is a Double Agent - The New York Times\nBeckman, the new Toledo head coach, served as Urban Meyer\u2019s defensive coordinator at Bowling Green, played against Florida in the title game two years ago while on Ohio State\u2019s defensive staff and faced Oklahoma the past two years as Oklahoma State\u2019s defensive coordinator.", "B.C.S. Title Game: Toledo's Beckman Is a Double Agent - The New York Times\nBeckman is so familiar with both Oklahoma and Florida that he\u2019s spoken to coaches on both staff about how to play the other team. He said he\u2019s talked to Meyer, the Florida defensive coordinator Charlie Strong and the Oklahoma offensive coordinator Kevin Wilson.\nSo how does he think Thursday will play out?", "B.C.S. Title Game: Toledo's Beckman Is a Double Agent - The New York Times\n\u201cI think it\u2019ll be a great football game,\u201d Beckman said. \u201cI\u2019ve played Oklahoma the last two years and Florida the year before. I know what Urban does, and I know that the Florida Gators will be very very well prepared. I know that Coach Stoops will be prepared as well. It should be a heck of a football game. They\u2019re two great teams with a lot of the same talent on both sides of the ball.\u201d\nB.C.S. Title Game: Is Fiesta Bowl a Crystal Ball?\nB.C.S. Title Game: Meyer To Stoops, Phone A Friend"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://artandchemistry.ca/artwork/1401.html

The Art & Science Student Gallery

["The Art & Science Student Gallery\nSomething that really interested me was how \"ordered\" is the life we live in; the cities, the houses, machines, cars, streets, etc. It's hard to believe that many centuries ago, the \"cities\" that we know now, used to be mostly just forests", "The Art & Science Student Gallery\nThe reasons as to why the cities today seem so \"ordered\", is because it took someone to order it; in other words, to fight against the natural phenomenon - commonly known as Entropy - which tends to lead everything back to randomness and lack of order; ultimately, nature. So the artwork I worked on showed just that: How in the beginning, there is order, but as time goes by, everything starts to break and decay, and eventually goes back to nature", "The Art & Science Student Gallery\nIn the artwork, I tried to show the different ways in which Entropy manifests. One of the things that were shown was the tendency to go from harder to lighter states. In other words, a solid such as Ice, has very ordered structure, and the particles don't move a lot. Liquid and gas however, do not have this structured format; the particles are random", "The Art & Science Student Gallery\nThe \"n\" letter in the artwork was made of solid ice, and there was sublimation (into a cloud) and melting from it, which depicted the solid going into a liquid and gaseous state. Another thing that was shown was the decay and breaking down. Near the end of \"Entropy\", the letters started breaking down and had corrosion. Finally, there was the nature taking over; a crow laid its nest and plants took over the \"y\" letter.", "The Art & Science Student Gallery\nI also wanted to show a factor of entropy; heat. The higher the temperature, the higher the increase in entropy. I depicted this by putting the sun in the corner of the artwork.\nTwo other ideas of chemistry that are linked, are chemical bonds and molecular shape, because the stronger they bond and structure of the particles, the harder they are to separate, break, and return to randomness."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/chrisman_alys/habitat.htm

Naegleria fowleri

["Naegleria fowleri\nHuman Cases\nForm & Function\nNaegleria fowleri is a very unique organism.. This species lives in specific environments but within those specific environments there are many types that N. fowleri occupy. N.fowleri does better in certain environments and also has adapted to different habitats the organism normally does not live in. This organism is also not the only species to occupy the habitats N. fowleri inhabit.", "Naegleria fowleri\nFirst N. fowleri live in a certain type of environment which must be water, soil, or sediment (Martinez and Govinda 2003). Soil and sediment are straight forward but there are certain kinds of water that this organism can live in and cannot live in (Martinez and Govinda 2003). For example N. fowleri can occupy fresh water, thermal discharges of power plants, heated swimming pools, hydrotherapy, remedial pools, and sewage (Martinez and Govinda 2003). One water environment that N", "Naegleria fowleri\nfowleri cannot inhabit is treated water also known as chlorine (Martinez and Govinda 2003). This species is usually found in summer months because this is the time people usually come in contact with N. fowleri and get infected (Martinez and Govinda 2003). Even though this lineage is mostly found in the summer months it can be found throughout the whole year (Chen 2013).", "Naegleria fowleri\nSecondly, since N. fowleri is found in such common habitats, the species is found all around the world in all of the wide range of habitats (Chen 2013). For example this lineage has been found in North America, mostly in the southern states, Mexico, Europe, Australia, Asia, and other places too (Chen 2013). Scientists found this species in all of these places because those are the places where people got infected with Primary Amebic Meningocephalitis (Chen 2013). This is the infection people get from N", "Naegleria fowleri\nfowleri and is also known as PAM (Chen 2013). Also N. fowleri can withstand hot temperatures up to 45.8\u1d52C which is 114.44\u1d52F (Chen 2013). That is an incredibly hot environment and many species cannot live in that warm of conditions (Chen 2013). Since this species can be found in that warm of an environment N. fowleri have been found in hot springs (Chen 2013). Since N. fowleri can withstand such heat they are known to be able to withstand extreme environments too (Chen 2013).", "Naegleria fowleri\nThirdly, N. fowleri may have a variety of habitats but the species does better in certain types of habitats than other types (Martinez 1996). N. fowleri succeeds the most in the tropics and are more common in fresh warm water (Martinez 1996). Since this species does best in warm water and in the tropics N. fowleri it raises the question why are they not only in those environments but the species were able to adapt to these other type of environments (Martinez 1996)", "Naegleria fowleri\nThis species is usually not found in chlorinated swimming pools but if the pools are not properly chlorinated at all times it is possible for the N. fowleri to be able to succeed and live in that environment (Martinez 1996). Another unique place this lineage has been found before is an air conditioning unit (Martinez 1996). This was very unique because it is not a soil, sediment, or a water environment (Martinez 1996). Since N", "Naegleria fowleri\nfowleri were found in an air conditioning unit it just shows how adaptive this organism truly is (Martinez 1996). N. fowleri have to get to all of these environments somehow and one way scientists think it travels is when it is in cyst form (Martinez 1996).", "Naegleria fowleri\nLastly N. fowleri is not the only organism that occupies the habitats this species lives in (Martinez and Govinda 2003). Bacteria also live in the same type of environment as N. fowleri because bacteria are the food source of this organism (Martinez and Govinda 2003). Another organism that lives in the same environment is Entamoeba histolytica which can be found in the tropics habitat (Martinez and Govinda 2003)", "Naegleria fowleri\nFresh water contains a lot of organisms and some of the organisms that may be found in the same environment as N. fowleri are the freshwater drums, fathead minnows, green algae, and many more organisms. These are just a few types of organisms that can live in the same habitats as N. fowleri.", "Naegleria fowleri\nIn conclusion N. fowleri live in specific types of habitats such as water, soil, and sediment. This species occupies many types of water environments and can be very adaptable to other habitats. N. fowleri can be found all around the world in the habitats this organism occupies but there are other species that live in these environments too.\nPrevious: Classification Home Page Next: Human Cases\nCopyright \u00a9 2006 Sitename.com. Template Designed by TheWebHub.com."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/blog/2008-04/

SMBlog -- April 2008

["SMBlog -- April 2008\nSMBlog \u2014 April 2008\nSMBlog\nArchives of Dave Farber's IP list\nArchives of RISKS Digest\nThe Legal Information Institute at Cornell University\nThe Tor Project\nThe Center for Democracy and Technology\nEdward W. Felten and J. Alex Halderman's Freedom to Tinker blog\nBruce Schneier's blog\nMatt Blaze's blog\nMatthew Green's A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering\nGene Spafford's Random Spaf Items\nBrian Krebs' Krebs on Security\nProtecting Privacy Differently\nA Voting Disaster Foretold", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThe National Academies Report \"The Future of Voting\"\nGerman Cryptanalytic Attacks on the British World War II \"TYPEX\" Machine\nFoldering\nThe Economics of Hacking an Election\nThe Fate of Old Hardcopy Journals\nI've been a member of the ACM for about 35 years. I have a collection of their publications to match. Should I keep them?", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThere's little doubt that the form factor is obsolescent at best, and probably obsolete. The ACM Digital Library has the \"full text of every article ever published by ACM,\" so I don't really need all that hardcopy. What should I do with it?", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThe obvious answer is to send it to my neighborhood recycling center. The knowledge, after all, still exists. But there are lots of people who don't have access to the electronic form, especially outside the U.S. In fact, I'm told that the single biggest use of stolen Columbia University logins is to download papers via the university libraries' subscriptions to many electronic journals.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nShould I donate my old journals? To whom? At whose expense? (Shipping around that much paper is expensive, both in dollars and in carbon consumption.) Is there a better solution? What have you done with your old journals?\nNew Jersey Supreme Court Protects Internet Users' Privacy", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nIn an interesting ruling, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that Internet users have a \"reasonable expectation of privacy in their identities while accessing Internet websites\". [The quote is from the opinion's syllabus, not from the actual binding opinion itself.] What makes this especially interesting is that New Jersey law protects personal privacy much more than the equivalent Federal provisions.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nIn this case, someone used a corporation's login and password to a supplier's site to change the corporation's address, and then change the password to lock the corporation out of its own account. The supplier provided the IP address that made this change; the police got a municipal court subpoena to the ISP for the subscriber's identity, and she was arrested and charged in short order", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nHowever, NJ law does not permit the police to obtain subpoenas for such things, especially when they cite non-existent cases (see the opinion for details). Only a grand jury subpoena will suffice. The real issue, though, is whether the woman had a privacy interest in her identity, given that her IP address was of course known to any site she contacted.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nBoth the Federal and New Jersey governments are constrained by their respective constitutions. The Federal provision, in the Fourth Amendment, reads\nThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThe New Jersey text is almost identical:\nThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the papers and things to be seized.\nHowever, the interpretations are very different.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThe Federal interpretation is given in Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979). In it (and quoting myself),the Supreme Court ruled that phone numbers were voluntarily given to a third party \u2014 the phone company \u2014 and that the caller thus had no legitimate expectation of privacy. It noted that", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nPetitioner concedes that if he had placed his calls through an operator, he could claim no legitimate expectation of privacy. We are not inclined to hold that a different constitutional result is required because the telephone company has decided to automate.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nNew Jersey feels otherwise. Its Supreme Court has ruled that the New Jersey constitution \"affords our citizens greater protection against unreasonable searches and seizures\". In Doe v. Poritz, 142 N.J. 1 (1995), the court noted \"a constitutional right of privacy \u2026 including the disclosure of confidential or personal information\". Accordingly, in a case very similar to Smith (State v. Hunt, 91 NJ 338 (1982), not online in any free source I can find), the New Jersey court held that", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nUnder New Jersey law, a telephone subscriber has a reasonable expectation that the calls he makes will be utilized only for the accounting functions of the telephone company and that he cannot anticipate that his personal life, as disclosed by the calls he makes and receives, will be disclosed to outsiders without legal process.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nbecause \"he is entitled to assume that the numbers he dials in the privacy of his home will be recorded solely for the telephone company's business purposes.\" This is an important distinction: people give the phone company \u2014 or ISP \u2014 a phone number or an IP address for a specific purpose. It is not a general grant, nor are the resulting records the property of the communications carrier with regard to future legal processes. The caller has a privacy interest in them, not the carrier", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThis is very much in accord with one element of the Code of Fair Information Practices: \"There must be a way for a person to prevent information about the person that was obtained for one purpose from being used or made available for other purposes without the person's consent.\"", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nI applaud this ruling by the New Jersey court.\nPayPal is Wrong About Unsafe Browsers\nPayPal has released a white paper on anti-phishing techniques. While there are some good suggestions in the report, other ideas of theirs are seriously flawed.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThe biggest error (Section 4.4) is the notion that browsers that support Extended Validation (EV) certificates are somehow safer. The theory is that these certificates, which are issued only after more validation of the web site, are displayed in a green URL bar in the browser. (Currently, that feature is in IE7 and later and Firefox 3; it is not in Safari or Opera.) The theory is nice; the problem is that it doesn't work: users don't notice it and fall for attacks that emulate it", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nNor will education help; to quote the paper's abstract, \"reading the help file made users more likely to classify both real and fake web sites as legitimate when the phishing warning did not appear.\" (Our own research shows that other authentication indicators in the browser's \"chrome\" are not very effective at preventing phishing attacks.)", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nPayPal, of course, disagrees. They say that\nFor example, we're seeing noticeably lower abandonment rates on signup flows for IE7 users versus other browsers. We believe that this correlates closely to the user interface changes triggered by our use of EV certificats.\nIt's an interesting theory, but I'd sure like to see evidence beyond \"we believe\". And of course, even if correct it proves little, since the attacks aren't in the wild yet.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nWhat should PayPal do? I have no objection to them blocking known-buggy browsers. Indeed, that would be a very positive step forward. More generally, they should block browsers that make it too easy for evil web sites to install their own software on users' computers. But that won't happen, since by some very plausible definitions that would bar any browser that supports ActiveX, which includes all of Microsoft's versions\u2026", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nAnother questionable idea in the paper is the notion that all email should be signed using DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail) signatures. The idea is that forged mail purporting to be from, say, PayPal would be signed by a key controlled by PayPal. That's good as far as it goes, but it doesn't go very far. The two biggest problems are that first, there is no way of knowing a priori that mail from a site should be digitally signed; second, there's no way of knowing a priori what the real site name should be.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nPerhaps PayPal is big enough that major ISPs will configure their mailers to look for DKIM signatures. What about others? Suppose I set up my own online payment scheme \u2014 should my email be DKIM-protected? How would ISPs and mail providers know this? The DKIM standard leaves that open:", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nIn general, verifiers SHOULD NOT reject messages solely on the basis of a lack of signature or an unverifiable signature; such rejection would cause severe interoperability problems. However, if the verifier does opt to reject such messages (for example, when communicating with a peer who, by prior agreement, agrees to only send signed messages), and the verifier runs synchronously with the SMTP session and a signature is missing or does not verify, the MTA SHOULD use a 550/5.7.x reply code.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nBeyond that, what is PayPal's real web site? More precisely, what are their real websites? Sure, they own paypal.com. Is there a premium version called paypalplus.com? (At the moment, that web site exists but appears dubious \u2014 it has links for things like \"Paypal Credit Card\" and \"Make a Credit Card Payment\" that do no such things.) Overseas? Is paypal.ru theirs", "SMBlog -- April 2008\n? (Right now, that site's English version says \"This site is not related to the PayPal, Inc. (online payment system) at the moment\" [emphasis added]; as best I can translate the Russian, it says the same thing. But citibank.ru is legitimate; it's even linked-to from citibank.com.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThere are more issues, including especially privacy; I've written about them elsewhere. Digitally signed mail can be a very powerful technology, but it won't solve the phishing problem.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nOther idea in PayPal's white paper are correct, but almost universally ignored \u2014 including by PayPal itself (or rather, by Ebay, their corporate parent). For example, they say \"don't click on links in email\" and \"go directly to the Web site of the organization concerned\". Excellent advice \u2014 but when I win an auction on Ebay, I get email that starts\nCongratulations on winning this item! The next step is to pay the\nhttp://payments.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?\u2026", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nwhich will, after after a click or two, take me to a PayPal login page. Oops. (I've written about mistraining users in the past.)", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nSo what should be done? PayPal's own PayPal Security Key is a good idea as far as it goes, but it doesn't go very far. It's also remarkably hard to find that link starting at PayPal's home page. (I do want to commend them for using https throughout their site; too few financial sites do that. But why, oh why, does their home page have a link to Doubleclick", "SMBlog -- April 2008\n? To show that there's a difference between confidentiality and privacy?) The problem with the Security Key is that it doesn't guard against so-called man (or monkey) in the middle attacks. That is, if you go to a phishing site and use your PayPal Security Key, the site can capture the code and use it immediately. Sure, they can't store it, but a lot of damage can be done in 30 seconds.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\n? There's no space here for a full description of the right solution, but let me mention a few points. First, and as I noted earlier, authentication has to be tied inextricably to the public key (or certificate) of the site with which you previously interacted. Some sort of token needs to be used, because it's rarely clear what text box for a password belongs to what site. The display on the token should display the name of the site it's authenticating to", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nAnd only one authentication operation should take place per physical action (i.e., pressing a button, inserting the token, entering a PIN on the token) on the token itself.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nComcast Outage: Not P2P-Related\nA couple of weeks ago, I posted a note speculating that the outage I experienced was due to a problem in the gear Comcast was using to manage peer-to-peer traffic. After correspondence with some of their network engineers, I'm happy to say that I was wrong. Here's the short form of the explanation:", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nWe encountered a memory limitation on a handful of our core routers in the PA-NJ area triggered by an external routing event. The switching mode of the routers changed in that situation. In this new mode, subscriber traffic was subjected to an internal infrastructure security policy that permitted ping and traceroute but denied TCP traffic. This caused the discrepancy of website reachability based on subscriber location and the idiosyncratic ping and traceroute behavior.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nSo \u2014 I apologize to Comcast, and I'm quite happy with their willingness to discuss this with me further.\nShips Impounded in Cable Cut\nA couple of months ago, there was a undersea cable cuts that affected much of the Middle East and Asia. Today, there are press reports that two ships have been impounded for causing the problems off of Alexandria.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThe article says that Reliance Globalcom, the owner of the FLAG cable, had identified those two ships after \"studying satellite imagery of ship movements around the breakage area\". That's a good way to do it \u2014 but why are there suitable satellite images? There are a number of satellites whose imagery is readily purchasable; is near-realtime coverage that good without prearrangement? There are already conspiracy theories being discussed on the NANOG mailing list\u2026\nAnd the root cause? This might be it:", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nAt the time of the cuts, a Flag spokesperson said that ships in Alexandria had been asked to anchor in a different place to normal, around 8.4km off the beach.\nWe can all put away our tin foil hats now\u2026\nAn Outage from Managing P2P Traffic?", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nI have cable modem service from Comcast. Yesterday, that service was down for eight hours. In fact, many of their Internet customers in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were off the air for that long \u2014 and I believe that the problem was due to Comcast's attempts to manage peer-to-peer traffic.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nNetwork outages at 6:00 on a Saturday morning are neither unknown nor unreasonable. In fact, that's probably a good time for routine maintenance and upgrades. This one, however, went on far too long. (I know the article says the problem started at 7:00. I noticed the problem at 6:00 and my log files are quite unambiguous; my connectivity problems started an hour earlier than the story indicates.)", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nThe symptoms were odd. I could reach a few sites, but not many. I could, however, ping web sites I couldn't connect to. I ran traceroute; it showed a normal-looking path to failing sites. However, both ping and non-Windows traceroute use ICMP; web connections use TCP. Was ICMP working, when TCP was not?", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nI used a traceroute variant that I wrote, which can use UDP or TCP. The results were decidedly odd. UDP traceroutes would go 8 or 9 hops within Comcast's network, then stop. TCP traceroutes went nowhere. But ICMP traceroute went the full distance. Other tests I did, by using twisty paths to log in to a server I control, showed the same thing: TCP packets were not making it from my house to the server; ICMP packets were.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nTreating ICMP, UDP, and TCP differently is not a normal mode of operation for an ISP backbone. In fact, I have no idea why an ISP would do it, unless they were trying to treat some traffic differently. And we know that Comcast is trying to manage peer-to-peer traffic. Is that what happened?", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nBoxes and distributed systems can fail. The more boxes you have that you rely on, the greater the risk of an outage and perhaps a widespread outage. It seems likely that this is exactly what happened yesterday: because they are trying to restrict peer-to-peer traffic, many people were off the air for many hours. A major underpinning of the Internet's design was a desire to get away from \"must be there\" elements. We seem to have taken a step backwards.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nUpdate: In a mailing list message, Declan Forde, a Comcast executive, stated that\nWe had a routing issue in the PA and NJ areas yesterday that impacted some customers' ability to reach certain sites. This had nothing to with P2P traffic management.\nI've asked him why TCP, UDP, and ICMP appear to behave differently; that, after all, is why I speculated on the connection to P2P. When I get an answer, I'll post it here.\nBuggy Voting Systems in New Jersey", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nEd Felten has posted two articles describing bugs in New Jersey's electronic voting systems. Briefly, the total votes for all of the candidates add up to more than the number of votes the machines believe were cast. That such bugs exist should surprise no one. I've posted twice about why bugs are a bigger threat to elections than security issues. (To be sure, buggy code is likely to be insecure code. As Robert H. Morris once said in a talk, \"If our code is buggy, what does that say about its security?\")", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nSequoia's explanation \u2014 which, Felten points out, is inadequate \u2014 is not reassuring. Read the memo yourself; basically, though, they're blaming operator error combined with dubious code choices. Even if their analysis is correct (and again, Felten points out why that seems implausible), it doesn't excuse things. I very carefully titled this post \"Buggy Voting Systems\", not \"Buggy Voting Machines\". Everything \u2014 the machines, the poll workers, the process used, even the voters \u2014 work together", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nOne component \u2014 the voters \u2014 is more or less fixed; the rest of the system has to be designed to produce the right result. Machines that produce impossible audit tapes in the presence of poll worker errors are simply broken. Errors should be detected and reported as such; they should not be accepted as excuses for machines that report more total votes cast than voters who cast ballots.", "SMBlog -- April 2008\nPseudo-Random Thoughts on Computers, Society, and Security\nSMBlog by Steven M. Bellovin is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United States License."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.littlebrown.co.uk/titles/jeff-abbott/trust-me/9780751539790/

Trust Me - Jeff Abbott

["Trust Me - Jeff Abbott\nby Jeff Abbott\nON SALE: 18th June 2009\nLuke Dantry tragically lost his parents when he was a teenager \u2013 his father was murdered by a crazed operative, his mother died in a terrible accident. Brought up by his stepfather, Luke now works with him on his research, monitoring extremist groups on the internet.", "Trust Me - Jeff Abbott\nYet within the seemingly harmless world of the internet lie untold dangers. And Luke suddenly feels the full force of them when he is kidnapped at gunpoint in an airport car park. As an ordinary guy, someone who has led a blameless life, he has no idea why he has been targeted. He only knows that he has to escape \u2013 somehow.", "Trust Me - Jeff Abbott\nBut to escape he must learn to trust no one and nothing, and to overcome an enemy more powerful than he could possibly realise \u2013 an enemy who knows more than he does about the fate of his parents\u2026"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/233/233mass591.html

CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591

["CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591\nEDGAR C. CLARK vs. EDMUND W. JONES.\nHampden County\nPresent: RUGG, C. J., BRALEY, DE COURCY, CROSBY, & CARROLL, JJ.\nContract, Consideration. Limitations, Statute of.\nThe settlement before entry of an action for a debt barred by the statute of limitations is a good consideration for a note and mortgage, the debt having existed at the time of the settlement although the remedy for it was extinguished.", "CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591\nBILL IN EQUITY , filed in the Superior Court on May 5, 1919, to enjoin the foreclosure of a mortgage purporting to have been made by the plaintiff and for its cancellation.\nThe case was referred to a master, who filed a report containing the findings that are stated in the opinion. Later the case was heard upon the master's report by King, J., who made a final decree that the bill be dismissed with costs to be paid by the plaintiff to the defendant. The plaintiff appealed.\nC. L. Young, for the plaintiff.", "CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591\nBRALEY, J. The master finds that, the defendant having brought an action against the plaintiff as maker on certain overdue promissory notes, the parties entered into negotiations for a settlement, and shortly before the return day the plaintiff executed \"a note for fourteen hundred and twenty-two dollars,\" payment of which was secured by mortgage", "CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591\nIt is further found that the note and mortgage were executed and duly delivered upon the consideration that the original note or notes were thereby paid and satisfied and the pending action settled.", "CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591\nWhile the master also states that when the action was begun six years had elapsed since the cause of action accrued and therefore the action had been barred under R. L. c. 202, \u00a7 2, it is plain that the mortgage note cannot be attacked for want of consideration as alleged in the bill. The remedy indeed had perished, but the debt not having been satisfied, the moral obligation to", "CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591\npay it afforded a sufficient consideration for the debtor's promise in writing signed by him with the unequivocal intention of liquidating the balance remaining on the old notes, as well as to avoid the expense and uncertainty of the litigation. Little v. Blunt, 9 Pick. 488. Chace v. Trafford, 116 Mass. 529. Shepherd v. Thompson, 122 U. S. 231. R. L. c. 202, \u00a7 12. Custy v. Donlan, 159 Mass. 245, 247", "CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591\nThe compromise and settlement moreover furnished a sufficient consideration independently of the payment by the new note of the original indebtedness. Kennedy v. Welch, 196 Mass. 592, 596, and cases there collated.", "CLARK vs. JONES, 233 Mass. 591\nThe note and mortgage being valid, the trial court properly refused to enjoin the foreclosure of the mortgage for breach of condition, or to order its cancellation for invalidity as prayed for, and the decree dismissing the bill should be affirmed with costs.\nOrdered accordingly."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://pazhayathu.blogspot.com/2011/12/female-indian-freedom-fighters.html

THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters

["THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFemale Indian Freedom Fighters\n1 Rani of Jhansi\nRani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi whose heroism and superb leadership laid an outstanding example for all future generations of women freedom fighters. Married to Gangadhar Rao head of the state of Jhansi. She was not allowed to adopt a successor after his death by the British, and Jhansi was annexed.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWith the outbreak of the Revolt she became determined to fight back. She used to go into the battlefield dressed as a man. Holding the reins of there horse in her mouth she used the sword with both hands. Under her leadership the Rani's troops showed undaunted courage and returned shot for shot. Considered by the British as the best and bravest military leader of rebels this sparkling epitome of courage died a hero's death in the battlefield.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n.........................................................................................................................................................................\nclick and read original documents:- http://www.copsey-family.org/~allenc/lakshmibai/documents.html\nLakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi\nPrevious: Bibliography\nNext: Printer version\nLakshmibai\nMutiny and Rebellion\nMartin Enigma\nGodse's Account\nLang's Account\nOn Lakshmibai\nWhy not a War?", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI do not have access to the original source material, but where I have found a document quoted I have transcribed it as faithfully as possible and have avoided changes to format, spelling, etc.. I have used the most complete document available. In general these documents are actually extracts from the original. Where I, or someone else, has added an explanatory comment it is in square brackets ([])", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMissing text is indicated by ellipsis (...) unless it is at the beginning or end of the document in which case it may be assumed.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI have collected together documents relating to the Annexation of Jhansi and The Mutiny and Massacre of Jhansi and offered my own comments on them.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn general the documents listed below are in chronological order with the exception of the statements of witnesses to the mutiny and massacre. These statements were made sometime after the events but I have chosen to list them according to the date of the events rather than the date of the document, in order to provide a more coherent narrative, but be aware that this testimony was not necessarily available to the British at that time.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe documents will appear in a separate pop-up style window. If you are clever and arrange the 2 windows sensibly you can simply click through the documents.\n1853 Nov 4 Sleeman, William Major Malcolm A letter to Major Malcolm giving Sleeman's view on how the Rani should be treated.\n1853 Dec 3 Jhansi Rani Dalhousie The first of her letters contesting the annexation\n1854 Feb 16 Jhansi Rani Dalhousie The second of her letters contesting the annexation.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPrior to 1854 Feb 26 Council of Dalhousie Dalhousie Extract of report on the succession of Jhansi\n1854 Feb 27 Dalhousie et al\nDraft justification for annexing Jhansi.\n1854 Mar Lang, John\nLang's account of his consultation with the Rani.\n1854 Mar 25 Dalhousie\nExtract of a minute regarding the inheritance rights of Damodar Rao.\n1854 Apr 22 Jhansi Rani Dalhousie Her third letter requesting a delay in the annexation, but declaring that Jhansi would not resist the annexation with force.\nUnknown Mrs Mutlow", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHer statement with respect to the mutiny and massacre\n1858 Mar 23 Sahibuddin. one of Skene's orderlys\nHis statement with respect to the mutiny and massacre.\nUnknown Unnamed customs clerk\nHis statement with respect to the mutiny and massacre\nUnknown Captain P.G. Scot\nHis report gleaned from three independent witnesses on the mutiny and massacre.\nUnknown Aman Khan, Jhansi mutineer\nAn extract from his statement regarding the involvement of the Rani.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1857 Jun 12 Jhansi Rani Major Erskine Written immediately after the mutineers left Jhansi. It describes the events of the mutiny, massacre and the initials steps she has taken to restore order.\n1857 Jun 14 Jhansi Rani Major Erskine A follow up letter with an accompanying report (not available here) on the status of Jhansi and a more detailed report of the mutiny and massacre.\n1857 Jun 14 Jhansi Rani Major Erskine The Narrative of Events that accompanied her letter of June 14th 1857.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1857 Jun 29 Major Ellis Secretary to Lord Canning Telegram giving an account of the mutiny and massacre from some Indians who had been inside the fort.\n1857 Jul 2 Major Erskine Jhansi Rani Requesting her to assume control of Jhansi until a new Superintendent can be sent.\n1857 Jul 2 Major Erskine\nThe Proclamation sent to the Rani with his letter of 2nd July 1857\n1857 Jul 2 Major Erskine Secretary to Lord Canning Giving the Rani's accounts of events, detailing his own actions, and other events.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1857 Jul 23 Secretary to Lord Canning Major Erskine Giving conditional approval to Erskine's actions and expressing doubt on the Rani's veracity.\n1857 Aug 18 Mr Thornton/Major Erskine Unknown Extract from a statement implicating the Ranee in the massacre.\n1857 Nov 19 Gulam Muhammad, one of Skene's orderlys\nHis deposition before a magistrate with respect to the mutiny and massacre.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1858 Jan 1 Jhansi Rani Sir Robert Hamilton, Agent Governor General for Central India Detailing the troubles with Orchha and Datia and pleading for help.\n1858 Jan 8 Unknown\nExtract of British intelligence report of comments by the Rani that she would not fight the British.\n1858 Jan 16 Gopal Rao, record keeper of Jhansi Major Erskine Reporting political and military preparations in Jhansi\n1858 Feb 14 Jhansi Rani (assumed)\nProclamation of rebellion\nEarly 1858 Jhansi Rani", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTranslation of a letter to the Raja of Banpur and others\n1858 Apr 30 Hugh Rose\nRose's account of the siege and capture of Jhansi\nUnknown Vishnu Godse\nExtract from his account of the massacre in Jhansi\nEarly April 1858 Jhansi Rani\n1858 Jun 11 Secretary to Lord Canning Mr R Hamilton Advising Hamilton that a reward may be given for the capture of the Rani\n1858 Oct 13 Gen Hugh Rose Chief of Staff Extract from Rose's report on the battle for Gwalior in which he mentions the death of the Rani", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1858 Jun 25 Brig. M W Smith Gen Hugh Rose Smith's report on the actions around Kotah-ki-Serai\n1858 Nov 4 Pinkney F. W. Secretary to Government, Bombay A letter explaining the confiscation of property of the Rani and others, along with a summary of the evidence against the Rani.\n1889 Aug 20 T. A. Martin Damodar Rao Letter of unknown provenance exonerating the Rani of complicity in the massacre of the British.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1897 Summer Mr. Martin John Venables Sturt Extracts from three letters by a Mr Martin to John Venables Sturt telling of the death of the Rani, her innocence of rebellion, and mentioning an autobiography of Damodar Rao and a biography of the Rani by Damodar Rao.\n1912 G. W. Forrest\nShort extract from Forrest's Introduction to his Selections From The State Papers Preserved In The Military Department.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPhotograph of Jhansi Fort taken in 1882 by Lala Deen Dayal, from the Lee-Warner Collection: 'Scenes and Sculptures of Central India, Photographed by Lala Deen Diyal, Indore.' The East India Company assumed control of the fort after the death of Raja Gangadhar Rao in 1853. In 1857, the fort was taken over by rebel forces", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAlthough the Rani of Jhansi, Lakshmi Bai, who had been disposed, was not successful in controlling of the fort, she nonetheless defended it against British recapture, which eventually took place in 1858.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWe all know the tale of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. Also, based on my previous article, the fate of her son Damodar Rao after she died. But what about the history of Jhansi state before Rani Lakshmibai? Again, sadly in our history books, this is a big black hole. There is very little awareness of the Newalkar dynasty of Jhansi and it\u2019s past history. Here we look at the history of Jhansi state and Newalkar dynasty before Manukarnika Tambe became Rani Lakshmibai Newalkar of Jhansi.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe family tree of the Newalkar dynasty of Jhansi (Created by and copyright owner, Mr Abhijit Malwade, Mumbai)\n1. The state of Jhansi", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn heart of India lies Bundelkhand \u201cThe land of the Bundelas\u201d. Once upon a time, it was divided into several kingdoms, the most important of them was Jhansi. Territorially, it was not a very large state. It lay on the southern foot hills of vindhyas. To its north was Gwalior and Samthar state, on the east lay Dhasan river and the state of Hammirpur. To south lay Lalitpur parganas and Orchha state and to west lay Datia and parts Gwalior state", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt was 4,986 sq miles in area and had a population of around 9 lakhs. It comprised of 2140 villages. The main rivers were vetravati (Chambal) and dhasan. The main town was Jhansi which had a strong fort. It was in possession of Raja Chhatrasal . Peshwa Bajirao came to the aid of Raja Chhatrasal against the mughal subedar. In gratitude, Raja Chhatrasal declared Bajirao to be his son and gave territory worth one crore as gift to the Marathas. It came to be known as Maratha Bundelkhand.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPeshwa Bajirao divided the territories which he had received into 3 parts or subas with a subedar (governor) to administer them. First part was given to Sardar Govindpant Bundele . It comprised of Jalaun, Sagar, Gurserai etc. Second part was given to Ali Bahadur, son of Bajirao from his love Mastani. This comprised of Banda, Kalpi etc. The smallest part which comprised of Jhansi was given to a minor official named Naro Shankar Motiwale.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Parola fort in Jalgaon district of Maharashtra, ancestral home of the Newalkar family.\nIn 1756, a revolt of local Gosavi raja forced the Maratha subedar to flee Jhansi. Peshwa appointed a brave warrior named Raghunath Hari Newalkar to Jhansi to quell the revolt. He quelled the revolt and re-established Peshwa\u2019s rule in Jhansi. As a reward, he was made the subedar of Jhansi. On becoming the subedar, Raghunath Hari maintained a large army to maintain control over the local Bundela rajas.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe founder of the Newalkar dynasty was Raghunathrao who was a village headman of Pavas in Rajapur district of Konkan in Maharashtra. He had two sons first Khanderao and second, Damodar Pant. Damodar Pant Newalkar had three sons, Raghopant, Sadashiv Pant and Hari Pant. All the three sons were brave fearless warriors. The Peshwas were so impressed with them that they soon rose to a high position in the army of Malharrao Holkar", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs a result of their valour, the Newalkar family was given the village of Parole in Maharashtra as a jagir. Raghopant died in the battlefield. Sadashiv Pant and Hari Pant\u2019s son Lakshmanrao looked after the jagir in Parole. The Hari Pant\u2019s second son was Raghunath Hari, who had been sent by Peshwa to Jhansi to quell the rebellion there and then given the governorship of Jhansi as a reward.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRaghunath Hari was a brave and kind warrior. He was known all over Bundelkhand for his valour and chivalry. He died in 1796 and was succeeded by his brother Shivraobhau. He too was a brave warrior. In his time, Peshwa Bajirao II was the ruler in Pune and Maratha civil war broke out. The Newalkars were subedars or governors of Jhansi on behalf of the Peshwas and hence had to send administrative reports and taxes to Pune every year", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHowever, talking advantage of the confusion, Shivraobhau stopped the practice and declared the quasi independence of Jhansi state.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n3. Shivraobhau Newalkar: Rani of Jhansi\u2019s Father in law.\nIt was during the reign of Shivraobhau that the British first came to Jhansi. The British wanted to increase their influence in Bundelkhand. Most of the Bundela rajas were under the suzerainty of the Subedar of Jhansi. Hence, the British felt that it was better if they became friends with the ruler of Jhansi. On 18th November 1803, Shivraobhau and the British signed a treaty of friendship.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt was this treaty which helped British expand their influence in Bundelkhand. Jhansi and the British signed a second treaty of Friendship on 6th February 1804 as per which Jhansi took and undertaking that it would not enter into relations with any foreign power. Shivraobhau maintained good relations with the British", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn a letter to the Board of Directors of the British East India Company, the then Governor General Lord Wellesely makes a favorable mention of Jhansi ruler as a valuable \u201cally of the British\u201d.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShivraobhau ruled Jhansi for around 18 years. He suddenly fell ill in 1814. Realising that he will not survive long, he handed over the reins of kingdom of Jhansi to his grandson Ramchandrarao and retired to the banks of Ganges as a sadhu. He died soon after.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShivraobhau had three sons, Krishna rao, Raghunath rao and Gangadhar rao. Krishna rao died young in 1811 and was succeeded by his son Ramchandrarao. Since Ramchandrarao was a minor, the kingdom was ruled by his mother Sakhubai as regent along with the old loyal Dewan Gopalraobhau.\n4. Sakhubai: The villainous queen of Jhansi", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRamchandrarao was Rani Sakhubai\u2019s only son but she was a cruel and a wicked queen. She wanted to destroy her own son and take over the reins of the kingdom. She made many attempts to kill her own son Ramchandrarao! Having failed in most of these, she hatched a diabolical plan. Ramchandrarao was fond of swimming in the Laxmi Talav (Lake) on outskirts of Jhansi city. Rani Sakhubai had sharp spears placed in the very spot where Ramchandrarao swam every day", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFortunately, Lalu Kadolkar, a loyal servant of the Raja saved him in a nick of time. A furious Rani Sakhubai sent mercenaries and had the loyal servant hacked to pieces! Shocked by this action of his own mother, Ramchandrarao had Rani Sakhubai imprisoned for life. Overcome by remorse, Rani Sakhubai swallowed a diamond and killed herself, bringing an end to tragic chapter in history of Jhansi.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe British signed a new treaty with Ramchandra Rao to establish their rights. According to this treaty, the British, in recognition of services rendered by Shiv Rao Bhau , gave his grandson, Ram Chandra Rao the state of Jhansi to carry forward his heritage and lineage. This historical treaty was signed on 17.11.1817 at Sipri on which Gopal Rao , the confidante minister of Ram Chandra Rao signed on his behalf.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRamchandra Rao had friendly relations with British throughout. He helped the British at Kalpi to defeat a brave rebellious Maratha Nana Pant for which Lord William Bentinck thanked Jhansi for his timely help. Lord Bentinck organised a court function to felicitate Ram Chandra Rao and conferred titles of Maharajadhiraj and Fidwi-i-Badshah-Jan-Jane-Hindostan on Ramchandra Rao.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRamchandrarao\u2019s reign was of chaos and neglect. The revenue and power of Jhansi state shrunk considerably. Ramchandrarao fell ill and died in 1835 without an heir. His wife adopted her sister\u2019s son Krishnarao but this adoption was declared as invalid. Therefore, Raghunathrao the uncle of Ramchandra Rao was placed on the Jhansi throne. But he proved to be incompetent and extravagant ruler. Thus, in 1837, British removed him and took the state directly under their control.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n6. Gangadhar Rao Newalkar: Rani Lakshmibai\u2019s Husband\nAfter Raghunath Raos\u2019 death four names come up for the throne of Jhansi. Gangadhar Rao, Krishna Rao (Adopted son of Ramchandra Rao), Ali Bahadur and Maharani of Raghunath Rao. A commission was constituted to discuss the candidature headed by Mr.Spears of Gwalior State. After much consideration the commission recommended the name of Gangadhar Rao to the government which was accepted and thus Gangadhar became the ruler of Jhansi", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHowever, it was stipulated that until he married, he will not have full rights over the kingdom. He was forced to maintain a subsidiary force and Jhansi had to pay for it. As a result, he was forced to cede territory worth Rs. 2,27,458.\nThe Rani Mahal at Jhansi, built by Raghunath Hari Newalkar. It was called Rani Mahal because Rani Lakshmibai lived there after the annexation of the kingdom.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter having restored the kingdom of Jhansi, the British government also restored to him, a sum of Rs 30 lakhs which had been confiscated earlier. Gangadhar rao, who was quiet extravagant, spent a lot of this money on acquiring trappings of princely power. He ordered various gold ornaments for his favourite elephant Siddabaksh. Despite his extravagance, he did strengthen and fortify the Jhansi army. Under his tenure, Jhansi army had 5000 soldiers", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn his personal life, Gangadhar Rao was extremely old fashioned and repressive. His first wife, Ramabai had died and then 1842, he married a 12 year old girl - Manikarnika Tambe as his second wife. As per the Marathi tradition, she was given a new name of Lakshmibai. He was 40 at that time. The marriage ceremony was performed at the Ganesh mandir. Gangadhar Rao had a son from Rani Lakshmibai but that child died very soon when he was only 4 months old", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOvercome by grief, Maharaja Gangadhar Rao died on 21st November 1853. At that time, Rani Lakshmibai was only 18 years old. After Raja\u2019s death, the British annexed Jhansi.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFamously Rani Lakshmibai said \u201cMain meri Jhansi nahi doongi\u201d and as they say, rest is history!\nBy Akshay Chavan\nIndian Royalty, Maharajas and more........\nJohn Lang - Rani of Jhani\u2019s Lawyer\nMonday, March 07, 2011 12:49 AM", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\u201cMain Meri Jhansi Nahi Doongi\u201d - the most famous words of India\u2019s greatest patriots, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi when informed of the annexation of her kingdom. They have been immortalized in popular Indian lexicon and replayed in movies and plays through the centuries. We all have a mental picture of the Queen with her eyes burning red in anger tearing down her purdah in view of the fully durbar", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nExpressing her rage and anguish at the unjust decision of the British East India company unlawfully taking what belonged to her. We can\u2019t but help emphasize with her , with her loss. While we as an audience in this historical drama may applaud the brave Rani and her words, what else do we know of this episode", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI think it is important for anyone to know the contexts in which there historic incidents are framed. I investigated extensively as to who was present when this incident occurred and what actually happened. My discovery was startling and interesting. It brings out a biography of a very interesting man, who can only be described as a true friend of India and Indians.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nJohn Long, Australia\u2019s first native novelist and a lawyer to Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi was one of the most extraordinary gentlemen of his age. In the high age of imperialism and colonialism, he was one of the few white men who stood up for the rights of the \u201cnatives\u201d. John Lang was a friend and admirer of India and Indians at a time where \u201cnative Indians\u201d were considered to be barbaric and had to be civilized. He lived and travelled extensively in India interacting with Indians", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs a mofussil lawyer, he helped protect the interests of his Indian clients against their haughty British rulers. It was due to his position as an honest lawyer that he was approached by Jhansi durbar to fight the adoption case of the Rani.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt was during his trip to Jhansi, in his meeting with Rani Lakshmibai, that she uttered the famous phrase \u201cMai Meri Jhansi Nahi Doongi\u201d. I will not reveal more. Do read ahead to hear about first hand account of his trip to Jhansi in John Lang\u2019s own words (which also is one of the best first hand accounts of how the Rani actually looked like):\nA trip to Jhansi and meeting the Rani:", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThis is an excerpt from the book \u201cWanderings in India\u201d , published in 1861, which has the first had account of John Lang\u2019s trip to Jhansi and his interactions with Rani Lakshmibai.\nThis is perhaps the only such account written in English, though extremely interesting and revealing.\nRead on! -", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\u201cAbout a month after the order had gone forth for the annexation of the little province of Jhansi (in 1854), and previous to a wing of the 13th Native Infantry occupying the country, I received a letter in Persian, written upon \"gold paper\" from the Ranee begging me to pay her a visit. The letter was brought to me by two natives of rank. One had been the financial minister of the late Rajah. The other was the head vakeel (attorney) of the Ranee.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI was at Agra when I received the Ranee's letter, and Agra is two days' journey. Even as I travelled from Jhansi, I sympathized with the woman", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe boy whom the Rajah had adopted was only six years old, and during his minority, that is to say, until he had attained his eighteenth year, the Ranee - so the Rajah willed - was to have been the Regent, and the boy's guardian; and it is no small matter for a woman - a native woman of rank, too - to give up such a position and become a pensioner, even on Rs 60,000 year. Let me detail the particulars of my journey to the residence of the Ranee of Jhansi", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI got into my palanquin at dusk, and on the following morning, at daylight, arrived at Gwalior. The Rajah of Jhansi had a small house about a mile and a half from the cantonment, which was used as a halting-place, and thither I was taken by the minister and the vakeel who accompanied me.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt ten o'clock, after I had breakfasted and smoked my hookah, it was proposed that we \"go on at once.\" The day was very warm, but the Ranee had sent a large and comfortable palanquin carriage; in short, it was more like a small room than a carriage, fitted up as it was with every convenience, including even a punkah, which was pulled from the outside by a servant, who sat upon a foot-board", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the carriage, beside myself and the minister and vakeel, was a khansamah, or butler, who, with the apparatus between his knees, kept on cooling water, and wine, and beer, in order that, whenever I felt thirsty, I might be supplied at a moment's notice. This enormous carriage was drawn by a pair of horses of immense strength and swiftness. Each stood about seventeen hands high. The late Rajah had imported them from France at a cost of 1500l", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt about two o'clock in the day we entered the Jhansi territory, having changed horses twice, and we had now some nine miles to drive. Hitherto we had been escorted only by four sowars (horsemen), but now our escort amounted to about fifty, each horseman carrying an immense spear, and dressed much in the same way as the Irregular Cavalry in the pay of the East India Company", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnd along the road, at intervals of a few hundred yards, were horsemen drawn up, and as we passed, they joined the cavalcade; so that by the time we came in sight of the fortress \u2014 if those old weak walls, surmounted by some nine pieces of old ordnance of inferior calibre, deserved the name - the whole strength of the Jhansi cavalry was in attendance", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe carriage was driven to a place called \" the Rajah's garden,\" where I alighted, and was conducted by the financial minister and the vakeel and other servants of state, to a large tent, which was pitched beneath a clump of gigantic mango trees. The tent, which was that in which the late Rajah used to receive the civil and military officers of the British Government, was elegantly fitted up, and carpeted; and at least a dozen domestic servants were ready to do my bidding.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI must not omit to mention that the companions or my journey - the minister and the vakeel - were both men of good ability and pleasing manners. They were, moreover, men of learning, so that my time upon the road had been beguiled very agreeably", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Ranee had consulted one of the many Brahmins who were supported by her as to the most propitious hour for me to come to the purdah behind which she sat; and the Brahmins had told her that it must be between the setting of the sun and the rising of the moon, which was then near her full; in other words, between half-past five and half-past six o'clock.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThis important matter having been communicated to me, I expressed myself perfectly satisfied with the time of the appointment, and ordered dinner accordingly. This done, the financial minister, after betraying some embarrassment, intimated that he wished to speak to me on a rather delicate subject, and that, with my permission, he would order all the menial servants in attendance on me, including my own sirdar-bearer (valet), to leave the tent and stand at a distance", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI complied, of course, and presently found myself alone with only the \"officials\" (eight or nine in number) of the little native state of Jhansi.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhat the finance minister wished to ask me was this - Would I consent to leave my shoes at the door when I entered the Ranee's apartment", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n? I inquired if the Governor-General's agent did so. He replied that the Governor-General's agent had never had an interview with the Ranee; and that the late Rajah had never received any European gentleman in the private apartments of the palace, but in a room set apart for the purpose, or in the tent in which we were conversing", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI was in some difficulty, and scarcely knew what to say, for I had a few years previously declined to be presented to the King of Delhi, who insisted on Europeans taking off their shoes when they entered his presence.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe idea was repugnant to my mind and I said as much to the minister of the late Rajah of Jhansi; and I asked him whether he would attend a levee at the palace of the Queen of England, if informed that he must enter her Majesty's presence with his head uncovered, as did all her subjects, from the lowest to the highest. To this question he would not give me a direct answer, but remarked, \"You may wear your hat, Sahib; the Ranee will not mind that", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn the contrary, she will regard it as an additional mark of respect towards her.\" Now this was what I did not want. My desire was that she should consider the wearing of my hat, supposing I consented to take off my shoes, as a species of compromise on her part as well as on my part", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBut I was so amused with this bargaining, as it were, that I consented; giving them distinctly to understand, however, that it was to be considered not as a compliment to her rank and dignity, but to her sex, and her sex alone. That great point settled, I partook of a very sumptuous repast that was prepared for me, and waited patiently the setting of the sun or the rising of the moon, determined, however, that I would wear my hat - a black \"wide-awake,\" covered with a white turban.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe hour came, and the white elephant (an Albino, one of the very few in all India), bearing on his immense back a silver houdah, trimmed with red velvet, brought to the tent. I ascended the steps, which were also covered with red was velvet, and took my place. The mahoot, or elephant-driver, was attired in the most gorgeous manner. The ministers of state, mounted on white Arabs, rode on either side of the elephant; the Jhansi cavalry lining the road to the palace, and thus forming an avenue", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nEre long we arrived at the gates, at which the attendants on foot began to knock violently; A wicket was opened, and closed hastily. Information was then sent to the Ranee; and, after a delay of about ten minutes, the \"hookum\" (order) came to open the gates. I entered on the elephant, and alighted in a court-yard. The evening was very warm, and I fancied that I should be suffocated by the crowd of natives (retainers) who flocked around me", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter another brief delay, I was asked to ascend a very narrow stone staircase, and on the landing was met by a native gentleman, who was some relative to the Ranee. He showed me first into one room and then into another. These rooms (six or seven), like all rooms of the kind, were unfurnished, save and except that the floors were carpeted; but from the ceiling punkahs and chandeliers were suspended, and on the walls were native pictures of Hindoo gods and goddesses, with here and there a large mirror", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt length I was led to the door of a room, at which the native gentleman knocked. A female voice from within inquired, \"Who is there?\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\"Sahib,\" was the reply. After another brief delay, thee door was opened by some unseen hand, and the native gentleman asked me to enter, informing me, at the same time, that he was about to leave me. A brief delay now occurred upon my part. It was with great difficulty that I could bring myself to take off my shoes", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt length, however, I accomplished it, and entered the apartment in \"stocking feet.\" In the centre of the room, which was richly carpeted, was an arm-chair of European manufacture, and around it were strewn garlands of flowers (Jhansi is famous for its beautiful and sweet-smelling flowers). At the end of the room was a purdah or curtain, and behind it people were talking", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI sat myself down in the arm-chair, and instinctively took off my hat; but recollecting my resolve, I replaced it, and rather firmly - pulling it well down, so as completely to conceal my forehead. It was a foolish resolve, perhaps, on my part, for the hat kept the breeze of the punkah from cooling my temples.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI could hear female voices prevailing upon a child to \"go to the Sahib,\" and could hear the child objecting to do so. Eventually, he was \"launched\" into the room; and upon my speaking kindly to the child, he approached me - but very timidly. His dress and the jewels on his person satisfied me that the child was the adopted son of the late Rajah, and the rejected heir to the little throne of Jhansi", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe was rather a pretty child, but very short for his, years and broad-shouldered - like most of the Mahratta children that I have seen.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhilst I was speaking to the child, a shrill and discordant voice issued from behind the purdah, and I was informed that the boy was the Maharajah, who had just been despoiled of his rights by the Governor-General of India. I fancied that the voice was that of some very old woman - some slave or enthusiastic retainer, perhaps; but the child having imagined that he was spoken to, replied, \"Maharanee!\" and thus I was told the error of my conclusion.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnd now the Ranee, having invited me to come closer to the purdah, began to pour forth her grievances; and, whenever she paused, the women by whom she was surrounded, set up a sort of chorus - a series of melancholy ejaculations - such as \" Woe is me!\" \" What oppression!\" It reminded me somewhat of a scene in a Greek tragedy - comical as was the situation.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI had heard from the vakeel that the Ranee was a very handsome woman, of about six or seven and twenty years of age, and I was very curious indeed to get a glimpse of her; and whether it was by accident, or by design on the Ranee's part, I know not, my curiosity was gratified. The curtain was drawn aside by the little boy, and I had a good view of the lady. It was only for a moment, it is true still I saw her sufficiently to be able to describe her", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was a woman of about the middle size - rather stout, but not too stout. Her face must have been very handsome when she was younger, and even now had many charms - though, according to my idea of beauty, it was too round. The expression also was very good, and very intelligent. The eyes were particularly fine, and the nose very delicately shaped. She was not very fair, though she was far from black. She had no ornaments, strange to say, upon her person, except a pair of gold ear-rings", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHer dress was a plain white muslin, so fine in texture, and drawn about her in such a way, and so tightly, that the outline of her figure was plainly discernible - and a remarkably fine figure she had. What spoilt her was her voice, which was something between a whine and a croak", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhen the purdah was drawn aside, she was, or affected to be, very much annoyed; I but, presently she laughed, and good-humouredly expressed a hope that, a sight of her had not lessened my sympathy with her sufferings nor prejudiced her cause.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\"On the contrary,\" I replied, \"if the Governor-General could only be as fortunate as I have been and for even so brief a while, I feel quite sure that he would at once give Jhansi back again to be ruled by its beautiful Queen.\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe repaid this compliment, and the next ten minutes were devoted to an interchange of such matters. I told her that the whole world resounded with the praises of her beauty and the greatness of her intellect; and she told me that there was not a corner of the earth in which prayers for my welfare remained unsaid.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWe then returned to the point - her \"case.\" I informed her, that the Governor-General had no power to restore the country, and recognise the claim of the adopted son, without a reference to England, and that the most prudent course for her to adopt would be to petition the throne, and meanwhile draw the pension of 6000l. a year, under protest that it was not to prejudice the right of the adopted son.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI then pointed out to her, as delicately as possible, how futile would be any opposition; and told her, what was the truth, that a wing of a native regiment and some artillery were within three marches of the palace; and I further impressed upon her that the slightest opposition to its advance would destroy her every hope, and, in short, jeopardize her liberty", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI did this because she gave me to understand - and so did her attorney (and my impression is that they spoke the trutb) - that the people of Jhansi did not wish to be handed over to the East India Company's rule.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt was past two o'clock that night before I left the palace; and ere I took my departure, I had talked the lady into my way of thinking, except that she would not consent to draw any pension from the British Government.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn the following day I returned to Gwalior, en route to Agra. The Ranee presented me with an elephant, a camel, an Arab, a pair of greyhounds of great swiftness, a quantity of silks and stuffs (the production of Jhansi), and a pair of Indian shawls. I accepted these things with great reluctance, but the financial minister entreated me to take them, in somuch as it would wound the Ranee's feelings if I refused. The Ranee also presented me with a portrait of herself, taken by a native, a Hindoo.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe state of Jhansi was not restored to the rule of the Ranee, and we know that she afterwards rivaled that fiend Nana Sahib, whose \"grievance\" was identical with her own. The Government would not recognise Nana Sahib as the adopted son and heir or the Peishwah; the Ranee of Jhansi sought to be recognized as the Regent during the minority of the late Rajah's adopted son and heir.\u201d", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAftermath: John Lang was ruthlessly persecuted by British establishment for taking side of Indians in various court cases. He was even sentenced to imprisonment. Incidentally, in 1857, when the revolt broke out, John Lang was in England. Sadly, when he returned to India in 1859, most of his Indian as well as British friends had died in the revolt, including Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. John Lang continued to be the editor of the newspaper The Mofussilite", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe died in Mussoorie in 1864 and is buried there. However, he will always be remembered for revealing to the world, Rani lakshmibai of Jhansi\u2019s & the most famous words \u201cMain Meri Jhansi Nahi Doongi\u201d", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter spending most of her money and doing all she could, Lakshmibai wrote one last time to the British authorities. She closed her letter dated January 1, 1858, with this statement: \u201cI beg you will give me your support in the best way you can, and thus save myself and the people who are reduced to the last extremity and are not able to cope with the enemy.\u201d", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThere are conflicting reports of when Lakshmibai decided to oppose the British. To protect herself and Jhansi, she had been forced to cooperate with those opposed to the British; they had taken her throne from her, and the people were opposed to many things about British rule. They also received reports from villages and towns where the British had regained control. Some commanders were lenient, but others executed anyone they suspected of being a rebel, looted the towns and left the wounded to die.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe British force which marched toward Jhansi on January 5, 1858 was led by Sir Hugh Rose. He was apparently of the opinion that no leniency should be offered. One of his subordinates wrote to his parents, \u201cSir Hugh knows no native language so pays little heed to what a prisoner says. His first question is \u2018Was this man taken with arms in his hands?\u2019 If the answer is \u2018yes\u2019, \u2018Then shoot him\u2019 says Sir Hugh.\u201d Hearing reports from other towns, Lakshmibai had no other choice but to expect the worst", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe siege began on March 21, 1858. She was given a chance to surrender, but the Rani knew that many of her supporters would be executed, so with the support of the people she refused. The British were outnumbered, but had a distinct advantage in weapons and training. The fort was surrounded and bombarded until finally a breach was made in the wall on March 30th.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt the same time, a rebel force of 20,000 under the command of Tatya Tope arrived, forcing Rose to delay entering the fort. Even though Rose was forced to split his forces, he was able to keep continued bombardment on the breach to prevent escape while pursuing the newly arrived rebels to the Betwa river where he defeated them.\nThe Battle of Betwa, April 1, 1858", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAlthough they were delayed, on the morning of April 3rd, the British entered the fort at Jhansi with orders to kill any male over sixteen. Vishnu Godse, a Hindu priest, wrote of the experience that it was four days of destruction of property and people \u201cwithout distinction.\u201d The fighting was intense and the Rani was in the middle of it, just as she had frequently been seen on the walls during the siege.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn spite of Rose\u2019s precautions, sometime on April 3rd or 4th Lakshmibai was able to escape. There is a legend that says, once she knew her capture was inevitable, she tied her son to her back, mounted her horse and leapt over the cliff. The horse died, but she escaped and rode 100 miles to Kalpi. At Kalpi, she met with other rebels, but Rose pursued them and again forced them to retreat, this time to Gwalior.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe point from which Lakshmibai supposedly jumped from the battlement on her horse. (Photo credit: Allen Copsey)\nThe fort at Gwalior was considered impregnable and Maharaja Sindia had remained pro-British throughout the rebellion. The British expected them to disband, but instead about 11,000 rebels advanced on Gwalior. After the first few shots, most of the Maharaja\u2019s army defected and he fled to safety. Another Maharaja, Rao Sahib, was crowned and Lakshmibai was given a priceless pearl necklace.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBattle of jhansi--hand to hand fight outside the fort[original painting]\nOn June 17th, they faced the British in battle. Lakshmibai was given command of the eastern flank, supposedly the most difficult position to defend. There are several accounts of how she died. You can read several of them at Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi: Mutiny, but the one I like the best is from Saul David\u2019s book Indian Mutiny 1857, and taken from the diary of Edward Grey, a veterinary surgeon with the 8th Hussars:", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\u201cThe Rani was on horseback \u2026 when the British cavalry [8th Hussars] made their surprise appearance, causing her escort to scatter \u2026 she boldly \u2018attacked one of the 8th in their advance, was unhorsed and wounded\u2019, possibly by a sabre cut. A short while later as the British retired \u2026 she recognised her former assailant as she sat bleeding by the roadside and fired at him with her pistol. Unfortunately she missed and he \u2018dispatched the young lady with his carbine\u2019", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBut because she was \u2018dressed as a sowar\u2019, the trooper never realised \u2018that he had cut off one of the mainstays of the mutiny, that there was a reward of a lac [lakh] on his victim\u2019s head, or that at that moment she was wearing jewels worth a crore of rupees\u2019.\u201d", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Lakshmibai\u2019s statue in Solapur near the Kambar Talav (Sambhaji Talav). Author: Dharmadhyaksha. Legend says that she escaped with Damodar tied to her back.\n......................................................................................................................................................................\n10. BEGUM HAZRAT MAHAL", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBegum Hazrat Mahal, the Begaum of Oudh. She took active part in the defence of Lucknow against the British. Although, she was queen and used to a life of luxury, she appeared on the battle-field herself to encourage her troops. Begam Hazrat Mahal held out against the British with all her strength as long as she could. Ultimately she had to give up and take refuge in Nepal.\nKASTURBA GANDHI\n9. MADAM CAMA", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\"This flag is of Indian Independence! Behold, it is born! It has been made sacred by the blood of young Indians who sacrificed their lives. I call upon you, gentlemen to rise and salute this flag of Indian Independence. In the name of this flag, I appeal to lovers of freedom all over the world to support this flag.\" -- B. Cama , Stuttgart, Germany, 19she unfurled the first National Flag at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart (Germany) in 1907", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nA thousand representatives from several countries were attending. An Indian lady in a colorful sari was a rare phenomena in those days and her majestic appearance and brave and clear words made everybody think that she was a Maharani or at least a princess from a native state.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe tricolor-flag Madam Cama unfurled had green, saffron, and red stripes. Red represented strength, saffron victory, and green stood for boldness and enthusiasm. there were eight lotuses representing the eight provinces and flowers represented princely states. \"Vande Mataram\" in Devanagari adorned central saffron stripe which meant \"salutation to Mother India.\" The sun and the moon indicated Hindu and Muslim faiths. The flag was designed by Veer Savarkar with the help of other revolutionaries", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter Stuttgart, Madam went to United States. She traveled a lot and informed Americans about Indians struggling for Independence. She told about British efforts to smother the voice of educated Indians who protested against tyranny and despotism of British who always boasted themselves as \"mother of parliamentary democracy\" over the world! She could be called \"Mother India's first cultural representative to USA.\"Where is the Flag Now?", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe flag was smuggled into India by Indulal Yagnik, the socialist leader of Gujarat. It is now on public display at the Maratha and Kesari Library in Pune\n4. ARUN ASAF ALI", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAruna was born at Kalka, Haryana into a Bengali Brahmo family. She was educated at Lahore and Nainital. She graduated and worked as a teacher, an achievement in itself for women, given the conditions prevalent in the country at that time. She taught at the Gokhale Memorial School in Calcutta", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe met Asaf Ali, a leader in the congress party at Allahabad and married him in 1928, despite parental opposition on grounds of religion (she was a Brahmo while he was a Muslim) and age (a difference of more than 20 years).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe became an active member of Congress Party after marriage and participated in public processions during the Salt Satyagraha. She was arrested on the charge that she was a vagrant and hence not released in 1931 under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact which stipulated release of all political prisoners. Other women co-prisoners refused to leave the premises unless she was also released and gave in only after Mahatma Gandhi intervened. A public agitation secured her release.\n6. KAMLA NEHRU", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMany women of the Nehru family too had joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. Kamala Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru's wife gave full support to her husband in his desire to work actively for the freedom struggle. In the Nehru hometown of Allahabad she organized processions, addressed meetings and led picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops. She played a prominent part in organizing the No Tax Campaign in United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKamala Kaul Nehru (1899\u20131936) was the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress and first Prime Minister of India. Kamala married Nehru on 8 February 1916. Their marriage was arranged by his parents.\n8. VIJAYALAXMI PANDIT", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nJawaharlal Nehur's sister Vijayalakshmi Pandit inspired by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi and impressed by Sarojini Naidu entered the Non Cooperation Movement. She was arrested in 1932 and sent to and sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment. She was arrested in 1940, and yet again during the Quit India Movement. She attended the Pacific Relations Conference at Hot Springs, U.S.A. as leader of the Indian delegation sponsored by the Indian Council of World Affairs", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was present in San Francisco when the U.N first met there, and through numerous well attended public lectures she challenged the British dominated delegates rights to represent India therein.Sister of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru also played a great role in the freedom movement. She was elected to Uttar Pradesh Assembly in 1936 and in 1946. She was the first woman in India to hold a ministerial rank. She was imprisoned thrice for taking part in the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932. 1941 and 1942", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter Independence, she continued to serve the country. She was the first woman to become president of the United Nations General Assembly.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nVijaya Lakshmi Nehru Pandit (1900 - 1990) was an Indian diplomat and politician, In 1921 she married Ranjit Sitaram Pandit, who died on January 14, 1944. She was the first Indian woman to hold a cabinet post. In 1937 she was elected to the provincial legislature of the United Provinces and was designated minister of local self-government and public health. She held the latter post until 1939 and again from 1946 to 1947. In 1946 she was elected to the Constituent Assembly from the United Provinces.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n12. Sucheta Kripalani\nThe contribution of Sucheta Kripalani in the struggle for freedom is also worthy of note. She courted imprisonment for taking part in freedom struggle. She was elected as a member of Constituent Assembly in 1946. She was general secretary of Indian National Congress from 1958 to 1960, and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1963 to 1967. Sucheta Kripalani was in the words of Shrimati Indira Gandhi, \u201ca person of rare courage and character who brought credit to Indian womanhood.\u201d", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was born in Ambala, Haryana to a Bengali family. Her father, S.N. Majumdar though a government doctor was a nationalist. Educated at Indraprastha College and St.Stephen's College, Delhi she became a lecturer at the Banaras Hindu University. In 1936, she married socialist, Acharya Kriplani and became involved with the Indian National Congress.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLike her contemporaries Aruna Asaf Ali and Usha Mehta, she came to the forefront during the Quit India Movement. She later worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi during the Partition riots. She accompanied him to Noakhali in 1946. She was one of the few women who were elected to the Constituent Assembly and was part of the subcommittee that drafted the Indian Constitution. She became a part of the subcommittee that was handed over the task of laying down the charter for the constitution of India", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter independence she remained involved with politics in U.P. She was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1952 and 1957 and served as a Minister of State for Small Scale Industries. In 1962, she was elected to the U.P Assembly from Kanpur and served in the Cabinet in 1962. In 1963, she became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, the first woman to hold that position in any Indian state. The highlight of her tenure was the firm handling of a state employees strike", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe first-ever strike by the state employees which continued for 62 days took place during her regime. She relented only when the employees' leaders agreed for compromise. Although the wife of a socialist, Kriplani cemented her reputation as a firm administrator by refusing their demand for pay hike.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe retired from politics in 1971 and remained in seclusion till her death in 1974.She was a very active member.She became the first woman to be elected Chief Minister of a state\nLAXMI SWAMINATHAN/LAXMI SEHGAL\nRani of Jhansi Regiment 1943 \u201345.[WITH CAPTAIN LAXMI SWAMINATHAN AND BOSE]CLICK AND READ:-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment\nINDIAN FEMALE SOLDIER S UNDER SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE -- KNOWN AS 'RANI OF JHANSI REGIMENT ' FIGHTING AGAINST BRITISH TROOPS", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nA BRAVE WOMAN PATRIOT FROM PALGHAT ,KERALA - Lt Col LAXMI Swaminathan of the Indian National Army-CLICK AND READ:->http://pazhayathu.blogspot.in\nLakshmi SAHGALclick and read:->http://en.wikipedia.orghttp:/\nVeteran freedom fighter Captain Lakshmi Sehgal passes away- July 23, 2012\nVeteran freedom fighter Lakshmi Sehgal passed away at the age of 97.\nOn Thursday, Sehgal was admitted to a hospital in Kanpur after she suffered cardiac arrest.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nA long time companion of Subhash Chandra Bose, she was a captain of Rani of Jhansi Regiment of Indian National Army. A doctor by profession, she was honoured with Padma Vibhushan in 1998. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nALSO READ BLOG:-\nINDIA FIGHTS FOR INDEPENDENCE;AND HISTORY OF INDIAN FLAG:-http://pazhayathu.blogspot.in/2010/12/india-fights-for-independenceand.html\nPERSONALITIES - KAMALA BAI PRABHU", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe visit of Gadhiji to Thalassery created a lot of enthusiasm among freedom fighters. A lot of women came forward to court arrest. Among them was Kamala Bai Prabhu who was arrested and brought before a Joint Magistrate Court. She was senteced to 6 months imprisonment and Rs. 1,000 fine. Kamala Bai refused to pay the fine and instead removed her nose-ring and gave it to the magistrate. The magistrate was not satisfied and asked her to handover her mangalsutra", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe told the magistrate that only the widows can remove the mangalsutra. The magistrate did not agree and asked the police to break the mangalsutra and hand it over. Left with no option kamal bai told a female friend to remove the mangalsutra and give it to the magistrate. She was then sent to the Vellore central jail.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe incident created a big controlversy. V.P. Narayanan Nambiar raised the issue in the Madras Assembly and S. Sathyamurthy took it up in the Parliament. The issue even came up in the British parliament. Mohammed Ismail, the advisor to the Madras goverment express regrets for the incident. He also ordered that the mangalsutra be returned to Kamala Bai but she refused to accept it. The magistrate Dodwell who created the mangalsutra controversy was sent back to Britain.\nSarojini Naidu", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSarojini Naidu in Bombay (now Mumbai), 1946\nSarojini Chattopadhyaya\nHyderabad, Hyderabad State, India\n2 March 1949 (aged 70)\nPoet, writer, social activist\nIndian Bengali\nDr. Muthyala Govindarajulu\nJayasurya, Padmaja, Randheer, Nilawar and Leelamani", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSarojini Naidu, also known by the sobriquet The Nightingale of India,[1] was a child prodigy, Indian independence activist and poet. Naidu was one of the framers of the Indian Constitution. Naidu is the second Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress[2] and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh state.[3] Her birthday is celebrated as Women's Day in India.[4]\n2.1 Indian Freedom Fighter\n2.2 President of the Congress\n2.3 Literary career\n3 Marriage\n4.1 Famous Poems", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was born in Hyderabad to Bengali Hindu Kulin Brahmin family to Agorenath Chattopadhyay and Barada Sundari Devi on 18th February 1879. Her father was a doctor of science from Edinburgh University, settled in Hyderabad State, where he founded and administered the Hyderabad College, which later became the Nizam's College in Hyderabad. Her mother was a poetess baji and used to write poetry in Bengali. Sarojini Naidu was the eldest among the eight siblings", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIndian Freedom Fighter\nFile:She was known as Nightingale of India.Mahatma & Sarojini Naidu 1930.JPG\nSarojini Naidu (extreme right) with Mahatma Gandhi during Salt Satyagraha, 1930\nSarojini Naidu joined the Indian national movement in the wake of partition of Bengal in 1905. She came into contact with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.[6]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring 1915-1918, she traveled to different regions in India delivering lectures on social welfare, women empowerment and nationalism. She awakened the women of India and brought them out of the kitchen. She also helped to establish the Women's Indian Association (WIA) in 1917.[7] She was sent to London along with Annie Besant, President of WIA, to present the case for the women's vote to the Joint Select Committee.\nPresident of the Congress", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1925, Sarojini Naidu presided over the annual session of Indian National Congress at Cawnpore. In 1929, she presided over East African Indian Congress in South Africa", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was awarded the hind a kesari medal by the British government for her work during the plague epidemic in India.[8] In 1931, she participated in the Round table conference with Gandhiji and Madan Mohan Malaviya.[9] Sarojini Naidu played a leading role during the Civil Disobedience Movement and was jailed along with Gandhiji and other leaders. In 1942, Sarojini Naidu was arrested during the \"Quit India\" movement and was jailed for 21 months with Gandhiji", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLiterary career\nSarojini Naidu began writing at the age of 12. Her play, Maher Muneer, impressed the Nawab of Hyderabad. In 1905, her collection of poems, named \"The Broken Exes\" was published.[11] Her poems were admired by many prominent Indian politicians like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Jawaharlal Nehru .", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring her stay in England, Sarojini met Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu, a non-Brahmin and a doctor by profession, and fell in love with him. After finishing her studies at the age of 19, she got married to him during the time when inter-caste marriages were not allowed. Her father approved the marriage and her marriage was a very happy one.[5]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe couple had five children. Jayasurya, Padmaja, Randheer, Nilawar and Leelamani. Her daughter Padmaja followed in to her footprints and became the Governor of West Bengal. In 1961, she published a collection of poems entitled The Feather of The Dawn. [12]\nEach year links to its corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:\n1905: The Golden Threshold, published in the United Kingdom[13] (text available online)\n1912: The Bird of Time: Songs of Life, Death & the Spring, published in London[14]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1917: The Broken Wing: Songs of Love, Death and the Spring, including \"The Gift of India\" (first read in public in 1915)[14][15]\n1916: Muhammad Jinnah: An Ambassador of Unity[16]\n1943: The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India, Allahabad: Kitabistan, posthumously published[14]\n1961: The Feather of the Dawn, posthumously published, edited by her daughter, Padmaja Naidu[17]\n1971:The Indian Weavers [18]\nDamayante to Nala in the Hour of Exile\nIndian Dancers\nThe Indian Gypsy\nIndian Love-Song\nIndian Weavers", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn Salutation to the Eternal Peace\nIn the Bazaars of Hyderabad\nNightfall in the City of Hyderabad\nPalanquin Bearers\nThe Pardah Nashin\nPast and Future\nThe Queen's Rival\nThe Royal Tombs of Golconda\nThe Snake-Charmer\nSong of a Dream\nThe Soul's Prayer\nSuttee\nTo a Buddha Seated on a Lotus\nTo the God of Pain\nWandering Singers\nStreet Cries\nBangle Sellers\n\u00d7cradle song\nKamaladevi Chattopadhyay\nKamaladevi\nMangalore, Karnataka, India\n29 October 1988 (aged 85)\nBedford College (London)\nKrishna Rao (m. 1917\u20131919)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHarindranath Chattopadhyay (m. 1919\u20131988)\nRamakrishna Chattopadhyaya\nRamon Magsaysay Award (1966)\nPadma Bhushan (1955)\nPadma Vibhushan (1987)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKamaladevi Chattopadhyay (3 April 1903 \u2013 29 October 1988) was an Indian social reformer and freedom fighter. She is most remembered for her contribution to the Indian independence movement; for being the driving force behind the renaissance of Indian handicrafts, handlooms, and theatre in independent India; and for upliftment of the socio-economic standard of Indian women by pioneering the co-operative movement.[1]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSeveral cultural institutions in India today are a gift of her vision, including the National School of Drama, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Central Cottage Industries Emporium, and the Crafts Council of India.\nThe doyen of Indian arts and crafts, a person single-handedly responsible for reviving Indian crafts back from oblivion of 200 years of foreign rule where they went without any patronage, be it government or public, due lack of awareness of its richness as well as its accessibility to the common man.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe stressed the significance which handicrafts and cooperative grassroot movements, play in the social and economic upliftement of the Indian people. To this end she withstood great opposition both before and after independence from the power centres, but managed to leave behind a rich and formidable legacy of thriving Indian handicrafts, theatre forms and arts that have now become an integral of our rural economy, across the nation.\n1.1 Early life\n1.2 First Marriage and widowhood\n1.3.1 Marriage to Harin", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1.3.2 Move to London\n1.3.3 Call of the Freedom Movement\n1.3.4 The All-India Women's Conference\n1.4.1 First Indian woman to be arrested\n1.5.1 Post-Independence work\n1.6 1950s and beyond\n4 Books by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay\n4.1 Book on Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBorn on 3 April 1903, Kamaladevi was the fourth and youngest daughter of a Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin couple in Mangalore. Her father, Ananthaya Dhareshwar was the District Collector of Mangalore, and her mother Girijabai, from whom she inherited an independent streak, belonged to an aristocratic family from Karnataka. Kamaladevi's grandmother was herself, a scholar of ancient Indian texts, and her a mother was also well-educated though mostly home-educated", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTogether their presence in the household, gave Kamaladevi a firm grounding and provided benchmarks to respect for her intellect as well as her voice, something that she came to known for in the coming years, when she stood as the voice of the downtrodden as well as the unheard.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKamaladevi was an exceptional student and also exhibited qualities of determination and courage from an early age. Her parents\u2019 befriended many prominent freedom fighters and intellectuals such as Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and women leaders like Ramabai Ranade, and Annie Besant, this made young Kamaladevi an early enthusiast of the swadeshi nationalist movement.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe studied about ancient Sanskrit drama tradition of Kerala- Kutiyattam, from its greatest Guru and authority of Abhinaya, N\u0101ty\u0101ch\u0101rya Padma Shri M\u0101ni M\u0101dhava Ch\u0101ky\u0101r by staying at Guru's home at Killikkurussimangalam.[2]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTragedy struck early in life, when her elder sister, Saguna, whom she considered a role model, died in her teens, soon after her early marriage, and when she was just seven years old her father died as well. To add to her mother, Girijabai's trouble, he died without leaving a will for his vast property, so according to property laws of the times, the entire property went to her stepson, and they only got a monthly allowance", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHer rebellious streak was visible even as a child, when young Kamaladevi questioned the aristocratic division of her mother\u2019s household, and preferred to mingle with her servants and their children wanting to understand their life as well.\nFirst Marriage and widowhood", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1917, when was only fourteen years of age, she was married to Krishna Rao, and within two years she was widowed, while she was still at school. According to orthodox Hindu rules of the times, being a widow she was not allowed to continue her education, yet she defiantly moved to Chennai, and continued her education from St. Mary's School, Chennai and finally completed her high school in 1918.[3]\nMarriage to Harin", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMeanwhile studying at Queen Mary\u2019s College in Chennai, she came to know with Suhasini Chattopadhyay, a fellow student and the younger sister of Sarojini Naidu, who later introduced Kamaladevi to their talented brother, Harin, by then a well-known poet-playwright-actor. It was their mutual interest in the arts, which brought them together.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFinally when she was twenty years old, Kamaladevi married Harindranath Chattopadhyay, much to the opposition of the orthodox society of the times, which was still heavily against widow marriage. Their only son Ramu was born in the following year.[4] Harin and Kamaladevi stayed together to pursue common dreams, which wouldn\u2019t have been possible otherwise, and in spite of many difficulties, they were able to work together, to produce plays and skits.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLater she also acted in a few films, in an era when acting was considered unsuitable for women from respectable families. In her first stint, she acted in two silent films, including the first silent film[5] of Kannada film industry, 'Mricchakatika'(Vasantsena) (1931), based on the famous play by Sudraka, also starring Yenakshi Rama Rao, and directed by pioneering Kannada director, Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani. In her second stint in films she acted in a 1943 Hindi film, Tansen, also starring K. L", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nEventually after many years of marriage, they parted ways amicably. Here again, Kamaladevi broke a tradition by filing for divorce much to the chagrin of the society, rather than stay in a non-functional marriage.\nMove to London\nShortly after their marriage, Harin left for London, on his first trip abroad, and a few months later Kamaladevi joined him, where she joined Bedford College, University of London, and later she received a diploma in Sociology.\nCall of the Freedom Movement", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhile still in London, Kamaladevi came to know of Mahatma Gandhi\u2019s Non-Cooperation Movement in 1923, and she promptly returned to India, to join the Seva Dal, a Gandhian organisation set up to promote social upliftment. Soon she was placed in charge of the women's section of the Dal, where she got involved in recruiting, training and organizing girls and women of all ages women across India, to become voluntary workers, 'sevikas'.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1926, she met the suffragette Margaret E. Cousins, the founder of All India Women's Conference (AIWC), and was inspired her to run for the Madras Provincial Legislative Assembly. Thus she became the first woman to run for a Legislative seat in India. Though she could campaign for only a few days, she lost only by 200 votes.\nThe All-India Women's Conference", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the following year, she founded the All-India Women's Conference (AIWC) and became its first Organizing Secretary. In the following years, AIWC, grew up to become a national organization of repute, with branches and voluntary programs run throughout the nation, and work steadfastly for legislative reforms", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring her tenure, she travelled extensively to many European nations and was inspired to initiate several social reform and community welfare programs, and set up educational institutions, run for the woman, and by women. Another shining example in this series was the formation of Lady Irwin College for Home Sciences, a one of its kind college for women of its times, in New Delhi.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLater she was a part of the seven member lead team, announced by Mahatma Gandhi, in the famous Salt Satyagraha (1930), to prepare Salt at the Bombay beachfront, the only other woman volunteer of the team was Avantikabai Gokhale. Later in a startling move, Kamaladevi went up to a nearby High Court, and asked a magistrate present there whether he would be interested in buying the 'Freedom Salt' she had just prepared.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn 26 January 1930 she captured the imagination of the entire nation when in a scuffle, she clung to the Indian tricolour to protect it.[8]\nFirst Indian woman to be arrested", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the 1930s, she was arrested for entering the Bombay Stock Exchange to sell packets of contraband salt, and spent almost a year in prison. In 1936, she became president of the Congress Socialist Party, working alongside Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia and Minoo Masani. For her, feminism was inseparable from socialism, and where necessary she opposed her own colleagues when they ignored or infringed women\u2019s rights", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFor instance, when Mahatma Gandhi opposed the inclusion of women in the Dandi March (claiming that Englishmen would not hurt women, just as Hindus would not harm cows), Kamaladevi spoke out against this stand. Some time in the 1920s she and Harindranath separated and divorced by mutual consent; their marriage had largely been one of convenience and they had followed different paths.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhen World War II broke out Kamaladevi was in England, and she immediately began a world tour to represent India\u2019s situation to other countries and drum up support for Independence after the war.\nPost-Independence work", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIndependence of India, brought Partition in its wake, and she plunged into rehabilitation of the refugees. Her first task was to set up the Indian Cooperative Union to help with rehabilitation, and through the Union she made plans for a township on cooperative lines", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt length Mahatma Gandhi reluctantly gave her permission on the condition that she did not ask for state assistance, and so after much struggle, the township of Faridabad was set up, on the outskirts of Delhi, rehabilitating over 50,000 refugees from the Northwest Frontier. She worked tirelessly helped the refugees to establish new homes, and new professions, for this they were trained in new skills, she also helped setting up health facilities in the new town.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThus began the second phase of life's work in rehabilitation of people as well their lost crafts, she is considered single handedly responsible for the great revival of Indian handicrafts and handloom, in the post-independence era, and is considered her greatest legacy to modern India.[9]\n1950s and beyond", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAround this time she became concerned at the possibility that the introduction of Western methods of factory-based mass production in India as part of Nehru's vision for Indian's development would affect traditional artisans, especially women in the unorganised sectors. She set up a series of crafts museums to hold and archive India's indigenous arts and crafts that served as a storehouse for indigenous known how. This included the Theatre Crafts Museum in Delhi.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe equally promoted arts and crafts, and instituted the National Awards for Master Craftsmen, and a culmination of her enterprising spirit lead to the setting up Central Cottage Industries Emporia, throughout the nation to cater to the tastes of a nation, rising to its ancient glory.\nIn 1964 she started the Natya Institute of Kathak and Choreography (NIKC), Bangalore, under the aegis of Bharatiya Natya Sangh, affiliated to the UNESCO. Its present director is famous danseuse Smt. Maya Rao.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKamaladevi was a woman ahead of her times, she was instrumental in setting up the All India Handicrafts Board, she was also it's the first chairperson, The Crafts Council of India was also the first president of the World Crafts Council, Asia Pacific Region.[10]\nShe also set up the National School of Drama and later headed the Sangeet Natak Akademi, and also a member of UNESCO. Her acclaimed autobiography, Inner Recesses and Outer Spaces: Memoir was published in 1986.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Government of India conferred on her the Padma Bhushan (1955) and later the second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan in 1987, which are among the highest civilian awards of the Republic of India. She also received the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1966) for Community Leadership. She was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, Ratna Sadsya, the highest award of Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama, given for lifetime achievement in 1974,.[11]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nUNESCO honoured her with an award in 1977 for her contribution towards the promotion of handicrafts. Shantiniketan honoured her with the Desikottama, its highest award. UNIMA (Union Internationals de la Marlonette), International Puppetry organization, also made her their Member of Honour.\nIn 2007, the Outlook Magazine chose Kamaladevi amongst its list of 60 Great Indians.[12] and she was India Today's, 100 Millennium People.[13]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nToday, the World Crafts Council gives two awards in her memory, the Kamaladevi Awards and the Kamala Sammaan, for exceptional craft persons or to individual for their outstanding contribution to the field of Crafts.[14] Apart from that the Crafts Council of Karnataka, also gives the Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Vishwakarma Awards, each year to noteworthy crafts persons.[15]\nFor over three decades now, Bhartiya Natya Sangha has been awarding the 'Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya Award' for the best play of the year.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBooks by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay\nThe Awakening of Indian women, Everyman\u2019s Press, 1939.\nJapan-its weakness and strength, Padma Publications 1943.\nUncle Sam's empire, Padma publications Ltd, 1944.\nIn war-torn China, Padma Publications, 1944.\nTowards a National theatre, (All India Women's Conference, Cultural Section. Cultural books), Aundh Pub. Trust, 1945.\nAmerica,: The land of superlatives, Phoenix Publications, 1946.\nAt the Cross Roads, National Information and Publications, 1947.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSocialism and Society, Chetana, 1950.\nTribalism in India, Brill Academic Pub, 1978, ISBN 0706906527.\nHandicrafts of India, Indian Council for Cultural Relations & New Age International Pub. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1995. ISBN 99936-12-78-2.\nIndian Women\u2019s Battle for Freedom. South Asia Books, 1983. ISBN 0-8364-0948-5.\nIndian Carpets and Floor Coverings, All India Handicrafts Board, 1974.\nIndian embroidery, Wiley Eastern, 1977.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIndia's Craft Tradition, Publications Division, Ministry of I & B, Govt. of India, 2000. ISBN 81-230-0774-4.\nIndian Handicrafts, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Bombay India, 1963.\nTraditions of Indian Folk Dance.\nThe Glory of Indian Handicrafts, New Delhi, India: Clarion Books, 1985.\nInner Recesses, Outer Spaces: Memoirs, 1986. ISBN 81-7013-038-7.\nBook on Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya\nSakuntala Narasimhan, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. New Dawn Books, 1999. ISBN 81-207-2120-9.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nS.R. Bakshi, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya : Role for Women\u2019s Welfare, Om, 2000, ISBN 81-86867-34-1.\nReena Nanda, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya: A Biography (Modern Indian Greats), Oxford University Press, USA, 2002, ISBN 0-19-565364-5.\nJamila Brij Bhushan, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya - Portrait of a Rebel, Abhinav Pub, 2003. ISBN 81-7017-033-8.\nM.V. Narayana Rao (Ed.), Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay: A True Karmayogi. The Crafts Council of Karnataka: Bangalore. 2003", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMalvika Singh, The Iconic Women of Modern India - Freeing the Spirit. Penguin, 2006, ISBN 0-14-310082-3.\nJasleen Dhamija, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, National Book Trust , 2007. ISBN 8123748825\nIndra Gupta , India\u2019s 50 Most Illustrious Women. ISBN 81-88086-19-3.\n15 Amazing Indian Women Freedom Fighters", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWomen shouldered critical responsibilities in India\u2019s struggle for freedom. They held public meetings, organized picketing of shops selling foreign alcohol and articles, sold Khadi and actively participated in National Movements. They bravely faced the baton of the police and went behind the iron bars. Hundreds and thousands of Indian women dedicated their lives for obtaining freedom of their motherland and only very few could include in this essay due to space restriction.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMahatma Gandhi squarely summed up the strength of womanhood in his tribute to the gender:\n\u201cTo call woman the weaker sex is a libel; it is man\u2019s injustice to women. If by strength is meant moral power then woman is immeasurably man\u2019s superior. Has she not greater intuition, is she not more self sacrificing, has she not greater power of endurance, has she not greater courage? Without her man would not be. If non-violence is the law of our being, the future is woman. I have nursed this thought now for years\u201d.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe list of great women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and undying devotion to the service of India is a long one. Here are just few of them whose patriotism will be in the hearts of the million of Indians forever.\n1.Kittur Rani Chennamma (1778-1829)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKitturu Rani Chennamma was the queen of the princely state of Kittur in Karnataka. In 1824, 33 years before the 1857 war of independence, she led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the Doctrine of lapse. The resistance ended in her martyrdom and she is remembered today as one of the earliest Indian rulers to have fought for independence. Along with Abbakka Rani, Keladi Chennamma and Onake Obavva she is much venerated in Karnataka as an icon of bravery and women\u2019s pride.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n2.Rani of Jhansi(1828-1858)\nThe first name that comes to mind is that of the famous Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi. Dressed in man\u2019s clothes, she led her soldiers to war against the British. Even her enemies admired her courage and daring. She fought valiantly and although beaten she refused to surrender and fell as a warrior should, fighting the enemy to the last. Her remarkable courage inspired many men and women in India to rise against the alien rule.\n3.Rani Avanti Bai (1831-1858)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Avantibai was born on 16/08/1831.When Vikramaditya Singh, the ruler of Ramgarh State died leaving behind his wife Avantibai and no heir to the throne, the British put the state under court administration. Avantibai vowed to win back her land from the British. She raised an army of four thousand men and led it herself against the British in 1857. A fierce battle ensured and Avantibai fought most valiantly but could not hold out for long against the superior strength of the British army", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhen her defeat become imminent she killed herself with her own sword and English army couldn\u2019t defeat her in her life. Later Rani Avantibia\u2019s sacrifice became a example to the Lodhian kingdom and became history of the fight for freedom on 20-03-1858. She was a great freedom fighter.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n4.Begum Hazrath Mahal (1879)\nBegum Hazrat Mahal was the wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Hazrat Mahal was known as the Begum of Avadh (Oudh). She was stunning beautiful, and used her courage and leadership qualities to rebel against the British East India Company during the First Indian War of Independence.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter her husband had been sent away in exile to Calcutta, she with the cooperation of a zealous hand of supporters like Sarafaddaulah, Bal Krishna, Raja Jai Lal and Mammon Khan worked incessantly to revive the fortunes of Avadh", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe seized control of Lucknow in association with the revolutionary forces and set up her son, Prince Birjis Qadir, as the ruler of Avadh, Hazrat Mahal worked in association with Nana Saheb but later escaped from Lucknow and joined the Maulavi of Faizabad in the attack on Sahajahanpur. She was driven from pillar to post, but she made her retreat with fortitude. She rejected with the contempt the promises of allowance and status held out to her by the British against whom her hatred was unrelenting", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the end after bearing misfortune and misery throughout the period of resistance, she found asylum in Nepal where she died in 1879.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n5.Sarojinidevi Naidu(1879-1949)\nSarojini Naidu (Chattapadhya) was born on February 13, 1879 in Hyderabad. Her father, Dr. Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, was the founder of Nizam College of Hyderabad and a scientist. Her mother, Mrs. Varasundari, was a Bengali poetess. Sarojinidevi inherited qualities from both her father and mother.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOnce she was working on an algebra problem, and when she couldn\u2019t find the solution she decided to take a break, and in the same book she wrote her first inspired poetry. She got so enthused by this that she wrote \u201cThe Lady of the Lake\u201d, a poem 1300 lines long. When her father saw that she was more interested in poetry than mathematics or science, he decided to encourage her. With her father\u2019s support, she wrote the play \u201cMaher Muneer\u201d in the Persian language. Dr", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nChattopadhyaya distributed some copies among his friends and sent one copy to the Nawab of Hyderabad. Reading a beautiful play written by a young girl, the Nizam was very impressed. The college gave her a scholarship to study abroad. At the age of 16 she got admitted to King\u2019s College of England. There she met famous laureates of the time.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring her stay in England, Sarojini met Dr. Govind Naidu from southern India. After finishing her studies at the age of 19, she got married to him during the time when inter-caste marriages were not allowed. Her father was a progressive thinking person, and he did not care what others said. Her marriage was a very happy one. Her major contribution was also in the field of poetry. Her poetry had beautiful words that could also be sung", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSoon she got recognition as the \u201cBul Bule Hind\u201d when her collection of poems was published in 1905 under the title \u201cGolden Threshold\u201d. After that, she published two other collections of poems\u2013\u201dThe Bird of Time\u201d and \u201cThe Broken Wings\u201d. In 1918, \u201d Feast of Youth\u201d was published. Later, \u201cThe Magic Tree\u201d, \u201cThe Wizard Mask\u201d and \u201cA Treasury of poems\u201d were published. Mahashree Arvind, Rabindranath Tagore and Jawaharlal Nehru were among the thousands of admirers of her work", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOne day she met Shree Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He said to her to use her poetry and her beautiful words to rejuvenate the spirit of Independence in the hearts of villagers. He asked her to use her talent to free Mother India. Then in 1916, she met Mahatma Gandhi, and she totally directed her energy to the fight for freedom. She would roam around the country like a general of the army and pour enthusiasm among the hearts of Indians. The independence of India became the heart and soul of her work.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was responsible for awakening the women of India. She brought them out of the kitchen. She traveled from state to state, city after city and asked for the rights of the women. She re-established self-esteem within the women of India.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1925, she chaired the summit of Congress in Kanpur. In 1928, she came to the USA with the message of the non-violence movement from Gandhiji. When in 1930, Gandhiji was arrested for a protest, she took the helms of his movement. In 1931, she participated in the Round Table Summit, along with Gandhiji and Pundit Malaviyaji. In 1942, she was arrested during the \u201cQuit India\u201d protest and stayed in jail for 21 months with Gandhiji. After independence she became the Governor of Uttar Pradesh", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was the first woman governor. She was a woman of a great country, with such a great heritage in which Sitamata, Draupadi, Savitri and Damayanti were born. Their purity, courage,determination and self-confidence were the foundation of her own character and personality.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn March 2, 1949, she took her last breath, and India lost her beloved child, her \u201cBulbul.\u201d Nevertheless, her name will always be in the golden history of India as an inspiring poet and a brave freedom fighter.\n6.Preeti Lata Waddadar (1911-32)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPreetilata was born on 5 May 1911 in the Dholaghat village of Chittagong. Her father\u2019s name was Jagabandhu Wadddadar, the head clerk of Chittagong Municipality. Her mother Protibha Waddadar was a patron of the local revolutionaries and a supporter of Swadeshi movement. In 1927 Preetilata obtained her SSC in first division from Dr Khastogir Girls\u2019 College. Then she moved to Dhaka for her HSC studies and enrolled in Eden College", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs a student of Eden Girls\u2019 College, Preetilata joined the Deepali Sangha, a Dhaka based women\u2019s revolutionary organization. In 1929 Preetilata topped among the female students in HSC exam. Due to her outstanding result Preetilata was awarded Tk (Rs.) 20.00 monthly scholarship from the board of education. The financial support enabled Preetilata to pursue her higher studies in Kolkata, the then center of culture and education of united Bangla", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn Kolkata, Preetilata succeeded in enrolling in the prestigious Bethune College. As a member of the Revolutionary party Preetilata immediately formed a student front of the revolutionary party with a couple of her classmates. Her group raised money to support the Chittagong based revolutionaries and organized a readers\u2019 forum to promote patriotic spirit among the college students", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn the direction of the party high command Preetilata bought explosive implements from underground factories in Kolkata and took the explosives to Chittagong. Her mates at Bethune College, Kalpana Datta, Sarojini Pal, Kumudini Rakkhit, Renuka Ray, and Kamala Mukherjee helped Preetilata in her mission. In 1930 Preetilata, instead of seating for BA (hons), sat for BA (pass) exam and passed BA with distinction", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn her return to Chittagong Preetilata started her teaching career and joined as the principal of a newly established English medium school, Aparna Charan Girls High School. Preetilata was a member of Jugantar-a secret revolutionary organization.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe death of comrade Ardhendu Dastidar in the Jalalabad hill war on 22 April 1930 spurred her commitment to revolutionary causes. On 13 June 1932 Preetilata secretly met Mastarda Surya Sen, the legendary Bangalee revolutionary, at the residence of Sabitri Debi of Dholaghat. In the meeting Preetilata demanded that girls should be given equal opportunity in armed revolutionary activities", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe argued that many young people have already given their lives for the freedom of the motherland, now it was the time for the girls to embrace the same fate of honor.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe task for attacking the European Club in Chittagong was initially assigned to rebel Shaileshwar Chakraborty which he failed to carry out twice for various reasons. In September 1932 Surya Sen came to South Kattali village to discuss the strategies and tactics for attacking the European Club. On the instruction from the party high command Preetilata and Kalpana Datta, wearing man\u2019s clothes in order to escape the British spies, headed for the secret meeting called by Surya Sen", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nUnfortunately Kalpana was arrested at Pahartali but Preetilata managed to skip the British spies. In the meeting Surya Sen told Preetilata that she was nominated to lead the attack on the European Club on 23 September 1932 and the other members of her team were: 1. Shanti Chakraborty (Kattali) 2. Kali Dey (Gosail Danga) 3. Sushil Dey (Dharala) 4. Prafulla Das ((Kattali) 5. Mahendra Chaudhury (Mohra).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt 2145 hrs on 23 September Surya Sen, with one of his body guards, came to Kattali to wish luck to his comrades for the success of the operation. At 2200 hrs Preetilata and her comrades, all wearing military uniforms, took farewell from the commander and marched off to carry out the operation. Soon they reached the European Club and took position in the bush near the club. They were carrying rifles robbed from the British armories, pistols and macerates in their waists and bombs in their haversacks", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe British colonial officers were having a great time inside the club while Preetilata\u2019s team was preparing the attack. The gate of the club was protected by armed guards. On receiving Morse coded signal from the chef of the club kitchen Preetilata stormed the club firing shots on the armed guards at the gate and shouting \u201cCharge\u201d. Her comrades joined her and kept shooting on the club. Preetilata lead the attack and threw a bomb through the main gate as soon as she reached the gate", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Britons were bewildered at the sudden armed attack and ran their heads off to save their asses. An Englishman tried to play James Bond and threw goblets to the rebels. Preetilata shot him and sent his soul to merry old England.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBut soon the military reinforcement from the nearby cantonment came for rescue. Under-equipped to fight the military Preetilata signaled her comrades to retreat. They followed her command and retreated. A few minutes later Preetilata went back to make sure that all her comrades were OK. The group of partisans soon reached the rail line near the club covered by the team leader who followed them to ensure a safe retreat", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThey were heading for Pahartali bazaar because Kattali village is very close to the bazaar. As the rebels were heading to the bazaar a young Englishman, who hid in the gutter to escape the attack, shot at Preetilata. The bullet hit Preetilata on her chest and she dropped on the road bleeding profusely. But Preetilata was a born rebel and was determined not to surrender to the British colonists so the valiant rebel took out the cyanide pill and swallowed it.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n7.Matangini Hazra (1869-1942)\nWas an Indian revolutionary who participated in the Indian independence movement until she was shot dead by the British Indian police in front of the Tamluk Police Station (of erstwhile Midnapore District) on September 29, 1942. She was affectionately known as Gandhi buri, Bangla for old lady Gandhi.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMatangini Hazra, who was 73 years at the time, led a procession of six thousand supporters, mostly women volunteers, with the purpose of taking over the Tamluk police station. When the procession reached the outskirts of the town, they were ordered to disband under Section 144 of the Indian Penal Code by the Crown police. As she stepped forward, Matangini Hazra was shot once. Apparently, she had stepped forward and was appealing to the police not to shoot at the crowd.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Biplabi newspaper of the parallel Tamluk National Government commented:\n\u201c\u201d Matangini led one procession from the north of the criminal court building; even after the firing commenced, she continued to advance with the tri-colour flag, leaving all the volunteers behind. The police shot her three times. She continued marching despite wounds to the forehead and both hands. \u201c\u201d", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs she was repeatedly shot, she kept chanting Vande Mataram, translating as \u201chail to the Motherland\u201d. She died with the flag of the Indian National Congress held high and still flying.\n8.Kasturba Gandhi (April 11, 1869 \u2013 22 February 1944)\nKasturba Gandhi, daughter of Gokuladas Makharji of Porbandar,affectionately called Ba, was the wife of Mohandas Gandhi.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKasturba Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi\u2019s wife joined her husband while he was in South Africa and worked with him for many years there. She was a leader of Women\u2019s Satyagraha for which she was imprisoned. She helped her husband in the cause of Indigo workers in Champaran, Bihar and the No Tax Campaign in Kaira, Gujarat. She was arrested twice for picketing liquor and foreign cloth shops, and in 1939 for participating in the Rajkot Satyagraha.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKasturba married Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) through arrangement. They were both 13 years old. At that time, she was illiterate, and so Gandhi taught her to read and write \u2014 a potentially radical move, given the position of women in India at that time.\nWhen Gandhi left to study in London in 1888, she remained in India to raise their newborn son Harilal. She had three more sons \u2013 Manilal (1892), Ramdas (1897), and Devdas (1900).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1906, Mohandas Gandhi decided to practice brahmacharya, and the couple became celibate. Although she stood by her husband, she did not always easily accept his ideas. Gandhi had to work hard to persuade her to see (and agree to) his points of view. Kasturba was deeply religious. Like her husband, she renounced all caste distinctions and lived in ashrams.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKasturba often joined her husband in political protests. She traveled to South Africa in 1897 to be with her husband. From 1904 to 1914, she was active in the Phoenix Settlement near Durban. During the 1913 protest against working conditions for Indians in South Africa, Kasturba was arrested and sentenced to three months in a hard labor prison. Later, in India, she sometimes took her husband\u2019s place when he was under arrest", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1915, when Gandhi returned to India to support indigo planters, Kasturba accompanied him. She taught hygiene, discipline, reading and writing to women and children.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKasturba suffered from chronic bronchitis. Stress from the Quit India Movement\u2019s arrests and ashram life caused her to fall ill. After contracting pneumonia, she died from a severe heart attack on February 22, 1944. She died in Mahatma Gandhi\u2019s arms while both were still in prison. He was never the same after her death.\n9.Kalpana Datta (1913-1995)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKalpana Joshi (Datta) a revolutionary, was born at Sripur of Chittagong district on 27 July 1913 in a middle-class family. Having matriculated in 1929 from Chittagong, Kalpana Datta went to Calcutta and joined the Bethune college. Greatly influenced by the examples set by the revolutionaries Kshatriya Basu and Kanailal Datta, she soon joined the Chhatri Sangha. Purnendu Dastidar drew her into the revolutionary circle of Mastarda Surya sen.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Chittagong Armory Raid took place on 18 April 1930 and Kalpana hurried back to Chittagong and came in contact with Surya Sen in May 1931. In the meantime, many of the leaders of the Raid like Ananta Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Loknath Bal had been arrested and were awaiting trial.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKalpana was entrusted with the safe carrying of heavy explosive materials from Calcutta. She also secretly prepared \u2018gun-cotton\u2019 and planned to plant a dynamite fuse under the court building and inside the jail to free the revolutionary leaders, who were being tried in a special Tribunal.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe plot was uncovered and certain restrictions were imposed on Kalpana\u2019s movements. She, however, managed to visit regularly the village of Surya Sen, sometimes even at dead of night. She also used to have regular training in revolver shooting, along with her comrade pritilata waddedar.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn September 1931 Surya Sen decided to entrust Kalpana and Preetilata with a plan to attack the European Club at Chittagong. A week before the action Kalpana was arrested while moving out for a survey work in a boy\u2019s attire. While in jail, she was told about the Pahartali action and the heroic suicide of Preetilata. Being released on bail, she went underground at the bidding of Surya Sen and in the early hours of 17 February 1933 the police encircled their hideout", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn 19 May 1933 Kalpana, with some comrades, was arrested. In the second supplementary trial of Chittagong Armory Raid case, Surya Sen and Tarakeswar Dastidar were sentenced to death, and Kalpana was sentenced to transportation for life. Being released in 1939 she graduated from the Calcutta University in 1940. Soon she joined the CPI and resumed her battle against the British rule. She turned Kalpana Joshi in 1943 when she married PC Joshi, the leader of the CPI", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe went back to Chittagong and organised the Kisans\u2019 and women\u2019s fronts of the party. In 1946 she contested, though unsuccessfully, in the elections to the Bengal Legislative Assembly. After 1947 she migrated to India and resigned from active politics.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKalpana Datta breathed her last at New Delhi on 8 February 1995.\n10.Lakshmi Sahgal (Swaminathan) (1914)\nLakshmi Sahgal (or Sahgal) n\u00e9e Swaminathan, also known as Captain Lakshmi (born October 24, 1914 in Madras, Madras Presidency, British India) is an activist of the Indian independence movement, an ex-officer of the Indian National Army, and the Minister of Women\u2019s affairs in the Azad Hind Government.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLakshmi Sahgal later became involved in politics in independent India, serving as a member of parliament in the Upper House and later running for President as a left wing candidate. Lt Col Swaminathan is commonly referred to as Captain Lakshmi in India, referring to her rank at the time of being taken prisoner in Burma, as widely reported in Indian newspapers at the end of the war and which captured the public imagination, as opposed to her not widely known promotion in the last days of Azad Hind.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSahgal was born as Lakshmi Swaminathan, daughter of Dr S. Swaminathan, a leading lawyer practicing Criminal Law at Madras High Court. Lakshmi Sahgal mother was A.V. Ammukutty, better known as Ammu Swaminathan, a social worker and freedom fighter and hailed from the famous Vadakkath family of Anakkara in Palghat, Kerala. A.V. Kutty Malu Amma was another well known freedom fighter from the same family.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLakshmi decided to study medicine because she wanted to be of service to the poor, especially to poor women. As a result, she received an MBBS degree from Madras Medical College in 1938. A year later, she received her diploma in gynecology and obstetrics.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1940,she left for Singapore where she established a clinic for the poor, mostly migrant labour, from India. She became one of the most popular and prosperous gynecologists in the city. She was not only a competent doctor but also played an active role in the India Independence League which contributed greatly to the freedom movement in India.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1942, during the historic surrender of Singapore by the British to the Japanese, she worked hard in serving the prisoners of war who were hurt during the skirmishes. In the process, she came in contact with many Indian Prisoners of War (POW\u2019s) who were thinking of forming an Indian liberation army.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSubhas Chandra Bose arrived in Singapore on July 2, 1943. In the next few days, at all his public meetings, Netaji spoke of his determination to raise a women\u2019s regiment, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, which would also \u201cfight for Indian Independence and make it complete\u201d.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLakshmi wasted no time in joining the new regiment, called the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. She was given the rank of a Colonel[citation needed]. The unit had the strength of a Brigade. In a regular army, this women\u2019s army unit was the first of its kind in Asia. The army fought on the side of the Axis powers against the British.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLakshmi was active both militarily and on the medical front. She played a heroic role not only in the fighting. Later, she became the Minister in charge of Women\u2019s Organization in Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind (Provisional Government of Free India), led by Subhas Chandra Bose.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLakshmi Sahgal held this portfolio over and above her command of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. Lakshmi was captured and brought to British India on March 4, 1946 where she received a heroine\u2019s welcome. The British realised that keeping her a prisoner would prove counter-productive and she was later released.\n11.Beena Das (Bhowmick) (1911-1986)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWell-known in the history of Indian freedom fighting for daring attack on English Governor and University Chancellor Stanley Jackson, who was a symbol of a long and oppressive English colonial rule in India. The incident took place during the 1932 convocation of Calcutta University. Although she was unsuccessful, her act inspired many a young mind of those days. Beena Bhowmick\u2019s father was Benee Madhab Das, the well-known educator of the Ravenshaw Collegiate School of Cuttack, Orissa", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBhowmick initially studied in the Bethune College in Kolkata, but later migrated to Diocesan College in order to ensure that her revolutionary activities remain unhindered. She passed the BA with honors in English, her daring attempt occurred during her own convocation ceremony. For this she was given 9 years of imprisonment with labor.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter her release in 1939, she joined the \u201cJugantar\u201d revolutionary club. She was again imprisoned in 1942 for three years while she was the Secretary of Calcutta Congress Committee. In 1947 she married Jatish Bhowmick, a freedom fighter and a fellow member of Jugantar.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nA true revolutionary spirit, her activities did not end with the Indian Independence in 1947. She aided Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman during his declaration of revolution in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against a brutal and oppressive West Pakistan administration. This incident eventually precipitated into the full-scale Bangladesh war. Again in 1975 Mrs. Bhowmick spoke out against the Declaration of Emergency and suppression of personal rights by the then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe personally witnessed and strongly protested against the police brutality on the refugees in Marichjh(n)api. A good writer, she penned two books, the autobiography \u201cShrinkhal Jhankar\u201d and \u201cPitredhan\u201d.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn a characteristic show of idealistic strength, she didn\u2019t accept the \u201cFreedom Fighters\u2019 Pension\u201d offered by the Government of India. After the death of her husband, she decided to live by herself in the Rishikesh (Himalaya), where she died within a month in a lonely condition.\n12.Kanaklatha Baruah (1924-1942)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIndian National Congress in Mumbai on August 9,1942, resolved to \u2018Do or die\u2019 for Independence of the country and began agitation with \u2018Quit India\u2019 slogan against the British regime. Young and old, men and women, boys and girls, all fearlessly and wholeheartedly joined the movement. Among them was Kanaklatha Baruah.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe got an opportunity to fulfill her dream of serving the country. As soon as the \u2018Quit India\u2019 movement began the British rulers started arresting Congress leaders. Under the leadership of revolutionary Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, in the district of Darrang a resolution was adopted unanimously to hoist National flag at the court and police station, as they were the marks of British Empire. Being aware of women\u2019s participation in the nation\u2019s freedom struggle, Kanaklatha enrolled herself in the suicide squad", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAccording to the programme, freedom fighters with National flag had to capture local police station. Four thousands people from Kalabari side and an equal number from Barangabari moved towards Gohpur police station. In the front line was Kanaklatha Baruah holding a National flag in her hands. She requested the officer in charge of the police station to allow her to hoist the flag at the western gate peacefully", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe officer in charge ignored her request and threatened to shoot her, if she dared to proceed further. Firebrand Kanaklatha marched ahead and had to face the bullets of the strong police force. She laid down her life for the freedom of the country. Another instance of similar martyrdom was from the district of Nagaon. Berhampur in the district was also on fire of Quit India movement.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n13.Nellie Sengupta (Gray)(1886-1973)\nNellie Sengupta was among the English Women who came to India to dedicate her life for its people. Though an outsider she proved herself as a true Indian patriot.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was born on 12 January 1886 as the daughter of Frederick William Gray and Edith Henrietta Gray. While studying in England, she met Jatindra Mohan Sengupta an Indian patriot. They fell in love and were married. After her marriage, she adopted her husband\u2019s country as her own and associated sincerely with her husband\u2019s work to letterate India from the bondage of British imperialism", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nNellie abandoned the land of her birth and fought against the colonial rulers of her motherland for the sake of of her husband. She was a dedicated life partner who whole-heartedly sided with her brave husband on all occasions during their hours of happiness and sorrow. There was doubt among her in-laws whether she would be able to adjust herself in a joint Indian family. But soon Nellie dispelled this doubt by adjusting quickly to the Indian joint family life", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThey proved to be an ideal couple not only in family life but also in the political field. Her father in law was so impressed with her behavior that he wrote a letter to Nellie\u2019s mother, that she was nothing but prize addition to his joint family and a worthy partner of his son.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was the inspiring power behind all his activities in the political field. Mahatma Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu also inspired her.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring the non-cooperation movement she was arrested while selling khadi in Chittagong (now in Bangladesh). Thus she had to endure prison life for the cause of her husband. She helped her husband when he was involved in the strike of the Bengal Assam Railway men as well as steamer service workers in support of the tea plantation laborers who were stranded in Chandpur and were brutally tortured by the British police.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhen the health of Jyotindra Mohan deteriorated, Nellie continued his political work. During the days of the Civil Disobedience Movement Nellie accompanied her husband on political tours to Delhi and Amritsar. Jatindra Mohan was arrested for delivering a political lecture. She purposely delivered a speech at a banned meeting in Delhi. She was arrested and put in prison for four months.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nNellie was elected Congress President in 1933. It was a recognition for her valuable contribution to the cause of India\u2019s independence. Later Nellie was elected alderman of Calcutta (Kolkata) Corporation.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter the partition of India, she stayed in her husband\u2019s paternal house. She devoted herself to social welfare work. She was elected unopposed to the East Pakistan(now Bangladesh) Legislative Assembly from Chittagong. She was brought to India for special medical treatment during the last days of her life. In spite of the best treatment made available, she breathed her last on October 23,1973.\n14.Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya (3 April 1903- 29 October 1988)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKamaladevi was born in a Saraswat family on 3 April 1903. But above everything, she is remembered for her phenomenal role in reviving the traditional handicrafts of India during the post independence era. Read on to know more about the life history of Kamaladevi Chattapadhya, whose father was the district collector of Mangalore, whereas her mother hailed from one of the wealthiest families of Karnataka.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKamaladevi fought against social evils that restricted the development of women. She was an active member of the youth wing of INC (Indian National Congress). During partition, Kamaladevi set up co-operative societies and self-employment schemes to help refugees. She worked to revive traditional industries like weaving and handicrafts. As chief of the Board of Handicrafts, she started the pension system for craftsmen.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was a trade-unionist, a revolutionary, a reformer, a great patron of arts, an accomplished writer, an orator, and a freedom fighter.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBelonging from an illustrious family, she got ample opportunity to meet the great freedom fighters and intellectuals of her time like Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Annie Besant, who being friends of her parents visited her home frequently. Such acquaintances bore great influence on Kamaladevi Chattapadhya, who became an early supporter of the nations\u2019 swadeshi mission. She married at 14 and widowed two years later while still in school", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe life history of Kamaladevi Chattapadhya went on and she next wedded the poet-playwright brother Harindranath Chattapadhya of the great poetess, Sarojini Naidu in 1920. After this, she also acted in two silent movies. Later she shifted to London with her husband, where she enrolled into the Bedford College to study sociology. But the couple returned to India to participate in the nation-wide non-cooperation movement launched by Gandhiji in 1923", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn her missionary zeal she championed the causes of women empowerment, education, handicraft, theater along with her contribution to the field of arts, crafts and writings. In her pursuit and commitment she turned down many offers such as being nominated to the posts of the Vice President of India, Governor of Orissa or Tamilnadu, Ambassador in Cairo or Moscow. She preferred instead to devote herself to social causes. It was her courage displayed with a keen sense of humour that was extremely rewarding.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs a befitting tribute to a cultural icon of India one can conclude with the words of former President of India, R. Venkataraman, quoted , \u201cFlower buds seemed to blossom at her touch-whether they be flower buds of human beings or institutions. People became more human and more sensitive to the deeper impulses of society when they came into contact with her\u2026.\u201d\n15.Indira Gandhi (November19,1917-October 31,1984)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIndira Priyadarshini (the second name means \u201dDearly Beloved\u201d) was born Nov. 19, 1917, the only child of Jawaharlal Nehru and his wife, Kamala, in Allahabad in northern India. Her grandfather, Motilal Nehru, who owned the house in which they lived, was a brilliant lawyer who discarded a lucrative practice to ally himself with Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Congress Party in the independence movement.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBy all accounts, the child\u2019s early years were painfully lonely. The house served as a headquarters for the freedom struggle; her parents were frequently taken off to jail; the police were constantly there.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\u201dMy public life started at the age of 3,\u201d she said. \u201dI have no recollection of games, children\u2019s parties or playing with other children. My favorite occupation as a very small child was to deliver thunderous speeches to the servants, standing on a high table. All my games were political ones \u2013 I was, like Joan of Arc, perpetually being burned at the stake.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\u201dI was very headstrong. The whole house was always in a state of tension that nobody had a normal life. There were police raids, arrests and so on, the physical and mental strain. And all the time it was in public.\u201d", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhat made her childhood even more difficult was the contemptuous treatment given her mother, Kamala, by the far more Westernized and sophisticated women of the Nehru family. Mrs. Gandhi in later life indicated that her own fluency in Hindi, far better than her father\u2019s, and her \u201dIndianness,\u201d or ability to think and feel as a Hindu Indian, were largely a legacy of her mother. When asked once about the impact of Kamala Nehru on her personality, Mrs", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe most remarkable of women in modern India\u2019s was Indira Gandhi who from her early years was active in the national liberation struggle. During the 1930 movement, she formed the \u2018Vanar Sena\u2019. A children\u2019s brigade to help freedom fighters.\nShe became a member of the Indian National Congress in 1938. Soon after her return to India in March 1941, she plunged into political activity.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHer public activity entered a new phase with India\u2019s Independence in 1947. She took over the responsibility of running the Prime Minister\u2019s House. The Congress, which had been her political home ever since her childhood, soon drew her into leading political roles, first as member of the Congress Working Committee in 1955 and later as member of the Central Parliamentary Board in 1958. In 1959, she was elected President of the Indian National Congress", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe oriented Congress thinking and action towards basic issues confronting Indian society and enthused the younger generation the task of nation-building.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the eventful years of her leadership as Prime Minister, Indian society underwent profound changes. She was unremitting in her endeavor for the unity and solidarity of the nation. A staunch defender of the secular ideals of the Constitution, she worked tirelessly for the social and economic advancement of the minorities. She had a vision of a modern self-reliant and dynamic economy.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe fought boldly and vigorously against communalism, obscurantism, and religious fundamentalism of all types. She repeatedly warned the nation that communalism and obscurantism were the tools employed by the forces of destabilization. She laid down her life in defense of the ideals on which the unity and integrity of the Republic are founded. The martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi and Indira Gandhi for upholding the unity of India will reverberate across the centuries.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRarely in history has one single individual come to be identified totally with the fortunes of a country. She became the indomitable symbol of India\u2019s self-respect and self-confidence. Death came to her when she was at her peak, when her stature and influence were acclaimed the world over.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWomen have a special place of pride and honour in the Indian Society. Their role in nation building is also well recognized. Like men they too have excelled in every walk of life. If we turn the pages of History we come across great women rulers, queen warriors, women leaders, women Freedom Fighters, women saints, scholars, writers, social workers and what have you? The country remembers them and honours them and brings out commemorative postage stamps in their fond memory even after they are gone.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWe record our homage and deep admiration for the Womanhood of India who in the hour of peril for the motherland forsook the shelter of their homes and with unfailing courage and endurance stood shoulder to shoulder with their menfolk, in the frontline of India\u2019s national army to share with them the sacrifices and triumphs of the struggle\u201d.\nFrom a Resolution passed on January 26, 1931.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhen the history of India's fight for Independence comes to be written, the sacrifice made by the women of India will occupy the foremost place - Mahatma GandhiJawaharlal Nehru had remarked, when most of the men-folk were in prison then a remarkable thing happened. Our women came forward and took charge of the struggle. Women had always been there of course but now there was an avalanche of them, which took not only the British Government but their own menfolk by surprise.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe entire history of the freedom movement is replete with the saga of bravery, sacrifice and political sagacity of great men and women of the country. This struggle which gained momentum in the early 20th century, threw up stalwarts like Mahatma Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Motilal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, C. Rajagopalachari, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subash Chander Bose. Their number and stature often gives us an erroneous impression that it was only a man\u2019s movement", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBut it is not so. Many prominent women played a leading role in the freedom movement.The important place assigned to women in India dates back to the time of the Vedas and Smritis. Manu declared that where women were adored, Gods frequented that place, During the Vedic age the position of women in society was very high and they were regarded as equal partners with men in all respects. Who had not heard of Maitri, Gargi, Sati Annusuya and Sita", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n? In keeping with this tradition, burden of tears and toils of the long years of struggle for India\u2019s freedom was borne by the wives, mothers, and daughters, silently and cheerfully. The programme of self-imposed poverty and periodical jail going was possible only because of the willing co-operation of the worker\u2019s family. In the various resistance movements in the villages, the illiterate women played this passive but contributory part as comrades of their menfolk", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nby:- Cristy Chopra- Apeejay School Pitampura Delhi.\nWoman's participation in India's freedom struggle began as early as 1817 when Bhima Bai Holkar fought bravely against the British colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerilla warfare. In 1824 Rani Channama of Kittur resisted ate armed might of the East Indian Company.\n....Jhansi Ki Rani Lakshmibai Biography.........", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe first name that comes to mind is that of the famous Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi. Dressed in men\u2019s clothes, she led her soldiers to war against the British. Even her enemies admired her courage and daring. She fought valiantly and although beaten she refused to surrender and fell as a warrior should, fighting the enemy to the last. Her remarkable courage inspired many men and women in India to rise against the alien rule.\n....Jhansi Ki Rani Lakshmibai Biography.........more.......with Photos", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe other remarkable woman elected to the presidentship Indian National Congress was Sarojini Naidu. She became its president.dramatic meeting with another respected leader of time, Gokhle, in 1906 was to change her life forever. His response to her fiery speech brought into her life the impact of a visionary who saw in her oratory and brilliance a leader of the future. The period from 1917 to 1919 was the most dynamic phase of Sarojini's career", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring this time, she campaigned for the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms, the Khilafat issue, the draconian Rowlett Act and the Satyagraha. When Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement ,she proved a faithful lieutenant. With great courage she quelled the rioters, sold proscribed literature, addressed frenzied meetings on the carnage at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.In 1930 when Mahatma Gandhi chose her to lead the Salt Satyagraha the stories of her courage became legion", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter Gandhi's arrest she had prepared 2,000 volunteers under the scorching sun to raid the Dahrsana Salt Works, while the police faced them half a mile up the road with rifle, lathis (canes) are steel tipped clubs. The volunteers wildly cheered when she shook off the arm of the British police officer who came to arrest her and marched proudly to the barbed wire stockade where she was interned before being imprisoned.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFreedom struggle was in full force and she came under the influence of Gopalakrishna Gokhale and Gandhi. Gokhale advised her to spare all her energy and talents for nation's cause. She gave up writing poetry and fully devoted herself to emancipation of women, education, Hindu-Muslim unity etc. She became a follower of Gandhiji and accompanied him to England. Whenever in England, she openly criticized British rule in India which caught the attention of scholars and intellectuals.\n3. KASTURBA GANDHI", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKasturba Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi's wife joined her husband while he was in South Africa and worked with him for many years there. She was a leader of Women's Satyagraha for which she was imprisoned. She helped her husband in the cause of Indigo workers in Champaran, Bihar and the No Tax Campaign in Kaira, Gujarat. She was arrested twice for picketing liquor and foreign cloth shops, and in 1939 for participating in the Rajkot Satyagraha.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBorn to Gokuladas Makharji of Porbandar. Kasturba married Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) through arrangement. They were both 13 years old. At that time, she was illiterate, and so Gandhi taught her to read and write \u2014 a potentially radical move, given the position of women in India at that time.\nWhen Gandhi left to study in London in 1888, she remained in India to raise their newborn son Harilal. She had three more sons - Manilal (1892), Ramdas (1897), and Devdas (1900).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKasturba often joined her husband in political protests. She traveled to South Africa in 1897 to be with her husband. From 1904 to 1914, she was active in the Phoenix Settlement near Durban. During the 1913 protest against working conditions for Indians in South Africa, Kasturba was arrested and sentenced to three months in a hard labor prison. Later, in India, she sometimes took her husband's place when he was under arrest", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1915, when Gandhi returned to India to support indigo planters, Kasturba accompanied him. She taught hygiene, discipline, reading and writing to women and children.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKasturba suffered from chronic bronchitis. Stress from the Quit India Movement's arrests and ashram life caused her to fall ill. After contracting pneumonia, she died from a severe heart attack on February 22, 1944. She died in Mahatma Gandhi's arms while both were still in prison. He was never the same after her death.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1932, she was held prisoner at the Tihar Jail where she protested the indifferent treatment of political prisoners by launching a hunger strike. Her efforts resulted in an improvement of conditions in the Tihar Jail but she was moved to Ambala and was subjected to solitary confinement. She was politically not very active after her release.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHer father Upendranath Ganguly hailed from Barisal district of Eastern Bengal but settled in the United Province. He was a restaurant owner and a very adventurous man. Mother Ambalika Devi was the daughter of Trailokyanath Sanyal,a renowned Brahmo leader who wrote many beautiful brahmo hyms. Upendranath Ganguly's younger brother Dhirendranath Ganguly (D G) was one of the earliest film directors", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnother brother Nagendranath, a soil biologist was married to Rabindranath Tagore's only surviving daughter Mira Devi though they got separated after sometime. Her sister, Purnima Banerjee was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn August 8, 1942, the AICC passed the Quit India resolution at the Bombay session. The government responded by arresting the major leaders and all members of the Congress Working Committee and thus tried to pre-empt the movement from success. A young Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the remainder of the session on 9 August and hoisted the Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan. This marked the commencement of the movement. The police fired upon the assembly at the session", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAruna was dubbed the Heroine of the 1942 movement for her bravery in the face of danger and was called Grand Old Lady of the Independence movement in her later years. Despite absence of direct leadership, spontaneous protests and demonstrations were held all over the country, as an expression of desire of India\u2019s youth to achieve independence.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAruna Asaf Ali was awarded International Lenin Peace Prize for the year 1964. She was awarded India\u2019s highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1997. In 1998, a stamp commemorating her was issued. Aruna Asaf Ali marg in New Delhi is named after her. All India Minorities Front distributes the Dr Aruna Asaf Ali Sadbhawana Award annually.\n5. Indira Gandhi", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the eventful years of her leadership as Prime Minister, Indian society underwent profound changes. She was unremitting in her endeavour for the unity and solidarity of the nation. A staunch defender of the secular ideals of the Constitution, she worked tirelessly for the social and economic advancement of the minorities. She had a vision of a modern self-reliant and dynamic economy. She fought boldly and vigorously against communalism, obscurantism, re-vivalism and religious fundamentalism of all types", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe repeatedly warned the nation that communalism and obscuranatism were the tools employed by the forces of destabilization. She laid down her life in defence of the ideals on which the unity and integrity of the Republic are founded. The martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi and Indira Gandhi for upholding the unity of India will reverberate across the centuries.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRarely in history has one single individual come to be identifie do totally with the fortunes of a country. She became the indomitable symbol of India\u2019s self-respect and self-confidence. Death came to her when she was at her peak, when her stature and influence were acclaimed the world over", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBrought up in a traditional Hindu Brahmin family, she felt alienated amongst the more Westernized Nehrus. It was only with the involvement of the Nehrus in the national movement, that she emerged into the forefront. In the Non Cooperation movement of 1921, she organized groups of women in Allahabad and picketed shops selling foreign cloth and liquor. When her husband was arrested to prevent him delivering a \"seditious\" public speech, she went in his place to read it out", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDescribed as pretty, slim, and tender, Kamala was quiet, unobtrusive, and is thought to have had little impact on her husband. In 1917, she gave birth to a daughter, Indira Priyadarshini, who later succeeded her father as prime minister and head of the Congress party. Kamala died from tuberculosis in Switzerland while her husband was in prison.\nShe spent some time at Gandhi's ashram with Kasturba Gandhi where she built a close friendship with Prabhavati Devi wife of Jayaprakash Narayan.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFollowing India's independence from the British in 1947 she entered the diplomatic service and became India's ambassador to several countries: the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1949, the United States and Mexico from 1949 to 1951, Ireland from 1955 to 1961 (during which time she was also the Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom), and Spain from 1958 to 1961. Between 1946 and 1968 she also headed the Indian delegation to the United Nations", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn India, she served as governor of Maharashtra from 1962 to 1964, after which she was elected to the Indian Lok Sabha from Phulpur, her brother's former constituency. She held office from 1964 to 1968. Pandit was a harsh critic of her niece, Indira Gandhi, after Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966, and she retired from active politics after relations between them soured On retiring she moved to Dehradun in the Doon Valley in the Himalayan foothills.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1979 she was appointed the Indian representative to the UN Human Rights Commission, after which she retired from public life. Her writings include The Evolution of India (1958) and The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir (1979).\nHer daughter Nayantara Sahgal, who later settled in her mother's house in Dehradun, is a well-known novelist.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBegum Hazrat Mahal was the wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. Begum Hazrat Mahal was endowed with great physical charm and grace as well as organizational skills. After, her husband was exiled to Calcutta, she took charge of the affairs of the state of Awadh, which then was a large part of the current state of Uttar Pradesh, India.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring India\u2019s First War of independence (1857-58), she led a band of her supporters against the British, and was even able to seize the control of Lucknow. She declared her son Birjis Qadra as the king of Awadh. She is believed to have worked in close association with other leaders of the India\u2019s First War of Independence, including Nana Sahib. When the forces under the command of the British re-captured Lucknow and most part of the Awadh, she was forced to retreat", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe turned down all offers of amnesty and allowances by the British rulers. Ultimately, she had to retreat to Nepal, where she was offered asylum by the Rana prime minister Jung Bahadur. She died there in 1879 and was buried in a nameless grave on the grounds of Kathmandu's Jama Masjid.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSarojini\u2019s daughter Miss Padmaja Naidu devoted herself to the cause of Nation like her mother. At the age of 21, she entered the National scene and became the joint founder of the Indian National Congress of Hyderabad. She spread the message of Khadi and inspired people to boycott foreign goods. She was jailed for taking part in the \u201cQuit India\u201d movement in 1942. After Independence, she became the Governor of West Bengal", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring her public life spanning over half a century, she was associated with the Red Cross. Her services to the Nation and especially her humanitarian approach to solve problems will long be remembered.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nVeera Mangai Velunachiyar...... FOREIGN WOMEN IN THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT OF INDIA\nBesides the hundreds and thousands of Indian women who dedicated their lives for the cause of their motherland, there were a number of noble and courageous foreign women who saw in India - its religion, its philosophy and its culture, a hope for the redemption of the world. They thought that in India\u2019s spiritual death shall world find its grave.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThese noble women were sick of the material west and found in India and in its civilization, solace for their cramped souls.\nSister Nivedita\n13. Sister Nivedita", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSister Nivedita was one among the host of foreign women who were attracted towards Swami Vivekananda and Hindu philosophy. Born in Ireland on 28 October 1867, she arrived in India in January, 1898, in search of truth. She was impressed by the ideals of Womanhood in India. She once remarked that India was the land of great women", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe, however, felt that Indian women needed, to cultivate among themselves a wider and broader concept of the nation, so that they could participate along with men in building a free and strong nation.She propagated for the cause of India throughout America and Europe. Swami Vivekananda described her as a real Lioness. Rabindranath Tagore regarded her as Lok-Mata and Aurobindo Ghosh as Agni-sikha.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMargaret Elizabeth Noble (1867-1911), better known as Sister Nivedita, was an Anglo-Irish social worker, author, teacher and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. She met Vivekananda in 1895 in London and travelled to India (Kolkata) in 1898. Swami Vivekananda gave her the name Nivedita (which means one who is dedicated to God) on March 25, 1898. In November 1898 she started a school for girls which is now called Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Sister Nivedita Girls' High School", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMirra Alfassa, later Morisset and Richard (February 21, 1878 - November 17, 1973), also known as The Mother, was the spiritual partner of Sri Aurobindo. She was born in Paris to Turkish and Egyptian parents and came to his retreat on March 29, 1914 in Pondicherry to collaborate on editing the Arya. Having to leave Pondicherry during the War, she spent most of her time in Japan where she met the poet Rabindranath Tagore. Finally she returned to Pondicherry and settled there in 1920", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter November 24, 1926, when Sri Aurobindo retired into seclusion, she founded his ashram with a handful of disciples living around the Master. With Sri Aurobindo's full approval she became the leader of the community, a position she held until her death. The Trust she had registered after Sri Aurobindo's death in 1950 continues to look after the institution.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe experiences of the last thirty years of the Mother's life were captured in the 13-volume work The Agenda. In those years she attempted the physical transformation of her body in order to become what she felt was the first of a new type of human individual by opening to the Supramental Truth Consciousness, a new power of spirit that Sri Aurobindo had allegedly discovered. Sri Aurobindo considered her an incarnation of the Mother Divine, hence her name \"the Mother\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe took charge of Ashram in Pondicherry in 1926. She was the inspirer of Auroville, the international town near Pondicherry. It was to serve as a meeting place for the followers of Shri Aurobindo.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPaying her tribute to the Mother at a women\u2019s gathering in Kanpur the late Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi said: \u201cThe Mother was a dynamic lady, who came from France and adopted the Indian culture. She played an important role in motivating women like Mrs. Annie Besant and Mrs. Nellie Sen Gupta, The Mother had also contributed to enrich India\u2019s age-old heritage and culture\u201d\nDr. Annie Besant with Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, The founder of Pakistan\n15. ANNIE BESANT", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnnie Besant an Irish lady became the leader of the of the Theosophical Society. In 1902 while in London she criticized England for the conditions prevalent in India. In 1914 she joined the Indian National Congress and gave it a new direction.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe idea of the Home Rule League was first discussed by her. She with the radical congress leader Tilak presented a memorial to Montagu on December 18, 1917 which gave equal rights to women in the matters of political franchise. She was the first woman president of the Congress and gave a powerful lead to women's movement in India.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnnie Wood was born in 1847 in London into a middle-class family of Irish origin. She was always proud of being Irish and supported the cause of Irish self-rule throughout her adult life. Her father died when she was five years old, leaving the family almost penniless. Her mother supported the family by running a boarding house for boys at Harrow. However, she was unable to support Annie and persuaded her friend Ellen Marryat to care for her. Marryat made sure that Annie had a good education", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was given a strong sense of duty to society and an equally strong sense of what independent women could achieve. As a young woman, she was also able to travel widely in Europe. There she acquired a taste for Catholic colour and ceremony that never left her. In 1867, at age nineteen she married 26-year-old clergyman Frank Besant, younger brother of Walter Besant. He was an evangelical Anglican clergyman who seemed to share many of her concerns. Soon Frank became vicar of Sibsey in Lincolnshire", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnnie moved to Sibsey with her husband, and within a few years they had two children: Digby and Mabel. The marriage was, however, a disaster. The first conflict came over money and Annie's independence. Annie wrote short stories, books for children and articles. As married women did not have the legal right to own property, Frank was able to take all the money she earned. Politics further divided the couple. Annie began to support farm workers who were fighting to unionise and to win better conditions", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFrank was a Tory and sided with the landlords and farmers. The tension came to a head when Annie refused to attend Communion. She left him and returned to London. They were legally separated and Annie took her daughter with her.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnnie began to question her own faith. She turned to leading churchmen for advice. She even went to see Edward Bouverie Pusey, leader of the Catholic wing of the Church of England. He simply told her she had read too many books. Annie returned to Frank to make one last effort to repair the marriage. It proved useless. She finally left for London. Divorce was unthinkable for Frank, and was not really within the reach of even middle-class people. Annie was to remain Mrs Besant for the rest of her life", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt first, she was able to keep contact with both children and to have Mabel live with her. She got a small allowance from Frank. Her husband was given sole custody of their two children.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMEERA BEN AND SARLA BEN\nMeera Ben and Sarla Ben popularly known as Mahatama Gandhi's two English daughters also made significant contribution to the cause of freedom.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMeera Ben whose real name was Madeleine Slade attended the second Round Table Conference with Gandhi. She sent news releases concerning Gandhi's campaign to the world press for which she was repeatedly threatened by the government, but she continued her work. She undertook Khadi tour throughout the country. She was arrested for entering the city of Bombay in violation of the government order", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nCatherine Mary Heilman or Sarla Ben as she was better known, went from village to village helping the families of political prisoners.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe list of great women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and undying devotion to the service of India is a long one. Gandhi squarely summed up the strength of womanhood in his tribute to the gender:", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTo call woman the weaker sex is a libel; it is man's injustice to women. If by strength is meant moral power then woman is immeasurably man's superior. Has she not greater intuition, is she not more self sacrificing, has she not greater power of endurance, has she not greater courage? Without her man would not be. If non-violence is the law of our being, the future is woman. I have nursed this thought now for years.\nThe Great Indian Women Freedom Fighters", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn the occassion of this Independance Day to remember the Freedom Fighters, who destroyed their beautiful lives for our Beautiful Life. There are many Women Freedom Fighters in Indian history, But we know about few of them only. (I searched for some women Indian freedom fighters on the Web, but I could not found a single word about them (i.e. Kanakalatha Baruva - Assam Freedom Fighter, Naanibala Devi, Suneethi, Shanthi)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI am requesting to the readers - Please gather about our Great Indians who spent their valuable life for our Beautiful Future. I am here posting about few of the Brave Indian Women Freedom Fighters.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRANI CHENNAMMA\nJHANSI RANI\nBEGUM HAZRATH MAHAL\nRANI AVANTI BAI\nPREETI LATHA\nDURGA BHABI\nLAKSHMI SEHGAL\nKALPANA DUTTA\nBEENA DAS\nKANAKALATHA BARUVA\nIndian Women Freedom Fighters We Salute\nRani of Jhansi\nYou will hardly find an Indian who hasn\u00a1\u00aft grown up hearing the brave adventures of Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi. She was one of the leading personalities in the National Uprising of 1857. Because of her never-say-die spirit, today she is an epitome of courage and her name is used as a metaphorfor bravery!", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSarojoni Naidu\nSarojini Naidu has been a beacon of inspiration to many women. At a time when women were oppressed to a large extent in many states, she was one of the first few women who stepped out and took the reins of leadership in her own hands. As the first woman President of Indian National Congress and Governor of Uttar Pradesh, she displayed some rare qualities. Her poems continue to inspire us\nBegum Hazrat Mahal", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was one of the iconic freedom fighters of theNational Uprising in 1857. When themutiny began, she was one of the first freedom fighter who urged the rural folk to rise up against the British oppression. She thus seized the control of Lucknow and announced her son as the King of Oudh. However, when the British recaptured Lucknow, she was forcedto retreat to Nepal.\nSajeevJino\nRe: Indian Women Freedom Fighters We Salute\nVijaylakshmi Pandit", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nLike her brother Jawaharlal Nehru, she too felt passionately for her country. After serving our nation for years, she became the first woman President of the United Nations General Assembly. A writer, a diplomat, and a politician, her worksare an inspiration to many young women.\nKittur Rani Chennamma", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nEven though you may hardly be familiar with her name, she was one of the earliest Indian rulers who fought forfreedom. 33 years before the National Uprising, this queen of a princely state in Karnataka led an armed rebellion against the British, and lost her life in the end. Even today, she is revered as one of the bravest women in Karnataka.\nBhikaiji Cama", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBhikaji Cama is undoubtedly one of the bravest women in the history of Indian Freedom Struggle. She was one of the pioneers in setting up the IndianHome Rule Society. When in exile, she wrote several revolutionary literatures from the freedom movement. She even made radical speeches for gender equality in Egypt.\nSucheta Kriplani", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWith the dedication and passion that she exuded for her country during the struggle, she was elected as the firstwoman Chief Minister of any Indian state. She stepped up for her country with the Quit India Movement and she was one of Gandhiji\u00a1\u00afs close associates in several Partition riots. She was a role model and encouraged many women to join the struggle.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was an active member of the Congress Party who not just fought for our country\u00a1\u00afs freedom, but also for the rights of political prisoners in Tihar Jail. She launched a hunger strike for the latter and her efforts resulted in improved conditions but she was subjected to solitary confinement. She displayed great courage by standing up to the oppressive rule as well as her family who were against the idea of her marrying a Muslim (she was originally a Brahmo).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe steady change in their position can be highlighted by looking at what has been achieved by women in the country:\n1848: Jyotirao Phule, along with his wife Savitribai Phule, opened a school for girls in Pune, India. Savitribai Phule became the first women teacher in India.\n1879: John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune established the Bethune School in 1849, which developed into the Bethune College in 1879, thus becoming the first women's college in India.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1883: Chandramukhi Basu and Kadambini Ganguly became the first female graduates of India and the British Empire.\n1886: Kadambini Ganguly and Anandi Gopal Joshi became the first women from India to be trained in Western medicine.\n1905: Suzanne RD Tata becomes the first Indian woman to drive a car.[34]\n1916: The first women's university, SNDT Women's University, was founded on 2 June 1916 by the social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve with just five students.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1917: Annie Besant became the first female president of the Indian National Congress.\n1919: For her distinguished social service, Pandita Ramabai became the first Indian woman to be awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal by the British Raj.\n1925: Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian born female president of the Indian National Congress\n1927: The All India Women's Conference was founded.\n1944: Asima Chatterjee became the first Indian woman to be conferred the Doctorate of Science by an Indian university", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1947: On 15 August 1947, following independence, Sarojini Naidu became the governor of the United Provinces, and in the process became India's first woman governor.\n1951: Prem Mathur of the Deccan Airways becomes the first Indian women commercial pilot.\n1953: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit became the first woman (and first Indian) president of the United Nations General Assembly\n1959: Anna Chandy becomes the first Indian woman judge of a High Court (Kerala High Court)[35]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1963: Sucheta Kriplani became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, the first woman to hold that position in any Indian state.\n1966: Captain Durga Banerjee becomes the first Indian woman pilot of the state airline, Indian Airlines.\n1966: Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay wins Ramon Magsaysay award for community leadership.\n1966: Indira Gandhi becomes the first woman Prime Minister of India\n1970: Kamaljit Sandhu becomes the first Indian woman to win a Gold in the Asian Games", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1972: Kiran Bedi becomes the first female recruit to join the Indian Police Service.[36]\n1979: Mother Teresa wins the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first Indian female citizen to do so.\n1984: On 23 May, Bachendri Pal became the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest.\n1989: Justice M. Fathima Beevi becomes the first woman judge of the Supreme Court of India.[37]\n1997: Kalpana Chawla becomes the first India-born woman to go into space.[38]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1992: Priya Jhingan becomes the first lady cadet to join the Indian Army ==(later commissioned on 6 March 1993)[39]\n1994: Harita Kaur Deol becomes the first Indian woman pilot in the Indian Air Force (IAF), on a solo flight.\n2000: Karnam Malleswari became the first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal (bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics at Sydney)\n2002: Lakshmi Sahgal became the first Indian woman to run for the post of President of India.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n2004: Punita Arora became the first woman in the Indian Army to don the highest rank of Lieutenant General.\n2007: Pratibha Patil becomes the first woman President of India.\n2009: Meira Kumar became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha, the lower house in Indian Parliament\nRole of\nWomen in\nStruggle For\nSiddhartha Dash:-http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/August/engpdf/74-76.pdfhttp://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/August/engpdf/74-76.pdf", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAttingal Queen.1810-53 Junior Rani H.H. Sri Patmanabha Sevini Vanchi Dharma Dyumani Raja Rajeshwari Rani Gouri Parvati Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India\n1810-53 Junior Rani H.H. Sri Patmanabha Sevini Vanchi Dharma Dyumani Raja Rajeshwari Rani Gouri Parvati Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)\n1815-29 Regent of Travancore", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhen her elder sister Regent Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi died after childbirth in 1815 she was only thirteen years of age and being the only female left in the family, besides her deceased sister's little daughter, she became Regent Maharani on behalf of her nephew, the heir, Maharajah Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was on her accession actively counselled by her brother in law, Raja Raja Varma of the Changanssery Royal family as well as her husband, Raghava Varma, who belonged to the Royal family of Kilimanoor. Her first act was to appoint a new Dewan, and she continued the reforms of her older sister. Christians got more freedom and some of the restrictions put on some of the lower castes were removed, she also introduced health reforms", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\ner mother, Princes Atham of the Travancore, was the Senior Rani of Attingal. Her first husband was Raghava Varma of the Kilimanoor Royal family and after his death she married his brother After his death in 1824, she married again, but did not have any children. She lived (1802-53).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nsucceeded to the title of Senior Rani of Attingal after the death of her mother, the Queen Regent, Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai. Apart from her aunt, who was regent 1815-29, she only female in the matriarchal Travancore Royal Family, she married Rama Varma Koil Thampuran of Thiruvalla Royal Family in 1819 and had seven children, five sons and two daughters. One of these daughters died soon while the other married and had two sons, including Moolam Thirunal Sir Rama Varma", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn the night of April 11, 1721 150 Britishers were done to death at the Attingal Palace near Thiruvananthapuram. What perhaps was the first major attack on the British in India though rarely mentioned in Indian history . It was a clever plot laid by Kodumon Pillai, Minister of the queen of Attingal, Umayamma Rani, who out smarted the shrewd British who had superior weapons. The Nair Pada and the local Muslims took part in the operation and the British met with the biggest debacle in the region", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe immediate provocation was about the building of a Fort at Anchu Thengu, Anjengo in British records. The scheming British had entered in to a series of maneuvers to make trade in spices their monopoly. Greed for huge profits drove them wild, capturing the spice country itself later. Those were the early days of the English East India Company in India, the Dutch and the British on Indian shores were engaged in a series of conflicts to stake control of the sea trade", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMuslims, traditionally intermediaries in spice trade, were severely affected with the curbs in trade. Equipped with their guns and cannons, what the local soldiers were not yet having, they became menacing. Orders of the Rani to stop the building of the Fort were disobeyed. Initial attacks launched by the Nair Pada was rebuffed with severe casualties. It was after a wait that the clever trap was laid and almost everyone in the Fort was executed. Cannons and gunfire of the British came to naught.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAttingal was the seat of the sovereign of Venad during this period and there were only queens, Ranis, in power. Apart from Attingal proper the principalities of Elayidam or Kottarakkara, Perakam or Nedumangad, Thiruvithamkode or Travancore, Kollam, Kaymkulam, Karunagappalli and Karthikappalli were all under the Attingal Rani. The sovereigns were ceremonial rulers and the actual power remained with the feudal lords titled Pillais, Nairs, who kept their own armies and administration", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFeuds between the Pillais used to lead to intermittent clashes at the time. This was a turning point in the history of Kerala, also India. Travancore stood the side of the British after this episode and emerged as a major power during the reign of King Marthanda Varma. It was Marthanda Varma, who with the support of the British, annexed most of these principalities later and created the unified Travancore", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe others were mostly allied with the Dutch, except the extreme north like Kolathu Nadu, modern Kannur. Marthanda Varma was also instrumental in neutralizing the powerful Pillais, Nayars, the story of his avenging the \u2018Ettuveettil Pillamar\u2019 is a figurative story of the event. From traders the British soon became sovereigns in India. The famous Kalari culture of the feudal lords, Pillais, stood liquidated during the British period that ensued.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe sequence of events that lead to the massacre were rooted primarily in the English attempts to monopolise trade. The Dutch and the English East India Companies were active in spice trade and both had factories on Indian soil, godowns for merchandise initially, which later were made army barracks. The Dutch had a factory at Thenga Pattinam, now in Kanyakumari district, and the English in Vizhinjam. The negotiations were all with the Pillais who had the authority to deal with the traders", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDue to the internecine conflicts and overtures to monopolise trade the factory in Thenga Pattinam was destroyed by the Pillais and the factory chief was executed in the year 1684. Two ships belonging to the Dutch were also set on fire. When complained Attingal Rani agreed to compensate the loss, but this was not possible as the Pillais were adamant. A request from the English that they be permitted to build a big wall around the Vizhinjam factory was also opposed by the Pillais", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThey fore saw the implications. Kottayam Kerala Varma, the ruling king in Thiruvithamkode, adopted from Kolathunadu in the north, was not in very good terms with these powerful feudal lords. It was during this time that the Attingal Rani gave permission to the English to build a factory at Anchu Thengu in the year 1694.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nVanchimuttom Pillai and Kodumon Pillai were the ministers to the queen, prominent among the Council of Ministers, who advised the Rani that it will eventually prove disastrous. Accordingly the Rani asked the Company to stop building the Fort, this the English refused to heed. And Kodumon Pillai with the help of the Nair Pada in Chirayinkeezh attacked the Fort. The English now equipped with their cannons and guns retaliated and the attempt to stop the British ended in vain", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nNow, Vanchimuttom Pillai and Kodumon Pillai had a tussle going between them and Kodumon Pillai was the favourite of the Rani. How Vanchimuttom, it is believed, secretly helped the English in building the Fort. In 1690 the Rani passed away and the English completed building the Fort in the very next year taking advantage of the confusion", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSoon the sea trade was under the control of the British who with their superior arms started dictating terms, in who can trade and at what price, also refused to pay taxes. The queens that followed Umayamma Rani were all adopted from Kolathunadu and they were too weak to manage the scene and the Pillais were restive. Feuds between the two Pillais also became a matter of concern, which gave the English a golden opportunity. The old feudal system was having its own problems.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe English now stationed comfortably at the heavily armed Fort at Anchu Thengu refused to permit anyone else to trade in Attingal principality. Except the Dutch who were very powerful at the time, though the English used to give information about the Dutch vessels to the Muslims who had taken to warfare and were pirates in the seas by now. The English men in the Fort went around trading at their will and started looting the local people who had no choice but obey them", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nCorruption among the British officers became rampant. The local traders and common people came to hate the English. Each one in the Fort started minting money and one Coifing, who was in charge at the time, was discharged by the Company for misappropriation of money. Next it was the tenure of one Gilford, who made the situation worse from bad. Two incidents at the time became crucial. One was the purchase by one Ignacio, an interpreter of the company, a plot of land belonging to the Devi temple", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe one who sold this had no legal rights to sell it and the English forcibly occupied the land despite objections from the local people.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnother episode was the maltreatment to some traders who went to the Fort. A merchant Brahmin who went there was anointed with some ritual powder by a woman, as part of a Christian ceremony, and the insulted man injured the woman taking out his sword. Gilford coming to know about it inflicted severe punishments on the merchants. In fact it was a plot by Gilford who wanted to take revenge on those who refused to help him in his private trade", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe matter reached Kodumon Pillai who attacked the Fort with a big force, lost many lives due to gunfire and the English took refuge inside. The Nair Pada burned a ship of the Company and laid a siege on the Fort, but soon after a ship from Mumbai with soldiers arrived and they were saved. The impasse that followed after the cold war between the two Pillais, as to who should be accepted as the Rani in Attingal, was a matter of concern during this period", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nEventually in the year 1721 they came to a truce and the sister of the sovereign of Kollam was accepted as queen in Attingal. The British, who had to pay arrears, were contacted and Gilford, facing troubles due to the opposition of the people, decided to meet the queen and also compromise with the Pillais. He sent emissaries to the Palace.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nExtensive talks were held through intermediaries and the English agreed to pay up the tax arrears for the period they made default and make relations smooth. To settle the matters they were invited by the Pillais, Gilford and the other Englishmen did not sense the pent up anger and thought it an old story, to the Attingal Palace. Everyone in the Fort were invited for a big party. On 11 th of April almost everyone in the English factory at Anchu Thengu thus came in a procession, as discussed and agreed to", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTaking the river route they reached the Palace in great ceremony. The entourage was 150 strong. As the boats landed messengers of the Pillais persuaded the English to leave their guns in the boat as these were not permitted in the Palace. This was complied. Later the English and the Pillais went in to marathon discussions regarding the arrears in taxes and it was dark by then. The English had brought the new currency of the East India Company which the Pillais refused to accept", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThey demanded that the traditional Venetian currency be paid, what was the dollar of those days, this was not available with the English. Pillais were buying time. They wanted to meet the queen but as it was already dark the Pillais asked the English men to stay for the night and meet her in the morning.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nCasey, the second in charge of the Fort, smelt a rat and told Gilford that it was risky to stay there at night but Gilford was not willing to listen. As it was getting pitch dark Gilford heard the unusual movement of people in the Palace and was alarmed. Now sensing danger he sent a messenger to the Fort at Anchu Thengu several kilometers away in the night itself. Soon a huge party of the Nair Pada and the Muslims ran over the English men and every one of the 150 odd people were killed", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt was a clean operation where the superior arms did not help. Gilford, crafty and corrupt, to whom they had a long standing grudge, having killed many comrades, was beheaded and the body pinned on a wooden board, then floated in the river. The only one who escaped was the messenger sent by Gilford at night, who reached the Fort the next day. The horrifying revenge was known only at the time", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt was mostly women and children at the Fort and the only competent gun man left there, one Samuel, evacuated the women and children to safety by sea. Expecting that the Nair Pada is to attack the Fort soon he sealed the doors. He also burned the large quantity of surplus gun powder stored in the premises.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs expected the attack of the Nair Pada came on April 14 . It was more to capture the Fort and the weaponry. But they could not enter the huge Fort walls and the cannons kept spitting fire, after sporadic attacks repulsed by the gun men they gave up. They returned back after setting fire to the houses in the vicinity of the Fort. On hearing about the tragedy that befell the Englishmen the Rani send a message expressing sorrow about what happened. Trade had become too attractive to lose", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe King of Kollam also send a similar message. Taking advantage of the situation the King of Thiruvithamkode, Travancore, Rama Varma, who had assumed the throne only a few days back, made swift moves. Competition between the spice kingdoms was common, for better trading. Originally belonging to Kolathunadu, Rama Varma, brother Aditya Varma and his sisters were adopted in 1696", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThis adoption had the support of Adams, chief of the Tellicherry factory of the British, under which the Fort at Anchu Thengue also came. After the massacre the Rani and Vanchimuttom Pillai had left to Kollam allied with the Dutch. Rama Varma saw this an opportunity and also wanted to make his sister queen of Attingal. The British interfering in selection of kings and queens was common in this era, using terms in trade as the bait, offering luxuries and various other means.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1722 Alexander, a cousin of Adams, was appointed chief of Anchu Thengu. In the same year two more adoptions were made from Kolathunadu, a prince and a princess, at the behest of Adams and one of them was crowned the prince of Travancore. Rama Varma meanwhile gave permission to the English, by now his friends, to build a fort at Colachel and permission to mint coins for Travancore in 1723", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe made an agreement with the English giving them monopoly for trade in Travancore and gave permission for yet another fort in Idava in 1726. From the two nephews of Rama Varma one was the Prince of Iraniel, who was to become famous later as Marthanda Varma, and the other Prince of Neyyattinkara. In 1728 the Prince of Neyyattinkara taking the help of the Naiks of Madurai hired a battalion of Vaduka Pada and marched on Attingal", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe British all along did not directly confront the Nair Pada but made one to fight another. Fifteen of the leading Pillais in Attingal were executed and the remaining surrendered. Karthika Thirunal, a princess and his own relative, was made the queen of Attingal.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1729 after Rama Varma passed away the Neyyattinkara prince and another in Karunagappalli became kings of Travancore and both died in the same year one after other. Prince of Iraniel, Marthanda Varma, became the king of Travancore. He helped the British to contain the Dutch presence in the region and was instrumental in a major expansion drive. Soon Marthanda Varma captured all the remaining Pillais of Attingal involved in the massacre and handed them over to the English", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFrom a small principality that remained south of the river Karamana, Travancore, with the help of the British got extended up to river Periyar in the north. With the help of a Brahmin minister Ramayyan all the principalities were subdued, many of these allied with the Dutch. The traditional social structure with the Nair warriors in charge were razed to the ground. Marthanda Varma raised new armies and this left the traditional warriors jobless", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nNair chieftains\u2019 powers of tax collection and legal duties stood removed and those who opposed were mercilessly persecuted, even the women and children not spared. Those favourable were promoted. The state was surrendered to the Padmanabha Swamy temple by Marthanda Varma, under Tulu Brahmin priests, as a clever move to neutralize revolt", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBut it was an actual surrender to the British that resulted, completed by his heir Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma who consolidated the British connection and Travancore came under the British in 1795. After the war with Mysore, where Tippu Sultan was defeated, Travancore was forced to accept the sovereignty of a Company, the English East India Company, traders became rulers.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Travancore royalty, as also many other royal families, remained friends of the British, the British crown taking over control from the Company later, till India attained independence. The popular revolts that immediately followed this phase, by Pazhassi Raja in the north and Velu Thambi in the south (1790 \u2013 1810), against the British, were contained. And those who revolted were pauperized and their powers gradually neutralised", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhether the human sacrifice at Attingal taught the British in India a lesson or it helped the chain of events leading to British occupation is a question that remains unanswered. Monopoly trade, what triggered the massacre, later took over the world and remains the most oppressive regime controlling mankind is a valid observation. Resource poor North exploiting the resource rich South using the game of trade continues to operate without any hindrance", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe same urge to monopolise trade is what underlies the modern rhetoric of globalisation, only it is now much more subtle and sophisticated. It has become far too well entrenched, have governments as allies and it has become difficult to question the silent war killing millions in poverty.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt is beleived that Attingal town was built 800 years ago. During ancient times Attingal was known to be \"Chittattinkara\" as it is encircled on three sides by the rivers \"Vamana puram river\" and \"Mamom river\". Historically, Attingal has been the residence of the women of the Venad royal family. The Attingal Palace dates to 1305 C.E. Attingal and the surrounding areas were a principality within the Travancore kingdom, and were ruled by their queens", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBy the colonial period, trade flourished with Portuguese and Dutch traders. In 1735, Marthanda Varma, the king of Travancore, took Attingal.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe mother of the Maharaja of Travancore and her sister received the principality of Attingal in joint appanage. They were consequently styled the Senior and Junior Rani (the female form of Raja or Rana) of Attingal, respectively. Their husbands, known as Koil Tampurans, came from one of four or five princely houses who were closely related to the Royal House. Attingal was the seat of the sovereign of Venad during this period and there were only queens, Ranis, in power", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nApart from Attingal proper the principalities of Elayidam or Kottarakkara, Perakam or Nedumangad, Thiruvithamkode or Travancore, Kollam, Kaymkulam, Karunagappalli and Karthikappalli were all under the Attingal Rani.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAttingal Mutiny was the first ever rebellion againt the British in India. The grant of Anchuthengu to the English provoked the wrath of a section of the local population and in 1697 the English factory was subjected to a violent but futile attack. In 1721, the English factors felt the need to appease the Rani of Attingal (Queen) after alienating the local population by their \"overbearing behaviour\". They sent a set of presents to the Rani", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe local agents of the \"Pillamar\" demanded that those presents should be given to them for transmission to the Rani. When it was denied, on the night of April 11, 1721 140 Englishmen were massacred on their way to the Rani, and the fort was laid under siege for nearly six months. The Nair Pada and the local Muslims took part in the operation and the British met with the biggest debacle in the region The fort was relieved only when reinforcements for the English arrived from Talassery", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSimilarly the grant of Talassery was resented by Kurangoth Nair who claimed the territory to be under his control. He in alliance with one of the dissident Kolathiri princes, raided the Company's warehouse and inflicted heavy damage to property in 1704-05.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAttingal Palace\nThe Attingal palaces (Manomohanavilasom and Koyikkal), which are mentioned in literature dating from 1305 A.D., and many temples are in the Municipality. Chirayinkil, a town famous for its Sarkara Temple, is close by. It is also a major road junction.\nUntil 1837 Senior Rani Gouri Rukmani Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe younger daughter of the Queen Regent Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai (1810-15), she succeeded her sister, Gouri Lakshmi Bai, as Senior Rani of Attingal. Two of her sons became Maharajas, she was mother of a total of eight children, and lived (1809-37).\n1837-53 Senior Rani Parvati Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAlso known as Chathayam Tirunal, she succeeded Gouri Rukmani Bai as joint administrator of the principality of Attingal, which were given as appanage to the two senior Princesses of the Travancore royal family, which follows matrilineal inheritance, according to male primogeniture. She was unmarried and (d. 1853).\nTHE FIRST INDIAN MUTINY AGAINST BRITISH-1800 MUTINY - AND MASSACRE OF150 BRITISH AT ATTINGAL PALACE IN TRAVANCORE\nKingdom of Travancore Part-1 of History of Kerala\nTravancore Kings", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRama Varma 1663-1672\nAditya Varma 1672-1677\nUmayamma Rani\u2021 1677-1684\nFLAG OF FORMER PRINCELY STATE OF TRAVANCORE\nRavi Varma 1684-1718\nUnni Kerala Varma 1719-1724\nRajah Rama Varma 1724-1729\nMarthanda Varma 1729-1758\nDharma Raja 1758-1798\nBalarama Varma 1798-1810\nGowri Lakshmi Bayi\u2021 1810-1815\nGowri Parvati Bayi\u2021 1815-1829\nSwathi Thirunal 1829-1846\nUthram Thirunal 1846-1860\nAyilyam Thirunal 1860-1880\nVisakham Thirunal 1880-1885\nMoolam Thirunal 1885-1924\nSethu Lakshmi Bayi\u2021 1924-1931", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nChithira Thirunal 1931-1949\n\u2021 Regent Queens\nPadmanabhapuram 1721-1795\nThiruvananthapuram 1795-1949\nKilimanoor palace\nKuthira Malika\nKowdiar Palace\nThe first War of Independence against the East India Company started from this Palace in Attingal, Kerala. This war was headed by the Attingal Queen.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n1810-53 Junior Rani H.H. Sri Patmanabha Sevini Vanchi Dharma Dyumani Raja Rajeshwari Rani Gouri Parvati Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)1815-29 Regent of TravancoreWhen her elder sister Regent Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi died after childbirth in 1815 she was only thirteen years of age and being the only female left in the family, besides her deceased sister's little daughter, she became Regent Maharani\nAyilyamTh irunal\nRani Gouri Lakshmi bai Uthrittathi Thirunal\nRani Gouri Parvathi", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was on her accession actively counselled by her brother in law, Raja Raja Varma of the Changanssery Royal family as well as her husband, Raghava Varma, who belonged to the Royal family of Kilimanoor. Her first act was to appoint a new Dewan, and she continued the reforms of her older sister. Christians got more freedom and some of the restrictions put on some of the lower castes were removed, she also introduced health reforms", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nher mother, Princes Atham of the Travancore, was the Senior Rani of Attingal. Her first husband was Raghava Varma of the Kilimanoor Royal family and after his death she married his brother After his death in 1824, she married again, but did not have any children. She lived (1802-53).1815-", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n? Senior Rani Gowri Rukmini Bayi of Attingal in Travancore (India)succeeded to the title of Senior Rani of Attingal after the death of her mother, the Queen Regent, Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai. Apart from her aunt, who was regent 1815-29, she only female in the matriarchal Travancore Royal Family, she married Rama Varma Koil Thampuran of Thiruvalla Royal Family in 1819 and had seven children, five sons and two daughters", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nA PORTRAIT OF SREE MOOLAM TIRUNAAL, was the ruler of the Indian state of Travancore between 1885 and 1924, succeeding his uncle Maharajah Visakham Thirunal (1880-1885).\nIn 1888 two princesses were adopted from the Mavelikara Royal family into Travancore. (b. 1809-?).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn the night of April 11, 1721 150 Britishers were done to death at the Attingal Palace near Thiruvananthapuram. What perhaps was the first major attack on the British in India though rarely mentioned in Indian history . It was a clever plot laid by Kodumon Pillai, Minister of the queen of Attingal, Umayamma Rani,\nJohan Nieuhof's audience with the Queen of Quilon-umayamma rani", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nwho out smarted the shrewd British who had superior weapons. The Nair Pada(nair soldiers) and the local Muslims took part in the operation and the British met with the biggest debacle in the region.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe immediate provocation was about the building of a Fort at Anchu Thengu, Anjengo in British records. The scheming British had entered in to a series of maneuvers to make trade in spices their monopoly. Greed for huge profits drove them wild, capturing the spice country itself later. Those were the early days of the English East India Company in India, the Dutch and the British on Indian shores were engaged in a series of conflicts to stake control of the sea trade.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMuslims, traditionally intermediaries in spice trade, were severely affected with the curbs in trade. Equipped with their guns and cannons, what the local soldiers were not yet having, they became menacing. Orders of the Rani to stop the building of the Fort were disobeyed.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nInitial attacks launched by the Nair Pada(nair soldiers) was rebuffed with severe casualties. It was after a wait that the clever trap was laid and almost everyone in the Fort was executed. Cannons and gunfire of the British came to naught.Attingal was the seat of the sovereign of Venad during this period and there were only queens, Ranis, in power", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nApart from Attingal proper the principalities of Elayidam or Kottarakkara, Perakam or Nedumangad, Thiruvithamkode or Travancore, Kollam, Kaymkulam, Karunagappalli and Karthikappalli were all under the Attingal Rani.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe sovereigns were ceremonial rulers and the actual power remained with the feudal lords titled Pillais,\nEttuveedan Nairfeudal chief\nEttuveedan Nair feudal chief\nNairs, who kept their own armies and administration. Feuds between the Pillais used to lead to intermittent clashes at the time.\nThis was a turning point in the history of Kerala, also India.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTravancore stood the side of the British after this episode and emerged as a major power during the reign of King Marthanda Varma. It was Marthanda Varma, who with the support of the British, annexed most of these principalities later and created the unified Travancore. The others were mostly allied with the Dutch, except the extreme north like Kolathu Nadu, modern Kannur", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMarthanda Varma was also instrumental in neutralizing the powerful Pillais, Nayars, the story of his avenging the \u2018Ettuveettil Pillamar\u2019 is a figurative story of the event. From traders the British soon became sovereigns in India. The famous Kalari culture of the feudal lords, Pillais, stood liquidated during the British period that ensued", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n.The sequence of events that lead to the massacre were rooted primarily in the English attempts to monopolise trade. The Dutch and the English East India Companies were active in spice trade and both had factories on Indian soil, godowns for merchandise initially, which later were made army barracks.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Dutch had a factory at Thenga Pattinam, now in Kanyakumari district, and the English in Vizhinjam. The negotiations were all with the Pillais who had the authority to deal with the traders. Due to the internecine conflicts and overtures to monopolise trade the factory in Thenga Pattinam was destroyed by the Pillais and the factory chief was executed in the year 1684. Two ships belonging to the Dutch were also set on fire", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhen complained Attingal Rani agreed to compensate the loss, but this was not possible as the Pillais were adamant. A request from the English that they be permitted to build a big wall around the Vizhinjam factory was also opposed by the Pillais. They fore saw the implications", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKottayam Kerala Varma, the ruling king in Thiruvithamkode, adopted from Kolathunadu in the north, was not in very good terms with these powerful feudal lords. It was during this time that the Attingal Rani gave permission to the English to build a factory at Anchu Thengu in the year 1694.Vanchimuttom Pillai and Kodumon Pillai were the ministers to the queen, prominent among the Council of Ministers, who advised the Rani that it will eventually prove disastrous.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAccordingly the Rani asked the Company to stop building the Fort,\nAnchuthengu is an old fort, built by the English East India Company for their use. It is situated 40 kms north of Thiruvananthapuram\nthis the English refused to heed. And Kodumon Pillai with the help of the Nair Pada in Chirayinkeezh attacked the Fort. The English now equipped with their cannons and guns retaliated and the attempt to stop the British ended in vain.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nNow, Vanchimuttom Pillai and Kodumon Pillai had a tussle going between them and Kodumon Pillai was the favourite of the Rani. How Vanchimuttom, it is believed, secretly helped the English in building the Fort. In 1690 the Rani passed away and the English completed building the Fort in the very next year taking advantage of the confusion", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSoon the sea trade was under the control of the British who with their superior arms started dictating terms, in who can trade and at what price, also refused to pay taxes.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe queens that followed Umayamma Rani were all adopted from Kolathunadu and they were too weak to manage the scene and the Pillais were restive. Feuds between the two Pillais also became a matter of concern, which gave the English a golden opportunity. The old feudal system was having its own problems.The English now stationed comfortably at the heavily armed Fort at Anchu Thengu", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nrefused to permit anyone else to trade in Attingal principality. Except the Dutch who were very powerful at the time, though the English used to give information about the Dutch vessels to the Muslims who had taken to warfare and were pirates in the seas by now. The English men in the Fort went around trading at their will and started looting the local people who had no choice but obey them.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nCorruption among the British officers became rampant. The local traders and common people came to hate the English. Each one in the Fort started minting money and\none Coifing, who was in charge at the time, was discharged by the Company for misappropriation of money.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nNext it was the tenure of one Gilford, who made the situation worse from bad. Two incidents at the time became crucial. One was the purchase by one Ignacio, an interpreter of the company, a plot of land belonging to the Devi temple. The one who sold this had no legal rights to sell it and the English forcibly occupied the land despite objections from the local people.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnother episode was the maltreatment to some traders who went to the Fort. A merchant Brahmin who went there was anointed with some ritual powder by a woman, as part of a Christian ceremony, and the insulted man injured the woman taking out his sword. Gilford coming to know about it inflicted severe punishments on the merchants. In fact it was a plot by Gilford who wanted to take revenge on those who refused to help him in his private trade.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe matter reached Kodumon Pillai who attacked the Fort with a big force, lost many lives due to gunfire and the English took refuge inside. The Nair Pada burned a ship of the Company and laid a siege on the Fort, but soon after a ship from Mumbai with soldiers arrived and they were saved.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe impasse that followed after the cold war between the two Pillais, as to who should be accepted as the Rani in Attingal, was a matter of concern during this period. Eventually in the year 1721 they came to a truce and the sister of the sovereign of Kollam was accepted as queen in Attingal.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe British, who had to pay arrears, were contacted and Gilford, facing troubles due to the opposition of the people, decided to meet the queen and also compromise with the Pillais. He sent emissaries to the Palace.Extensive talks were held through intermediaries and the English agreed to pay up the tax arrears for the period they made default and make relations smooth.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTo settle the matters they were invited by the Pillais, Gilford and the other Englishmen did not sense the pent up anger and thought it an old story, to the Attingal Palace.\nEveryone in the Fort were invited for a big party. On 11 th of April almost everyone in the English factory at Anchu Thengu thus came in a procession, as discussed and agreed to. Taking the river route they reached the Palace in great ceremony. The entourage was 150 strong.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs the boats landed messengers of the Pillais persuaded the English to leave their guns in the boat as these were not permitted in the Palace. This was complied. Later the English and the Pillais went in to marathon discussions regarding the arrears in taxes and it was dark by then.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe English had brought the new currency of the East India Company which the Pillais refused to accept. They demanded that the traditional Venetian currency be paid, what was the dollar of those days, this was not available with the English.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPillais were buying time. They wanted to meet the queen but as it was already dark the Pillais asked the English men to stay for the night and meet her in the morning.Casey, the second in charge of the Fort, smelt a rat and told Gilford that it was risky to stay there at night but Gilford was not willing to listen.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs it was getting pitch dark Gilford heard the unusual movement of people in the Palace and was alarmed. Now sensing danger he sent a messenger to the Fort at Anchu Thengu several kilometers away in the night itself. Soon a huge party of the Nair Pada and the Muslims ran over the English men and every one of the 150 odd people were killed. It was a clean operation where the superior arms did not help.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGilford, crafty and corrupt, to whom they had a long standing grudge, having killed many comrades, was beheaded and the body pinned on a wooden board, then floated in the river. The only one who escaped was the messenger sent by Gilford at night, who reached the Fort the next day.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe horrifying revenge was known only at the time. It was mostly women and children at the Fort and the only competent gun man left there, one Samuel, evacuated the women and children to safety by sea. Expecting that the Nair Pada is to attack the Fort soon he sealed the doors. He also burned the large quantity of surplus gun powder stored in the premises.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs expected the attack of the Nair Pada came on April 14 . It was more to capture the Fort and the weaponry. But they could not enter the huge Fort walls and the cannons kept spitting fire, after sporadic attacks repulsed by the gun men they gave up. They returned back after setting fire to the houses in the vicinity of the Fort.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn hearing about the tragedy that befell the Englishmen the Rani send a message expressing sorrow about what happened. Trade had become too attractive to lose. The King of Kollam also send a similar message.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTaking advantage of the situation the King of Thiruvithamkode, Travancore, Rama Varma, who had assumed the throne only a few days back, made swift moves. Competition between the spice kingdoms was common, for better trading. Originally belonging to Kolathunadu, Rama Varma, brother Aditya Varma and his sisters were adopted in 1696. This adoption had the support of Adams, chief of the Tellicherry factory of the British, under which the Fort at Anchu Thengue also came.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter the massacre the Rani and Vanchimuttom Pillai had left to Kollam allied with the Dutch.\nRama Varma saw this an opportunity and also wanted to make his sister queen of Attingal. The British interfering in selection of kings and queens was common in this era, using terms in trade as the bait, offering luxuries and various other means.In 1722 Alexander, a cousin of Adams, was appointed chief of Anchu Thengu.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the same year two more adoptions were made from Kolathunadu, a prince and a princess, at the behest of Adams and one of them was crowned the prince of Travancore.\nRama Varma meanwhile gave permission to the English, by now his friends, to build a fort at Colachel and permission to mint coins for Travancore in 1723.\nHe made an agreement with the English giving them monopoly for trade in Travancore and gave permission for yet another fort in Idava in 1726.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFrom the two nephews of Rama Varma one was the Prince of Iraniel, who was to become famous later as Marthanda Varma, and the other Prince of Neyyattinkara.\nIn 1728 the Prince of Neyyattinkara taking the help of the Naiks of Madurai hired a battalion of Vaduka Pada and marched on Attingal.\nThe British all along did not directly confront the Nair Pada but made one to fight another. Fifteen of the leading Pillais in Attingal were executed and the remaining surrendered.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKarthika Thirunal, a princess and his own relative, was made the queen of Attingal.In 1729 after Rama Varma passed away the Neyyattinkara prince and another in Karunagappalli became kings of Travancore and both died in the same year one after other.\nPrince of Iraniel, Marthanda Varma, became the king of Travancore.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe helped the British to contain the Dutch presence in the region and was instrumental in a major expansion drive. Soon Marthanda Varma captured all the remaining Pillais of Attingal involved in the massacre and handed them over to the English.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFrom a small principality that remained south of the river Karamana, Travancore, with the help of the British got extended up to river Periyar in the north. With the help of a Brahmin minister Ramayyan all the principalities were subdued, many of these allied with the Dutch.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe traditional social structure with the Nair warriors in charge were razed to the ground. Marthanda Varma raised new armies and this left the traditional warriors jobless. Nair chieftains\u2019 powers of tax collection and legal duties stood removed and those who opposed were mercilessly persecuted, even the women and children not spared. Those favourable were promoted", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe state was surrendered to the Padmanabha Swamy temple by Marthanda Varma, under Tulu Brahmin priests, as a clever move to neutralize revolt. But it was an actual surrender to the British that resulted, completed by his heir Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma who consolidated the British connection and Travancore came under the British in 1795.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter the war with Mysore, where Tippu Sultan was defeated, Travancore was forced to accept the sovereignty of a Company, the English East India Company, traders became rulers.The Travancore royalty, as also many other royal families, remained friends of the British, the British crown taking over control from the Company later, till India attained independence.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe popular revolts that immediately followed this phase, by Pazhassi Raja in the north and Velu Thambi in the south (1790 \u2013 1810), against the British, were contained.\nAnd those who revolted were pauperized and their powers gradually neutralised. Whether the human sacrifice at Attingal taught the British in India a lesson or it helped the chain of events leading to British occupation is a question that remains unanswered.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMonopoly trade, what triggered the massacre, later took over the world and remains the most oppressive regime controlling mankind is a valid observation. Resource poor North exploiting the resource rich South using the game of trade continues to operate without any hindrance. The same urge to monopolise trade is what underlies the modern rhetoric of globalisation, only it is now much more subtle and sophisticated", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt has become far too well entrenched, have governments as allies and it has become difficult to question the silent war killing millions in poverty.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe mother of the Maharaja of Travancore and her sister received the principality of Attingal in joint . They were consequently styled the Senior and Junior Rani (the female form of Raja or Rana) of Attingal, respectively. Their husbands, known as Koil Tampurans, came from one of four or five princely houses who were closely related to the Royal House. Attingal was the seat of the sovereign of Venad during this period and there were only queens, Ranis, in power", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nApart from Attingal proper the principalities of Elayidam or Kottarakkara, Perakam or Nedumangad, Thiruvithamkode or Travancore, Kollam, Kaymkulam, Karunagappalli and Karthikappalli were all under the Attingal Rani.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAttingal Revolution-(Attingal Mutiny) was the first ever rebellion againt the British in India.\nSimilarly the grant of Talassery was resented by Kurangoth Nair who claimed the territory to be under his control. He in alliance with one of the dissident Kolathiri princes, raided the Company's warehouse and inflicted heavy damage to property in 1704-05.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Attingal palaces (Manomohanavilasom and Koyikkal), which are mentioned in literature dating from 1305 A.D., and many temples are in the Municipality. Chirayinkil, a town famous for its Sarkara Temple,", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nis close by. It is also a major road junction.Until 1837 Senior Rani Gouri Rukmani Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)The younger daughter of the Queen Regent Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai (1810-15), she succeeded her sister, Gouri Lakshmi Bai, as Senior Rani of Attingal", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTwo of her sons became Maharajas, she was mother of a total of eight children, and lived (1809-37).1837-53 Senior Rani Parvati Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)Also known as Chathayam Tirunal, she succeeded Gouri Rukmani Bai as joint administrator of the principality of Attingal, which were given as appanage to the two senior Princesses of the Travancore royal family, which follows matrilineal inheritance, according to male primogeniture. She was unmarried and (d. 1853).", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nSECOND CHAPTER OF BRITISH RULE IN KERALA(TRAVANCORE)-----------------------------------------------------------------\nBRITISH LOOTING OF TRAVANCORE (NOW SOUTH KERALA) 19TH CENTURY", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRama Varma (AD 1758-1795), successor of Martanda Varma signed a treaty of perpetual friendship with the British in 1795.\nDharma Raja\nKarthika Thirunal Dharma Rajah\nThis costly treaty was also perhaps partly responsible for the numerous taxes on the poorer segments of the society. The administration of Rama Varma\u2019s successor namely Balarama Varma led to a people\u2019s rebellion led by Velu Thampi who eventually became the Diwan and was partly responsible for the\n\u2018subsidiary treaty\u2019.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThis draconian treaty (1805) not only committed to an annual payment of Rs 8 Lakhs equal to about 3 million $ mandatory but also permitted the British to interfere in the internal affairs / decisions of the administration.\nFor example, when Balarama Varma passed away in 1810, the British Resident overlooked the claim of Ilaya Raja Kerala Varma, who had been groomed to succeed Balarama Varma all", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nalong, and who was a confirmed anti-British, for the throne. The British not only banished him from Travancore but also kept him as a prisoner. In his place Rani Laxmi Bai was appointed as the queen; and the resident(english man) assumed the office of the Diwan as well! Further she was succeeded by Rani Parvati Bai at the age of 13. Thus the period after 1795 was indeed a period of turmoil for Travancore.\nTHIS LOOTING by the British LED TO POVERTY IN KERALA", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attingal#History\ngoogle map:-http://wikimapia.org#lat=8.6904027&lon=76.8029952&z=17&l=0&m=b&v=8\nGandhi and Status of Women\nby Jyotsna Kamat\nPage Last Updated: February 15, 2013\nArticle on how Mahatma Gandhi's experiments with truth involved and affected women's status in the 20th century in India.\nExcerpts from a lecture given at the Gandhi Peace Foundation in December 1998\nWomen's status at the time", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhen Gandhiji assumed India's leadership the average life span of an Indian woman was only twenty seven years. Babies and the pregnant women ran a high risk of dying young. Child marriage was very common and widows were in very large number. Only 2% of the women had any kind of education and women did not have an identity of their own. In North India, they practiced the purdah (veil) system. Women could not go out of the house unless accompanied by men and the face covered with cloth", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt is in this context that we have to recognize the miracle of Gandhi's work. Gandhiji claimed that a woman is completely equal to a man and practiced it in strict sense. Thousands and millions of women, educated and illiterate, house wives and widows, students and elderly participated in the India's freedom movement because his influence. For Gandhiji, the freedom fight was not political alone; it was also an economic and social reform of a national proportion", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter a couple of decades, this equality became very natural in India. After India's freedom (in1947) and adoption of constitution (1950), emphasized equality of women, when Hindu code was formulated, the population was not even impressed. They said -\"Of course, it had to be done.\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGandhiji always advocated a complete reform which he called \"Sarvodaya\" meaning comprehensive progress. He believed that the difference between men and women was only physical and has expressed several times in his writings that in many matters especially those of tolerance, patience, and sacrifice the Indian woman is superior to the male. You will discover this when you read his articles from \"Young India\" and \"Harijan\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDuring the 40 years of his political career, he only found more reasons to deepen his faith in what he wrote. He never had a specific program for women, but women had a integral role to play in all his programs. I feel that this is one of the reasons why women participated in his programs so overwhelmingly.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGandhiji declared that there is no school better than home and there is no teacher better than parents. He said men and women are equal, but not identical. \"Intellectually, mentally, and spiritually, woman is equivalent to a male and she can participate in every activity.\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIndian society is a male dominated one. Gandhiji has illustrated in his autobiography (The stories of my experiments with truth) how early in his marriage he too wanted to dominate his wife. He often said that paternal society is the root cause of inequality. In his book, there is a very touching chapter about when he asked his wife to clean a public toilet and the resulting conflict between him and his wife", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe has written how ashamed he was of himself, and how he took care not to hurt her anymore for the rest of his life. Even though there was big gap between him and his wife intellectually, it did not affect their family life. He has said that Kasturba followed her husband more than was expected of her. Gandhiji followed Bramacharya (strict discipline of food, drinks, and of celibacy) from a very young age, but when his wife passed away, Gandhi grieved that without Ba, his life would have been meaningless", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGandhiji struggled very hard to understand a woman's physical and mental pain. From a young age he introduced his wife and children to social sacrifice and service. He believed that service has to be performed for self-fulfillment, not for public consumption or exhibition. He believed that the publicity given to one's social service actually decrements the value of the service. He tried very hard to eliminate job indignity and bias based on caste system", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe tried to do the work of a barber, dhobi (washer man), and janitor to understand them and demonstrate that the work one does has no impact on one's status in the society. For me, the fact that he contributed a great deal in raising his children is very modern concept. On one occasion the white midwife would not show up for his wife's delivery and Gandhiji himself delivered his child. He helped wife with feeding, bathing, and toiletries of the infant", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn western countries these days men are encouraged to be with their wives during the delivery and the men are supposed to pitch in with diaper changing, etc. Gandhiji practiced this very modern concept 90 years ago in his own family.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\"Womanhood is not restricted to the kitchen\", he opined and felt that \"Only when the woman is liberated from the slavery of the kitchen, that her true spirit may be discovered\". It does not mean that women should not cook, but only that household responsibilities be shared among men, women and children. He wanted women to outgrow the traditional responsibilities and participate in the affairs of nation. He criticized Indian's passion for male progeny", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGandhiji was especially considerate of the young widows. In the last 80 years, as a nation, if we have made any progress on the matter of child widows (girls used get married very early and after untimely deaths of their husbands, they were condemned to a life of great agony, shaving heads, living in isolation, and shunned by the society.) it is due to the reformers like Gandhiji and his contemporaries", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGandhiji once noted during his legendary travels across India that he never came across 13 year old who was not married. He declared the marriages in which the girls were not consulted were unholy. At that time in Madras presidency, the number of child widows were alarmingly large. He called upon the young to marry the widows and also to boycott child marriages", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(It may be noted here that Gandhiji himself married when very young; he was thirteen.) The history of India knows of many such young men who married widows and went on to work as social reformers.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGandhiji was very disturbed by the plight of this low caste untouchable section of the society, namely theDevadasis. (see also: The Temple Women) He was hurt by the miserable way the children of brothels were treated. He had made elaborate plans for their rehabilitation. He declared that protecting women's honor was important and as holy as protecting cows. His book \"Women and Social Injustice\" contains discussions of very deep thoughts and solutions on the topic", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe felt that after India became free, the system of temple women and brothels must be abolished. Even though on paper we have abolished the system of Devadasis, rampant exploitation of women as sex servants has continued. There was no way Gandhiji could have predicted modern ways and means of prostitution (call girls, phone sex etc) but he certainly identified its social evil and tried to fight it.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGandhiji's contribution for betterment of women in India\nAs we look back at the Indian history and compare the conditions of women before Gandhi's rise, and now, the progress we have made is quite enormous. A whole generation of women leaders came up influenced by Gandhi's vision. If today in India so many women can go to work in offices, educational institutions, and factories without fear or hesitation, the roots for such system were laid 90 years ago by Gandhiji and his followers.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs mentioned earlier, Gandhiji formulated India's freedom struggle as a comprehensive plan for women's development. Even though a lot of inequalities remain in our society, there is a fundamental agreement that men and women are equal. As Indians, we can be very proud that the same cannot be claimed even by so called \"advanced nations\". In Britain as well as in the U.S.A., women could not vote 75 years ago. But women's voting came very naturally to us from the beginning", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAbout 100 years ago, the western woman could not own property, get a divorce or take the custody of her children. We just have to look at the life and struggles of Dr. Annie Besant to understand the status of western women during Gandhiji's time. The western women had to take to streets, overcome many stereotypes to establish themselves voting and other rights. But for us, political, economic and voting rights came so naturally through the constitution!", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nToday, if Gandhi's agenda has fallen apart, it is due to Indian politics. The continued exploitation of women can be attributed to the degradation in moral values of the society, and utter poverty of our nation. We ignored the role of social service, job dignity, and self reliance. Once in a while we run into true volunteers (like Sushilamma - see visit to an ashram) who believe in Gandhiji's ideals and have implemented his programs", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nI hope that at least a few of the younger generation take up Gandhiji's unfinished manifesto and work to eliminate social barriers facing women.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nVeera Mangai Velunachiyar was one of the queens in the 18th century in South India. She rebelled against the British Empire and fought for the freedom of India. She was born in 1730 AD to the Mannar Sellamuthu Sethupathy and to Rani Sakandhimuthal of Ramnad Kingdom. She was the only daughter of this Royal family. The Royal couple had no male heir. The royal family brought up the Princess, Velunachiyar, like Prince of Ramnad due to this reason", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was trained in the skills of using weapons and also in martial arts like Valari, stick fighting etc. She learnt horse riding and archery earlier. The Royal couple had engaged teachers to teach her many languages like French, English and Urdu. Thus this young brave Princess had excellent training in all war techniques. She was a scholar in many languages and was ready to rule the Ramnad Kingdom . She married Sivagangai Mannar Muthuvaduganathar at the age of sixteen", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the year 1772 , the English invaded her kingdom . Velu Nachiyar heard that her husband Raja Muthu Vaduganathar and her daughter young Princess Gowri Nachiyar were killed in Kalaiyar Koil war. This war was held in Kalaiyar Koil palace. British troops attacked the palace under the command of Lt.Col. Bon Jour . She was very much worried and wanted to take revenge. Dalavay Thandavaraya Pillai and Maruthu brothers sustained injuries. They promised to recapture the samasthan to punish the English", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDalavay Thandavaraya Pillai, an incredible and distinguished person was the most powerful administer in Sivagangai samsthanam. Thandavaraya Pillai, the loyalist served (1700-1773) as Palavay and also as Pirathani under the three rulers of Sivagangai samsthanam. He was responsible for the development of Sivagangai samsthanam . At first he served the King Sasivarna Periya Udaiya Thevar during 1730-1750. Later he served under Muthu Vaduganatha Thevar, the King during 1750-1772", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe also served as *Pirathani to the queen Rani Velu Nachiyar.Here Dalavay means military chief and the Pirathani means chief minister. Pirathani was responsible for the improvement of Foreign affairs. Thus the two charges were the most important and also powerful .", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(Thandavaraya Pillai was the son of Kathavaraya Pillai who was an accountant and also as Karvar, (administer) in this samsthan.He rendered his service with loyalty from the beginning of this samsthanam. He administered well and helped in the development. The King Udaiya Thevar was very much pleased because of his good administration and granted him his hereditary management. It shows the significance of loyalty of Dalavay Thandavaraya Pillai", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe advised Veera Mangal Velunachiar to move to different places often in order to avoid British invaders . Meanwhile Dalavay Thandavarayan Pillai wrote a letter to Sultan Hyder Ali on behalf of Velu Nachiyar to provide 5000 infantry and 5000 cavalry to defeat the British army. But unfortunately he passed away due to old age. She decided to meet Hyder Ali after the demise of Dalavay Thandavarayan Pillai at Mysore with the help of his son", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe could explain in detail in Urdu all her problems with East India Company. She explained him her strong opposition of British regime. Hyder Ali was very much pleased and promised to help her in this conflict\u2026 He accepted her request with sympathy and provided the necessary military assistance. He orderd Syed Karki of Dindigul fort gladar to provide the required military equipments to Rani Velu Nachiyar. He released 5000 infantry and 5000 cavalry to Rani Velu Nachiyar immediately", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHer troops advanced to Sivaganga with the help provided by Maruthu brothers. The Nawab of Arcot put so many hindrances to avoid the advancement of Rani Velu Nachiyar\u2019s combined troops. The queen and Maruthu brothers overcame all hurdles. They geared up the troops and entered Sivaganga. She defeated the Nawab of Arcot and took him as a captivator. She re-captured her Sivaganga samsthan with the help of Hyder Ali and crowned as queen of the Sivagangai seemai", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nVelu Nachiyar is only the first queen who raised the revolt against the British emperor. According to historians. Prof.Sanjeevi mentioned in his \u2018 Maruthiruvar\u2019 book that \u2018 the bravery queen Velu Nachiyar raised revolt against English emperor and fought for the freedom of India 85 years before Jhansi Rani\u2019s freedom struggle in North . Venkatam further stated that Velu Nachiyar is India\u2019s Joan of Arc.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n[by sivashanmugam.referred books: The Madura country a manual..J.H.Nelson. The Sivaganga Zamindary..K.Annaswamy Aiyer.Maruthiruvar..Prof.Sanjeevi.Viduthalai porin vidi velligal\u2026 M.Balakrishnan..]\nsivagangai velu nachiyar palace", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKuyili was a follower of Rani Velu Nachiar, the 18th century queen of Sivaganga. After her husband Muthuvaduganathaperiya Udaiyathevar was killed in a battle in 1780, Velu Nachiyar fought the British with help from Gopala Nayaker and Hyder Ali and won the battle. Her army commander Kuyili doused herself with oil, set herself ablaze and walked into a British storehouse of ammunition.\nWhile a commemorative postage stamp on Rani Velu Nachiar", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nwas released in 2008, the state will construct a memorial for Kuyili on the premises of the memorial being constructed for Velu Nachiar in Sivaganga.\nThe CM said a memorial would be constructed for philanthropist and educationist Swami Sagajananda of Chidambaram, who had worked for the welfare of the poor. She said the memorial for Dr BR Ambedkar on Greenways road in Mandaveli would also be renovated.\nVelu Nachiyar", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Velu Nachiyar was an 18th century Indian Queen from Sivaganga. Rani Velu Nachiyar is the first Queen of Tamil Origin to fight against the British in India.\nIndian Stamps-Rani Velu Nachchiyar-By India Post\nDec 31st, 2008 by IndianStampGhar.com", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Velu Nachiar and her daughter Vellachi Nachiar lived under the protection of Hyder Ali at Virupakshi near Dindigul. Frustrated by the joining of forces against him, the Nawab ordered that Velu Nachiar and Marudhu Brothers were permitted to return to Sivaganga and rule the country subject to payment of Kist to the Nawab. Abiding by this Order, Rani Velu Nachiar accompanied by Marudu brothers and Vellachi Nachiar entered Sivaganga", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAn agreement was reached where by Rani Velu Nachiar was permitted to govern the Sivaganga Country and Chinna Marudu, the younger was appointed her minister and the elder Vellai Marudu as the Commander-in-chief. Thus the widow Queen Velu Nachiar succeeded her husband in 1780.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDate Of Issue:-31.12.2008.\nVelu Nachiyar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velu_Nachiyar \u200e\nRani Velu Nachiyar (Tamil: \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd) was an 18th century Indian Queen from Sivaganga. Rani Velu Nachiyar is the first ...\nRani Velu Nachiyar\nBorn 3 January 1730 Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu, India\nDied the exact date of her death is not known (it was about 1790). Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu, India\nName Velu Nachiyar\nOccupation Queen of Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, Circa 1760-1799", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSucceeding State British India\nRani Velu Nachiyar (Tamil: \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd) was an 18th century Indian Queen from Sivaganga. Rani Velu Nachiyar is the first Queen of Tamil Origin to fight against the British in India.[1]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was the princess of Ramanathapuram and the daughter of Chellamuthu Sethupathy. She married the king of Siva Gangai and they had a daughter - Vellachi Nachiar. When her husband Muthuvaduganathaperiya udaiyathevar was killed, she was drawn into battle. Her husband and his second wife were killed by a few British soldiers and the son of the Nawab of Arcot", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe escaped with her daughter, lived under the protection of Hyder Ali at Virupachi near Dindigul for eight years.[2] During this period she formed an army and sought an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and Hyder Ali with the aim of attacking the British. In 1780 Rani Velu Nachiyar fought the British with military assistance from Gopala Nayaker and Hyder Ali and won the battle. When Velu Nachiyar finds the place where the British stock their ammunition, she builds the first human bomb", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nA faithful follower, Kuyili douses herself in oil, lights herself and walks into the storehouse.[3] Rani Velu Nachiyar formed a woman's army named \u201cudaiyaal\u201d in honour of her adopted daughter \u2014 Udaiyaal, who died detonating a British arsenal. Nachiar was one of the few rulers who regained her kingdom and ruled it for 10 more years.[4]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Queen Velu Nachiar granted powers to Marudu brothers to administer the country in 1780. Velu Nachiar died a few years later, but the exact date of her death is not known (it was about 1790). Marudu brothers are the sons of Udayar Servai alias Mookiah Palaniappan Servai and Anandayer alias Ponnathal. They are native of Kongulu street of Ramnad. They belonged neither to the family of the ancient poligars nor to their division of the caste.[5]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn 31-December-2008, a commemorative postage stamp on her was released\nTamil Nadu to build memorial for freedom fighter Kuyili\nTNN | May 16, 2013, 01.12 AM IST\nCHENNAI: The Tamil Nadu government has decided to honour freedom fighter Kuyili with a memorial in Sivaganga district.\nKuyili was a follower of Rani Velu Nachiar, the 18th century queen of Sivaganga\nOnline edition of India's National Newspaper\nMetro Plus Coimbatore Published on Mondays & Thursdays", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFeatures: Magazine | Literary Review | Life | Metro Plus | Open Page | Education Plus | Book Review | Business | SciTech | NXg | Friday Review | Cinema Plus | Young World | Property Plus | Quest |\nMetro Plus Bangalore Chennai Coimbatore Hyderabad\nThe league of extraordinary women\nA photo- tribute to women freedom fighters from Tamil Nadu revealed remarkable tales of valour\nPHOTO: SPL ARRANGEMENT\nSHOULDER TO SHOULDER Women displayed exemplary courage during the freedom movement", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nS.N. Sundarambal of Tirupur was pregnant when she was arrested for taking part in Individual Satyagraha in the early 1940s. Ammapon alias Leelavathi was 11 years old when she took part in Neil statue Satyagraha in 1927. She was later arrested and kept in a children's home. Saraswathi Pandurangan lost her two-year-old daughter and son of 19 months while she was in prison for taking part in the Quit India Movement, Civil Disobedience movement, Salt Satyagraha and Individual Satyagraha", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThese women freedom fighters from Tamilnadu took centre stage in the photo exhibition ogranised by the Mahatma Gandhi Study Centre of Kumaraguru College of technology and Mahatma Gandhi museum of the Mahalingam Mariammal Manivizha charitable trust as part of Coimbatore Vizha.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThat Velu Nachiyar of Sivaganga battled bravely against the British forces after the death of her husband and that Rani Lakshmi Bai took on many a battle with her son strapped to her back is well-known. But how many of us know that Pappammal from Karur took active part in Individual Satyagraha", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n? C. S. Ramakrishnan from Mahatma Gandhi Study Centre said, \"According to the book \u2018Kongu naattil Indhiya sudhandhira porattam', the Coimbatore region alone had about 21 women taking part in the freedom struggle.\" The exhibition had photographs along with short descriptions on the lives of women such as Akilandammal, Engammal, S. Kamalam and Alamelu Mangai who were imprisoned for opposing the British rule.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFor a lot of these women, stepping out of their homes to fight for a cause required monumental effort and grit. Kaliammal, for example was from an oppressed section of the society. Inspired by Kasturba Gandhi, she came forward to fight for the cause of her people.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMadurai-born Sornathammal, is yet another unsung heroine. Along with Lakshmi Bai Ammal, she organised a women's march in 1943, raising the quit India slogan. The women were arrested by the police, beaten and humiliated. It was only after midnight that they were cast off near Alagarkoil. Undaunted, they continued their fight for freedom. Photographs of D.K. Pattammal, M.S. Subbulakshmi and M.R. Kamalaveni, who used music to instigate nationalistic fervour, were displayed", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOther women freedom fighters from the South included Dr. Lakshmi Swaminathan who was the commandant of Rani Lakshmibai's regiment, S. Manjubashini who was in charge of prayer and food when Gandhiji visited Chennai in 1946, Vijayalakshmi who provided shelter for freedom fighters, Kannavaram Ammaiyar who worked for the welfare of Harijan children in Sivaganga and Sakuntala who entered the freedom struggle as a college student.\nAKILA KANNADASAN", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMORE PHOTOS OF RANI KI JHANSI REGIMENT (WOMEN'S REGIMENT)UNDER SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE'S INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY AT SINGAPORE;MALAYA(MALAYSIA) BURMA (MYANMAR) 1943-1945\nRani of Jhansi Regiment I.N.A. - YouTube\n\u25ba 2:17\u25ba 2:17\nwww.youtube.com/watch?v=8LN9LskZkII \u200e\nMay 24, 2012 - Uploaded by NetajiSubhashVideos\nRani of Jhansi Regiment I.N.A.. NetajiSubhashVideos\u00b754 videos. SubscribeSubscribedUnsubscribe 2,655 ...\nRani of Jhansi Regiment 1943 - 1945 (Part 1) - YouTube\n\u25ba 10:15\u25ba 10:15\nwww.youtube.com/watch?v=dn7_4wI3r6E", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOct 7, 2009 - Uploaded by vedandha\nWith the British in a weekend state of war, idealistic young women from Malaya's rubber plantation joined ...\nSUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE-THE ENIGMA -\nRani of Jhansi Regiment's march to the battle front\n- Capt. L.C. Malik recounts his time spent in the INA\nCaptain Lakshmi Sehgal-THEN AND 2012\nleader of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment.\nShe was the Captain of INA during her\nimprisonment in Burma. She mostly helped\nthe injured troops during the war by\nforming a medical clinic", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPuan Sri Janaky Athi Nahappan\nfounder of the Malaysian Indian Congress,\nwas one of the first women to take part in\nthe INA's Rani of Jhansi Regiment.\nI was a junior officer in the administrative branch of Headquarters Supreme Command of the Azad Hind Fauj at Singapore when I was selected as one of the three officers to escort a detachment of Rani Jhansi Regiment from Singapore to the battlefront in North Burma.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt was a hazardous journey across three countries, Malaya, Thailand and Burma. Chances of bombardment from the air, due to the air supremacy of the British were high.\nThe journey, ardous and under trying conditions, took 40 days with the train (goods wagons) moving at snails speed at night with complete halts during the day.\nDuring the halts utmost care was taken to camouflage the wagons as a precaution against air raids. The wagons would be dispersed and positioned at a distance from each other.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nWhat was most remarkable and praiseworthy was the zeal and spirit of sacrifice of the girls. Though thousands of miles away from their home and hearth, kith and kin and facing an uncertain future fraught with risks, their enthusiasm did not wane.\nTheir voice had thunder and when in unison they shouted\" Netaji Zindabad\", the thunder resounded miles away.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nNo less was the enthusiastiac participation of the local population of Indian origin who thronged the various halting places in hundreds to congratulate and encourge the girls going to the battle front, fighting for the freedom of their Motherland. We were all through carrying a wagon load of food, fruit and other gifts given so lovingly by the local Indian populace.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBefore moving to the actual battlefront, we came to be stationed at a place called Mamyo in central Burma about 60-70 miles in rear to the fighting lines.\nI, in the advance headquarters of the supreme command of the Azad Hind Fauj and the detachment of Rani Jhansi Regiment in hutments close by.\nThe Imphal retreat\n- Shali Ittaman", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nNo battleground ever tested the INA steel more than Imphal of 1944. Forced against their will to retreat, the men braved worsening weather, disease and starvation to try and stay alive for the battle they hoped would win freedom for their homeland.\nThe fields of Kohima, especially stands witness to the bravery of these men, who even as they lay dying, had Jai Hind on their lips.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe retreat from Kohima was perhaps one of the most difficult retreats that any army in the world had made. Heavy rain had washed away all tracks. The kutcha tracks had become muddy, in which many of the men got stuck and died.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt that time there was no transport of any kind. Almost every man was suffering from dysentery or malaria. No one had any strength left in him to help anyone else. In that retreat, men ate horses which had been dead for four days. There were hundreds of bodies of soldiers who had died of exhaustion, starvation or disease, and some who faced with the prospect of falling into the hands of the British, had taken their own lives.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAmid all these miseries, the fortitude and the courage of the men lent an epic character to the tragedy. A former INA soldier recalls the incident of a man who, as he lay dying in his brother's arm, bid his brother to carry his message to Netaji that he died without yielding in spirit.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAnother soldier who survived the cross, also recalls an incident when a Garhwali soldier who was no longer able to walk, broke down in tears. To lighten the weight of his haversack, when his ammunition was thrown away and \"as a final insult\" his gun was taken from him, his commander, a burly Sikh shouted: \"This man would have died with his rifle in his hand and not as like a rat you have now turned him into. Who ordered this retreat.\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFor the survivors and many others who followed the history of the war, the experiences of the retreat range from dealing with death in the midst of indescribable suffering to coming face-to-face with awe-inspiring sacrifice and nobility of spirit.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThere is a war report which helps to summarize the events and the spirit which guided them, most befittingly. \"A man was seen crouching on the ground in the posture of one trying to defecate, with his body supported by a tree trunk. When he continued to stay like that, other approached him to find that he was already dead - victim of a type of dysentery", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe soldier was a well-known Punjabi businessman, Khanna, who had donated his entire property and business worth several lakhs of rupees to the Azad Hind fund. After having donated everything, he joined the Subhas Brigade, his young wife volunteered for the Rani Jhansi Brigade and their son joined Netaji's Bal Sena.\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThis was a family, like many others, which had responded when Netaji asked for their blood.\nLeading from the front\nCapturing Sita Hills\nTracking the enemy\nMarch to Rangoon\nINA Women Brigade\nThe Submarine Cross\nMissing INA Treasure\nFact of the Matter\nRead other views\nQ&A with experts\nLegion Freies Indien\nknown commonly as Azad Hind Fauj,\nthe stepping stone of the INA. It was\noriginally formed alongwith the German\narmy, and attacked the British army through\nBaluchistan in 1941. Subhas Chandra Bose", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nwas its co-founder. The force was also active\nin Europe, particularly in Netherlands and France.\nWhen the Third Reich surrendered in 1945, the troops\nwere captured in Switzerland, and were sent back to\nIndia and were imposed charges of treason.\n1000 Indian Rupees of Indian National Army\nMajor General Mohammad Zaman Kiyani\nCommander of the 1st division of the INA.\nLater, he took the position of Chief of General Staff,\nwhich was earlier occupied by Col. JK Bhonsle.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKiyani surrendered to the British on 25th August 1945\nand after the partition of India, he settled in Pakistan\nColonel Prem Kumar Sehgal (3rd from left)\nwith wife Capt. Lakshmi Sehgal (6th from left)\nCol. Sehgal was appointed as the Commander of the 2nd Infantry\nRegiment under the 2nd Division and fought in the Burma campaign.\nHe was among the 3 soldiers who were tried for treason against the\nBritish Empire, but were released later\nDatuk Rasammah Naomi Navarednam\nwas involved in the Malaysian independence.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe was also part of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment.\nAt present, she is the chairperson of the National\nCouncil of Women's Organisations and Human Rights\nCommission in Malaysia\nCommander of the 4th Guerrilla Regiment\nor Nehru Brigade. He was put to trial on\n5th August 1945, for waging war against\nMajor General Shah Nawaz Khan\nCommander of the 1st Guerrilla Regiment\nor Subhas Brigade. The troops under his\ncommand, fought mostly in Burma and north\neast India. He was appointed as the Commander", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nat the Mandalay division in 1944\nOne of the prominent leaders of the INA.\nHe was appointed the Deputy Quartermaster\nGeneral of INA. He was appointed as the\nin-charge of the technical branch. Later,\nhe was appointed as the Second-in-Command\nStatue of Netaji at INA complex in Moirang\nINA complex at Moirang\nNetaji and Col. Saukat Hayat Malik remembered on INA's 69th flag hoisting day...\nPlaque at INA complex", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRecently, U.K.\u2019s National Army Museum conducted a poll on Britain\u2019s greatest battle fought over the last 400 years. Waterloo, Aliwal, D-Day/Normandy, Rorke\u2019s Drift and the twin battles of Imphal and Kohima were selected as the top five battles but in the last round, it threw up a name that came as a surprise to many. It voted outright Britain\u2019s twin battles against Japan-INA (Indian National Army) fought in Kohima and Imphal in India during the Second World War as the greatest ever.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt is interesting news considering most Indians are themselves not aware of one of the bloodiest battles of World War II fought on their soil, which if Japan had succeeded in winning, would have changed the fate of the Allied forces and may be Indian history. During my reportage in the North East, I came across some of the eyewitnesses of this battle. One of the affected villages was Maibam Lotpaching, just outside Imphal. I cannot exactly recollect the year but when I met Taoram Gourmohan Singh he was 74", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe couldn\u2019t remember the exact date but he recalled the time. It was a little past midnight when hundreds of Japanese soldiers arrived on foot. Gourmohan had gone into hiding when the entire village was evacuated and trenches were dug along his courtyard. The same courtyard where I met him.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHe was a young boy when the Japanese army fell upon the main Allied advance base in Imphal. That was April 1944. The war was right at his doorstep \u2014 on the Red Hill where the British forces clashed with the advancing Japanese army.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\u201cI was 12 then\u2026 there were about 300 Japanese soldiers on the hill \u2026 they reached at midnight on May 20 \u2026 they first fought in Moreh but couldn\u2019t come to Imphal \u2026 so they took this route,\u201d he said. Gourmohan Singh\u2019s story came to me in bits and pieces. Age had blurred his memory but he recounted carrying water for some of the Japanese soldiers. Also, carefully tucked away in a loft in his outhouse was war memorabilia, rusted, but held very dear. \u201cI love these articles", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nJapan had come for India\u2019s independence, was fighting against the British, so I keep them with me. I treasure them,\u201d he told me. He laid them out for me in the courtyard. Bullet shells, helmets and water flasks.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt\u2019s believed that Imphal was as bad for the Japanese as Flanders was for the Germans in WWI, for there on the bloody plain, 50,000 of the best of the Japanese army were killed. It was from the Red Hill \u2014 its supply lines cut off by a heavy monsoon \u2014 that the INA began its retreat just 10 kms short of Imphal, whose capture could have altered the course of Indian history", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAt least that is the claim many historians make today though there are doubts on how they might have been used by the Japanese except for generating rebellion among the Indians behind the British lines.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBut the defeat of Red Hill didn\u2019t send back the Japanese. They came close to the railhead in Assam after they took over Kohima. Without the bases in Assam they wouldn\u2019t have been able to access a northern Burma supply route.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAn eyewitness to this war in Kohima, Kuosa Kere, could still speak a smattering of Japanese when I met him. It was at Kigwema village near Kohima where General Saito, the famed Japanese commander, had stationed himself during the decisive siege of the hill town in World War II. From here, the Japanese opened attack and timed the assault at exactly 4 p.m. on \u20184.04.44\u2019 (April 4, 1944). It lasted for two months", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\u201cIt was a long war, we were warned by the Brits and were very apprehensive about the Japanese, but they were friendly. They lived with the families, paid for everything and unlike the British, they had no relationships with local women. They never misbehaved. General Saito was a very nice man. For us teenagers, the war was an adventure,\u201d recalled Kuose Kere.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt was in June when the dangerous Japanese advance into the plains of India was finally halted by the British and the Indian forces. But what went down in history as Britain\u2019s fiercest battles of World War II was fought on a tennis court adjoining the Deputy Commissioner\u2019s bungalow in Kohima", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAs many as 1200 Indian and British soldiers who died fighting the Japanese have been laid to rest there with the famous lines engraved on a tombstone: \u201cWhen you go home tell them of us and say, For your tomorrow, we gave our today.\u201d", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe tennis court battle was also called the Battle under the Cherry Tree. The cherry tree was a Japanese sniper post. The tree is no more but a branch of the historic tree has taken its place.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nReminiscing about the battle, once a war veteran standing in the middle of the Kohima War Cemetery, told me: \u201cAfter several months, it was virtually over. We were repatriated home; we were on our way to Bombay when the atom bomb was dropped. It was all over. We don\u2019t want it but we do need it sometimes \u2026 look at this. It\u2019s the sad part, but anyway we came out victorious.\u201d Tears rolled down his wrinkled cheeks.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThen there was Lily, a war-time nurse. Sitting on a tombstone, she broke down: \u201cSixty years ago, I was a nurse at the army-combined hospitals. So many young people had died, too many lives wasted, they died in my arms. And we still have wars.\u201d\nFought between March 7 and July 18, 1944, the Battles of Imphal and Kohima came back to hit the headlines recently. And also to remind the eyewitnesses the times that were.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(The author\u2019s book \u201cChe in Paona Bazaar: Tales of Exile and Belonging from India\u2019s North-East\u201d (Pan Macmillan India) has a section with a detailed account of this little-known battle.)\nPritilata Waddedar\nFrom Wikipedia,\n\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b2\u09a4\u09be \u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\nDhalghat, Chittagong, Bengal Presidency, British India\n(now in Bangladesh)\n23 September 1932 (aged 21)\nChittagong, Bengal Presidency, British India\nSuicide by consuming potassium cyanide\nBritish Indian\nRani (nickname)\nPahartali European Club attack (1932)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nMadhusduan (brother)\nKanaklata (sister)\nShantilata (sister)\nAshalata (sister)\nSantosh (brother)\nPritilata Waddedar (5 May 1911 \u2013 23 September 1932) was a Bengali revolutionary nationalist. After completing her education in Chittagong, she attended the Bethune College in Calcutta. Pritilata graduated in Philosophy with distinction.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter a brief stint as a school teacher, Pritilata joined a revolutionary group headed by Surya Sen. She led a 15 man team of revolutionaries in a 1932 attack on the Pahartali European Club,[5][6] which had a sign board that read \"Dogs and Indians not allowed\". The revolutionaries torched the club and were later caught by the British police. To avoid getting arrested, Pritilata consumed cyanide and died.\n1.2 In Calcutta\n1.3 As a school teacher\n2 Revolutionary activities", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n2.1 Joining Surya Sen's revolutionary group\n2.2 Inspiration from Ramkrishna Biswas\n2.3 Activities in Surya Sen's group\n3 Pahartali European Club attack (1932)\n5 Influence\n5.1 In popular media\nMatriculation examination certificate of Pritilata", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPritilata was born to a middle-class family on 5 May 1911 in Dhalghat village in Patiya upazila of Chittagong (now in Bangladesh). Her parents were Jagabandhu Waddedar (father) and Pratibhamayi Devi (mother). Jagabandhu was a clerk in the Chittagong Municipality. Her mother Pratibhamayi Devi was a housewife. The couple had six children\u2013 Madhusduan, Pritilata, Kanaklata, Shantilata, Ashalata and Santosh. Pritilata was nicknamed Rani", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nJagabandhu tried to arrange best possible education for their children. He got Pritilata admitted in Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School of Chittagong. Pritilata was a meritorious student. A teacher in the school, whom students affectionately used called Usha Di, used stories of Rani Lakshmibai to inspire nationalism in her students. Kalpana Datta, a classmate of Pritilata, writes in the biography Chittagong Armoury raiders\u2013 \"We had no clear idea in our school days about our future", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThen the Rani of Jhansi fired our imagination with her example. Sometimes we used to think of ourselves as fearless...\".Arts and literature were Pritilata's favourite subjects. She passed out of Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School in 1928 and in 1929, got admitted to the Eden College, Dhaka. In the Intermediate examinations, she stood first among all students who appeared in that year's examination from the Dhaka Board. As a student in Eden College, she participated in various social activities", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn Calcutta\nTo pursue higher education, Pritilata went to Calcutta (now Kolkata) and got admitted to the Bethune College. Two years later, she graduated in Philosophy from the college with a distinction. However, her degree was withheld by British authorities at Calcutta University. In 2012, she (and Bina Das) were conferred their certificates of merit posthumously.\nAs a school teacher", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter completing her education in Calcutta, Pritilata returned to Chittagong. In Chittagong, she took up the job of a school teacher at a local English medium secondary school called Nandankanan Aparnacharan School. She was appointed as the first Headmistress of the school.\nRevolutionary activities\nJoining Surya Sen's revolutionary group\n\"Pritilata was young and courageous. She would work with a lot of zeal and was determined to drive the British away.\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPritilata decided to join the Indian freedom movement. Surya Sen had heard about her and wanted her to join their revolutionary group. On 13 June 1932, Pritilata met Surya Sen and Nirmal Sen in their Dhalghat camp. A contemporary revolutionary, Binod Bihari Chowdhury, objected that they did not allow women to join their group. However, Pritalata was allowed to join the group because the revolutionaries reasoned that women transporting weapons would not attract as much suspicion as men.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nInspiration from Ramkrishna Biswas\nSurya Sen and his revolutionary group decided to kill Mr. Craig, Inspector General of Chittagong. Ramakrishna Biswas and Kalipada Chakravarty were assigned for this task. But they mistakenly killed SP of Chandpur and Traini Mukherjee instead of Craig. Ramakrishna Biswas and Kalipada Chakravarty were arrested on 2 December 1931. After the trial Biswas was ordered to be hanged till death and Chakravarty to be exiled to Cellular Jail.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe family and friends lacked the amount of money required to travel to Chittagong to Alipore Jail of Calcutta. Since at that time Pritilata was staying in Kolkata, she was asked to go to Alipore Jail and meet Ramkrishna Biswas.\nActivities in Surya Sen's group", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAlong with the revolutionary group of Surya Sen, Pritilata took part in many raids like attacks on the Telephone & Telegraph offices and the capture of the reserve police line. In the Jalalabad battle, she took the responsibility to supply explosives to the revolutionaries.\nPahartali European Club (current image), which was torched by the group of revolutionaries\nIn 1932, Surya Sen planned to attack the Pahartali European Club which had a signboard that read \"Dogs and Indians not allowed\".", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSurya Sen decided to appoint a woman leader for this mission. Kapana Datta was arrested seven days before the event. Because of this, Pritilata was assigned the leadership of the attack. Pritilata went to Kotowali Sea Side for arms training and made the plan of their attack there.\nThey decided to attack the club on 23 September 1932. The members of the group were given potassium cyanide and were told to swallow it if they were caught.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn the day of the attack, Pritilata dressed herself as a Punjabi male. Her associates Kalishankar Dey, Bireshwar Roy, Prafulla Das, Shanti Chakraborty wore dhoti and shirt. Mahendra Chowdhury, Sushil Dey and Panna Sen wore lungi and shirt.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThey reached the club at around 10:45 PM and attacked the club. There were around 40 people inside the club then. The revolutionaries divided themselves into three separate groups for the attack. In the club, a few police officers who had revolvers started shooting. Pritilata incurred a single bullet wound. According to the police report, in this attack, one woman with a surname of Sullivan died and four men and seven women were injured.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAn injured Pritilata was trapped by the British police. In order to avoid arrest, she swallowed cyanide and committed suicide. On the next day police found her body and identified her. On searching her dead body police found a few leaflets, photograph of Ramkrishna Biswas, bullets, whistle and the draft of their plan of attack. After the post-mortem it was found that the bullet injury was not very serious and cyanide was the reason of her death.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe chief secretary of Bengal sent a report to British authorities in London. In the report it was written\u2013\nPritilata had been closely associated with, if not actually the mistress of, the terrorist Biswas who was hanged for the murder of Inspector Tarini Mukherjee, and some reports indicate that she was the wife of Nirmal Sen who was killed while attempting to evade arrest of Dhalghat, where Captain Cameron fell.\nA bust of Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar primary school, Chittagong", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBangladeshi writer Selina Hossain calls Pritilata an ideal for every woman. A trust named Birkannya Pritilata Trust (Brave lady Pritilata Trust) has been founded in her memory. Pritilata's birthday is celebrated by the trust in different places of Bangladesh and India every year. The trust considers her to be \"a beacon of light for women\". The last end of Sahid Abdus Sabur Road to Mukunda Ram Hat of Boalkhali upazila in Chittagong has been named as Pritilata Waddedar Road", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 2012, a bronze sculpture of Pritilata Waddedar and Suya Sen has been planned to be installed in front of Pahartali Railway School, adjacent to the historical European Club.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn popular media\n2010 Bollywood movie Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey was based on Chittagong Uprising where Vishakha Singh played the character of Pritilata.\nIn 2012, the Hindi film Chittagong was released based on the uprising. Vega Tamotia played the role of Waddedar.\nKhudiram Bose\nJatindra Nath Das\n^ \"Pritilata's 100th birthday today\". The Daily Star. May 5, 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ a b c d e f g h \"Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)\". News Today. Retrieved 18 December 2012.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ a b \"After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries\". The Times of India. Mar 22, 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ Geraldine Forbes (28 April 1999). Women in Modern India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140\u2013. ISBN 978-0-521-65377-0. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ \"Remembering the Legendary Heroes of Chittagong\". NIC. Retrieved 6 January 2013.\n^ \"Indian Independence\". Retrieved 5 January 2013.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ Craig A. Lockard (1 January 2010). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History: Since 1750. Cengage Learning. pp. 699\u2013. ISBN 978-1-4390-8534-9. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ a b \"A fearless female freedom-fighter\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ \"Pritilata\u2019s birth anniversary observed at CU\". New Age. Retrieved 19 December 2012.\n^ a b c \"Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata\". BDNews (Bengali). 5 May 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2012.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ a b c d \"The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle.\". Towards Freedom. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ Pritilata (in Bengali). Prometheus er pothe. 2008. p. 15.\n^ Kalpana Dutt (1979). Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences. Peoples\u0315 Pub. House. p. 46. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ Manini Chatterjee (1999). Do and die: the Chittagong uprising, 1930-34. Penguin Books. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-14-029067-7. Retrieved 18 December 2012.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ \"Biography of Waddedar, Pritilata\". Banglapedia. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ S. S. Shashi (1996). Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Anmol Publications. p. 135. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ \"CCC plans to house 2 girls' schools in commercial complex\". The Daily Star. January 31, 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ a b c d \"A Long Walk to Freedom\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 December 2012.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ Reva Chatterjee (2000). Netaji Subhas Bose. Ocean Books. pp. 2\u2013. ISBN 978-81-87100-27-0. Retrieved 11 January 2013.\n^ a b c d e Pal, Rupamay (1986). Surjo Sener Sonali Swapno. Kolkata: Deepayan. p. 162.\n^ \"80th death anniversary of Pritilata observed\". News Age. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ \"Fortnightly Reports on Bengal, for the second half of September 1932, GOI Home Poll No. 18/1932\". 1932. Missing or empty |url= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ \"Contribution of Pritilata recalled\". The Daily Star. June 1, 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ \"A beacon of light for women\". The Daily Star. September 26, 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ \"Road named after Pritilata in Ctg\". New Nation. 18 December 2012 Tuesday. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ \"Pritilata's bronze sculpture to be installed in port city\". The Daily Star. October 2, 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\n^ \"Young rebels\". Business Standard. Retrieved 18 December 2012.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ \"The veer Konna of Chittagong\". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Retrieved 19 December 2012.\n^ \"Manoj Bajpayee, back in the limelight\". Screen India. Retrieved 18 December 2012.\nBeena Das (Bhowmick) (1911-1986)\nKalpana Datta (1913-1995)\nMatangini Hazra (1869-1942)\nBegum Hazrath Mahal (1879)\n.Rani Avanti Bai (1831-1858)\n.Kittur Rani Chennamma (1778-1829)\nKittur Rani Chennamma : Earliest ruler to fight British rule\nViews : 26417 | Rating : 9.55 / 10 (537 Votes)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Chennamma : Valiant Queen who fought against British\n\u201cShe did not step back looking at the mighty army of British,\nbut fought with great vigour, expertise skill and courage.\u201d\nIntroduction of Rani Chennamma\nEarly Life of Rani Chennamma\nRani Chennamma during British Rule\nWar against the British\nImages for sangolli rayanna STATUE - ...", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Chennamma was the first woman independence activist of Bharat. She stood all alone with a vibrant fiery eye against the British Empire. Rani Chennamma did not succeed in driving them away, but she did provoke many women to rise against the British rule. She was Chennamma Queen of the princely state Kittur in Karnataka. Today she is well known as Kittur Rani Chennamma. Let us take a few steps back in history to know more about her.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Chennamma was born in Kakati (a small village in north of Belgaum in Karnataka), in 1778 that is almost 56 years earlier than Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi. From a very young age she received training in horse riding, sword fighting and archery. She was well known for her brave acts across her town.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Chennamma was married to Mallasarja Desai, ruler of Kittur at the age of 15. Her married life seemed to be a sad tale after her husband died in 1816. With this marriage she had only one son, but fate seemed to play a tragic game in her life. Her son breathed his last in 1824, leaving the lonely soul to fight against the British rule.\nQueen Chennamma during the British rule", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Doctrine of Lapse was imposed on native states by the British. Under this declaration, native rulers were not allowed to adopt a child if they had no children of their own. Their territory formed part of the British Empire automatically.\nThe state of Kittur came under the administration of Dharwad collectorate in charge of Mr. Thackeray. Mr. Chaplin was the commissioner of the region. Both did not recognize the new ruler and the regent, and informed that Kittur had to accept the British regime.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Chennamma and the local people opposed strongly British high handedness. Thackeray invaded Kittur. In the battle that ensued, hundreds of British soldiers were killed along with Thackeray.\nThe humiliation of defeat at the hands of a small ruler was too much for the British to swallow. They brought in bigger armies from Mysore and Sholapur and surrounded Kittur.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Chennamma tried her best to avoid war; she negotiated with Chaplin and Governor of Bombay Presidency under whose regime Kittur fell. It had no effect. Chennamma was compelled to declare war. For 12 days, the valiant Queen and her soldiers defended their fort, but as is the common trait, traitors sneaked in and mixed mud and dung in the gunpowder in the canons. The Rani was defeated (1824 CE). She was taken a prisoner and kept in the fort of Bailhongal for life", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKittur Rani Chennamma could not win the war against British, but she etched her presence for many centuries in the world of history. Along with Onake Obavva, Abbakka Rani and Keladi Chennamma, she is much revered in Karnataka as an icon of bravery.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Chennamma has become a legend. During the freedom movement, her brave resistance to British formed theme of plays, songs, and song stories. Folk songs or lavanis were a legion and freedom struggle got a good boost through singing bards who moved throughout the region.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt is heartening news that a statue of Kittur Chennamma was installed in the Parliamentary Building premises at New Delhi on 11th September 2007. It is the most fitting tribute to a brave queen, who was the earliest ruler in Bharat to fight the British rule.\nFreedom fighter Accamma Cherian\nAccamma Cherian\n`Jhansi Rani of Travancore'\nKanjirapally, Travancore\nTravancore State Congress\nCatholic (St. Thomas Christian)\nV. V. Varkey\nThomman Cherian and Annamma", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAccamma Cherian was a freedom fighter from the erstwhile Travancore (Kerala), India. She was popularly known as the Jhansi Rani of Travancore.[3]\nEarly life and education She was born on 14 February 1909 at Kanjirapally, Travancore, as the second daughter of Thomman Cherian and Annamma Karippaparambil. She was educated at Government Girls High School, Kanjirapally and St. Joseph's High School, Changanacherry. She earned a B.A. in History from St. Teresa's College, Ernakulam.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter completing her education in 1931, she worked as a teacher at St. Mary's English Medium School, Kanjirapally), where she later became head mistress. She worked in this institution for about six years, and during this period she also did her L. T. degree from Trivandrum Training College.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn February 1938, the Travancore State Congress was formed and Accamma gave up her teaching career in order to join the struggle for liberty.Under the State Congress, the people of Travancore started an agitation for a responsible government. C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, the Dewan of Travancore, decided to suppress the agitation. On 26 August 1938, he banned the State Congress which then organized a civil disobedience movement. Prominent State Congress leaders including its President Pattom A", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThanu Pillai were arrested and put behind bars. The State Congress then decided to change its method of agitation. Its working committee was dissolved and the president was given dictatorial powers and the right to nominate his successor. Eleven \u2018dictators\u2019 (Presidents) of the State Congress were arrested one by one. Kuttanad Ramakrishna Pillai, the eleventh dictator, before his arrest nominated Accamma Cherian as the twelfth dictator.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAccamma Cherian led a mass rally from Thampanoor to the Kowdiar Palace of the Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma to revoke a ban on State Congress.[4] The agitating mob also demanded the dismissal of the Dewan, C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, against whom the State Congress leaders had leveled several charges. The British police chief ordered his men to fire on the rally of over 20,000 people . Accamma Cherian cried, \"I am the leader; shoot me first before you kill others\"", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nHer courageous words forced the police authorities to withdraw their orders. On hearing the news M. K. Gandhi hailed her as \u2018The Jhansi Rani of Travancore\u2019. She was arrested and convicted for violating prohibitory orders in 1939.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn October 1938, the working committee of the State Congress directed Accamma Cherian to organize the Desasevika Sangh (Female Volunteer Crops). She toured various centers and appealed to the women to join as members of the Desasevika Sangh.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe first annual conference of the State Congress was held at Vattiyoorkavu on 22 and 23 December 1938 in spite of the ban orders. Almost all leaders of the State Congress were arrested and imprisoned. Accamma, along with her sister Rosamma Punnose (also a freedom fighter, M.L.A., and a C.P.I. leader from 1948), was arrested and jailed on 24 December 1939. They were sentenced to a year's imprisonment. They were insulted and threatened in the jail", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDue to the instruction given by the jail authorities, some prisoners used abusing and vulgar words against them. This matter was brought to the notice of M.K. Gandhi by Pattom A. Thanu Pillai. C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, however, denied it. Accamma\u2019s brother, K. P. Varkey, also took part in freedom movement.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAccamma, after her release from jail, became a full-time worker of the State Congress. In 1942, she became its Acting President. In her presidential address, she welcomed the Quit India Resolution passed at the historic Bombay session of the Indian National Congress on 8 August 1942. She was arrested and awarded one year imprisonment. In 1946, she was arrested and imprisoned for six months for violating ban orders. In 1947, she was again arrested as she raised her voice against C. P", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1947, after independence, Accamma was elected unopposed to the Travancore Legislative Assembly from Kanjirapally. In 1951, she married V.V. Varkey, a freedom fighter and a member of Travancore Cochin Legislative Assembly. They had one son, George V. Varkey, an engineer. In the early 1950s, she resigned from the Congress Party after being denied a Lok Sabha ticket and in 1952, she unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary election from Cochin-Meenachil as an independent", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the early 1950s, when the parties ideologies were changing, she quit politics.[4] Her husband V. V. Varkey Mannamplackal,Chirakkadavu. served as an MLA in the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 1952\u201354. In 1967, she contested the Assembly election from Kanjirapally as a Congress candidate but was defeated by the Communist Party's candidate. Later, she served as a member of the Freedom Fighters\u2019 Pension Advisory Board.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nDeath and commemoration\nAccamma Cherian died on May 5, 1982. A statue was erected in her memory in Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram. A documentary film was made on her life by Sreebala K. Menon.\nRELATED NEWS:- Rosamma Punnoose(YOUNGER SISTER OF ACCAMMA)\nCLICK:-http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Rosamma-Punnoose", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u200d \u0d1c\u0d3e\u0d25 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d15\u0d42\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d41\u0d32\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d02click and read;- http://www.mathrubhumi.com/paramparyam/story.php?id=402483http://www.mathrubhumi.com/paramparyam/story.php?id=402483\n^ \"ROLE OF WOMEN IN KERALA POLITICS REFORMS AMENDMENT ACT 1969 A STUDY IN SOCIAL CHANGE\". Journal of Kerala Studies. University of Kerala. 1985. p. 21.\n^ Who is who of Freedom Fighters in Kerala. K. Karunakaran Nair. 1975. p. 89.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ \"Status of Kerala Women\". Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-30.[dead link]\n^ a b c \"When friends become statues\". tehelka.com. January 20 , 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-06.\n^ The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. 1977. pp. 413, 503.\n^ \"Emergence of nationalism\". Retrieved 2008-10-30.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ Freedom Fighters Remember. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. 1997. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-230-0575-1.\n^ The Indian States Problem. Navajivan press. p. 167.\n^ Political and National Life and Affairs By Gandhi. Navajivan Pub. House. 1967. pp. 186, 322.\n^ \"Road users at the receiving end\". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 15 March 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-30.\n^ \"\u2018Remembering the eminent'\". Retrieved 2008-10-30.\n^ \"Docufest\". Retrieved 2008-10-30.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n^ \"`Docufest' to begin tomorrow\". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 3 October 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-30.\nPolice charge demonstrators at the Esplanade Maidan in Bombay with lathis. The protest was organised by the National Congress Party. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images) Getty Images\nRead more at: http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/4615-20.html?utm_source=ref_article", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBritish Police lathi charge women demonstrators at the Esplanade Maidan in Bombay with lathis. The protest was organised by the National Congress Party.[1930's]", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIndia@65: Freedom in 65 pictures It is 65 years since India's freedom at midnight. We take a look at the struggle that led to the moment in pictures most have not seen before. In this picture, on August 17, 1960 Indian prime minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) addresses the crowd in Delhi, on the occasion of India's 14th Independence day. Above him flies the national flag of India", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nGetty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures India has been home to several ancient civilisations and empires, some dating back to more than 2,000 BC. Culture and religions have flourished over the millennia, and foreign influence has ebbed and flowed. The image above shows the repulse of a sortie during the Siege of Delhi, a conflict of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The rebels advance on a British battery, who repel them with swords, bayonets and rifles", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nA lithograph by E Walker, after a drawing by Captain GF Atkinson. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures The mutiny of 1857 was the first anti-British agitation on Indian soil. In the image above, British troops in Delhi during the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857'. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures The mutiny was a revolution of sorts", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe image shows a scene from the battle at Cawnpore (Kanpur) where an entire British garrison, including women and children, was wiped out in 1857 during the Indian Mutiny. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures In this 1857 image, Indian soldiers (sepoys) of the Bengal army of the British East India Company are seen rebelling in a battle scene during the Indian Mutiny (1857 - 1859)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOriginal Artwork: Engraving entitled - Defeat Of The Sealkote Mutineers By General Nicholson's Column (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures In 1858, India comes under direct rule of the British crown after a failed Indian mutiny. After their capture of Delhi the Indian mutineers lost the city to British forces who extracted swift reprisals by hanging the leaders. Two of them are hanging from a gallows", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(Photo by Felice Beato/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures In 1857, disarmament of the 26th Indian regiment at Barrackpore during the Indian Mutiny. Illustration - WHD (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures 1857: British soldiers storming Delhi during the Indian Mutiny. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures The rebellion by the soldiers had shaken the foreign rulers", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThey stubbed it out with vengeance. In the image above, in 1857 holding the dead body of his wife, Major Skene shoots himself as Indian soldiers close in on him during the Indian Mutiny at Jhansi, India. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures The final spark was provided by the rumoured use of cow and pig fat in the newly-introduced Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle cartridges", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSoldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles, and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was offensive to both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. Indian soldiers at an army barracks during the Indian Mutiny, 1857", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures Under the Government of India Act 1858, the Company was deprived of its involvement in ruling India, with its territory being transferred to the direct authority of the British government. circa 1880: The soldiers of the Indian army who constitute the Viceroy of India's bodyguard", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures A group of officers present at the Siege of Delhi during the Indian Rebellion, 1857", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFrom left to right, Surgeon Campbell Brown, Captain Chesney, Major A Bunny BHA, Colonel Ewart AAG, Colonel D Stewart DAG, Captain Tytler, Major R Lawrence, Major General Welchman CB, Captain H Hayley BNI, Captain Gully, Captain Wauchope, B Arty, Colonel H Norman, Major Maisey DJA, Major H Vicars, Major J, Hills VC, Surgeon Scott, Captain K Coghill, Captain A Lindsay, Captain M Elliott, Major F Roberts VC (1832 - 1914), Brigadier General J Brind CB, Captain R Pemberton and Major M Sankey", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures The 1857 mutiny by Indian soldiers, then called 'sepoys', led to significant change in how India was to be controlled by the British. In this image from circa 1915, Indian signallers from the 1st Regiment of Bombay Infantry keep watch from a hillside lookout post and relay their sightings to the troops", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(Photo by Bremner/Fox Photos/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures A poster for an exhibition of 'Hamilton's New Overland Route to India' at the Egyptian Hall in London, 1876. The route encompasses Paris, Mount Cenis, Brindisi and the Suez Canal", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures Circa 1900: In front of a temple a crowd watches a widow at her husband's funeral as she prepares for 'suttee', whereby a widow of a dead man commits suicide by throwing herself on his funeral pyre. (Photo by Henry Guttmann/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures Besides spices and cloth, opium was one of the major exports of the Empire. This 1882 image shows the Sino-Indian opium trade", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nScenes from an opium factory at Patna, culminating in the opium fleet descending the Ganges on its way to Calcutta. Original Publication: The graphic published July 8, 1882 (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures Life in India for the foreigners was one long extended summer holiday. King George V inspects the day's kill after a tiger hunt in India during his royal visit to celebrate his accession to the throne", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOriginal Artwork: From the 'King Emperor's Indian Durbar Tour of 1911 -1912' (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures A page from the Illustrated London News of 14th August 1897 covering the uprisings against British rule in the Swat Valley, north-west India (now Pakistan). Illustrations show the British army's encampments in the area, as well as Chakdara Fort and the bridge over the swat river (bottom right) and members of the 45th Sikh regiment (centre, right)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\n(Photo by Illustrated London News/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures Followers of Mahatma Gandhi, in 1922, burned down a police station at Chauri Chaura which claimed the lives of 23 Police officers.(Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Getty Images India@65: Freedom in 65 pictures Police charge demonstrators at the Esplanade Maidan in Bombay with lathis. The protest was organised by the National Congress Party. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images)", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nPolice confront Indian protesters in Bombay after a meeting of the\nNational Congress at Esplanade Maidan was banned. An argument about the ownership of the esplanade ensued and soon escalated into a small battle, the police defeating the unarmed Congress volunteers, women and children, by beating them with heavy lathis\nThe 'first woman freedom fighter of India'. Rani abbakka of ullal -mangalore\nCLICK AND READ:-http://pazhayathu.blogspot.in/2014/01/the-first-woman-freedom-fighter-of.html", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Abbakka, the Ullal queen who fought against the Portuguese rule five centuries ago --\nAbbakka Chowta\nRani of Ullal\nPietro Della Valle meets Queen Abbakka Rani\n1525 \u2013 ?? 1570s\nTirumala Raya Chowta\nBanga Lakshmappa Arasa\nChowta\nJain, Kshatriya, Bunt", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nRani Abbakka Chowta was the Queen of Ullal who fought the Portuguese in the latter half of the 16th century. She belonged to the Chowta dynasty who ruled over parts of coastal Karnataka (Tulu Nadu), India. Their capital was Puttige. The port town of Ullal served as their subsidiary capital. The Portuguese made several attempts to capture Ullal as it was strategically placed. But Abbakka repulsed each of their attacks for over four decades", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nFor her bravery, she came to be known as Abhaya Rani (The fearless queen).She was also one of the earliest Indians to fight the colonial powers and is sometimes regarded as the 'first woman freedom fighter of India'.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Chowtas who were Jain Digambara followed the system of matrilineal inheritance (Aliyasantana) by which Tirumala Raya, Abbakka's uncle, crowned her the queen of Ullal. He also forged a matrimonial alliance for Abbakka with Lakshmappa Arasa, the powerful king of neighbouring Mangalore. This alliance was to later prove a source of worry for the Portuguese. Tirumala Raya also trained Abbakka in the different aspects of warfare and military strategy", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe marriage, however was short lived and Abbakka returned to Ullal. Her husband thus longed for revenge against Abbakka and was to later join the Portuguese in their fight against Abbakka", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAfter overrunning Goa and taking control of it, the Portuguese turned their attention southwards and along the coast. They first attacked the South Kanara coast in 1525 and destroyed the Mangalore port. Ullal was a prosperous port and a hub of the spice trade to Arabia and other countries in the west. Being the profitable trading center that it was, the Portuguese, the Dutch and the British vied with one another for control of the region as well as the trade routes", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThey however, had not been able to make much headway as the resistance from the local chieftains was very strong. The local rulers even forged alliances cutting across caste and religion lines.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThough Abbakka was a Jain by faith, her administration was well represented by Hindus and Muslims. Her army too consisted of people of all sects and castes. She even forged alliances with the Zamorin of Calicut. Together, they kept the Portuguese at bay. The marital ties with the neighbouring Banga dynasty added further strength to the alliance of the local rulers. She also gained support from powerful king Venkatappanayaka of Bidnur and ignored the threat of Portuguese forces.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBattles against the Portuguese\nPortuguese carrack\nThe Portuguese, clearly upset by Abbakka's tactics, demanded that she pay them tribute but Abbakka refused to yield. In 1555, the Portuguese sent Admiral Dom \u00c1lvaro da Silveira to fight her after she refused to pay them tribute. In the battle that followed, Rani Abbakka once again managed to hold her own and repulsed the attack successfully.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1557, the Portuguese plundered Mangalore and laid it waste. In 1568, they turned their attention to Ullal but Abbakka Rani resisted them yet again. Jo\u00e3o Peixoto, a Portuguese general and a fleet of soldiers were sent by the Portuguese Viceroy Ant\u00f3nio Noronha. They managed to capture the city of Ullal and also entered the royal court. Abbakka Rani, however, escaped and took refuge in a mosque. The same night, she gathered around 200 of her soldiers and mounted an attack on the Portuguese", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn the battle that ensued, General Peixoto was killed, seventy Portuguese soldiers were taken prisoners and many of the Portuguese retreated. In further attacks, Abbakka Rani and her supporters killed Admiral Mascarenhas and the Portuguese were also forced to vacate the Mangalore fort.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1569 however, the Portuguese not only regained the Mangalore fort but also captured Kundapur (Basrur). Despite these gains, Abbakka Rani continued to remain a source of threat. With the help of the queen's estranged husband, they mounted attacks on Ullal. Furious battles followed but Abbakka Rani held her own. In 1570, she formed an alliance with the Bijapur Sultan of Ahmed Nagar and the Zamorine of Calicut, who were also opposing the Portuguese", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKutty Pokar Marikar, the Zamorine's general fought on behalf of Abbakka and destroyed the Portuguese fort at Mangalore but while returning he was killed by the Portuguese. Following these losses and her husband's treachery, Abbakka lost the war, was arrested and jailed. However, even in prison she revolted and died fighting.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nCarracks of the PORTUGUESE SHIPS-India Armada of 1507, from the Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu\nFirst Attack\nThe first attack by the Portuguese in south Kanara coast was in 1525, when they destroyed the Mangalore port. Rani Abbakka was alerted by the incident and started preparing herself to protect her kingdom.\nSecond Attack\nThird Attack\nIn 1557, the Portuguese plundered Mangalore and laid it waste.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1558 the Portuguese Army perpetrated another wanton cruelty on Mangalore, putting to death a number of men and women, both young and old, plundering a temple, burning ships and finally setting the city itself on fire.\nFourth Attack\nAgain, in 1567, the Portuguese army attacked Ullal, showering death and destruction. The great Queen Abbakka resisted it.\nFifth Attack", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1568, Jo\u00e3o Peixoto, a Portuguese general and a fleet of soldiers where sent by the Portuguese Viceroy Ant\u00f3nio Noronha. They managed to capture the city of Ullal and also entered the royal court. Abbakka Rani, however, escaped and took refuge in a mosque. The same night, she gathered around 200 of her soldiers and mounted an attack on the Portuguese. In the battle that ensued, General Peixoto was killed,seventy Portuguese soldiers were taken prisoners and many of the Portuguese retreated", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn further attacks, Abbakka Rani and her supporters killed Admiral Mascarenhas and the Portuguese were also forced to vacate the Mangalore fort.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1569 however, the Portuguese not only regained the Mangalore fort but also captured Kundapur (Basrur). Despite these gains, Abbakka Rani continued to remain a source of threat. With the help of the queen's estranged husband, they mounted attacks on Ullal. Furious battles followed but Abbakka Rani held her own. In 1570, she formed an alliance with the Bijapur Sultan of Ahmed Nagar and the Zamorine of Calicut, who where also opposing the Portuguese", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKutty Pokar Markar, the Zamorine's general fought on behalf of Abbakka and destroyed the Portuguese fort at Mangalore but while returning he was killed by the Portuguese. Following these losses and her husband's treachery, Abbakka lost the war, was arrested and jailed. However, even in prison she revolted and died fighting.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAccording to traditional accounts, she was an immensely popular queen and this is also attested by the fact that she is even today a part of folklore. The queen's story has been retold from generation to generation through folk songs and Yakshagana, a popular folk theatre in [Coastal Karnataka]. In Bhuta Kola, a local ritual dance, the persona in trance recounts the great deeds of Abbakka Mahadevi. Abbakka is portrayed as dark and good looking, always dressed in simple clothes like a commoner", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nShe is portrayed as a caring queen who worked late into the night dispensing justice. Legends also claim that Abbakka was the last known person to have the used the Agnivana (fire-arrow) in her fight against the Portuguese. Some accounts also claim that she had two equally valiant daughters who fought alongside her in her wars against the Portuguese. Tradition however treats all three - mother and two daughters as the same person.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIndia is the gorgeous and democratic country in which people are offered with freedom. Only in India, people of different religions are living together. Unity in diversity concept suits well for the Indian nation. For many years people of India were subjected to torture under the British, French, Dutch and Portuguese people. Many people fought for freedom of nation. They shed their blood, lost their family members, faced uncountable difficulties in prison, and so on", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nAccamma Cherian is one of the iron lady of Kerala. She studied well and joined in a middle school, as teacher. Her hard work promoted her as a headmistress, in which school she worked as teacher. At one stage, activities of Portuguese and British became malicious. They crossed their boundary levels and started to torture the people without pity. This event created fire inside her. Immediately, she resigned her job and participated in freedom struggle events", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn 1938, National congress party was banned in Kerala. To convey the opposition for this act, she collected the people and directed a rally from Thampanoor to the Kowdiar Palace of kerala. British government announced the firing order for this doings. She requested them to kill her first. This made the British police to put off the shooting order. For this activity, she was named as the Jhansi Rani of Travancore by Mahatma Gandhi. This is just a simple sample to tell about her affection towards nation", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBefore Independence, Pakistan is also part of India. Kerala is one of the cutest states in India during ancient time, now and forever. People from this area actively took part in the freedom struggle. Despite of gender both female and male participated in various events in opposite to the Portuguese, who ruled the Kerala state. They are not only fought against the Portuguese, but also against the cruel acts of the British people.\nA V Kuttimalu Amma", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nA V Kuttimalu Amma is one of the noteworthy Kerala freedom fighter. Being a lady, she opposed the foreign people with brave. She united many women together and raised flag against the Portuguese. She asked Kerala people to not wear the foreign clothes. She was arrested for Civil-Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement. She went to jail with her two month old baby, as she took part in the Civil-Disobedience Movement.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOnly few names of Kerala freedom fighters are made public. But, countless number of people took part actively in the freedom struggle. Even though their name has not been mentioned in any record, they selfless sacrifice should be praised. As the Indian citizen we should respect the sacrifice of the people, who fought for freedom of India. If just mosquito bites we feel pain. Then think about the harsh punishments that were given by the British government to our Indians", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nBritish government did not grant freedom for India just like that. Behind this act, death and sacrifice of million people are there. Even after getting freedom, Indian soldiers are fighting against the enemies to protect our nation. Many Kerala people are serving as soldiers and army officers in Indian army.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nN. P. Nayar and Ammu Swaminadhan are few leaders of Kerala, who fought for freedom of India. N.P Nayar is the disciple of Subash Chandra bose. He participated in freedom movements, as per the style of bose. Many times he was arrested by the British people and put in the jail. Ammu Swaminadhan is one of the eminent freedom fighter of Kerala. She followed principles of Mahatma Gandhi and participated in freedom struggle without violence. This made het to occupy good place in hearts of people of Kerala", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt is responsibility of each and every citizen to preserve the freedom of our country, which was given to us by our ancestors. Let us remember the selfless sacrifice of freedom strugglers' atleast on the Independence Day.\nJai Hind!!\nKalpana Datta\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012)\n\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nSripur, Chittagong District, Bengal Province, British India now Bangladesh\n8 February 1995 (aged 81)\nCalcutta now Kolkata , West Bengal, India\nIndian Republican Army, Chittagong branch\nFrom 1940 onwards, Communist Party of India\nIndian independence movement activist, Revolutionist", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKalpana Datta (Bengali: \u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4) (27 July 1913 \u2013 8 February 1995) (later Kalpana Joshi) was an Indian independence movement activist and a member of the armed independence movement led by Surya Sen, which carried out the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930.[1] Later she joined the Communist Party of India and married Puran Chand Joshi, then General Secretary of the Communist Party of India in 1943.[2]\nChittagong armoury raid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid\nThe Chittagong Armoury Raid (Bengali: \u099a\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09be\u09a8) also known as Chittagong uprising, was an attempt on 18 April 1930 to raid the armoury of ...\n\u200eThe raiders - \u200eThe plan - \u200eThe raid - \u200eAftermath\n2 Armed independence movement\n3 Trial, transportation and later life\n5 Artistic depictions", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKalpana Datta was born at Sripur (Boalkhali Upazila) in Chittagong District of Bengal Province in British India now Bangladesh . After passing her matriculation examination in 1929 from Chittagong, she went to Calcutta and joined the Bethune College for graduation in Science. Soon, she joined the Chhatri Sangha (Women Students Association).[3]\nArmed independence movement", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nThe Chittagong armoury raid was carried out on 18 April 1930. Kalpana joined the \"Indian Republican Army, Chattagram branch\", the armed resistance group led by Surya Sen in May 1931. In September, 1931 Surya Sen entrusted her along with Pritilata Waddedar to attack the European Club in Chittagong. But a week before the attack, she was arrested while carrying out reconnaissance of the area. She went underground after release on bail", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nOn 17 February 1933 the police encircled their hiding place and Surya Sen was arrested but Kalpana was able to escape. She was arrested on 19 May 1933.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nTrial, transportation and later life\nIn the second supplementary trial of Chittagong armoury raid case, Kalpana was sentenced to transportation for life. After her release in 1939, Kalpana graduated from the Calcutta University in 1940 and joined the Communist Party of India. In 1946, she contested in the elections for the Bengal Legislative Assembly as a Communist Party of India candidate from Chittagong but could not win. She died in Calcutta on 8 February 1995.", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIn 1943, she married Puran Chand Joshi. They had two sons: Chand and Suraj. Chand Joshi was a noted journalist, who worked for the Hindustan Times. He was also known for his work, Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality (1985). Chand's wife Manini (n\u00e9e Chatterjee) penned a book on the Chattagram armoury raid, titled, Do and Die: The Chattagram Uprising 1930-34.[4]\n. movie, Chittagong, was released on 12 October 2012, based on the uprising. It was produced and directed by Bedabrata Pain, an ex-NASA scientist", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nIt is based on the book Do And Die by Manini Chatterjee, based on the Chittagong Uprising against British rule in 1930\nKhelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey\nCinema Hall\nKhelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey - Wikipedia\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khelein_Hum_Jee_Jaan_Sey\nKhelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey is a 2010 Indian epic action-adventure film directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, starring Abhishek Bachchan, Deepika Padukone and ...\n\u200ePlot \u00b7 \u200eCast \u00b7 \u200eReception \u00b7 \u200eSoundtrack\nStar-studded KHELEIN HUM JEE JAAN SEY music launch\nglamsham.com", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nVideo of KHELEIN HUM JEE JAAN SEY music launch It was a starry night as Abhishek Bachchan, Deepika Padukone, Amitabh ...\nFemale prisoners at the Andaman Cellular Jail, 1860\nWe see a rare picture of female prisoners being held in the infamous Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands circa 1860.\nCellular Jail - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_Jail\nWorldwide Guide to Women in Leadership\nGandhi, Women, and the National Movement, 1920-47", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nhttps://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=812411076X\nAnup Taneja - 2005 - \u200eIndia\nG-94/Pt.-l, 1930, NMML, Congress Bulletin, 3-6-1930. It was reported that most of the shopkeepers in Chandni Chowk were willing to close down their shops and lock their foreign cloth under the seal of the Congress. 133Communique issued by District Congress Committee, Delhi, AICC File No.18-21, of 1931, NMML.\nOLD TRAVANCORE KINGDOM AND KERALA PHOTOS\nmore old pictures of kerala\nKERALA DRESS 1500 TILL NOW", "THEN AND NOW: Female Indian Freedom Fighters\nKerala Women Topless Costume in 19th Century.in Malabar None of the Hindu ladies except Brahmins thought that the breast has to be covered; and to them to cover the breast was an act of immodesty.\nTravancore Sisters-LALITHA,PADMINI,RAGINI\nSOUND OF SILENCE AT GHOST TOWN OF DHANUSHKODI-The town that disappeared- DESTROYED BY SUPER CYCLONE TIDAL WAVE 1964\npakistan army surrenders to Indian army 1971 (in East Pakistan) and formation of Bangladesh"]

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0.09473684], [241756, 241858, 0.06862745], [241858, 241911, 0.03773585], [241911, 241947, 0.05555556], [241947, 242047, 0.07], [242047, 242226, 0.07821229], [242226, 242311, 0.01176471], [242311, 242472, 0.05590062], [242472, 249450, 0.06778447], [249450, 249517, 0.04477612], [249517, 249771, 0.02362205], [249771, 249848, 0.03896104], [249848, 249942, 0.12765957], [249942, 250033, 0.04395604], [250033, 250048, 0.13333333], [250048, 250062, 0.14285714], [250062, 250106, 0.13636364], [250106, 250122, 0.0], [250122, 250143, 0.14285714], [250143, 250166, 0.13043478], [250166, 250173, 0.14285714], [250173, 250195, 0.13636364], [250195, 250856, 0.04236006], [250856, 251499, 0.04043546], [251499, 252164, 0.02255639], [252164, 252647, 0.03519669], [252647, 252678, 0.06451613], [252678, 252697, 0.05263158], [252697, 253041, 0.0377907], [253041, 253824, 0.04086845], [253824, 254605, 0.04097311], [254605, 254696, 0.23076923], [254696, 254709, 0.15384615], [254709, 254914, 0.02926829], [254914, 254928, 0.14285714], [254928, 254941, 0.15384615], [254941, 255004, 0.04761905], [255004, 255225, 0.01809955], [255225, 255239, 0.14285714], [255239, 255361, 0.04918033], [255361, 255374, 0.15384615], [255374, 256015, 0.04056162], [256015, 256028, 0.15384615], [256028, 256809, 0.04097311], [256809, 256829, 0.05], [256829, 257763, 0.02034261], [257763, 257857, 0.07446809], [257857, 258415, 0.02688172], [258415, 258459, 0.11363636], [258459, 259519, 0.02924528], [259519, 259953, 0.02995392], [259953, 259972, 0.21052632], [259972, 260398, 0.04929577], [260398, 261183, 0.02420382], [261183, 261216, 0.15151515], [261216, 261796, 0.04827586], [261796, 262018, 0.01801802], [262018, 262029, 0.18181818], [262029, 262043, 0.14285714], [262043, 262238, 0.02051282], [262238, 262250, 0.0], [262250, 262325, 0.10666667], [262325, 262351, 0.03846154], [262351, 262393, 0.11904762], [262393, 262435, 0.0952381], [262435, 262479, 0.09090909], [262479, 262532, 0.03773585], [262532, 262937, 0.05679012], [262937, 262996, 0.03389831], [262996, 263050, 0.01851852], [263050, 263211, 0.04347826], [263211, 263261, 0.08], [263261, 263291, 0.03333333], [263291, 263330, 0.02564103], [263330, 263352, 0.04545455], [263352, 263698, 0.06936416], [263698, 263726, 0.03571429], [263726, 264315, 0.04923599], [264315, 264352, 0.02702703], [264352, 264784, 0.04861111], [264784, 265142, 0.06703911], [265142, 265288, 0.06164384], [265288, 265407, 0.07563025], [265407, 265432, 0.2], [265432, 265444, 0.16666667], [265444, 265481, 0.16216216], [265481, 265536, 0.09090909], [265536, 265690, 0.07792208], [265690, 265731, 0.09756098], [265731, 265782, 0.41176471], [265782, 265795, 0.0], [265795, 265916, 0.2231405], [265916, 265968, 0.07692308], [265968, 266086, 0.04237288], [266086, 266135, 0.06122449], [266135, 266179, 0.04545455], [266179, 266218, 0.1025641], [266218, 266268, 0.08], [266268, 266317, 0.02040816], [266317, 266345, 0.10714286], [266345, 266655, 0.08709677], [266655, 266696, 0.85365854], [266696, 266724, 0.0], [266724, 266751, 0.66666667], [266751, 266948, 0.04568528], [266948, 266990, 0.52380952], [266990, 267106, 0.61206897], [267106, 267198, 0.04347826], [267198, 267309, 0.53153153]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 267309, 0.9204312]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 267309, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 267309, 0.89485168]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 267309, 924.11871399]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 267309, 3751.77707744]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 267309, 7064.76555188]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 267309, 2769.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED556652

ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013

["ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nAbstractor: As Provided\nThe Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students\nPerkins, Britine Lynee\nProQuest LLC , Ed.D. Dissertation, University of North Texas", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nThe relationship between the mission of community colleges and the increasing teacher shortage has become more transparent as many community colleges have implemented teacher education programs to address community needs, the shortage of qualified teachers, and the lack of diversity among teachers", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nAs the community college's teacher education role has increased, many community colleges have responded by adding associate of arts degrees and certificate programs specific to teacher education to tackle the shortage of teachers and the lack of diversity among teachers in the nation's classrooms", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of one community college's pre-service teacher education program in transferring minority students to a university teacher education program and the likelihood of the students graduating with both bachelor's degrees and teacher certification. This longitudinal ex post facto causal-comparative mixed methods case study involved tracking a cohort of minority students over a 6-year period", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nData were gathered from existing teacher education program records for native and transfer students at one community college and two four-year institutions. Unstructured interviews were conducted with administrators over the community college's program. For data analysis, \u00f72 and Phi Coefficients were conducted to compare the minority students' university transfer and graduation rates to native university students' transfer and graduation rates", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nResults of the study demonstrated that the minority students were graduating at an observably higher rate than both the native to university students and their respective ethnic peers who began college at two-year colleges at the national level. This study's findings might help community college teacher education programs to increase enrollments of minority students and to address the needs of surrounding communities", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nThe findings contributed to the relatively scarce literature regarding minority teacher preparation in community colleges. The study's findings might also be useful to community colleges looking toward or already implementing similar pre-service teacher education programs. Overall, the results indicated that pre-service teacher education programs at the community college level can be effective at producing transfer students who successfully graduate from four-year teacher education programs", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\n[The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nDescriptors: Teacher Education, Teacher Education Programs, Minority Group Students, Program Effectiveness, College Transfer Students, Longitudinal Studies, Comparative Analysis, Bachelors Degrees, Teacher Certification, Mixed Methods Research, Case Studies, Interviews, Community Colleges\nProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Tel: 800-521-0600; Web site: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml", "ERIC - ED556652 - The Impact of a Community College Teacher Education Program on the Success Rate of Minority Teacher Certification Students, ProQuest LLC, 2013\nPublication Type: Dissertations/Theses - Doctoral Dissertations\nEducation Level: Higher Education; Postsecondary Education; Two Year Colleges"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED163847

ERIC - ED163847 - Conceptions of Reality: A Study of Changes in University Students. R&D for Higher Education, 1978:7., 1978-May-24

["ERIC - ED163847 - Conceptions of Reality: A Study of Changes in University Students. R&D for Higher Education, 1978:7., 1978-May-24\nConceptions of Reality: A Study of Changes in University Students. R&D for Higher Education, 1978:7.\nNational Swedish Board of Universities and Colleges, Stockholm. Research and Development Unit.; Gothenburg Univ. (Sweden). Inst. of Education.", "ERIC - ED163847 - Conceptions of Reality: A Study of Changes in University Students. R&D for Higher Education, 1978:7., 1978-May-24\nA project, using a longitudinal survey, seeks to describe the cognitive content of the professional competence developed within the field of engineering, psychology, economics, and medicine. With the aid of several empirical studies, the project will hopefully clarify when and how changes occur in students' perceptions and patterns of thought, similarities and the effects of transition from studies to vocational activities", "ERIC - ED163847 - Conceptions of Reality: A Study of Changes in University Students. R&D for Higher Education, 1978:7., 1978-May-24\nThe project, planned to proceed from 1977 through 1983, will include analysis of the aims of the educational fields from a general viewpoint, compilation of and testing of interviews, and interviewing of students. The methodological approach of the study, which is closely related to cognitive theory and the psychology of learning, attempts to study educational effects in a different perspective and is based upon theoretical and methodological work carried out by the TIPS project", "ERIC - ED163847 - Conceptions of Reality: A Study of Changes in University Students. R&D for Higher Education, 1978:7., 1978-May-24\nThe approach is a search for educational effects in the form of qualitative characteristics and changes in the students' comprehension of concepts and principles. (SW)", "ERIC - ED163847 - Conceptions of Reality: A Study of Changes in University Students. R&D for Higher Education, 1978:7., 1978-May-24\nDescriptors: Cognitive Objectives, Cognitive Style, College Students, Concept Formation, Economics, Engineering, Foreign Countries, Higher Education, Interviews, Knowledge Level, Learning Theories, Longitudinal Studies, Medical Education, Professional Education, Psychology, Research Projects\nNational Board of Universities and Colleges, R&D Unit, P.O. Box 45501,\nPublication Type: Reports - Descriptive", "ERIC - ED163847 - Conceptions of Reality: A Study of Changes in University Students. R&D for Higher Education, 1978:7., 1978-May-24\nAuthoring Institution: National Swedish Board of Universities and Colleges, Stockholm. Research and Development Unit.; Gothenburg Univ. (Sweden). Inst. of Education."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://ehamptonny.gov/calendar.aspx?view=list&year=2018&month=6&day=13

Calendar • East Hampton Town, NY • CivicEngage

["Calendar \u2022 East Hampton Town, NY \u2022 CivicEngage\nPlanning Board (1)\n- Human Services (5) Planning Board (1) Recreation (3)\nColoring Pages for Seniors\nJune 13, 2018, 10:30 AM\u2009-\u200911:00 AM @ East Hampton Senior Center - Edith Parsons Recreation Area\nColoring Pages for Seniors2018-06-13T10:30:00\nKnitting Group for Seniors\nKnitting Group for Seniors2018-06-13T10:30:00\nPoetry Group for Seniors\nPoetry Group for Seniors2018-06-13T10:30:00\nBridge for Seniors2018-06-13T13:00:00\nPlanning Board Meeting2018-06-13T18:30:00\nMen's Basketball 2018"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wenatcheeworld.com/news/newhouse-faces-wide-field-in-district-4-congressional-race-as-aug-2-primary-looms/article_86f638d8-e79b-11ec-9018-c396f3eeeb9e.html

Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms

["Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nYakima Herald-Republic\nNewhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nBy Kate Smith\nThe 2022 election cycle is the first to test new political boundaries across the state, including in Central Washington's Congressional District 4, where eight candidates are vying for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nThe newly redrawn district stretches vertically through the center of the state, capturing all of Okanogan, Douglas, Grant, Yakima, Benton and Klickitat counties and picking up precincts in Adams and Franklin counties.\nThe candidates who will appear on the Aug. 2 primary ballot represent communities throughout the Yakima Valley and Central Washington.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nIncumbent Dan Newhouse, 66, is a Republican from Sunnyside. He operates an 880-acre farm in the Yakima Valley and previously served as the director of the Washington State Department of Agriculture.\nAlso a former member of the state House, Newhouse said his old legislative district included part of Klickitat County, which is a new addition to the congressional district.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\n\"I'm very familiar with the challenges that people face, the interests and concerns they have, in the Columbia Gorge and throughout Klickitat County, and I'm excited to be able to re-engage with those folks,\" Newhouse said.\nHe's facing six Republican challengers and one Democrat, including some who have brought up his vote in support of Trump's impeachment following on charges he incited an insurrection in the attack on the U.S. Capitol Jan. 6, 2021. He was one of 10 Republicans to vote in support in 2021.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nWhile Newhouse was a staunch supporter of Trump \u2014 he was the Washington state vice chair of his reelection campaign \u2014 he said his conscience and his religious beliefs led him to cast the vote to impeach. He voted against Trump's 2020 impeachment.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nNewhouse has worked on legislation dealing with agriculture and immigration, and is the chairman of the Congressional Western Caucus, which advocates for rural priorities, resources and energy security. He's been active in supporting veterans at home in the district.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nNewhouse had five opponents in the 2020 primary, including two Republicans, and handily beat Democrat Douglas McKinley in the 2020 general with 66% of the vote. The top two candidates in the primary, regardless of party, will advance to the November general election.\nAmong the other candidates are Benancio \"Benny\" Garcia, 50, a Republican who was born and raised in Sunnyside.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nGarcia said he entered the race in part to help solve gang violence and drug use in the community, but he's also interested in issues related to agriculture. He previously worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a community development and loan specialist.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\n\"I really care about how our politics is directly affecting our way of life, and I want to make sure our small businesses and our farmers or ranchers and our private citizens are really getting the best benefit in representation within the district,\" Garcia said.\nHe is a U.S. Army and National Guard veteran and is the only Latino candidate in the race.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nRepublican Jerrod Sessler, 52, grew up in the Tri-Cities and Seattle but now lives in Prosser. The U.S. Navy veteran, former NASCAR driver and entrepreneur said he started preparing for a congressional campaign after the 2012 election.\n\"I've been traveling to Washington, D.C., for many years for business, encouraging and driving legislation for small businesses and families,\" Sessler said. \"I was obviously well into the swing of learning how the system works and meeting with congressmen and senators.\"", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nSessler said he was in D.C. for the Jan. 6, 2021, insurrection at the U.S. Capitol, though he said he doesn't believe it was an insurrection. He said he listened to Trump speak in the morning at the Ellipse, north of the National Mall, and then walked to the west side of the Capitol but didn't enter the building. Sessler said Newhouse's impeachment vote was the catalyst to submit his name in this election.\nRepublicans Jacek Kobiesa and Brad Klippert are from the Tri-Cities.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nKobiesa, 57, is a mechanical engineer from Pasco. He was born in Holland but moved to Pasco from California in 1998.\nHe said he entered the race because he felt his statements were dismissed by other local Republicans.\n\"I have three children right now, and I'm doing this more to secure a good future than anything else,\" Kobiesa said. \"And it's not just their future, it is other people's futures, as well.\"", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nKlippert, 64, is a Benton County Sheriff's deputy and resides in Kennewick. He was born and raised in Sunnyside.\n\"I've lived in this district all my life except for when I served in the military or when I went to Tacoma to get my master's degree and worked for Pierce County,\" Klippert said.\nKlippert, who has represented District 8 in the state House since 2008, said he thought about running for Congress in past years, but knew it was time after Newhouse's vote to impeach former President Donald Trump.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\n\"That was the final straw that broke the camel's back,\" he said.\nFrom Yakima and surrounding municipalities are Doug White, the lone Democrat in the race, and Republican Corey Gibson.\nWhite, 60, lives in Yakima but has traveled extensively during his career as a global project manager. He said he was in Hong Kong during demonstrations and occupation in 2020. He was back in the U.S. by Jan. 6, 2021, when he learned about the insurrection at the U.S. Capitol.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\n\"I said 'I can take no more,' so I started looking around at how to apply best the skills that I have accumulated over my career,\" White said.\nHe said he is focused on the issues of water, immigration, infrastructure and climate change, which he grew up discussing with his grandfather.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nGibson, 44, lives in Selah and was raised in the apple industry. He is the owner of a marketing company and initially started thinking about running for office when his parents were forced to retire early and couldn't afford their needed medications.\n\"I started getting very interested in figuring out how I was going to be able to play a role in helping to fight back and make some of the changes that needed to happen,\" Gibson said.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nHe said he also has his sights set on setting term limits for Congress and passing immigration reform.\nLoren Culp, a former police chief from Republic in Ferry County, is running a Republican from Moses Lake. He's a former Washington gubernatorial candidate.\nHis campaign did not respond to requests for an interview. He announced his campaign after Newhouse voted to impeach Trump, and he has Trump's endorsement.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nNewhouse had a sizable lead in fundraising for the first quarter of 2022. Through the end of March, he had raised $1.2 million, according to records from the Federal Election Commission. Sessler had the next highest amount with $456,385 raised, followed by White with $230,995 and Culp with $191,319.\nGibson had raised $36,050 through the end of March, and Klippert had raised $23,219.", "Newhouse faces wide field in District 4 congressional race as Aug. 2 primary looms\nAccording to the FEC, Garcia had not reported any funds for the first quarter and Kobiesa did not have his campaign registered.\n___ (c)2022 Yakima Herald-Republic (Yakima, Wash.) Visit Yakima Herald-Republic (Yakima, Wash.) at www.yakima-herald.com Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.\nDan Newhouse"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://thegamesdb.net/game.php?id=62843

Treasure Island (1988) by Infocom

["Treasure Island (1988) by Infocom\nJim Hawkins is a young boy working on \"Admiral Benbow\", his parent's inn. One day a sea captain named Billy Bones takes a room at the inn and stays for several months. A blind man called Pew arrives and shows something to Billy that gives him a heart attack. Jim witnesses everything and runs to aid the captain, who tells him about his sea chest and his relationship with Captain Flint, a famous pirate", "Treasure Island (1988) by Infocom\nAfter he dies Jim grabs the key dangling from the corpse and opens the dead captain's chest to collect the last payment. He finds a packet inside, and decides to take it to two aristocratic acquaintances of his, Dr. Livesey and Squire John Trelawney. They discover a diary and a treasure map, and decide to travel to the island in search of the booty. Treasure Island is a text adventure, an adaptation of the classic 1883 novel of the same name by Robert Louis Stevenson", "Treasure Island (1988) by Infocom\nUnlike the book, the game is written in a second-person perspective. Otherwise, it follows the original plot closely: the player assumes the role of Jim Hawkins, and has to perform the same actions as the character in the novel. This leads to a more claustrophobic design, as players without knowledge of the book have to guess what to do next. To help alleviate that problem, other characters act as some sort of built-in hint system", "Treasure Island (1988) by Infocom\nThe player can ask them about anything and they will provide clues when these are available. The parser accepts most of Infocom's standard features like pronouns and chain commands."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/433740/complaint-against-tvnz-for-using-discriminatory-term-upheld

Complaint against TVNZ for using discriminatory term upheld

["Complaint against TVNZ for using discriminatory term upheld\nNew Zealand Media & Technology\nComplaint against TVNZ for using discriminatory term upheld\n9:50 am on 29 December 2020\nA complaint that Television New Zealand used a discriminatory term in a news story about the annual relocation of sharemilkers has been upheld.\nTVNZ's Auckland offices. Photo: Supplied to RNZ\nThe Broadcasting Standards Authority found TVNZ breached the discrimination and denigration standards by referring to the yearly movement of sharemilkers around the country \"as gypsy day\".", "Complaint against TVNZ for using discriminatory term upheld\nThe complainant said the term \"gypsy day\" was \"offensive to one of our smallest and least visible ethnic and cultural communities\".\nHe said the use of the phrase \"presents us as a nation that is willing to discriminate against minority ethnic and cultural communities\".\nHe added the alternative term \"moving day\" could have been used.", "Complaint against TVNZ for using discriminatory term upheld\nTVNZ did not uphold this complaint, on the basis the term did not reach the threshold necessary to conclude it encouraged discrimination, the colloquial use of the term in the farming community, and that it did not intend to discriminate against a section of the community.\nThe BSA said the term was not used with any intention to discriminate nor was it directed at the Roma community, and it was commonly used colloquially to reference the movement of sharemilkers and their stock around the country.", "Complaint against TVNZ for using discriminatory term upheld\nHowever, the BSA said the term was recognised as a racial slur with growing recognition of its offensiveness, and that there was an alternate \"moving day\" term that could have been used.\nThe complaint was upheld but no order for costs to be paid was made.\nNext story in New Zealand\nAttacks on kiwi prompts DOC warning to dog owners"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.bs/books?id=ip1XnAz-mgQC&pg=PA339&vq=%22from+each+other,+nor+build+an+impassable+wall+between+them.+A+husband+and+wife+may+be+divorced,+and+go+out%22&dq=editions:STANFORD36105005459602&lr=&output=text

History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches

["History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nAr the very outbreak of the rebellion, the Administration was compelled to face one of the most formidable of the many difficulties which have embarrassed its action. Long before the issue had been distinctly made by the rebels in the Southern States, while under the protecting toleration of Mr", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nBuchanan's administration the conspirators were making preparations for arined resistance to the Government of the United States, evidences were not wanting that they relied upon the active co-operation of men and parties in the Northern States, whose political sympathies had always been in harmony with their principles and their action", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nAs early as in Jannary, 1861, while the rebels were diligently and actively collecting arms and other munitions of war, by purchase in the Northern States, for the contest on which they had resolved, Fernando Wood, then Mayor of New York, had apologized to Senator Toombs, of Georgia, for the seizuro by the police of New York of \u201carms intended for and consigned to the State of Georgia,\" and had assured him that \u201cif he had the power he should summarily punish the authors of this illegal and unjustifiable seizure of private property", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nThe departments at Washington, the army and the navy, all places of responsibility and trust under the Governraent, and all departments of civil and political activity in the Northern States, were found to be largely filled by persons in active sympathy with the secession movement, and ready'at all times to give it all the aid and comfort in their power", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nUpon the advent of the new Administration, and when active measures began to be taken for the suppression of the rebellion, the Government found its plans betrayed and its movements thwarted at every turn", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nProminent presses and politicians, moreover, throughout the country, began, by active hostility, to indicate their sympathy with those who sought, under cover of opposition to the Administration, to overthrow the Government, and it became speedily manifest that there was sufficient of treasonable sentiment throughout the North to paralyze the authorities in their efforts, aided only by the ordinary machinery of the law, to crush the secession movement.", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nUnder these circumstances it was deemed necessary to resort to the exercise of the extraordinary powers with which, in extraordinary emergencies, the Constitution had clothed the Government", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nThat instrument had provided that \u201cthe privilege of the writ of habeas corpus should not be suspended; unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety might require it.\" By necessary implication, whenever, in such cases either of rebellion or invasion, the public safety did require it, the privilege of that writ might be suspended ; and, from the very necessity of the case, the Government which was charged with the care of the public safety, was empowered to judge when the contingency shonld occur", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nThe only question that remained was, which department of the Government was to meet this responsibility. If the act was one of legislation, it could only be performed by Congress and the President; if it was in its nature executive, then it might be performed, the emergency requiring it, by the President. alope. The pressing emergency of the case, moreover, went far towards dictating the decision", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nCongress bad adjourned on the 4th of March, and could not be again assembled for some months; and infinite, and perhaps fatal mischief might be done during the interval, if the Northern allies of the rebellion were allowed with impunity to prosecute their plans", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nUnder the influence of these considerations the President, in his proclamation of the 3d of May, 1861, directing the commander of the forces of the United States on the Florida coast to permit no person to exercise any authority upon the islands of Key West, the Tortugas, and Santa Rosa, which might be inconsistent with the authority of the United States, also authorized him, \u201cif he should find it necessary, to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, and to remove from the vicinity of the United States fortresses all dangerous or suspected persons.\" This was the first act of the Adininistration in that direction; but it was very soon found necessary to resort to the exercise of the same powers in other sections of the country", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nOn the 25th of May, John Merryman, a resident of Hayfield, in Baltimore County, Maryland, known by the Government to be in communication with the rebels, and to be giving them aid and comfort, was arrested and imprisoned in Fort McHenry, then commanded by General Cadwallader. On the same day he forwarded a petition to Roger B. Taney, Chief-Justice of the United States, reciting the circumstances of his arrest, and praying for the issue of the writ of habeas corpus", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nThe writ was forth with issued, and General Cadwallader was ordered to bring the body of Merryman before the Chief-Justice on the 27th", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nOn that day Colonel Lee presented a written communication from General Cadwallader, stating that Merryman had been arrested and committed to his custody by officers acting under the authority of the United States, charged with various acts of treason, with holding a commission as lieutenant in a company avowing its purpose of armed hostility against the Government, and with having made often and unreserved declarations of his association with this armed force, and of his readiness to co-operate with those engaged in the present rebellion against the Government of the United States", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nThe General added that he was duly authorized by the President of the United States to suspend the writ of habeas corpus for the public safety;\" and that, while he fully appreciated the delicacy of the trust, he was also instructed \" that, in times of civil strife, errors, if any, should be on the side of safety to the country.\" The commanding General accordingly declined to obey the writ, whereupon an attachment was forthwith issued against him for contempt of court, made returnable at noon on the next day", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nOn that day, the marshal charged with serving the attachment made return that he was not admitted within the fortress, and had consequently been unable to serve the writ", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nThe Chief-Justice, thereupon, read an opinion that the President could not suspend the writ of habeas corpus, nor authorize any military officer to do so, and that a military officer had no right to arrest any person, not subject to the rules and articles of war, for an offence against the laws of the United States, except in aid of the judicial authority, and subject to its control. The Chief Justice stated further, that the marshal had the", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nto summon out the posse comitatus to enforce the service of the writ, but as it was apparent that it would be resisted by a force notoriously superior, the Court could do nothing further in the premises.", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nOn the 12th of May, another writ was issued by Judge Giles, of Baltimore, to Major Morris, of the United States Artillery, at Fort McHenry, who, in a letter dated the 14th, refused to obey the writ, because at the time it was issued, and for two weeks previous, the city of Baltimore had been completely under the control of the rebel authorities--United States soldiers had been murdered in the streets the intention to capture that fort had been openly proclaimed, and the Legislature of the State was at that moment debating the question of making war upon the Government of the United States", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nAll this, in his judgment, constituted a case of rebellion, and afforded sufficient legal, cause for suspending the writ of habeas corpus.", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nThe Governor of Virginia had proposed to Mr. G. Heincken, of New York, the agent of the New York and Virginia Steamship Company, payment for two steamers of that line, the Yorktown and Jamestown, which he had seized for the rebel service, an acceptance of which proffer, Mr. Heincken was informed, would be treated as an act of treason to the Government; and on his application, Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, gave him the following reasons for this decision :", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nAn insurrection has broken out in several of the States of this Union, including Virginia, designed to overthrow the Government of the United States. The executive authorities of that State are parties to that insurrection, and so are public enemies. Their action in seizing or buying vessels to be employed in executing that design, is not merely without authority of law, but is treason. It is treason for any person to give aid and comfort to public enemies", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nTo sell vessels to them which it is their purpose to use as ships of war, is to give them aid and comfort. To receive money from them in payment for vessels which they have seized for those purposes, would be to attempt to convert the unlawful seizure into a sale, and would subject the party so offending to the pains and penalties of treason, and the Government would not hesitate to bring the offender to punishment.", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nThese acts and decisions of the Government were vehemently assailed by the party opponents of the Administration, and led to the most violent and intemperate assaults upon the Government in many of the public prints. Some of these journals were refused the privilege of the public mails, the Government not holding itself under any obligation to aid in circulating assaults upon its own authority, and stringent restrictions were placed upon the transmission of intelligence by telegraph", "History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches\nOn the 5th of July, 1862, Attorney-General Bates transmitted to the President an elaborate opinion, prepared at his request, upon his power to make arrests of persons known to have criminal intercourse with the insurgeuts,"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://pages.rediff.com/william-j--stone/1109448

William Joel Stone - Governor of Missouri, U.S. Senator and Democratic Politician from Missouri

["William Joel Stone - Governor of Missouri, U.S. Senator and Democratic Politician from Missouri\nWilliam J. Stone\nOfficeholder Less\nto get instant updates about 'William J. Stone' on your MyPage. Meet other similar minded people. Its Free!\nWilliam Joel Stone (May 7, 1848 April 14, 1918) was a Democratic politician from Missouri who represented his state in the United States House of Representatives from 1885 to 1891, and in the U.S. Senate from 1903 until his death; he also served as the 28th Governor of Missouri from 1893 to 1897.", "William Joel Stone - Governor of Missouri, U.S. Senator and Democratic Politician from Missouri\nStone was born near Richmond in Madison County, Kentucky on May 7, 1848, and attended Richmond's public schools as a child; he graduated from the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1867, whereupon he began the study of law. Admitted to the bar in 1869, he began practice that year in Bedford, Indiana. Soon he moved back to Columbia, where he was the city attorney for a time in 1870", "William Joel Stone - Governor of Missouri, U.S. Senator and Democratic Politician from Missouri\nLater that year he moved to Nevada, Missouri, and continued his practice, becoming the Vernon County prosecuting attorney from 1873 to1874 and was a presidential elector for the Democratic ticket in 1876.", "William Joel Stone - Governor of Missouri, U.S. Senator and Democratic Politician from Missouri\nIn 1884 Stone was elected to the House of Representatives, where he served until 1891; he did not seek renomination in 1890. In his time there he served as the chairman of the Committee on War Claims. From 1893 to 1897 he served as Missouri's governor, moving to Jefferson City in 1893. Beginning in 1896 he served as a member of the Democratic National Committee, serving in this capacity until 1904; he was the committee's vice-chairman from 1900 until his departure. In 1897 Stone moved to St"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://culturedcollector.com/guilt-and-forgiveness/

Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity

["Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nGuilt and forgiveness\nby Wall Street International\nIn the various situations of everyday communication, in common language, guilt is understood as responsibility, as being responsible for, as an obligation to respond for actions, a reaction caused by behavior. Thus we have the classic apologies that invade and permeate social contacts and affective contacts.", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nGuilt as responsibility is a concept that relies on the assessment of who causes the disturbance, the infraction, the crime. It is the legal sphere, the arm of the law acting and pointing out violators, identifying culprits and responsibilities to punish or decriminalize. Identifying guilt can justify and explain what happened, also achieving reparation for the harm and damage caused by those responsible, that is, the guilty.", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nIn Christianity, we are born guilty because we are the fruit of sin and, therefore, we need atonement. Right after birth, baptism rituals exist to absolve from sins and evils, from the harmful influences of evil forces, from fallen angels such as Lucifer. These rituals also mark the belonging to the community of Christ, with the possibility of being received by brothers in faith", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nIn this sense, it is almost a renewal of the classic circumcision rituals, markers of the presence of the new being in the community. Christianity continues the Jewish tradition by establishing baptism, pacifying by the absence of cuts and ablations as well as by extending the absolution of sins to women. No wonder that the best-known name of the Christian religions is \u2018catholic\u2019 \u2013 Catholic religion -, that is, \u2018universal\u2019", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nFor its followers, to be born and be baptized is to be cleansed of all evils, sins, and guilt. It also means being able to follow the \u2018good word\u2019, the \u2018good law\u2019, the commandments, thus having guidance not to make mistakes, not to blame, nor to be guilty.", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nThe Christian idea of guilt always implies forgiveness. Thus, for the guilty individual, the idea of forgiveness, of what is forgivable or not, always arises; in this sense, the classic association between guilt and forgiveness takes place. The flexibility and frequency of that which is polarized create repetitive, constant rhythms, installing rigidity: to every guilt, there is forgiveness", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nThis binary pattern dichotomizes, fragments the human, as much as it fragments the very idea of forgiveness, creating the good side and the bad side. Life, or the very dealing with this crossing, is thus compromised, everything is marked and determined. All that is left is not to fall on the bad side; in case it happens, it is only necessary to change the criteria. In this context, abstaining from guilt means just being coherent, remaining in what is considered good", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nNoteworthy, depending on authorities and conventions, the good can sometimes mean killing and destroying, as happens in wars \u2013 whether secular or holy \u2013 environments in which guilt rarely afflicts the participants.", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nIn the Yoruba (African) religion, the idea of sin in the Christian sense does not exist. However, another sense emerges, more focused on individual attitude than on religious punishment, although it is also depersonalizing, as it hands the responsibility for human actions to forces other than the individual himself. To put in simple words, from the Yoruba perspective, one does not commit an error by making a specific mistake, but by having broken a taboo, resulting in several problems", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nWhat has to be expiated, the guilt to neutralize, is that which arises from the nonpreservation of the necessary rituals, from the breaking of eho (taboos) or quizilas. These breaks are held responsible, accounting for the lack of success, failures, and imprisonments. Making offerings to the deities (the eb\u00f3s) absolves from mistakes and guilt and protects against future temptations or threats.", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nThe Jewish religion has the Yom Kippur, which means day of atonement. On that day, also known as the day of forgiveness, guilt is neutralized. It is preceded by days of penance and many rituals of atonement, purification, and self-harm. In ancient times it was the day the High Priest offered a scapegoat bearing the sins of Israel", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nHere we find, admitted by the Jews themselves, the issue of manipulation implicit in the question of guilt: Kabbalists considered this scapegoat a bribe to Satan to stop his accusations in the heavenly court. Rituals involve prayers and confession of sin, asking for divine forgiveness. It is also important to note in this religion the link between guilt and forgiveness.", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nReligious beliefs based on the idea of the existence of other lives \u2013 the idea of reincarnation \u2013 try to explain human behavior, the grievances and guilt experienced, through the law of cause and effect: karma. In these beliefs, returning to life, or reincarnating, is having a chance to atone for sins, to pay off debts, to extinguish guilt. The continuation of reincarnations brings about spiritual development", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nExperiencing situations that generated guilt, or that resulted from it, is an opportunity to feel what the other felt. This experience generates empathy and commiseration, it generates compassion. The extension of this thought, sometimes, reaches religious or spiritual people, leading them to forgive murderers and rapists from the belief that every crime, every evil deserves forgiveness if reconsidered by those who practice it", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nThis is also an authentic way of dealing with the guilt of others: understanding that the idea of enabling regeneration and change will allow for neutralization of guilt and extinction of possible activities that might trigger it.", "Guilt and Forgiveness: Exploring the Concept in Christianity\nSource Credit: This article originally appeared on Wall Street International by Wall Street International. Read the original article - https://wsimag.com/culture/68084-guilt-and-forgiveness\nInfluencer Accused of Dressing Inappropriately Sparks Online Debate | Jing Daily\nPalaeontological Collection\nThe New Shape Of Sound\nTAG Heuer becomes Title and Timing Partner of the Porsche Formula E Team"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://cmlcmidatabase.org/blanc-navigation-co-ltd-v-kristensons-petroleum-inc

Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267

["Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe defendant supplied bunkers to the Maltese-flagged vessel Blanc, and later arrested the vessel for non-payment. The plaintiff shipowner argued that the ship arrest was null and void, because the arrest order failed to identify the debtor against whom the attachment was imposed. The Judge at first instance ruled that the seizure was valid because it was an seizure requested by the supplier of bunkers to the seized ship", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nIt was sufficient that there was an allegation of a maritime claim and designation of the ship, so that the information provided in the petition was sufficient for a precautionary attachment to be allowed on the ship.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe plaintiff appealed to the Antwerp Court of Appeal, arguing that the defendant filed a 'claim in rem', more specifically a claim against a ship, which is not possible under Belgian law.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe Court of Appeal rejected this argument, noting that the Judge at first instance had stated that: 'In accordance with Article 1469, \u00a71, of the Judicial Code, the ship to which the maritime claim relates may be seized. It is thereby possible that a seagoing vessel to which a particular sea claim relates may be seized without the owner of that ship being the debtor of the sea claim in question.' The defendant's claim concerns deliveries of bunkers to the seagoing vessel Blanc, the vessel that was seized", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nArticle 1468, k, of the Judicial Code (which implements art 1.1.k of the Arrest Convention 1952 in Belgium) stipulates that a maritime claim means a claim arising from one of the following causes: 'Deliveries, wherever, of goods, materials to a ship for its management or maintenance'. Pursuant to the Omala judgment (Court of Cassation, 10 May 1976), the seagoing vessel to which the maritime claim pertains can be seized in respect of a claim for which only the charterer is responsible", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe explanation of the plaintiff with regard to the rules on precautionary attachment of seagoing ships, as governed by the Arrest Convention 1952, is not relevant in this case. The considerations of the plaintiff in connection with the claim 'in rem' are also irrelevant and, moreover, unfounded.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThere is no contradiction between art 9 of the Arrest Convention 1952 and arts 1468-1469 of the Judicial Code, and art 9 of the Convention is not related to the possibilities and conditions of precautionary attachment of a seagoing vessel, as provided for in the Convention: (Heinrich, Court of Cassation, 1 October 1993, RHA 1994, 132 (CMI1124)). The Court of Appeal confirmed the ship arrest.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe plaintiff appealed in cassation, arguing that while, in principle, it is sufficient for the attachment creditor to submit a maritime claim, if there is a dispute about this, the attachment Judge must decide whether the existence of the claimed claim is certain and due and payable and is established or open to a provisional estimate (art 1415 of the Judicial Code), or at least whether this claim appears sufficiently plausible (art 1415, 1468 and 1469 of the Judicial Code)", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nA sea claim exists only if it is directed against a specific debtor. Articles 1468 and 1469 of the Judicial Code do not purport to make the ship itself the debtor of the claim. The attachment creditor who invokes a maritime claim must therefore designate the debtor of his claim. If it fails to do so, it will fail to designate an essential part of his claim and fail to meet the requirement to bring forward a maritime claim. If the debtor is not appointed, no attachment can be made", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nFurthermore, if the debtor is not identified, the shipowner will be made unable to dispute the existence of the maritime claim and the Court will be prevented from examining whether the sea claim appears sufficiently plausible.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe plaintiff further criticised the decision of the attachment Judge that an agreement had been reached between the parties regarding the issue of the bank guarantee and that it was not up to the Court to change the terms or conditions thereof. The plaintiff filed a claim at first instance and again on appeal that the bank guarantee given on 2 November 2002 should be refunded and replaced by a bank guarantee with a different text.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe plaintiff argued that, in accordance with art 5 of the Arrest Convention 1952, '[t]he Court or other appropriate judicial authority within whose jurisdiction the ship has been arrested shall permit the release of the ship upon sufficient bail or other security being furnished, save in cases in which a ship has been arrested in respect of any of the maritime claims enumerated in article 1, (o ) and (p)", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nIn such cases the Court or other appropriate judicial authority may permit the person in possession of the ship to continue trading the ship, upon such person furnishing sufficient bail or other security, or may otherwise deal with the operation of the ship during the period of the arrest.'", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nIn this respect, the plaintiff argued that it had given a guarantee under art 5 of the Convention because the fully loaded ship had to be able to leave the port quickly. The plaintiff further argued that the guarantee was issued subject to all rights, that is to say subject to the right to dispute the validity of the attachment and/or to reclaim the guarantee as given and/or have it changed.\nHeld: Appeal dismissed.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nPursuant to art 1470 of the Judicial Code, the warrant for attachment contains the statements prescribed in art 1389. Article 1389, 2 \u00b0, of the Judicial Code provides that under penalty of nullity, the attachment order contains the name, first name and address of the debtor against whom the attachment is made", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nArticles 1468 and 1469 of the Judicial Code determine which seagoing vessels are subject to precautionary seizure as security for a maritime claim and which are the maritime claims that may give rise to this seizure. In accordance with the various parts of art 1469, the ship to which the claim relates may be seized, regardless of whether the owner or another person is responsible for the maritime debt within the meaning of the said art 1468", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nIf the attachment is made for a maritime claim for which a third party is responsible, the attachment order complies with the requirement of art 1389, 2 \u00b0, if, in addition to the description of the seagoing vessel, it either contains the name and the address of the debtor of the maritime claim, or indicates the name and address of the owner of the seagoing vessel.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe judgment shows that:\nthe defendant delivered bunkers to the Blanc and these supplies remained unpaid;\nthe defendant, by writ of 2 November 2002, has placed the Blanc under arrest;\nthe seizure order states the details of the ship and the name and place of residence of the shipowner.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nOn the basis of these findings, the Court of Appeal correctly held that the information stated in the seizure notice of 2 November 2002 allows the ship and the owner to be identified so that the seizure notice is legally valid.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nIn accordance with arts 1468 (k) and 1469, \u00a71 and \u00a72, of the Judicial Code, a claim for deliveries of goods or materials to a ship constitutes a maritime claim for which the creditor can seize the seagoing vessel by protective seizure to which those supplies relate, irrespective of whether the owner or another person is responsible for the debt.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe Court of Appeal established that there was an agreement between the parties regarding the replacement security, that the defendant was obliged to lift the attachment in accordance with art 5 of the Arrest Convention 1952, and that the attachment Judge was therefore not authorised to make any changes to the text. The Court thus indicated the factual information on which it based its decision, thus rejecting the contradictory and other factual information put forward by the plaintiff in its submission", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nThe Court established that the formulation of the guarantee to lift the attachment arose from the agreement between the parties. That finding formed the basis for the Court for its decision that the wording of the guarantee can no longer be changed by the Court.", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nBlanc Navigation Co Ltd, Kristensons Petroleum Inc, the Blanc, Redulas Nikolaos, Cr\u00e9dit Agricole Indosuez\nBlanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc, Court of Cassation, 31 October 2008, C.06.0604.N\nECLI: BE: CASS: 2008: ARR.20081031.4\nCourt of Cassation, Room 1N - First Chamber\nVoorzitter: Ivan Verougstraete, Raadsheren: Eric Dirix, Eric Stassijns, Beatrijs Deconinck, Alain Smetryns\nShip arrest, maritime claim, identification of debtor, security, vessel release, letter of undertaking", "Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc - CMI1267\nhttps://juportal.be/content/ECLI:BE:CASS:2008:ARR.20081031.4\n1.1.k\nArrest Convention 1952\nHome / Blanc Navigation Co Ltd v Kristensons Petroleum Inc"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=c1k4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4&vq=%22still+the+sails+made+on+A+pleasant+noise+till+noon+%3B+A+noise%22&dq=editions:ISBN0013106716&lr=&hl=ar&output=html_text

The Life and Letters of John Wesley

["The Life and Letters of John Wesley\npastor of the village, and united with the Episcopal principles which he had adopted much of the Puritan zeal in which he had been educated. His wife was of the same mind and religious lineage. She had so far departed from the usual etiquette of the Establishment as to conduct religious conferences in her parlour during her husband's absence, much to the horror of Mr. Inman, the starched-up curate", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nSuch had been the good pastor's opposition to prevalent vices, that in 1709, when his house was burned to the ground, and his son John, then six years old, was saved from the flames almost by a miracle, the incendiaries were supposed to be persons who had been goaded to revenge by the closeness of the preaching.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nAt the time selected for the commencement of our sketch, the family appears to have consisted of eight members, the parents and six children. The eldest son, Samuel, a High-Churchman in orders, aged twenty-three, was a graduate of Oxford, and then connected with the charge of Westminster school. The second son, John, had been absent about a year at the Charter-House school, London, and was twelve years old", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nThe youngest surviving son, Charles, aged seven, was at home, preparing to go to Westminster under the protection of his eldest brother. Of the three sisters, although interesting and gifted persons, we cannot speak.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nThe people of England little thought that from the family of this humble minister of Epworth the greatest religious movement of the age was to originate. If, at the time spoken of, any remarkable attention was directed towards Epworth parsonage, it was not on account of any anticipation of the renown of the family, but from the strange sounds and shocks which towards the end of the year began to alarm the household, and which have never been satisfactorily accounted for", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nThey were believed to be supernatural ; but soon the servants gave up their fright, and from the frequency of his visitations learned to joke about the ghost, whom they called \u201cOld Jeffrey.\"", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nIf the career of the sons had been matter of interest sufficient to engage attention, it would have seemed no very difficult matter to predict their destiny. The eldest had already found his sphere, and the younger sons, John and Charles, intended, as they were, for that stronghold of priestly conservatism, Oxford, might have been expected to walk in the same path as their brother, - passing their lives in some quiet academic office, or comfortable parsonage", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nA measure of distinction might perhaps have been anticipated from talents such as theirs, but not the distinction of great innovators or reformers. If of the two younger boys peculiar hope was entertained at home, it was probably of the elder of them, John, rather than of the more restless Charles. John had been saved from fire as by especial providence, and on earth, as among the angels, there is joy over the lost lamb that is found", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nMothers are sometimes very shrewd as well as affectionate, and from passages in Mrs. Wesley's papers we infer that she had made him the object of peculiar mention in her prayers, speaking before God is of the soul of this child, whom thou hast so mercifully provided for.\u201d How her prayers were granted we shall soon see.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nLeave Epworth in the year 1715. Return to it twentyseven years afterwards. The first week in June, 1742, a traveller covered with dust entered the town, and, \u201cnot knowing whether there were any left in it now who would not be ashamed of his acquaintance,\u201d went to an inn in the middle of the place. Every feature of the village is familiar to him, yet he is among strangers. Only an old servant of his father, and two or three poor women, recognize him, for he had been absent many years", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nYet his name needed only to be mentioned to set the people in commotion. It was John Wesley, son of the former and now deceased minister of the village. It was the famous man who had for about three years been putting vast assemblies into a blaze of enthusiasm by his itinerant preaching. Himself a minister of the Church of England, he called on the curate of the parish, Mr. Romley, and offered to assist him either by preaching or reading prayers", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nRomley was one of those strong Churchmen of the period, whose respect for orthodoxy in its old routine was only equalled by their relish for a good dinner with abundant potations. The curate's wine-bibbing propensity Mr. Southey is willing to affirm. Romley rejected the traveller's offer with scorn", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nIn the afternoon, although the people crowded to church to hear their old minister's son, the curate conducted the services himself, and preached against religious enthusiasm, in that peculiar style of eloquence which is most congenial with the after-dinner hours of men of his stamp. After sermon, John Taylor, a companion of Wesley, stood in the church-yard, and gave notice, that \u201c Mr. Wesley, not being permitted to preach in the church, designs to preach here at six o'clock.\u201d", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\n\u201c Accordingly,\u201d says our traveller in his Journal, \u201cat six I came, and found such a congregation as Epworth never saw before. I stood near the east end of the church, upon my father's tomb-stone, and cried, \u201cThe kingdom of heaven is not meat and drink, but righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost.\u201d \u201d During the week, and on the next Sunday, he preached from that singular pulpit, which he undoubtedly selected from true filial feeling, however well fitted for dramatic effect", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nSouthey well compares him to the Greek tragedian, who, when he performed Electra, brought into the theatre the urn containing the ashes of his own child.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nWho can wonder at the effect of such an appeal ? \u201c Lamentation,\u201d he says, \u201cand great groanings were heard, God bowing down their hearts, so as with one accord they lifted up their voices and wept aloud.\u201d Some dropped down as if dead, and others, having passed through the crisis, broke out into thanksgiving.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nWe feel, of course, interested in knowing what impression the preacher left upon the intelligent portion of his hearers. A gentleman present, of a somewhat skeptical turn of mind, Mr. Whitelamb, a clergyman of the English Church, thus describes the scene in a letter to Wesley himself, whose brother-in-law he was :\n\u201cDear brother, I saw you at Epworth on Tuesday evening. Fain would I have spoken to you, but that I am quite at a loss how to address you or behave. Your", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nway of thinking is so extraordinary that your presence creates an awe, as if you were an inhabitant of another world. God grant that you and your followers may have entire liberty of conscience : will you not allow others the same ? I cannot refrain from tears when I think that this is the man who at Oxford was more than a father to me! This is he whom I have heard expound and dispute publicly or preach at St. Mary's with such applause!\u201d", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nTo say nothing of the obsolete works of Colet and Hampson, we have before us biographies by Henry Moore, who sides with the regular Methodist organization, Whitehead, * who is rather severe upon the Wesleyan hierarchy, Southey, who looks through the spectacles of the English Church, and Watson, who appears to aim at a medium which shall unite brevity with comprehensiveness, and honor Methodism with least disparagement to other parties", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nThe notes of Coleridge are of essential service in modifying the one-sidedness of Southey, and doing justice to the enthusiasm which the High-Churchman could little appreciate. Using these aids, let us now look upon Wesley as presented to us at this interesting period of his life. He is now in the meridian of his years, although little beyond the entrance of his famous career. In him, the fervid field-preacher, and in Mr", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nRomley, the tippling, easy curate, who declared him unfit to receive Christian communion, we see specimens of the two extremes of the Christianity of the times. We ask, What were the causes of Wesley's singular course", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\n* The work of Whitehead came near dying out, we might infer, from the statement of the American editor, that he knew of only two copies, \u2013 his own and one other. There is one in the library of Brown University, however. From catalogues of foreign collections, we judge the work to be no great rarity in England.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nThe son of the Epworth minister, after completing his preparatory studies at the Charter-House, at sixteen went to Oxford. In six years he received deacon's orders, at the age of twenty-two. He now added to the former Christian sobriety of his life a careful and systematic attention to sacred studies and devout meditations. His favorite books were Jeremy Taylor's Holy Living and Dying, Thomas \u00e0 Kempis's Imitation of Christ, and Law's Serious Call", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nHe divided his hours by a most rigid method, and soon made himself obnoxious by his excessive strictness. From the time that he found companions in his ascetic course, Methodism dates its nominal rise. This was in the year 1729, his twenty-sixth year, when he, with his brother Charles and two others, united at Oxford in a society for mutual edification and Christian action. They lived, studied, visited, preached, and gave alms by a rigid rule or method", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nHence the name Methodists, although it was not until years afterwards that the denomination with its distinctive principles arose. Before he appears as the founder of a great religious order, the ascetic priest of Oxford must pass through a second and third crisis. He must spend three years in absence from his country, and on his return meet with the change which he regarded as his conversion.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\ntowards our Western hemisphere. At the age of thirty-two he sailed for Georgia as an Episcopal missionary, and high hopes were entertained of his labors in that new settlement. Those hopes were miserably disappointed, for he made as complete a failure as any green divinity student could possibly do, by sheer folly", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nDevoted and conscientious as he was, he so overstepped the due bounds in his requirements, and held on so stoutly to every letter of his ascetic code, that he provoked the worldly, and sometimes scandalized the really religious. Among other foolish entanglements, he got into a vexing controversy with the friends of Mrs. Williamson, to whom before her marriage he had been thought engaged. He made himself the town-talk, by his pertinacity in refusing her the communion", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nHis success was pretty much the same as would attend one of the Oxford Tractarians, who should leave his academic halls and venerable cloisters for a mission to some new settlement in Missouri or lowa, and attempt to bring the motley population of the place into conformity to his numberless fasts and saints' days. Wesley, indeed, came very near anticipating Puseyism by a century. In many things he reminds us of Newman and his party", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\n* His experience at Savannah probably did much to cure him of his formalism, and after a three years'absence he returned to England, a wiser but no less devoted man.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nNow the great crisis, as he deemed it to be, came. During his passage to America, and his residence there, he had become acquainted with many Moravians, spent much time in their company, and been much impressed with the deep and serene faith which they exhibited alike in their words and deeds, a faith that seemed to give them a strange peace in their daily lives, and to lift them above fear in the most terrific dangers. No melody ever moved him like the hymn chanted by them during the storm at sea.", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\nHe was led to think much of their favorite doctrine of the witness of the spirit, or of that interior assurance which convinces the Christian that he is forgiven and accepted, and which of course substitutes peaceful reliance for anxious waiting. He was to be indebted for a still more decided influence to these good Moravians. A few months after his return to England he fell in with Peter Boehler, and had earnest", "The Life and Letters of John Wesley\n* It is worthy of note, that Rev. Charles Wesley, grandson of the noted Charles, is now chaplain to the queen, and one of the prominent friends of the Oxford school."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://ismaili.net/drupal5/node/27409

Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort

["Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nTHE AGA KHAN VISITS THE RECENTLY RESTORED BALTIT FORT IN THE HIMALAYAS - 1996-10-01\nPosted March 24th, 2010 by heritage\nBaltit\nGo To News Event:\nEvent - 1996-10-01\nTuesday, 1996, October 1", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nIn the remote reaches of Pakistan's Himalayas, the one-time independent principality of Hunza was recently reacquainted with the ostentatious luxury of its past: Prince Karim Aga Khan, Hunza's Imam and patron, had come to inaugurate Baltit Fort, an architectural masterpiece, symbolising the area's heritage and culture. The festivities, beginning in late September, lasted for nearly a month.'It's very impressive!' exclaimed the Prince as he walked down Baltit Fort's great stairway", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\n'The architects Didier Lefort and Stephano Bianco, and indeed all the Pakistani craftsmen have done a splendid job in restoring this castle, breathing life into the very symbol of all culture in the valley of Hunza.' he continued, expressing his gratitude to all those who, for the last five years, had devoted their efforts to saving the 11th century castle from ruin", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nLocated some 2,800 metres above sea level, Baltit Fort is by far the most strategically sited medieval castle in the world, dominating the village of Baltit (renamed Karimabad in honour of the Prince) and overlooking Mount Rakaposhi, one of the highest summits in the Himalayan range, vast glaciers and deep gorges.", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nLegend has it that this fortress was built to house a Hunza Prince and his Balistinian princess whose alliance in marriage, it was hoped, would protect the kingdom. It was here, too, that the population sought shelter during conflicts with its various Shiite neighbours. Until 1950, Baltit Fort was home to the ruling Mirs of Hunza before gradually being left abandoned.", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nIn 1989, Ghanzafar Ali Khan, a descendant of the Mirs, handed the fort to the Association for the Preservation of Baltit's Heritage. It was then that Aga Khan's foundation- which supports health, education and rural development projects around the world- proposed a plan to restore the fort to its former glory.", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nProtecting and restoring Baltit Fort was also the means for the foundation to apply itself to the preservation of all its surrounding environment, in particular the historic village, a masterpiece of stonemasonry, which like the fortress has fallen into a state of neglect. 'Architecture is vital for preserving traditions', exclaimed the Prince. 'But this ambitious project will only succeed with the support and the contribution of the local population.'", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nArtefacts dating from the Middle Ages are still being collected to fill the fortress' museum, but the lack of exhibition showcases allows one to appreciate all the more the architecture and layout of the building: the small and sombre rooms, the magnificent woodwork and masonry. On the roof stands a small Chinese bell, symbol of the good relations the tiny former kingdom enjoys with nearby China.", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nIt is from this vantage point at the top of the fortress that the visitor can fully appreciate the wonders of this extraordinary part of the world. Far below, at the bottom of the Hunza valley flows the river of the same name and above it, opposite the fortress, stretch fields of crops which are irrigated by an extraordinarily sophisticated irrigation system designed to tap the glaciers", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nA present from the foundation, in the early Eighties, acting on the urgent plea of inhabitants, was all the equipment necessary to dig a new canal in the mountainside, over four miles in length.", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nWhen he visited the Ismaili community of Hunza for the first time in 1960, the young Prince was deeply affected by the abject poverty of the inhabitants. At the time, Karim Aga Khan had only just succeeded his grandfather to become the 49th Imam, heir to the Ismaili community, a branch of the Islam Shiites which boasts some 15 million loyal followers worldwide.", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\n'The foundation has helped to provide the financial and technical means to aid the development of the valley be it agriculturally, or in the medical and educational areas. Hunza is the starting point of many big projects that are currently underway. We have already started to bring life back into the historical centre of the region, ' he says.", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nAware that all the benefits provided by the foundation have greatly provided their living conditions, the people of Hunza know no bounds in expressing their gratitude. To welcome their Imam, they spent days and nights decorating the road, filling their houses with flowers or etching welcome slogans in huge letters on the mountainside. But it was to be expected: they had waited ten years for the return of their spiritual leader.", "Aga Khan's Gift to Hunza: Baltit Fort\nDuring the extended festivities, Karim Aga Khan spent at least two days touring Hunza with Pakistani President Farooq Ahmad Leghari, who was on an official visit to Hunza which since 1947 has been part of Pakistan. Towards the end of his stay, the Aga Khan met his people in the intimacy of a religious ceremony, strictly reserved for Ismailis.\nHBL reports almost 14 times profit per share (AKFED subsidiary) 2020-07-24\nAga Khan University Hospital Launches Nation's First Lactation Clinic 2020-08-07"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://hemi.nyu.edu/eng/seminar/peru/call/workgroups/persocmemlccimet.shtml

Performance and Social Memory

["Performance and Social Memory\nPerformance and Social Memory\nLeora Cieplinski Cimet\n\"Las palabras que sobran, The Words Left Over: Poetry and Resistance of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo\"\n(Spanish Abstract)", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn many conversations and analyses, writers and observers have used the word \"poetic\" to describe the Madres de Plaza de Mayo. They compare the Madres' actions to the supposed simplicity and clarity of poetic language, to the way the form supposedly distills truth from our surroundings and communicates it in beautifully crafted words", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey refer to the ritual of Thursday afternoons when the women arrive at the main square of Buenos Aires, don their white head scarves, and circle the center obelisk as they have for the last 25 years, demanding memory and truth for their disappeared sons and daughters, demanding in blue embroidered words \"Aparici\u00f3n con vida,\" that they be \"brought back alive\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nThese studies and observations mention the way the Madres stand before crowds, speaking strongly and lovingly of those children in whose name they fight. They point to the way the women stand firmly, with their many years and small stature, in the face of police, military and politicians, demanding a better country and a better world. The Madres are called poetic for the way they raise their fists and look to the sky when they call forth the memories that guide them", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey are called poetic for their negotiation of a seamless relationship between quietness and screams, between pain and strength, between stillness and action, between individual and collective, between history and present.", "Performance and Social Memory\nTheir political poetics are measured against an extremely violent context in which a military junta, in power from 1976 to 1983, disappeared approximately 30,000 people in a campaign against subversion called El proceso de reorganizaci\u00f3n nacional, or El proceso", "Performance and Social Memory\nThese disappearances were not only the kidnapping and murdering of those who were considered counterproductive to national advancement, but a systematic elimination through clandestine torture, an attempt to completely erase bodies, lives and any recollection of those lives.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn response, the mothers who later called themselves the Madres de plaza de mayo, took to the streets demanding the confession of these stolen lives, demanding information over silence, truth in place of lies, lives in place of empty spaces", "Performance and Social Memory\nOnce they realized that the state was responsible for the disappearance of their children, they understood that they were at complete war with the junta and its massive string of lies; the military employed every possible social tool, from the media to youth groups, in order to control and scare the public, thereby initiating a war of language, a war on bodies, a war of ideology and the claim over Argentina's past, present and future", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe Madres responded with both physical and linguistic resistance, embracing a struggle of memory, bodies and words in the face of the junta's terrifying silence.", "Performance and Social Memory\nUnfortunately, while their story has been recounted in numerous historical texts, journals, documentaries, these histories rarely focus on the way the Madres tell their own story in printed form. Of course through interviews, the texts discuss the way the women understand their history and political progression, but they rarely look to the texts the Madres themselves produce", "Performance and Social Memory\nExcept in footnotes, they hardly mention the histories they have written of themselves Historia de Las madres de plaza de mayo and Como Vietnam, Como los Nazis or the six collections of poetry and prose they have published as an organization, in addition to manuscripts of testimonies and creative pieces that appeared in newspapers during and after the junta period. Few people really speak of the sustained presence of actual poetry in the Madres' political work.", "Performance and Social Memory\nMatilde Mellibovsky's little known Circulo de amor sobre la muerte, Circles of Love Over Death: Testimonies of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo was the first attempt to let the Madres tell their own history", "Performance and Social Memory\nAs a Madre herself, she set out to recount their history through a collection of testimonies and verse, demonstrating that their memories and their lives are fragments, pieces of events, stories and memories, that can only be strung together with time enough to gather up all the different elements that make up a life, inserting tentative presences in place of disappearances", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe poems and stories in Mellibovsky's collection offer a different way of understanding what happened to the Madres and the way they remember and tell of the horrors, the unknown and the comfort in finding one another's hands, hearts and eerily similar stories. Speaking of the transition from futile searching to action through writing and marching, Mellibovsky writes, \"from this circle I began to write, out of my small and anonymous place in the struggle.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nThrough a reconfigured body of words and history, these anonymous voices were transformed into a collective and specific voice. They became the voice of motherhood transformed, of motherhood forced into fragments, and retranslated through fragmented words. They became the weapons of the Madres who trust so much in language, who are \"armed with truth\" and the ability to clearly communicate it", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey demonstrate not only how their movement, their actions, their aged and powerful voices are poetic in description, but how they are literally poetic, how their actions and words embodied the very essence of the Greek verb \"poiein,\" \"to create.\" Through their poetic productions, how do they meaningfully translate their lives and their experiences", "Performance and Social Memory\n? How do they weave together the memory of a strand of hair, a red hooded jacket, a last sentence, and thousands of searching footsteps, thousands of Thursdays, thousands of tears, screams, and supportive hands? How do their poems unite these stories in a way that nothing else can", "Performance and Social Memory\n? An Their poetry stands as not only a testimony, but a new kind of politics, a way of privileging creative production as a means of developing and executing a social and political vision that cannot be fully constituted any other way.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn their own poems, poems written for and about them, and poems recited at demonstrations, there lies a specific testament through creative language of their historical and political progression. There lies a testament to their dreams, their memories, their hopes and their connection to one another", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn their poems they embrace memory, bodies and words as their weapons; they analyze and track the moments of stepping on to the plaza to retell history, to recreate disappeared bodies and memories by using their own, to heal and rebuild a people and a nation", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn essence, the creative corpus of their organization simultaneously serves as a distilled, lyrical record of their resistance as well as a re-legitimization of artistic and emotional expression as a means of envisioning a positive future rooted in memory, ethics, love and truth.", "Performance and Social Memory\nSet in the context of the junta, women's social position and women's writing in Argentina, their poetry becomes a site of actualization of the politics they profess through their bodies, their stories, their souls; everything that they speak of in their speeches. The page gives them a way to meditate on their experience and develop a political understanding of themselves, one another and their movement in a national and international context", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey do not come right out and say: \"this is our political vision;\" however, the movement and word choice, the development of ideas and the details of personal and national history reveal a distinct political perspective based on a rejection of repression and arbitrary power and an embracing of collective concern, an emotional, ethical investment in politics", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe poetry stands in as a both a tracing and a creation of history, of their evolution as individual women, as mothers and as Madres de Plaza de Mayo.", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe poems are a record of their political activity and development, but they are not only that: they are a site for the development and communication among one another and with their supporters, children, country and world vision of a global community in struggle", "Performance and Social Memory\nIt is in the poems that their words sing and tell a different story, that they meditate upon their bodies and present them as testaments; it is on the pages of their publications that they re-stake claim to a language of honest patriotism, love and struggle. In their poems, they forge a more meditative space, a space with more time, a space to craft a physical and emotional response entirely on their terms. From this position, they reemerge on the frontlines to continuously confront horror and lies.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn his introduction to the last volume of work, Leopoldo Brizuela, who organized and lead the writing workshops, characterizes their work this way: [these poems] \"are the history of a resurrection; and also the indispensable resurrection of the desaparecidos, their resurrection back to life through words, with the same love with which they were brought to this world. And one more time, like that, the resurrection of all of us from silence and infamy...\".\nCon este pa\u00f1uelo blanco,\nWith This White Scarf", "Performance and Social Memory\nCon este pa\u00f1uelo blanco\nvamos juntas compa\u00f1eras\nel camino est\u00e1 marcado\nya la plaza nos espera\nCaminemos bajo el sol\nque es la luz de nuestros hijos\nejemplo de la dignidad\nque marca este compromiso\nEn cada pa\u00f1uelo blanco\nel dolor del pueblo entero\nla lucha de nuestros hijos\nel sudor de los obreros\nLa unidad nos da la fuerza\ncontra el perd\u00f3n y el olvido\ncontra todos los traidores\ncontra todos los milicos\nCon nuestros pa\u00f1uelos blancos\nanudamos un destino\na nuevas generaciones\nles marcamos un camino", "Performance and Social Memory\nCamino de dura lucha\nde coraje y rebeld\u00eda\ncon cada grito en la plaza\nse forja una nueva vida\nCada jueves de la vida\ntrae un ni\u00f1ode la mano\nlo alumbra una madre fuerte\nlo acompa\u00f1an sus hermanos\nla justicia est\u00e1 en la plaza\n30,000 hijos esperan.", "Performance and Social Memory\nFor the Madres to step into the street as women, as mothers, as uneducated people, was a major social transgression. They defied \"not only the Argentine political culture, but also a society that still upholds the image of woman as homebound and submissive.\" Forcing themselves onto the political scene gained the Madres national and international exposure, but it also brought increased frustrations and danger", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey were subjected to criticism from family members who objected to their political activism on the grounds that the Madres were breaking social taboos, abandoning the family or placing the family in peril. In the media, they were either ignored or portrayed as unsophisticated and even blamed for the disappearances. Consequently, from the moment they set foot in the Plaza, they were called las locas, the madwomen, immediately marked by their gender and stereotypes of hysterical women.", "Performance and Social Memory\n\"Most of us were uneducated women, all with the same upbringing - you mustn't get involved in politics, you mustn't talk about politics, that was what the men did. We might have had discussions inside the house, but outside, never. We only cared about our children and our families, not about the world outside. Few of us even worked outside the home.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\n\"We had to educate ourselves. The majority of us had hardly been to school. This is a macho country; we were used to talking about dress patterns and cooking while the men discussed politics in another room. Women like us lived in an isolated world which finished at the front doors of our houses. We were taught to iron, wash and cook and look after the children and that politics was for men.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nDuring the presidency of Juan Per\u00f3n, his wife Eva came to be a symbol of perfect Argentine femininity, and she distanced herself from all women attempting to change social systems by calling feminists and other activists in the public realm \"ugly,\" \"masculine\" and \"old maids.\" The junta, in motivating its military men to carry out the \"guerra sucia,\" continued to exploit the metaphor of the nation as a woman needing protection, thereby enforcing the desired stereotype of the protective male, and the passive cloistered female who cannot even think of rebelling", "Performance and Social Memory\nAs Diana Taylor explains, the very definition of the word Patria reflects this relationship: the Patria, from the Latin Pater, belongs to the father, indicating a misogynistic and patronizing relationship between the men and women of a society.", "Performance and Social Memory\nAfter frustrated attempts to locate their children in the face of such terror, the Madres understood that their actions needed a more sustained public presence. So, they placed a paid advertisement in one of the main newspapers, La Prensa, on October 5, 1977, demanding the truth about the desaparecidos. Titled \"We Do Not Ask for Anything More than the Truth,\" it included the names of 237 mothers and their desaparecidos", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey carried out this brave move in a hostile environment where newspapers neglected to print anything on the realities of military barbarism. The press was silent, complicit and controlled by the military. Therefore, they printed stories praising the junta's overthrow of Isabelita's unstable government", "Performance and Social Memory\nWhen confronted with first hand accounts by released prisoners of the torture taking place in the clandestine camps, newspapers often skewed testimonies or invented new ones, leaving out horrid details, or suggesting the guilt of the speaker, thereby representing the government's acts as justifiable. As for the Madres, the newspapers rarely printed anything about them and their actions, and when they did, it was usually negative. Any journalists who reported on them were harassed or even disappeared.", "Performance and Social Memory\nFor the most part, they were just following orders: immediately upon seizing power, the junta declared that \"anyone who through any means whatsoever defends, propagates or divulges news, communiqu\u00e9s or views with the purpose of disrupting, prejudicing or lessening the prestige of the activities of the Armed Forces will be subject to detention for a period of up to ten years.\" Of course, the actual punishment was much more severe than detention", "Performance and Social Memory\nOn April 22, 1976, the junta issued another statement regarding the media: \"As of today, it is forbidden to comment or make references to suspects connected with subversive incidents, the appearance of bodies and the death of subversive elements and/or members of the armed or security forces in these incidents, unless they are reported by a responsible official source", "Performance and Social Memory\nThis includes the victims of kidnappings and missing persons.\" Jo Fisher explains that such regulations imposed a kind of \"self-censorship under the guidance of principles and procedures drafted by the junta's press director. The press was to comply enthusiastically with this form of self-censorship\" and in most cases did just that. The press was therefore part and parcel of the war of language that took place between the junta and those resisting its terror.", "Performance and Social Memory\nBeginning with the advertisement, the Madres propelled themselves into a war of words with the dictatorship, the struggle over the language to describe and own Argentine past and present. This struggle did not stop with a few ads in the newspaper, but rather greatly influenced the Madres' strategies, using every method possible, from marches, to speeches, to painting, to their newspaper to poetry", "Performance and Social Memory\nHowever, their writing in particular constitutes a significant resistance not only to the specific military juntas of '76-'83, but a way that the Madres propelled themselves into a battle over language as the site for ownership of family, citizenry, public and private spaces, nationhood and history.", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe junta used all media of communication to discount the Madres' stories and build a language of fear and forgetting, thereby transforming what are officially genres of fact, i.e. newspapers, court proceedings and government documents, into a web of lies and fiction masquerading as truth. Every action of the junta served to corroborate this brutal masquerade of facts, construing their \"truth\" as the \"master fiction\" under which all national rhetoric was structured", "Performance and Social Memory\nThis constituted a violent disturbance of the categories of fact and fiction: the Madres responded with a counter-disturbance by writing and publishing poetry that bears witness to a truth that had been labeled fiction, for when the genre of \"fact\" publishes only fiction, the genre of supposed fiction, must enter to replace it", "Performance and Social Memory\nSince the official courts denied or overlooked the horrors that Madres related, their poems serve as a kind of alternative court, fulfilling the tasks that the government continues to neglect: honoring the desaparecidos, condemning the torturers, and building a future based on \"non-violence, participation and solidarity in a struggle for social justice.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe moment they gathered on the plaza, they carried all of these implications with them, even if they didn't know it. In time, the Madres actively embraced these implications and developed an unparalleled political ethic in a nation paralyzed by fear. They went beyond simply being present to being actively present and insisting on making present those facts and lives which had been erased by the junta", "Performance and Social Memory\nEmploying every possible strategy to maintain their struggle and maintain themselves as mothers, as activists, and as human beings with a painful reality, they set out to create an alternative public culture.", "Performance and Social Memory\nBy choosing poetry as a method of relating their stories, the Madres, perhaps inadvertently, placed themselves in a trajectory of literary resistance in their own country and a larger tradition in Latin America. In most countries, nineteenth century ideas established artistic and political identity as interwoven parts of a larger sustaining model of a nation. In fact, from the times of Sarmiento, many writers became politicians, irrevocably entrenching their political and creative lives", "Performance and Social Memory\nConsequently, Latin American writers are notorious for tying their writing to a particular political framework and being forward about this connection. It is not uncommon for a writer to be part of a political movement and express their political leanings: it is seen as a natural relationship rather than a compromise of the artwork. In that sense, writers have historically been integrated into the political process, thereby establishing a strong relationship between politics and the arts.", "Performance and Social Memory\nOf course, men do not speak of women as central agents in a nation building process despite the reality that their presence is completely necessary. For example, many nineteenth century Latin American politicians said, \"gobernar es popular\" (to govern is to populate) when speaking of nation building by men. Although women are absent from the language, their bodies are obviously central to this project", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn this way, they are used and then erased from the narrative of this process, categorized in order to define man and nation, and then discarded.", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe same disappearance of women took place with respect to national literature. While there has been a respect for the convergence of politics and letters, male dominated culture has never seen women as literary agents. In writing and in life, they are expected to remain in the private sphere. Therefore, even if women wrote, it was not supposed to be of the same charged nature as men's writing: they were not to be the shapers of the nation", "Performance and Social Memory\nChilean poet Marjorie Agos\u00edn explains, \"The history of women who write is precarious in the sense that their access to a universal or collective speech has been devaluated and considered to be subversive.\" The Madres re-appropriate subversion, deciding that they if they were to be called las locas and \"Mothers of Terrorists,\" then they would willingly direct their efforts at subverting and surmounting the abusive state", "Performance and Social Memory\nTherefore, just as writing had often served the purpose of nation building through exclusion, the Madres use their poems as a kind of alternative nation building. They work from a tradition, but challenge it to tell a different history, to build a new ethic to change the way that writing, life, poetry, struggle and history can be collectively understood.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn her study of female voices in nineteenth and early twentieth century Argentine literature, Francine Masiello stresses the importance of women's voices in the processes of nation building, not only as present in men's texts, but also as the producers, the agents and the subjects of their own writing: \"women writers closed the seemingly unbridgeable gap sustained by public and private sphere dichotomies to organize a dialogue about the nation", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe house, then, became the site of active debates about nation building while also allowing women to reconsider formulations for a national language.\" Despite its focus on nationhood, this writing, she asserts, was regularly ignored throughout the processes of nation building", "Performance and Social Memory\nShe explains that consequently, one of the first ways for women to enter into the public arena of debating nationhood was with print culture, as women could be present in these virtual public spaces, even as they were prevented form operating in other public spaces.", "Performance and Social Memory\nTherefore, for the Madres to insert their initial public critique through newspapers was a brave re-appropriation of an outlet that had already been laid as the ground on which women could enter into a male-dominated world", "Performance and Social Memory\nSomewhat unknowingly, the Madres were tying loose ends established as early as the 1930's, when women writers began addressing questions of the relationship between public and private spheres and the way their experience as women in Argentina complicated the pure separation that men's literature attempted to impose on these spheres of culture", "Performance and Social Memory\nFurthermore, these women writers began to focus on their home lives as a site of political inquiry; they questioned the kind of language used by the status quo literature of men and interrogate how that language had thus far ignored their voices. Many sought out to develop an alternative language that would cross the barriers between public and private, between home and work, in a way that their lives and experience already had", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey sought to question these dichotomies and the way women were portrayed in men's politics and nationalist literature in order to \"alter the discursive space to redefine the nature of literature and knowledge and to form alternative prestige systems that test the dominant expressions of power through speech.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nJust as the women writers that came before them, the Madres bring a philosophy of questioning the state into everything that they do. \"We're struggling against the system", "Performance and Social Memory\nWe don't accept the laws the governments have imposed because they are the laws of corrupt politicians and judges, the same people who were traitors during the dictatorship\u2026We're struggling\u2026so that we can say there is justice in Argentina.\" With this refusal to accept the status quo, they perpetuate nineteenth century women's \"insinuation [of] doubt into the binary structures that inform official history.\" Their Thursday walk around the plaza continuously raises questions and breaks the norms of public and private space, the role of motherhood and the home in politics, the role of love, memory and ethics in a nation-building project", "Performance and Social Memory\nWith these questions, their actions demonstrate how just as male politicians and writers excluded women from early-nation building despite their centrality to the process, Argentine government and society often attempt to exclude the Madres from official national memory despite the fact that they are the storehouse for the true experiences of a people and a nation.", "Performance and Social Memory\nMasiello writes, \"with the image of the Madres emphatically present, I began thinking about the kinds of alterations generated by women in Argentine national culture\" and \"the compelling presence of the Madres informs my meditations about women's participation in society and the world of letters.\" This leads us to a critical point that can really fuel a dialogue between the Madres and the women who came before them", "Performance and Social Memory\nJust as their actions suggest a refusal to comply with government and social regulations of how they should act a women, as mothers, as activists, so too does their writing refuse to conform", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey continue a Latin American tradition of situating their writing as the meeting point of their political and personal lives, and then take it one step further by espousing a kind of collectivity, refusing the individual fame of writers, always focusing on their collective struggle even when discussing a personal history.", "Performance and Social Memory\n\"We don't see ourselves as individual writers looking for individual recognition. We simply marvel at what each one of us writes.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nFurthermore, the presence of literature in their movement goes beyond their own writing. In 1999, with the help of young supporters, they opened the Librer\u00eda de las Madres, the Mothers Bookstore. The selection includes their own work, hard-to-find texts by disappeared writers, as well as work by international revolutionary writers, small presses, women and newly emerging writers. The poetry selection is quite extensive, and it is complimented by frequent readings and poetry discussions", "Performance and Social Memory\nWith these activities, they privilege literature as a place for envisioning and enacting social change. They understand the bookstore as a place to learn about and celebrate revolutionary language and action: \"We focus a lot of attention on the bookstore because we hope it can serve as a place for young people to gather, to read, to share their thoughts and envision the changes our children fought for.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nWith words like those in \"Con este pa\u00f1ulo blanco\", the Madres continuously search for new means of telling and interpreting history, constantly re-mapping public and private space, public and private language, in an effort to reconfigure public culture", "Performance and Social Memory\nBy taking an active role in the presence and preservation of history, they position themselves as social subjects instead of only the victims of state terror: they are at once the authors and the subjects, the historian and the history, telling the story themselves in their own words. Instead of being marginal to history as the junta desired, they actively participate in its construction.", "Performance and Social Memory\nFrom the moment their children were disappeared, many mothers began committing their feelings to words. Some, like N\u00e9lida de Chid\u00edchimo, even paid for the publishing of a few of her poems in P\u00e1gina 12, a leftist paper", "Performance and Social Memory\nShe says these works were not so much poems as screams of pain, \"gritos de dolor,\" and they stemmed from a need to express in every way - through bodies, through walking, through tears, through words - the pain that she experienced as a result of not only the loss of her son, but the denial of his loss, the double disappearance. Many Madres followed suit, composing short verses, small outcries to their sons or daughters, small indictments of the dictatorship.", "Performance and Social Memory\nOnce they became more organized they realized the power these words could have, the power of creating a new political language to expose the hollowness of the military. By 1983, when the junta finally fell, they had physically and linguistically resisted and outlasted the junta, for despite the dictatorship's torture of people and language, it was the Madres who were still alive and united", "Performance and Social Memory\nAlthough the context had changed slightly, the fight for memory and truth was still in full force and it became clear that their creative voices needed a permanent place in their struggle. Therefore, they decided to collect their writing in three small collections published in 1985 and 1986 entitled Cantos de vida, amor y libertad. These were the first signs that collectively, their creative writing could tell a particular story that was not being told in other ways", "Performance and Social Memory\nWhile their story continued to be left out of government and schoolbook versions, their words on paper emerged as an alternative textbook to accompany their relentless presence in the plaza.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn the introduction to the first volume, they write, \"When tears flow and can't fight injustice on their own, words surge forth. They come out from us at any moment. They explode suddenly, wanting to break the veil of silence that intends to write history\u2026\" The words that exploded from their mouths and pens came from a place of silence, then of struggle, and finally of a desire to articulate a hopeful future", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe act of collecting and publishing them represents the next step in this process from individual pain to sustained collective power; by gathering their work, the Madres put their pieces in conversation with one another, demonstrating the way history has similarly touched them all.", "Performance and Social Memory\nThis same kind of transition occurred in their political perspective as well:\n\"As our movement grew, we realized it was very hard not to pursue one's own individual interests. The headscarves are an example: first we embroidered the names of our children on them and hung a photo around our necks. But one day we tried to do something more revolutionary, and each person picked up any photo. That was an important step, which not all the Madres could take - it's not easy.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nThere is both a quietness and an excitement in the pages of the three small collections, a gesture to life and an indictment of death through songs, a celebration of the lives of their children, the lives of one another, and the hoped for demise of a dictatorship and a politics of terror", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe poems offer a more private moment for a mother to communicate with her desaparecido, and then let others into this conversation to witness the way she remembers and continues to communicate with her son or daughter and denounce the junta. These leave a written record not only for what happened to them, but also for the social and political visions that have come out of this experience", "Performance and Social Memory\nWith writing, then, the Madres fully resist: they resist forgetting, denial, and destruction; they resist disappearance, censorship and a politics and world that is not guided by love and emotion.", "Performance and Social Memory\nTheir writing is part of a larger schema, a larger resistance to the national project of false democratization, denial and forgetting. By pushing their poetry and creative prose to the point of being a site of struggle instead of just an instrument, their writing becomes part and parcel of the process of developing not only an alternative history, but an alternative method of understanding history, present and ethics of organizing and building society.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn this way, they embraced writing as a \"secret place of liberty\". By publishing, they socialize and publicize that private place of liberty, complete with an audience that can share in the imagining of freedom and justice through the words on the page and the history and life to which they refer. With their poems they offer a story, but of course it cannot continue to exist if there is not an audience to read it", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey therefore enter into what is at first only a literary relationship with their audience, and later becomes a fully engaged relationship that inspires a new generation to reconfigure their past and build in the name of the desaparecidos: Gonzalo Lopez Bordegaray, a student the Universidad popular Madres de Plaza de Mayo says, \"not only do the mothers not take a single step back, they show us on a daily basis that it's possible to take a step forward.\" Although this intergenerational relationship is not created by their poetry alone, their writing is a strong force in communicating their visions", "Performance and Social Memory\n\"Art then, becomes the only possibility to rescue and redeem life; art is the prolongation of life by pother means.\" Theirs is the prolongation of the lives of the desaparecidos as well as present and future generations. As the Madres see it, the current system is one that is built on the backs of lives, on the backs of people, built on a culture of death instead of a celebration of life. \"That is why we speak of life. We don't speak about death. That is why our poems are written for the future\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe Madres see themselves as a constantly growing and changing organization, always finding ways to renew their efforts and infuse their activities with forward-looking energy. Their permanent slogan therefore, is \"\u00a1Ni un paso atr\u00e1s! Not one step back!\" Considering this, in 1990, a young poet named Leopoldo Brizuela came to the Madres with the idea of beginning a writing workshop so that they could have an established outlet for creatively analyzing their society", "Performance and Social Memory\nIt had been four years since they had last published, and he was convinced that they could continue their literary presence as a way of maintaining a different politics. At the beginning, approximately ten Madres attended and began to create a language that could only be shaped in the calmness of a room in their office, their collective home, what is knows as La casa de las madres", "Performance and Social Memory\nAlthough at first they were nervous, they began to get comfortable with the idea of writing down their stories in a way that they never had before.", "Performance and Social Memory\nI attended one or two classes at first, but I left, convinced that that I couldn't produce anything of importance\u2026then I wrote about myself, about my world.\" In time, they saw it as necessary to their organization: \"during the week we already started to imagine what we would write on Tuesday [the workshop day], to think about what we wanted to say, to ask, to hear\u2026With our work, [Leopoldo] soon made us feel that we could all write, that we only had to make the effort, that this activity was necessary.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe weekly workshop forged a new space for writing and reinventing a language that could simultaneously speak for each of them individually and as a whole. \"Like leaves,\" describes one Madre, \"everybody is different, but all of us are part of this great ripe sea that is our vision", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe differences between us are all new perspectives, perspectives that enrich us, lives that summarize all our lives.\" The workshop consisted of reading and writing exercises, as well as conversations about their experiences as Madres. They brought their private experiences into a shared public space, the same way they had done with their searches for their children.", "Performance and Social Memory\nNot only did they write pieces of their own, but also collective pieces that weave their history together in concrete ways. \"Con este pa\u00f1uelo blanco\" is one of the best examples of this. To compose it, Brizuela asked the Madres for a theme and they decided as a group how to construct the verses. In that space they created a poem that at once expresses the many facets of their organization and political vision", "Performance and Social Memory\nCollectively, as a \"we\" they meditate on their pa\u00f1uelos, communicating the importance of using motherhood as their political base: it is that perspective on maternity that brings them to the plaza and symbolizes the pain, memory and future of the entire country, \"el pueblo entero.\" In the space of the poem, they communicate the politics that unite them \"contra el perd\u00f3n y el olvido, against forgiving, against forgetting,\" against the militarization of society, represented by \"los milicos.\" The collective reflection on the symbol of the pa\u00f1uelo brings them to the final image that unites them: the similar fate of all 30,000 desaparecidos.", "Performance and Social Memory\nThis kind of collective work provides strong ground to build together out of what was destroyed in all of their lives, serving the need to create after the destruction of people and infrastructure. Hebe says, \"I want to create", "Performance and Social Memory\nTo constantly create, because creation is movement, it is change, it is progress, it is growth, it is giving to others.\" Therefore, the creation of powerful verse not only relates an otherwise untold story, but also reclaims the very act of creation, of making something out of silence, death, torture and terror, of making something out of what was supposed to be nothing", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey take back the language by using the same words but changing the interpretation, changing what the words signify and the kind of politics, ethics and human relationships to which they are attached.", "Performance and Social Memory\n\"We have gained a lot of liberty from this workshop to express ourselves, liberty that now fills us with happiness\u2026I think it has helped us a great deal to understand that writing is part of the same struggle, our struggle and the struggle of our sons and daughters. The workshop is another space that [the desaparecidos] have opened for us. As in all our actions, we understood quite well that we had to surmount a powerful enemy: the system wants us to stay quiet.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe collectivity is also present in the sharing of their work with one another: \"we knew that the only way to conquer silence was to unite; and this love we have amongst us made us listen to one another with great interest; it made us respect one another's differences, and it made us more anxious each week to get to the workshop so that we could learn from each other and from ourselves.\" \" The workshop strengthened our friendships because we saw how each of us could create such beauty", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe writing that comes out of these workshops, like their marches on the plaza, are conspicuous in a nation veiled by silence and the legacy of the junta's terror. For that reason, although they do create a new persona in their texts, the Madres do not separate themselves completely from the voice of the poems: they write with a particular style of witness to their own lives and the lives around them. These details cast them as agents of this history and its interpretation", "Performance and Social Memory\nThis witness is direct: they speak from their own experience and from their own lives and collective visions. They do not pretend to be someone else in the poem, but rather, the women that they are, the fighters, the survivors, the mothers of desaparecidos and fighters for the future.", "Performance and Social Memory\nThis is not to say that their poems lack a lyrical beauty or imagination. In fact, they understand their writing as a place to not only envision a future, but also re-imagine a past: \"this tragedy has brought us back to the way we saw things when we were young: an outlook of purity and love. And to write is one way of honoring this life that we see\u2026[it is] to see as a child does. But to fight as an adult. Without obstacles, without repression, in liberty", "Performance and Social Memory\nBeing ourselves.\" This perspective infuses their writing with a subtlety that walks a balance between testimony of facts and imagination, between a direct address and a rhetorical, figurative one. But, the poems are neither one nor the other. In that liminal space, the Madres resist the junta's binaries, making a radical choice to refuse complicity with Argentina's horrifying past and present.", "Performance and Social Memory\nAnother important aspect of writing is that it appears to operate within a sanctioned realm, but then begins to topple that realm: as Taylor argues of most resistance writing \"the medium obeys the status quo, but the content subverts.\" It is not surprising that this occurs in the Madres' writing as well because this is precisely the kind of political style they embraced from the start at their first public gathering. Instead of dispersing, they paired up and began circling the central obelisk", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey were \"officially\" obeying orders, but of course their motivation was to subvert and frustrate these orders. Backed by this reality, their writing also chafes against any attempt to cast writing as a simple diversion instead of a politically charged activity.", "Performance and Social Memory\nEven before an examination of the poetry's resisting content, it is important to note that just the very act of writing is in direct opposition to the government precisely because the dictatorship violently censored any opposition; many of the desaparecidos and exiles were writers themselves. If the junta can be characterized by its terrorizing silence, then the very act of speech and language begins to erase this silence", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe Madres thereby re-claim the act of writing and creation, taking back an activity that the junta deemed illegitimate, useless and dangerous. The propaganda constantly attempted to feed a script to Argentines, leaving little room for questioning or individual thought and expression. To write then, is not only to oppose silence for oneself, but also to reclaim the act for which so many were murdered", "Performance and Social Memory\nWith their words the Madres do what Agos\u00edn describes as the power of literature to \"rescue us from oblivion and make us witness to our own history.\" To begin writing in the face of terror is to wield a dangerous tool and proclaim this kind of work as legitimate and important for the building of a nation, a people and a future.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn their writing they reclaim a language that the state had rendered unusable: the corrupted concepts of mother, country, love and patria are re-appropriated and redefined to serve a positive future instead of a silent dying one", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe repressive state colonized the language to serve its own purpose, to enrich itself, and the Madres, in response, continue to fight for the liberation and independence of that language, to bring it back to the people to whom it belongs so that they may use it to build against death, censorship and fear", "Performance and Social Memory\nBy reclaiming the language, they take back their stories and \"redeem speech from the silence of pain.\" Their poems report how the patria betrayed them, how its version of history is suffocatingly false, and replace it with a story of survival, pain with a purpose, pain with a voice and a vision", "Performance and Social Memory\nWith this they created \"a language against authoritarianism, a language that accuses, denounces, and feels; for words are the fundamental weapon against indifference, fear and forgetfulness.\" This new language, a \"home made language,\" is present in the pages of their books as well as their organizing philosophy.", "Performance and Social Memory\nOraci\u00f3n de madre, A Mother's Prayer\nSoy de Am\u00e9rica Latina, mi tierra es Argentina,\nmadre coraje de estos d\u00edas,\nde historia energrecida,\namputada de un hijo, arrastro mi calvario\nsin rencores, sin odios,\nrecordando los ojos de ese hijo,\ntan limpios, tan puros, tan hermosos,\nesto alcanza para subir la cuesta de la vida,\npara bajar a la fosa de la muerte,\ncuando sea, sin temor a lo desconocido,\nPor esa flor tan Hermosa con espinas,\nque Dios puso en mi camino,\nmi sangre es manatial de amor", "Performance and Social Memory\npara los hijos que pueblan este suelo\nsi esta semilla crece, habr\u00e1 madres felices\nhabr\u00e1 mas hombres buenos,\nhabr\u00e1 una patria libre,\nentonces la deuda me sera saldada.\nI am from Latin America, my land is Argentina\na mother emboldened by these days\nof darkened history\namputated of a son, I carry this cross\nwithout resentment, without hate,\nremembering the eyes of that son\nso clean, so pure, so beautiful,\nit is enough to overcome what life asks of me\nenough to go down to the grave\nwithout fear of the unknown.", "Performance and Social Memory\nFor this flower that God placed before me\nso beautiful with thorns\nMy life springs from love\nfor these sons that inhabit this soil\nIf these seeds do grow, there will be joyous mothers\nthere will be more good men\nthere will be a liberated nation\nand my debt will be settled.", "Performance and Social Memory\nMar\u00eda del Rosario's \"Oraci\u00f3n de madre\" at once answers the junta's religious language of terror while creating a new understanding of the relationship between her experience as a Madre and her Christian faith. It encompasses a collective understanding of the experience as well as an individual story through her particular religious perspective.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn the first two lines she immediately locates her geo-political place in history. Moving inward from the general to the specific, she names herself de Am\u00e9rica Latina, then de Argentina, and finally a \"madre coraje\". With this she reveals that the story she is about to present is not specific to her; unfortunately, it is the story of so many people in all of Latin America", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe Spanish \"de,\" meaning \"from\" is significant here in that it literally means \"of\" which makes her organically a part of this land, this country, this history. In this way she places herself inside the history, as a natural element instead of the aberration that the junta named her.", "Performance and Social Memory\nLocated in the particularly brutal context of the Videla regime, Mar\u00eda opens her reference to an entire country with 30,000 mothers like her. However, her situation becomes more specific as we are told that not only is she a mother among thousands, but particularly a \"madre coraje.\" With this naming, she explains her specific reaction to the events that happened to so many people. As a \"madre coraje,\" she is both toughened and courageous", "Performance and Social Memory\nShe calls forth images of Bertolt Brecht's Mother Courage, which in its Spanish version is called Madre Coraje. His Mother Courage stands as the symbol of a nation's morality, putting herself on the line for her own and all children. This is not only evident through the poem, but also the facts of her involvement in La asociaci\u00f3n as one of the most active Madres in the early stages of the organization", "Performance and Social Memory\nHer poem proliferate the first three volumes of poetry and her story, told wryly and confidently, is prominent in a number of documentaries.", "Performance and Social Memory\n\"Coraje\" also defines the way she understands the history, or destiny, that she's been given. She defines \"coraje\" as \"sin rencores, sin odios;\" it is not a courage that is built on hatred. What then is its fountain of strength", "Performance and Social Memory\n? She answers this question immediately: it is the lost son with beautiful eyes. He is the fuel for her passion, what drives this poem and what drives Mar\u00eda's part in the Madres struggle. This definition of \"coraje,\" courage, is in direct opposition to the junta's militaristic patriotic language. While the junta appropriated courage as the motivating force for serving in the armed forces, the death squads or the patriotic campaign in the Malvinas Islands, Mar\u00eda's version is entirely different", "Performance and Social Memory\nIt does not harbor the hatred that the junta expressed for subversives, nor the resentment it expressed for anyone who dared to criticize its actions. Furthermore, she takes charge to define her own response to what the junta has done to her. One might think that the only possible reaction to the disappearance of a child would be hatred towards those who committed the crime", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe only response that the junta desired was the forgetting of the person, or the quiet sullen mourning that would keep mothers quiet. In defiance of the junta, she refuses to respond in such a way: not only will she define her own mourning, it directly opposes what the junta attempted to instill in the survivors.", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe religious language in the poem serves two functions. On the one hand it is an answer to the junta's perverse appropriation of Christian values. The junta continuously couched its actions in religious language, framing El proceso as a movement back to good Christian values, claiming that the \"subversives\" were godless, anti-western guerrillas", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn one speech, General Videla explained that \"a terrorist isn't just someone with a gun or a bomb, but whoever spreads ideas which are contrary to western and Christian values.\" Imagery of Christianity as the moral ground of the junta permeated Argentine society during the dictatorship", "Performance and Social Memory\nAs Frank Graziano explains in Divine Violence, the military based its rhetoric on a sense of Natural Order, convincing themselves and the nation that \"the authority for the 'dirty war,' like any just war, came from G-d, and its punitive Christian wrath was therefore 'a sign of love and mercy in imitation of Christ.' \" By rendering their actions in light of Natural Order, the Junta paved the way for the justification of all kinds of torture in the name of G-d and the survival of la patria", "Performance and Social Memory\nRadical Christian imagery permeated everything the junta did, from speeches to torture methods. For example, some survivors reported being tortured in front of icons of the Virgin Mary. Jewish prisoners were barraged with Anti-Jewish slogans and Nazi imagery, often tortured more severely simply because they were not Christian", "Performance and Social Memory\nIt is also important to mention that the Argentine church was complicit in the dictatorship, going so far as to counsel torturers for the traumas they experienced by performing sadistic acts. \"Oraci\u00f3n de madre\" confronts this bastardization of religion in order to re-appropriates religious imagery to serve the Madres' vision of this history.", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe religious language also frames the Madres struggle in an active fashion- if this is religious destiny, then they must fight and struggle against the forces that killed their children and refuse to tell that story. Therefore, instead of being a struggle forced upon them, something in the hands of the government, it is a struggle that they choose to take on", "Performance and Social Memory\nFurthermore, rather than accept fate as the junta wished, rather than swallow the disappearance of their children as something necessary for the growth of the nation, they choose to speak of this destiny, to frame it in a different light, one that they themselves create and one that shines on them from their children, presumably in heaven. \"We don't see our children as being dead\u2026we know that they are walking with us even though we can't see them. They are there", "Performance and Social Memory\nThey gave us a direction to fight for justice and we are doing it. They were killed for trying to change this society, so we are trying to do that for them.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn this way, Mar\u00eda reverses all the images, language and desires of the junta. While they spill blood and erase lives presumably for the good of the nation, Mar\u00eda takes this blood to be a source of life instead of a symbol of death. Again, like her definition of coraje, she responds in opposition to the junta, for instead of bleeding and suffering along with her disappeared son, she creates new life, passion and visions for the future out of this blood", "Performance and Social Memory\nThe blood spills love for \"los hijos que pueblan este suelo,\" the sons and daughters that are naturally a part of this country. The choice of \"suelo\" indicates both country and soil. By placing the disappeared sons and daughters in the soil of Argentina, the \"tierra,\" she offered us at the beginning; they become a natural part of the country, land and society instead of subversive foreign elements. By being the children of the soil, they are good for the country, they are its sustaining force", "Performance and Social Memory\nAnd from them springs Mar\u00eda's vision of joyous mothers, good men and a liberated nation: from the disappeared, in person and in ideals and visions, springs a better future.", "Performance and Social Memory\nMost importantly, the mother becomes Jesus carrying the cross, carrying the weight of a people's sins. This image also serves multiple functions. Because the military generals cast themselves as Christ, bearing the sin of committing torture in order to save the Argentine people, Mar\u00eda replaces them with the mother who is literally suffering because of the junta's sins. She is the one who suffers the amputation of a son; in the end, she bears the weight of the junta's death squads", "Performance and Social Memory\nHowever, on another level, she is the one who bears the weight of the supposed sins of her son. According to the junta, the disappeared were killed for being subversives, for plotting to drive Argentina into the ground with their Marxist ideals, and she is the one who receives the brunt of the punishment. However, Mar\u00eda reverses this punishment in that she actively lives for these \"sins\" and carries them, not in punishment, but as motivation and reminder of the disappeared.", "Performance and Social Memory\nIn her essay \"The Dance of Life,\" Marjorie Agos\u00edn speaks of the Mothers of the Disappeared in her home country of Chile, illuminating the way history is not only reflected on their bodies, but also how they actively embrace this writing of history onto the body by physically and publicly positioning themselves inside this it. She describes their ritual of dancing the cueca sola, a solitary version of the official national dance", "Performance and Social Memory\nBy dancing alone, the Chilean Mothers call forth a physical memory of their desaparecidos, and publicly invert the symbolic nationalistic aspect of the dance. She argues that this performance, like the Argentine Madres' activities, turns them from objects into subjects, as they insert themselves on the national stage to remember and reconstitute the bodies of their loved ones", "Performance and Social Memory\n\"The bodies of the persecuted come to life in the bodies of the women who invoke them with their hands, feet and kerchiefs in the air...They dedicate their free whole bodies to the cause.\"", "Performance and Social Memory\nHowever, such a celebratory configuration of the body can only be understood against the violence committed upon bodies under the junta", "Performance and Social Memory\nTaylor describes the way disappearances destroyed the body both physically and emotionally: \"In the torture scenario, the torturer claimed total control of the social 'body.' Torture functioned as a double act of inscription: first, in the sense of writing the body into the nationalist narrative, and, second, in the sense of writing on the body; taking a living body and turning it into text - a cautionary \"message\" for those on the outside.\" Frank Graziano describes the situation similarly, emphasizing how under repression, the sequestered and tortured body became the property of the state, disassociating the person from their physical self", "Performance and Social Memory\nWhen they thrust themselves wholly and freely into their written creations, the Madres simultaneously rewrite the body and rewrite on the body in opposition to torture. In response to a regime that erased and mutilated bodies, they privilege their bodies as record of history, and also create a body of creative writing. This establishes a constantly shifting and reflexive relationship between bodies and writing and opens the way for a new kind of politics", "Performance and Social Memory\nIt is a politics that demands a transformation of whole people through bodies, memories, language and conscience; a politics that challenges us to create with all possible tools. Through their artistic creations, they re-map history, they educate, and they tell a story that is not otherwise told; they build a stronger present and future", "Performance and Social Memory\nWith words, the Madres relate their desire for historical, economic and racial justice in Argentina and throughout the world; they realize and articulate beauty, historical memory, and care for both individuals and groups of people. Their poetry, then, is not only a collection of dreams and ideals, but part and parcel of the process of realizing those dreams, of connecting with their desaparecidos through words. The poems are not only testimony to struggle, but tools of the very struggle itself."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://news.yahoo.com/woman-sues-man-allegedly-raping-155428724.html

Woman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall

["Woman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall\nWoman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall in JoCo\nRobert A. Cronkleton\nJune 24, 2022, 11:54 AM \u00b72 min read\nA woman has sued a 61-year-old Overland Park man after he allegedly sexually assaulted her in parking garage by Nordstrom at Oak Park Mall in Overland Park, according to court documents.", "Woman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall\nThe woman filed the lawsuit in Johnson County District Court this week against Thomas Duy, who was charged in November 2020 with one count of rape. He is scheduled to stand trial in late July.\nAn attorney for Duy did not immediately respond to a request for comment.", "Woman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall\nThe woman met Duy in June 2020 through Zoosk, an online dating website and app, which allows people to meet online and message each other, according to the suit. Each person has a profile that includes biographical information such as age, physical appearance and interests.", "Woman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall\nDuy, who worked at the Community Blood Center in Kansas City at the time, had set up a profile providing personal information about himself, including his age, interests and photos. The profile misrepresented who he was, the woman contends.\nThe person in the photos were not Duy, rather someone much younger than him. At the time Duy was 59, but he stated he was much younger than that on his profile. He also misrepresented his name, according to the lawsuit.", "Woman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall\nThe two exchanged messages on the Zoosk app and then exchanged cellphone numbers. After a couple days of messaging each other, they agreed to meet in person, according to the lawsuit. Duy suggested they meet on the second floor of the parking garage by Nordstrom, according the lawsuit.\nAt 10 a.m. on June 20, 2020, the woman drove to the second level of the parking garage. No one else was around when she arrived. Shortly thereafter, Duy parked in the row behind her.", "Woman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall\nWhen he arrived, the woman opened her door but then turned toward her passenger door to look for something in the console.\nDuy allegedly reached into her vehicle, pushed her head and neck down and sexually assaulted her, according to the lawsuit. He then returned to his vehicle and drove off.\nThe woman contacted police and reported that she had been raped.\nThe woman contends that Duy \u201cengaged in unconscionable, outrageous conduct beyond all bounds of decency and utterly intolerable in a civilized society.\u201d", "Woman sues man for allegedly raping her in parking garage at Oak Park Mall\nThe woman claims she has suffered medically diagnosed distress and continues to experience, among other things, significant emotional and psychological trauma, pain, and extreme mental anguish.\nShe has also incurred unspecified medical expenses for treatment of her injuries, including therapy and counseling, according to the lawsuit.\nShe is suing him for outrageous conduct and negligent representation and is seeking an unspecified amount in compensatory damages and punitive damages."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.visit-luther.com/reformation-heroes/katharina-von-bora/katharina-von-bora.html

Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps

["Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nKatharina von Bora\nIn Katharina's footsteps\nThe Cranach Family\nGeorg Spalatin\nHenry Melchior Muhlenberg\nHome \u203a Reformation Heroes \u203a Katharina von Bora\n\"There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage.\"\nKatharina von Bora (1499-1552)", "Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nIf ever there were a power behind the throne, none was stronger than Katharina von Bora, or \"Dear Kate,\" as Luther described his beloved wife. Her story is full of drama: Born of a noble but poor family, Katharina was only three when she was sent away to school and eventually took vows to become a nun. In April 1523, with the Reformation well under way, Katharina and 11 of her fellow nuns hid in a wagon and escaped from their Cistercian convent", "Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nAlthough Katharina was courted by two men, she married neither. In the end, she said that she would only marry Martin Luther or his friend, Nicholas von Amsdorf.", "Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nPhilipp Melanchthon, one of Luther's closest friends, was shocked at the idea of Luther marrying; he believed a wedding would cause a scandal that could severely damage the Reformation and its cause. On the other hand, Luther's father supported his son, as did Cranach", "Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nAfter pondering the matter for some time, Luther decided that \"his marriage would please his father, rile the pope, cause the angels to laugh, and the devils to weep.\" The result was the joining of a 42-year-old former monk and a 26-year-old former nun in holy matrimony on June 13, 1525.", "Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nBy all accounts, it was a happy and affectionate marriage. Luther wrote that he loved waking up to see pigtails on the pillow next to him. He also admired Katharina's intellect, calling her \"Doctora Lutherin.\" She bore six children, ran the household, and organized the family finances. Their home was in Lutherstadt Wittenberg's Black Monastery, the former Augustinian monastery where Luther had lived before the Reformation began.", "Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nKatharina grew much of what they ate in her own private garden, raised livestock, cooked, and \u2013 perhaps most famously \u2013 brewed her own beer. To boost their income, she made good use of the extra rooms in the former monastery, opening a medieval guest house and offering room and board to as many as 30 paying students and visitors at a time. Katharina was trusted in ways unheard of for women in those days. Luther allowed her to deal with his publishers and made her his sole heir", "Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nAlthough we know little of Katharina's own views about her unusual life, we do know that she loved her husband deeply. After his death in 1546, she wrote: \"He gave so much of himself in service not only to one town or to one country, but to the whole world. Yes, my sorrow is so deep that no words can express my heartbreak, and it is humanly impossible to understand what state of mind and spirit I am in . . . I can neither eat nor drink, not even sleep . .", "Katharina von Bora: In Katharina's Footsteps\nWhile fleeing the plague in Lutherstadt Wittenberg in 1552, Katharina died in Torgau after a terrible accident with her wagon and horses. She was 53 years old.\nWould you like to follow in the footsteps of Katharina von Bora? Then take a look at our recommended tour."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=TdflAHpC8XkC&pg=RA5-PA1067&vq=edge&dq=editions:STANFORD24501703216&hl=fr&output=html_text&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4

Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans

["Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nlumen of the ring enclosed by these parts is circular below, but the upper part of the ring is compressed laterally, so that the lumen becomes elliptical. The upper border of the lamina presents a faintly marked median notch. On either side of this there is an oval facet which looks more laterally than upwards; it articulates with the base of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe dorsal surface of the lamina is divided by an elevated median ridge into two depressed areas which give attachment to the posterior crico-aryt\u00e6noid muscles. The ventral part of the arch of the cricoid is in the form of a narrow band, but as it proceeds dorsally towards the lamina its upper border rises rapidly, and in consequence the arch becomes much broader. The inferior border of the cricoid is nearly straight, althongh it frequently presents a median ventral projection and two lateral projections", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nIt is joined to the first ring of the trachea by an elastic membrane\u2014the crico-tracheal ligament. On the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage, at the place where the arch joins the lamina, a vertical ridge runs", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\ndownwards from the aryt\u00e6noid\narticular facet. On this, a short Hyoid bone\ndistance from the inferior border\nof the cartilage, a prominent cirEPIGLOTTIS\ncular articular facet is visible, for Cartilago triticea\narticulation with the inferior cornu Thyreo-epiglottic ligament\nof the thyreoid cartilage (Fig. 848,\np. 1067). The medial surface of the Superior cornu of thyreoid cartilage\ncricoid cartilage is smooth, and is covered with mucous membrane.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe narrow band - like part of the arch of the cricoid cartilage lies\nbelow the inferior border of the Corniculate cartilage\nthyreoid cartilage, whilst the lamina Aryt\u00e6noid cartilage Muscular process of is received into the interval between aryt\u00e6noid cartilage\nthe dorsal portions of the lamin\u00e6\nof the thyreoid cartilage. Inferior cornu of Cartilagines Aryt\u00e6noide\u00e6. \u2014 thyreoid cartilage\nThe aryt\u00e6noid cartilages are placed CRIC:", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\none on each side of the median plane, and rest upon the upper border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage, in the interval between the dorsal portions of the lamin\u00e6 of the thyreoid cartilage. Each\npresents a somewhat pyramidal FIG. 847.-DORSAL ASPECT OF THE CARTILAGES\nform, the pointed apex of which is AND LIGAMENTS OF THE LARYNX.\ndirected upwards, and at the same", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\ntime curves dorsally and medially. It supports the corniculate cartilage (Santorini). Of the three surfaces, the medial one faces the corresponding surface of the opposite cartilage, from which it is separated by a narrow interval; another looks dorsally; whilst the third is directed laterally and ventrally. The medial surface, which is the smallest of the three, is triangular in outline. It is narrow, vertical, and even, and is clothed with the lining mucous membrane of the larynx", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe dorsal surface is smooth and concave in the craniocaudal direction; it lodges and gives attachment to the aryt\u00e6noideus transversus muscle. The ventro-lateral surface is the most extensive of the three (Fig. 848, p. 1067). Its middle part is marked by a deep depression in which is lodged a mass of mucous glands", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nUpon this surface of the arytanoid cartilage the vocalis and thyreoaryt\u00e6noid muscles are inserted, whilst a small tubercle a short distance above the base gives attachment to the ventricular ligament\u2014the feeble supporting ligament of the ventricular fold (O.T. false vocal cord). The three surfaces of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilages are separated from each other by a ventral, a dorsal, and a lateral border", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe lateral border is the longest, and it pursues, as it is traced from the apex to the base, a sinuous course. Reaching the base of the cartilage, it is prolonged laterally", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nand dorsally in the form of a stout prominent angle or process, termed the processus muscularis. Into the ventral side of this process is inserted the crico-aryt\u00e6noideus lateralis muscle; whilst into its dorsal aspect the crico-aryt\u00e6noideus posterior muscle is inserted. A small nodule of yellow elastic cartilage, called the sesamoid cartilage, is frequently found on the lateral border of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage, where it is held in position by the investing perichondrium", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe ventral border of the aryt\u00e6noid is vertical, and at the base of the cartilage is prolonged ventrally into a small sharp-pointed process called the processus vocalis, which receives this name because it gives attachment to the vocal ligament or supporting band of the vocal fold (O.\u0164. true vocal cord)", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe base of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage presents on its inferior surface, particularly in the region of the processus muscularis, an elongated concave facet for articulation with the facet on the superior border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nCartilagines Corniculat\u00e6 (Santorini).\u2014The corniculate cartilages are two minute conical nodules of yellow elastic cartilage which surmount the apices of the aryt\u00e6noids, and prolong the upper curved ends of these cartilages in a dorsomedial direction. Each corniculate cartilage is enclosed within the dorsal part of the corresponding ary-epiglottic fold of mucous membrane.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nCartilagines Cuneiformes (Wrisbergi).\u2014The cuneiform cartilages are not always present. They are two minute rod-shaped pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, each of which occupies a place in the corresponding ary-epiglottic fold, immediately ventral to the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage and the corniculate cartilage of Santorini. On the superficial surface of each a collection of mucous glands is present, and this tends to make the cartilage stand out in relief under the mucous membrane.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nCartilago Epiglottica.\u2014The epiglottis is supported by a thin, leaf-like lamina of yellow fibro-cartilage, the epiglottic cartilage, which is placed dorsal to the root of the tongue and the body of the hyoid bone, and ventral to the aperture of the larynx. When divested of the mucous membrane, which covers it dorsally and also to some extent ventrally, the epiglottic cartilage is seen to present the outline of a bicyclesaddle, and to be indented by pits and pierced by numerous perforations", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nIn the pits, glands are lodged, whilst through the foramina, blood-vessels and, in some cases, nerves pass. The broad end of the epiglottic cartilage is directed upwards, and is free. Its margins are, to a large extent, enclosed within the ary-epiglottic fold. The ventral surface is free only in its upper part. This part is covered with mucous membrane, and looks towards the pharyngeal part of the tongue", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe dorsal surface is covered throughout its whole extent with the lining mucous membrane of the laryngeal cavity. The inferior pointed extremity is prolonged downwards in the form of a strong fibrous band, termed the thyreo-epiglottic ligament.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nOssification of the Cartilages of the Larynx. \u2014 The thyreoid and cricoid cartilages and the greater part of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilages are composed of the hyaline variety of cartilage. The apical parts, and also the vocal processes of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilages, the corniculate cartilages of Santorini, the cuneiform cartilages, and the epiglottis, are formed of yellow fibro-cartilage, and at no period of life do they exhibit any tendency towards ossific change", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe thyreoid, cricoid, and basal portions of the aryt\u00e6noids, as life advances, become more or less completely transformed into bone. In males over twenty years of age, and in females over twenty-two years of age, the process will usually be found to have begun (Chievitz)", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nIt is impossible, however, by an examination of the laryngeal cartilages, to form an estimate of the age of the individual, although in old age it is usual to find the thyreoid, cricoid, and the hyaline parts of the aryt\u00e6noids completely ossified. It would appear that the process is somewhat slower in the female than in the male. The thyreoid is the first to show the change; then, but almost at the same time, the cricoid ; and lastly, a few years later, the aryt\u00e6noids.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nCrico-thyreoid Joints. \u2014 These are diarthrodial joints, and are formed by the apposition of the circular facets on the tips of the inferior cornua of the thyreoid cartilage with the elevated circular facets on the sides of the cricoid cartilage. An articular capsule surrounds each articulation, and this is lined with a synovial layer (stratum synoviale). On the dorsal aspect of the joint a strengthening band is present in the capsule", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe movements which take place at the crico-thyreoid joints are of a twofold character, viz., gliding and rotatory. In the first case the thyreoid facets glide upon the cricoid surfaces in different directions The rotatory movement is one in which the thyreoid cartilage rotates to a slight extent around a transverse axis which passes through the centres of the two joints.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nCrico-aryt\u00e6noid Joints. These also are diarthrodial articulations. In each case there is a joint cavity surrounded by an articular capsule, which is lined with a synovial layer. The cricoid articular surface is convex, whilst that of the aryt\u00e6noid is concave; both are elongated or elliptical in form, and they are applied to each other so that the long axis of the one intersects or crosses that of the other at an acute angle", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nIn no position of the joint do the two surfaces accurately coincide\u2014a portion of the cricoid facet is always left uncovered. The capsule of the joint is strengthened dorsally by a band which is inserted into the dorsomedial part of the base of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage, and plays a somewhat important part in the mechanism of the joint; it effectually arrests excessive ventral movement of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe movements which take place at the crico-aryt\u00e6noid joints are of a twofold kind, viz., gliding and rotatory. The ordinary position of the aryt\u00e6noid during easy, quiet breathing is one in which it rests upon the lateral part of the cricoi\u00e0 facet. By a gliding movement it can move upon the cricoid facet, and advance towards the median plane and its fellow of the opposite side", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe gliding movements, therefore, are of such a character that the two aryt\u00e6noid cartilages approach or retreat from each other and from the median plane. In the rotatory movement the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage revolves around a vertical axis. By this movement the vocal process is swung laterally or medially, so as to open or close the rima glottidis.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe joint between the aryt\u00e6noid and the corniculate cartilage (Santorini) may either partake of the nature of an amphiarthrosis or of a diarthrosis. The tips of the two corniculate cartilages can generally be made out to be connected to the upper border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage by a delicate Y-shaped band of connective tissue termed the ligamentum corniculopharyngeum.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nHyothyreoid Membrane.---This is a broad, membranous, and somewhat elastic sheet which occupies the interval between the hyoid bone and the thyreoid cartilage. It is not equally strong throughout. It presents a central thick portion and cord-like right and left dorsal margins, whilst in the intervals between these it is thin and weak (Figs. 815 and 816, p. 1063). The central thickened part, or the ligamentum hyothyreoideum medium, is largely composed of elastic fibres", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nBelow it is attached to the margins of the thyreoid notch, whilst above it is fixed to the dorsal part of the upper border of the body of the hyoid bone. The upper part of its ventral surface, therefore, is placed dorsal to the dorsal hollowed-out surface of the body of the hyoid bone; a synovial bursa of variable extent is placed between them, and in certain movements of the head and larynx the upper border of the thyreoid cartilage moves towards the head on the dorsal side of the hyoid bone", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nOn each side of the strong central part the hyothyreoid membrane is thin and loose, and is there attached, below, to the upper border of the thyreoid cartilage, and above, to the medial aspect of the great cornu of the hyoid bone. It is pierced by the internal ramus of the superior laryngeal nerve and by the superior laryngeal vessels", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe dorsal border of the hyothyreoid membrane on each side is thickened, round, and cord-like, and is chiefly composed of elastic fibres; it is termed the ligamentum hyothyreoideum laterale, and extends from the tip of the great cornu of the hyoid bone to the extremity of the upper cornu of the thyreoid cartilage. In this ligament there is usually developed a small oval cartilaginous or bony nodule. which receives the name of the cartilago triticea", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe deep surface of the lateral part of the hyothyreoid membrane is covered with the pharyngeal mucous membrane, and its central part lies ventral to the epiglottis, but separated from it by a mass of adipose tissue (Fig. 851, p. 1070).", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nConus Elasticus.--The conus elasticus, formerly known as the crico-thyrevid membrane, is a very important structure, which it is convenient to consider in three\nMuscular process\nLigament of vocal fold Lateral part of conus\nelasticus Facet on cricoid for inferior", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nparts, viz., one median and two lateral, all of which are directly continuous with one another, and differ only in the nature of their upper connexions. The median part (crico-thyreoid ligament) of the conus elasticus is strong, tense, and elastic. It is triangular in shape, and is attached by its broad base to the upper border of the arch of the cricoid cartilage, whilst its apex is fixed to the medial part of the lower border of the thyreoid cartilage (Fig. 845, p. 1063)", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nIt is pierced by minute apertures, and is crossed superficially by the crico-thyreoid branch of the superior thyreoid artery. The median part of the conus elasticus, therefore, closes, ventrally, the interval between the cricoid and thyreoid cartilages. The lateral part, on each side, presents very different connexions", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nIt is not attached to the inferior border of the thyreoid cartilage, but slopes upwards and medially on the inner side of the thyreoid lamina, and thus diminishes materially the transverse or frontal width of the cavity of the larynx. Its attachments are very definite. Inferiorly it is fixed to the superior border of the cricoid cartilage immediately subjacent to the lining mucous membrane of the larynx ; above it is directly continuous with the vocal ligament or supporting band of the vocal fold", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\n\u00b7 Aryt\u00e6noid cartilage constituting the superior thickened free border of the lateral part of the conus elasticus.\nVocal process Ventrally the lateral part of the conus elasticus is attached to the inferior half of the medial surface of the lamina of the thyreoid cartilage, close to\nRima glottidis the angle, and, dorsally, to the inferior border of the processus vocalis of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage. In contact with the outer surface of the lateral part of the", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\ncornu of thyreoid cartilage conus elasticus, and separating it from the thyreoid lamina, are the lateral crico\nCricoid cartilage aryt\u00e6noid muscles; the inner surface is clothed with the lining mucous membrane of the larynx.\nLigamentum Vocale.--The vocal ligament (0.T. inferior thyreo-aryt\u00e6noid lig.) FIG. 848. --- DISSECTION\nELASTICUS. is formed in connexion with the superior\nThe right lamina of the thyreoid", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\ncartilage has been removed. border of the conus elasticus, and constitutes the supporting ligament of the vocal fold (O.T. true vocal cord). It is attached ventrally, close to its fellow of the opposite side, to the middle of the angular depression between the two lamin\u00e6 of the thyreoid cartilage. From there it stretches dorsally, and becomes incorporated with the tip and superior border of the processus vocalis, which projects ventrally from the base of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe vocal ligament is composed of yellow elastic fibres, and embedded in its ventral extremity there is, frequently, a minute nodule of elastic cartilage. Its medial border is sharp and free, and is clothed with mucous membrane, which in that position is very thin and tightly bound down to the ligament.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nLigamentum Ventriculare.\u2014The ventricular ligament supports the ventricular fold (O.T. false vocal cord). It is weak and indefinite, but somewhat longer than the vocal ligament", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nVentrally it is attached to the angular depression between the two lamin\u00e6 of the thyreoid cartilage, above the vocal ligament and close to the attachment of the thyreo-epiglottic ligament; it extends, dorsally, to be fixed to a tubercle on the ventro-lateral surface of the aryt\u00e6noid cartilage, a short distance above the processus vocalis. It is composed of connective tissue and elastic fibres which are continuous with the fibrous tissue in the ary-epiglottic fold.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nEpiglottic Ligaments.\u2014The epiglottis is bound by ligaments to the base of the tongue, to the wall of the pharynx, to the hyoid bone, and to the thyreoid cartilage. The glosso-epiglottic fold is a prominent median fold of mucous membrane which proceeds from the middle of the ventral free surface of the epiglottis to the root of the tongue. The pharyngo-epiglottic folds are similar", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nelevations of mucous membrane which proceed from the lateral margins of the epiglottis to the lateral walls of the pharynx at the side of the tongue. Between the two layers of mucous membrane which form each of these folds is a certain amount of elastic tissue. By the three folds the depression between the root of the tongue and the epiglottis is marked off into two foss\u00e6, termed the epiglottic vallecul\u00e6", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe ligamentum hyoepiglotticum is a short, broad elastic band, somewhat broken up by adipose tissue, which connects the ventral surface of the epiglottic cartilage to the upper border of the hyoid bone (Fig. 853, p. 1073). The ligamentum thyreoepiglotticum is strong and thick (Fig. 855, p. 1075)", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nComposed mainly of elastic tissue, it proceeds downwards, from the inferior pointed extremity of the epiglottic cartilage, and is attached to the angular depression between the two lamin\u00e6 of the thyreoid cartilage, below the median notch.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nA triangular interval is left between the ventral surface of the epiglottis and the hyo-thyreoid membrane. This is imperfectly closed above by the hyoepiglottic ligament, and contains a pad of soft fat (Fig. 851, p. 1070).\nCAVUM LARYNGIS.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe cavity of the larynx is smaller than might be expected from an inspection of its exterior. On looking into its interior, through the laryngeal aperture, it is seen to be subdivided into three portions by two pairs of elevated folds of mucous membrane, which extend ventro-dorsally (antero-posteriorly), and project medially from each lateral wall of the cavity. The upper pair of folds are the ventricular folds (0.T. false vocal cords); the lower, more definite pair, are the vocal folds (O.T.", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\ntrue vocal cords) (Fig. 849)\nThe latter are the chief Pharyngeal\nGlosso. surface of\nepiglottic\nagents in the production tongue\nof the voice, and the\nlarynx is so constructed Epiglottic vallecula that changes in\ntheir Pharyngo\nrelative position and in epiglottic ligament\ntheir degree of tension Epiglottis\nare brought about by the Tubercle of epiglottis\naction of the muscles and\nthe recoil of the elastic Hyoid bone\nAry-epiglottic\nligaments.\nLaryngeal ventricle\nAditus Laryngis. Vocal fold\nVentricular fold", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe laryngeal aperture is\nCuneiform tubercle a large obliguely placed glottidis Piriforin\nCorniculate opening, which slopes tubercle\nrapidly in a dorsal and Superior\ndownwards direction and thyreoid\nPosterior aspect of looks upwards and dorsally\ninto the laryngeal part of Pharyngeal wall (cut)\nthe pharynx. Somewhat triangular in outline, the\nbasal part of the aperture, Fig. 849.\u2014ADITUS LARYNGIS, EXPOSED BY THE REMOVAL OF THE DORSAL WALL OF THE PHARYNX.\nplaced superiorly and", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nventrally, is formed by the free border of the epiglottis. The opening rapidly narrows as it runs downwards, and it ends in the interval between the two aryt\u00e6noid cartilages. The sides of the aperture are formed by two sharp and prominent folds of mucous membrane called the ary-epiglottic folds, which stretch between the lateral margins of the epiglottis, ventrally, and the aryt\u00e6noid cartilages dorsally", "Anatomy of the larynx in adult humans\nThe two layers of mucous membrane which compose the ary-epiglottic folds, enclose, between them, some connective tissue, muscular fibres belonging to the ary-epiglottic muscles, and in their dorsal parts the cuneiform and corniculate cartilages, which latter surmount"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://eng.ua.edu/buildings/

Facilities – College of Engineering | The University of Alabama

["Facilities \u2013 College of Engineering | The University of Alabama\nHardaway Hall\nH.M. Comer\nScience and Engineering Complex\nShelby Hall\nSouth Engineering Research Center\nNorth Engineering Research Center\nRodgers Library for Science and Engineering\nThe Tom Bevill Energy, Mineral and Material Science Research Building\nPaty Hall\nCyber Hall", "Facilities \u2013 College of Engineering | The University of Alabama\nThe College of Engineering has a presence in 10 buildings on The University of Alabama campus. The bulk of the College\u2019s teaching and research space is within the four buildings of the Shelby Engineering and Science Quad. With nearly a million square feet of world-class engineering and science space, these facilities have transformed the ways we teach and conduct research", "Facilities \u2013 College of Engineering | The University of Alabama\nThe research that takes place in these labs, equipped with the latest technology, will have a significant economic impact on the state, as will the success of the students who have the opportunity to study here.", "Facilities \u2013 College of Engineering | The University of Alabama\nThe administrative offices for the College\u2019s seven departments and the Dean\u2019s office is located in the newly renovated H.M. Comer Hall. Also located in H.M. Comer are the offices for the Brasfield & Gorrie Engineering Advising Center, Engineering Student Services, Freshmen Engineering Program and a space devoted to student projects and innovation called The Cube.\nEng News: UA Engineers Develop Solution to Child Heat Deaths in Cars\nEng News: UA Celebrates the Unveiling of H.M. Comer"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://traditionalcatholic.net/Scripture/Encyclopedia/Codex_Sinaiticus.html

Codex Sinaiticus

["Codex Sinaiticus\nA Greek manuscript of the Old and New Testaments, of the greatest antiquity and value; found on Mount Sinai, in St. Catherine's Monastery, by Constantine Tischendorf. He was visiting there in 1844, under the patronage of Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony, when he discovered in a rubbish basket forty-three leaves of the Septuagint, containing portions of I Par. (Chron.), Jer., Neh., and Esther; he was permitted to take them", "Codex Sinaiticus\nHe also saw the books of Isaias and I and IV Machabees, belonging to the same codex as the fragments, but could not obtain possession of them; warning the monks of their value, he left for Europe and two years later published the leaves he had brought with him under the name of Codex Friderico-Augustanus, after his patron. They are preserved at Leipzig. On a second visit, in 1853, he found only two short fragments of Genesis (which he printed on his return) and could learn nothing of the rest of the codex", "Codex Sinaiticus\nThis visit seemed likewise fruitless when, on the eve of his departure, in a chance conversation with the steward, he learned of the existence of a manuscript there; when it was shown to him, he saw the very manuscript he had sought containing, beyond all his dreams, a great part of the Old Testament and the entire New Testament, besides the Epistle of Barnabas, and part of the \"Shepherd\" of Hermas, of which two works no copies in the original Greek were known to exist", "Codex Sinaiticus\nThinking it \"a crime to sleep\", Tischendorf spent the night copying Barnabas; he had to leave in the morning, after failing to persuade the monks to let him have the manuscript. At Cairo he stopped at a monastery belonging to the same monks (they were of the Orthodox Greek Church) and succeeded i having the manuscript sent to him there for transcription; and finally, in obtaining it from the monks as a present to the Czar, Tischendorf's patron and the protector of their Church", "Codex Sinaiticus\nYears later, in 1869, the Czar rewarded the two monasteries with gifts of money (7000 and 2000 roubles each) and decorations. The manuscript is treasured in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg. Tischendorf published an account of it in 1860; and, under the auspices of the czar, printed it in facsimile in 1862. Twenty-one lithographic plates made from photographs were included in this edition, which was issued in four volumes. The following year he published a critical edition of the New Testament", "Codex Sinaiticus\nFinally, in 1867, he published additional fragments of Genesis and Numbers, which had been used to bind other volumes at St. Catherine's and had been discovered by the Archimandrite Porfirius. On four different occasions, then, portions of the original manuscript have been discovered; they have never been published together in a single edition.", "Codex Sinaiticus\nThe Codex Sinaiticus, which originally must have contained the whole Old Testament, has suffered severely from mutilation, especially in the historical books from Genesis to Esdras (inclusive); the rest of the Old Testament fared much better", "Codex Sinaiticus\nThe fragments and books extant are: several verses from Gen., xxiii and xxiv, and from Num., v, vi, vii; I Par., ix, 27-xix, 17; Esdras, ix,9 to end; Nehemias, Esther, Tobias, Judith, Joel, Abdias, Jonas, Nahum, Habacuc, Sophonias, Aggeus, Zacharias, Malachias, Isaias, Jeremias, Lamentations, i, 1-ii, 20; I Machabees, IV Machabees (apocryphal, while the canonical II Machabees and the apocryphal III Machabees were never contained in this codex)", "Codex Sinaiticus\nA curious occurrence is that Esdras, ix, 9 follows I Par., xix, 17 without any break; the note of a corrector shows that seven leaves of I Par. were copied into the Book of Esdras, probably by a mistake in the binding of the manuscript from which Codex Sinaiticus was copied. Our Esdras is called in this codex, as in many others, Esdras B", "Codex Sinaiticus\nThis may indicate that it followed Esdras A, as the book called by Jerome III Esdras (see ESDRAS) is named in ancient codices; the proof is by no means sure, however, as IV Machabees is here designated Machabees D, as was usual, although the second and third books of Machabees were absent from the manuscript", "Codex Sinaiticus\nThe New Testament is complete, likewise the Epistle of Barnabas; six leaves following Barnabas are lost, which probably also contained uncanonical literature: the \"Shepherd\" of Hermas is incomplete, and we cannot tell whether other works followed. In all, there are 346 1/2 leaves. The order of the New Testament is to be noted, St. Paul's Epistles preceding Acts; Hebrews following II Thess", "Codex Sinaiticus\nThe manuscript is on good parchment; the pages measure about 15 inches by 13 1/2 inches; there are four columns to a page, except in the poetical books, which are written stichometrically in two columns of greater width; there are 48 lines to a column, but 47 in the Catholic Epistles. The four narrow columns give the page the appearance of an ancient roll; it is not impossible, as Kenyon says, that it was in fact copied from a papyrus roll", "Codex Sinaiticus\nIt is written in uncial characters, well formed, without accents or breathings, and with no punctuation except (at times) the apostrophe and the single point for a period. Tischendorf judged that there were four hands engaged in the writing of the manuscript; in this he has been generally followed. He has been less happy in obtaining acceptance of his conjecture that one of these scribes also wrote the New Testament of the Vatican Codex", "Codex Sinaiticus\nHe recognized seven correctors of the text, one of them contemporaneous with the writing of the manuscript. The Ammonian Sections and the Eusebian Canons are indicated in the margin, probably by a contemporary hand; they seem to have been unknown to the scribe, however, who followed another division. The clerical errors are relatively not numerous, in Gregory's judgment.", "Codex Sinaiticus\nIn age this manuscript ranks alongside the Codex Vaticanus. Its antiquity is shown by the writing, by the four columns to a page (an indication, probably, of the transition from the roll to the codex form of manuscript.), by the absence of the large initial letters and of ornaments, by the rarity of punctuation, by the short titles of the books, the presence of divisions of the text antedating Eusebius, the addition of Barnabas and Hermas, etc", "Codex Sinaiticus\nSuch indications have induced experts to place it in the fourth century, along with Codex Vaticanus and some time before Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Ephr\u00e6mi Rescriptus; this conclusion is not seriously questioned, though the possibility of an early fifth-century date is conceded. Its origin has been assigned to Rome, Southern Italy, Egypt, and Caesarea, but cannot be determined (Kenyon, Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament, London, 1901, p. 56 sqq.)", "Codex Sinaiticus\nIt seems to have been at one time at Caesarea; one of the correctors (probably of seventh century) adds this note at the end of Esdras: \"This codex was compared with a very ancient exemplar which had been corrected by the hand of the holy martyr Pamphilus [d", "Codex Sinaiticus\n309]; which exemplar contained at the end of the subscription in his own hand: `Taken and corrected according to the Hexapla of Origen: Antonius compared it: I, Pamphilus, corrected it'.\" Pamphilus was, with Eusebius, the founder of the library at Caesarea. Some are even inclined to regard Codex Sinaiticus as one of the fifty manuscripts which Constantine bade Eusebius of Caesarea to have prepared in 331 for the churches of Constantinople; but there is no sign of its having been at Constantinople", "Codex Sinaiticus\nNothing is known of its later history till its discovery by Tischendorf. The text of Codex Sinaiticus bears a very close resemblance to that of Codex Vaticanus, though it cannot be descended from the same immediate ancestor. In general, Codex Vaticanus is placed first in point of purity by contemporary scholars and Codex Sinaiticus next. This is especially true, for the New Testament, of the Gospels"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=44&prjId=1&corId=5&colId=0&navId=695139299

Corpus of Ḥaḍramitic Inscriptions

["Corpus of \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic Inscriptions\nCorpus of \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic Inscriptions\nThe collection includes about 900 inscriptions which date from between the 7th century BC and the end of the 3rd century AD. After an early period of formation characterised by a strong Sabaean cultural and linguistic influence, around the 5th-4th century \u1e24a\u1e0dramawt became a kingdom with its own political importance. Its main activity was trading in incense, which grew in various regions of the country.", "Corpus of \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic Inscriptions\nThe capital Shabwa was situated in the very west of the kingdom. Its position at the crossroads of the routes leading to the north enabled it to become an important centre for collecting and distributing incense along the ancient caravan routes. Similarly to Qataban, the king of \u1e24a\u1e0dramawt controlled the whole kingdom and made alliances with the various tribes, in particular with those of the southern highlands and the coastal region", "Corpus of \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic Inscriptions\nIn the 4th century, this led to the foundation of Naqb al-Hajar and, in the 3rd century, of Sumhuram, a harbour city in far-off Dhofar. In these sites were found the most important inscriptions commemorating the construction of city walls and gates under the king's authority", "Corpus of \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic Inscriptions\nIn order to control and manage trade, \u1e24a\u1e0dramawt established diplomatic relations with the kingdom of Ma\u02bf\u012bn in the second half of the 1st millennium: a \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic king wrote an inscription on the wall of the Minaean capital Qarnaw, in which he dedicated a tower to his ally. In the first century BC \u1e24a\u1e0dramawt founded a second port on the Indian Ocean, Qana, which at that time had trade links with Sumhuram", "Corpus of \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic Inscriptions\nThe majority of dedicatory inscriptions come from Rayb\u016bn and the other towns of the valley of w\u0101d\u012b \u1e24a\u1e0dramawt that from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC were engaged in agriculture, and had a marked religious life. Epigraphic documentation is not homogeneous throughout the history of \u1e24a\u1e0dramawt, as it follows the political fortunes of the kingdom", "Corpus of \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic Inscriptions\nPhase B is the richest: the most interesting texts of Rayb\u016bn and the inscriptions on the city wall of Shabwa are dated to between the third and first centuries BC. There are few inscriptions of phase C (except for the important texts of Eleazos in Sumhuram), but there are many texts from the last chronological phase from Shabwa and its outskirts", "Corpus of \u1e24a\u1e0dramitic Inscriptions\nFrom the linguistic point of view, the vastness of the kingdom introduced several local features into the inscriptions, such as the formularies, the lexicon and especially the paleography."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://abc13.com/archive/8098964/

Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead

["Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nExplosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nRABAT, Morocco\nAt least 23 people were wounded in the blast a few minutes before noon in Djemma el-Fna square, one of the top attractions in a country that depends heavily on tourism, Moroccan Interior Minister Taib Chergaoui said.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nGovernment spokesman Khalid Naciri told the AP it was too soon to lay blame for what he called a terrorist attack but he noted that Morocco regularly dismantles cells linked to al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and says it has disrupted several plots.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nThe emergency room chief at Marrakech's main Tofail Hospital, suggested that up to 16 people may have died. At least eight French citizens were being treated at Marrakech's main Tofail Hospital, along with one Canadian, a British citizen and three Moroccans, Hicham Nejmi said. Others were being treated at a military hospital and a handful in private clinics.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nApril marks the start of Morocco's tourist season, when visitors gather to watch snake charmers, storytellers, jugglers and local musicians, filling the cafes that ring the edges of the iconic square on the route to the city's major open-air souk, or market.\nBarriers were thrown up around the cafe, but crowds continued to fill the famed square after the attack.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\n\"There was a huge bang, and lots of smoke went up. There was debris raining down from the sky,\" honeymooner Andy Birnie, who lives in north London, told The Associated Press by telephone. \"Hundreds of people were running in panic.\"\nThe explosion blew much of the facade off the two-story terracotta-colored Argana cafe, leaving awnings dangling. Panicked passersby dragged away bodies and tried to put out flames with fire extinguishers, witnesses told The Associated Press.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\n\"I believe the injured were mostly tourists, judging by what they were wearing,\" Alexandre Carvalho, a 34-year-old call center worker from southern Portugal, told the AP by telephone.\nAt least two French nationals were among the casualties, although it was not immediately clear whether they were dead or wounded, judicial officials in the French capital said. President Nicolas Sarkozy confirmed that the victims included French citizens.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nUK Foreign Secretary William Hague said the British ambassador was travelling to Marrakech, although he gave no immediate confirmation of British casualties.\nThis former French colony has enjoyed relative stability and political plurality compared to some of its neighbors, but King Mohamed VI holds the final say in all policy, and the country's largest Islamist movement is banned from politics.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nThe king has pledged constitutional reforms in response to several largely peaceful protests over the past two months that were inspired by popular uprisings that pushed out autocrats in nearby Tunisia and Egypt.\nGermany, which said none of its citizens had been hit, urged that the attack \"must not lead to the reform process that has been initiated in Morocco being undermined.\"", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nAl-Qaida's affiliate in North Africa stages regular attacks and kidnappings in neighboring Algeria. Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb is holding four Frenchmen hostage after kidnapping them in Niger last year, and recently released new images and audio recordings of their voices.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nMorocco, however, has been mostly peaceful since it was hit by five simultaneous terrorist bombings in Casablanca in 2003 that killed 33 people and a dozen bombers linked to the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, a local militant group also been implicated in the deadly transit attacks in Madrid in March 2004.\nIn April 2007, two suicide bombers died in attacks by the U.S. consulate in Casablanca, the economic capital.", "Explosion hits cafe in Morocco, 14 dead\nMoroccan authorities have rounded up thousands of purported terror suspects in recent years and while they \"regularly discover terrorist cells ... nothing led us to foresee an act of this magnitude,\" Naciri said.\n\"Morocco has an international image of welcome, hospitality and tourism,\" he told the AP. \"An act of this magnitude will leave its mark.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.brusselstimes.com//brussels/71681/brussels-teen-given-10-years-for-deadly-home-invasion-of-elderly-couple/

Brussels teen given 10 years for deadly home invasion of elderly couple

["Brussels teen given 10 years for deadly home invasion of elderly couple\nBrussels teen given 10 years for deadly home invasion of elderly couple\nTwo teens broke into the home of an elderly couple in Windberg, Wemmel, in 2018 and violently robbed them. Credit: Google Street View\nA 19-year-old has been handed a 10-year prison sentence for breaking into the home of an elderly couple and assaulting them, in a violent home invasion that led to the death of a man in his 80s.", "Brussels teen given 10 years for deadly home invasion of elderly couple\nThe break-in took place in the Flemish town of Wemmel, northwest of Brussels, on 26 July 2018, when the accused and a 16-year-old broke into the home of a couple in their eighties and robbed them of several valuable possessions.\nThe attackers reportedly rang the bell of the couple's home in Windberg road, at around 8:00 PM and attacked the couple, an 84-year-old man and an 81-year-old woman, beating them up after they opened the door, according to Bruzz.", "Brussels teen given 10 years for deadly home invasion of elderly couple\nThe perpetrators stole jewels, money and bank cards from the home and fled in the couple's car, a Renault Modus.\nThe man was admitted to the hospital where he died weeks later of his injuries on 13 August, HLN reports.\nProsecutors were able to identify the pair after analysing surveillance cameras, phone records and cross-checking DNA evidence, leading to their arrest in December 2018.", "Brussels teen given 10 years for deadly home invasion of elderly couple\nThe 16-year-old attacker was referred to a juvenile judge, and the older one, from Laeken, was charged with violent theft, harming a vulnerable person and unintentional manslaughter and originally faced between 20 to 30 years in prison.\nGabriela Galindo"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://law.justia.com/cases/oklahoma/supreme-court/1945/2693.html

WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339

["WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nJustia \u203a US Law \u203a Case Law \u203a Oklahoma Case Law \u203a Oklahoma Supreme Court Decisions \u203a 1945 \u203a WELLS v. CHILDERS\nReceive free daily summaries of new opinions from the Oklahoma Supreme Court. Subscribe\nWELLS v. CHILDERS\n1945 OK 254\n196 Okla. 339\nCase Number: 32272\nDecided: 10/04/1945\nSupreme Court of Oklahoma\nCHILDERS, State Auditor, et al.\n\u00b60 1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-Delegation of legislative powers.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe Legislature may not delegate its power to make laws, and must declare the policy and fix legal principles, but other agencies may be invested with power to ascertain facts to which the policy and principles apply, such power being administrative.\n2. SAME-Act creating Governor's Contingency Fund held not unconstitutional as delegating legislative power to Governor.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe power vested in the Governor by virtue of House Bill No. 518 of the Twentieth Legislature, to the extent passed upon herein, is administrative in nature, and said act does not violate article 4 of the Constitution.\n3. STATES-STATUTES-Act creating Governor's Contingency Fund held not special law and not violative of constitutional requirements for legislative appropriations.\nHouse Bill No. 518 of the Twentieth Legislature does not violate sections 55 or 59 of article 5 of the Constitution.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nOriginal proceeding in the Supreme Court for injunction by J. K. Wells against C. C. Childers, State Auditor, et al., Robert Burns intervening. Writ denied.\nSid White (Hall Rains, of counsel), both of Oklahoma City, for plaintiff.\nRandell S. Cobb, Atty. Gen., for defendants C. C. Childers, State Auditor, and A. S. J. Shaw, State Treasurer.\nE. L. Mitchell and C. W. King, for defendant Oklahoma Tax Commission.\nRobert Burns, attorney in propria persona, of Oklahoma City, for intervener.\nOSBORN, J.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b61 This is an original proceeding brought in this court by the plaintiff, J. K. Wells, attacking the constitutionality of House Bill No. 518 enacted by the Twentieth Legislature, creating the Governor's Contingency Fund. In the action Robert Burns filed a petition in intervention asserting the unconstitutionality of House Bill No. 518 and also asserting that Senate Bill No. 197 of the Nineteenth Legislature, Session Laws of 1943, p", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b62 The attack by the plaintiff and intervener upon House Bill No. 518 is based upon three grounds: (1) that it violates section 55, article 5, of the Constitution, for the reason that neither the object of the appropriation nor the sum appropriated are definitely and distinctly stated in the act; ( 2 ) that said act is void because it violates article 4 of the Constitution in that it delegates to the Governor Legislative power and (3) that it violates section 59, article 5, of the Constitution", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe attack of the intervener upon House Bill No. 518 and also his attack upon Senate Bill No. 197 are based upon the same grounds. Senate Bill No. 197 of the Nineteenth Legislature is almost identical in terms with House Bill No. 518, and we will consider House Bill No. 518 and apply the same reasoning to Senate Bill No. 197 without seperately discussing it.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b63 House Bill No. 518 creates a special cash fund to be known as the Governor's Contingency Fund, directs the State Auditor to transfer to said fund all the unincumbered cash in the general revenue appropriation remaining from the Governor's Contingency and Emergency Fund, authorized by Senate Bill No", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n197 of the Nineteenth Legislature, and any cash remaining to the credit of allocations made out of the last mentioned fund where the allocation has lapsed, directs the Oklahoma Tax Commission to transfer to said fund the sum of $200,000 from the sales tax token account of said commission, and appropriates out of the general revenue fund the sum of $200,000. Said act in part provides:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"Section 5. The Governor may use and expend any or all of the monies in the Governor's Contingency Fund herein created, to defray expenses arising by reason of contingencies or emergencies for which provision has not beep", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nmade, including (l) necessary repair of replacement of public buildings destroyed or damaged by fire, hail, tornado, explosion or other hazard; (2) emergencies resulting from increase in the cost of food, clothing and maintenance necessary for the operation of any State penal, charitable or eleemosynary institution, (3) for supplemental allocation to the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education for emergency needs of the institutions comprising the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education; (4) necessary maintenance of the National Guard when released from federal service; (5) necessary augmentation of any appropriation for any State function which may be reduced by reason of a failure in the revenue provided to finance such appropriation; (6) for the purchase of food and clothing, maintenance costs, and payment of salaries at penal and eleemosynary institutions of the State; (7) for the repair and replacement of highways and bridges destroyed or damaged by floods; and (8) any circumstance, condition or", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nof salaries at penal and eleemosynary institutions of the State; (7) for the repair and replacement of highways and bridges destroyed or damaged by floods; and (8) any circumstance, condition or situation which, in the judgment of the Governor, requires the expenditure of money for the extraordinary protections of the State and for which expenditures specific appropriation has not been made, but not excluding any other contingencies or emergencies not specifically enumerated.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe Governor may allocate and authorize the expenditure of monies in the Governor's Contingency Fund as may, in his discretion, be necessary to defray any necessary expenses resulting from any contingency or emergency to any State officer, board, department, institution, or commission in defraying expenses resulting from any such contingency or emergency by filing with the State Auditor a certificate setting forth the amount allocated, the purpose for which such amount may be expended, the emergency or contingency requiring the expenditure and such limitations or conditions as the Governor may elect to impose upon the expenditure of such allocation", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nUpon the filing of such certificate, such officer, board, department, institution or commission shall be authorized to incur obligations and expenses payable out of the Governor's Contingency Fund by complying with the provisions and conditions contained in the certificate of authority", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nClaims for payment of obligations or expenses incurred pursuant to such authorization shall be paid by the State Auditor by the issuance of warrants out of the Governor's Contingency Fund in the same manner as other claims against the State are paid", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nIf, at any time, a balance remains in any allocation after the contingency or emergency for which the allocation was made has been met, the Governor may order the cancellation of said balance and revert same to the unallocated amount of the Governor's Contingency Fund. The State Auditor stall keep a separate account of each allocation made by the Governor", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe Governor may also incur such obligations and expenses as he may deem necessary by reason of any contingency or emergency and claims for payment of any such expenses or obligations shall, when approved by the Governor, be payable out of said Governor's Contingency Fund in the manner that other claims against the State are paid.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b64 We are not herein concerned with any specific allocation of said funds, the attack being leveled at the act in its entirety.\n\u00b65 The principal attack upon the statute is predicated upon the provisions of section 55, article 5, of the Constitution, providing that every law making or reviving an appropriation \"shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated and the object to which it is to be applied, and it shall not be sufficient for such law to refer to any other law to fix such sum.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b66 As to the first requirement above- that it shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated-it appears from the face of the act that the sum appropriated is capable of ascertainment by mathematical calculation, and therefore it is definite and certain within the meaning of said constitutional provision. Edwards v. Childers, 102 Okla. 158, 228 P. 472; Black v. Oklahoma Funding Bond Commission, 193 Okla. 1, 140 P.2d 740.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b67 As to the second requirement above -that it must distinctly specify the object to which it is to be applied- petitioner contends that it is indefinite and uncertain in that it grants discretionary power to the Governor in the expenditure thereof, and therefore confers upon him legislative power which could not be delegated by the Legislature, and that the act therefore violates article 4 of the Constitution providing for a separation of the powers of government into legislative, executive, and judicial departments, and that neither shall exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b68 While the Legislature may not delegate to another agency the authority to make laws, it may delegate to another agency the power to make rules and regulations relating to the administration thereof and to determine facts and specific situations to which the general policy of the law as declared by the Legislature applies. Associated Industries v. Industrial Welfare Commission, 185 Okla. 177, 90 P.2d 899; Gibson Products Co. v. Murphy, 186 Okla. 714, 100 P.2d 433; Bailey v", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nState Board of Affairs, 194 Okla. 495, 153 P.2d 235; Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388, 55 S. Ct. 241, 79 L. Ed. 446; 42 Am. Jur., Public Administrative Law, sec. 44.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b69 The cases above cited review many authorities from this and other states, and we deem it unnecessary to cite additional authorities upon this point. It is clear that in House Bill No. 518 the Legislature definitely set forth its policy and purpose to protect the state, in the interim between its sessions, from evil effects due to contingencies or emergencies which might happen, and which could not be provided against prior to their occurrence", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nIt legislated upon the subject so far as practicable, and left to the Chief Executive discretion to determine the facts, and apply the provisions of the act to the particular situation. The contingencies which the Legislature anticipated most likely to occur were specially set forth, and the limitation placed on the power of the Governor was that only such sums as were necessary to remedy the mischief caused by them were to be allocated or expended", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe same limitation was placed upon those not enumerated, and upon them was placed the further limitation that the fund could be expended only when the protection of the state rendered it necessary. The Legislature created the fund for a public purpose and defined its policy in caring for contingencies and emergences which were not foreseeable by it", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nConsidering the total appropriations made by it (about $35,000,000 for each year of the biennium), the sum appropriated for such purpose constituted a very small percentage of the total, and was not unreasonable in amount when the possible contingencies and emergencies which might come about were envisioned", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nIn fact, the creation of such a cash fund was in keeping with the spirit proclaimed by the amendment to section 23, article 10, of the Constitution, adopted by the people, to require the operation of the state government upon a cash basis.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b610 Since, as stated above, the attack herein is against the act in its entirety and on the specific grounds mentioned, and since we have concluded that the act as a whole does not contravene constitutional authority, and this proceeding not involving any specific allocation or the action of the Governor in making same, except his total lack of power to proceed thereunder, we shall not consider herein the extent or limits of his authority in acting under the various specific contingencies enumerated, or under the general power set forth in subdivision 8 of section 5 or in section 6 thereof", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nMuch argument is directed by petitioner thereto in presenting his contention that the object and amount of the appropriation are not distinctly specified. Whether or not the Governor, in making a particular allocation, has acted within the purview of the legislative act, or whether or not, in a particular instance, the Governor's authority transcends constitutional restrictions, are questions which can and should be presented when such allocations are made", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nAny illegal allocations can be halted promptly by the courts at the instance of the state officials or of any taxpayer. It must be assumed, of course, that not only will the Governor be vigilantly careful and circumspect in keeping within the confines of his administrative power, but also that the public officials whose duties embrace the auditing and paying out of such allocated funds will likewise require a strict keeping within the legislative authorization", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nSuch conscientious and scrupulous supervision of the public officials in this respect constitutes a definite answer to most of the arguments thus far presented herein outlining the possible and direful consequences envisioned by petitioner under the ultimate and broader provisions of the measure", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nWhile the power of administration of said fund is capable of easy abuse, yet there is contained in the pleadings and record herein no suggestion of impropriety of any allocations made or contemplated, and the possibility of abuse did not outweigh, in the judgment of the Legislature, the hardship which might arise from unanticipated emergencies for which no provision had been made, or, in the absence of a special session of the Legislature could be made", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe power vested in the Governor is purely administrative, as applied to the object of the appropriation, to be exercised within the limits of the legislative authorization.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b611 Contingency funds, both municipal and state, have generally been recognized and upheld in the various states See Protest of St. L. & S. F. Ry. Co., 153 Okla. 283, 5 P.2d 763; People ex ref. Abt v. Bowman, 253 Ill. 234, 97 N.E. 304; Raymond v. Christian, 24 Cal. App. 92, 74 P.2d 536; Vandegrift v. Riley, 220 Cal. 340, 30 P.2d 516; Heron v. Riley, 209 Cal. 507, 289 P. 160 Prideaux v. Frohmiller, 47 Ariz. 347 56 P.2d 628; State ex ref. Bd. of Regents v. Zimmerman, 183 Wis. 132, 197 N.W", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n823; Commonwealth ex ref. Meredith, Atty. Gen., v. Johnson, 292 Ky. 288, 166 S.W.2d 409; In re Opinion of Justices, 302 Mass. 605, 19 N.E.2d 807; State Highway Board v. Gates, 110 Vt. 67, 1 Atl. 2d 825.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b612 Plaintiff and intervener rely principally upon the case of Peabody v. Russell, 302 Ill. 111, 134 N.E. 150, 20 A. L. R. 972, in their argument that the object of the appropriation was not sufficiently stated, but we think that case easily distinguishable from the case at bar", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe Illinois Constitution provides that \"Bills making appropriations of money out of the treasury shall specify the objects and purposes for which the same are made, and appropriate to them respectively their several amounts in distinct items and sections.\" The Illinois Legislature attempted to make an appropriation to the department of finance for a reserve fund of $500,000 to be apportioned between the executive, judicial, and military departments of the state by the director of finance with the approval of the Governor", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe court held that the fund of $500,000 was not an item in a constitutional sense, out amounted to a lump sum appropriation in which no definite sum was appropriated to any particular or definite purpose and that it violated the Constitution.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b613 We conclude that House Bill No. 518 sufficiently specifies the objects for which said appropriation is to be used, and that it does not contravene said constitutional provision.\n\u00b614 Plaintiff also contends that the bill violates section 59 of article 5, providing that where a general law can be made applicable no special law shall be enacted. It clearly appears that House Bill No. 518 is a general law applicable to the whole state, and we consider discussion of this contention unnecessary.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b615 We are not herein determining the propriety of transferring any monies to said fund as provided by section 3 thereof, since a determination thereof is unnecessary herein.\n\u00b616 Writ denied.\n\u00b617 BAYLESS, WELCH, CORN, and DAVISON, JJ., concur. GIBSON. C. J., HURST, V.C.J., and RILEY and ARNOLD, JJ., dissent.\nBAYLESS, J. (specially concurring).", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b61 In concurring I desire to state that there are several points presented in the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Riley that would have my support in actions attacking allocations for particular purposes or specific funds.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b62 There is no express language in the Constitution of Oklahoma granting or denying the power of the Legislature to appropriate for emergencies or contingencies arising during the biennium following the session. The Legislature's general power extends to all rightful subjects of legislation unless expressly restricted, and it seems to me that appropriations designed to take care of emergencies are the rightful subject of legislation", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThere are many restrictive provisions in our Constitution, climaxed by the amendment to section 23, art. 10, that indicate an over-all scheme to hold our Legislature exclusively responsible for making appropriations and saying how, when, and for what purposes they shall be spent and intending as far as possible to maintain the State of Oklahoma on a cash basis", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nNevertheless, it must be recognized that despite the utmost care and effort on the part of the Legislature incidents may transpire between its sessions that require immediate remedy that the Legislature cannot be expected to foresee with any degree of certainty. To deny the Legislature power to provide for these emergencies or contingencies would be to unduly restrict its legislative power.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b61 The question presented is not whether the Legislature is clothed with power to enact laws to speedily effect good in event of unforeseen emergencies. That such power exists is beyond question. And, to the extent that need for such legislation exists, there devolves upon the Legislature the duty to so act. But such action, however imperative, must be done within the realm of constitutional authority. Its proper attitude with respect to duty and power is thus declared in Schechter v. United States 295 U.S", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"Undoubtedly, the conditions to which power is addressed are always to be considered when the exercise of power is challenged. Extraordinary conditions may call for extraordinary remedies. But the argument necessarily stops short of an attempt to justify action which lies outside the sphere of constitutional authority. Extraordinary conditions do not create or enlarge constitutional power.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b62 A decisive question here is whether the Legislature, cognizant of the need of such legislation and aware of its nonassignable duty to provide therefor, has undertaken, in default of its own performance, to transfer its prerogative in the premises to the Executive. In Schechter v", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nUnited States, supra, after reciting the fact of repeated recognition by that court of the power of Congress to adapt its legislation to complete situations \"which will enable it to perform its function in laying down policies and establishing standards, while leaving to selected instrumentalities the making of subordinate rules within prescribed limits-and the determination of facts to which the policy as declared by the Legislature is to apply,\" it was said:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"But we said that the constant recognition of the necessity and validity of such provisions, and the wide range of administrative authority which has been developed by means of them, cannot be allowed to obscure the limitations of the authority to delegate, if our constitutional system is to be maintained. Id., 421.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"Accordingly we look to the statute to see whether Congress has overstepped these limitations, whether Congress in authorizing 'Codes of Fair Competition' has itself established the standards of legal obligation, thus performing its essential legislative function, or, by the failure to enact such standards, has attempted to transfer that function to others.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b63 In Field v. Clark, 143 U.S. 649, 36 L. Ed. 294, the question was whether section 3 of the Tariff Act of October 1, 1890, in authorizing the President to suspend the operation of the provision permitting free introduction of certain artilcles of commerce, when exporting country imposed exactions or duties which the President deemed reciprocally unequal and unreasonable, delegated legislative power. The following excerpts from the opinion indicate the tests applied in upholding the section:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"That Congress cannot delegate legislative power to the President is a principle universally recognized as vital to the integrity and maintenance of the system of government ordained by the Constitution. The Act of October 1st, 1890, in the particular under discussion, is not inconsistent with that principle. It does not, in any real sense, invest the President with the power of legislation . .", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nCongress itself prescribed, in advance, the duties to be levied, collected, and paid, on sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, or hides, produced by or exported from such designated country, while the suspension lasted. Nothing involving the expediency or the just operation of such legislation was left to the determination of the President. . .", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nBut when he ascertained the fact that duties and exactions, reciprocally unequal and unreasonable, were imposed upon the agricultural or other products of the United States by a country producing and exporting sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, or hides, it became his duty to issue a proclamation declaring the suspension, as to that country, which Congress had determined should occur. He had no discretion in the premises except in respect to the duration of the suspension so ordered", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nBut that related only to the enforcement of the policy established by Congress. As the suspension was absolutely required when the President ascertained the existence of a particular fact, it cannot be said that in ascertaining that fact and in issuing his proclamation, in obedience to the legislative will, he exercised the function of making laws. Legislative power was exercised when Congress declared that the suspension should take effect upon a named contingency", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nWhat the President was required to do was simply in execution of the Act of Congress. It was not the making of law. He was the mere agent of the law making department to ascertain and declare the event upon which its expressed will was to take effect", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nIt was a part of the law itself as it left the hands of Congress that the provisions, full and complete in themselves, permitting the free introduction of sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, from particular countries, should be suspended, in a given contingency, and that in case of such suspension certain duties should be imposed.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b64 And the tests applied in refusing to uphold the provision of an act in Panama Refining Company v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388, 79 L. Ed. 446, 456 and 458, are as follows:\n\"Accordingly, we look to the statute to see whether the Congress has declared a policy with respect to that subject; whether the Congress has set up a standard for the President's action, whether the Congress has required any finding by the President in the exercise of the authority to enact the prohibition.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"The Congress left the matter to the President without standard or rule, to be dealt with as he pleased. The effort by ingenious and diligent construction to supply a criterion still permits such a breadth of authorized action as essentially to commit to the President the functions of a Legislature rather than those of an executive or administrative officer executing a declared legislative policy.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b65 In light of the principles so announced it clearly appears that a legislative enactment is truly such only when it is operative by force of the legislative will expressed therein. Hence, it follows that when an enactment by its terms can become operative only on the election of another, the exercise of such election is the exercise of legislative power.\n\u00b66 In State ex ref. Murray, Governor, v. Carter, State Auditor, 167 Okla. 473, 30 P.2d 700, we said:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"It is a proper exercise of legislative power for the Legislature to make the items of appropriation in an institutional appropriation bill dependent upon the existence of a fact happening or to take effect in the future. There is no efficacy to such items appropriated until it is ascertained that those facts exist, after such a determination such items then become operative.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b67 In the instant case, the law does not become operative when the facts of an emergency or necessity are found by the Governor to exist, but only at the pleasure and election of the Governor.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b68 Furthermore, when the enactment becomes operative as a law it becomes a rule of conduct and it must declare a legislative policy and fix legal principles which operate as a standard. Such legislative pronouncement of policy and principles is as nondelegable as is the discretion to say whether the law shall or shall not have operative force. Express recognition of this doctrine was given by this court in Gibson Products Co. v. Murphy, 186 Okla. 714, 100 P.2d 453, where it was said:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"The Legislature may not delegate its power to make laws it must declare the policy and fix legal principles, but other agencies may be invested with power to ascertain facts to which the policy and principles apply, otherwise 'there would be infinite confusion in the laws....'. 1 Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 228, 8th Ed.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b69 In my opinion, the fact that the Legislative enactment here involved is in its entirety violative of the provisions of the Constitution is so patent on the face thereof as to require no argument to support such conclusion.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b610 There is an utter absence of any legislative prescription that the law is to become operative as such independently of the will of the Governor and there is like absence of any declared policy or principles governing the law's execution other than as may be prescribed by the Governor. On the other hand, both when and how the law is to be operative is expressly committed to the direction of the Governor", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nNor is this grant of legislative authority to be limited in its exercise to divers situations specified in the act, but by subparagraph 8 of section 5 thereof it is made to include \"and (8) any circumstance, condition or situation which, in the judgment of the Governor, requires the expenditure of money for the extraordinary protections of the state and for which expenditures specific appropriation has not been made; but not excluding any contingencies or emergencies not specifically enumerated.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b611 Bearing in mind that \"not excluding\" as used in the act means the inclusion of \"any other contingencies or emergencies not specifically enumerated,\" the grant of the legislative authority can be characterized by no better language than that of Mr. Justice Cardozo in his concurring opinion in the Schechter Case, supra, as follows:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"Here, in the case before us, is an attempted delegation not confined to any single act nor to any class or group of acts identified or described by reference to a standard. Here in effect is a roving commission to inquire into evils and upon discovery to correct them. . . . .\n\"This is delegation running riot.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b612 The express policy of the act is to give the Governor plenary authority in the legislative field so far as may be necessary to both vitalize the operative force of the act, if by him deemed wise, and further to prescribe and effect such of the authorized results as he may determine", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThese powers necessarily include his power to determine what, if any, emergency shall receive recognition, and which, of two or more, shall receive such recognition, and the amount of the appropriation in every case, and all, of course, in conformity with that standard, if any, his will may prescribe", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nAnd, viewed from the standpoint of rights created, an unrecognized victim of an emergency that is clearly within the purview of the act, could have no standing in court to complain unless, perchance, the Governor, solely on his. own behest, had established standards, with force of law, that made his own conduct neglectful.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b613 There are other considerations that might be urged both in support of the conclusion reached by me concerning the law as a whole and as a basis for declaring particular sections of the act unconstitutional independently of the matters here discussed. However, such considerations are most ably discussed in the opinion of Mr. Justice Riley, in which I concur fully, and are additional reasons for holding said act unconstitutional.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b614 Since I find in the majority opinion emphasis laid upon the potentialities of the act for good and the unchallenged integrity of the administration thereof by the Governor, facts which though admittedly true I deem unimportant except for; the purpose of being excluded from consideration, I think it appropriate to quote the following from the opinion in Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, supra:\n\"None of these provisions can be deemed to prescribe any limitation of the grant of authority in sec. 9 (c).", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"Fifth. The question whether such a delegation of legislative power is permitted by the Constitution is not answered by the argument that it should be assumed that the President has acted, and will act, for what he believes to be the public good. The point is not one of motives but of constitutional authority, for which the best of motives is not a substitute.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b615 Here, we are concerned with the motives of neither the legislative nor executive departments, but with the operative force of constitutional provisions, and we are deeply concerned with the gravity of the duty now resting upon this court in construing and declaring the mandates thereof on the issue here.\n\u00b616 For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.\n\u00b617 HURST, V.C.J., and RILEY and ARNOLD, JJ., concur in these views.\nHURST, V. C. J. (dissenting).", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b61 I concur in the dissenting opinions of the Chief Justice and of Mr. Justice Riley; The authorities cited by them support the conclusion that the making of appropriations for state purposes is traditionally (59 C", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nJ., States, \u00a7\u00a7 341, 382), and by the express terms of our State Constitution (section 55, article 5), purely a legislative function which the Legislature cannot delegate, and that the act violates article 4 of our Constitution, and it also violates section 55, article 5, of our Constitution in four respects: (1) It refers to another statute in fixing part of the sum appropriated, (2) it does not distinctly specify the sum appropriated, (3) it does not distinctly specify the object to which the appropriation is to be applied, and (4) it is made nonfiscal, which means that the appropriation may be expended after the expiration of two and one-half years from the passage of the act", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nFurthermore, the authorities cited in the majority opinion do not support the reasoning thereof or the conclusion reached, as I shall now briefly point out.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b62 The first two cases cited in the majority opinion (Edwards v. Childers and Black v. Oklahoma Funding Bond Commission ) concerned appropriation bills for a specified object, and no discretion to use the money appropriated for different purposes was vested in any executive officer in the acts there under consideration, as in the act here involved.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b63 The next authorities cited in the majority opinion do not deal with the validity of appropriation bills. Rather, they deal with the right of the Legislature to delegate administrative duties to executive officers by laying down a sufficient standard- to guide the officers in administering the law. Bailey v. State Board of Affairs, 194 Okla. 495,: 153 P.2d 235, had to do with the executive function of caring for the wards of the state and spending the appropriations made for that purpose", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe other authorities concerned the police power and the due process clause. They all recognize that the Legislature cannot delegate true legislative power, such as the power to make a law.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b64 The authorities last cited in the majority opinion dealt with appropriations. The first two (Protest of St. L. & S. F. Ry. Co. and People v. Bowman) had reference to municipal appropriations, and are not in point, since section 55, art. 5, of our Constitution and the like provision of the Illinois Constitution relate only to appropriations by the Legislature, not to municipal appropriations made by the local officers", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe other cases by the courts of Arizona, California, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Vermont, and Wisconsin involved appropriation bills under constitutional provisions which do not require that appropriation bills distinctly specify the amount of the appropriation or the object to which it shall be applied, as in Oklahoma. The California Constitution (art. 4, sec", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n22) requires only that \"no money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriation made by law.\" The provisions of the Constitutions of Kentucky (sec. 230), Massachusetts (Part 2, ch. 2, \u00a7 1, art. 11), Vermont (sec. 27, ch. 2), Wisconsin (sec. 2, art. 8), and of many other states, as well as of the United States (article 1, sec. 9 (7) ), are very similar to the quoted California provision. On the other hand, seven states have constitutional provisions very similar to section 55, art", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n5, of our Constitution. See Arkansas, section 29, art. 5; Illinois, section 16, art. 5; Louisiana, section 10, art. 4; Maryland, section 32, art. 3; Missouri, section 19, art. 10; New Mexico, section 30, art. 4; New York, section 21, art. 3", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nIn the Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin cases cited in the majority opinion attention is called to the fact that some states have constitutional provisions requiring that legislative appropriations be definite as to amount and purpose Thus, the Kentucky court (292 Ky. 288, 166 S. W. 2d 409) said:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"While some of our sister states' Constitutions contain provisions prescribing the form and extent to which appropriations shall be detailed and specified, a great many states, like our own, have no restrictions in that respect.\"\n\u00b65 The Massachusetts court (302 Mass. 605, 19 N. E. 2d 807) said:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"Cases arising in other jurisdictions under constitutional provisions in different form furnish little aid in interpreting the provisions of the Constitution of this commonwealth. See, for example, Peabody v. Russell, 302 Ill. 111; State v. Carter, 167 Okla. 32.\"\n\u00b66 And the Wisconsin court (183 Wis. 132, 197 N. W. 823) said:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"In the states of North Dakota, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and South Dakota there are constitutional provisions that appropriations must be specific, or there are other provisions imposing conditions not found in our Constitution.\"\n\u00b67 The clear inference is that the courts of Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin would not have sustained appropriations for contingency and emergency purposes if their Constitutions had contained provisions similar to section 55, art. 5, of our Constitution.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b68 The attempt of the majority to distinguish the Illinois case, Peabody v. Russell, 302 Ill. 111, 134 N.E. 150, 20 A. L. R. 972, is not effective", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThat case is contrary to the majority opinion, and properly construes and enforces the Illinois constitutional provision requiring that appropriation bills \"specify the objects and purposes\" for which the items of appropriation are made, and holds in effect that \"emergencies\" do not constitute a specified \"object and purpose.\" And the annotator was of this view.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b69 I do not find where, in any of the other states having constitutional provisions like ours, an omnibus appropriation for contingency and emergency purposes to be expended for more than one purpose at the will of executive officers has been considered. However, the reasoning of the courts of some of those states would seem to condemn such an act. See People v. Board of Supervisors, 52 N.Y. 556; People v. Tremaine, 252 N.Y. 27, 168 N.E. 817; State v. Seibert, 99 Mo. 122, 12 S.W. 348; Dickinson v", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nClibourn, 125 Ark. 101, 187 S.W. 909; Arkansas Game and Fish Comm. v. Page, 192 Ark. 732, 94 S.W.2d 107; McAdoo Petroleum Corp. v. Pankey, 35 N. M. 246, 294 P. 322; Gamble v. Velarde, 36 N. M. 262, 13 P.2d 559.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b611 The certificate of the Governor making each allocation \"setting forth the amount allocated, the purpose for which such amount may be expended, the emergency or contingency requiring the expenditure and such limitations or conditions as the Governor may elect to impose upon the expenditures of such allocation\" constitutes the act of appropriation-the setting apart of a specific amount for a specific purpose -which is a non-delegable legislative function.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b612 For the foregoing reasons, I think the majority opinion is not only contrary to the plain language of our Constitution, but is not supported by the authorities relied upon, and I respectfully dissent.\n\u00b613 The Chief Justice and Justices RILEY and ARNOLD concur in these views.\nRILEY J. (dissenting).\n\u00b61 This is an original proceeding attacking the constitutionality of H. B. 518 enacted by the 20th Legislature, creating the Governor's Contingency Fund, and seeking to restrain expenditures from the fund.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b62 The appropriation is assailed on the ground that the act delegates legislative power to the Governor, in violation of article 4 of the Constitution, which reads:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"The powers of the government of the State of Oklahoma shall be divided into three separate departments: The Legislative, Executive, and Judicial; and except as provided in the Constitution, the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Departments of government shall be separate and distinct, and neither shall exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b63 Section 1 of the act creates a special cash fund in the office of the State Treasurer, to be known as the Governor's Contingency Fund, to be composed of such cash and appropriations as may be determined by the Legislature, to be disbursed for such purposes and in such manner as may be prescribed by the Legislature. Sections 2, 3, and 4 of the act prescribe the sources from which said fund will be derived", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nSection 5 authorizes the Governor to use and expend any or all of the monies in said fund to defray expenses arising by reason of contingencies or emergencies, including seven specified purposes, and authorizes the Governor to use and expend any or all of said monies under any circumstances, conditions, or situations which, in the judgment of the Governor, require the expenditure of money for extraordinary protection of the state for which specific appropriation has not been made, \"not excluding any other contingency or emergency not specifically enumerated.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b64 Section 6 of the act gives the governor unlimited authority to allocate and authorize the expenditure of the monies in the fund as in his discretion might be necessary to defray any necessary expenses resulting from any contingency or emergency, to any state officer, board, department, institution, or commission in defraying expenses resulting from any such emergency or contingency, and prescribes the procedure to be followed in making such allotment", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThus power is sought to be given the Governor to determine what shall constitute a contingency or emergency in addition to those by the Legislature enumerated in section 5.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b65 Power to make laws is legislative and may not be delegated by the Legislature to the executive or judicial departments of the state government. Art. 5, sec. 56; art. 6, sec. 12, Const. of Okla. \"Appropriation\", as used in the Constitution, denotes the setting apart or assigning to a particular use a certain sum of money for specified purposes in such manner that public officials are authorized to draw and use the sum so set apart, and no more, for the purpose specified, and none other. Dickinson v", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b66 An appropriation in this state is a legislative authority, given at the proper time and in legal form to the proper officer, to apply a distinctly specified sum, from a designated fund out of the treasury, in a given year, for a specified object or demand against the state. Menefee v. Askew, 25 Okla. 623, 107 P. 159.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b67 The Legislature must not only, by law, set apart the money, but every such law making a new appropriation, or continuing or reviving an appropriation, shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated and the object to which it is to be applied. Article 5, sec. 55, Const. Each of these specified purposes must be a part of the law making the appropriation and each must be by the Legislature. This is a duty that cannot be delegated. Smithberger v. Banning, 129 Neb. 651, 262 N.W. 492, 100 A.L.R. 686; State v", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b68 The Legislature must determine to what objects and purposes money of the state shall be appropriated and cannot bestow that power upon any person or board for the exercise of discretion of the donee as to the objects for which the money shall be expended. People v. Brady, 227 Ill. 124, 115 N.E. 204; 16 C.J.S. 377; Re County Com'rs of Counties Comprising the 7th Judicial District, 22 Okla. 435, 98 P. 557.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b69 Under these authorities, that part of section 5 which purports to authorize the Governor to use and expend said fund under \"any circumstance, condition, or situation, which in the judgment of the Governor requires expenditure of money for the extraordinary protection of the state and for which expenditures specific appropriation has not been made, but not excluding any other contingencies or emergencies not specifically enumerated,\" and all that part of section 6 which empowers the Governor to allocate and authorize the expenditure of monies in said fund as may in his discretion be necessary to defray any necessary expenses resulting from any contingency or emergency, to any state officer, board, etc., by a certificate setting out the amount allocated and the purpose for which such amount may be expended, and setting out the supposed emergency or contingency requiring the expenditure; and all that part of section 6 which reads:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"The Governor may also incur such obligations and expenses as he may deem necessary by reason of any contingency or emergency and claims for payment of any such expenses or obligations shall, when approved by the Governor, be payable out of said Governor's Contingency Fund in the manner that other claims against the State are paid.\"\n-are all utterly void as an unconstitutional delegation of the legislative power.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b610 This leaves some seven purposes specified in section 5 of the act for consideration. Incidentally, it may be noted that number 5 is clearly prohibited by the provisions of section 23, art", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n10, of the Constitution, as amended, which, among other things, provides that after June 30, 1941, that portion of every appropriation at the end of each fiscal year, in excess of the actual revenue collected and allocated thereto, shall be null and void, and the further provision that any department, institution, or agency of the state operating on revenue derived from any law or laws which allocate the revenues thereof to such departments, institutions, or agencies, shall not incur obligation in excess of the unencumbered balance of surplus cash on hand", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nSaid section clearly contemplates, and requires the Legislature to provide, that all appropriations shall be reduced so as to bring them within revenues actually collected", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe appropriation being automatically reduced to conform to the amount of revenue actually collected, to permit the Governor to allocate and authorize the expenditure of any additional amount as provided in purpose number 5 in section 5 of the act is to give to the Governor power to appropriate money, which is clearly a legislative power which cannot be delegated. Objections might be pointed out as to other specified purposes, but we deem it unnecessary to discuss them", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nAll of section 5 is objectionable for the same reason of unlawful delegation of legislative power. It gives the Governor unlimited power to use all or any part of the total appropriation for any one of the seven specified purposes. Likewise, it gives the Governor power to use any part of the appropriation for any one of the seven specified purposes.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b611 In State v. Budge, 14 N.D. 532, 105 N.W. 724, the court had under consideration an act of the Legislature which provided for the appointment of a Board of Capitol Commissioners consisting of three persons, with power in said board to make a contract for the remodeling and reconstruction of the State Capitol and for the erection of a Governor's residence. The act detailed how the funds should be provided, the aggregate amount being $600,000", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe commission was given unlimited discretion as to what the residence should cost and what the Capitol should cost, limited, of course, to $600,000 for both. The validity of the act was challenged in an action to enjoin the commissioners from proceeding thereunder. In the opinion, the court said:", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"The commission has absolute power under this law to fix the limits of the cost of each of said buildings. They finally determine what sums shall be used for each building. We think that such discretion should have been exercised by the Legislature. It is not properly an administrative discretion. What the several buildings shall cost should have been limited by the act, as it is a substantive matter of legislative discretion that the Legislature cannot delegate.\"", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b612 So with the act here involved. The Governor is given unlimited discretion to use and expend any or all of the money in the fund for any one of seven specified purposes. Or he may, in his discretion, allot said money to two or more of said purposes", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nOr, he may, in his discretion, disregard all the seven purposes specified by the Legislature and allot all the money to any state officer, board, department, institution, or c commission, or to any two or more of them, upon his determination of the existence of an emergency requiring the expenditure of the money so allotted. Or, finally, the Governor may, under the act, incur such obligations and expenses as he may deem necessary by reason of any contingency or emergency", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe discretion and judgment to be used in these matters are purely and clearly legislative power and cannot properly be delegated to persons or boards. State v. Budge, supra; LingoLeeper Lbr. Co. v. Carter, 161 Okla. 5, 17 P.2d 365.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b613 The act is challenged as being violative of the provisions of article 5, section 55, Constitution, in that the sum sought to be appropriated as well as the object of its application is not distinctly specified in the act", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nBy terms of the act, to constitute the fund, in addition to an appropriation from the general revenue fund of the state and a transfer from the sales tax token account, there is sought to be reappropriated from the general revenue fund the unencumbered balance and lapsed portion of the Governor's Contingency and Emergency Fund for the previous biennium, and to this end, reference is made in section 2 of the act to S. L. 1943, p. 328. What is the total sum appropriated", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n? The act does not say, but the mandate of the Constitution is \"Every such law making . . . an appropriation shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated . . .\" It is urged, however, that the sum appropriated is a fact capable of ascertainment by mathematical calculation independent of the act and therefore under the theory \"That is certain which can be reduced to certainty,\" the constitutional requirement is satisfied and fulfilled.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"It has been urged that the amount necessary is a question of fact only which may be determined independent of the act. In this we cannot concur. If the Constitution prohibits the Legislature from fixing the amount the act appropriates, by reference to any other law, the court cannot do indirectly what the Legislature is prohibited from doing directly . . . The sum that the Legislature may appropriate by any act must be a fixed sum.\" 59 C. J. 249; McAdoo Petroleum Corp. v. Pankey, 35 N. M. 246, 294 P", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n322; State v. Moore, 50 Neb. 88, 69 N.W. 373; Lepanto Spec. School Dist. v. Cone, 176 Ark. 1178, 5 S.W.2d 332; Oliver v. Bolinger, 146 Ark. 242, 225 S.W. 314; Westinghouse E. & M. Co. v. Chambers, 169 Cal. 131, 145 P. 1025; Fergus v. Russel, 270 Ill. 304, 110 N.E. 130; Anno. Cas. 1916B, 1120; Peabody v. Russel, 302 Ill. 111, 134 N.E. 150, 20 A. L. R. 972.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b615 In view of the provision (art. 5, sec. 55, Const.) that \"It shall not be sufficient for such law to refer to any other law to fix\" the sum appropriated, it is inferred that resort may not be had to any source other than the appropriating act to ascertain the sum appropriated. The inference becomes a certainty when consideration is given to the constitutional mandate \"Every such law making . . . an appropriation shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated .", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n.\" In view of the fact that section 2 of the act does not distinctly specify the sum appropriated, the appropriation to that extent fails.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b616 Independent of failure of section 2 of the act to specify the sum sought to be appropriated as a material or major portion of the fund, was there an appropriation? Why is the chief executive officer not left to his own discretion in the use of public revenues? What is meant by the constitutional inhibition upon the executive power", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n? History answers these questions. These restraints are contained in Constitutions of all the states and in the Constitution of the United States. They are imposed by paramount law to guard against the abuse of power. They were derived from historical documents enunciating fundamental principles, among which was that the king or executive department should not use money in the treasury except as specifically appropriated", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nTheretofore the king levied and expended public revenues by his own authority, and at his own will made application of public funds to such claims as he chose and to the neglect of others, and so he became independent of the people and, as a matter of course, tyrannical and wasteful in administration. 1 Black Comm. ch. 8. Public funds were then used where selfgratification, favoritism, and corruption could be best accomplished while just demands upon the treasury were left unpaid. Ristine v. State, infra", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe result, according to Macauley, was plunder and the public revenues were wasted in extravagance and corruption until it was determined no longer to vote to the Crown revenue in lump sums to be applied to purposes according to royal discretion.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b617 To guard against such abuse, effective sovereignty was then transferred from the Crown to the Parliament through the medium of enunciating a fundamental principle that \"No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in pursuance of an appropriation by law\". The principle is a part of our basic law extended as it is by words of the inhibition. The abuse to be avoided by the principle is exercise of official discretion in the expenditure of public funds", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nBy it the Legislature alone is given the right and upon it is imposed the duty of designating periodically the particular demand, the object and the public purpose to which money in the treasury shall be applied and the amount of each application. Objects stated in several to which a fund of the state may be applied do not constitute an appropriation. The problem should be settled upon meaning of the Constitution. The words of that instrument require, in this respect, no interpretation", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThey are quite plain so as to require a legislative allocation of definite sums of money to a specific object or purpose as authority to disburse funds.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b618 Assuming the limitation contained in our constitutional provision is not the rule by which an appropriation is measured, surely then there is reversion by the act under consideration to official discretion such as was abrogated in the English Revolution of 1688 and which it was undoubtedly the design of our Constitution to abrogate here.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b619 Our conclusion is not without consideration of Edwards v. Childers, 102 Okla. 158, 228 P. 472, and Black v. Oklahoma Funding Bond Com., 193 Okla. 1, 140 P.2d 740, wherein the rule of the Edwards-Childers case is applied without further examination. The decision in Edwards v. Childers, supra, sustains an appropriation consisting of an excise tax on gasoline, the whole of which was devoted to construction and maintenance of state highways", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\nThe rule therein stated was restricted by paragraph 4 of the syllabus to an appropriation of an entire fund for a particular purpose \"from sources not coming from, or out of, the general revenue of the state\". As indicated in Meyer v. Clift, supra, and by the opinion announcing the doctrine, it is thought the rule should not be extended.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"The primary object of the provisions of the Constitution . . . is to prevent the expenditure of the people's money without their consent, expressed in the organic law or constitutional acts of the Legislature.\" Dickinson v. Clibourn, 125 Ark. 101, 187 S.W. 909.\n\"The abuse to be corrected by the establishment of the principle was the exercise of official discretion in paying out the public money.\" Ristine v. State, 20 Ind. 328.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\"The object of the Constitution . . . is to prevent expenditures of public funds at the will of those who have them in charge . . . \". State v. Clausen 94 Wash. 166, 162 P. 1.", "WELLS v. CHILDERS - 1945 OK 254 - 196 Okla. 339\n\u00b620 In consequence of this view, it is the mandate of the Constitution that no money shall be paid out of the treasury of the state except in pursuance of an appropriation by law, and that an appropriation by law may not be made unless the law providing for expenditures from the general revenue fund of the state shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated and the object of its application.\n\u00b621 The writ should be granted.\n\u00b622 GIBSON, C.J., HURST, V.C.J., and ARNOLD, J., concur."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/amyandrews/tom-hardy-has-bought-a-2-million-mansion-in-the-same-neighborliness-as-sir-mick-jagger-and-richard-ashcroft-207350921-238182121

Tom Hardy buys £2m mansion near Mick Jagger and Richard Ashcroft

["Tom Hardy buys \u00a32m mansion near Mick Jagger and Richard Ashcroft\nTom Hardy has bought a \u00a32 million mansion in the same neighborliness as Sir Mick Jagger and Richard Ashcroft\nThe 'Dark Knight Rises' star is said to be in \"good company \" with his rock and roll neighbors - with The Rolling Stones and The Verve musicians living \"just up the road\" from his new south west London property.\nA source said: \"Tom's going to keep good company among the rock elite - Mick and Richard are literally both just up the road.", "Tom Hardy buys \u00a32m mansion near Mick Jagger and Richard Ashcroft\n\"He'll have his work cut out before any entertaining starts, though, as it needs a fair bit of work. It's a stunning property with a huge ballroom, which he's up for renovating.\"\nThe 35-year-old actor has plans to renovate the property for his and fiancee Charlotte Riley's son Louis, four, when he's older.\nHe also reportedly wants to call it Manderley after the manor in 'Rebecca', the thriller starring Tom's \"hero\" Sir Laurence Olivier.", "Tom Hardy buys \u00a32m mansion near Mick Jagger and Richard Ashcroft\nAn insider told The Sun on Sunday newspaper: \"Naming it Manderley is fitting because Lawrence Olivier is one of his heroes.\n\"He's planning to make it a home for his son Louis but it's not known whether he will live there on his own or not yet.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.ch/books?id=ygEWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA21&vq=%22And+said,+For+this+cause+shall+a+man+leave+father+and+mor,+and+shall+cleave+to+his+wife+%3B+and%22&dq=editions:HARVARD32044054765409&lr=&hl=de&output=html_text

A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...

["A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nA Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ..., Band 1\nvon James Macknight\nWherefore, as they have not done so, they possess evidently the character of writers who have no distrust of their cause, but who tell the truth as it presented itself, without artifice or disguise. 1. The following are examples of references to particulars omitted by", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nthe Evangelist who makes the reference, and by all the rest. Matt. xi. 21. Chorazin is mentioned by our Lord as having been the scene of miracles, which would have converted Tyre and Sidon from their idolatry. Yet none of the evangelists speak so much as of one miracle wrought there; they do not even say that Jesus was ever in that town.\u2014John iv. 42", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nThe inhabitants of Sychar, with whom Jesus tarried two days, say, \" We have heard him ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the world.\u201d These words imply, that our Lord had preached much during the two days he staid in Sychar, though none of the sermons which he then delivered are recorded.-Luke i. 34", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nWhen Gabriel told Mary that she should conceive, and bring forth the Messiah, she replied, \u201cHow shall this be, seeing I know not a man?\u201d As Mary knew that Messiah was to be the son of David by natural descent, she could not think herself more unlikely to be his mother, than any other daughter of that prince. She only thought it improbable, because she had not yet known man", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nIt is evident, therefore, that the angel had said something which made her think she was to conceive Messiah forthwith ; yet the words said to have been spoken by him, in the history, could not be understood by her as implying any such thing. It seems the evangelist has not related the whole of their conversation.--Luke i. 62", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\n\u00ab They made signs to his father, how he would have him called.\u201d This implies that Zacharias was struck deaf as well as dumb; though, in the angel's speech, before the punishment was inflicted, he was told only that he should be dumb.\u2014John ii. 3. At the marriage in Cana, the mother of Jesus told him of the wine's having run short, to insinuate that it would be very acceptable if he would provide some. It seems she had formed a just notion of his miraculous power", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nAnd though he declined her request, she ordered the servants to do whatever he should bid them. We may therefore believe, that afterwards, by some sign or other, or by something he said to her which is not recorded, he gave her reason to think he would do what she desired. --Luke viii. 35", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nIt is said that the inhabitants of Gadara, hearing of the miracle which Jesus had performed on the demoniac, came out to meet him, and found the man \u00ab sitting at the feet of Jesus clothed.\" The evangelist had before observed, ver. 27. that this madman \u201cwore no clothes ;\" but neither he nor any of the rest inform us, how he came now to be supplied with them. We must therefore suppose, that either the disciples, or some of the multitude who came along with them in the boats mentioned Mark iv. 38", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nhad brought spare clothes with them, as is the custom of travellers, and had charitably bestowed them on the man to cover his nakedness --Luke xi. 1", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nWe are told, that as Jesus \u201c was praying in a certain place, when he ceased, one of his disciples said unto him, Lord, teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples.\u201d It seems the Baptist had delivered to his disciples a form of prayer so very excellent in its kind, that it was taken notice of by Christ's followers, and moved one of them, upon whom our Saviour's prayer had made a deep impression, to beg that they might have equal advantages with the disciples of John, for performing aright this branch of their duty", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nFor that the man did not now ask instruction concerning the nature of prayer, but a model to form his devotions by, like that which the Baptist had given to his disciples, is evident from our Lord's answer. Nevertheless, this prayer of the Baptist is not recorded. John xi. 41, 42", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nBefore Lazarus was raised, Jesus thanked the Father that he had heard him; which implieth, that he had prayed for Lazarus\u2019 resurrection in the hearing of the bystanders, for he declares that he had prayed for their sakes; yet John has not mentioned this circumstance.- John xi. 49, 50. Caiaphas makes a speech in the council, the propriety of which cannot be understood, but on supposition that some of the members present had been opposing the resolution which the rest", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nwere forns. ing, namely, to destroy Jesus, however innocent he might be. \u201cYe know nothing at all; nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not.\u201d\u2014John xx. 19. 26", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nWe are told that Jesus came at two different times after his resurrection, and stood in the midst of his disciples, notwithstanding the doors had been fast shut for fear of the Jews; the circumstance of his having drawn the bolts by his miraculous power being omitted by the historian, as is plain from the similar instance recorded, Acts v. 23", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nwhere the officers sent to fetch the apostles out of prison, make the following report to the council : \u201c The prison truly found we shut with all safety, and the keepers standing without before the doors; but when we had opened, we found no man within.\u201d From the circumstance of the doors being shut and the officers opening them, no one imagines that the angel, in bringing the apostles out, made them pass through the prison doors", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nThe reason is, Luke, in the precedent part of his narration, says expressly that the angel opened them. Neither does any reader fancy that he did not shut them again, though the inspired writer does not mention it; for the officers reported that they found them shut", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nBut had Luke, in the former part of his narration, happened to omit the circumstance of the angel's opening the prison doors, as he does of his shutting them, to have inferred from their being found shut by the officers, that the angel carried the apostles through them without opening them, would have been absurd", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nIt is evident therefore how weakly the Lutherans reason, who, because John has not said that our Lord opened the doors of the room where the apostles were when he appeared to them, have inferred that he passed through the doors without opening them.--Matt. xxviii. 16. We are told that \u201cthe eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them. 17", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nAnd when they saw him they worshipped him ; but some doubted.\u201d This appointment it seems was made at a former meeting, thouzh it is taken notice of by none of the evangelists; and it implies, that the time for the interview was fixed, otherwise the appointment of the place would have been to no purpose. But the time and place of this appearance being known before hand, the news of it must have spread among the disciples, and gathered great numbers from all quarters", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nYet the evangelists have mentioned only the eleven apostles as present on the occasion.--To conclude, in the history of our Lord's appearances to his disciples, during the forty days he abode on earth after his resurrection, the evangelists have set down little else but the proofs which he gave them of his resurrection, such as his conversing familiarly with them, his offering his body to be handled by them, his eating and drinking with them, and his working a miracle or two. Nevertheless, from Acts i. 3", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nwe learn, that Jesus employed the most of his time in instructing them in the doctrines they were to preach, and in explaining to them the other matters relating to the new dispensation of religion they were to erect among mankind. \u201c To whom also he shewed himself alive, afier his passion, by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking the things pertaining to the kingdom of God. For more examples, see Luke xxiv. 34. John xi. 28. 2", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nJoha xviii. 15. We are told that the disciple who was known to the high priest's family, went into the palace with Jesus ; yet, in the precedent part of the history, there is no mention made of Christ's being carried thither. It is only said, that they led him away to Annas, who was father-in-law to Caiaphas the high priest. We must therefore suppose, that the soldiers, with Judas at their head, carried him to Caiaphas, after Annas had dismissed him. This circumstance is mentioned by the other historians", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\n-The evangelist John, in the 13th chapter of his Gospel, relates our Lord's transactions at the passover, which he ate with his disciples immediately before his passion, but does not tell us direct", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nly ly that that supper was the passover. Nevertheless, by compa. ring his account with those which the other evangelists have given of this affair, it evidently appears to have been the passover. Besides, we cannot rightly understand the particulars which John himself has mentioned, without making this supposition. In the history which John gives of our Lord's trial before the Roman governor, he tells us, ch. xviii. 33", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nthat \u201c Pilate entered into the judgment-hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the king of the Jews ?\u201d The priests, it seems, in the charge which they brought against Jesus, informed the governor that he had called himself \u00ab King of the Jews;\" yet, in the precedent part of his history, the evangelist does not mention this circumstance. It is supplied indeed by Luke, who tells us, chap. xxiii. 2. that \u00ab they began to accuse him saying, We found this fellow pervert", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\ning the nation, and forbidding to give tribute to Cesar, saying, That he himself is Christ a king.\u201d\u2014Luke, chap. xxiv. 2. speaking of the journey of the women who carried the spices to the sepulchre on the morning of the first day of the week, tells us, that they found the stone rolled away from the door of the sepulchre. Yet, in the history which he has given of our Lord's burial, he does not mention any stone that was laid to fasten the door. This circumstance is supplied by Matthew, who informs us, chap", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nxxvii, 60. that after Joseph had laid our Lord's body in his own new tomb, which he had hewn out of a rock,\" he rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed.\"", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nAs these instances prove, that the evangelists were acquainted with particulars of our Lord's history, which they did not think fit to inention directly, it is reasonable to believe that they omitted many things with design. Wherefore, we need not be surprised, if, on comparing their histories, we meet with large pe. riods of Christ's life entirely passed over in silence, or which are touched upon but very slightly, while other periods appear exceedingly crowded both with actions and discourses", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nThe whole of our Lord's public life was full of action, being spent in doing good to the bodies and souls of men, though the history exhibits but a few of the particulars", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nHad we a journal of his life, such as they were wont to keep in the palaces of the eastern monarchs, what an astonishing multitude and variety of sermons, sayings, precepts, admonitions, parables, miracles, and other particulars, all worthy to be recorded, read, considered, and kept in rememe brance, would present themselves to our view, which are now buried in oblivion", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\n! The apostle Paul has preserved one memorable saying of the Lord, which none of the evangelists has mentioned, though it must have been a favourite saying, and often repeated : Acts xx", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\n35. \u201c I have shewed you all things, how that so labouring, ye ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, It is more blessed to give", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nthan than to receive.\u201d The same apostle has mentioned two appearances of Christ after his resurrection, which are likewise omitted by the evangelists; I mean, the appearance to Peter first, then to James, 1 Cor. xv. 5. 7.", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nFrom these premises it follows, that although the sacred historians have not said that our Lord was at any of the feasts which happened in the course of his ministry, except four passovers, one feast of tabernacles, and one feast of dedication, we cannot from thence conclude that he was at none but these. His regard for all the divine institutions, must have carried him every year to the three festivals, which the Jewish males were ordered by the law (Deut. xvi. 16.) to attend", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nAnd, no doubt, on those occasions he both said and did many things of great importance, though the Holy Spirit has not thought fit to record them.\u2014The gospel written by John shews us, that we should have erred grossly, if, because the other Gospels mention but one passover, we had concluded there was but one in the course of our Lord's ministry. By parity of reason, we may be in an error, if we shall conclude that there were no passovers in that period, but the four which John has taken notice of", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nIt is certain that he himself has omitted all the feasts of pentecost, tabernacles, and dedication, at which Christ was present, except one feast of tabernacles, and another of dedication. He may therefore have omitted some of the passe overs also, especially as it is he who has told us that Jesus did many things which are not written, either in his own or in the other gospels", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nThe consequence naturally following from this is, that, for any thing we know, our Lord's ministry may have comprehended more than three years and an half, the term commonly assigned to it by harmony-writers. Gerhard, Mercator, Joseph Scaliger, Calvisius, Casaubon, Helvicus, Newton, and others, were of this opinion, supposing that there are traces of at least five passovers in the sacred history", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nWhat has been said, and what I am yet to say, will perhaps shew that these learned men, notwithstanding they have extended Christ's ministry a pear beyond the ordinary limits, may have still confined it within too narrow bounds.", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\nI think it is evident that our Lord preached a considerable time in Judea, before he entered upon his ministry in Galilee ; at which period, the three evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, have commenced their histories. The description which John has given of his ministry in Judea, and the success of it, is the foundation of this opinion, chap.iii", "A Harmony of the Four Gospels: in which the Natural Order of Each is ...\n22 \u201c After these things,\" namely, the first passover, and the conversation with Nicodemus, \u201ccame Jesus and his disciples into the land of Judca, and there he tarried with them and baptized.\u201d The fame and success of his ministry in that country is described, Johniv. 1. \u00abWhen, therefore, the Lord knew how the Pharisees had heard that Jesus made and baptized VOL. I."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://cinando.com/en/Film/the_eastern_front_point_of_no_return_337513/Detail

The Eastern Front: Point of No Return

["The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\n101 FILMS INTERNATIONAL\nTHE EASTERN FRONT: POINT OF NO RETURN\nBy Rick ROBERTS\n101 FILMS INTERNATIONAL - as SALES\nAction/Adventure - Completed 2019\nA dwindling group of German soldiers battle to return to their lines on the harsh Eastern Front.\nRick ROBERTS\nCheryl NEVE, Rick ROBERTS\nCheryl NEVE, Chris WILSON, Laura Jean MARSH, Tim SEYFRET, Neal WARD, David FORDE, Bethany SLATER\nDavid FORDE (Fire in the Hole Productions)", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nThe story is based around a small group of soldiers, two Russian female prisoners and Aliya a Russian women and collaborator with the Germans. She escaped the Soviet advance on the Eastern Front near the latter part of World War Two.\nIts 1944 and the German army is being attacked on all fronts, being thrown back by a fresh Russian offensive as they forge ahead with their mass produced T34 tanks.", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nThis dark story is a tale of a small, disparate band of German soldiers, two female Russian prisoners who are trying to keep a wounded man alive, and a female Russian collaborator. If the Germans and the collaborator are caught by the Russians, they will be shown no mercy. The female Prisoners want to escape but are torn as the wounded man will die without their aid and their knowledge is vital to the others", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nsurvival. Jaded by the years of loss and war horror their loyalties are torn, but their greater need for humanity and compassion wins out and they work to keep their captors alive.", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nOur lead character, 2nd Lieutenant Joachim Brandt is a German soldier from the Officer Class background. He has become a disillusioned by the war, scarred by the trauma and folly of this endless death and brutality. He is lost, weary and struggles to keep his command due to him losing all hope, he just wants to get back to his family.", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nThe film opens with a young German soldier called Theo Weiss. He is attempting to escape a Russian counter attack with his men. He\u2019s lucky enough to get on the back of a German truck retreating from the advance.", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nOur villains of the piece are Sergeant Bruno Guize and Private Lieber. Both are hardened by the war and are responsible for two Russian female soldiers who are medical personnel. The two women have been captured by the Germans, and are being kept alive to aid a wounded German soldier on the back of the truck. Aliya who is a Russian civilian collaborating with the Germans, is also in the back of the German truck.", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nThis film will show a strong female group and will introduce 2 female snipers towards the end and we also introduce the sniper that will be seen in the later film Order of Glory.", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nIn addition to the action-packed war scenes, there will be strong emotional scenes where we see the soldiers on both sides suffering the psychological and physical trauma of war. There will be moments where we see both the Germans and the Russians facing emotional breakdowns, physical pain and delirium due to the tragedy of their circumstances.\nWe will explore divided loyalties in the face of blind hatred as humanity and compassion struggle in this tale of joint suffrage for these people to survive.", "The Eastern Front: Point of No Return\nThe final battle scene will be set at in an open field in Russia with our surviving characters holding the line against the Soviet advance."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wisn.com/article/movie-trailers-weekend-of-september-20-2019/29124308

"Watch the Trailers for the Biggest Movies Coming Out This Weekend"

["Watch the Trailers for the Biggest Movies Coming Out This Weekend\nWatch the trailers for the biggest movies coming out this weekend\nTrailers for movies coming this weekend\nChelsea Frisbie\nDigital Content Producer", "Watch the Trailers for the Biggest Movies Coming Out This Weekend\n\"Ad Astra,\" in theaters everywhereAstronaut Roy McBride is on a mission through space to uncover the truth about his missing father, who went on a similar doomed space exploration mission 30 years before", "Watch the Trailers for the Biggest Movies Coming Out This Weekend\nWatch the trailer above and interviews with star of the film, Brad Pitt, talking about his interview with an astronaut and the making of the film below: \"Rambo: Last Blood,\" in theaters everywhere When a friend's daughter is kidnapped, Rambo crosses the U.S.-Mexican border to bring her home but finds himself up against one of Mexico's most dangerous cartels. \"Downton Abbey,\" in theaters everywhere The much-loved series is coming to the big screen", "Watch the Trailers for the Biggest Movies Coming Out This Weekend\nThe Crawley family's story continues, as a letter from Buckingham Palace sets of a series of events that will change the family forever. Watch the trailer and sneak peaks from the film below:", "Watch the Trailers for the Biggest Movies Coming Out This Weekend\n\"Ad Astra,\" in theaters everywhere\nAstronaut Roy McBride is on a mission through space to uncover the truth about his missing father, who went on a similar doomed space exploration mission 30 years before. Watch the trailer above and interviews with star of the film, Brad Pitt, talking about his interview with an astronaut and the making of the film below:\n\"Rambo: Last Blood,\" in theaters everywhere", "Watch the Trailers for the Biggest Movies Coming Out This Weekend\nWhen a friend's daughter is kidnapped, Rambo crosses the U.S.-Mexican border to bring her home but finds himself up against one of Mexico's most dangerous cartels.\n\"Downton Abbey,\" in theaters everywhere\nThe much-loved series is coming to the big screen. The Crawley family's story continues, as a letter from Buckingham Palace sets of a series of events that will change the family forever. Watch the trailer and sneak peaks from the film below:"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://openjurist.org/89/f1d/254

MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254

["MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\noughly efficient, or even reasonably careful. Knowledge of the conditions to be met, so far as was reasonably practicable, ought to have been the essence of the contract. Upon the character of that soil depended, in a large measure, the actual cost of the canal. Now, suppose it is true that they had no definite information as to the existence of this peculiar, intractable substance", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nIt does not follow, in my judgment, that they ought not to have ascertained, from the facts within so easy reach, something relative to the probable discovery and location of such material. The Cooley borings, as well as those carried on by the government, indicated, in some measure, the presence of a material different from that shown to exist on the chart of the defendant", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nI am led to believe that these prior investigations could have been obtained by the defendant, and, in every sense of the word, should rightly have been put in the possession of the complainants, so that they might be correctly guided in their proposals and estimates on the material to be handled. The suppression of all such prior information unquestionably worked a hardship, if not a fraud, upon the complainants", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nI am of the opinion that if the trustees, either by actual fraud or by carelessness, kept any facts relative to the material to be excavated from the complainants, they are guilty of negligent performance of their duty", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nThe fact that after the\u00b7 8th of August the complainants went on with their work, and removed 60,000 cubic yards of soil, 20,000 of which being this hard material, proves beyond a question of doubt that they were led to believe that some satisfactory and sufficient adjustment might still be made. The finding may be that the defendant is guilty, and the exceptions are overruled", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nI think I ought to add, in this connection, that, in my opinion, the difficulties arising in the case are the result of carelessness, rather than intended fraud.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nMUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et aI. (Circuit Court, D. Minnesota.\nSeptember 21, 1898.)\nPLEADING-AMENDlIIENT-DISCRETION OF COURT.\nLeave to file an amended complaint wlIl not be granted after a case has been long at Issue, and testimony has been taken, where It Is clear that the proposed amendments present matter which Is immaterial, and cannot aid the plaintiff.\nCUSTOM AND USAGE-CREATING CONTRACT\u00b7.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nIn an action to recover money alleged to have been expended by plaintiff for and on behalf of defendants, at their Instance and request, In relation to certain bonds owned by defendants, an amended complaint alleging that plaintiff was a dealer in bonds in London, and that it was the custom and usage among all there engaged in that business to look after and protect the Interests of customers purchasing bonds from them, and to expend money, when necessary, In that behalf, which money was refunded by the customers, does not state any matter which aids plaintiff's case, as no contract with defendants to so expend money In their behalf Is alleged, and a contract liability cannot be based on usage alone.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nmv. CO.\nV. INDUSTRIAL &: GENERAL TRUST CO.\nSAME-EFFECT AND VALIDITY.\nA usage authorizing a dealer in bonds or securities, after an absolute sale and delivery to a customer, to retain a right to represent such customer, and to expend money for him in relation to such securities, without an express contract thereto, would be unreasonable and unlawful, as in contravention of the right of dominion of the purchaser over his own property.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nThis is an action to recover money alleged to have been advanced and expended by plaintiff on behalf of defendants at their request. Heard on motion for leave to serve an amended complaint. Geo. C. Squires, for plaintiff. J. L. Washburn, for defendants. LOCHREN, District Judge", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nAlthough the cause has been long at issue, and much evidence taken in the form of depositions by the plaintiff, I should not, under all the circumstances, be inclined to deny the motion, if the proposed amendments presented valid and meritorious grounds in support of the plaintiff's cause of action, as it is probable that the proposed new matter was but recently brought to the notice of the attorneys for the plaintiff; and the amendments, if apparently in furtherance of justice, could be granted upon such terms as would be fair to the defendants", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nBut if it is clear that the proposed amendments present matter which cannot aid the plaintiff, and can only serve to incumber and prolong the litigation, the motion should be denied", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nThe complaint states a cause of action for moneys alleged to have been paid, laid out, and expended by plaintiff, for and on behalf of the defendants, at their special instance and request, between the 1st day of May, 1896, and the 30th day of May, 1897, to the amount of $9,037.04, in and about matters pertaining to the Duluth Gas & Water Company, and bonds of that company, owned by the defendants", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nThe allegations of the proposed amendments are to the effect that plaintiff was for more than 10 years before the commencement of this action, and at that time, engaged in selling municipal securities and bonds of gas and water companies, and for such purpose had a branch office in London, in the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and\"That during all said times, and for a long time prior thereto", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nthere had existed a custom or usage among all companies and persons engaged in the selling and placing of bonds of municipalities and of gas and water companies in said kingdom, and particularly in said London, of watching over and caring for the interests of the various bondholders, and of keeping informed as to the status of such securities; and that it was the custom and usage of all such dealers in said municipal securities and gas and water bonds that, if litigation were threatened or begun against or by the maker or makers of said securities and bonds, or affecting the validity or value of any such securities, the company or persons so placing and selling said bonds in said kingdom, and particularly in London, would and did make such disbursements as were necessary to protect the interests of the bondholders, and would and did employ legal counsel to protect such interests, and advise and defend in any litigation or litigations which might be threatened or brought affecting such securities or bonds; and", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nand would and did employ legal counsel to protect such interests, and advise and defend in any litigation or litigations which might be threatened or brought affecting such securities or bonds; and that it was further the custom and usage that all such sums so disbursed to protect the interests of said bondholders, and all fees and expenses so incurred for legal counsel, would be recognized and Tefunded by such bondholders to the said company or person which had so placed and sold the said bonds, and which", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\ncannot be a custom, in the technical sense, as the whole subject of municipal and corporate securities to which it relates has arisen within the period of legal memory. Usage rests on long and uniform practice, and, to be binding, must be known, certain, uniform, reasonable, and not contrary to law. 2 Bouv. Law Dict. 615", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nWhere there is no contract, proof of usage will not make one, and it can only be admitted either to interpret the meaning of the language employed by the parties, or where the meaning is equivocal or obscure. Bank v. Ward, 100 U. S. 195, 206. Usage contrary to law, or inconsistent with the contract, is never admitted to control the general rules of law, or the real intent and meaning of the parties. Thompson v. Riggs, 5 Wall. 663,680; Wheeler v. Newbould, 16 N. Y. 392; Woodruff v. Bank, 25 Wend", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\n673, 6 Hill, 174; Bowen v. Newell, 8 N. Y. 190. 1. The proposed amended complaint sets forth no express contract between plaintiff and defendants in respect to which the alleged usage can be resorted to for the purpose of interpretation. It seeks to base a contract liability wholly upon the alleged usage. 2", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nEven if the proposed amended complaint alleged (as it does not) that the plaintiff sold to the defendants the bonds or securities referred to vaguely in the pleading, there would be nothing equivocal or obscure in such contract, capable of being explained by such alleged custom. So far as appears, or can be inferred, such contract of sale, if any, has been fully executed by the payment for and delivery of all such securities and bonds, passing the complete title and power of control to the purchasers. 3", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nTo hold that any agency for the purchasers, or right of control over the bonds and securities so sold and delivered, remained in the vendor, under said alleged usage, without any contract or agreement on the part of the purchasers, would be unreasonable", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nAny usage which authorizes and empowers a vendor, after an absolute sale and delivery of bonds or securities, and receipt of the price, to meddle further in respect to them, and institute, defend, or control litigation which may affect their values and validity, at the same time charging the purchasers or holders of such bonds or securities with the costs, disbursements, and expenses of such litigation, without the consent or agreement of such purchasers or holders, is contrary to the plainest principles of law, and to the absolute right and dominion of such pnrchasers and holders over their own property", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nSuch alleged usage cannot be sustained. And for the sole reason that I deem it improper to allow the case at this time to be incumbered with groundless and immaterial allegations, the motion is denied. Plaintiff's exception to the ruling is allowed.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nhad so advanced and incurred said disbursements and counsel rees and expenses; and that in and about the payment and expenditure or the said sum herein above mentioned the said plaintiff relied upon the said custom and usage so established.\" This, at most, II!! an attempt to plead a local usage of trade. It\nCOLER V. BOARD OF COM'RB.\nOOLER et al. v. BOARD OF COM'RS OF STANLY COUNTY et al. (Circuit Court, W. D. North Carolina. No. 42.\n1, EQUITy-JURISDICTION OF FEDERAL COURT-ADEQUATE REMEDY AT LAW.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nA federal court is not deprived of jurisdiction to grant equitable reliet on the ground of the existence of an adequate remedy at law because there may be a remedy under a state statute. To bar a complainant of his right to relief in equity, he must have an equally efficient remedy at law enforceable in the same court", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nWhere a tax expressly authorized by a valid statute for the payment of interest on county bonds has been levied and collected, the fund so created is dedicated to a special purpose, or impressed with a trust, the enforcement of which is a proper subject of equity jurisdiction; and, upon a refusal of the county authorities to apply the fund to the purpose for which it was raised, the holders of the bonds are entitled to an injunction to prevent its appropriation to other purposes pending a determination of their rights therein.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nSAME-TRUST FUND-TAX COI,LECTED FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE.\nRES JUDICATA-VALIDITY OF COUNTY BONDS-JUDGMENT IN SUIT BETWEEN COUNTY OFFICERS.\nA judgment holding that bonds issued by a county are void, rendered in a suit brought by the county commissioners against the county treasurer to restrain him from paying the interest on such bonds, is not an adjudication binding upon the bondholders, who were not parties nor represented in the suit.\nFEDERAL COURTS-FoLLOWING STATE J)ECISIONS-VALIDITY OF MUNICIPAL BONDS.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nThe rule that a federal court is bound by the decision of the court of last resort of a state holding a state statute void because not constitutionally enacted does not apply as to a statute authoriZing the issuance of municipal bonds, in an action by a holder of such bonds who purchased before the decision was made, nor when at the date of such purchase the decisions of the state court sustained the validity of the bonds.\nSAME-EFFECT OF PRIOR DECISIONS OF STATE COURT.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nWhere the decisions of the court of last resort of a state, up to the time when bonds of a county were issued and sold in the market, all tended to establish the doctrine that a state statute which had received the signature of the presiding officers of the two houses of the legislature was conclusively presumed to have been legally enacted, and could not be collaterally impeached in that regard, a federal court, in a suit involving the rights of a purchaser of such bonds, is not bound by a state decision, subsequently rendered, holding the statute under which the bonds were issued void as not having been constitutionally enacted, which decision was based upon the evidence of the legislative journals, received to impeach the statute, though it was duly attested hy the signatures of the presiding officers", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nUnder the requirement of Const. N. C. art. 2, \u00a7 14, that no law shall be passed allowing a municipality to impose any tax upon the people,", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nunless the yeas and nays on the second and third readings of the bill for that purpose shall be recorded on the journal of each house, to sustain the power of a county to issue bonds and levy a tax for their payment it must be affirmatively shown that the legislative journals contain the record of the yeas and nays on the passage of the bill authorizing such action; and the journals are, by virtue of the constitutional provision itself, the evidence of such fact.\n'I.", "MUNICIPAL INV. CO. v. INDUSTRIAL & GENERAL TRUST CO., Limited, et al. - 89 F.J. 254\nRAILROADS-SUBSCRIPTION OF STOCK BY COUNTy-CONflTRUCTION OF STATUTE\nCode N. C. \u00a7 1996, provides that \"the boards of commissioners ot the' several counties shall have power to subscribe stock to any railroad com89 F.-17"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://themendelssohnproject.org/announcements/announcement1b.htm

MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION

["MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nBelow is a program book article written for the concert given in collaboration with The Mendelssohn Project on January 28 2009 at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City:\nMENDELSSOHN: LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nHistorical background by Stephen Somary", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\n\"Judaism is the evil conscience of our modern civilization\". With these words, Richard Wagner (1813-1883), the celebrated composer of German nationalistic opera, concluded Part 1 of his 1850 treatise: \"Judaism in Music\". He had just completed an argumentative circle petitioning for the cognitive dismissal of all Jewish influence in the Germanic arts.", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nFelix Mendelssohn (1809-1847), who died a mere three years earlier, had seemingly secured a place among the greatest composers who ever lived. From a period which began in 1835 with Mendelssohn's appointment as the General Music Director of the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, until the public distribution of Wagner's treatise, the world had never witnessed a figure in the arts so equally beloved, influential, and revered", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nThen came the 'assassination' \u2013 albeit posthumously, and in prose \u2013 that was followed by decades of work by Wagner, and his many fellow German nationalists, to re-teach the world who Felix Mendelssohn was and what the value, or lack thereof, of his artistic output had truly been. Normally, generations follow a natural course in determining the popularity of an artist. Mendelssohn never received this chance, because decades of work by Wagner and his supporters were dedicated to extreme revisionist history.", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nAs a result, publication and natural dissemination of Mendelssohn's full oeuvre was suppressed as anti-Semitic sentiments increased exponentially over the ensuing decades. There remained, however, people dedicated to the cause of keeping Mendelssohn's name alive, but they were greatly outnumbered", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nThe fact that Mendelssohn was not completely forgotten prompted Hitler's Nazi regime to add the Jewish-born composer's name (an assimilation-conversion to Christianity was undertaken by Mendelssohn's family when he was a child) in the mid-1930s to a series of lists of forbidden artists. At this point, a majority of Mendelssohn's manuscripts \u2013 both published and unpublished \u2013were housed in the basement of the Berlin State Library", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nThey were smuggled out by Mendelssohn supporters to Warsaw and Krakow during the winter of 1936-37. By 1939, when these cities fell under Nazi control, they were smuggled out again \u2013 but this time by any means possible and to any locations away from Hitler's influence. This secured the safety of these documents, but created a massive practical problem of tracking them down.", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nThe suppression by Richard Wagner, the plague of anti-Semitism, and the subsequent banning of his name, comprised the principle reason that hundreds of manuscripts and artworks by Felix Mendelssohn, and thousands of personal letters either to or from the composer, fell into obscurity. There were other factors as well which led to Wagner's work to be so successful. Felix Mendelssohn, born into a wealthy family, could 'afford' himself the luxury of deciding that he did not like to publish", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nIn fact, only the first 72 of Mendelssohn's opus numbers were actually published in the composer's lifetime. A great majority of the remainder of published works were done so in the few intervening years between his passing and Wagner's influential rise in popularity. Mendelssohn also did not plan for what to do with the hundreds of unpublished manuscripts in the couple of months when it seemed more and more likely that the he (at the age of only 38) was mortally ill.", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nFelix Mendelssohn also set a particularly difficult standard for himself when it came to deciding what was fit for publication and what was not. For example, his \"Italian\" Symphony, one of the most beloved works in the entire orchestra literature, did not meet his standards. So much so, that he re-wrote the last three movements before putting it away", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nThis was a fact unknown to the composer's widow, C\u00e9cile Jeanrenaud Mendelssohn, when a publishing house came calling shortly after Mendelssohn's death asking to publish this work: she gave them the wrong version!", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nThe fact that Felix Mendelssohn did not like to publish, combined with his early death, and the subsequent suppression by Wagner and then later by the Nazis, led to apathy and disinformation as the world started defining what this 19th Century giant of a composer and man was really about, and how many works he actually wrote. In recent decades, there has been much painstaking research undertaken in the quest to bring the understanding of Mendelssohn's output to light, but many mysteries still abound", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nThe Mendelssohn Project believes itself to be in the forefront of the work to uncover the full Mendelssohn story, and found a natural partner in the Museum of Jewish Heritage. The Museum was willing to delve into this topic, and work to assist in sharing the true Mendelssohn story with the world.", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nTonight's concert is a particularly historic event in that it is presenting 13 masterpieces by Felix Mendelssohn in the context of what led them to be unpublished in the first place. As has been evidenced over the recent years, not many institutions have had the courage to 'take on' the seemingly untouchable Wagner", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nBy confronting Wagner's suppression of Mendelssohn's lost treasures, neither the Museum of Jewish Heritage, nor The Mendelssohn Project, is leveling criticism of the true greatness of Wagner's musical gifts. But the fact remains that he was one of the most prominent anti-Semites in history, and the evil he wrought should not go unnoticed.", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nIt is hoped that this concert will serve as one more small step in the large task of presenting to the world, for the first time ever, the scope of the life and music of Felix Mendelssohn, as well as to nudge our society ever so slightly forward to understanding the damage done to him by a suppression caused by overt anti-Semitism", "MENDELSSOHN LOST TREASURES AND THE WAGNER SUPPRESSION\nThe true picture of Felix Mendelssohn, gifted and passionate, but also at times tragic and tortured, has been swept under the table and ignored for more than one and a half centuries. There is more to the story about this fascinating and complex man which will still take years to unravel. As the world begins the 200th anniversary of his birth, perhaps the awakening has begun."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.1066.co.nz/Mosaic%20DVD/whoswho/text/Clan_Menzies%5B1%5D.htm

Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -

["Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nClan Menzies\nClan Menzies (Scottish Gaelic: Clann M\u00e8innear, a member is a M\u00e8innearach) is a Highland Scottish clan.\nMesnnieres in Normandy was the original home of the Norman family whose name was transformed to Manners, which was the surname of the Dukes of Rutland. A branch of this family moved into Lothian in Scotland and gradually into the Scottish Highlands, where they first became known by the name Meyneris and eventually as Menzies.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nIt is believed that the Menzies were granted lands in Lothian in the 12th Century, almost certainly in exchange for military service.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nThe first Chief of Menzies was Sir Robert de Meyneris who became Chamberlain to King Alexander II of Scotland in 1249. The Menzies clan also became allies with the Earl of Atholl and Clan Murray. Sir Robert de Meyneris son, called Alexander, was granted lands and property in Strathtay. He was later also granted lands in and property in Weem. However the Castle Weem was built there two centuries later.\nWars of Scottish Independence", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nIn the 14th century during the Wars of Scottish Independence Clan Menzies supported Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn. The Clan Menzies achieved further success by supporting Robert the Bruce right up to his death by which time their lands stretched from Aberfeldy almost as far as Loch Lomond.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nWeem was plundered in 1502 by Stewart of Garth during a dispute over the ownership of lands in Fothergill. Janet Menzies had married a Stewart about a century earlier, and Garth claimed the lands as part of her tocher, or dowry. Menzies appealed to the Crown, and James IV found in his favour, ordered Stewart to make restitution, and erected the Menzies lands into the free barony of Menzies in 1510", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nIn 1540 James Menzies of Menzies married Barbara Stewart, daughter of the third Stewart Earl of Atholl and cousin to Lord Darnley, the future King Henry.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nIn the sixteenth century, King James IV of Scotland granted a charter converting the Menzies' lands into a barony. By now the clan was Gaelic speaking and the chief became known as \"Am Mainnearach\" meaning \"The Menzies\".\n17th Century & Civil War\nArms of the chief of Clan Menzies, The Menzies of Menzies", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nDuring the English/Scottish Civil War the main part of the Menzies from Weems joined forces with Clan Campbell in support of the Scottish Argyll government. Despite both their Stewart and royal links, the Menzies chiefs opposed Charles I, and the Clan Menzies was harried by James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. The great marquess sent a messenger to him seeking to enlist support but, whether by accident or design, the envoy was wounded", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nMontrose retaliated, and in the skirmishing which ensued the Menzies chief was fatally wounded. His son, a major in the Army of the Covenant, was killed when Montrose caught Argyll unprepared at the Battle of Inverlochy (1645).", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nHowever the Pitfoddels branch of Menzies supported the Royalist Marquis of Montrose. The Menzies of Pitfoddels carried the Royal Standard at the Battle of Invercarron in 1650, fighting in support of James Graham the 1st Marquess of Montrose.\nBy 1651 the Scottish Covenanter Government had become disillusioned with the English parliament and decided to join the royalists instead. At the Battle of Worcester a brother of Chief Alexander Menzies died fighting as a royalist.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nIn 1665, Sir Alexander Menzies was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia. His brother, Colonel James Menzies of Culdares, ancestor of the present chief, was a veteran of the civil war who, it was claimed, had survived no less than nine serious wounds.\nMajor Duncan Menzies of Fornock led the charge which broke the line of the government troops at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689 (though there were also many Menzies on the opposing side).\n18th Century & Jacobite Uprisings", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nDuring the Jacobite rebellions the main part of Clan Menzies remained neutral. However branches of the clan such as Menzies of Shian and Menzies of Pitfodel fought in battles on the side of the Jacobites.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nAt the end of the eighteenth century, the Menzies name gained momentary prominence when James Menzies, a merchant in Weem, was one of the leaders of a protest by thousands of men and women against the Militia Ballot Act, passed in fear of a French invasion in the wake of the Revolution of 1789. The Act compelled all men between the ages of nineteen and twenty-three to submit to a ballot as recruits for the army", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nMenzies and his citizen army forced Sir John Menzies and the Duke of Atholl to swear that they would not implement the Act, and even tried to arm themselves with weapons from the Campbell castle at Taymouth. But they were no match for regular troops, scattering at the first sign of serious opposition.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nClan Chief\nThe current chief of Clan Menzies is David R.S. Menzies of Menzies.\nCastle Menzies\nCastle Menzies in Scotland is home of the Menzies Clan. It is located in the small village of Weem, near Aberfeldy in the Highlands.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nThe sixteenth century castle, restored by the Menzies Clan Society, has been the seat of the Chiefs of Clan Menzies for over 400 years. It was strategically situated, and it was involved in the turbulent history of the Highlands. Bonnie Prince Charlie, the Stuart Pretender to the throne, rested for two nights in the castle on his way to the Battle of Culloden in 1746, where the Jacobite clans were essentially broken by a British army equipped with cannons.", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nThe restored castle is architecturally fascinating, a splendid example of the transition between earlier rugged fortress and later mansion house. It served as a hospital for the Polish army in exile during World War II.\nClan Septs\nSpelling variations, names associated with the clan and septs of the Clan Menzies include:", "Clan Menzies - Scottish Clan -\nDewar, Deware, Dewere, Jore, MacAndeoir, MacIndeoir, MacIndeor, MacIndoer, MacJore, MacKmunish, MacMean, MacMeans, MacMein, MacMeinn, MacMen, MacMenzies, MacMin, MacMina, MacMine, MacMinn, MacMinne, MacMinnies, MacMinnis, MacMonies, MacMonnies, MacMyn, MacMyne, MacMynneis, Mainzies, Makmunish, Makmynnes, Manzie, Manzies, Maynhers, Mean, Meanie, Meanies, Means, Megnies, Meignees, Meigneis, Meigners, Meignerys, Meignes, Meignez, Mein, Meine, Meineris, Meingnes, Meingzeis, Meingzes, Meinn, Meinyeis, Meinyies, Meinzeis, Meinzies, Menees, Mengues, Mengyeis, Mengzeis, Mengzes, Mengzies, Mennes, Mennie, Menyas, Menyeis, Menyheis, Menyhes, Menzas, Menzeis, Menzes, Menzeys, Menzheis, Menzhers, Menzies, Menzis, Meygners, Meygnes, Meyneiss, Meyner, Meyneris, Meyners, Meyness, Miners, Minn, Minnis, Minnish, Minnus, Monsie, Monzie, Munnies."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nuncio-in-Damascus:-mortar-fire-against-the-old-city-still-causing-victims-among-Christians-42902.html

Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians

["Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\nNuncio in Damascus: mortar fire against the old city still causing victims among Christians\nSome rockets fired from the enclave of Goutha killed at least eight people and wounded twenty. The dead include a 17-year-old girl and a child of three. For Card Zenari, the road to peace is still \"very long\"; in some areas of the country \"disturbing chapters\" have opened up. In the capital, the situation is \"increasingly critical\".", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\nDamascus (AsiaNews) - The Syrian conflict \"is still underway\" and the \"road\" to a \"stable and lasting\" peace is still \"very long\". In some areas of the country, \"violence has diminished\" and the situation \"seems calmer\", but in others \"disturbing chapters have opened up,\" said Card Mario Zenari, apostolic nuncio to Damascus, as he commented on the violence that has hit certain sectors of the Syrian capital in recent hours, causing \"victims and serious injuries\" even among Christians.", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\nYesterday in Damascus mortar fire from the rebel enclave of Goutha, on the eastern outskirts of the capital, hit the old city and some Christian neighbourhoods including Bab Touma and al-Shaghour, causing at least eight deaths in the Christian community.\nThe dead include a 17-year-old girl named Rita (pictured), two other teenagers and a three-year-old child. To these must be added more than 20 wounded, but the count could rise in the next few hours.", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\nRockets also landed on several buildings and places of worship, causing more damage to some churches already hit in the last few weeks.\nAccording to some estimates, six years of bombings and shelling in the capital have killed about 7,000 people and wounded at least 21,000 more.", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\n\"Yesterday I was by chance passing by the French hospital in the afternoon, at around 4 pm,\u201d Card Zenari told AsiaNews, \u201cwhen I saw various wounded people, so much blood everywhere that it was upsetting, the wounded taken from the old city of Damascus that had come under mortar fire.\u201d", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\n\u201cThe rocket fire started around 2 pm and caused a lot of damage. At least 20, if not 30 wounded. There is still no official tally. And there are also countless deaths. Some students who left the Christian schools\" are among the people affected by the mortar fires, the apostolic nuncio noted.", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\nAccording to the cardinal, the situation in Damascus has become increasingly \"critical\" in recent weeks as a result of \"the shelling and rockets\". In the past, the capital could be considered \"quieter\", but in the last while \"rocket fire has increased\" affecting people and places of worship.\n\"There was mortar fire in the past, but they were minor episodes,\u2019 Card Zenari added. \u201cBut now the conflict has flared up again,\" and is affecting the capital\u2019s Christian community.", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\n\"It is hard to understand if they are targeting Christians in particular or if they are randomly firing rockets. It is difficult to figure this out and so we must not draw hasty conclusions.\"\nFor the prelate, the most plausible interpretation \"is that the acts of violence of this terrible conflict are still ongoing and that the road to achieving a lasting stable peace is still very long\".", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\n\"In some areas of the country it seems to be decreasing, whilst elsewhere (see the Turkish offensive in Afrin) other disturbing chapters are being opened. We hoped the war was ending, but today it seems that the road to that is still long.\u201d (DS)\ngoutha\nMortar shell hits Damascus University killing 12, injuring dozens\nAs tensions continue to escalate, Damascus conquers Eastern Ghouta\nNuncio in Damascus: Do not forget the Syrians and pray for them", "Mortar fire against the old city of Damascus still causing victims among Christians\nIsrael and Hizbollah trade fire after Israeli soldiers are wounded\nCatholic music to promote dialogue in Ambon, the city of sectarian violence"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/frontotemporal-dementia-information-page

Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

["Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nThe National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and fund research on FTD. Among several research projects, scientists hope to identify novel genes involved with FTD, perhaps leading to therapeutic approaches where delivery of normal genes would improve or restore brain function. Clinical imaging may help researchers better understand changes in the brains of people with FTD, as well as help diagnose these disorders", "Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nOther projects are aimed a better understanding the toxic effects of protein buildup and how it is related to the development of FTD and related dementias.", "Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nFrontotemporal dementia (FTD) describes a clinical syndrome associated with shrinking of the frontal and temporal anterior lobes of the brain. Originally known as Pick\u2019s disease, the name and classification of FTD has been a topic of discussion for over a century. The current designation of the syndrome groups together Pick\u2019s disease, primary progressive aphasia, and semantic dementia as FTD", "Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nSome doctors propose adding corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy to FTD and calling the group Pick Complex. These designations will continue to be debated. As it is defined today, the symptoms of FTD fall into two clinical patterns that involve either (1) changes in behavior, or (2) problems with language", "Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nThe first type features behavior that can be either impulsive (disinhibited) or bored and listless (apathetic) and includes inappropriate social behavior; lack of social tact; lack of empathy; distractability; loss of insight into the behaviors of oneself and others; an increased interest in sex; changes in food preferences; agitation or, conversely, blunted emotions; neglect of personal hygiene; repetitive or compulsive behavior, and decreased energy and motivation", "Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nThe second type primarily features symptoms of language disturbance, including difficulty making or understanding speech, often in conjunction with the behavioral type\u2019s symptoms. Spatial skills and memory remain intact. There is a strong genetic component to the disease; FTD often runs in families.", "Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nView Full Definition\nNo treatment has been shown to slow the progression of FTD. Behavior modification may help control unacceptable or dangerous behaviors. Aggressive, agitated, or dangerous behaviors could require medication. Anti-depressants have been shown to improve some symptoms.\nView Full Treatment Information", "Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nThe outcome for people with FTD is poor. The disease progresses steadily and often rapidly, ranging from less than 2 years in some individuals to more than 10 years in others. Eventually some individuals with FTD will need 24-hour care and monitoring at home or in an institutionalized care setting.\nView Full Prognosis\nThroughout the U.S. and Worldwide\nNINDS Clinical Trials\nFrontotemporal Disorders: Hope Through Research", "Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Frontotemporal Disorders | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nAn informational booklet about Frontotemporal Disorders compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).\nFocus On Frontotemporal Dementia\nDementia: Hope Through Research\nInformation booklet about Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and other types of dementia compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).\nOrder NINDS Publications\nDate last modified: Thu, 2018-06-21 14:35"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://saunders.rit.edu/node/19205

Saunders College of Business | RIT

["Saunders College of Business | RIT\nStacey Bain\n85 BS\nStacey Bain is the CFO of MediaMath. She is responsible for results-driven strategic planning and financial and operational leadership. Stacey and her internal client service teams support the organization in the areas of accounting, financial planning and analysis, facilities and IT.", "Saunders College of Business | RIT\nPrior to joining MediaMath, Bain spent 20 years in the recorded music industry most recently as EVP, Finance and Operations at Sony Music, followed by executive leadership roles in Branded Entertainment and Non-Profit organizations.\nBain graduated from Rochester Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting. She began her career with Arthur Andersen & Co. and is a Certified Public Accountant (Inactive Status).\nMediaMath"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hamza-bin-ladens-call-revenge-over-fathers-death-well-timed-al-qaedas-comeback-1646539

Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback

["Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\nSociety Conflict\nHamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\n\"Take revenge from the Americans, the murderers of the Shaykh,\" said Hamza in a recording.\nBy Ludovica Iaccino\nThe son of Osama bin Laden has called on Muslims across the world to avenge the death of his father at the hands of the US.", "Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\nHamza bin Laden, the new spokesperson for terror group Al-Qaeda, made the comment days after the CIA released thousands of files recovered during a raid at bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad that culminated in the death of the terrorist in 2011.\nHamza bin Laden: Crown prince of terror or Al Qaeda's PR man?\nWhen Osama bin Laden headed Al-Qaeda, the group was held responsible for the 9/11 attacks that killed nearly 3,000 people in the US in 2001.", "Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\nAl-Qaeda has now released a recording in which Hamza praised his father for his efforts to \"revive the spirit of Jihad\", defeat the Soviet Union and \"rub America's nose in dust and strike at its very heart\", according to a translation by SITE intelligence group, which monitors terrorist activities.", "Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\nHamza, believed to be around 28 years old, invited Muslim scholars to emulate his father, who he said \"was able to revive the spirit of honour, freedom, and glory in the individual Muslim\" and dedicated his youth \"to jihad\".\n\"He taught humanity a lesson in rebellion against tyrants in an age in which there was no dearth of those willing to kneel down to and prostrate before the White House,\" Hamza said.", "Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\n\"It is most appropriate for Muslims to present him in the true light, as an exemplary and symbolic leader, and a legend among their contemporary legends.\"\nHamza then called on Muslims \"generally to take revenge from the Americans, the murderers of the Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him), specifically from those who participated in this heinous crime.\"", "Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\nHamza's calls to fellow Muslims around the world comes as the Islamic State (Isis) terror group is losing territories in Iraq and Syria, where the group had established an Islamic Caliphate.\nLeft, Hamza bin Laden appeared in an al-Qaeda propaganda videos as a child while father, Osama bin Laden, led the terror group Getty\nSome analysts believe that Al-Qaeda, a rival of Isis, is seizing the moment to boost recruitment and strengthen its position.\nWill Isis and Taliban unite to conquer Afghanistan?", "Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\n\"Hamza may not be the spitting image of his father's character in terms of experience and personality, but he has the blood lineage in his favour. His name strikes fear in the West and his call for jihad against the US and their allies is well-timed,\" counter-terrorism expert David Otto told IBTimes UK.\n\"As ISIL collapses and fails to keep hold of the 'promised land' in Raqqa and Mosul, Al-Qaeda is resuscitated from the ruins of ISIL", "Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\n\"Despite the difference in strategy between ISIL and Al-Qaeda, the call by Hamza could be the answer that frustrated ISIL fighters have been waiting for. Ideologies do not change , they seek for alternative avenues. Al-Qaeda could replace ISIL while they recover from the displacement.\n\"ISIL has been and continues to be a nightmare despite its demise, with Al-Qaeda, back in the scene in full speed.Terrorist attacks will become more disorganised and competitive,\" Otto concluded.", "Hamza bin Laden's call for revenge over father's death is 'well-timed' for Al-Qaeda's comeback\nGang-raped, humiliated by 'two-finger test' and beaten by police \u2013 life as a rape survivor in India\nIt's almost Remembrance Sunday again, so people are arguing about wearing poppies on TV\nMy terminally ill son is being tortured in a Bahraini prison, yet the UK government remains silent\nIsis Afghanistan"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/168376

Arab 'Invasion' of Binyamin Town Thwarted

["Arab 'Invasion' of Binyamin Town Thwarted\n> Arab 'Invasion' of Binyamin Town Thwarted\nArab 'Invasion' of Binyamin Town Thwarted\nArabs on Monday attempted to break into the town of Kochav Yaakov in the Binyamin region\nDavid Lev\nIntifada Kochav Yaakov Arab Rioters\nKochav Yaakov Hadashot 24\nArabs attempted to break into the town of Kochav Yaakov in the Binyamin region on Monday, and set fire to olive orchards owned by Jews that are outside the town. They also blocked the highway outside the town, preventing residents from entering or leaving.", "Arab 'Invasion' of Binyamin Town Thwarted\nThe town's security force rushed to the scene to face down the Arab rioters and prevent them from getting into the town. At least five had succeeded in getting through the town's security fence where they were caught sight of by the security force. The Arabs ran away when they saw the security officers.", "Arab 'Invasion' of Binyamin Town Thwarted\nThe officers gave chase and caught one of the rioters, a 16 year old Arab youth from nearby Kalandia. The Arab was carrying a wire cutter, and apparently was among those who cut the fence and infiltrated the town. He was also carrying material and equipment to start a fire, and may have been planning an arson attack in the town, officers said. He was transferred to police custody for questioning.", "Arab 'Invasion' of Binyamin Town Thwarted\nThe attack was one of many that have taken place in recent months in Judea and Samaria. The IDF has reportedly started preparing for a third round of \u201cIntifada\u201d attacks. However, current and former military leaders have reassured civilians that there is currently no new Intifada, despite many recent rock throwing and firebomb attacks on Israeli drivers."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://historycollection.com/10-weird-common-practices-in-colonial-america-in-the-early-history/6/

10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History

["10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\n10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nLarry Holzwarth - January 27, 2018\nIn a Hogarth print, a returned sailor is in a garret room with a prostitute. Life on Hogarth\u2019s London was similar to that in Philadelphia. Wikimedia", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThe hinterlands of the colonies, when the frontier was but a few hundred miles from the coastline, were self-governed by necessity, with colonial authority mostly concerned with the collection of taxes and rents, and the suppression of Indian attacks. Within these smaller communities, the issue of prostitution was limited because everyone knew everyone else, and the communities often didn\u2019t tolerate such things. But it did exist", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nIn York County Virginia, which although the small city of Williamsburg abutted it was largely rural, the Grand Jury met twice each year, and charges of prostitution were common.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nWomen working as prostitutes were usually charged with the offense of fornication, and typical punishments included fines and whippings, held in public, on \u201c\u2026her bareback laid well on.\u201d The idea of a public lashing of a semi-nude woman obviously did not appear unseemly to the court. There were charges in several of the colonies of inns and taverns operating as \u201cdisorderly houses\u201d \u2013 a term which sometimes indicated a bordello, and for which the records show punishments in the form of fines.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nAmerica\u2019s larger towns were along the coasts, and they operated ports. The seaports developed a bustling trade, and the coastal towns were hosts to sailors from other American towns and from around the world, as British ships were often crewed with men of all nations and races. In the towns, a bustling trade in prostitution developed, even in still Puritanical Boston, and the absence of police vice squads placed enforcement of the laws in the hands of moral authority", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nBrothels were present in all of the larger cities, and their presence was hardly a secret. A portion of Philadelphia, then the largest city in America, was known as Hell Town. It hosted several brothels and although the idea of them being marked with a red light had not yet taken hold, their location was easy to learn from past patrons", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nSome brothels were specifically for the more genteel members of Philadelphia society, where discretion could be had, cards could be played, good wine could be sipped, and the entertaining ladies were ensured to be free of venereal disease.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nStreetwalkers plied the streets nearer the wharves and warehouses, where business could be transacted quickly in an alley or dark corner. They often were accompanied surreptitiously by cohorts who would then rob her customer of any remaining money before dumping him in the water. The streetwalkers and the transient sailors contributed significantly to the rise of venereal disease in the colonies, especially the disease which was called the Great Pox \u2013 syphilis.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nMidwives were more important than doctors during births, all over the world as well as in the colonies. They were also abortionists. Wikimedia", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nAmerica\u2019s continuing roiling debate over the issue of abortion was non-existent in colonial days prior to the Revolution, indeed prior to the 1800s. Surprisingly to many, this is not because abortion did not yet exist. It\u2019s because there were no laws against abortion. In the colonies, abortion was readily available, relatively safe given the medical knowledge and practices of the time, and completely legal up to the time when the mother felt the first kick of her baby, the quickening", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nFalsification of the history of abortion notwithstanding, the evidence of the legality and availability of abortion in colonial America is there for whoever wishes to know the truth.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nOne reason that the punishments for premarital and extramarital sex lessened over time, when they were punished at all by the late 1700s, is that they were so common. Even as far back as the Pilgrim days of Plymouth Colony, premarital sex is evident in the number of so-called premature births, which throughout the entire colonial era was around 40%. Agreeing with English law and practice, the Puritans allowed abortion up to quickening, believing that to be the point of life beginning.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nMost babies were born in the colonial era through the assistance of midwives, who were far more prevalent than doctors, and when it came to childbirth usually more skilled. These midwives were also aware of the methods to induce abortion, usually through the use of herbal potions. Surgical abortions were both rare and dangerous, as were all surgeries at the time, given the rate of post-surgical infection.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nNor was there present in colonial American any stigma attached to the woman who chose to terminate her pregnancy through abortion. Strong healthy families were prized in the early American communities, but it was also recognized that families unable to provide their own support could be a burden on the community. Abortion was accepted in these communities without question and were accomplished openly, the midwife a valued member, rather than a pariah lurking on the edge of town.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThere were other forms of birth control, none of which were particularly effective given the birth rates of the colonies, which were among the highest in the western world. Abortion was simply not an issue in colonial America, and it was practiced for the most part as a method of birth control, rather than as a medical necessity, as medicine was not far enough advanced to understand most of the dangers presented by some pregnancies", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThe presence of pornographic materials, writings, plays, and songs was prevalent in the American colonies, although what was then considered pornographic differs from that of today. There were few laws which addressed the word specifically, which has distracted some researchers from observing its presence. The colonial language used words such as lewd, lascivious, immoral, lustful, wanton, and so forth to describe what today would be called pornographic.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nBenjamin Franklin both enjoyed and created it in writings and cartoons, often by disguising it within drawings or what would now be called graphics. Clergy warned against it from the pulpits, claiming that viewing pornographic materials would lead the miscreant to other, more serious violations of the law, including masturbation, which was considered to be immoral and also illegal", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nA young man named Samuel Terry of Springfield Massachusetts was fined and given lashes after being found behind the churchyard, \u201c\u2026chafing his yard to provoak (sic) lust,\u201d driven to the offense by lewd thoughts arising from immoral speech.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nA growing literature in the colonies germinated in colonial times against the immorality of slavery, and the prevalence of masters and overseers using female slaves for sexual purposes. This drew much of its material from the Islamic world, then called muhammedism by the Western world, with slaveowners entertained by harems selected for the purpose. Slave markets too were described in pornographic detail as the potential buyer examined females offered for sale.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nNative American habits and behaviors were also distorted by writers hoping to titillate their readers, describing multiple wives living with their husband in the same lodge, with all of them engaging in sexual activity together, and with wives being traded back and forth among the men of the tribe", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThese accounts were often described as being from the records of French missionaries living among the Indians, and were used to further denigrate the Indians as savages practicing the sexual behavior of wild beasts, although the behavior was also graphically described.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nPornographic materials in the form of letters and pamphlets were also produced describing the breeding sheds of the southern plantations, where women were raped by men selected by the master in order to produce children. As much anti-slavery propaganda as pornography, these were produced for consumption of men in the North during the first emergence of the anti-slavery movement", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nSlavery was already becoming an issue of discomfort and debate in the colonies prior to the Revolutionary War, but pornography was not.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nFrontispiece of 1611 edition of the King James Bible. The Bible was the source of most of the colonies\u2019 laws regarding sexual behavior. University of Pennsylvania Library", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThe fact that homosexuality was present in the earliest settlements of the colonies is evident from the creation of laws outlawing it and the records of the courts punishing those who violated them. In 1636 Plymouth Colony enacted laws prohibiting homosexual encounters, with strict penalties to be applied. Connecticut passed similar laws in 1650, with even harsher penalties attached", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThe records of both colonies reflect the prosecution of individuals for violating the laws, but they also reflect the steady lessening of the penalties imposed over time.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThis may indicate the development of a more open-minded attitude among the Puritans and other groups over time. It may also be a reflection of the realities of the day, in which the colonies faced labor shortages as they grew, and the need for healthy manpower outweighed the need for moral retribution", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nIt may also indicate a reluctance among judges to inflict severe penalties for the commission of a crime that had become common, as it had for premarital sex and other violations of the law which overwhelmed the courts with cases.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nProvidence Colony, which later became the colony of Rhode Island, referred to sodomy as a \u201cvile\u201d act. \u201c\u2026whereby men given up thereto leave the natural use of woman and burn in their lusts one toward another, and so men with men work that which is unseemly.\u201d None of the colonies addressed the subject of women with women in their laws or their interpretation of the Book of Leviticus, upon which the law and penalties were based, with the exception of the New Haven Colony, which was absorbed into Connecticut.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nBy the end of the colonial era, all the colonies had laws against sodomy, some of the specifying both men and women, and all of the colonies had greatly reduced the penalties imposed by their courts in most cases, although the laws specified the penalty to be death. But attitudes changed over time", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nDuring the American Revolution, a man known for homosexual behavior was in France seeking a position with the American Army while simultaneously facing prosecution for sodomy under one of the German states\u2019 draconian laws.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThe man was Baron Wilhelm Von Steuben, and Benjamin Franklin, then in Paris, knew of the charges and of the likelihood they were true. Franklin also recognized the military ability of Von Steuben and the value it would bring to the still amateurish American Army under Washington. Franklin chose to look the other way as regards Von Steuben\u2019s sexual orientation and wrote letters recommending him to Congress and to Washington himself.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nA political cartoon of doctors forcing medicine, in this case tea, down America\u2019s throat to cure her while liberty weeps and France and Spain watch. The cartoon mocks doctors, sexual assault, and England\u2019s policies all at once. University of Michigan Library\nVenereal Disease", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nIn colonial America, disease was a dangerous condition, and epidemics of smallpox, typhus, cholera, malaria, scarlet fever, and others were commonplace in all the colonies. There was also syphilis of nearly epidemic proportions. Syphilis was brought back to the Old World by Columbus, though there is some debate if that was the first time the disease visited Europe", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThere is no doubt that it was prevalent among the American Indians, and it soon spread through the colonial populations, referred to as the Great Pox, or simply the Pox.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nThe English colonies were seen by the mother country as an alternative to maintaining convicted criminals in jails at the expense of the public. There were no health restrictions to prevent convicted prostitutes from being shipped to the colonies to become indentured servants, nor to those of their customers who may be infected by venereal diseases as well. Thus the colonies continued to import syphilitic peoples as the colonies grew", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nBy the late 1760s, just prior to the beginning of the activities which would lead to war with England and independence, syphilis and other venereal diseases were at epidemic levels, though then as now they were dependent on sexual contact with multiple partners as a means of spreading. The prevalence of venereal diseases is alone an indication of sexual practices in the English colonies of North America", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nTheir spread was by 1760 a major preoccupation of the medical profession who were, in reality, helpless to do much about it, ill-informed of its causes and ill-equipped to control the disease.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nBy the 1770s advertisements were appearing in the newspapers and broadsheets throughout the colonies, in nearly all of the cities in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and down the coastline to Georgia. These advertisements listed the addresses of doctors who had studied the venereal diseases which had reached epidemic proportions and offered the means to cure the disease. Apothecaries similarly advertised the sale of nostrums to control the ravages of the diseases.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nIn reality, the medicines did little other than offer some relief of the symptoms, and the doctors could do nothing in the absence of antibiotics to cure the disease. Venereal diseases which started in the colonies continued to plague the American continent, by the time the United States entered the Second World War syphilis was the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Today STDs continue, rampant throughout the country", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nVenereal disease offers one more reason to realize that the sexual behaviors of the colonists were not all that different from those of today.", "10 Weird Common Practices in Colonial America in the Early History\nHere\u2019s where to learn more:\nCourtship, Sex, and the Single Colonist: The Colonial Williamsburg Journal\nSex Shops in Colonial America: Slate\nWhat You Need to Know About Common Law Marriage: Brides\nHow the Pilgrims Changed our Sex Lives: NBC News, November 22, 2006\nSex and Sexuality in Early America: Merrill D. Smith\nAbortion in Early America: Z. Acevedo: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health"]

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Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)

["Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nUS Supreme Court Center > Volume 50 > BANK OF STATE OF ALABAMA V. DALTON, 50 U. S. 522 (1850) > Full Text\nBANK OF STATE OF ALABAMA V. DALTON, 50 U. S. 522 (1850)\nBank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 9 How. 522 522 (1850)\nBank of State of Alabama v. Dalton\n50 U.S. (9 How.) 522\nERROR TO THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED\nSTATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nA state has power to regulate the remedies by which contracts and judgments are sought to be enforced in its courts of justice unless its regulations are controlled by the Constitution of the United States or by laws enacted under its authority.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nTherefore, where a state passed a law declaring that all judgments which had been obtained in any other state prior to the passage of the law should be barred unless suit was brought upon the judgment within two years after the passage of the act, this law was within the power of the state, and not inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States or any act of Congress.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nAnd this was true although the person against whom the judgment was given became a citizen of the said state upon the very day on which he was sued. The legislature made no exception, and courts can make none.\nThe facts were these.\nOn 7 February, 1843, the President and Directors of the Bank of the State of Alabama recovered a judgment against Robert H. Dalton for $1,844, with interest and costs, in the County Court of Tuscaloosa County and State of Alabama.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nOn 24 February, 1844, the State of Mississippi passed an act (Hutchinson's Mississippi Code, 830 et seq.), which provided, among other things, that judgments rendered before the passage of the act in any other state of the Union should be barred unless suit was brought thereon within two years from the passage of the act.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nOn 10 November, 1846, the President and Directors of the Bank of the State of Alabama brought a suit against Dalton in the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Mississippi, held at the Town of Pontotoc. It was an action of debt brought upon the judgment recovered in the County Court of Tuscaloosa County, in Alabama. The writ was served upon Dalton on the same day that it was issued. The defendant pleaded the statute of limitations of Mississippi in the following manner:", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\n\"And the said defendant, by his attorneys, comes and defends the wrong and injury, when &c., and for plea says that the said plaintiff his action aforesaid ought not to have or maintain against him, because he says that the said judgment upon which this suit is founded was obtained in a court out of the limits of the State of Mississippi, to-wit, the County Court of the County of Tuscaloosa, in the State of Alabama, and was rendered up against said defendant on 7\nPage 50 U. S. 523", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\n\"And defendant further says that by an Act of the Legislature of the State of Mississippi entitled 'An act to amend the several acts of limitations,' approved on 24 February, 1844, it is enacted and declared, upon judgments obtained in any court out of the limits of this state, actions shall be commenced within two years after the passage of the said act, and not afterwards, and that this action was not commenced by this plaintiff until the two years had expired within which the said plaintiff was required to bring his suit as aforesaid, and this he is ready to verify; wherefore he prays judgment if the said plaintiff ought to have or maintain his aforesaid action against him,\"", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\n\"And the said plaintiff, for replication to the pleas of the said defendant by him first above pleaded, says precludi non, because he says that the said defendant, at and from the time of the rendition of the judgment in said plea and declaration mentioned, and from thence until and within two years next before the commencement of this suit, to-wit, on 10 November, A.D", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\n1846, to-wit, at the district aforesaid, was and continued to be a citizen of the State of Alabama, where the said plaintiff resided, without the jurisdiction of this Court, and this they pray may be inquired of by the country,\"", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nThe defendant demurred to this replication, and, upon argument, the court sustained the demurrer.\nTo review this judgment, the bank brought the case up to this Court.\nMR. JUSTICE CATRON delivered the opinion of the Court.\nAn action was brought by the plaintiff to recover of the defendant,", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nthen a citizen of Mississippi, the sum of $1,844 debt, and $110 damages, the amount of a recovery had in the Circuit Court of Tuscaloosa County and State of Alabama on 7 February, 1843, by the plaintiff against the defendant. This suit was instituted in the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Mississippi at Pontotoc. The writ was issued on 10 November, 1846", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nThe defendant, at the December term, 1846, pleaded the statute of limitations of 1844, which bars (1) all suits on judgments recovered within the state after the lapse of seven years, and (2) all suits on judgments obtained out of the state in six years, in cases of judgments thereafter rendered, and (3) all suits on judgments obtained out of the state before the act was passed are barred, unless suit be brought thereon within two years next after the date of the act", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nTo this plea of the statute of limitations the plaintiff replied that at the time of the rendition of the judgment in Alabama, the defendant was a citizen of the State of Alabama, and continued so to be up to 10 November, 1846, the day on which this suit was brought. To this replication there was a demurrer by the defendant, which the court sustained upon the ground that the statute barred the action.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nIt would seem that the defendant removed his domicile from Alabama to Mississippi, and was followed by the judgment, and immediately sued on reaching there, as he does not call in question the allegation contained in the declaration that he was, when sued, a citizen of Mississippi.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nThe stringency of the case is that the act of limitations of Mississippi invites to the state and protects absconding debtors from other states, by refusing the creditor a remedy on his judgment, which is in full force in the state whence the debtor absconded", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nAnd it is insisted on behalf of the plaintiff that here is a case where the laws of Mississippi did not operate on either party plaintiff or defendant, nor on the foreign judgment, until the day on which suit was brought, and that therefore no bar could be interposed founded on the lapse of time, as none had intervened.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nThat acts of limitation furnish rules of decision, and are equally binding on the federal courts as they are on state courts, is not open to controversy; the question presented is one of legislative power, and not practice.\nIn administering justice to enforce contracts and judgments, the states of this Union act independently of each other, and their courts are governed by the laws and municipal regulations", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nof that state where a remedy is sought unless they are controlled by the Constitution of the United States or by laws enacted under its authority. And one question standing in advance of others is whether the courts of Mississippi stood thus controlled, and were bound to reject the defense set up under the state law, because, by the supreme laws of the Union, it could not be allowed.\nThe Constitution declares that", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\n\"Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved and the effect thereof.\"\nNo other part of the Constitution bears on the subject.\nThe act of 26 May, 1790, provides the mode of authentication, and then declares that", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\n\"The said records and judicial proceedings, authenticated as aforesaid, shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court within the United States, as they have by law or usage in the courts of the state from whence the said records are or shall be taken.\"", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nThe legislation of Congress amounts to this -- that the judgment of another state shall be record evidence of the demand, and that the defendant, when sued on the judgment, cannot go behind it and controvert the contract or other cause of action on which the judgment is founded; that it is evidence of an established demand which, standing alone, is conclusive between the parties to it. This is the whole extent to which Congress has gone", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nAs to what further \"effect\" Congress may give to judgments rendered in one state and sued on in another does not belong to this inquiry; we have to deal with the law as we find it, and not with the extent of power Congress may have to legislate further in this respect. That the legislation of Congress, so far as it has gone, does not prevent a state from passing acts of limitation to bar suits on judgments rendered in another state is the settled doctrine of this Court", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nIt was established, on mature consideration, in the case of McElmoyle v. Cohen, 13 Pet. 312, and to the reasons given in support of this conclusion we refer.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nBut the argument here is that the law of Mississippi carries with it an exception, for the palpable reason that neither party nor the cause of action was within the operation of the act for a single day before suit was brought.\n1. The act itself makes no exception in favor of a party suing under the circumstances of these plaintiffs. So the Supreme Court of Mississippi held in the case of McClintock v. Rogers, 12 Smedes & Marsh. 702, and this is manifestly true on the face of the act.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\n2. The legislature having made no exception, the courts of justice can make none, as this would be legislating. In the language of this Court in the case of McIver v. Ragan, 2 Wheat. 29,\n\"Wherever the situation of the party was such as, in the opinion of the legislature, to furnish a motive for excepting him from the operation of the law, the legislature has made the exception, and it would be going far for this Court to add to those exceptions.\"", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nThe rule is established beyond controversy. It was so held by the supreme court of New York in Troup v. Smith, 20 Johns. 33. and again in Callis v. Waddy, 2 Munf. 511, by the Court of Appeals of Virginia, and also in Hamilton v. Smith, 3 Murph. 115, by the Supreme Court of North Carolina, and in Cocke and Jack v. McGinnis, Mart. & Yerg. 361, in the Supreme Court of Tennessee. Nor are we aware that at this time the reverse is held in any State of this Union. It is the doctrine maintained in Stowell v", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nZouch, found in Plowden's Reports and not departed from by the English courts, even in cases of civil war, when the courts of justice were closed and no suit could be brought.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nIn the first place, as the act of limitations of Mississippi has no exception that the plaintiff can set up, and as none can be implied by the courts of justice, and secondly, as the state law is not opposed to the Constitution of the United States or to the act of Congress of 1790, it is our duty to affirm the judgment.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nThe case of Dulles, Wilcox, and Welsh against Richard S. Jones, No. 108, being in all its features like the one next above, the judgment therein is also affirmed for the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion.", "Bank of State of Alabama v. Dalton, 50 U.S. 522 (1850)\nThis cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Mississippi and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof it is now here ordered and adjudged by this Court that the judgment of the said district court in this cause be and the same is hereby affirmed with costs.\nPowered by Justia US Supreme Court Center: BANK OF STATE OF ALABAMA V. DALTON, 50 U. S. 522 (1850)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/rare-photograph-of-w-b-yeats-on-his-deathbed-exhibited-100337914-237709821

Rare photograph of W.B. Yeats on his deathbed goes on public display for the first time

["Rare photograph of W.B. Yeats on his deathbed goes on public display for the first time\nRare photograph of W. B. Yeats on his deathbed exhibited\nA rarely seen photograph of the Irish poet WB Yeats, taken shortly before his death, went on public display for ...\nDARA KELLY\nW.B. Yeats\nA rarely seen photograph of the Irish poet WB Yeats, taken shortly before his death, went on public display for the first time this weekend at the famous Lissadell House in County Sligo.", "Rare photograph of W.B. Yeats on his deathbed goes on public display for the first time\nLissadell was the ancestral home of Countess Constance Markievicz, and Yeats was a frequent guest and knew it intimately, writing about it with particular passion his his poetry.\nNow Lissadell has been opened to the public and the exhibition of paintings and photographs featuring the poet is attracting the crowds.", "Rare photograph of W.B. Yeats on his deathbed goes on public display for the first time\nThe rarely seen deathbed photograph of the frail and elderly Irish poet forms part of a new exhibition in the Yeats Gallery, which was officially opened last week by poet and singer Leonard Cohen, who performed two concerts on the grounds of the house last weekend.\nThe picture of the dying poet, taken by his wife George days before his death in 1939, shows Yeats lying on a bed, a white cat sitting on his knee.", "Rare photograph of W.B. Yeats on his deathbed goes on public display for the first time\nThere is also a photograph of the ship bearing the coffin of Yeats back to Ireland from Switzerland for burial in Drumcliff Churchyard.\nLissadell owners Eddie Walsh and Constance Cassidy gave one of two first-edition books of Yeats's poetry as a gift to Cohen, a Yeats fan.\nThe family decided to reopen the house and gardens following the success of the Leonard Cohen concerts. Estate manager Isobel Cassidy said that they were delighted with the turnout for the exhibition."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ksmu.org/2021-12-01/alvin-lucier-inquisitive-and-innovative-composer-has-died-at-90

Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90

["Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nAlvin Lucier, inquisitive and innovative composer, has died at 90\nBy Lars Gotrich\nPublished December 1, 2021 at 3:20 PM CST\nKris Serafin\nFrom music made from brain waves to gamelan instruments reworked for amplifiers and loudspeakers, Alvin Lucier rewired how we heard sound.", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nAlvin Lucier, the groundbreaking American composer and educator, died Wednesday at his home in Middletown, Conn. after a long illness. He was 90. Lucier changed the way we think about sound through monumental works like I Am Sitting in a Room and Music on a Long Thin Wire. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease a little over a decade ago; NPR confirmed the news of his death with Amanda Lucier, his daughter.", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nLucier was born May 14, 1931 in Nashua, N.H., to a musical family, an environment that, in time, led to his studies in music theory and composition at Yale University and later Brandeis University. Studying under Aaron Copland and Lukas Foss, Lucier initially favored a neoclassical style, but discovered the avant-garde works of Luigi Nono, Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen while in Rome on a Fulbright Fellowship", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nAnd once he saw performances of John Cage and David Tudor, Lucier knew this was not only the music he was meant to make but the sound he was made to study, alter and explore.", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nBut it wasn't until 1965 that Lucier premiered his new way of thinking, literally letting his mind do the music-making. He'd been teaching at Brandeis when Edmond Dewan, a physicist who designed a brainwave control device, offered his instrument to experiment. With electrodes attached to Lucier and connected to timpani, gongs, bass and snare drums, Music for Solo Performer was the result \u2013 a marriage of science and sound generated from Lucier's own alpha brain waves", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nIn his 1995 collection Reflections: Interviews, Scores, Writings, Lucier reminisces on the revolutionary work of \"live\" electronic music: \"To release alpha, one has to attain a quasi-meditative state while at the same time monitoring its flow. One has to give up control to get it.\"", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nShortly thereafter, Lucier formed the Sonic Arts Union with Robert Ashley, David Behrman and Gordon Mumma. The four likeminded composers (along with Mary Ashley, Shigeko Kubota, Mary Lucier and Barbara Lloyd) would tour and share equipment \u2013 the collective existed to share innovations in tape music and music technology.", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\n\"Our performances explored aspects of music and performance that were outside the bounds of what contemporary music generally accepted,\" Behrman told Perfect Sound Forever in 1997. \"Partly that had to do with homemade electronics, partly with exploration of the nature of acoustics, partly with crossing the lines between theater, visual arts, poetry and music.\"", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nI Am Sitting in a Room \u2013 first recorded at Brandeis in 1969, then again in his Middletown, Conn., home in March 1970 \u2013 is a study in resonance, decay and time. On it, Lucier recites the following monologue as its instructions and score:", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\n\"I am sitting in a room different from the one you are in now. I am recording the sound of my speaking voice, and I am going to play it back into the room again and again, until the resonant frequencies of the room reinforce themselves so that any semblance of my speech, with perhaps the exception of rhythm, is destroyed.\"", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nIt's a piece of music \u2013 sometimes called sound art \u2013 that reinforces its premise not through repetition but experience. Each subsequent playback of his taped voice degrades in texture, acclimating and fighting against the space into which it exists.", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\n\"What may initially seem intolerably arch and arty (not to mention dull) metamorphosizes into a listening experience that is, in fact, deeply engrossing and, ultimately, eerily and arrestingly beautiful,\" music critic Tim Page wrote in his 2002 book Tim Page on Music. \"Words become music, sound becomes shimmer, and the natural process of acoustics is demonstrated in the most elegant manner", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nThere is nothing like I Am Sitting in a Room and Lucier's own recording is a definitive version of a modern masterpiece. Definitive, that is, unless you make your own performance \u2014 which is, of course, quite possible and would likely be welcomed by Lucier.\"", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nSeveral more compositions \u2013 including, but not limited to the proto-vocoder piece North American Time Capsule (1966), Vespers (1968) and the amplified oscillator and piano-wire piece Music on a Long Thin Wire (1977) \u2013 speak to Lucier's early innovation, but he never stopped working. He installed solar sound systems, wrote solos for acoustic performers and orchestras, scoped radio signals, vibrated the strings of a piano and reworked gamelan instruments for loudspeakers.", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\n\"I must confess that I am executing crazy ideas I have had in my mind for years but never have had the courage to realize,\" he told the New York Times in May, mentioning a piece inspired by David Tudor's \"luxurious eyelashes\" and \"a duet with a bat who lives in the belfry of the Wesleyan Memorial Chapel.\"", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nHe counts composers Arnold Dreyblatt, Nicolas Collins and Ron Kuivila among his students at Wesleyan (where Lucier taught for more than 40 years) but also fans across the music spectrum", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nHis music has been performed by Charles Curtis, Yo La Tengo, Barbara Held, Claire Chase, Yarn/Wire, Sunn O)))'s Stephen O'Malley, Oren Ambarchi and Sarah Hennies, who tweeted, \"This man is responsible for every note of music I've written in the last decade.\" For his 90th birthday in May, the Issue Project Room presented a virtual performance of I Am Sitting in a Room with 90 performers, including Lucier himself (with withered voice), surrounded by Fender amps and long, sustained tones that whispered as much as they squealed through the space.", "Alvin Lucier, groundbreaking American composer, dies at 90\nAlvin Lucier's music resonates and echoes because he just wanted to know \u2013 the effects of time, the boundaries set and expanded, the eroding lines between sound and science. Most of all, he just wanted us to listen. \"Careful listening,\" he once wrote, \"is more important than making sounds happen.\"\nLars Gotrich\nListen to the Viking's Choice playlist, subscribe to the newsletter.\nSee stories by Lars Gotrich"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.rosecalendars.co.uk/news/dates-and-time-from-sundials-to-water-clocks/

Dates and time – from sundials to water clocks

["Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nDates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nCreated by Elizabeth Rose on August 1, 2017 in Calendar History\nLong ago, dates and time were calculated according to the position of the celestial bodies. From the time of the Ancient Greeks, people used sundials which told the time based on the position of the sun in the sky. But of course sundials had their limitations as they didn\u2019t tell the time after dark or during the days when there was no sunshine.", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nReligious ceremonies and bureaucratic meetings took place at all times of day and evening, and as the ancient civilisations developed they began to search for a more consistent way of telling the time. That\u2019s when water clocks \u2013 or klepsydras \u2013 were invented.\nOne of the oldest klepsydras was found in the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I, who was buried around 1500 BCE.\nHow they worked", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nEarly klepsydras were small floating vessels with a small hole in the bottom. The vessel was placed in a bowl of water where it gradually took on water until it sank, marking an interval of time. The water clock was used to time speeches and make sure that trials and speeches in the Athens law courts did not go on for too long.", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nAn alternative design was a vessel filled with water that seeped out through a hole. The inside was marked with graduated lines, and as the water seeped away, the passing of time was measured by the level of the remaining water.", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nLater the Romans invented a klepsydra which measured the time of day and night. Water from a reservoir dripped into a cylindrical vessel whose sides were marked with a scale showing the hours. The level of the water was shown by a float which provided the readings against the scale on the cylinder.\nBells and whistles\nGradually the design and accuracy of water clocks was developed. The flow of water was made more constant by regulating the pressure, and clocks were mechanised.", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nClocks were designed for fun, with ringing bells and gongs, or opening doors and windows showing figures of people or astrological models of the universe. Describing a water clock of his time, the Roman architect and author Vitruvius wrote, \u2018statues move, goalposts are turned over, stones or eggs are thrown, trumpets blare out, and all the other amusements\u2019.\nThe Tower of the Winds", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nIn the first century BCE, a Greek astronomer called Andronikos built the magnificent Tower of the Winds in in Athens. This octagonal tower was made of marble and decorated with eight carved figures of the wind gods, and stood 42\u2019 high in the market place where all the people could see it. It included a water clock, two sundials and a wind vane and showed not only the time but the seasons of the year and astrological dates and periods too", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nVisitors to the Roman Agora in Athens today can still see the fascinating Tower of the Winds (pictured above). Closer inspection of the marble frieze on the tower\u2019s eight sides shows that each god represents the wind blowing from the direction he faces. Older visitors may be pleased to note the Ancient Greeks\u2019 respect for age: whilst the gods of gentle gusts are represented by young men, the gods of strong winds are all old bearded men.", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nVarious other modern water clocks can be found around the country. One such water clock is located on Southwold Pier in Suffolk. A bathtub balances atop a four storey platform, with a clock face at the top and statues seated in the tub. The piece was built in 1998 by Tim Hunkin and Will Jackson, originally to demonstrate water recycling, and has been on the pier since 2001", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nOpen to the elements of the sea and wind, the clock is no longer water powered, but provides a fun spectacle to watch \u2013 with water coming out of many orifices, ending with tulips growing.", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nThe remains of another water clock worth a mention are located in London\u2019s Covent Garden in Neal\u2019s Yard. Created in 1982 also by Tim Hunkin and Andy Plant, it originally adorned the front of Michael Loftus\u2019s Neal\u2019s Yard Wholefood Warehouse. Commissioned as an attraction to draw people to the shop it was designed and made in six weeks. On the hour water would cascade down the side of the building, causing a carefully arranged sequence of bells to chime as it descended towards the clock face", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nMeanwhile, six green characters would tip their watering cans to fill a tank behind the shop signage. As the water level rose, floating plastic flowers rose into view as if they had suddenly \u2018grown\u2019. The figure on the far left could swivel out to the street and spray water on to pedestrians below. The clock hasn\u2019t worked for some time, but still remains for visitors to admire.", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nWilliam Morris & Rose Calendars \u2013 A Surprising Connection\nCreated by Elizabeth Rose on October 6, 2021 in Calendar History, Classic Cars, Human Interest, Motoring, Rose Calendars News\nThis fascinating article details a conversation between a Percy Page and Rose Calendars founder George Rose. The conversation took...\nAutumnal Equinox \u2013 The Calendar of Life\nCreated by Elizabeth Rose on September 22, 2020 in Calendar History, Environment, Events and Occasions, Human Interest, Notable Dates", "Dates and time \u2013 from sundials to water clocks\nToday is officially the first day of autumn as we embrace the equinox with 12 hours of daylight and...\nWhy 7 Days a Week, 12 Months a Year?\nCreated by Elizabeth Rose on September 15, 2020 in Calendar History\nWe all know that there are 7 days in a week and 12 months in a year. A quick..."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.fox13now.com/news/national/charges-filed-against-teen-who-a-witness-says-hurt-six-bicyclists-while-trying-to-roll-coal

Teen charged in crash that injured six bicyclists in Houston area

["Teen charged in crash that injured six bicyclists in Houston area\nCharges filed against teen who a witness says hurt six bicyclists while trying to 'roll coal'\nDistrict attorneys in Waller County, Texas, filed six charges on Monday against a 16-year-old in connection with a September car crash in the Houston area that injured six bicyclists.\nThe office for Waller County District Attorney Elton Mathis said in a Facebook post that it had filed six charges of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon against the 16-year-old boy who was driving at the time of the accident.", "Teen charged in crash that injured six bicyclists in Houston area\nMathis' office said that the teen turned himself in Monday and will be held in custody until further orders from the juvenile court.\nThe Houston Chronicle, KTRK-TV and KPRC-TV report that six cyclists were hurt in a Sept. 25 crash just northwest of Houston, Texas. Four of the cyclists had to be hospitalized, two of whom had to be airlifted because of the severity of their injuries.", "Teen charged in crash that injured six bicyclists in Houston area\nCyclist Chase Ferrell says he was riding behind the group of six cyclists who were injured in the crash. He's told multiple media outlets that the teenaged suspect caused the crash while trying to \"roll coal,\" or blow exhaust on cyclists as a means of intimidation.\n\"The kid on the scene was asking us if we thought he was going to jail,\" Ferrell told KTRK. \"I said, 'Yeah. You messed up.' He was clearly sorry. Even in his mind, his initial reaction was he thought he was going to jail.\"", "Teen charged in crash that injured six bicyclists in Houston area\nLocal media outlets report that the teen driver was allowed to leave the scene following the crash. The case prompted outrage in Houston's cycling community.\nIn its Facebook post on Monday, Mathis' office thanked the public for their patience in filing charges.", "Teen charged in crash that injured six bicyclists in Houston area\n\"We very much appreciate the patience of the victims and their attorneys as we have attempted to reconstruct the events, and to assess and gather the evidence that was not obtained that day,\" the District Attorney of Waller County's Facebook update read."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7489234/sex-crime-complaint-for-ex-ny-gov-cuomo/?cs=14264

Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo

["Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nA criminal complaint charging former New York governor Andrew Cuomo with a misdemeanour sex offence has been filed in a court in Albany, the state capital, the first prosecution stemming from a misconduct scandal that led to his resignation", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe filing on Thursday from the Albany County Sheriff's Office, accusing Cuomo of groping a woman under her blouse, was first confirmed by a spokesman for the New York state courts, Lucian Chalfen, in an emailed statement referring to the alleged offence as a \"sex crime\". Representatives for Cuomo, 63, who stepped down two months ago under mounting legal pressures and calls for his ouster from prominent fellow Democrats, including President Joe Biden, were not immediately available for comment", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe district attorney for Albany County, David Soares, issued a statement suggesting that the sheriff's office had acted independently of local prosecutors. \"Like the rest of the public, we were surprised to learn today that a criminal complaint was filed in Albany City Court by the Albany County Sheriff's Office against Andrew Cuomo,\" Soares stated, adding that his office would comment no further", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nA copy of the complaint posted online by WNBC-TV in New York said Cuomo engaged in the misdemeanour offence of \"forcible touching\" on December 7, 2020, at the governor's Executive Mansion by placing \"his hand under the blouse shirt of the victim ... and onto her intimate body part\". The complaint went on to say Cuomo fondled the woman's breast \"for purposes of degrading and gratifying his sexual desires,\" but the name of the woman had been redacted", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe week prior to his resignation, former gubernatorial staffer Brittany Commisso filed a criminal report with the Albany County Sheriff's Office alleging that the then-governor of groped her breast at the Executive Mansion in Albany late last year. The New York Post said Cuomo was expected to be arrested next week and charged with a misdemeanour in the alleged groping of a former aide. It said the anticipated charge resulted from a probe by the district attorney, citing a source briefed on the matter", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nCuomo resigned as governor in August after more than 10 years in office, following a probe detailed in a 168-page report that found he had sexually harassed 11 women. New York Attorney-General Letitia James said a five-month independent investigation concluded that Cuomo had engaged in conduct that violated multiple federal and state laws", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nHer office did not pursue criminal charges, but local prosecutors in several counties, including Albany, said after the report's release that they were looking into the matter and requested evidence from the independent inquiry. \"The criminal charges brought today against Mr. Cuomo for forcible touching further validate the findings in our report,\" James said in a statement on Thursday", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe former governor has long denied wrongdoing, though he has said he accepted \"full responsibility\" for what he called ill-conceived attempts to be affectionate or humorous. \"In my mind, I've never crossed the line with anyone, but I didn't realise the extent to which the line has been redrawn,\" he said in announcing his resignation", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nCuomo's exit capped a months-long downfall, derailing the political career of a man once considered a possible US presidential contender, and whose daily briefings early in the COVID-19 pandemic raised his national profile. His resignation spared him from possible removal from office through impeachment proceedings in the state legislature, which appeared likely even though that body is dominated by fellow Democrats", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe independent investigation found Cuomo groped, kissed or made improperly suggestive comments to women, including current and former government workers, and retaliated against at least one woman who accused him of sexual misconduct. Australian Associated Press", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\n/images/transform/v1/crop/frm/silverstone-feed-data/dc743a10-0564-4f2f-9d74-245c552c189b.jpg/r0_74_800_526_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg\nSex crime complaint for ex-NY gov Cuomo\nBy Jonathan Stempel\nNew York Governor Andrew Cuomo resigned in August after 10 and a half years in office.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nA criminal complaint charging former New York governor Andrew Cuomo with a misdemeanour sex offence has been filed in a court in Albany, the state capital, the first prosecution stemming from a misconduct scandal that led to his resignation.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe filing on Thursday from the Albany County Sheriff's Office, accusing Cuomo of groping a woman under her blouse, was first confirmed by a spokesman for the New York state courts, Lucian Chalfen, in an emailed statement referring to the alleged offence as a \"sex crime\".\nRepresentatives for Cuomo, 63, who stepped down two months ago under mounting legal pressures and calls for his ouster from prominent fellow Democrats, including President Joe Biden, were not immediately available for comment.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe district attorney for Albany County, David Soares, issued a statement suggesting that the sheriff's office had acted independently of local prosecutors.\n\"Like the rest of the public, we were surprised to learn today that a criminal complaint was filed in Albany City Court by the Albany County Sheriff's Office against Andrew Cuomo,\" Soares stated, adding that his office would comment no further.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nA copy of the complaint posted online by WNBC-TV in New York said Cuomo engaged in the misdemeanour offence of \"forcible touching\" on December 7, 2020, at the governor's Executive Mansion by placing \"his hand under the blouse shirt of the victim ... and onto her intimate body part\".\nThe complaint went on to say Cuomo fondled the woman's breast \"for purposes of degrading and gratifying his sexual desires,\" but the name of the woman had been redacted.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe week prior to his resignation, former gubernatorial staffer Brittany Commisso filed a criminal report with the Albany County Sheriff's Office alleging that the then-governor of groped her breast at the Executive Mansion in Albany late last year.\nThe New York Post said Cuomo was expected to be arrested next week and charged with a misdemeanour in the alleged groping of a former aide.\nIt said the anticipated charge resulted from a probe by the district attorney, citing a source briefed on the matter.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nCuomo resigned as governor in August after more than 10 years in office, following a probe detailed in a 168-page report that found he had sexually harassed 11 women.\nNew York Attorney-General Letitia James said a five-month independent investigation concluded that Cuomo had engaged in conduct that violated multiple federal and state laws.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nHer office did not pursue criminal charges, but local prosecutors in several counties, including Albany, said after the report's release that they were looking into the matter and requested evidence from the independent inquiry.\n\"The criminal charges brought today against Mr. Cuomo for forcible touching further validate the findings in our report,\" James said in a statement on Thursday.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe former governor has long denied wrongdoing, though he has said he accepted \"full responsibility\" for what he called ill-conceived attempts to be affectionate or humorous.\n\"In my mind, I've never crossed the line with anyone, but I didn't realise the extent to which the line has been redrawn,\" he said in announcing his resignation.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nCuomo's exit capped a months-long downfall, derailing the political career of a man once considered a possible US presidential contender, and whose daily briefings early in the COVID-19 pandemic raised his national profile.\nHis resignation spared him from possible removal from office through impeachment proceedings in the state legislature, which appeared likely even though that body is dominated by fellow Democrats.", "Criminal complaint filed against ex-NY governor Cuomo\nThe independent investigation found Cuomo groped, kissed or made improperly suggestive comments to women, including current and former government workers, and retaliated against at least one woman who accused him of sexual misconduct."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php%3Fdate=2006%252F09%252F30.html

"The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'"

["The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nby W. S. Merwin\nPoem: \"Exercise\" by W.S. Merwin from Migration: New and Selected Poems. Copper Canyon Press. Reprinted with permission (buy now)\nFirst forget what time it is\nfor an hour\ndo it regularly every day\nthen forget what day of the week it is\ndo this regularly for a week\nthen forget what country you are in\nand practice doing it in company\nfor a week\nthen do them together\nwith as few breaks as possible\nfollow these by forgetting how to add\nor to subtract\nit makes no difference", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nyou can change them around\nafter a week\nboth will help you later\nto forget how to count\nforget how to count\nstarting with your own age\nstarting with how to count backward\nstarting with even numbers\nstarting with Roman numerals\nstarting with fractions of Roman numerals\nstarting with the old calendar\ngoing on to the old alphabet\ngoing on to the alphabet\nuntil everything is continuous again\ngo on to forgetting elements\nstarting with water\nproceeding to earth\nrising in fire\nforget fire", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nIt was on this day in 1452 that the first section of the Gutenberg Bible was published in Mainz, Germany. It was the first book ever printed with movable type, Gutenberg's revolutionary idea. At the time, all existing books were copied out by hand, and in order to be as efficient as possible, scribes had developed a way of writing that was full of abbreviations. Words were written in a dense cursive script, and there was very little space between letters or even words on the page.", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nIt was Gutenberg's genius to imagine an entirely different way of writing, in which all the individual letters would be distinct from each other, rather than connected. That way, he could produce individual blocks with letters on them. He fitted these letter blocks into a frame, coated them with an ink made of linseed oil and soot, and then used an adapted wine press to print text on paper", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nThe revolutionary effect of movable type was the ability to print an infinite number of pages from a small number of letter blocks simply by rearranging them.", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nWithin three decades there were print shops all over the European continent. It is estimated that more books were produced in the 50 years after Gutenberg's invention than scribes had been able to produce in the 1,000 years before that.", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nToday, about four dozen copies of the Gutenberg Bible survive. One of the most recent copies to come on the market was auctioned in New York in 1987. It consisted of only the first volume, but it was in good condition, and it sold at auction for more than five million dollars.", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nIt's the anniversary of the first edition of Louisa May Alcott's (books by this author) Little Women in 1868. Her real passion was for dark and sensational stories with brilliant, diabolical woman protagonists. But her father, Bronson Alcott, pressured his daughter to write a children's book. She took her father's advice, reluctantly, and Little Women was so popular that she wrote two sequels, Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886).", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nIt's the birthday of poet W.S. Merwin, born in New York City (1927). He said, \"I think there's a kind of desperate hope built into poetry now that one really wants, hopelessly, to save the world. One is trying to say everything that can be said for the things that one loves while there's still time.\"", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nIt's the birthday of American writer Truman Capote, (books by this author) born Truman Persons in New Orleans (1924). He was the son of a salesman and a 16-year-old beauty queen. He moved to New York City to be near his mother as a boy and applied to the prestigious Trinity School. He was given an IQ test as an entrance exam, and he scored 215, the highest in the school's history.", "The Poetical and Historical Significance of Movable Type: A Reflection on the Gutenberg Bible and W.S. Merwin's 'Exercise'\nWhen he was 17, he dropped out of school and got a job as an errand boy in the art department at The New Yorker magazine. He published his first novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948), when he was just 24 years old."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.trendytalk.in/2019/02/madhubala-google-doodle-pays-tribute-to.html

Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala

["Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nUncategories Madhubala - Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema'\nMadhubala - Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema'\nThe name of Madhubala is included in the actresses of Hindi cinema, who completely went to the color of the cinema and named her whole life as her name. She is also known for acting as well as his absurd beauty. She has also given names like 'Queen of Indian Cinema' and 'The Beauty of Tragedy'.\nA still from the movie 'Mahal\"", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nMadhubala was born on 14th February 1933 in Delhi. Her childhood name was Mumtaz. Her father's name was Ataullah and mother's name was Ayesha Begum. In the early days, her father used to work in a tobacco factory in Peshawar. From there, he left his job in Delhi and moved to Mumbai, where Madhubala was born.\nBorn on February 14, Valentine's Day, life was beautiful in every aspect of this beautiful actress. She had the desire to work in cinema since childhood, which was finally completed.", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nMumtaz started her film career with the 1942 film \u2018Basant\u2019. It was a very successful film and after this people started recognizing among the people of this beautiful actress.\nSeeing her acting, the well-known actress Devika Rani was very impressed and suggested Mumtaz Jehan Dehalvi change her name to 'Madhubala'.", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nThe 1947 film 'Neel Kamal' was the last film in the name of Mumtaz. After this she was known as Madhubala. Madhubala worked with Raj Kapoor for fourteen years in this film. After acting in 'Neel Kamal', she was referred to as calling the 'beauty goddess' of the cinema.\nTwo years later, Madhubala starred in Bombay Talkies film 'Mahal' and after the success of the film, she did not look back. After all, one of the most popular male artists of the time came to the movies after one.", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nMadhubala had worked with veteran actors such as Ashok Kumar, Rehman, Dilip Kumar and Devanand of that time.\nThe name of Madhubala is etched in the Hindi cinema, who completely went to the epitome of the Indian cinema and dedicated her whole life for cinema. She is also known for acting as well as her absurd beauty. He has also given names like 'Venus of Indian Cinema' and 'The Beauty of Tragedy'.", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nSome of her films failed even after the 1950s. Critics were saying during the failure that \u2018Madhubala did not have talent, but due to his beauty, his films were hit\u2019.\nDespite all this Madhubala never got frustrated. After several films flopped, she again proved her talent in 1958, and in the same year she gave super hit films to Indian cinema like 'Phagun', 'Howrah Bridge', 'Kala Pana' and 'Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'.", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nMadhubala married Kishore Kumar in the 1960s. Before marriage, Kishore Kumar accepted Islam and changed her name to Karim Abdul. At the same time, Madhubala was suffering from a terrible disease. After marriage, both went to London for the treatment of the disease. Seeing Madhubala, London's doctor said that she could not live for more than two years.", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nAfter this continuous investigation showed that Madhubala had a hole in her heart and because of this, the amount of blood in her body was increasing. The doctor also acknowledges this disease and said that even after the operation, she will not be able to survive for long. During this time she had to quit acting. After this, she tried her hand in the film direction.", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nIn the year 1969, she wanted to direct the film 'Ferj' and 'Ishq', but the film was not made, and nine days after celebrating her 36th birthday this year, on 23 February 1969, Malik of Bipanah Husn left the world.\nShe starred in more than 70 films. She acted in 'Basant', 'Phulwari', 'Neel Kamal', 'Parai Aag', 'Amar Prem', 'Mahal', 'Intihan', 'Aparadi', 'Madhubala', 'Baadal', 'Gateway of India'. Acted in movies such as 'Jolly Note', 'Sharaabi' and 'Jwala', the audience praised her acting.", "Google Doodle Pays Tribute to 'Queen of Indian Cinema' Madhubala\nWikipedia dedicated a page for Madhubala.\nEven though Madhubala is no longer in this world, but her name will always remain immortal in the Indian Cinema. Even today, big posters with their photographs are bought by people with great desire."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://mimimefoinfos.com/civil-society-rights-groups-wage-legal-battle-for-release-of-detained-pregnant-woman/

Civil society, rights groups wage legal battle for release of detained pregnant woman

["Civil society, rights groups wage legal battle for release of detained pregnant woman\nCivil society, rights groups wage legal battle for release of detained pregnant woman\nCalls have multiplied for the release of Antoinette Kongsa, a pregnant woman harassed and detained incommunicado in Buea, South West Region.\nSome lawyers led by Barrister Edward Lyonga Ewule have filed a habeas corpus, asking that the 8-month-pregnant woman be freed.", "Civil society, rights groups wage legal battle for release of detained pregnant woman\nIn the said document, he demanded that the court orders the respondents (the people of Cameroon, the Legion Commander Buea, and the Superintendent of the Buea Central Prison) to provide the arrested, \u201c\u2026 For proper determination into the legality or otherwise of her arrest and detention.\u201d", "Civil society, rights groups wage legal battle for release of detained pregnant woman\nThe legal mind also demanded \u201can order declaring illegal the arrest and continuous detention of Madam Antoinette Kongsa Gohda by the 2nd and 3rd respondents,\u201d and \u201cany other order that this court may deem fit and proper to make in the circumstances of this case.\u201d\nIn an affidavit in support of the earlier application, another lawyer, Barrister Legenju Vitalise noted that those in the position of command have ignored all required legal processes.", "Civil society, rights groups wage legal battle for release of detained pregnant woman\n\u201c\u2026 Despite a plethora of demands made for her release, the respondents have woefully failed and persisted in their illegal activities to continue detaining her in defiance of the law,\u201d he stated.\nAmong other reasons, granting their request, the lawyer stated, \u201cwill be in the interest of justice, equity and fairness\u2026\u201d\nAntoinette Kongsa, it should be recalled, was arrested by Chief Ewome John Eko of Bwassa Village, fondly referred to as Moja Moja.", "Civil society, rights groups wage legal battle for release of detained pregnant woman\nIn a video shortly before her arrest, he claimed he was carrying out the act to get back at separatist leader No Pity combatting government forces in the North West Region.\n\u201c\u2026. I have your wife and kids\u2026, \u201d he yelled.\nThe lady in question remains in detention, despite being close to childbirth.\nMany have likened her arrest and incommunicado detention to that of pressman Samuel Wazizi who was arrested and tortured to the point of death.\nTo date, the whereabouts of his corpse remain unknown."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.english-easy.info/topics/topics_English_writers.php

English Writers - Agatha Christie

["English Writers - Agatha Christie\nEnglish writers - \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\nI like to read books. Literature helps us to live in this world and we learn a lot from books. Lately I have been interested in English literature very much. English books teach us to understand the English language the way Englishmen speak. Such books as \"Romeo and Juliet\" by William Shakespeare help us to understand things which appeared to be very simple in this life. When I have read this book I have looked at these things on the other side.", "English Writers - Agatha Christie\nI want to tell you about Agatha Christie. Agatha Christie is known all over the world as the Queen of Crime. She wrote 78 crime novels, 19 plays and 6 romantic novels under the name of Mary Westmacott. Her books have been translated into 103 foreign languages. She is the third best-selling author in the world (after Shakespeare and the Bible). Many of her novels and short stories have been filmed. The Mousetrap, her most famous play, is now the longest-running play in history.", "English Writers - Agatha Christie\nAgatha Christie was born in Torquay, Devonshire. She was educated at home and took singing lessons in Paris. She began writing at the end of the First World War. Her first novel, \"The Mysterious Affair at Styles\", was published in 1920. That was the first appearance of Hercule Poirot, who became one of the most popular private detectives since Sherlock Holmes", "English Writers - Agatha Christie\nThis little Belgian with the egg-shaped head and the passion for order amazes everyone by his powerful intellect and his brilliant solutions to the most complicated crimes. Agatha Christie became generally recognised in 1926, after the publishing of her novel \"The Murder of Roger Ackroyd\".", "English Writers - Agatha Christie\nWhen Agatha Christie got tired of Hercule Poirot she invented Miss Marple, a deceptively mild old lady with her own method of investigation. Her last Poirot book, \"Curtain\", appeared shortly before her death, and her last Miss Marple story, \"Sleeping Murder\" and her autobiography were published after her death.", "English Writers - Agatha Christie\nAgatha Christie\u2019s success with million of readers lies in her ability to combine clever plots with excellent character drawing, and a keen since of humor with great powers of observation. Her plots always mislead the reader and keep him in suspense. Fortunately evil is conquered in her novels.\nAgatha Christie\u2019s language is simple and good and it\u2019s pleasant to read her books in the original."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://soul-candy.info/2013/08/aug-8-bl-peter-faber-sj-1506-1546-the-renewal-of-the-church-ecclesia-semper-reformanda-est/

Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) – The Renewal of the Church

["Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nAugust, Saints, Society of Jesus, The Professed\nAug 2 \u2013 Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church, Ecclesia Semper Reformanda Est\nAugust 3, 2013 techdecisions\tLeave a comment\nPeter\u2019s last name, in addition to Faber, can be rendered Favre, Fevre, or LeFevre. My first-year\u2026Wahoos (UVA) don\u2019t say freshman, sophomore, \u2026, etc. We are not one of those rah-rah institutions. Nonetheless, my first-year dorm at UVA was LeFevre dorm. Le Few, Le Proud, LeFevre!", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nPeter Faber was born in 1506 in Villaret, Savoy in the south of France. As a boy, he looked after his father\u2019s sheep in the French Alps. While tending sheep during the week, he taught cathechism to children on Sundays. Aware of his call to be a priest, he longed to study. At first, he was entrusted to the care of a priest at Thones and later to a neighbouring school at La Roche-sur-Foron. With the consent of his parents, in 1525 he went to the University of Paris", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nIt was here that he discovered his real vocation. He was admitted to the College of Sainte-Barbe where he shared lodgings with a student from Navarre named Francis Xavier, and I\u00f1igo of Loyola, a soldier twice their age. They became close friends and graduated on the same day in 1530 with a master of arts degree. Both Peter and Francis came under the influence of Igantius. While Peter taught Ignatius the philosophy of Aristotle, Ignatius directed him in the spiritual life", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nPeter Faber had a gentle spirit and a tendency to be very hard on himself. Ignatius proved to be the perfect mentor for him, and Faber eventually became the master of the Spiritual Exercises. While hard on himself, Faber was gentle with others and became a gifted pastor of souls, winning others for Jesus. Rather than preaching, Peter was most effective in spiritual companionship and friendship of others.", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nPeter was ordained priest in 1534, the first priest in Ignatius\u2019 group, and was celebrant of the Mass on 15 August of the same year at which Ignatius and his companions made their vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, which, as a priest, Peter could receive. All had the intention of going to the Holy Land. Soon three more became members of the group. After Ignatius, Peter Faber was the one for whom the companions had the deepest respect because of his knowledge, his holiness and his influence on people.", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nLeaving Paris on 15 November 1536, Peter and the companions met up with Ignatius in Venice in January 1537. They planned to evangelize in the Holy Land but the instability of the region made it impossible. So they now decided to form a religious congregation and went to Rome where the Society of Jesus was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540. After some time preaching and teaching in Rome, the pope sent Peter to Parma and Piacenza in Italy where he preached the Gospel with success", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nHe was then sent to Germany to defend the Catholic faith against the Reformers at the Diet of Worms in 1540. From Worms, Peter was called to another Diet at Ratisbon in the following year. He was disturbed by the unrest caused by Protestantism but even more by the decadence of Catholic life. He saw that what was needed was not discussion with the Protestants but the reform of the Catholic Church, in particular, the clergy. He spent a successful 10 months at Speyer, Ratisbon and Mainz", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nHe influenced princes, prelates, and priests who opened themselves to him and amazed people by the effectiveness of his outreach. In Germany, he found the state of the Church in such disarray that it left his heart \u201ctormented by a steady and intolerable pain.\u201d He worked for the renewal of the Church a person at a time, leading many in the Spiritual Exercises. Princes, prelates, and priests would especially find Peter Faber a gentle source of instruction and guidance leading to renewal.", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nRecalled to Spain by St. Ignatius, Faber left the field where he had been so successful and on his way won over his native region of Savoy, which never ceased to venerate him as a saint. He had hardly been in Spain six months when the pope ordered him back to Germany. He spent the next 19 months working for reform in Speyer, Mainz, and Cologne. Gradually he won over the clergy and discovered many vocations among the young", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nAmong these was a young Dutchman, Peter Canisius who, as a Jesuit, would earn the title of Apostle of Germany. After spending some time in Leuven (Louvain) in 1543, he was called in the following year to go to Portugal and then to Spain. He was instrumental in establishing the Jesuits in Portugal.", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nHe was called to the principal cities of Spain where he did much good. Among the vocations he nurtured was that of Francis Borgia, Duke of Gandia, who, following the death of his wife, would become a Jesuit and later the third General of the Jesuits. Faber, still only 40 years old, was now worn out by his constant labours and long journeys, always made on foot", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nPope Paul III wanted to send him to the coming Council of Trent as peritus, theologian of the Holy See, and King John III of Portugal wanted to make him Patriarch of Ethiopia. However, he only got as far as Rome on his way to the Council. Suffering from exhaustion, he always traveled on foot as a sign of evangelical poverty and humility, he developed a fever after his journey. He died in the arms of Ignatius in Rome on 1 August 1546. Peter Faber was beatified by Pope Pius IX in 1872", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nHe is remembered for his travels through Europe promoting Catholic renewal and his great skill in directing the Spiritual Exercises.", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nFaber exhibited a deep love for the Communion of Saints. As a lone Jesuit often on the move, Faber never felt alone because he walked in a world that bridged time and eternity, whose denizens included saints and angels. He would ask the saint of the day and all the saints \u201cto obtain for us not only virtues and salvation for our spirits but in particular whatever can strengthen, heal, and preserve the body and each of its parts\u201d. His guardian angel, above all, became his chief ally", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nHe sought support from the saints and angels both for his personal sanctification and in his evangelization of communities. Whenever he entered a new town or region, Faber implored the aid of the particular angels and saints associated with that place. Through the intercession of his allies, Faber could enter even a potentially hostile region assured of a spiritual army at his side. Finally, Faber found support for his efforts with individuals through the assistance of the blessed", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nAs he desired to bring each person he met to a closer relationship through spiritual friendship and conversation, he would invoke the intercession of the person\u2019s guardian angel. Sounds like my kind of guy.", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nOn July 17th 2013, Pope Francis issued a motu proprio to canonize Blessed Peter Faber, SJ,, the first companion of St. Ignatius of Loyola. When in 1622, Ignatius and Francis Xavier were canonized at the same ceremony, Peter was not included.\nPrayer for Detachment\nI beg of you, my Lord\nto remove anything which separates\nme from you, and you from me.\nRemove anything that makes me unworthy\nof your sight, your control, your reprehension;\nof your speech and conversation,\nof your benevolence and love.", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nCast from me every evil\nthat stands in the way of my seeing you,\nhearing, tasting, savoring, and touching you;\nfearing and being mindful of you;\nknowing, trusting, loving, and possessing you;\nbeing conscious of your presence\nand, as far as may be, enjoying you.\nThis is what I ask for myself\nand earnestly desire from you. Amen\n-Blessed Peter Faber, SJ", "Bl Peter Faber, SJ, (1506-1546) \u2013 The Renewal of the Church\nPrevious PostAug 2 \u2013 St Peter Julian Eymard, SSS, (1811-1868) \u2013 Founder, Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament, \u201cApostle of the Eucharist\u201dNext PostAug 12 \u2013 St Euplius of Catania, Sicily, (d. 305) \u2013 Deacon & Martyr"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.spin.ph/basketball/pba/jordan-clarkson-gilas-pilipinas-philippines-national-team-los-angeles-lakers-nba-sonny-barrios-sbp

Jordan Clarkson wants to play for Gilas Pilipinas, but Fiba rule stands in the way

["Jordan Clarkson wants to play for Gilas Pilipinas, but Fiba rule stands in the way\nIs there a chance Lakers Fil-Am Jordan Clarkson can play for Gilas through a Fiba 'exemption?' SBP responds\nby spin.ph staff\nLakers rookie Jordan Clarkson has expressed interest in playing for the Philippine national team in the future. AP\nTHERE was this one heartwarming story ran by NBA.com and the Los Angeles Lakers official website about Jordan Clarkson, the Filipino-American player who has impressed in his rookie season with the popular NBA team.", "Jordan Clarkson wants to play for Gilas Pilipinas, but Fiba rule stands in the way\nIn the article entitled, 'Clarkson Proud to represent the Philippines' which has since been picked up by other local websites, the Lakers rookie talked about how grateful he was for the support from fans in the basketball-crazy nation.\nClarkson, whose mother, Annette Davis, is a Filipino, said he hopes to visit the Philippines for the first time soon and expressed interest in playing for the national team, more popularly known as Gilas Pilipinas.", "Jordan Clarkson wants to play for Gilas Pilipinas, but Fiba rule stands in the way\nThe Laker rookie, of course, is aware of the rule that mandates players with dual citizenships to acquire a passport of the country they want to represent in Fiba-sanctioned tournaments before they turn 16 years old.\nClarkson, a 22-year-old who was raised in San Antonio and played college ball at Missouri, has not done that, but said he hopes to gain an 'exemption' to be able to play for the Philippines in international competitions.", "Jordan Clarkson wants to play for Gilas Pilipinas, but Fiba rule stands in the way\nIntrigued, we turned to the country's governing body for basketball, the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas (SBP) and asked the question: Is there a chance Clarkson can gain an exemption from the Fiba rule and play for Gilas?\nSBP executive director Sonny Barrios addressed the issue and you won't like his answer.\n\"Almost nil,\" he said.", "Jordan Clarkson wants to play for Gilas Pilipinas, but Fiba rule stands in the way\nBarrios, also a former PBA commissioner, explained that the rule was put in place in 2011 by the Fiba Central Committee, mainly to discourage some countries from tapping 'mercenaries' for their teams.\nIn fact, Barrios pointed out that two Fil-Ams who used to be part of Gilas during Rajko Toroman's time in charge, Chris Lutz and Marcio Lassiter, were the last players to be exempted from the rule when they were allowed to play in the 2011 Fiba-Asia championships in Wuhan, China.", "Jordan Clarkson wants to play for Gilas Pilipinas, but Fiba rule stands in the way\n\"But after that, Fiba made it clear to us na last na last na 'yon,\" said Barrios. \"That's a hard and fast rule, and I don't think an exemption is possible.\"\nHowever, there is still a chance that Clarkson can play for Gilas in the future, Barrios said. Not as a Filipino but as a 'naturalized player.'\nBarrios said he has in fact drafted a letter to Fiba to inquire about the possibility of tapping players like Clarkson who failed to secure passports before they turned 16, being tapped as naturalized players.", "Jordan Clarkson wants to play for Gilas Pilipinas, but Fiba rule stands in the way\nSince these players are already Filipinos, Barrios said tapping them through the naturalized player exemption will do away with the long process of naturalization that players like Marcus Douthit and Andray Blatche had to go through.\nBarrios said he's hoping for a favorable response from Fiba.\njordan clarkson ,\ngilas pilipinas ,\nphilippines ,\nnational team ,\nlos angeles lakers ,\nnba ,\nsonny barrios ,"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.kz/books?id=7ZMZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75&vq=portrait&dq=editions:HARVARD32044108411158&output=text

The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens

["The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nSketch FOR THE DECORATION OF THE CENTRE VAULT OF THE Jesuit CHURCH AT ANTWERP.\nDrawing in the Albertina at Vienna.\nvast number of times, and the Munich Pinakothek possesses a replica, though in a much smaller size (Fig. 59).", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nThe completion of the Church of the Jesuits at Antwerp in the year 1620 brought Rubens very extensive commissions. On the 20th March in that year he signed a contract with Father Jacobus Tirinus, the head of the Jesuit College at Antwerp, to the effect that he would undertake the entire pictorial decoration of the church. He had already been entrusted with altar-pieces for it: but it was now chiefly the painting of the ceiling, which had to be considered. For this purpose Rubens was directed to make", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nFig. 61. THE ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN. In the Pinakothek at Munich.\n39 designs, to be executed by Van Dyck and some of his other pupils, and subsequently to be finally completed by the master himself.", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nOnly in a very few instances has it been permitted to an artist to decorate pictorially architectural buildings designed by himself, and thus to arrive at a combination of the highest perfection. If there be such a thing as a Jesuit style in painting, Rubens certainly was its greatest master; for he thoroughly understood how to represent splendour and magnificence, though at the same time his genius never allowed itself to be lost in confused exaggeration", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nFig. 62. St. IGNATIUS LOYOLA HEALING THE POSSESSED. In the Imperial Gallery at Vienna.\nAfter a photograph from the original by J. L\u00f6wy, Berlin. (To page 78.)\nidea of the grandeur of the interior of this Jesuit church, the gilded marble decoration of which formed so exquisite a frame for Rubens' paintings, resplendent in glowing colour.", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nThe Imperial Picture-Gallery at Vienna possesses two of these sketches; one by Sebastian Vrancx, who, like Rubens before him, was a pupil of Adam van Noort; the other, executed in 1665, by Anton Geringh. Another representation of the interior of this church by the same clever architectural painter is in the Munich Pinakothek. Unhappily the church was struck by lightning in 1718 and totally destroyed in the resulting conflagration", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nThe building itself was however reconstructed on a much simpler scale, but the ceiling frescoes were totally lost. In the Plantin-Moretus Museum there are drawings by Jacob de Wit, and reproductions from the 36 paintings which adorned the ceilings of the aisles and of the galleries over them: but of the three paintings which were in the vestibule only one has come down to us in an engraving", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nThe gilded vault of the nave was divided by ornaments in stucco into variously shaped spaces, occupied by single figures. In the centre, child-angels hovered around a radiant wreath encircling the name of Mary. A preliminary sketch for the decoration of this centre vault has been preserved and is now, like most of Rubens' drawings, in the Albertina at Vienna (Fig. 60)", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nFortunately it was possible to save from destruction the three great altar-pieces which were almost entirely the work of the master's own hand. They were bought by the Empress Maria Theresa and are now in the Imperial Museum at Vienna. The two principal ones of vast size represent scenes from the later Lives of the Saints with numerous life-size figures. In one of these the Founder of the Jesuit Order, St", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nIgnatius Loyola, in his priestly vestments stands beside an altar; whilst near him are assembled a number of monks belonging to the Society of Jesus attired in black robes. Above, in a cloud of light, hover a number of child-angels, whilst by his prayers the Saint is heals several demoniacs, brought to the steps of the altar (Fig. 62). The other picture represents Loyola's colleague, St", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nFrancis Xavier, another Founder of the Order, preaching Christ in India, and resuscitating in His Name the dead in the presence of an astonished multitude. High above among the clouds we may perceive the emblems of the Catholic Faith, whilst angels bear before them the Saviour's Cross, from which shaffs of light cast down an idol in the vestibule of its temple", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nOut of these subjects, which to another would perhaps have been quite devoid of artistic suggestion, Rubens by his powerful imagination, has created great master-pieces, which, from their general conception and expressive power, from their colouring and effect of light and shadow, might even be reckoned amongst his very finest productions. St. Francis Xavier was canonized in the year 1619 and St", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nIgnatius Loyola in 1622; from which facts we may conclude that the artist painted the picture of the former Saint for the high altar of this church immediately after his Canonization and that that of St. Ignatius, which is to be seen above the high altar in the abovementioned drawings, replaced it only three years later. The third picture", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nsaved from this church now also in the Imperial Museum at Vienna, represents the Assumption of the Virgin, and was painted for a side altar. The Virgin, surrounded by angels and enfolded in a cloud of light, full of joyous expectation is ascending into heaven, whilst the assembled apostles and holy women gaze into the empty sepulchre and look upward with profound devotion. Rubens himself declared this Assumption to be the best that he had", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\ndone of the entire series. There is a large composition of the same subject in the Liechtenstein Gallery, the origin of which is not known: but another fine example, engraved by Paul Pontius in 1624, is in the Academy at D\u00fcsseldorf (Fig. 61), a sketch for which is in the Pinakothek at Munich. When in the year 1805 the D\u00fcsseldorf pictures, collected by the Electors Palatine, were brought to Munich, to protect Rome from the French, this picture remained behind", "The Decoration of the Centre Vault of the Jesuit Church at Antwerp by Peter Paul Rubens\nThe extremely heavy panel of oak on which it is painted, proved too weighty for the means of transport obtainable in those days, and"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nereview.com/tag/epitaph-ix/

Epitaph IX

["Epitaph IX\nThousands of ladybugs\nAn Epitaph | By Matthew Vollmer\nMatthew Vollmer\nAuthor\u2019s Note: This is an excerpt from inscriptions for headstones (Outpost 19 books) a collection of thirty short essays, each crafted as epitaphs, and each unfolding in a single sentence.\nEpitaph IX", "Epitaph IX\noh sleep in eternal rest man who once drove from a town in Indiana to another in Iowa so as to search for a place for his family\u2014his wife and his two-year-old son\u2014to live, and once he\u2019d arrived at his destination, and after following a realtor to possible habitations, he settled (more or less) on a craftsman-style house, one with white exterior walls and blue trim, a house that the deceased would subsequently\u2014and, no doubt, stupidly\u2014agree to rent without his wife having had the chance to see it\u2014that is, by the time she signed her name to the lease, she would have viewed only the dozen or so photos that the deceased had taken (using a cheap and rather cumbersome turn-of-the-millennium digital camera), a fact that the deceased\u2019s wife would bring up whenever she discussed the shortcomings of this particular house, which turned out to be quite often, since, from the very first time she entered the house she disliked it, not only because the rental company had neglected to have it properly cleaned, which meant", "Epitaph IX\nwhich turned out to be quite often, since, from the very first time she entered the house she disliked it, not only because the rental company had neglected to have it properly cleaned, which meant that the corners were coated with dirt and dust and grime, but because it was, in many ways, a house that had seen its better days, a house whose basement utility room was puddled with mud and standing water, which meant that if one wanted to keep one\u2019s feet dry during laundry retrieval, one would have to walk from the rickety and unsafe-seeming stairway to the room where the decrepit washer and dryer lived by following a series of wobbling wooden planks placed strategically along the floor, and furthermore it was not clear whether the paint on the front porch\u2014or anywhere else in the house, for that matter\u2014had been the kind produced with toxic lead, a chemical that\u2014if ingested by their two-year-old son\u2014could cause brain damage and lead to a host of other developmental problems, but these things were only the tip of", "Epitaph IX\nkind produced with toxic lead, a chemical that\u2014if ingested by their two-year-old son\u2014could cause brain damage and lead to a host of other developmental problems, but these things were only the tip of the proverbial iceberg, as the family would soon discover that the floors creaked and the loose window frame whistled with cold air and many rooms lacked overhead lighting and thus languished in various degrees of darkness, and furthermore, every fall the house\u2019s bright white fa\u00e7ade reflected the warm October sun, thus attracting thousands of ladybugs, who, thanks to the many cracks and openings in the house, found their way inside, releasing musky pheromones or whatever it was they released if you touched them or attempted to vacuum them up, which the deceased did on a number of occasions, not understanding that any interference at all with the ladybugs would trigger this aforementioned musk-release, thus attracting more ladybugs, and yet enduring this nightmarish plague of beetles\u2014a swarm through which the", "Epitaph IX\nany interference at all with the ladybugs would trigger this aforementioned musk-release, thus attracting more ladybugs, and yet enduring this nightmarish plague of beetles\u2014a swarm through which the family would have to travel whenever they entered or exited the front door of their house, squinting their eyes and batting the insects from their sleeves and hair\u2014was infinitely preferable to the agonies the family suffered during the months of December through March, when the weather turned cold and damp and icy", "Epitaph IX\nTo read the rest of this and other inscriptions for headstones, order the book from Outpost 19. NER Digital is a creative writing series for the web. Matthew Vollmer is the author of Future Missionaries of America, a collection of stories. He is co-editor, with David Shields, of Fakes: An Anthology of Psuedo-Interviews, Faux Lectures, Quasi-Letters, \u201cFound\u201d Texts, and Other Fraudulent Artifacts. He teaches in the MFA program at Virginia Tech, where he also directs the undergraduate creative writing program"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/britney-spears-jamie-spears-never-authorized-surveillance-bedroom-sworn-statement-160400104.html

Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement

["Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nBritney Spears's dad says he 'never' authorized surveillance of her bedroom in sworn statement\nSuzy Byrne\n1 July 2022, 12:04 pm \u00b74-min read\nBritney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom.\nWhile her conservatorship was ended in November \u2014 and her father, Jamie Spears, was ousted as her conservator 10 months ago \u2014 there are many loose ends that need to be tied up. They include payments Jamie is seeking for his former role as well as addressing the allegations of conservatorship abuse made by the pop star.", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nAmong numerous documents filed ahead of the next court date, which is July 13 in Los Angeles, is a sworn declaration from Jamie claiming he did not authorize surveillance of the pop star's bedroom.", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\n\"I am informed of the allegation by Britney's counsel that a listening device or 'bug' was placed her bedroom as surveillance during the Conservatorship,\" the signed document obtained by Yahoo Entertainment states. \"This allegation is false. I never conducted or authorized any surveillance of Britney's bedroom at any time, including during the Conservatorship. I am not aware of any such surveillance having occurred.\"\nNotably, Jamie did not deny that Britney's phone use was monitored while he was in charge.", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nDays before Jamie was ousted as conservator last September, the New York Times released a documentary called Controlling Britney Spears. It claimed that Jamie hired the security company Black Box which monitored the star's digital communications and secretly captured audio recordings \u2015 more than 180 hours' worth \u2015 from her bedroom of private conversations she had with her now-husband, Sam Asghari, and her two children, Preston, 16, and Jayden, 15.", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nAlex Vlasov, a former employee of Black Box, spoke on the record about the surveillance. He claimed he was once given a USB drive with audio recordings and ordered to delete it. That became another red flag for him after initially thinking the company was working to keep the star safe", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nHe said he came to the realization that the singer wasn't being treated like a \"human being\" and was living in a \"prison.\" Vlasov, a personal assistant to Black Box founder Edan Yemini \u2014 said he \"did not want to be complicit in whatever they were involved in.\" (Yemini denied any misdoing, saying Black Box always acted professionally, ethically and legally.)", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nVlasov also claimed that Britney's phone was monitored. He said the iCloud account on her phone was mirrored on an iPad. Vlasov was instructed to encrypt the singer's digital communications captured and send them to Jamie and Robin Greenhill, an employee of Tri Star Sports & Entertainment Group, which was the business manager for Britney's estate", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\n(Greenhill denied any involvement, saying \"no one at\" the company \"ever suggested monitoring [Britney's] electronic communications\" nor were they \"aware of any hidden electronic surveillance device placed in [her] bedroom.\")", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nThe \"Oops!... I Did It Again\" songstress was placed in a conservatorship, with Jamie in charge, in 2008 after back-to-back hospitalizations. The legal arrangement, in which the conservatee loses their rights and has their life managed by someone else, is usually reserved for the most incapacitated members of society \u2014 for instance, someone with dementia. However, Britney went on to perform at a very high level \u2014 earning millions for the conservatorship \u2014 and yet it never ended", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nJamie \u2014 and the many lawyers associated with the conservatorship \u2014 made $36 million off of it, her attorney, Mathew Rosengart, has claimed.", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nOne year ago, Britney broke her silence about the legal chokehold on her life, alleging conservatorship abuse. For the first time, she was allowed to hire her own attorney, Rosengart, who swiftly ousted Jamie, and ended the conservatorship. Jamie has maintained that he's only ever acted in Britney's \"best interests.\" Rosengart has claimed Jamie continues to \"harass, intimidate and bully\" the singer.", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nRosengart has since been fighting back against the outstanding financials, under Jamie, and is looking into the abuse allegations. Jamie, who Rosengart claims has dodged being deposed, wants his legal fees paid. Britney's mother also wants legal fees covered.", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nBritney has said she wants to \"sue\" her family for keeping her in a conservatorship and profiting off of her for 13 years. She claimed she was forced into treatment facilities and made to take birth control against her will. She is estranged from her family now, with none of them invited to her wedding last month. She's writing a book about the ordeal.\nTravis Barker's ex Shanna Moakler says he 'beat the odds' before and 'will do it again' amid hospitalization", "Britney Spears's dad denies bugging her bedroom in sworn statement\nBill Cosby to have a party to mark 1st anniversary of prison release\nBusy Philipps is arrested at Supreme Court protest following Roe v. Wade decision: 'For equality'"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.news24.com/drum/News/nigeria-confirms-ebola-death-in-oil-city-of-port-harcourt-20170728

Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt

["Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\nNigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\nHealth minister Onyebuchi Chukwu said the medic died on August 22 after treating a patient who had contact with Liberian-American Patrick Sawyer, who brought the virus to Nigeria and who died in a Lagos hospital on July 25.", "Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\n\"Following the report of this death by the doctor's widow the next day, the case had been thoroughly investigated and laboratory analysis showed that this doctor died from EVD (Ebola Virus Disease),\" he told reporters in the capital Abuja.", "Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\nThe latest case brings to six the number of people who have died from the haemorrhagic fever in Nigeria. Fifteen people have now been confirmed to have the disease. On Wednesday, Chukwu had said that the virus was contained as there were no cases outside Lagos but warned against complacency in fighting the disease.\nNews that a doctor died 435 kilometres (270 miles) away will raise fears about the spread of the virus, just as Nigerians began to think that they had stopped Ebola in its tracks.", "Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\nPort Harcourt, the capital of Rivers state, is the centre of Nigeria's oil industry and home to a number of oil giants, including Anglo-Dutch giant Shell, France's Total and US firm Chevron.\nNigeria is Africa's largest oil producer, churning out roughly two million barrels a day, with crude accounting for more than 90 percent of its foreign exchange earnings.\nResidents in Port Harcourt said they were shocked and scared by the arrival of Ebola and called on the state government to tackle the virus.", "Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\n\"Port Harcourt plays host to a lot of people, including foreigners. All efforts should be made to check the spread of the virus,\" said local student Lucy Ekeh.\nChukwu said the patient, an official with the ECOWAS regional bloc who took Sawyer to hospital after he arrived unwell at Lagos airport on July 20, managed to evade detection and went to Port Harcourt in the last week of July.\nAnother ECOWAS official died of Ebola, the bloc announced on August 12.", "Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\nHis colleague saw the doctor who died in Port Harcourt in a city hotel room after showing Ebola-like symptoms, Rivers State health commissioner Sampson Parker said separately.\nChukwu added: \"After four days, following a manhunt for him, he (the patient) returned to Lagos by which time he was found to be without symptoms.", "Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\n\"This case would have been of no further interest since he had completed the 21 days of surveillance without any other issue but for the fact that the doctor who treated him died last Friday.\"\nFollowing the doctor's death, the minister said that several contacts had now been \"traced, registered and placed under surveillance\".\nHis widow, also a medical doctor, has shown symptoms of the virus and has been placed in isolation pending results of laboratory tests, he added.", "Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\n\"We don't know what the result will turn out to be but certainly if it turns out to be positive, it's likely we will move her to Lagos,\" the minister said.\nChukwu said that there were 70 people under surveillance in Port Harcourt, while six people were being watched in the eastern city of Enugu, where a nurse who treated Sawyer visited before displaying symptoms.", "Nigeria confirms Ebola death in oil city of Port Harcourt\nA treatment group has been in Port Harcourt since Wednesday morning and a mobile laboratory was being sent to the city this weekend, he added. Parker said that the hotel had been decontaminated.\n-SAPA"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://epriest.com/news/view/2236

Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood

["Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nAttendance at Chrism Mass\nQ: Are all the priests of the diocese obliged to attend/concelebrate at the Chrism Mass to show the unity of the presbyterate? -- J.T., India\nA: The General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM) explains the significance of concelebration with the bishop:", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nTo be held in particularly high regard is that concelebration in which the Priests of any given diocese concelebrate with their own Bishop at a stational Mass, especially on the more solemn days of the liturgical year, at the Ordination Mass of a new Bishop of the diocese or of his Coadjutor or Auxiliary, at the Chrism Mass, at the Evening Mass of the Lord\u2019s Supper, at celebrations of the Founder Saint of a local Church or the Patron of the diocese, on anniversaries of the Bishop, and, lastly, on the occasion of a Synod or a pastoral visitation", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nIn the same way, concelebration is recommended whenever Priests gather together with their own Bishop whether on the occasion of a retreat or at any other gathering. In these cases, the sign of the unity of the Priesthood and also of the Church inherent in every concelebration is made more clearly manifest.\u201d", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\n\u201c4. This Mass, which the Bishop concelebrates with his presbyterate, should be, as it were, a manifestation of the Priests\u2019 communion with their Bishop. Accordingly, it is desirable that all the Priests participate in it, insofar as is possible, and during it receive Communion even under both kinds. To signify the unity of the presbyterate of the diocese, the Priests who concelebrate with the Bishop should be from different regions of the diocese.\u201d", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nExpressions such as \u201cit is desirable\u201d and \u201cinsofar as possible\u201d would suggest that we are not before a strict obligation to attend the Chrism Mass. However, they also demonstrate the Church\u2019s desire that as many priests as possible concelebrate in this Mass. Indeed, liturgical law grants specific faculties to bishops and priests in order to make it as easy as possible.", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nTherefore, if celebrating the Mass on Holy Thursday makes it difficult for priests to attend this Mass, the rubrics foresee that \u201cthe Chrism Mass may be anticipated on another day, but near to Easter (Rubric 3).\u201d\nThis occurs above all in territorially extensive dioceses, many of which celebrate the Chrism Mass on Monday or Tuesday of Holy Week, thus allowing the priests to return to their parishes in time for the Easter triduum.", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nAlso, GIRM 199 mentions the Chrism Mass as one of those occasions in which concelebration is prescribed by the rite itself as this is a means through which \u201cthe unity of the Priesthood, of the Sacrifice, and also of the whole People of God is appropriately expressed.\u201d This number also recalls that \u201cOn Holy Thursday, and for the Mass of the Easter Vigil, it is not permitted to celebrate Mass individually.\u201d", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nFurthermore, GIRM 204 grants the exceptional faculty to concelebrate twice in the same day: \u201ca Priest who has celebrated or concelebrated the Chrism Mass on Thursday of Holy Week may also celebrate or concelebrate the Evening Mass of the Lord\u2019s Supper.\u201d", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nAll of these indications highly recommend priests to gather around their bishop for the Chrism Mass for the Eucharist, for the blessing of the holy oils, and to renew their priestly promises, first made on the day of ordination. In this way, they manifest a Church in which the people of God are united around the celebration of Christ\u2019s holy sacrifice.\nAs GIRM 4 says, commenting on the preface of the Chrism Mass:", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\n\u201cIn truth, the nature of the ministerial Priesthood proper to the Bishop and the Priest, who offer the Sacrifice in the person of Christ and who preside over the gathering of the holy people, shines forth in the form of the rite itself, on account of the more prominent place and function given to the Priest", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nThe essential elements of this function are set out and explained clearly and extensively in the Preface for the Chrism Mass on Thursday of Holy Week, the day, namely when the institution of the Priesthood is commemorated. For in the Preface is made clear how the conferral of Priestly power is accomplished through the laying on of hands; and, by the listing one by one of its duties, that power is described which is the continuation of the power of Christ, the High Priest of the New Testament.\u201d", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\n\u201c\u2026 For by the anointing of the Holy Spirit\nyou made your Only Begotten Son\nHigh Priest of the new and eternal covenant,\nand by your wondrous design were pleased to decree\nthat his one Priesthood should continue in the Church.\nFor Christ not only adorns with a royal priesthood\nthe people he has made his own,\nbut with a brother\u2019s kindness, he also chooses men\nto become sharers in his sacred ministry\nthrough the laying on of hands.\nThey are to renew in his name\nthe sacrifice of human redemption,", "Chrism Mass: Significance of Concelebration and Unity of the Priesthood\nto set before your children the paschal banquet,\nto lead your holy people in charity,\nto nourish them with the word\nand strengthen them with the Sacraments.\nAs they give up their lives for you\nand for the salvation of their brothers and sisters,\nthey strive to be conformed to the image of Christ himself\nand offer you a constant witness of faith and love \u2026.\u201d"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.forumcinemas.ee/eng/search/?query=Dougray+Scott

Movies with Dougray Scott at Forum Cinemas

["Movies with Dougray Scott at Forum Cinemas\nThe Vatican Tapes\nA priest and two Vatican exorcists must do battle with an ancient satanic force to save the soul of a young woman.", "Movies with Dougray Scott at Forum Cinemas\nLiam Neeson returns as ex-covert operative Bryan Mills, whose reconciliation with his ex-wife is tragically cut short when she is brutally murdered. Consumed with rage, and framed for the crime, he goes on the run to evade the relentless pursuit of the CIA, FBI and the police. For one last time, Mills must use his \"particular set of skills,\" to track down the real killers, exact his unique brand of justice, and protect the only thing that matters to him now \u2013 his daughter.\nMy Week with Marilyn", "Movies with Dougray Scott at Forum Cinemas\nIn the early summer of 1956, 23 year-old Colin Clark (Eddie Redmayne), just down from Oxford and determined to make his way in the film business, worked as a lowly assistant on the set of 'The Prince and the Showgirl'. The film that famously united Sir Laurence Olivier (Kenneth Branagh) and Marilyn Monroe (Michelle Williams), who was also on honeymoon with her new husband, the playwright Arthur Miller (Dougray Scott).", "Movies with Dougray Scott at Forum Cinemas\nAgent 47 (Timothy Olyphant) has been educated to become a professional assassin for hire, whose most powerful weapons are his nerve and a resolute pride in his work. 47 is both the last two digits of the barcode tattooed on the nape of his neck, and his only name. The hunter becomes the hunted when 47 gets caught up in a political takeover. Both Interpol and the Russian military chase the Hitman across Eastern Europe as he tries to find out who set him up and why they're trying to take him out of the game."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://bahai-library.com/shoghi-effendi_unfolding_destiny

Unfolding Destiny

["Unfolding Destiny\n>> Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Writings Books\nTAGS: Shoghi Effendi, Writings of\nLOCATIONS: United Kingdom\nLetters and telegrams by or on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds from 1922 to 1957. Those to Local Spiritual Assemblies listed separately. Includes biographical notes on British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in the order the names appear in the text.\nAdd or read quotations or links pertaining to this work here\nUnfolding Destiny\nby Shoghi Effendi\nLondon: Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Publishing Trust United Kingdom, 1981", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"...this community can do no better than to gird up afresh its loins, turn its back upon the clamour of the age, its fears, confusion and strife, step resolutely forward on its chosen path, unshakably confident that with every step it takes, should it remain undeflected in its purpose and undimmed in its vision, a fresh outpouring of Divine grace will reinforce and guide its march on the highroad of its destiny.\"\nShoghi\nClick on any of the numbers below to jump to a specific page of Unfolding Destiny:", "Unfolding Destiny\nv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282", "Unfolding Destiny\n233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489", "Unfolding Destiny\n439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"...The annals of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, small in numbers, yet unconquerable in spirit, tenacious in belief, undeviating in purpose, alert and vigilant in the discharge of its manifold duties and responsibilities, have in consequence of its epoch-making achievements been vastly enriched.", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"The process set in motion and greatly accelerated through the successive formulation of the Six Year Plan, the Two Year Plan and the Ten Year Plan, must continue unabated and unimpaired. Nay with every passing day it must gather momentum. Every individual believer must, henceforth, encouraged and inspired by all that has already been achieved, contribute to its future and speedy unfoldment.", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"That the entire community may befittingly respond to the call of the present hour and bring to a final consummation the Mission with which it has been entrusted is the deepest yearning of my heart and the object of my unceasing prayers.\"\nTHE SEEDS ARE TENDED\n5 March 1922+F1\nDear Fellow-workers in the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h,", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is with words of regret and disappointment that I desire to open this letter because of my inability, in view of my manifold and pressing duties, to respond individually and in writing to the many messages of love and sympathy and of hope that you have so affectionately sent me since our Beloved's passing from this World", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am sure I am voicing the sentiments of the bereaved ladies of the Household when I say that however desirous we may be to correspond separately with every one of you, the grave responsibilities and manifold duties now devolved upon us make it regrettably impossible to express in written messages to every friend what we constantly feel in our hearts, and pray for when visiting His sacred Shrine.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt this grave and momentous period through which the Cause of God in conformity with the Divine Wisdom is passing, it is the sacred duty of every one of us to endeavour to realise the full significance of this Hour of Transition, and then to make a supreme resolve to arise steadfastly for the fulfilment of our sacred obligations.", "Unfolding Destiny\nGreat as is the love and paternal care which our beloved Master is extending to us from on High, and unique as is the Spirit that animates today His servants in the world, yet a great deal will depend upon the character and efforts of His loved ones on whom now rests the responsibility of carrying on His work gloriously after Him", "Unfolding Destiny\nHow great is the need at this moment when the promised outpourings of His grace are ready to be extended to every soul, for us all to form a broad vision of the mission of the Cause to mankind, and to do all in our power to spread it throughout the world", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe eyes of the world, now that the sublime Personality of the Master has been removed from this visible plane, are turned with eager anticipation to us who are named after His name, and on whom rests primarily the responsibility to keep burning the torch that He has lit in this world", "Unfolding Destiny\nHow keenly I feel at this challenging hour in the history of the Cause the need for a firm and definite determination to subordinate all our personal likings, our local interests, to the interests and requirements of the Cause of God! Now is the time to set aside, nay, to forget altogether, minor considerations regarding our internal relationships, and to present a solid united front to the world animated by no other desire but to serve and propagate His Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is my firm conviction which I now express with all sincerity and candour, that the dignity and unity of the Cause urgently demands-- particularly throughout the American continent--that the friends should in their words and conduct emphasise and give absolute prominence to the constructive dynamic principles of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, rather than attach undue importance to His negative Teachings", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith hearts cleansed from the least trace of suspicion and filled with hope and faith in what the spirit of love can achieve, we must one and all endeavour at this moment to forget past impressions, and with absolute goodwill and genuine co-operation unite in deepening and diffusing the spirit of love and service that the Cause has thus far so remarkably shown to the world", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo this attitude of goodwill, of forebearance and genuine kindness to all, must be added, however, constant but unprovocative vigilance, lest unrestricted association with the peoples of the world should enable the very few who have been definitely pronounced by the Master as injurious to the body of the Cause, to make a breach in the Movement", "Unfolding Destiny\nNot until, however, an unmistakable evidence should appear, manifestly revealing the evil motives of a certain individual or groups of individuals, is it advisable to make the matter public; for an untimely declaration that shall give rise to open differences among the friends is far more detrimental than forbearing still further with those who are suspected of evil intentions", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the Master so fully and consistently did throughout His lifetime, we must all make a supreme effort to pour out a genuine spirit of kindness and hopeful love to peoples of various creeds and classes, and must abstain from all provocative language that may impede the effect of what true and continued kindness can produce.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDoes not 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 wish us, as He looks down upon us with loving expectation from His glorious Station, to obliterate as much as possible all traces of censure, of conflicting discussions, of cooling remarks, of petty unnecessary observations that impede the onward march of the Cause, that damp the zeal of the firm believer and detract from the sublimity of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Cause in the eyes of the inquirer", "Unfolding Destiny\n? In order, however, to insure fair and quick and vigorous action whenever such an evil activity is revealed and has been carefully ascertained, the best and only means would appear to be, for the careful observer, once he is assured of such an evil action, and has grown hopeless of the attitude of kindness and forbearance, to report it quietly to the Spiritual Assembly representative of the friends in that locality and submit the case to their earnest and full consideration. Should the majority of the", "Unfolding Destiny\nmembers of that Assembly be conscientiously convinced of the case-- and this being a national issue affecting the body of the friends in America--it should, only through the intermediary of that Assembly, be cautiously communicated to that greater body representing all the Assemblies in America, which will in its turn obtain all the available data from the local Assembly in question, study carefully the situation and reserve for itself the ultimate decision", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis clearly places heavy responsibilities on the local as well as national Assemblies, which in the course of time will evolve, with the Master's power and guidance, into the local and national Houses of Justice", "Unfolding Destiny\nHence the vital necessity of having a local Spiritual Assembly in every locality where the number of adult declared believers exceeds nine, and of making provision for the indirect election of a Body that shall adequately represent the interests of all the friends and Assemblies throughout the American Continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA perusal of some of the words of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 on the duties and functions of the Spiritual Assemblies in every land (later to be designated as the local Houses of Justice), emphatically reveals the sacredness of their nature, the wide scope of their activity, and the grave responsibility which rests upon them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAddressing the members of the Spiritual Assembly in Chicago, the Master reveals the following:--\"Whenever ye enter the council-chamber, recite this prayer with a heart throbbing with the love of God and a tongue purified from all but His remembrance, that the All-powerful may graciously aid you to achieve supreme victory:--`O God, my God! We are servants of Thine that have turned with devotion to Thy Holy Face, that have detached ourselves from all beside Thee in this glorious Day", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe have gathered in this spiritual assembly, united in our views and thoughts, with our purposes harmonised to exalt Thy Word amidst mankind. O Lord, our God! Make us the signs of Thy Divine Guidance, the Standards of Thy exalted Faith amongst men, servants to Thy mighty Covenant. O Thou our Lord Most High! Manifestations of Thy Divine Unity in Thine Abh\u00e1 Kingdom, and resplendent stars shining upon all regions", "Unfolding Destiny\nLord! Aid us to become seas surging with the billows of Thy wondrous Grace, streams flowing from Thy all-glorious Heights, goodly fruits upon the Tree of Thy heavenly Cause, trees waving through the breezes of Thy Bounty in Thy celestial Vineyard. O God! Make our souls dependent upon the Verses of Thy Divine Unity, our hearts", "Unfolding Destiny\ncheered with the outpourings of Thy Grace, that we may unite even as the waves of one sea and become merged together as the rays of Thine effulgent Light; that our thoughts, our views, our feelings may become as one reality, manifesting the spirit of union throughout the world. Thou art the Gracious, the Bountiful, the Bestower, the Almighty, the Merciful, the Compassionate.'\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the Most Holy Book is revealed:--\"The Lord hath ordained that in every city a House of Justice be established wherein shall gather counsellors to the number of Baha, and should it exceed this number it does not matter. It behoveth them to be the trusted ones of the Merciful among men and to regard themselves as the guardians appointed of God for all that dwell on earth", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is incumbent upon them to take counsel together and to have regard for the interests of the servants of God, for His sake, even as they regard their own interests, and to choose that which is meet and seemly. Thus hath the Lord your God commanded you. Beware lest ye put away that which is clearly revealed in His Tablet. Fear God, O ye that perceive.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nFurthermore, 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 reveals the following:--\"It is incumbent upon every one not to take any step without consulting the Spiritual Assembly, and they must assuredly obey with heart and soul its bidding and be submissive unto it, that things may be properly ordered and well arranged. Otherwise every person will act independently and after his own judgment, will follow his own desire, and do harm to the Cause.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"The prime requisites for them that take counsel together are purity of motive, radiance of spirit, detachment from all else save God, attraction to His Divine Fragrances, humility and lowliness amongst His loved ones, patience and long-suffering in difficulties and servitude to His exalted Threshold. Should they be graciously aided to acquire these attributes, victory from the unseen Kingdom of Baha shall be vouchsafed to them", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn this day, assemblies of consultation are of the greatest importance and a vital necessity. Obedience unto them is essential and obligatory. The members thereof must take counsel together in such wise that no occasion for ill-feeling or discord may arise. This can be attained when every member expresseth with absolute freedom his own opinion and setteth forth his argument. Should any one oppose, he must on no account feel hurt for not until matters are fully discussed can the right way be revealed", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe shining spark of truth cometh forth only after the clash of differing opinions. If after discussion, a decision be carried unanimously well and good;", "Unfolding Destiny\nEnumerating the obligations incumbent upon the members of consulting councils, the Beloved reveals the following:--\"The first condition is absolute love and harmony amongst the members of the assembly. They must be wholly free from estrangement and must manifest in themselves the Unity of God, for they are the waves of one sea, the drops of one river, the stars of one heaven, the rays of one sun, the trees of one orchard, the flowers of one garden", "Unfolding Destiny\nShould harmony of thought and absolute unity be non-existent, that gathering shall be dispersed and that assembly be brought to naught. The second condition:--They must when coming together turn their faces to the Kingdom on High and ask aid from the Realm of Glory. They must then proceed with the utmost devotion, courtesy, dignity, care and moderation to express their views", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey must in every matter search out the truth and not insist upon their own opinion, for stubbornness and persistence in one's views will lead ultimately to discord and wrangling and the truth will remain hidden", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe honoured members must with all freedom express their own thoughts, and it is in no wise permissible for one to belittle the thought of another, nay, he must with moderation set forth the truth, and should differences of opinion arise a majority of voices must prevail, and all must obey and submit to the majority", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is again not permitted that any one of the honoured members object to or censure, whether in or out of the meeting, any decision arrived at previously, though that decision be not right, for such criticism would prevent any decision from being enforced. In short, whatsoever thing is arranged in harmony and with love and purity of motive, its result is light, and should the least trace of estrangement prevail the result shall be darkness upon darkness...", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf this be so regarded, that Assembly shall be of God, but otherwise it shall lead to coolness and alienation that proceed from the Evil One. Discussions must all be confined to spiritual matters that pertain to the training of souls, the instruction of children, the relief of the poor, the help of the feeble throughout all classes in the world, kindness to all peoples, the diffusion of the fragrances of God and the exaltation of His Holy Word", "Unfolding Destiny\nShould they endeavour to fulfil these conditions the Grace of the Holy Spirit shall be vouchsafed unto them, and that assembly shall become the centre of the Divine blessings, the hosts of Divine confirmation shall come to their aid, and they shall day by day receive a new effusion of Spirit.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nSo great is the importance and so supreme is the authority of these assemblies that once 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 after having Himself and in His own handwriting corrected the translation made into Arabic of the Ishraqat (the Effulgences) by Shaykh Faraj, a Kurdish friend from Cairo, directed him in a Tablet to submit the above-named translation to the Spiritual Assembly of Cairo, that he may seek from them before publication their approval and consent", "Unfolding Destiny\nThese are His very words in that Tablet:--\"His honour, Shaykh Faraju'llah, has here rendered into Arabic with greatest care the Ishraqat and yet I have told him that he must submit his version to the Spiritual Assembly of Egypt, and I have conditioned its publication upon the approval of the above-named Assembly. This is so that things may be arranged in an orderly manner, for should it not be so any one may translate a certain Tablet and print and circulate it on his own account", "Unfolding Destiny\nEven a non-believer might undertake such work, and thus cause confusion and disorder. If it be conditioned, however, upon the approval of the Spiritual Assembly, a translation prepared, printed and circulated by a non-believer will have no recognition whatever.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis is indeed a clear indication of the Master's express desire that nothing whatever should be given to the public by any individual among the friends, unless fully considered and approved by the Spiritual Assembly in his locality; and if this (as is undoubtedly the case) is a matter that pertains to the general interest of the Cause in that land, then it is incumbent upon the Spiritual Assembly to submit it to the consideration and approval of the national body representing all the various local assemblies", "Unfolding Destiny\nNot only with regard to publication, but all matters without any exception whatsoever, regarding the interests of the Cause in that locality, individually or collectively, should be referred exclusively to the Spiritual Assembly in that locality, which shall decide upon it, unless it be a matter of national interest, in which case it shall be referred to the national body. With this national body also will rest the decision whether a given question is of local or national interest", "Unfolding Destiny\n(By national affairs is not meant matters that are political in their character, for the friends of God the world over are strictly forbidden to meddle with political affairs in any way whatever, but rather things that affect the spiritual activities of the body of the friends in that land).", "Unfolding Destiny\nFull harmony, however, as well as co-operation among the various local assemblies and the members themselves, and particularly between each assembly and the national body, is of the utmost importance, for upon it depends the unity of the Cause of God, the solidarity of the\nfriends, the full, speedy and efficient working of the spiritual activities of His loved ones.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLarge issues in such spiritual activities that affect the Cause in general in that land, such as the management of the \"Star of the West\" and any periodical which the National Body may decide to be a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed organ, the matter of publication, or reprinting Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature and its distribution among the various assemblies, the means whereby the teaching campaign may be stimulated and maintained, the work of the Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r, the racial question in relation to the Cause, the matter of receiving Orientals and associating with them, the care and maintenance of the precious film exhibiting a phase of the Master's sojourn in the United States of America as well as the original matrix and the records of His voice, and various other national spiritual activities, far from being under the exclusive jurisdiction of any local assembly or group of friends, must each be minutely and fully directed by a special board, elected by the National Body, constituted as a committee thereof, responsible to it and upon which", "Unfolding Destiny\nany local assembly or group of friends, must each be minutely and fully directed by a special board, elected by the National Body, constituted as a committee thereof, responsible to it and upon which the National Body shall exercise constant and general supervision.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe time is indeed ripe for the manifold activities, wherein the servants and handmaidens of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h are so devoutly and earnestly engaged, to be harmonised and conducted with unity, co-operation and efficiency, that the effect of such a combined and systematised effort, through which an All-powerful Spirit is steadily pouring, may transcend every other achievement of the past, however glorious it has been, and may stand, now that, to the eyes of the outside world the glorious Person of the Master is no more, a convincing testimony of the potency of His everliving Spirit.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour brother and co-worker in His Cause,\nTo my spiritual brethren and sisters in Great Britain. Care of the members of the Spiritual Council.+F1\nMy dearest brethren and sisters in the faith of God!\nMay I at the very outset of this, my very first letter to you, convey", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Dr. Esselmont+ and E. T. Hall were \"chosen\" to represent Bournemouth and Manchester respectively and they met with seven others representing \"The London Groups\" to form the first \"All-England Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council\" which met at the London home of Mrs. Thornburgh-Cropper+ 6 June, 1922. Mr. G. P. Simpson+ was elected Chairman.", "Unfolding Destiny\nto your hearts in words, however inadequate but assuredly deeply felt and sincere, a measure of my burning impatience, during my days of retirement, to return speedily and join hands with you in the great work of consolidation that awaits every earnest believer in the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow that happily I feel myself restored to a position where I can take up with continuity and vigour the threads of my manifold duties, the bitterness of every disappointment felt, time and again, in the course of the past weary months at my feeling of unpreparedness, have been merged in the sweetness of the present hour, when I realise that spiritually and bodily I am better equipped to shoulder the responsibilities of the Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe thought, so often comforting and sustaining, that in the counsels of my British co-workers of that land, I shall find spontaneous and undiminished support as well as wise and experienced assistance, is surely one of those forces which will hearten me in the midst of my future labours for the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat in every one of you our departed Master reposed His future and truest hopes for an able and convincing presentation of the Cause to the outside world, is abundantly revealed in His spoken and written words to you, as well as in His general references to the spirit of sincerity, of tenacity and devotion that animates His friends of that land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe fierce tests that have raged over that island in the past; the calm and determination with which they have been so bravely faced and surmounted; the seeds of loving fellowship that the Beloved in person has more than once scattered in its soil; the rise, as its result, of a few but indeed capable, reliable, devoted and experienced followers and admirers of the Cause; the splendid and in many instances unique opportunities that are yours--these indeed are cherished thoughts for a land that illumines its past and should cheer its future.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI need hardly tell you how grateful and gratified I felt when I heard the news of the actual formation of a National Council whose main object is to guide, co-ordinate and harmonise the various activities of the friends, and when I learned of its satisfactory composition, its harmonious procedure and the splendid work it is achieving.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMy earnest prayer is that the blessing of the Almighty may rest upon all its deliberations, that it may be divinely guided, inspired in its work, may smooth speedily and definitely all differences that may arise, may promote the all-important work of Teaching, may widen the sphere of its correspondence and exchange of news with the distant", "Unfolding Destiny\nparts of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, may secure through its publications a dignified and proper presentation of the Cause to the enlightened public, and may in every other respect prove itself capable of distinct and worthy achievements.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith abiding affection and renewed vigour I shall now await the joyful tidings of the progress of the Cause and the extension of your activities, and will spare no effort in sharing with the faithful, here and in other lands, the welcome news of the progressive march of the Cause and the unceasing labours of our British friends for the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.\nYour brother,\nTo my beloved brethren and sisters throughout Great Britain. Care of the members of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council.\nDearest Friends,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have during the last few days been waiting eagerly for the first written messages of my Western friends, sent to me since they have learned of my return to the Holy Land", "Unfolding Destiny\nHow great was the joy when dear Miss Rosenberg's+ letter--the very first that reached me from the West--was handed to me this evening, bearing the joyful news of the safety, the unity and the happiness of my British friends across the seas! I read it and re-read it with particular pleasure and felt a thrill of delight at the welcome news of the harmonious and efficient functioning of your Spiritual Assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI very sincerely hope that now that I have fully re-entered upon my task, I may be enabled to offer my humble share of assistance and advice in the all-important work which is now before you. I fervently pray to God that the field of your activities may go on expanding, that your zeal and efforts may never diminish, and that new souls, active, able and sincere, may soon join with you in bearing aloft the Glorious Standard of the Cause in that land....", "Unfolding Destiny\nknowledge of the Cause, his wide experience, his fluency, his ardour and his devotion, reanimate every drooping spirit and inspire the active worker to make fresh and determined efforts for the deepening as well as the spreading of the Movement in those regions", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis forthcoming book, which he has patiently and laboriously written on the history of the Movement and which has been partly revised by the Pen of our Beloved Master is beyond any doubt the most graphic, the most reliable and comprehensive of its kind in all Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature. I am sure he will considerably enrich the store of your knowledge of the various phases and stages of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Movement. Our beloved Dr", "Unfolding Destiny\nEsslemont will, I trust, be particularly pleased to meet him, as he is eminently qualified to offer him valuable help in connection with various aspects of his (Dr. Esslemont's) book. I am enclosing various suggestions of Mr. Dreyfus-Barney and of Mr. Roy Wilhelm made by them at my request, during their last sojourn in the Holy Land. I submit them to Dr. Esslemont's consideration as well as to that of the Spiritual Assembly", "Unfolding Destiny\nI very deeply regret my inability to give the attention I desire to this admirable work of his, but will assuredly do all in my power to aid him in the final stages of his work. I am certain however that the book as it now stands gives the finest and most effective presentation of the various aspects of the Cause to the mind of the Oriental as well as to that of the Westerner. May it arouse a genuine and widespread interest in the Cause throughout the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am now starting correspondence with every Bah\u00e1'\u00ed local centre throughout the East and will not fail to instruct and urge the believers everywhere to send directly through their respective spiritual local Assemblies the joyful tidings of the progress of the Cause, in the form of regular detailed reports, to the various assemblies of their spiritual brethren and sisters in the West", "Unfolding Destiny\nEngland, I am confident, will regularly and consistently receive, directly, and indirectly through the \"Star of the West\" and the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed News\" of India, a large share of such tidings from Persia, Caucasus, Turkestan, India, Turkey and Mesopotamia, North Africa and Egypt", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt would be most gratifying and encouraging to all earnest workers for the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h if every now and then a report on the spiritual activities of the friends in Great Britain, as well as articles on spiritual matters, would be submitted for publication to the above-mentioned periodicals. It would, I feel very strongly, react very favourably on the Cause in England, and would serve to draw closer the ties that bind all spiritual centres together at the present time.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI would be pleased and grateful if the members of the Spiritual Assembly would at any time inform me of their needs, wants and desires, their plans and activities, that I may through my prayers and brotherly assistance contribute, however meagrely, to the success of their glorious mission in this world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo my extreme regret, I feel unable in view of my manifold and pressing duties, and owing to the extraordinary extension of the Movement in recent times, to correspond with the friends individually and express to them in writing what I always feel in the depth of my heart of brotherly affection and abiding gratitude for their love and sympathy for me", "Unfolding Destiny\nI shall, however, await with eager expectation their individual letters and assure them of my readiness and wish to be of any service to them in their work for the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRemembering every one of you in these hallowed surroundings and fervently praying at the three sacred Thresholds that the blessings of the Lord may rest upon your individual and collective efforts,\nI am as ever your devoted brother,\nThe beloved of the Lord and the handmaids of the Merciful throughout London, Manchester and Bournemouth. Care of the members of the National Spiritual Assembly.+F1\nDearest brethren and sisters in 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe letters that I have recently received from the friends in London and Manchester have been to me a source of great hope and encouragement, and have served to strengthen the ties that bind me to my dearly-beloved friends in that great country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am much pleased and gratified to hear of the wonderful progress of the work of our able and devoted brother, Jinab-i-'Avarih, and my earnest hope and prayer is that he may, by his zeal, patience, experience and knowledge, set ablaze the fire that the Master has kindled in the heart of that land.\nThe supreme necessity, and the urgent need of the Cause of God at present, is the unity of the friends, and their sustained and wholehearted", "Unfolding Destiny\nco-operation in their task of spreading the Divine Teachings throughout the world. It is the sacred duty of all believers to have implicit confidence in, and support heartily, every decision passed by their Spiritual Assemblies, whether local or central; and the members of these Assemblies must, on their part, set aside their own inclinations, personal interests, likes and dislikes, and regard only the welfare of the Cause and the well-being of the friends", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis is surely the foundation which must be firmly laid in the hearts of all believers the world over, for upon this only can any constructive and permanent service be achieved, and the edifice of the Beloved's last instructions, as revealed in His Will and Testament, be raised and established.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe all-conquering Spirit of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h cannot prove effective in this world of strife and turmoil, and cannot achieve its purpose for mankind, unless we, who are named after His Name, and who are the recipients of His Grace, endeavour, by our example, our daily life and our dealings with our fellow-men, to reveal that noble spirit of love and self-sacrifice of which the world stands in need at present.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have been reading lately some of the oldest Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 and am enclosing for your perusal the translation of various selections from His soul-stirring words, revealed some twenty-five years ago, during the darkest days of His incarceration in the prison city of 'Akk\u00e1", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou will realise as you read them the unshakable confidence of the Master in the future growth of the Movement, the significance of the Cause in this age, and the glorious privilege of the friends to labour for its spread in every land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am enclosing also my revised translation of the Hidden Words, both Persian and Arabic, a copy of which I have sent to the friends in the United States in response to their cable, requesting me to authorise circulation of my version among the friends in America.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have recently received a message from our beloved brethren and sisters in Germany, who, in the midst of their sufferings and trials, yearn to receive a word of sympathy and comfort from their fellow-workers in France and England. I am sure you will gladly respond to their request, and cheer them with the glad-tidings of the wonderful progress of the Cause in your land and elsewhere.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am always looking forward to receiving your letters and hear from you personally in all matters pertaining to the Cause. It is my earnest prayer whenever I visit the Sacred Shrines, that the friends in England may be always protected, guided and blessed in their work of service to the Cause, and may soon witness the fulfilment of the glorious promises\nof the Master regarding the future of that land and the spiritual re-awakening of its people.\nYour brother and fellow-worker,\nDear Spiritual Brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter to Shoghi Effendi has been received and was read by him with keen delight and satisfaction for it bespoke of the new spirit of ardent devotion that has enkindled the hearts of the faithful followers of Baha, and of their loyal and active endeavours in the path of service", "Unfolding Destiny\nShould the friends continue in their labours of love and service their activities will yield glorious results and they shall witness the realisation of the promises of the Beloved regarding the spiritual achievements of the friends in that land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi is highly gratified and encouraged to know that the friends have carried out so efficiently his directions regarding the establishment of National and local Spiritual Assemblies; and he feels confident that the co-ordinated and unified efforts of its members, blessed by the unfailing assistance and guidance of the Beloved Master, will mark the dawn of a new era of spiritual activity and enlightenment.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very pleased to know that you are faithfully working for peace and harmony amongst the friends; and he prays that you may be blessed in your endeavours and be inspired and guided to clear all misunderstandings that may arise; and may help bring about that spirit of unity which is so essential to the life and growth of the Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is no doubt that difficulties will always arise; but if met in the spirit of earnest and selfless devotion and purity of motive all problems will be solved and we shall emerge from every difficulty spiritually stronger and wiser.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi wishes to extend to you his thanks for your giving him the report of the activities of the friends there. He will soon write a letter to the Assembly based on their report. He wishes you to rest assured that his thoughts and prayers are with you wishing you all success in your labours for the promulgation of the Blessed Cause.\nAlthough unable to write individual letters he will gladly welcome all letters that you will send him in the future...", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am in receipt of your letter dated Nov. 17th 1923, and forwarded to me by our active and devoted brother, Mr. Simpson. I have read it with the utmost pleasure and satisfaction. I feel happy and encouraged to learn that those few, yet earnest and promising, servants of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in that land are, despite the vicissitudes and obstacles that confront the rapid rise of the Movement, wholeheartedly striving and co-operating for the fulfilment of His divine Promise.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou, surely, have laid a firm foundation for the future development of the Cause in those regions, and my hope is that the National Assembly of Great Britain may, by full, frequent, and anxious consultation, protect the Cause, maintain and promote harmony amongst the friends, and initiate and execute ways and means for the diffusion of its spirit and the promotion of its principles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI welcome with keen and genuine satisfaction the active participation of our beloved sister, Mrs. Thornburgh-Cropper, in the affairs of the Cause, and feel confident that her wisdom, her experience, her influence, and her unparalleled opportunities for the service of the Movement will pave the way for the wholesome growth of the Cause in that land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am sure you all realise the seemingly unsurmountable difficulties in the way of individual correspondence with the ever-increasing multitude of Bah\u00e1'\u00eds throughout the world, and I need hardly tell you how tremendously difficult it is, and how reluctant I feel, to discriminate at all between the many letters of varying importance which I daily receive from almost every corner of the globe", "Unfolding Destiny\nRealising however that direct and intimate individual correspondence, in some form or other, is most urgent and vital to the interests of the Cause, I am, I assure you, giving it these days again my careful and undivided attention, and pray God that to this problem may soon be found a satisfactory and feasible solution. In the meantime, I wish to emphasise the fact that I eagerly await, and would welcome, and would assuredly have time to peruse, most carefully and in person, every individual", "Unfolding Destiny\nletter you may wish to send me, and my readiness and wish to attend, in the very best way I can, to every matter raised in those letters. No written message, however unimportant, will first be opened and read by any one save myself.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the proposed conference on \"Living Religions within the British Empire\", I feel that such a great opportunity for the Movement should not be neglected, and I am glad to know that it has been seized by the members of the National Assembly, and is being closely examined by them", "Unfolding Destiny\nI would welcome further particulars as to who has conceived the idea, under whose auspices it will be conducted, and whether it is being supported by government authorities, and what conditions are imposed on its proceedings. I am discussing the matter with some of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed representatives of India and America as to what friends would be most competent to represent the Cause at this conference", "Unfolding Destiny\nI shall communicate on this subject with the National Assemblies of India and America, and will inform you immediately I receive definite information from them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs to the raising of funds to provide for the expenses of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed representatives, I am sure the friends in England will find in the National Assemblies of India and America and in myself ready and generous supporters of a step that will undoubtedly prove of immediate and universal value for the ultimate recognition of the Cause by the world.\nIt is my ardent prayer that we may all be inspired to adopt the most effective measures for the successful achievement of this great undertaking.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI was much impressed by the charm and force of Major Moore's article, published recently in T. P. Cassell's weekly, and I would much desire to know whether his action was spontaneous, or whether he was urged or requested by someone to write it. I strongly urge the friends, and particularly the members of the National Assembly, to do all in their power to make of this able and highly-minded admirer of the Cause, a zealous and true Bah\u00e1'\u00ed", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am looking forward with keen anticipation to his spiritual development and his taking a more active part in the affairs of the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am enclosing for the friends recent translations of the wonderful prophetic utterances of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and I trust you will find them of great value in your work of teaching and spreading the Cause.\nAwaiting eagerly your letters, individually as well as collectively,\nI am your brother,\nMy dear Mr. Simpson,", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour short yet encouraging letter was gladly received by our dear Shoghi Effendi just yesterday evening. He felt very pleased indeed with that spirit of hopefulness which your letter conveyed, and he eagerly hopes that in the days to come nothing will mar the brightness and optimism of his English brethren and sisters over in the West.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour references to the commemoration meeting held in London, brought back with all its painful sadness recollections of that one night. In a calm and quiet night, brightened by the silvery rays of the moon, gathered 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's sorrow-stricken faithful ones, to commemorate the night of His last farewell. On the cistern by the Tomb sat His fervent servants; below them flickered the dying lights of Haifa, and above head shown in full magnificence the star bespangled heavens", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt was in the mid-watches of such a night that with sorrow and fervour the servants turned unto their dear Master so near and yet so far away; and with a deep feeling of that bitter loss they supplicated help and guidance from their Lord. A word or two from Shoghi Effendi made them feel the Master nigh, and made them realise as never before that it was only in following in His steps, and in living the life that He had, that we can prove our faithfulness to our Master's Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe are receiving encouraging news from almost everywhere, such as Italy, Germany, China and Australia; and as you will have them more fully in the circulars of the Spiritual Assembly, I had hardly need make mention of them here.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi's earnest hopes in England are very great, and I am sure that the sincere and true-hearted efforts of his fellow-workers, will spread the principles of this great Revelation as never before. Hard though it be to get access to the more intellectual circles in England, he firmly believes that through persistence, the obstacles will be soon overcome and they, with their own accord, will welcome you in their midst, turning a sympathetic ear to all that you have to share with them", "Unfolding Destiny\n[From the Guardian:]\nMy beloved brother,\nMy deepest admiration for your indefatigable exertions for the success of the Cause. I will always remember you in my prayers and await eagerly your personal letters. I welcome any suggestions and further particulars regarding the conference on the Living Religions within the British Empire.\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of Dec. 23rd furnishing necessary information concerning the Conference on Religions arrived and made our dear Guardian highly pleased and delighted.\nAs he has quite recently written to the friends in England, he has instructed me to answer your letter and inform you that he has written and directed the National Spiritual Assembly of America to have a comprehensive article written by the ablest pen among the American friends--to be excellent both in style and in representation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAfter this essay is written, it will be sent to our dear Shoghi Effendi who will send it to your N.S. Assembly for your perusal and consideration. You will add your remarks and suggestions and return it to him for final approval.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi is also thinking of selecting someone among the Indian friends to represent India. This Conference and a worthy and dignified representation of the Holy Cause therein, are under his serious consideration. We hope that through his wise instruction and powerful prayers your activities in this respect will be crowned with glorious success and that it will be known to the public that the Cause is not a movement collateral with other movements such as the Brahma Somaj or Ahmadi movements.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHere at the Holy Shrine of our Beloved we remember all the dear friends in England and supplicate humbly for their happiness.\nShoghi Effendi is sending you his love and affection together\nwith his deep appreciation towards your noble labours and sacrificial efforts in the service of the Holy Cause...", "Unfolding Destiny\nI enclose a copy of my recent letter to the National Spiritual Assembly of America regarding the Conference as well as copies of my recent translation of some of the most remarkable and prophetic utterances of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 which might interest the friends in Great Britain. Pray convey my love to all of them.\n4 January 1924 (Enclosure)\nTo the members of the American National Spiritual Assembly.\nMy dearest friends!", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"I have now to bring to your notice, though possibly you are already aware of it, a matter which is of the first importance in the opinion of the National Spiritual Assembly as you will see from one of the paragraphs of the enclosed minutes of its first meeting, which was held on October 13th", "Unfolding Destiny\nSo far the programme of the conference on the `Living Religions within the British Empire' is in a somewhat nebulous condition, but I have ascertained from Miss Sharples, the honorary secretary of the committee of organisation, that the conference has been approved by the authorities of the British Empire Exhibition, 1924 and will last for ten days, covering the last week of the month of September and the first three days of October", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is proposed that all religions taught and practised throughout the British Empire shall be represented at the conference, including the Christians, Muhammadans, Buddhists, Brahma Somaj, Theosophists and others, and that each one in turn shall have at its disposal a day or part of a day for a meeting to expound its principles and deal with its organisation and objects.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn their last letter, the members of the National Spiritual Assembly of Great Britain further inform me that the idea of the above-mentioned conference has originated with the Theosophical Society,", "Unfolding Destiny\nbut these having later dropped its management the organisation of the conference passed into the hands of the School of Oriental Studies and the Sociological Society", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou will also note from the enclosed copy of a letter addressed by the same Miss Sharples to the President of the British National Spiritual Assembly that the time offered to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed representatives will be very limited, and that most probably the allotted time will be just sufficient to read their papers or deliver their address and engage in the discussion that might arise after their formal presentation of the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the British Empire Exhibition, of which this conference forms a part, is itself a semi-official undertaking, and receives actually the generous support and active participation of the government authorities throughout the British Empire, I feel that the opportunities now offered to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world should not be missed, as this chance, if properly utilised, might arouse and stimulate widespread interest among the enlightened public.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs so much will depend upon the nature and general presentation of the theme, rather than upon the personality of the reader or speaker, I feel that first and foremost our attention should be concentrated on the choice and thorough preparation of the subject matter as well as on the proper drafting and the form of the paper itself, which might possibly have to be submitted afterwards to the authorities of the conference.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI feel the necessity of entrusting this highly important and delicate task to a special committee, to be appointed most carefully by the National Spiritual Assembly of America, and consisting of those who by their knowledge of the Cause, their experience in matters of publicity, and particularly by their power of expression and beauty of style will be qualified to produce a befitting statement on the unique history of the Movement as well as its lofty principles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAn account of the most salient features of the history of the Cause, a brief but impressive reference to its many heroes and martyrs, a convincing and comprehensive presentation of the basic principles, and a characteristic survey of the Master's life, as well as a short but graphic description of the present position and influence of the Movement both in the East and the West, should, in my opinion, be included and combined into one conclusive argument", "Unfolding Destiny\nIts length should not surpass that of the enclosed article, and its general tone, expression and language should be at once dignified, sober and forceful.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe greatest care and caution must be exercised in choosing those who can best provide and fulfil the above-mentioned requisites and conditions.\nI shall be most pleased to offer my views and suggestions once the paper has assumed its final shape, and wish you to obtain the assistance and advice of those whom you think able to judge amongst the friends in England and elsewhere.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMr. Simpson, the President of the British National Spiritual Assembly, writes that Miss Grand from Canada has suggested the names of Dr. Watson and Mr. J. O. McCarthy of Toronto to represent the Canadian Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. I would be pleased to receive your views as to who should represent Canada at the Conference", "Unfolding Destiny\nIndia is the only other country within the British Empire that can send a native Bah\u00e1'\u00ed representative to the conference, and it is rather unfortunate that the United States of America should have to be excluded, as the speakers at the conference must necessarily be subjects of the British Empire.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am enclosing recent translations of the prophetic and most remarkable words of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 which I trust you will all find of great value and interest in the great work you are doing for the Cause.\nMay this great project yield an abundant harvest for the Cause, and your efforts be richly blessed by the guiding Spirit of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1.\nYour fellow-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi was glad to hear from you again and hopes that the activities of the friends in England are progressing day after day. There is really so much to be done in almost every country that the more the friends accomplish, the larger does the field of service become. As a matter of fact in many countries we can hardly claim to have fully represented the Cause and to have declared its strong and sublime principles to all classes of men", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is with a vision of greater accomplishments among higher and higher circles of society, that our Guardian wishes his fellow-workers to feel inspired; and in these dark and dismal days it is", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning the sum which Shoghi Effendi has sent to the National Assembly as a personal gift; he would like to inform you that in case you feel in great need of funds for the activities of the Cause in England, you might take from the sum which he sent you, and at the time of the Exposition Shoghi Effendi might be able to help you in case you cannot collect the necessary expense. Shoghi Effendi attaches great hopes to the activities of the friends in London, and may they some day be realised.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe copies of the \"Hidden Words\" you had published were received and Shoghi Effendi thinks that they are quite well printed. He is glad that he can share these comforting thoughts from Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h with his brothers and sisters in the West....\nMy dear fellow-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI always look forward with keen anticipation to any news from England indicating the progress and advancement of the Cause so dear to our hearts. I pray ardently for every one of you and assure you personally of my affection, esteem and gratitude,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter to our dear Guardian and assure you that he is always most glad to hear from you in person and to know still more of the activities of his fellow-workers in that country", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt a time when the whole work and administration of the Cause with all its overpowering intensity and extent has devolved upon the shoulders of our youthful Guardian, I am sure you quite well realise what every single expression of the progress of the Cause he stands for would mean to him as our leader and captain; and at a time when the varied questions and problems that the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Movement, on its way to the spiritual reconquest of the world, is confronted with, seem endless in number, I hardly need mention what effect the", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning the passing away of Mr. Hall's father, he wishes me to ask you to extend to him a full measure of his grief at the bereavement of such a radiant brother as Mr. Hall, although he briefly conveyed his sentiments to him through a short telegram. He was, however, quite pleased with Mr. Hall's work and the measure of success which he has met with. He shared this good news with his friends here with a view to inspire all to action. You should assure Mr", "Unfolding Destiny\nHall that the deep sense of love and gratitude that Shoghi Effendi feels toward him is perhaps too great for me to put into words, but I feel that the success which he has attained is an ample proof of Shoghi Effendi's ardent prayers for him.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMy esteemed brother:--\nJust a word of appreciation on my part of your devoted and persistent efforts in the service of the Cause. Do please convey to our precious Mr. Hall my condolences and sentiments of undying affection as well as the assurance of my ardent prayers for the welfare and spiritual happiness of his dear family and the Manchester Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Group.\nTo Mr. Simpson, President of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed National Spiritual Assembly of England.\nMy dear and revered Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs I do not have your address with me I am writing and forwarding this to you through our dear brother, Mr. Asgarzadeh.+ Some time ago I received a letter addressed to our beloved Guardian from Miss Mabel M. Sharples, the Hon. Secretary of the Conference on Living Religions within the Empire, giving him some information concerning the time of the Conference, and conditions covering the submission of papers to be read at the Conference. I forwarded this letter to our beloved Shoghi Effendi.", "Unfolding Destiny\nanswer in his behalf Miss Sharples' letter. Yesterday I answered her letter and told her that Shoghi Effendi hopes to be able to attend the Conference and deliver an address on the Cause in person and in case circumstances prevent him from doing so, a paper will be sent to the Conference through Mr. Simpson, the President of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Spiritual Assembly, to be read on that occasion. I told her also that we will appreciate any further information or suggestion she thinks necessary in regard to this matter", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis morning a cablegram was communicated by the Greatest Holy Leaf to Mr. Roy Wilhelm in New York, instructing the committee in charge of the desired article to hasten its despatch. This article should be handed towards the end of July. The time is short. If the American friends have already sent that article, I mean if it is on the way, and we receive it in time, we shall immediately forward it to our dear Shoghi Effendi for his approval and then mail it to you", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf it, however, arrives late, we will directly mail it to you so that you may modify it if necessary and hand it over to the Secretary of the Conference. In the latter case, it is not necessary to submit it to Shoghi Effendi for his approval, for he authorises you, the members of the National Spiritual Assembly to make any correction which you think advisable.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi has also instructed me to enclose a cheque for thirty pounds in this letter as contribution towards the Conference. If the English friends are to add something to this sum and offer it to the Conference, it will be highly appreciated by Shoghi Effendi.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe cheque is drawn by the Anglo-Palestine Bank at Haifa on the Jewish Colonial Trust, London, payable to your order. It is dated June 15th and No. F077834/34224. Today we received the answer to our cablegram to Mr. Wilhelm, stating that the article was mailed on the 11th, both to Haifa and England and that Mr. Mills would gladly act at the Conference.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs we understand Mr. Mountfort Mills may go from America to England at the time of the Conference. Shoghi Effendi will be very glad, if Mr. Mills read the Paper. This desire of Shoghi Effendi was also mentioned in to-day's cablegram which was communicated to Mr. Wilhelm.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThrough the many cablegrams and letters which have arrived from different centres of the Cause, promising the maintenance of harmony, union and love among the dear friends, the grief and sorrow of our beloved Guardian has been greatly lightened and so we have great hope that when the hot season of the Holy Land is over, we will have the pleasure and joy of his return.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe members of the Holy Family are all sending you and your dear co-workers their tender love and assure you of their ardent prayers at the Holy Shrines in your behalf. They are always awaiting heart-refreshing glad tidings from you. My humble greeting and warm love to yourself and the dear friends too.\nYour humble brother and co-worker in His service,\n(Enclosure) Bahiyyih Khanum, Haifa ARTICLE MAILED ELEVENTH BOTH HAIFA LONDON GLADLY ACT CONFERENCE.\nMy dear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\n...I have to write you and inform you that only yesterday I had the privilege of receiving a letter from our dear Guardian who is still away from Haifa ... he wishes me to write you, in answer to your letter to him, that he very much regrets to be unable to be present in London and represent a Cause to which he has ... dedicated his heart and soul. Were it at all possible for me to send you his short note, you would see for yourself with what a spirit he expresses his deep regret...", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlthough he realises your disappointment at his inability to go to London, he wishes me to assure every one of you that his eager prayers for you all is unfailing and that it is with a glad heart that he cherishes the fondest hopes in the effort that the proceedings of the religious Conference shall have on the audience. May I also add that this is a hope in which everybody shares especially the Greatest Holy Leaf and the members of the family.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou might be interested to know that the news of the progress of the Cause among the Kadiani sect in India is quite surprising and two of their chief leaders have not only become Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, but have started an admirable little weekly, I think, through which they hope to bring many of their colleagues over. By the way, I believe the leader of the sect who is himself a young man is coming over to London to represent his sect at the Conference.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe confusion and disorder in Persia which had aroused so much apprehension on the part of the helpless Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and had even led in one case to actual martyrdom, has apparently subsided for the moment.\nHere in Haifa everybody is in good health. With heartfelt greetings to all the friends in London....\nMAY WEMBLEY (sic CONFERENCE) FULFIL YOUR FONDEST HOPES PRAY CONVEY AUTHORITIES MY SINCERE REGRET AT INABILITY TO BE PRESENT I WISH THEM FULL SUCCESS IN THEIR NOBLE ENDEAVOURS.\n24 September 1924+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved of the Lord and the hand-maids of the Merciful in Great Britain.\nCare of the National Spiritual Assembly.\nI return to the Holy Land with an overpowering sense of the gravity of the spiritual state of the Cause in the world. Much as I deplore the disturbing effect of my forced and repeated withdrawals from the field of service, I can unhesitatingly assure you that my last and momentous step was taken with extreme reluctance and only after", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Also addressed to America and published in \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration\".\nmature and anxious reflection as to the best way to safeguard the interests of a precious Cause.\nMy prolonged absence, my utter inaction should not, however, be solely attributed to certain external manifestations of unharmony, of discontent and disloyalty--however paralysing their effect has been upon the continuance of my work--but also to my own unworthiness and to my imperfections and frailties.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI venture to request you to join me in yet another prayer, this time more ardent and universal than before, supplicating with one voice the gracious Master to overlook our weaknesses and failings, to make us worthier and braver children of His own.\nHumanity, through suffering and turmoil, is swiftly moving on towards its destiny; if we be loiterers, if we fail to play our part surely others will be called upon to take up our task as ministers to the crying needs of this afflicted world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNot by the force of numbers, not by the mere exposition of a set of new and noble principles, not by an organised campaign of teaching-- no matter how worldwide and elaborate in its character--not even by the staunchness of our faith or the exaltation of our enthusiasm, can we ultimately hope to vindicate in the eyes of a critical and sceptical age the supreme claim of the Abh\u00e1 Revelation", "Unfolding Destiny\nOne thing and only one thing will unfailingly and alone secure the undoubted triumph of this sacred Cause, namely, the extent to which our own inner life and private character mirror forth in their manifold aspects the splendour of those eternal principles proclaimed by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLooking back upon those sullen days of my retirement, bitter with feelings of anxiety and gloom, I can recall with appreciation and gratitude those unmistakable evidences of your affection and steadfast zeal which I have received from time to time, and which have served to relieve in no small measure the burden that weighed so heavily upon my heart.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI can well imagine the degree of uneasiness, nay of affliction, that must have agitated the mind and soul of every loving and loyal servant of the Beloved during these long months of suspense and distressing silence", "Unfolding Destiny\nBut I assure you such remarkable solicitude as you have shown for the protection of His Cause, such tenacity of faith and unceasing activity as you have displayed for its promotion, cannot but in the end be abundantly rewarded by 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, who from His station above is the sure witness of all that you have endured and suffered for Him.", "Unfolding Destiny\ntimes, in every land, and of every shade of thought and character, voluntarily and joyously rallying round their local and in particular their national centres of activity, upholding and promoting their interests with complete unanimity and contentment, with perfect understanding, genuine enthusiasm, and sustained vigour", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis indeed is the one joy and yearning of my life, for it is the fountain-head from which all future blessings will flow, the broad foundation upon which the security of the Divine Edifice must ultimately rest. May we not hope that now at last the dawn of a brighter day is breaking upon our beloved Cause?", "Unfolding Destiny\nMy dear good brother,\nYour letter of Sept. 30th written to our beloved Guardian, Shoghi Effendi, arrived and rejoiced his dear heart with its very interesting contents.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYesterday he instructed me to translate a great part of it into Persian so that it may be inserted in the circular of the Haifa Spiritual Assembly and also to convey to you his great affection for you and the dear English friends who so splendidly laboured towards the dignified representation of the Cause of God at the Conference on Religions.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe have already the reports given in \"The Times\" from the two sessions of the Conference allotted to the Ahmadiyyih people and to us. Both are very interesting indeed....\nShoghi Effendi prays for the success and confirmation of you and all the dear and noble English friends whose earnestness of efforts towards the welfare of the Cause of God he highly admires and appreciates with profound love....\nMy dearly-beloved brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am highly gratified with your splendid achievements and deeply appreciative of your painstaking efforts. More power to your elbow! You are rendering our precious Cause a splendid service in its hour of\nneed! Lady Blomfield's+ idea of a reception was undoubtedly inspired and was admirably executed. It has indeed rejoiced my heart. My love and my gratitude for her wise, patient and fruitful efforts.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour very interesting letter of Oct. 15th. written to our beloved Guardian together with the printed copy of the sermon of Dr. Walsh arrived the day before yesterday and imparted great joy to his dear heart. He cherishes great hopes for the bright future of the Cause in England. Of course his hopes are partly based on the intrinsic mighty power of the Cause of God and partly on the dignified way the dear friends in England are presenting the Cause of God to the public.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYesterday afternoon he instructed me to write this informing you of the safe arrival of your letter and assure you that he appreciates with great love your distinguished services to the Cause of God. He prays at the Holy Shrines that fresh confirmations may reach you from the Abh\u00e1 Kingdom day by day so that you may have material comfort and spiritual success. He is sure that the holy spirit of our beloved Lord, 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 is watching over you and guiding your steps in life.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe members of the Holy Family and the friends in Haifa are thinking of you and the other dear friends in England with love and admiration, joining all in prayers for your happiness.\nMy dearest friend,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to add a few words of assurance and sympathy in view of the heavy burden of responsibility that rests on your shoulders in these difficult and trying times. My fervent and increasing prayer is that 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 may show you the way that will enable you to continue your splendid pioneer work effectually, peacefully, free from every earthly care and anxiety. Dr. Walsh's sermon is astonishingly good. I wish you would send me about 50 copies of the same. I pray unceasingly for my friends in England.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is always a pleasure to acknowledge receipt of your letters to our dear Guardian, and he was deeply interested in the minutes of the last meeting of the N.S.A. which you were so kind as to enclose.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour own letter, however, brought up a very interesting and vital question in regard to the future progress of the Cause in England, especially now that through the efforts of you all the spread of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Movement has been well placed on the road to our ultimate victory", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow is the time to take all necessary measures against a slacking in our pace and it is truly unfortunate that just when the individual endeavours of every single member is most needed and necessary, age and earthly cares deprive us of some of our experienced and able co-workers. It would, I believe, be a great service if just as few as possible could manage to deny themselves of the joy and enthusiasm of serving as noble a Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am sure it would interest you to know that Mr. and Mrs. Mills are now in Haifa and all that they have to say proves well the energy and efforts of the London friends. We already have about ten pilgrims and are expecting some more. I suppose Dr. Esslemont who would have much to tell us and whose arrival Shoghi Effendi is eagerly awaiting, is among those who will soon arrive....", "Unfolding Destiny\nI trust that the prolonged visit of Dr. Esslemont will prove to be in future pregnant with far-reaching possibilities for the service of the Cause in England. To yourself I send my imperishable love and brotherly greetings.\nAffectionately,\nThe letter you had sent through Dr. Esslemont to Shoghi Effendi has arrived and it gave him very great pleasure to read it. Although it is quite beyond me to express to you just what", "Unfolding Destiny\nthoughts and sentiments your frank expressions of loyalty and love aroused in his heart, this I feel I can assure you that it made him hopeful of the future and added to his great confidence in you.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Cause has a great mission to the people of England but the field of service though immensely vast presents innumerable difficulties, and it needs the able hand of a staunch and true Bah\u00e1'\u00ed primarily and the dexterity of a good supervisor, to overcome every confronting difficulty and to carry His Message to millions of people", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis responsibility has been entrusted to you by the guided decision of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in England and our Guardian finds great pleasure in confiding the same duty in you and in endorsing the happy decision of the friends there.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn regard to your contemplated withdrawal from the presidency of the N.S.A. and the London Assembly, it made him very happy to know that even the thought of it has totally vanished", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe hopes that he cherished in you are far too many to permit you a more quiet part in Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activities in England, and the hopeful signs of progress in the past year has made the prospects of the coming year very bright and it all depends upon the efforts of the friends in England and the guidance of our Master from on high just how bright it shall turn out to be.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe still have Mr. Mills with us in Haifa and I assure you, we miss you very much. The photograph you had sent to Shoghi Effendi has been received and it shall be framed and placed in the Persian Pilgrim House...", "Unfolding Destiny\n...just of late we had the very sad news of the martyrdom of a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed woman expecting to be soon a mother, and although she was related to very influential officers in the army, nothing could make the criminals, who sought refuge in the house of one of the Mull\u00e1s, arrested", "Unfolding Destiny\nThough such cases of untold carnage prove with much more force than mere words just what the spirit of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h infused into every such Bah\u00e1'\u00ed has been, and exactly what it means in Persia to try and become one, the horrors of such a murder are truly beyond words. All that we have to do is to seek His Grace and to beg and implore for God's mercy.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay I also write a further assurance of Shoghi Effendi's reliance upon you and with an expression of his heartfelt love for you....\nMy most precious fellow-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nBut for your unremitting labours, your sound and selfless efforts, the burden that weighs upon me would prove well-nigh unbearable. I am sure your heart responds to the sentiments that surge in my heart. I have a profound admiration for the heroic manner in which you are rendering such pioneer service to the Cause in England. May the Master sustain you, comfort you and uphold you in your great task. Be assured of my brotherly, unfailing prayers.\nI am your true and affectionate brother,\n24 November 1924+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo my dearly beloved brothers and sisters in 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1. Care of the English National Spiritual Assembly.\nDearest friends!\nThe day is drawing near when for the third time we shall commemorate the world over the passing of our well-beloved 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1. May we not pause for a moment, and gather our thoughts? How has it fared with us, His little band of followers, since that day? Whither are we now marching, what has been our achievement?", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe have but to turn our eyes to the world without to realise the fierceness and the magnitude of the forces of darkness that are struggling with the dawning light of the Abh\u00e1 Revelation. Nations, though exhausted and disillusioned, have seemingly begun to cherish anew the spirit of revenge, of domination, and strife. Peoples, convulsed by economic upheavals, are slowly drifting into two great opposing camps with all their menace of social chaos, class hatreds, and world-wide ruin", "Unfolding Destiny\nRaces, alienated more than ever before, are filled with mistrust, humiliation and fear, and seem to prepare themselves for a fresh and fateful encounter. Creeds and religions, caught in this whirlpool of conflict and passion, appear to gaze with impotence and despair at this spectacle of increasing turmoil.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSuch is the plight of mankind three years after the passing of Him from Whose lips fell unceasingly the sure message of a fast-approaching Divine salvation. Are we by our thoughts, our words, our deeds,\n+F1. Printed also in \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration\".\nwhether individually or collectively, preparing the way? Are we hastening the advent of the Day He so often foretold?", "Unfolding Destiny\nNone can deny that the flame of faith and love which His mighty hand kindled in many hearts has, despite our bereavement, continued to burn as brightly and steadily as ever before. Who can question that His loved ones, both in the East and the West, notwithstanding the insidious strivings of the enemies of the Cause, have displayed a spirit of unshakable loyalty worthy of the highest praise", "Unfolding Destiny\n? What greater perseverance and fortitude than that which His tried and trusted friends have shown in the face of untold calamities, intolerable oppression, and incredible restrictions", "Unfolding Destiny\n? Such staunchness of faith, such an unsullied love, such magnificent loyalty, such heroic constancy, such noble courage, however unprecedented and laudable in themselves, cannot alone lead us to the final and complete triumph of such a great Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nNot until the dynamic love we cherish for Him is sufficiently reflected in its power and purity in all our dealings with our fellowmen, however remotely connected and humble in origin, can we hope to exalt in the eyes of a self-seeking world the genuineness of the all-conquering love of God. Not until we live ourselves the life of a true Bah\u00e1'\u00ed can we hope to demonstrate the creative and transforming potency of the Faith we profess", "Unfolding Destiny\nNothing but the abundance of our actions, nothing but the purity of our lives and the integrity of our character, can in the last resort establish our claim that the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed spirit is in this day the sole agency that can translate a long cherished ideal into an enduring achievement.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith this vision clearly set before us, and fortified by the knowledge of the gracious aid of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and the repeated assurances of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, let us first strive to live the life and then arise with one heart, one mind, one voice, to reinforce our numbers and achieve our end. Let us recall, and seek on this sad occasion the comfort of the last wishes of our departed yet ever watchful Master:", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"It behoveth them not to rest for a moment, neither to seek repose. They must disperse themselves in every land, pass by every clime, and travel throughout all regions. Bestirred, without rest, and steadfast to the end, they must raise in every land the triumphal cry, Ya Baha'u'l-Abh\u00e1! (O Thou the Glory of Glories).... The disciples of Christ forgot themselves and all earthly things, forsook all their cares and belongings, purged themselves of self and passion,", "Unfolding Destiny\nand with absolute detachment scattered far and wide and engaged in calling the peoples of the world to the divine guidance; till at last they made the world another world, illumined the surface of the earth, and even to their last hour proved self-sacrificing in the pathway of that beloved one of God. Finally in various lands they suffered glorious martyrdom. Let them that are men of action follow in their footsteps!\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nHaving grasped the significance of these words, having obtained a clear understanding of the true character of our mission, the methods to adopt, the course to pursue, and having attained sufficiently that individual regeneration--the essential requisite of teaching--let us arise to teach His Cause with righteousness, conviction, understanding and vigour. Let this be the paramount and most urgent duty of every Bah\u00e1'\u00ed. Let us make it the dominating passion of our life", "Unfolding Destiny\nLet us scatter to the uttermost corners of the earth; sacrifice our personal interests, comforts, tastes and pleasures; mingle with the divers kindreds and peoples of the world; familiarise ourselves with their manners, traditions, thoughts and customs; arouse, stimulate and maintain universal interest in the Movement, and at the same time endeavour by all the means in our power, by concentrated and persistent attention, to enlist the unreserved allegiance and the active support of the more hopeful and receptive among our hearers", "Unfolding Destiny\nWise and tactful in His approach, wakeful and attentive in His early intercourse, broad and liberal in all His public utterances, cautious and gradual in the unfolding of the essential verities of the Cause, passionate in His appeal yet sober in argument, confident in tone, unswerving in conviction, dignified in His manners--such were the distinguishing features of our Beloved's noble presentation of the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf we all choose to tread faithfully His path, surely the day is not far distant when our beloved Cause will have emerged from the inevitable obscurity of a young and struggling Faith into the broad daylight of universal recognition. This is our duty, our first obligation. Therein lies the secret of the success of the Cause we love so well. Therein lies the hope, the salvation of mankind. Are we fully conscious of our responsibilities", "Unfolding Destiny\nI entreat you, dear friends, to continue, nay, to redouble your efforts,\nto keep your vision clear, your hopes undimmed, your determination unshaken, so that the power of God within us may fill the world with all its glory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn this fervent plea joins me the Greatest Holy Leaf. Though chagrined in the evening of her life at the sorrowful tales of repression in Persia, she still turns with the deepest longings of her heart to your land where freedom reigns, eager and expectant to behold, ere she is called away, the signs of the universal triumph of the Cause she loves so dearly.", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"I have read with the deepest pleasure the Minutes of the meeting of your National Assembly and am deeply gratified to note the constancy, devotion and thoroughness with which you are conducting your affairs.\"\n(Copied from National Spiritual Assembly Minutes, 28 February 1925)", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour interesting letter of March 12th written to our beloved Guardian together with the draft minutes of the 12th meeting of your National Spiritual Assembly has been received. The draft on Haifa for the sum of thirty-three pounds sterling which is the joint contribution of the English friends for the relief of their suffering brothers at Nayriz, and enclosed in your letter, has also been received", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis sum has been added to contributions received from other centres and will be sent by next mail to the National Spiritual Assembly of Persia. From Persia they shall acknowledge the receipt of this sum directly and for the present, our Guardian acknowledges its receipt gratefully and wishes you to kindly convey his gratitude to all the dear friends who have so kindly and generously contributed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur dear brother, Dr. Esslemont, was not well for some time,\nbut now I am glad to tell you that he is better and we are expecting him to come out of the hospital to-day.\nWe have nowadays the pleasure of having among us the first group of our beloved New Zealand and Australian believers. They are of great sincerity and devotion. From here they are intending to visit England where I am sure you will enjoy their acquaintance and company very much....\nMy precious fellow-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe prompt and generous contribution of the British friends for the relief of the sufferers in Nayriz is deeply appreciated and I wish to offer through you to them all in the name of the victims of that great catastrophe my deep and grateful thanks. May the All-Bountiful reward and bless them a hundred fold! The sum of approximately 1000 pounds has been until now collected from various parts of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world and more is expected", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat an admirable and convincing testimony of the reality of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed bond that binds the East with the West. Regarding the historical compilation suggested by the Persian friends, I think your plan is suitable and correct. The English N.S.A. will I trust collect all the data and exercise its discretion and judgment in collating all the material received from the friends and assemblies throughout Great Britain, and, after having given it a definite and final shape, will forward it direct to Persia", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour true brother,\nIRAQ'S SUPREME COURT UNEXPECTEDLY PRONOUNCED VERDICT AGAINST US IN BAGHDAD CASE STRONGLY ADVISE NATIONAL AND EVERY LOCAL ASSEMBLY COMMUNICATE BY CABLE AND LETTER WITH IRAQ HIGH COMMISSIONER APPEALING ARDENTLY FOR ACTION TO ENSURE THE SECURITY OF BAHA'U'LLAH'S SACRED HOUSE.\nSHOGHI.\n6 November 1925+F1\nTo the beloved of the Lord and the handmaids of the Merciful throughout the East and throughout the West.\nDearly-beloved friends:", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe sad and sudden crisis that has arisen in connexion with the ownership of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's sacred house in Baghd\u00e1d has sent a thrill of indignation and dismay throughout the whole of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world", "Unfolding Destiny\nHouses that have been occupied by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h for well nigh the whole period of His exile in Iraq, ordained by Him as the chosen and sanctified object of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed pilgrimage in future, magnified and extolled in countless Tablets and Epistles as the sacred centre \"round which shall circle all peoples and kindreds of the earth\"--lie now, due to fierce intrigue and ceaseless fanatical opposition, at the mercy of the declared enemies of the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have instantly communicated with every Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centre in both East and West, and urgently requested the faithful followers of the Faith in every land to protest vehemently against this glaring perversion of justice, to assert firmly and courteously the spiritual rights of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community to the ownership of this venerated house, to plead for British fairness and justice, and to pledge their unswerving determination to ensure the security of this hallowed spot.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConscious of the fact that this property has been occupied by Bah\u00e1'\u00ed authorised representatives for an uninterrupted period of not less than thirty years, and having successfully won their case at the Justice of Peace and the Court of First Instance, the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds the world over cannot believe that the high sense of honour and fairness which inspired the British Administration of Iraq will ever tolerate such grave miscarriage of justice", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey confidently appeal to the public opinion of the world for the defence and protection of their legitimate rights now sorely trampled under the feet of relentless enemies.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWidespread and effective publicity along these lines, in well-conceived and carefully-worded terms, is strongly recommended for it will undoubtedly serve to facilitate the solution of this delicate and perplexing problem.\nHaving exerted ourselves to the utmost of our ability, let us rest assured in the power of the Lord, Who keepeth watch over His house, and Who will, no matter how dark present prospects appear, assure for generations yet unborn His cherished and holy edifice.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have been asked to enclose for your kind attention the following papers:-- 1. Circular letter concerning the residential house of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\nin Baghd\u00e1d. 2. Circular letter concerning the purchase of land around the\nHoly Shrines in Haifa. 3. The system of transliteration to be used in all Bah\u00e1'\u00ed references. 4. A plan of the immediate neighbourhood of the Shrines in\nHaifa showing in approximate proportions the different plots\naround it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn view of the extreme importance of the aforementioned papers, Shoghi Effendi trusts that all necessary measures will be taken to insure their prompt distribution among all the different assemblies and among all such recognised Bah\u00e1'\u00eds as your distinguished assembly deems fit and advisable....\nOur dear Guardian was very glad to receive your letter of Nov. 4th through which you acquaint him with the steps you have already taken in carrying out his instruction concerning the Baghd\u00e1d House.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is highly pleased with what you have done. In other Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centres also the friends have in a similar way followed promptly his telegraphic instruction. Up to this time we have received no further information regarding the actual situation of the House.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi will let you know of any fresh development as soon as he receives information. He sends you his warm affection and extends to you his appreciation for your noble services to the Cause of God. He prays for your health and success in service. He wishes you to kindly convey his loving greeting to all the dear friends in England....\nMy dear self-sacrificing brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe wise and prompt measures you have taken have given me the utmost satisfaction. I trust your devoted endeavours will be crowned with full success. I have sent you a few days ago various circulars, a list of transliterated terms and the plan of the surroundings of the Holy Shrine, copies of all of which I earnestly request you to place in the hands of every recognised believer.\nYour grateful brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nBELOVED ESSLEMONT PASSED AWAY, COMMUNICATE FRIENDS AND FAMILY DISTRESSING NEWS URGE BELIEVERS DEDICATE SPECIAL DAY FOR UNIVERSAL PRAYER AND REMEMBRANCE.\nI find it very hard to be able to express in adequate words our deep feelings and sorrow at the loss of our dearly-beloved brother Dr. Esslemont. Those of us who had known him only since his sojourn in Haifa, had even in that short period of time, learnt to admire and love him. How much more so those of you to whom he was an old friend and fellow-worker.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have been ordered by Shoghi Effendi to relate in as simple words as possible for the information of his friends in England, the sufferings of his last days and yet words fail me in that painful task.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe chronic disease from which he had suffered in the past had very much undermined his weak constitution and his eagerness to serve the Cause he so dearly loved, despite all advice to the contrary, was a great tax upon his failing strength. His stay at the Black Forest in Germany all through the summer had improved his health, but upon his return to Haifa he felt rather weak and he was frequently in bed for a few days. Not until a fortnight ago was Dr", "Unfolding Destiny\nwhich he had suffered in the past was now more active there was no reason for great anxiety. His health was slowly improving and everything was being done to give him the best medical advice obtainable here in Haifa, when suddenly and unexpectedly at about midnight of November 21st the doctor had a severe stroke of \"cerebral embolus\". The next day a second stroke followed and he at last succumbed to the third which he had at about seven o'clock of the next evening", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe attending doctors were both European--one Italian and the other German. Our two Bah\u00e1'\u00ed doctors Yunis Khan and Mirza Arastu, whom you must have met in London very gladly put themselves at his disposal.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHard as it was for everyone who had known Dr. Esslemont to see him pass away and to realise what a great loss it means to the friends the world over, we can find no greater consolation than in the happy thought that he now lies in peace and his soul where it so loved to be. Beyond all earthly cares, all pains and sorrows his soul dwells forever.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe funeral service was both simple and touching. His body was washed by two of the friends, dressed and wrapped in white silk cloth and perfumed by attar of roses. On his finger Shoghi Effendi placed his own Bah\u00e1'\u00ed ring which he had worn for a good many years. Laid in a simple casket of walnut and placed in the hall of the Pilgrim House, the friends gathered together and said their funeral prayer over him", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe casket was carried for a short distance by Shoghi Effendi and then placed in the Master's carriage and accompanied by the sons-in-law of the Master it slowly wound its way, followed by eleven other cabs carrying the friends, to the foot of Mt. Carmel. There it was laid to rest in that beautifully-situated cemetery, and flowers from the garden of the Master's home were scattered over his grave. Simple as he was in his life and character, equally simple was his funeral service", "Unfolding Destiny\nAnd yet just as in the simplicity of his character lay his many virtues, in like manner did the simplicity of that service sink into every heart and fill every eye with tears.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn case you think it would please them you are perfectly welcome to communicate to the family of Dr. Esslemont the particulars of his death and burial. Enclosed you will please find a letter from Shoghi Effendi addressed to the family and relations of the deceased. You will please have it read by his wife, who I\nbelieve is in London, and then sent over to his father and sister who are in Aberdeen.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDue to the reason that Shoghi Effendi hopes to build in the near future the grave of Dr. Esslemont on his behalf and on behalf of all the friends, our Guardian would like very much to have the design chosen by the family of the deceased. Of course you would let them know that through certain considerations it would be best to have the design devoid of any cross as that in this country would particularise it to the Christian faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou would let the family know that the expense would be defrayed by the friends all over the world and by Shoghi Effendi himself.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi would also like you to send the picture of Dr. Esslemont to the countries where the friends have published magazines with a request to have it published. They are America, India, Germany and Australia. He wants you also to write a comprehensive biographical sketch of the life of Dr. Esslemont for \"The Star\" in America laying most stress on his life since he became a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed. This of course does not necessarily mean that you should write it yourself but anyone in London", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is with feelings of overwhelming sorrow that I communicate to you the news of yet another loss which the Almighty, in His inscrutable wisdom, has chosen to inflict upon our beloved Cause. On the 22nd of November, 1925--that memorable and sacred day in which the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the Orient celebrated the twin Festivals of the Declaration of the B\u00e1b and the Birthday of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1--Dr. John E. Esslemont passed on to the Abh\u00e1 Kingdom. His end was as swift as it was unexpected", "Unfolding Destiny\nSuffering from the effects of a chronic and insidious disease, he fell at last a victim to the inevitable complications that ensued, the fatal course of which neither the efforts of vigilant", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe bore his sufferings with admirable fortitude, with calm resignation and courage. Though convinced that his ailments would never henceforth forsake him, yet many a time he revealed a burning desire that the friends residing in the Holy Land should, while visiting the Shrines, implore the All-Merciful to prolong his days that he may bring to a fuller completion his humble share of service to the Threshold of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. To this noble request all hearts warmly responded. But this was not to be", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis close association with my work in Haifa, in which I had placed fondest hopes, was suddenly cut short. His book, however, an abiding monument to his pure intention, will, alone, inspire generations yet unborn to tread the path of truth and service as steadfastly and as unostentatiously as was trodden by its beloved author. The Cause he loved so well he served even unto his last day with exemplary faith and unstinted devotion", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis tenacity of faith, his high integrity, his self-effacement, his industry and painstaking labours were traits of a character the noble qualities of which will live and live forever after him. To me personally he was the warmest of friends, a trusted counsellor, an indefatigable collaborator, a lovable companion.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith tearful eyes I supplicate at the Threshold of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h-- and request you all to join--in my ardent prayers, for the fuller unfolding in the realms beyond of a soul that has already achieved so high a spiritual standing in this world. For by the beauty of his character, by his knowledge of the Cause, by the conspicuous achievements of his book, he has immortalised his name, and by sheer merit deserved to rank as one of the Hands of the Cause of God.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has been laid to rest in the heart of that beautifully situated Bah\u00e1'\u00ed burial ground at the foot of Carmel, close to the mortal remains of that venerable soul, Haji Mirza Vakilu'd-Dawlih, the illustrious cousin of the B\u00e1b and chief builder of the Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r of Ishqabad. Pilgrims visiting his grave from far and near will, with pride and gratitude, do honour to a name that adorned the annals of an immortal Cause.\nMay he eternally rest in peace.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI write to acknowledge receipt of your two letters of Nov. 25 and 28th to Shoghi Effendi and to thank you on his behalf for all the trouble you have taken in communicating to the friends and to his family the sad news of the passing away of Dr. Esslemont. Shoghi Effendi cannot but appreciate the many evidences of your devotion and love.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe are very glad to know that Mr. Mills is as successful in his endeavours and we trust that it should end with a decisive victory on our part. Mr. Mills has kept us briefly in touch with what he has been doing in London but we still await more detailed news from him. He is probably too busy to write.\nShoghi Effendi has already heard from Miss Esslemont.\nEverybody is well here. Shoghi Effendi and the family send you their heartfelt greetings....\nMy dear indefatigable co-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nKnowing what the urgency and multiplicity of pressing activities mean to a person who pursues his task almost single-handed, I can well understand, sympathise, and admire your noble endeavours and the splendid work you are doing for the Cause of God. I wish to renew the expression of my deep confidence in, and great appreciation of, the part you play at this highly-important and difficult stage of our work", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour communications regarding the houses in Baghd\u00e1d have been highly satisfactory and I trust will yield the long-desired fruit. Regarding the position of ..., Azizu'llah Khan Bahadur will immediately after my decision let you know on my behalf what I feel to be the most suitable way of meeting this difficult situation. I feel too overwhelmed with work to write more.", "Unfolding Destiny\nURGE FRIENDS INQUIRE IN COURTEOUS TERMS BY CABLE AND LETTER FROM IRAQ HIGH COMMISSIONER RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS.\nI am sending you enclosed a copy of the pamphlet written by Dr. Esselmont.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLast year Dr. Esslemont sent you a similar copy of the pamphlet fully revised for you to publish. Shoghi Effendi would like very much to have a copy of his revised edition and is sending the enclosed only as a reminder of some of the corrections and revisions he had made in the copy he sent you", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn case you have published copies of the revised edition, Shoghi Effendi would like to have a number of copies sent to him and in case you have not published it, he would like you to send him a correct copy of the revised form of the edition as you have it. He could have it published himself. In any case, however, he wishes you to send back to him the enclosed copy.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe received last night news that the keys of the houses in Baghd\u00e1d have been given to the Shi'ites and they had made a regular demonstration on the occasion. We await to see what will be done at last....", "Unfolding Destiny\nI take pleasure in thanking you on behalf of our dear Guardian for your letters of Dec. 9th and 13th and of Jan. 4th which he was very glad to receive. He appreciates immensely your many efforts and although so far away, you are to him, I assure you, a great and indispensable helper. It is always with confidence in its thoroughness that he refers to you anything of importance.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is so glad to learn that the friends in England have in the different centres held memorial meetings for our departed brother. He was to us all a great friend and fellow-worker and to the Cause a faithful servant--his memory will help us to follow an equally righteous path.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe biographical sketch which you have written for the different Bah\u00e1'\u00ed magazines and a copy of which you had sent to our Guardian was received and read. He fully approves of it and feels sure that the different publications will welcome your\narticle and will be glad to devote some of their pages to the memory of one whose name and writings were often to be seen in those same magazines.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith regard to the design of the grave of Dr. Esslemont, a picture of which you had sent enclosed, Shoghi Effendi wishes to inform you that although he himself liked the design and would have been glad to follow it altogether, up till the present the tombs of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds have been very simply built and the custom has been to have them as beautiful and at the same time as simple as possible. This general custom holds true even in the case of the tombs of the Master's mother and brother", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe graves are built of white marble stones but the designs have in every case been simple, and he wishes you very much to make the family of Dr. Esslemont understand that although Shoghi Effendi will not be able to follow the design strictly he will try to make the tomb as near it as possible, while keeping within the range of the customary simplicity. Even the tomb of the cousin of the B\u00e1b which is close to that of Dr. Esslemont and which Shoghi Effendi also intends to build will be very simple.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn connection with the leaflet of Dr. Esslemont, Shoghi Effendi feels that if you intend to publish a new edition you would do well to keep it until you are through with it, but if you already have many copies of the last issue and the Assembly does not intend to bring out a new edition in the near future, he wants you to send him the leaflet so as to be able to send it to America where he wants to have it translated into Hebrew and other languages", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur Guardian has been very glad to receive a wire of late from Baghd\u00e1d telling him that everything was hopeful. As yet we do not have any particulars but we trust that we can soon regain our rights in the houses. It is perhaps very fortunate that the High Commissioner himself will be in Baghd\u00e1d and will be able to help us very much....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. With regard to the accent in the letter a in the transliteration of Persian names and words and the difficulty of the publishers in having a vertical mark, Shoghi Effendi feels that in case having the regular vertical mark means too much trouble and expense it would be justified to replace it by the horizontal dash on the a, but if the trouble and expense would\nnot be much, for the sake of uniformity throughout transliterations everywhere, it would be best to have the regular vertical mark.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am sure you will understand, and explain my motive and reasons to dear Esslemont's relatives in connexion with the design of the tomb. Much as I love and esteem my departed friend, I feel I must pay due consideration to the general practice prevailing in Haifa and 'Akk\u00e1 particularly as it is applied even to the resting places of the Master's nearest relations", "Unfolding Destiny\nI will however follow the design as closely as it is consistent with simplicity, without altering in any way the shape and general outline presented by the architect. Please assure his relatives of my keen desire to do everything possible that will enhance and preserve the memory of such a staunch and precious friend.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am sending you enclosed the plan that you had sent and behind it I have marked the approximate prices of the plots. You realise that the exact price cannot be determined because they fluctuate and various causes bring about this change in price. For this reason I have given two figures one being the minimum and the other the maximum. There are no probabilities that under any conditions the maximum and the minimum will change", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever, I have sent you the price for the so called region rather than the individual plots, the latter being due to many reasons quite impossible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi is quite well though as usual very busy with an overwhelmingly vast correspondence. The family are all well and send you their love and best wishes....\nMy esteemed and valued friend:\nI understand from your recent cable to me that Miss ... has at last complied with my request and written the London Assembly acknowledging their authority. I have immediately cabled you my", "Unfolding Destiny\nheartfelt appreciation of her act. If that is the case I wish to urge you and the London Council to exercise the utmost care, consideration and vigilance that this new step taken in the right direction may gradually lead to a definite solution of this painful problem. I am as usual terribly overwhelmed with my unceasing work and this cable of yours has been a most welcome relief. I have received your letter dated Feb. 7. I am returning one of the leaflets for future publication in London", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to remind you of the necessity of close co-operation on the part of the English National Spiritual Assembly with `La nova Tago' published in Hamburg.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe news of the reconciliation of ... with the National Assembly has been the source of immeasurable joy to the heart of Shoghi Effendi and he appreciates the spirit of both parties in trying to forget all past misunderstandings and in starting anew with genuine love and goodwill. This has relieved Shoghi Effendi of a very heavy weight of thought and distress and this itself gives you as much satisfaction as it does to us all.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi has gladly received the names of the elected body for the London Assembly and he wishes them all success from the bottom of his heart. That they may all help to vindicate still more strongly the great claim of our dear Cause in England, that they may succeed to increase daily the numbers of earnest Bah\u00e1'\u00ed workers and that they may mirror forth the great spirit of our beloved Master, is the fondest hope and the fervent prayer of our dear Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs I write you these lines we are all sorely distressed with the ghastly news of the martyrdom of twelve Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in one of the towns of southern Persia....\nMy dear and valued friend:\nI have received with feelings of deep satisfaction the welcome news of ... compliance with my request. I wish to impress upon all those who come in contact with her the necessity of exercising forbearance,", "Unfolding Destiny\nkindness and loving consideration while adhering closely to the established principles of the Cause. I will inform you if any action is necessary regarding the martyrdom in Jahrum in Southern Persia-- a monstrous crime that has deeply afflicted us all. Concerning the membership of the Spiritual Assembly, I have already communicated with America to the effect that the members who are entitled to vote must be strictly limited to nine. Additional members may attend only in a consultative capacity", "Unfolding Destiny\nI realise fully the delicacy and difficulty of your position but it must be made clear to all that nine and only nine can vote. All other subsidiary matters are left to the Assemblies.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLovingly,\n11 April 1926+F1\nI gratefully acknowledge the receipt of the sum of seventeen pounds from my dear friends the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of England as their much appreciated contribution for the purchase of land around the Holy Shrines on Mt. Carmel.\nTo the beloved of the Lord and the handmaids of the Merciful throughout the West.\nFellow-labourers in the Divine Vineyard:", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the midst of the many vicissitudes which the creative Word of God is destined to encounter in the course of its onward march towards the redemption of the world, there breaks upon us the news of still another loss, more bewildering in its character, yet more inspiring in its challenge, than any of the gravest happenings of recent times", "Unfolding Destiny\nOnce again the woeful tale of unabated persecution, involving this time the martyrdom of twelve of our long-suffering brethren in Jahrum, southern Persia, has reached our ears, and filled us with a gloom which all the joys and ennobling memories of Ridvan have failed to dispel.", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. This is the first example of a receipt from the Guardian. A few such receipts appear in this book as they illustrate his meticulous attention to detail. They do not, however, represent the total contributions made by members of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community during the thirty-five years covered by the book.\n+F2. Printed also in \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom the meagre reports which have thus far been received from that distracted country it appears that this shameful and atrocious act, though the outcome of a number of obscure and complex causes, has been chiefly instigated by that ever-present factor of fierce and relentless impulse of religious hostility", "Unfolding Destiny\nPersia--long-neglected and sorely-tried-- continues, despite the revival of recent hopes, to be the down-trodden victim of unscrupulous personal rivalries and factious intrigue, of tribal revolt, political dissensions and religious animosities--all of which have in times past brought in their wake the shedding of the blood of so many of its innocent and choicest sons.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFully alive to the gravity of the occasion, and realising the urgency of my sacred duty, I have, upon the receipt of the news, transmitted telegraphically through the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Persia a special message addressed in the name of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in every land to the supreme Authority in the State, expressing our profound horror at this outrageous act as well as our earnest entreaty to inflict immediate punishment on the perpetrators of so abominable a crime", "Unfolding Destiny\nAnd as this sad event involved chiefly the welfare and security of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed residents in Persia, I have specially requested all local Assemblies in that land to address a similar message to the highest authorities concerned appealing for full protection and justice", "Unfolding Destiny\nShould future developments necessitate direct and foreign intervention, I shall acquaint the national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed representatives in every land to take in cooperation with all local Assemblies such measures as will effectually conduce to a fuller recognition of the dynamic force latent in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith and ensure the betterment of the lot of the heroic supporters of our Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nPending the opening of official and direct communication with recognised authorities whether in Persia or elsewhere, I strongly feel that the time has assuredly come when it is incumbent upon every conscientious promoter of the Cause to bestir himself and undertake in consultation with the friends in his locality such measures of publicity as will lead to the gradual awakening of the conscience of the civilised world to what is admittedly an ignominious manifestation of a decadent age.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI would specially request all National Assemblies to give their anxious and immediate consideration to this grave matter, and to devise ways and means that will secure the fullest publicity to our grievances. I would remind them that whatever is published should be couched in terms that are at once correct, forceful and inoffensive. I", "Unfolding Destiny\nwould particularly stress the importance of making every effort to secure the sympathy and hospitality of the leading journals and periodicals of the Western world, and of sending to the Holy Land any such references in papers that will arise to champion the cause of Righteousness and Justice", "Unfolding Destiny\nI greatly deplore the fact that owing to the remoteness and the unstable conditions in Persia, details and particulars regarding this ugly incident are not as yet available, but will be duly communicated to the various centres immediately upon their receipt", "Unfolding Destiny\nI would however ask the believers throughout the West to arise without any further delay and supplement the publication of the news conveyed in this message with an account of previous happenings of a similar character, combined with an adequate survey of the aim, the principles, and history of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is to you, dearly beloved friends of the West, who are the standard-bearers of the emancipation and triumph of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, that our afflicted brethren of the East have turned their expectant eyes, confident that the day cannot be far-distant when, in accordance with 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's explicit utterance, the West will \"seize the Cause\" from Persia's fettered hands and lead it to glorious victory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThough grief-stricken and horrified at this cruel blow, let us be on our guard lest we give way to despair, lest we forget that in the Almighty's inscrutable Wisdom this sudden calamity may prove to be but a blessing in disguise", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor what else can it do but to stir the inmost depths of our souls, set our faith ablaze, galvanise our efforts, dissolve our differences, and provide one of the chief instruments which the unhampered promoters of the Faith can utilise to attract the attention, enlist the sympathy, and eventually win the allegiance of all mankind?", "Unfolding Destiny\nOurs is this supreme opportunity; may we fulfil our trust.\n11 May 1926+F1\nDearly beloved brothers and sisters in 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1!\nGrave and manifold as are the problems confronting the struggling Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, none appear more significant nor seem more", "Unfolding Destiny\ncompelling in their urgency than the incredible sufferings borne so heroically by our down-trodden brethren of the East. Recent reports confirming the news which I have lately communicated to you have all emphasised the barbarous severity practised on the innocent followers of our Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey reveal the possibility of the extension of this agitation, partly instigated for political purposes and selfish motives, to neighbouring towns and provinces, and dwell upon the traditional slackness of the local authorities to inflict prompt and severe punishment upon all the perpetrators of such abominable crimes", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt has been ascertained that in the town of Jahrum women have suffered martyrdom in a most atrocious manner, that the knife of the criminal has mercilessly cut to pieces the body of a child, that a number have been severely beaten and injured, their bodies mutilated, their homes pillaged, their property confiscated, and the homeless remnants of their family abandoned to the mercy of a shameless and tyrannical people", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn other parts of Persia, and particularly in the province of Adhirbayjan, in the town of Maraghih, the friends have been pitilessly denied the civic rights and privileges extended to every citizen of the land. They have been refused the use of the public bath, and been denied access to such shops as provide the necessities of life", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey have been declared deprived of the benefit and protection of the law, and all association and dealing with them denounced as a direct violation of the precepts and principles of Isl\u00e1m. It has even been authoritatively stated that the decencies of public interment have been refused to their dead, and that in a particular case every effort to induce the Moslem undertaker to provide the wood for the construction of the coffin failed to secure the official support of the authorities concerned", "Unfolding Destiny\nEvery appeal made by these harassed Bah\u00e1'\u00eds on behalf of their brethren, whether living or dead, has been met with cold indifference, with vague promises, and not infrequently with severe rebuke and undeserved chastisement.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe tale of such outrageous conduct, such widespread suffering and loss, if properly expressed and broadcast, cannot fail in the end to arouse the conscience of civilised mankind, and thereby secure the much-needed relief for a long-suffering people. I would, therefore, renew my plea, and request you most earnestly to redouble your efforts in the wide field of publicity, to devise every possible means that will alleviate the fears and sorrows of the silent sufferers in that distracted country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSurely these vile wrong-doers cannot long remain unpunished for\ntheir ferocious atrocities, and the day may not be far distant when we shall witness, as we have observed elsewhere, the promised signs of Divine Retribution avenging the blood of the slaughtered servants of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.\nI thank you on behalf of Shoghi Effendi for your letter of May 8th.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very glad indeed to learn the names of the newly elected London Spiritual Assembly and he wishes them success from the bottom of his heart. He earnestly trusts that throughout the coming year they will succeed to give a fresh impetus to the progress of the Cause in England and will not be satisfied with only mediocre efforts and endeavours.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith regard to the election of the Assemblies and your desire to have substitutes in order to ensure a steady and easy-to-obtain quorum for business, Shoghi Effendi would not like to give you any further special regulations but would prefer you to communicate with America and follow the method they have adopted. He has a keen desire that uniformity should exist in the regulations. I am sure you would gladly communicate with Mr. Horace Holley on the subject.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is so gratified that the case of ... is settled permanently and he hopes that in future no such petty misunderstandings will come in the way of the steady growth of the Movement, which is of the utmost necessity not only in England but throughout the world.\nShoghi Effendi is well but as usual very busy. The recent atrocities in Persia have been a source of deep grief to his heart....", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn order to avoid misunderstandings and confusion and ensure uniformity of method and action I have requested you to conform to the", "Unfolding Destiny\nprinciple adopted by the American friends and Mr. Holley will inform you of the method they pursue. I realise the special and peculiar difficulties that prevail in London and the nature of the obstacles with which they are confronted. I feel however that an earnest effort should be made to overcome them and that the members must arrange their affairs in such a way as to ensure their prompt attendance at 9 meetings which are held in the course of the year. This surely is not an insurmountable obstacle.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI will remember their needs and difficulties in my prayers at the Holy Shrines and will continue to supplicate for them Divine guidance and blessings.\nDear Mr. Simpson,\nShoghi Effendi wishes me to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated June 22nd, 1926. He is most appreciative of the many and continuous services you are rendering to the Cause in that land. Your efficiency, sincerity and untiring zeal are great assets for the friends in England....", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi fully approves of your suggestion to put a royalty on the translations of Dr. Esslemont's book equal to what he had arranged for the original. Not only is that a fair thing to do but also it is incumbent upon us to show our appreciation of Dr. Esslemont's services to the Cause by safeguarding the interests of his family, especially as his wife is an invalid and in need of help. Shoghi Effendi specially wants me to ask you to show utmost consideration to her interests.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI hope you will assure Mrs. Esslemont on my behalf and express to her my warm approval of your suggestion which would safeguard her interests and prove of some assistance to her....\nAssuring you of my earnest prayers for your continued and unsparing efforts for the promotion of the Cause you serve so well,\nI am your grateful brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis is to acknowledge the receipt of your letter to Shoghi Effendi dated June 20, 1926. He is very thankful for what you are trying to do for the friends in Persia. I hope the efforts of the whole western friends combined will alleviate this great burden which rests upon them, and at least give them the peace and comfort which they have been for so long desiring.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs to the translation or rather revision of the translation of the \"Hidden Words\". A year ago, I believe, the American friends wrote to Shoghi Effendi and asked him to do it. Complying with their wish he revised his translation and they have published it both in paper and leather bound. Shoghi Effendi believes that another edition in England will be useless and perhaps will not find the necessary market. You could buy from America all the copies you need", "Unfolding Destiny\nNevertheless, if you want to have a new English edition you can procure a copy from America. Shoghi Effendi does not believe it necessary to give it a still other revision....", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am in correspondence with Rev. Townshend+ in connexion with various alterations in my rendering of the Hidden Words. I have just received his second letter containing suggestions which I greatly appreciate and value. I am hoping to revise it for a third time after my correspondence with Mr. T. is over. I feel you can postpone it for the present. I hope and pray you will succeed in giving wide and effective publicity to the atrocities perpetrated in Persia, in the British Press", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is so necessary and important. We must at all costs capture the heights and the British friends have in this connexion a unique and splendid opportunity in their own country and amid their own people. Difficult though it be we must persevere and not relax in our efforts. What Martha+F1 has achieved is a great incentive and example. Your own splendid efforts are deeply and lovingly appreciated by me.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the course of the few months that have elapsed since my last communication to you regarding the appalling circumstances that have culminated in the martyrdom of our Persian brethren in Jahrum, events of the highest importance to the future welfare of our beloved Cause have transpired, and with startling suddenness conferred abiding solace upon those who still have to face the pains and terrors of unmitigated and shameless tyranny.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou have, most of you I presume, read with thrilling joy in one of the recent issues of the \"Star of the West\" that illuminating account given by our beloved sister, Miss Martha Root, wherein she tells with her characteristic directness and modesty the story of her moving interview with Her Majesty Queen Marie of Rumania and of the cordial and ready response which her gentle yet persuasive presentation of the principles of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith has evoked in the heart of that honoured Queen", "Unfolding Destiny\nOne of the visible and potent effects which this historic interview proved capable of achieving was the remarkable appeal in the form of an open letter which Her Majesty freely and spontaneously caused to be published to the world at large testifying in a language of exquisite beauty to the power and sublimity of the Message of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt was indeed a never-to-be-forgotten occasion when, on the eve of the day commemorating the passing of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, a handful of us, His sorrowing servants, had gathered round His beloved Shrine supplicating relief and deliverance for the down-trodden in Persia, to receive in the midst of the silence of that distressing hour the glad-tiding of this notable triumph which the unbending energy and indomitable spirit of our beloved Martha has achieved for our sacred Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith bowed heads and grateful hearts we recognise in this glowing tribute which Royalty has thus paid to the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h an epoch-making pronouncement destined to herald those stirring events which, as 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 has prophesied, shall in the fullness of time signalise the triumph of God's holy Faith. For who can doubt but that the deeds of those valiant pioneers of the Faith, unexampled though", "Unfolding Destiny\nthey have been in the abundance of their number and unexcelled in their sublime heroism, are but a faint glimmer of what, according to the Divine Promise, its steadfast followers are destined to perform", "Unfolding Destiny\n? Those heroic exploits that have immortalised the names of its primitive adherents will continue to adorn and illuminate the pages of its blood-stained history; yet we cannot forget that the period of its full fruition with all its promise of world felicity and undreamt-of-achievements is yet to be realised, its golden Age yet to unfold", "Unfolding Destiny\nIndeed, how chastening to our pride, how challenging to our enthusiasm, if we but pause for a moment amidst the world's many distractions and ponder in our hearts the vastness, the compelling urgency, the ineffable glory of what still remains unachieved.", "Unfolding Destiny\nBut let us all remember, in this connexion, that prior to every conceivable measure destined to raise the efficiency of our administrative activities, more vital than any scheme which the most resourceful amongst us can devise, far above the most elaborate structure which the concerted efforts of organised Assemblies can hope to raise, is the realisation down in the innermost heart of every true believer of the regenerating power, the supreme necessity, the unfailing efficacy of the Message he bears", "Unfolding Destiny\nI assure you, dear friends, that nothing short of such an immovable conviction could have in days past enabled our beloved Cause to weather the blackest storms in its history. Naught else can today vitalise the manifold activities in which unnumbered disciples of the Faith are engaged; naught else can provide that driving force and sustaining power that are both so essential to the success of vast and enduring achievements", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is this spirit that above all else we should sedulously guard, and strive with all our might to fortify and exemplify in all our undertakings.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMoved by an irresistible impulse, I have addressed to Her Majesty in the name of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of both the East and the West a written expression of our joyous admiration and gratitude for the queenly tribute which Her Majesty has paid to the beauty and nobility of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Teachings. I have, moreover, assured Her Majesty of the far-reaching effect which her superb testimony will inevitably produce, and of the welcome consolation it has already brought to the silent sufferers in that distracted country", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo my message of appreciation and gratitude there has come lately a written response, penned by Her Majesty, profoundly touching, singularly outspoken, and highly significant in the testimony it bears, from this queenly tribute to a Divine Ideal I quote these penetrating words:", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"Indeed a great light came to me with the Message of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1. It came as all great messages come at an hour of dire grief and inner conflict and distress, so the seed sank deeply.... We pass on the Message from mouth to mouth and all those we give it to see a light suddenly lighting before them and much that was obscure and perplexing becomes simple, luminous and full of hope as never before", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat my open letter was balm to those suffering for the Cause is indeed a great happiness to me, and I take it as a sign that God accepted my humble tribute.... With bowed head I recognise that I too am but an instrument in greater Hands and rejoice in the knowledge....\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nDear friends, with feelings of profound emotion we recall the glowing promises that have so often fallen from the lips of our departed Master, and with throbbing hearts rejoice in the gradual realisation of His most cherished desire.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAnd as we call to mind the circumstances that have led to such a notable advance, we are filled with admiration for that unique and great-hearted apostle of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, our dearly-beloved Martha Root, who under trying circumstances and almost single-handed in her efforts, has so wonderfully paved the way for the universal recognition of the Cause of God", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn her case we have verily witnessed in an unmistakable manner what the power of dauntless faith, when coupled with sublimity of character, can achieve, what forces it can release, to what heights it can rise.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLet such remarkable revelations of the reality and continuity of the Divine Purpose, made manifest from time to time to us His feeble children serve to fortify our faith in Him, to warm the chill which fleeting misfortunes may leave behind, and fill us with that Celestial potency which alone can enable us to withstand the storm and stress that lives dedicated to His service must needs encounter.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi wishes me to acknowledge the receipt of your letters dated October 3rd and 10th, 1926. He wishes me especially to mention how appreciative he is of your many\nservices so efficiently and devotingly rendered. He will pray for you and for the other members of the London Group that through your combined efforts an unprecedented progress be made there and numerous persons attracted to the precepts of the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning the attendance of certain individuals at the meeting of the Assemblies and at the invitation of that body. This, Shoghi Effendi considers, to be as expert advice which is absolutely necessary for good administration. The members of the Assembly are not supposed to know everything on every subject, so they can invite a person, versed in that question, to attend their meetings and explain his views. But naturally he will have no right to vote....\nMy dear and precious co-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am glad and grateful to feel that the joint efforts of Martha and Mountfort+F1 have given a fresh impetus to the promotion of the Cause in Great Britain. I trust that the collective and individual efforts of the members of the British Spiritual Assemblies will serve to consolidate the work already achieved. I should be pleased to receive if available full copies of any newspapers in Great Britain that may have published the appreciations broadcast by the Queen of Rumania", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe entire issue of the papers--not clippings--will be of great significance to the friends in Persia. Ten copies of each would be sufficient. I wish also to request you to urge all the friends in Great Britain to subscribe to the \"Messager Bah\u00e1'\u00ed\" published by Mrs. Stannard in Geneva. It is essential and valuable.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDear fellow-workers in the Divine Vineyard!\nIt will gladden and rejoice every one of you to learn that from\n+F1. Martha Root and Mountfort Mills.\nvarious quarters there has of late reached the Holy Land tidings of fresh developments that are a clear indication of those hidden and transforming influences which, from the source of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's mystic strength, continue to flow with ever-increasing vitality into the heart of this troubled world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nBoth in the wider field of its spiritual conquests, where its indomitable spirit is forging ahead, capturing the heights, pervading the multitude; as well as in the gradual consolidation of the administrative structure which its avowed followers the world over are labouring to raise and fortify, the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, we can increasingly discern, bids fair to become that force which, though not as yet universally recognised, none can afford to belittle or ignore.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the bold and repeated testimonies which Her Majesty, Queen Marie of Rumania, has chosen to give to the world--a copy of whose latest pronouncement I enclose--we truly recognise evidences of the irresistible power, the increasing vitality, the strange working of a Faith destined to regenerate the world", "Unfolding Destiny\nHer Majesty's striking tribute paid to the illuminative power of the Teachings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 is bound to effect an entire transformation in the attitude of many to a Faith the tenets of which have often been misunderstood and sorely neglected. It will serve as a fresh stimulus to the enlightened and cultured to investigate with an open mind the verities of its message, the source of its life-giving principles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom Baghd\u00e1d, moreover, where the sacred habitation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has been violated by a relentless enemy and converted into a rallying centre for the corrupt, the perverse, and the fanatical, there comes the news, highly reassuring to us all, of the satisfactory progress of the negotiations which, we are informed on high authority, will soon lead to the expropriation of the property by the State, culminating in the fullness of time in its occupation by the triumphant followers of God's holy Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe case of the houses, so ably presented, so persistently pursued, above all reinforced by the vigilant and protecting power of our departed Master, will eventually triumph, and by its repercussions in Persia as in the world at large, will lend a powerful impetus to the liberation of those forces which will carry the Cause to its ultimate destiny", "Unfolding Destiny\nI will, when the occasion presents itself, inform the believers through their respective National Spiritual Assemblies to address messages of appreciation and gratitude to the Authorities concerned in view of their unrelaxing efforts for the triumph of Right and Justice.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor the present, we cannot but rejoice and feel profoundly thankful\nas we witness in so many directions the welcome signs of the gradual emancipation of the struggling Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, of the increasing recognition on the part of both the high and lowly of its universal principles--all so rich in their promise of ultimate victory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi wishes me to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated November 14th, 1926, together with the minutes of the 18th meeting of the National Assembly, held on October 23rd 1926. He has received the 200 copies of the 4th edition of the folder and desires to thank you for them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe question of incorporating the National Assembly is very important for though at present there may not be any important business which necessitates that, one may arise at any time. There is also some advantage in being ready for any future developments. But naturally such a step should be taken after consultation with competent lawyers lest some defect may in the future cause some inconveniences.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat Shoghi Effendi desires to have are clippings of any article written by the Queen of Rumania on subjects referring to the Cause and published in England. He has received such declarations or open letters from America and wishes to know what she is doing along those lines in England which is her own native home. It is really wonderful how boldly she is advocating this Cause absolutely regardless of what others may say", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis is a very good lesson for those who being Bah\u00e1'\u00eds keep in the dark so as not to be criticised and perhaps ostracised by so called society people.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe are eagerly awaiting to meet Miss Rosenberg and Mrs. Slade+ to obtain a first hand information of the condition of the Cause in England and the extent to which Mr. Mills and Miss Root have succeeded to improve it.\nMy dearly-beloved co-worker:\nI am hoping that our deliberations with our English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed visitors", "Unfolding Destiny\nwill assist and aid the work in which you are engaged and prove beneficial to the Cause in general. I feel that the opportunities now open to the friends are greater than ever before and I will pray that the measures they undertake will redound to the glory, the power and effectiveness of the Cause. The utterances of the Rumanian Queen should be given the fullest possible publicity and be fully utilised as I feel they are of great significance and value. More power to your elbow!", "Unfolding Destiny\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Friend, Mr. Simpson,\nThank you so very much for your clear good letter of Jan. 16th--Shoghi Effendi bids me say how much pleasure he always derives from the perusal of your letters--which are always expressed with such admirable clearness, and to the point. He has just now been discussing with me the various matters you mention.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe says that in one way we are not quite correct in the way we manage our elections for the National Assembly--Shoghi Effendi says that the intention is, that when once the 19 delegates have been elected by the friends of the respective centres in the proportions you mention, i.e. 12 delegates from among the London friends, five from the Manchester friends, and two from the Bournemouth group, that then, these 19 delegates assembled should choose by secret ballot from the whole body of the believers in Gt", "Unfolding Destiny\nBritain and Ireland, the nine friends they consider most suitable as members of the National Assembly. Heretofore, as I understand it, it has rather been our practice that the 12 London delegates elected six from the London friends--the Manchester five delegates elected two from Manchester and the Bournemouth delegates elected one from Bournemouth. But, Shoghi Effendi says, all the 19 delegates must clearly understand that they must select from the whole body of the believers in Gt", "Unfolding Destiny\nBritain and Ireland those 9 whom they consider the most fit and suitable members to constitute the National Assembly. Therefore it will be necessary to supply each of the 19 delegates with a complete list of all those believers in Gt. Britain and Ireland. From that complete list of course must be eliminated all those who from one cause or another are unable to serve on the", "Unfolding Destiny\nNational Assembly. Also--Shoghi Effendi says that those 19 elected delegates should if possible meet during the Feast of Ridvan in London thus forming as it were a baby Convention! I had not realised before that the annual Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Convention in the U.S.A. consists solely of those delegates who had been chosen by their respective Centres in order that they may elect the 9 to form the National Assembly of that country. Did you understand this", "Unfolding Destiny\n? I certainly did not. As Shoghi Effendi points out--it is quite possible that--e.g. in the future--7 members might be elected from the Manchester friends and only two from London! On the other hand--it is quite possible that all nine members chosen by the 19 delegates might be from the London group. Of course, on reflection one sees clearly that the proceedings must be as now described because in the future there may be 21 or 53 separate local Assemblies in Gt", "Unfolding Destiny\nBritain just as is now the case in the U.S.A.--and it would obviously be impossible for each of these Assemblies to elect one of their number to sit as their representative on the National Assembly. No doubt I ought to have understood this before--but I must confess I did not!...", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is very grievous that our dear Mrs. Cropper should have been so ill--we have all been praying for her recovery since we knew of it and I am thankful to hear she is now making steady progress.\nSince writing to you I too have had a bad influenza cold that swept through our house. But I am now quite recovered I am glad to say.\nWith all best wishes to yourself.\nYour sincere friend in His service,\nEthel Rosenberg", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. I have just remembered I have said nothing about the London area that should be included--Shoghi Effendi thinks it would save trouble if you drew your circle widely enough to include Mrs. Slade and her daughter! At first he inclined to agree with you that it would be best to take the middle one--the Postal Area--and make exceptions in favour of Mrs. Haybittel and her daughter. (Mrs", "Unfolding Destiny\nGinman+ I hear from my brother has moved into town now) but it seemed to him that you might possibly have other friends residing or moving out to Surbiton etc., so that it might save you trouble in the future if you selected", "Unfolding Destiny\n? This is merely a suggestion on his part--as it will no doubt be decided at the meeting of the London Assembly. But with regard to the choosing by the 19 delegates of the nine members of the National Assembly, his instructions are quite definite and must not be departed from--as these instructions are as laid down by the Master in the Testament and other Tablets. Shoghi Effendi says you can even now soon select the day for the 19 delegates to come to London during Ridvan", "Unfolding Destiny\nBy the way Ridvan begins exactly 31 days after the New Year so it starts almost always on April 21st and lasts for 12 days. I have recorded my notes on list enclosed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYours ever,\nE. Rosenberg\nShoghi+F1 Effendi emphatically urges that the 19 friends elected as delegates should meet together during Ridvan--Shoghi Effendi has sent you three copies of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Year Book, one for London, one for Manchester and one for Bournemouth.\nRead and approved. Shoghi", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom December 1926 to April 1927, while the secretary who was then helping with the English correspondence was away from Haifa, Miss Ethel J. Rosenberg (addressed in letters by the Guardian as \"My dear Rosa\"), was on pilgrimage and kept up a lengthy and repetitive correspondence with George P. Simpson. In these letters from Miss Rosenberg are many instructions from the Guardian to the British National Assembly", "Unfolding Destiny\n1. It is the only one from Miss Rosenberg which carried the handwriting of\nShoghi Effendi where he \"Approved\" what had been written. 2. It outlined the principle for the election of the National Spiritual\nAssembly by delegates which the British N.S.A. had not then appreciated\nfrom the earlier letters of the Guardian (of 1923, 1294, 1925, later", "Unfolding Destiny\npublished in \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration\"). 3. It insisted upon Convention being held in London during Ridvan. 4. It clarified the need to have a recognised voting area for London but left\nthe final decision to the local Spiritual Assembly of London.\nAs a result of this letter 13 delegates attended Convention and 4 voted by post; ten members were elected to the National Assembly (Guardian's letter of May, 13th, 1927 refers), and the London area was defined as having a radius of 36 miles.", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. In a different handwriting from Miss Rosenberg's.\n12 February 1927+F1\nDearly-beloved brothers and sisters in 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1:\nThe trend of various events, affecting directly and indirectly the interests of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Cause, have of late served to bring into further prominence the character as well as the significance of a Faith destined to regenerate the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOf all the diverse issues which today are gradually tending to consolidate and extend the bounds of the Revelation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, the decision of Egypt's religious Tribunal regarding the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds under its jurisdiction appears at the present moment to be the most powerful in its challenge, the most startling in its character, and the most perplexing in the consequences it may entail", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have already alluded in my letter of January 10, 1926, addressed to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United States and Canada, to a particular feature of this momentous verdict, which after mature deliberation has obtained the sanction of Egypt's highest ecclesiastical authorities, has been communicated and printed, and is regarded as final and binding", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have stressed in my last reference to this far-reaching pronouncement the negative aspect of this document which condemns in most unequivocal and emphatic language the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h as the believers in heresy, offensive and injurious to Isl\u00e1m, and wholly incompatible with the accepted doctrines and practice of its orthodox adherents.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA closer study of the text of the decision will, however, reveal the fact that coupled with this strong denunciation is the positive assertion of a truth which the recognised opponents of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith in other Muhammadan countries have up to the present time either sedulously ignored or maliciously endeavoured to disprove", "Unfolding Destiny\nNot content with this harsh and unjustifiable repudiation of the so-called menacing and heretical doctrines of the adherents of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, they proceed in a formal manner to declare in the text of that very decision their belief, that the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith is a \"new religion\", \"entirely independent\" and, by reason of the magnitude of its claim and the character of its \"laws, principles and beliefs,\" worthy to be reckoned as one of the established religious systems of the world", "Unfolding Destiny\ngleaned from a number of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed sacred Books as an evidence to their splendid testimony, they proceed in a notable statement to deduce the fact that henceforth it shall be regarded as impossible for the followers of such a Faith to be designated as Muslim, just as it would be incorrect and erroneous to call a Muhammadan either Christian or Jew.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt cannot be denied that in the course of the inevitable developments of this present situation the resident Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Egypt, originally belonging to the Muslim Faith, will be placed in a most humiliating and embarrassing position", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey, however, cannot but rejoice in the knowledge that whereas in various Muhammadan countries and particularly in Persia the overwhelming majority of the leaders of Isl\u00e1m are utterly opposed to any form of declaration that would facilitate the universal recognition of the Cause, the authorised heads of their co-religionists in one of the most advanced communities in the Muhammadan world have, of their own initiative, published to the world a document that may justly be termed as the first charter of liberty emancipating the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith from the fetters of orthodox Isl\u00e1m", "Unfolding Destiny\nAnd in order to insure the complete rupture of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed official relations with Muslim Courts they lay down in unmistakable terms the condition that under no circumstances can the marriage of those Bah\u00e1'\u00eds who have been required to divorce their Muslim wives be renewed by the Muslim Court unless and until the husbands formally recant their faith by solemnly declaring that the Qur'\u00e1n is the \"last\" Book of God revealed to man, that no law can abrogate the Prophet's Law, no faith can succeed His Faith, no revelation can claim to fulfill His Revelation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhile unwavering in their belief in the Divine station of the Author of the Qur'\u00e1n and profoundly convinced of the necessity and worldwide influence of His Divine mission, Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in every land stand undeterred and unabashed in the face of the strong condemnation pronounced against their brethren in Egypt", "Unfolding Destiny\nIndeed, they together with their fellow-workers in all Muslim countries welcome with gladness and pride every opportunity for further emancipation that they may set forth in a truer light the sublime mission of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the face of such an outspoken and challenging declaration, the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the West cannot but feel the deepest sympathy with their Egyptian brethren who, for the sake of our beloved Cause and its deliverance, have to face all the embarrassments and vexations which the severance of old-established ties must necessarily entail. They will, however, most certainly expect every staunch and loyal believer in the", "Unfolding Destiny\nFaith who resides in that land to refrain in view of the grave warning uttered expressly by our opponents, from any practice that would in any manner constitute in the eyes of a critical and vigilant enemy a repudiation of the fundamental beliefs of the people of Baha", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey will most assuredly, whenever the moment is opportune, step forth with eager hearts to offer every support in their power to their fellow-workers who, with stout hearts and irreproachable loyalty, will continue to hold aloft the standard of God's struggling Faith. They will not fail to come to the rescue of those who with joyous confidence will endure to the very end such vicissitudes as this New Day of God, now in its birth-throes, must needs suffer and surmount.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe cannot believe that as the Movement grows in strength, in authority and influence, the perplexities and the sufferings it has had to contend with in the past will correspondingly decrease and vanish. Nay, as it grows from strength to strength, the fanatical defendants of the strongholds of orthodoxy, whatever be their denomination, realising the penetrating influence of this growing Faith, will arise and strain every nerve to extinguish its light and discredit its name", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor has not our beloved 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 sent forth His glowing prophecy from behind the prison walls of the citadel of 'Akk\u00e1--words so significant in their forecast of the coming world turmoil, yet so rich in their promise of eventual victory:--", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"How great, how very great is the Cause; how very fierce the onslaught of all the peoples and kindreds of the earth! Erelong shall the clamour of the multitude throughout Africa, throughout America, the cry of the European and of the Turk, the groaning of India and China be heard from far and near. One and all they shall arise with all their power to resist His Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nThen shall the Knights of the Lord, assisted by grace from on high, strengthened by faith, aided by the power of understanding and reinforced by the legions of the Covenant, arise and make manifest the truth of the verse: `Behold the confusion that hath befallen the tribes of the defeated!'\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nDearly beloved friends, upon us devolves the supreme obligation to stand by His side, to fight His battles and to win His victory. May we prove ourselves worthy of this trust.\n...quite in order to utilise the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Fund for the payment of at least half of the travelling expenses of the Friends who come to London from a distance, \"one chief object of the Fund should be to help the Friends in these difficulties\".\n(Quoted in National Spiritual Assembly Minutes)\nLOVING APPRECIATION AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith feelings of horror and indignation I communicate to you the tale of yet another tragedy involving the shedding of the blood of a martyr of the Faith on Persia's sacred soil. I have before me, as I pen these lines, the report of the local Spiritual Assembly of Ardibil, a town on the north-east confines of the province of Adhirbayjan, not far distant from those hallowed spots where the B\u00e1b suffered His last confinement and martyrdom", "Unfolding Destiny\nAddressed to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Persia, this report recounts in simple but moving language the circumstances that have led to the cowardly crime committed in the darkness of the night at the instigation of the fanatical clergy--the deadliest opponents of the Faith in that town.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur martyred brother, Aminu'l-'Ulama by name had for some time past become notorious in the eyes of the Muslim inhabitants of Ardibil for his tenacity of faith by openly refusing at every instance to vilify and renounce his most cherished convictions", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the latter part of Ramadan--the month associated with prayer, pious deeds and fasting--his use of the public bath--that long-established institution the amenities and privileges of which are as a rule accorded only to the adherents of the Muslim Faith--had served to inflame the mob, and to provide a scheming instigator with a pretext to terminate his life. In the market-place he was ridiculed and condemned as an apostate of the", "Unfolding Destiny\nFaith of Isl\u00e1m, who, by boldly rejecting the repeated entreaties showered upon him to execrate the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed name, had lawfully incurred the penalty of immediate death at the hands of every pious upholder of the Muslim tradition.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn spite of the close surveillance exercised by a body of guards stationed around his house, in response to the intercession of his friends with the local authorities, the treacherous criminal found his way into his home, and on the night of the 22nd of Ramadan, corresponding with the 26th of March 1927, assailed him in a most atrocious and dastardly manner", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcealing within the folds of his garment his unsheathed dagger, he approached his victim and claiming the need of whispering a confidential message in his ears plunged the weapon hilt-deep into his vitals, cutting across his ribs and mutilating his body. Every attempt to secure immediate medical assistance seems to have been foiled by malicious devices on the part of the associates of this merciless criminal, and the helpless victim after a few hours of agonising pain surrendered his soul to his Beloved", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis friends and fellow-believers, alarmed at the prospect of a fresh outbreak that would inevitably result were his mortal remains to be accorded the ordinary privileges of a decent burial, decided to inter his body in one of the two rooms that served as his own dwelling, seeking thereby to appease the fury of an unrelenting foe.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe leaves behind in desperate poverty a family of minors with no support but their mother, expectant to bring forth her child, and with no hope of relief from their non-Bah\u00e1'\u00ed relatives in whose eyes they deserve to be treated only with the meanest contempt.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt appears from the above-mentioned report that the merciless assailant has been arrested, waiting, however, as has been the case with similar incidents in southern Persia, to be sooner or later released under the pressure of bribery and intimidation sedulously exercised by an impenitent enemy.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDearest friends! Any measure of publicity the concerted efforts of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Spiritual Assemblies of the West, on whom almighty Providence has conferred the inestimable benefits of religious toleration and freedom, can accord to this latest manifestation of unbridled barbarism in Persia will be most opportune and valuable. It will, I am certain, confer abiding solace to those disconsolate sufferers who with sublime heroism continue to uphold the traditions of their beloved Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur one weapon lies in our prayerful efforts, intelligently and persistently pursued, to arouse by every means at our disposal the", "Unfolding Destiny\nconscience of unheeding humanity, and to direct the attention of men of vision and authority to these incredibly odious acts which in their ferocity and frequency cannot but constitute in the eyes of every fair-minded observer the gravest challenge to all that is sacred and precious in our present day civilisation.\nMAY DELIBERATIONS FIRST BRITISH BAHA'I CONVENTION BE DIVINELY GUIDED AND BLESSED.\nI thank you on behalf of our dear Guardian for your welcome letter of the 2nd.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt was with unbounded joy and great hopes for the future that we learnt of the success of your first National Convention. May it prove to be the beginning of a new era of achievement and expansion in the field of service. Time was when individually we had to drink deep from the all-satisfying teachings of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, and although this is far from being accomplished yet it is time for us to share with many others what we firmly believe....", "Unfolding Destiny\nMiss Rosenberg left only a few days ago and I suppose she will arrive back home earlier than this letter.\nAs she will have plenty of news to give you I hardly need add any....\nMy dear and valued co-worker:", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlthough I rejoice at your appointment as member of the National and local Assemblies, I fully sympathise with you in your arduous work and responsibilities, for all of which you are so distinctly equipped and qualified. I feel that next year, the number of members should be strictly confined to nine, and a second ballot is quite proper and", "Unfolding Destiny\njustified.+F1 I trust that the choice of Rev. Biggs signifies his unreserved acceptance of the Faith in its entirety--a condition that we must increasingly stress in the years that come. Please assure the elected members of my love, my best wishes and of my ardent prayers for them all individually and collectively that the Beloved may guide them, and reinforce their efforts for the spread of our beloved Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI thank you on behalf of Shoghi Effendi for your short letter of the 8th giving the name of the occupants of the various offices.\nHe is glad to see the well chosen members each undertaking his suitable task with the chairman shining amongst them. However he trusts that the coming year may be one of renewed activity and greater accomplishment. Let us not be loiterers in a fast-flying world especially when we know to what grave and universal ills this Cause is a divine remedy....", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith loving greetings and apologies for inability to write more due to mental fatigue and strain.\nNATIONAL ASSEMBLY AFFECTIONATELY REMEMBERED HOLY SHRINES\n8 October 1927 } 17 October 1927 } Referred to in Minutes; no text available.\n+F1. As there were two believers with an equal number of votes for the ninth place it had been decided to have all ten on the National Assembly!\nLOVING APPRECIATION REMEMBRANCE.\nLOVING APPRECIATION TENDEREST REMEMBRANCE.", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"...Nothing should be attempted that would, in the least and however indirectly, interfere with the unqualified freedom of local and national elections....\"\nI am instructed by our dear Shoghi Effendi to thank you for your letter of Dec. 31st with enclosures all of which he was very glad and interested to read.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith regard to Miss Pinchon's+ book, Shoghi Effendi feels that if she herself and the Assembly in London feel that the arrangement with the London branch of Brentano's is really to her advantage, he would then be glad to endorse it. The arguments you had brought were really very favourable and that might help the success of the book in America. Moreover, he would wish you to thank Asgarzadeh for his commitment in helping the Assembly to promise a sum of fifty pounds", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has taken notice of your solicitor's answer with regard to official recognition by the Board of Trade and thinks your view of the subject perfectly sound. Will the answer of the Board of Trade prove a stimulus to the friends in England and help to multiply their numbers and establish the Faith?...", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am so glad to have the opportunity of reaffirming in person my deep affection for, and unshaken confidence in, you as well as my growing appreciation of your ability and constancy in service. I am delighted at the prospect of the joint publication of Miss Pinchon's admirable book in London and in New York, and I would leave all subsidiary matters in this connexion to the National Assembly and Miss Pinchon herself", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to order beforehand 50 copies of her book at whatever price the publishers will fix the rate of its sale, and will gladly send through you the amount whenever seems to you the most suitable time. Kindly assure the friends of my continued prayers at the Holy Shrines for their welfare and the success of their arduous yet noble task.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am instructed by our dear Guardian to thank you for your letter of Jan. 29th with the minutes of the regular meeting of the English N.S.A. enclosed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has read both your letter and the minutes with interest and pleasure. He trusts that your next list of electors will show marked progress and your weekly meetings at Lindsay Hall will attract new and enlightened people. It is strange that the English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds have really contributed a great deal to the Cause, and in the form of books and publications given us works of real and permanent value--perhaps proportionately more than America, and yet it is such a Herculean affair to bring in new fellow-workers", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn connection with the form in which new electors are to be admitted into the Cause, our Guardian will personally append his suggestions if any. You would do well to see what the American system is.\nShoghi Effendi hopes very much that Miss Pinchon's book will prove a \"good-seller\" in England also. Perhaps in being less scholarly it might prove more popular and widely read....\nMy very dear and valued co-worker:", "Unfolding Destiny\nPressure of cares and anxieties, most of them sudden and unforeseen, has caused the delay in mailing this letter to you. Although immersed in an ocean of preoccupations and work, I can always find the time to turn my heart in prayer at the Holy Shrines and supplicate for you as well as for your fellow-workers in that land the Beloved's unfailing Guidance, sustaining strength and imperishable blessings", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay He assist you to persevere in your task, and enable you to achieve in the various fields of your activity your heart's desire.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLOVING APPRECIATION.\nI am glad to learn of your sustained activity, your undiminished enthusiasm and vigour in the service of our beloved Cause. I will, on my part, continue to pray for you from the very depths of my heart, that the Beloved may guide you in every step you take, help you to remove misunderstandings and difficulties amongst the friends and grant you strength and long life to consolidate and extend the bounds of the splendid pioneer work you are engaged in at present.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour true brother and well-wisher,\nBROTHERLY GREETING LOVING APPRECIATION.\nNATIONAL ASSEMBLY TENDERLY REMEMBERED HOLY SHRINES.\nCONVEY NATIONAL ASSEMBLY LOVING APPRECIATION.\nLOVING REMEMBRANCE.\n6 December 1928+F1\nDearly-beloved brothers and sisters in 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1,", "Unfolding Destiny\nEvents of a startling character and of the utmost significance to the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, have recently transpired throughout the Near and Middle East in such rapid succession, that I feel moved to write about them to those who, in distant lands and with eager hearts, are waiting to witness the fulfilment of the prophecies of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou will, I am certain, rejoice with me to learn that the quickening forces of internal reform are swiftly awakening from their age-long slumber of negligence those lands which, trodden by the feet of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and wherein are enshrined the memorable scenes of His birth, His ministry, His exiles, His banishments, His suffering and His ascension, are destined in the fullness of time to play a pre-eminent role in the regeneration of the East--nay of all mankind.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom Persia, the cradle of our Faith and the object of our tenderest affections, there breaks upon us the news of the first stirrings of that social and political Reformation which, as we firmly believe, is but the direct and unavoidable consequence of that great spiritual Revival ushered in by the Revelation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nThese social and political forces now released by the Source of such a tremendous Revival are bound in their turn to demolish one by one the barriers that have so long impeded its flow, sapped its vitality and obscured its radiance.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom a communication addressed to me recently by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Persia, as well as from reliable reports submitted by the local representatives of the Persian believers, and confirmed by the vivid narrative of visiting pilgrims, it is becoming increasingly manifest that the glowing promises so many times uttered by our departed Master are, with extraordinary exactitude and remarkable swiftness, being successively fulfilled", "Unfolding Destiny\nReforms of a revolutionary character are, without bloodshed and with negligible resistance, gradually transforming the very basis and structure of Persia's primitive society. The essentials of public security and order are being energetically provided throughout the length and breadth of the Sh\u00e1h's domain, and are hailed with particular gratification by that much harassed section of the population--our long-suffering brethren of that land", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe rapidity, the incredible ease, with which the enlightened proposals of its government, in matters of education, trade and finance, means of transportation and travel, and the development of the country's internal resources, are receiving the unqualified sanction of a hitherto reactionary Legislature, and are overcoming the resistance and apathy of the masses, have undoubtedly tended to hasten the emancipation of our Persian brethren from the remaining fetters of a once despotic and blood-stained regime", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe severely repressive and humiliating measures undertaken on the initiative of progressive provincial Governors, and with the connivance of State officials in the Capital, aiming at the scattering and ultimate extinction of a rapidly waning clergy, such as degradation, detainment, deportation and in some cases pitiless execution, are paving the way for the entire removal of the shackles imposed by an ignorant and fanatical priesthood upon the administration of State affairs", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn matters of dress; in the obligatory enforcement of a uniform style of national head-gear; in the strict limitation of the number, the rights and the prerogatives of high ecclesiastical officials; in the growing unpopularity of the veil among almost every section of society; in the marked distinction which unofficially and in various phases of public life is being made by an enlightened and pressing minority between the tottering forms of a discredited Ecclesiasticism and the civil rights and duties of civilised society; in the general laxity in religious observances and ceremonies; in the slow and hidden process of secularisation invading many a Government department under the courageous guidance of the Governors of outlying provinces--in all of these a discerning eye can easily discover the symptoms that augur well for a future that is sure to witness the formal and complete separation of Church and State.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo this uplifting movement, various external factors are being added that are tending to hasten and stimulate this process of internal regeneration so significant in the life of renascent Persia", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe multiplicity and increasing facilities in the means of transportation and travel; the State visit of energetic and enlightened reformers to Persia's capital; the forthcoming and widely-advertised journey of the Sh\u00e1h himself to the progressive capitals of Western Europe; the repercussion of Turkey's astounding reforms among an essentially sensitive and receptive people; the loud and persistent clamour of a revolting order in Russia against the evil domination and dark plottings of all forms of religious sectarianism; the relentless vigour with which Afghanistan's ambitious Ruler, reinforced by the example of his gracious Consort, is pursuing his campaign of repression against a similar order of a corrupted clergy at home--all tend to lend their force in fostering and fashioning that public opinion which can alone provide an enduring basis for the reform Movement destined to usher in that golden Era craved for by the followers of the Faith in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's native land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs a direct consequence of the birth of this new consciousness in the life of the nation, as evidenced by these early stirrings in the minds of the people, both high and low, meetings of an elaborate character, unprecedented in the number of their attendants, in the tone of the public addresses, in the undisturbed atmosphere of their proceedings, and the general impressiveness of their organisation, have been publicly held in Tihr\u00e1n, under the auspices of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Persia", "Unfolding Destiny\nParticularly significant and impressive were those that were held in the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds, the administrative and spiritual centre of the Faith in the Capital, on the occasion of the twin Festivals commemorating the declaration of the B\u00e1b and the birth of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, at the chief of which no less than two thousand representative Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and non-Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, leaders of public opinion, State officials and foreign representatives were officially invited", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe addresses stressing the universality of the Teachings of the Cause, the formal and ordered character of the proceedings so unusual a feature to a gathering of such proportions, the mingling of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds with the recognised representatives of progressive thought in the Capital who, by virtue of their high office and stately appearance, lent colour and weight to the concourse of attending believers, have all contributed to enhance the brilliance and spiritual significance of that gathering on that memorable occasion.", "Unfolding Destiny\ncontinually received from local Assemblies and individual believers, giving the names and stating the numbers of influential Persians who, hitherto reluctant to declare openly their faith in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, are as a result of this reassuring and promising state of affairs emerging from the obscurity of their concealment and enlisting under the erected banner of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis has served to embolden the followers of the Faith to take the necessary steps, under the direction of their local Assemblies, for the institution of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed schools, for the holding of public gatherings, for the establishment of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed hostels, libraries and public baths, for the construction of official headquarters for their administrative work, and for the gradual execution among themselves, within the limits imposed upon them by the State, of the laws and ordinances revealed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas", "Unfolding Destiny\nWords fail me to describe the feelings of those patiently suffering brethren of ours in that land, who, with eyes dim with tears and hearts overflowing with thanksgiving and praise, are witnessing on every side and with increasing force the unfoldment of a Faith which they have served so well and love so dearly", "Unfolding Destiny\nAccounts pathetic and inspiring in their tone are being received from that steadfast and cheerful band of exultant believers, and are being shared with the resident friends in the Holy Land who, having had the privilege of close and continued association with the person of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, cannot but marvel at the range, the potency and accuracy of the prophecies of their departed Master.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom Turkey, on whose soil, for well nigh three score years and ten, were enacted some of the sublimest and most tragic scenes in the annals of the Cause; Turkey, under whose rule Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h twice proclaimed Himself, was thrice exiled and banished, and finally ascended to the Abh\u00e1 Kingdom, and where 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 spent more than fifty years of His Life, in incarceration and suffering; has of late been rudely awakened to a Call which it has so long obstinately despised and ignored", "Unfolding Destiny\nFollowing on the overthrow of that effete theocracy, resting on the twin institutions of the Caliphate and Sultanate--those two sinister forces that have combined to inflict the deadliest blows to our beloved Faith in the earliest stages of its infancy and growth--an uncompromising policy aiming at the secularisation of the State and the disestablishment of Isl\u00e1m was initiated and carried out with exemplary vigour", "Unfolding Destiny\nReligious institutions and monastic orders which under the guise of religious propaganda were converted into hotbeds of political intrigue and sedition were peremptorily closed, their adherents scattered and banished, their funds confiscated, their privileges and", "Unfolding Destiny\nprerogatives abolished. None, save the little band of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's devoted followers, escaped the trenchant axe of the pitiless reformer; all, without fear or favour, had to submit to his searching investigations, his dictatorial edicts, his severe and irrevocable judgment", "Unfolding Destiny\nLately, however, the Turkish Government, faithful to its policy of ceaseless vigilance, and fearful of the growing activities of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds under its rule, decided to order the Police in the town of Smyrna to conduct a close investigation into the purpose, the character and the effects of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity in that town", "Unfolding Destiny\nNo sooner were the representative Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in that locality arrested and conducted to the Law Courts for purposes of investigation, than the President of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Spiritual Assembly of Constantinople who, having read in the morning papers the report of the Smyrna incident, had resolved unsummoned to offer the necessary explanations to the authorities concerned, was in his turn arrested and taken to the Police Headquarters where he soon afterwards was joined by the other members of the Assembly", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe official searching of their homes, the seizure of whatever Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature they had in their possession, their twenty-four hours' detention at the Police station, the searching severity of the cross-examination to which they were subjected--all proved powerless to alarm and shake the faith of those intrepid champions of the Cause, or to evince anything detrimental to the best interests of the State", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn the contrary, they served to deeply impress upon the minds and hearts of the officials concerned the sublimity, the innocence, and the dynamic force of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nSo much so that their books were returned, a genuine desire to deepen their knowledge of the Cause was expressed by their examiners, and widespread publicity, as reflected in the articles of about a dozen leading newspapers of Turkey, was accorded by the Government, proclaiming the innocence of the Cause and lifting up the ban that now so oppressively weighs upon religious institutions in Turkey.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom Constantinople in European Turkey to the eastern confines of Anatolia, on the banks of the river Euphrates, where a small and flourishing Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Community has been recently established, a wave of public interest, criticism and inquiry has been sweeping over the surface of the land, as witnessed by the character and number of the leading articles, the illustrations and caricatures that have appeared in the most prominent newspapers of the capital and the provincial towns of Asiatic Turkey", "Unfolding Destiny\nof the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed truth. From information thus far gathered we learn that in Hungary, in Iraq, Egypt and Syria, and as far west as France and England, newspapers have, of their own accord, with varying degree of accuracy, and in more or less detail, reported this incident in their columns, and have given, unasked and unaware, such publicity to our beloved Faith which no campaign of teaching, however elaborately organised by the believers themselves, could ever hope to achieve at the present time", "Unfolding Destiny\nSurely the invincible arm of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, working through strange and mysterious ways, will continue to guard and uphold, to steer the course, to consolidate, and eventually to achieve the world-wide recognition and triumph of His holy Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAnd while the East, through suffering and turmoil, is moving on in its slow and toilsome march towards the acceptance of God's holy Faith, let us turn for a moment our gaze to the Western Hemisphere, and particularly to the American continent, and attempt to visualise the possibilities of the future spread of the Cause, and to estimate afresh those golden yet swiftly passing opportunities which Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in those far-away lands has accorded to His chosen people", "Unfolding Destiny\nI feel thoroughly convinced, and am moved to share this firm conviction within me with that great company of western believers, that in the speedy resumption of the sorely-neglected construction of the Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r at Wilmette lies our undoubted privilege, our primary obligation, our most vital opportunity to lend an unprecedented impetus to the advancement of the Cause, not only throughout the West but in every country of the world", "Unfolding Destiny\nI would not stress at this moment the prestige and good name of the Cause, much as they are involved in this most pressing issue, I would not dwell upon the eager expectancy with which the unnumbered followers of the Faith as well as the vast number of the non-believers in almost every section of society throughout the East are awaiting to behold that noble structure rear its head in the heart of that far-western continent; nor would I expatiate on the ineffable beauty of this holy Edifice, its towering glory, its artistic design, its unique character, or its functions in the organic life of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community of the future", "Unfolding Destiny\nBut I would with all the strength of my conviction emphasise the immeasurable spiritual significance of an Edifice, so beauteous, so holy, erected solely by the concerted efforts, strained to the utmost degree of self-sacrifice, of the entire body of the believers who are fully conscious of the significance of the Revelation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. In this vast endeavour, unparalleled in modern times, its world-wide range, its spontaneity, its heroic and", "Unfolding Destiny\nholy character, the American believers, on the soil of whose country Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's first universal House of Worship is to be built, must, if they be faithful to their trust, claim and fulfil a pre-eminent share in the collective contributions offered by the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor this reason do I feel impelled to direct my incessant plea in particular to the followers of the Faith in the United States and Canada to arise and play their part, while there is yet time, and not to allow their earnest strivings to be swamped and superseded by the self-sacrificing heroism of the multitude of their brethren in Persia", "Unfolding Destiny\nAgain I feel the urge to remind you one and all of the necessity of keeping ever in mind this fundamental verity that the efficacy of the spiritual forces centering in, and radiating from, the first Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r in the West will in a great measure depend upon the extent to which we, the pioneer workers in that land will with clear vision, unquenchable faith, and inflexible determination, resolve to voluntarily abnegate temporal advantages in our support of so meritorious an endeavour", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe higher the degree of our renunciation and self-sacrifice, the wider the range of the contributing believers, the more apparent will become the vitalising forces that are to emanate from this unique and sacred Edifice; and the greater, in consequence, the stimulating effect it will exert upon the propagation of the Faith in the days to come", "Unfolding Destiny\nNot by the abundance of our donations, not even by the spontaneity of our efforts, but rather by the degree of self-abnegation which our contributions will entail, can we effectively promote the speedy realisation of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's cherished desire. How great our responsibility, how immense our task, how priceless the advantages that we can reap!", "Unfolding Destiny\nI cannot refrain, however, from giving expression to my gratification and appreciation of the substantial and continued support already accorded, and in particular during the past year by the believers in the United States and Canada, under the wise and judicious direction of their elected national representatives, to the Plan of Unified Action, whose declared purpose is to insure, ere the present Bah\u00e1'\u00ed year comes to a close, the raising of the funds required for the building of the first Unit of the Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe vigilance and fidelity with which the National Assembly of the United States and Canada has observed its pledge in connection with the limitation of the current administrative expenses of the Cause, and the zeal and ready response manifested by local Assemblies and individual believers to curtail their local and personal expenditures in order to concentrate on the Temple Fund, are", "Unfolding Destiny\nworthy of the highest praise, and will deservedly attract the manifold blessings of a loving and bountiful Master. Much indeed has been accomplished during this past year of concentrated and consecrated self-sacrifice for so glorious a purpose. Much more still remains unachieved if we are to vindicate, in the eyes of an expectant world, the honourable name, the inexhaustible and miraculous vitality of the Revelation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the mid-watches of the night, commemorating the passing of Him Who with His own hands laid the head-cornerstone of His Father's House of Worship in that land, seated within the hallowed precincts of His shrine, and keeping vigil in the company of His closest companions, I have more than once in the midst of my devotions prayerfully remembered those chosen ones of God on whose shoulders has fallen so weighty a responsibility, whose destiny is to bring to full fruition so excellent a heritage", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have recalled on that peaceful and moonlit night, with much emotion and gratitude, the inestimable bounties He lavished while on earth upon you. I have revived in my memory the glowing promises that His unfailing guidance and gracious assistance would continue from His station on high to be showered upon you. I have pictured in my mind that beauteous vision of a Cause unfolded in all its glory which in His immortal writings He has revealed unto you", "Unfolding Destiny\nAnd with my head upon His threshold, I have prayed and prayed again that we may all prove ourselves worthy disciples of so gracious a Master, that we may, when called unto Him, transmit, undiminished and unimpaired, our share of the immeasurably precious heritage bequeathed by Him to us all.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAnd in closing, dearly-beloved friends, what more appropriate thought with which to conclude my fervent plea than these pregnant words fallen from the lips of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h: \"O My friends! I bear witness that the Divine Bounty has been vouchsafed unto you, His Argument has been made manifest, His Proof has been revealed and His Guidance has shone forth upon you. Let it now be seen what your endeavours in the path of renunciation can reveal.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo the beloved of the Lord and the handmaids of the Merciful throughout the East and West.\nI desire to convey to you in a few words my impressions of the recently published \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", copies of which I understand, have already, thanks to the assiduous care and indefatigable efforts displayed by the Publishing Committee of the American National Spiritual Assembly, been widely distributed among the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed countries of East and West.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis unique record of world-wide Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity attempts to present to the general public, as well as to the student and scholar, those historical facts and fundamental principles that constitute the distinguishing features of the Message of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to this age. I have ever since its inception taken a keen and sustained interest in its development, have personally participated in the collection of its material, the arrangement of its contents, and the close scrutiny of whatever data it contains.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI confidently and emphatically recommend it to every thoughtful and eager follower of the Faith, whether in the East or in the West, whose desire is to place in the hands of the critical and intelligent inquirer, of whatever class, creed or colour, a work that can truly witness to the high purpose, the moving history, the enduring achievements, the resistless march and infinite prospects of the Revelation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nEminently readable and attractive in its features, reliable and authoritative in the material it contains, up-to-date, comprehensive and accurate in the mass of information it gives, concise and persuasive in its treatment of the fundamental aspects of the Cause, thoroughly representative in the illustrations and photographs it reveals--it stands unexcelled and unapproached by any publication of its kind in the varied literature of our beloved Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt will, without the slightest doubt, if generously and vigorously supported, arouse unprecedented interest among all classes of civilised society.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI earnestly request you, dearly-beloved friends, to exert the utmost effort for the prompt and widespread circulation of a book that so faithfully and vividly portrays, in all its essential features, its far-reaching ramifications and most arresting aspects, the all-encompassing Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhatever assistance, financial or moral, extended by Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Spiritual Assemblies and individual believers, to those who have been responsible for such a highly valuable and representative production will, it should be remembered, be directly utilised to advance the interests and reinforce the funds that are being raised in behalf of", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r, and will indirectly serve to exert a most powerful stimulus in removing the malicious misrepresentations and unfortunate misunderstandings that have so long and so grievously clouded the luminous Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.\n21 December 1928+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith feelings of profound sorrow I am moved to address you these few lines mourning the loss which the Cause has undoubtedly sustained by the passing of one who, for many years and in circumstances of exceptional significance, rendered the sacred Threshold distinctive and inestimable services. The hand of Divine Decree has removed, by the death of our talented and dearly-beloved friend, Mr", "Unfolding Destiny\nHippolyte Dreyfus-Barney, yet another outstanding figure in the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, who, by his brilliant gifts of mind and heart as well as by the divers achievements of his life, has truly enriched the annals of God's immortal Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA pioneer of the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h ever since its celestial light first warmed and illuminated the West, he has, by his close association with the person of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, by his contact with all sections of society, by his scholarly presentation of the history and fundamentals of the Faith, and lastly by his unforgettable share in the settlement of the complex and pressing issues that called for expert assistance in the days following 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's passing, achieved a standing which few have as yet attained.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe days of his spiritual communion with 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 and His household within the walls of the prison-city of 'Akk\u00e1, wherein he imbibed the principles which he later so ably expounded to the peoples of the West; his pre-eminent role on his return to Paris in kindling the torch which is destined to shed eternal illumination upon his native land and its people; the links of abiding fellowship which he forged with our Persian brethren in the course of the historic mission entrusted", "Unfolding Destiny\nto his charge by our Beloved; the seeds which he scattered far and wide during his subsequent travels to the heart of Asia, throughout India, beyond the remotest villages of Burma and as far as the eastern confines of Indo-China; the able support he lent in its initial and intermediary stages to the case of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's house in Baghd\u00e1d; his unhesitating intervention with State officials in paving the way for the ultimate emancipation of our Egyptian brethren from the yoke of orthodox Isl\u00e1m; the stimulating encouragement his visit caused to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community of Tunis on the northern shores of Africa; and last but not least the ability and diligence with which he applied himself to the solution of the delicate and vexing problems of the Holy Land in the critical years following 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's ascension--all stand out as memorable landmarks in a life that was as varied in its international aspects as it was rich in its spiritual experience.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis gifts of unfailing sympathy and penetrating insight, his wide knowledge and mature experience, all of which he utilised for the glory and propagation of the Message of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, will be gratefully remembered by future generations who, as the days go by, will better estimate the abiding value of the responsibilities he shouldered for the introduction and consolidation of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith in the Western world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSuffering as he did in his last days from the effects of a slow and painful illness, he bore heroically his share of the afflictions of the world, and is now in the realms of blissful deliverance partaking his full share of the goodly reward which he certainly deserved. To me, and particularly amid the storm and stress that have agitated my life after 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's passing, he was a sustaining and comforting companion, a most valued counsellor, an intimate and trusted friend.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith much emotion and the deepest sense of gratitude I supplicate at the holy Threshold--and request you to join with me in my prayers--for the spiritual advancement in the realms above of a soul who by the sheer merit of the signal services he rendered already deserves to rank highly among the departed faithful.\nMay he forever rest in peace.\nNot until harmony and concord are firmly established among the friends of London and Manchester will the Cause advance along sound and progressive lines.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay they be guided and inspired to do His Will and achieve His Purpose.\nI write on behalf of the Guardian with reference to a subject that has lately been raised by the N.S.A. of America, and referred to him--the publication of a revised edition of the \"Hidden Words\" in England.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi has asked me to write to America that in view of the alterations that were lately introduced through the assistance of Miss Rosenberg and Canon Townshend, a new edition of the \"Hidden Words\" is fully justified and he approves of it. However he does advise that such a publication should not be taken up privately but wholly undertaken by the English N.S.A. and in view of the large stock which the American N.S.A", "Unfolding Destiny\nnow holds of the present edition, he would urge that the new edition should be deferred until the American N.S.A. has sold off the bulk of its present stock. In general he would greatly desire and keenly advise better co-operation and co-ordination in the work of the American and English N.S.A. with regard to publication. London, despite its small group has done great work in Bah\u00e1'\u00ed publications but they must never forget that their market lies unfortunately mainly across the Atlantic....", "Unfolding Destiny\n...I hope you have been able to go to Geneva with Mr. Mills. Yours will be an Englishman's sober and matter of fact talk....\nGUARDIAN WIRES DEEPLY REGRETS INABILITY PARTICIPATE PERSONALLY\n+F1. On the occasion of the opening of the new Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centre on 19 September, at Walmer House, Regent St., London.\nDEDICATION GATHERING OVERJOYED BRIGHT PROSPECTS LOVING GOOD WISHES, SHOGHI.\nBAHA'IYYIH (taken from National Spiritual Assembly Minutes of 16 November.)", "Unfolding Destiny\nThank you so much for your letter of Sept. 19th and for the copy of the \"Hidden Words\" you sent me later.\nEvidently enough I kept them until our Guardian's arrival and I now hasten to reply.\nWhile he is well pleased with the booklet as it is now produced, Shoghi Effendi wishes me to express his regret that by appearing so soon, it has rendered the sale of a few thousand copies now in the hands of the American Publications Committee, extremely difficult, if not impossible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOf course the Guardian appreciates your efforts and understands perfectly your desire to have a more correct and a better printed copy of the work on hand. It is with that view that he is sending enclosed a cheque to the value of 19 for which kindly send him leather bound copies exactly like the specimen you sent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi has returned much refreshed and has again taken up his work with renewed strength. He is much hopeful of your new centre in Regent Street or thereabouts, and he trusts that it will mark a turning point in the history of the Cause in England--from happy tea-parties at individual homes, into a group of less personal but eager, active and thoughtful workers co-operating in a common service. It is a basis upon which healthy progress is possible....", "Unfolding Destiny\nEARNESTLY APPEAL ENGLISH FRIENDS REINFORCE HEROIC EXERTIONS AMERICAN BRETHREN IN BEHALF Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r.\nJanuary 1930 (Circa)\nThrough Mrs. Coles+:--", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"...I am delighted with your new centre, and will pray at the Holy Shrines from the depths of my heart for its progress. Kindly assure my dear English friends of my heartfelt appreciation of their staunchness, their renewed activity, their self-sacrificing endeavours. I will continue to pray for their individual, as well as their collective efforts, from the bottom of my heart.\"\nThrough Miss Challis+:--", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"I rejoice to hear of the new centre in London. I will pray for its extension and growth and for the success of your manifold activities....\"\nThrough his Secretary to Sister Challis:--\n\"Now that the London centre has been transferred to a better locality we hope it will attract more attention and add to the number of attendants at the meetings. We should however, bear in mind that no matter how important the hall may be--the talks given and the unity manifested are of far greater significance.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"Shoghi Effendi has a special affection for the English friends, for he has been in their midst and knows most of them personally. He therefore wishes and prays fervently that their number may increase, and that they may render distinguished services to the Cause. Please assure them all of his prayers and extend to them his loving greetings.\" (Taken from National Spiritual Assembly Minutes of 8 January 1930)", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith regard to change in the official title of the N.S.A. he is pleased that the matter has been definitely decided.\n(i.e.--\"National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles.\")\nIn connection with the important question of collating and editing the Master's Tablets to the friends in the British Isles ... Shoghi Effendi has already wired his reply.\n(i.e.--Cablegram Haifa February 3 1930--", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"WELCOME TOWNSHEND'S SPLENDID SUGGESTION REGARDING COLLECTION TABLETS, ADVISE SEND ORIGINALS TO HIM FOR PRESENT.\")\nShoghi Effendi wants me to express his pleasure over such an undertaking, and he sincerely trusts that it will result into a splendid achievement for posterity--a mine of endless knowledge, illumination, and insight into Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teachings and outlook.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes me to add that whereas he welcomes the work on the Tablets the friends have received from the Master he does not wish anything done on notes taken or personal accounts of visits.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe reason for this is the fear that a set of conflicting accounts of the same topic may crop up in various parts of the world from friends who have drawn largely from their memory, or have based their understanding of the Master's opinion or words, upon the imperfect, not to say faulty, renderings of the interpreters of those days.\nSuch accounts are not only impossible to verify but may lead to much perplexity and constitute a set of traditions that may not prove healthy....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work of collecting and publishing the Tablets is one of the most important tasks that this generation has undertaken, for upon it depends our true understanding of the Cause and its principles. The more we put it off, the more we are apt to lose some of the original writings. Yet important as this task may be, it is fraught with difficulties. The early translations are far from being accurate, no matter who the translator may be", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi firmly believes that only Tablets with the Master's signature and in the original tongue should be recognised. Any translations or copies of them fail from having real authority. This shows the importance of collecting the original Tablets that bear the Master's signature.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(on the death of Miss Ethel J. Rosenberg, 17 November 1930)\nDEEPLY GRIEVED PASSING ROSENBERG ENGLAND'S OUTSTANDING BAHA'I PIONEER WORKER. MEMORY HER GLORIOUS SERVICE WILL NEVER DIE ABDU'L-BAHA'S FAMILY JOIN ME IN EXPRESSING HEARTFELT CONDOLENCES HER BROTHER RELATIVES URGE FRIENDS HOLD BEFITTING MEMORIAL SERVICE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom the end of 1930 until early 1934 there are no records of cables or letters from the Guardian. Indeed there are very few references to the Guardian in the scanty Minutes of the National Assembly of that period. These brief Minutes indicate that only five or six short meetings were held each year.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt the meeting of the National Assembly on 12 June, 1932 it was reported that a reply had been received from Shoghi Effendi in answer to a request from a Mr Wren for some confirmation of the Lambeth Resolution on Peace. Another letter from the Guardian was read during the September 11 meeting and it was recorded that the Assembly endorsed Resolution 26 of the Lambeth Conference, 1930 \"with the full sanction of Shoghi Effendi\".\n24 January 1934+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt the request of the Guardian I am sending you enclosed the programme of \"The New Commonwealth\", a society for the promotion of international law and order, having its headquarters in London, and which seems to have a wide and well selected membership. The Guardian wishes the British N.S.A", "Unfolding Destiny\nto consider the possibility of their joining this organisation, and to carefully investigate whether any affiliation with that body involves any political allegiance or may indirectly and eventually lead to participation in any form of political activity. In the contrary case, he strongly advises the N.S.A. to join that organisation, as he feels that in this way the friends can give a wide and effective publicity to the teachings of the Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nMembership in non-political organisations of this type is, indeed, the best method of teaching indirectly the Message by making useful and frequent contacts with well-known and influential persons who, if not completely won to the Faith, can at least become of some effective use to it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTrusting that you are in the best of health, and with the assurance of Shoghi Effendi's ardent prayers on your behalf and on behalf of all the friends in London.\nYours in His Service,\nShoghi Effendi wishes me to acknowledge on his behalf the receipt of your letters dated Jan. 20th and Feb. 2nd, 1934, all of which he read with deep interest. He has also received the text of the High Commissioner's reply to your petition.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith regard to the \"New Commonwealth\" society he would advise the N.S.A. to join it as soon as possible after having carefully ascertained that affiliation with such a body does not involve any political allegiance to any doctrine or group. As you have already stated this organisation is run on non-party lines. It would be, however, advisable that you should find out the real\n+F1. Addressed to Mrs. Slade.", "Unfolding Destiny\naims and objectives of the society and specially the methods it advocates for the carrying out of its ideals before definitely joining it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian hopes that this will give the friends a further opportunity to make new contacts, and to draw more competent and sincere people to the Cause. He is fully alive to the difficulties facing the friends at the present time. But he would urge each and all to work harder than ever, and to persevere in order that the Faith may be better appreciated and understood by the public.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will continue to supplicate on behalf of you all at the Holy Shrines, so that Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h may sustain you in your efforts to spread His message.\nWith best wishes for Mr. Slade and yourself,\nMay the Almighty bless richly your continued and self-sacrificing endeavours, restore your health, cheer your heart, and enable you to promote effectively the vital interests of our beloved Faith.\nYour true and grateful brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to thank you in the name of the Guardian for your deeply appreciated letter of April 24th, as well as for the article on Jerusalem which appeared in \"Time and Tide\", all of which he greatly enjoyed reading.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn regard to Mr. Townshend's book+F1 he wishes me to renew his request that your N.S.A. should seriously consider the ways and means for the speedy publication of this highly valuable work, the spread of which cannot but give an unprecedented publicity to the Faith. He values the efforts that have thus far been exerted to this end and particularly appreciates the careful attention you have given the matter and hopes that as a result of these combined efforts something truly substantial will be achieved.", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. \"Promise of All Ages\"\nShoghi Effendi feels rather surprised that no acknowledgment has thus far been made of his last general letter, Feb. 8+F1, to the believers of the West, a copy of which was forwarded to you as secretary of the N.S.A. Will you please be kind enough to inform him whether the said document has reached you safely.\nWith the renewed assurance of his best wishes and of his continued supplications for the speedy development of the Cause in your country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith the assurance of my continued prayers for the extension of the range of your splendid activities and for the success of your constant and high endeavours,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has received and deeply appreciated your message dated May 7th, and was gratified to learn of the results of your national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed elections. He wishes me to convey to you, and to the remaining officers of the N.S.A. his hearty greetings, and his best wishes for the success and continued expansion of your Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activities in this year", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is fervently praying for your guidance and assistance in all the various and historic steps you are taking for the spread and the consolidation of the Movement throughout Great Britain.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat the Guardian would strongly urge your National Assembly to do in the next few months is a renewed and decisive effort for the speedy publication of Mr. Townshend's recent book on the Cause. Through the reading of such a challenging and scholarly work many will, undoubtedly, be awakened and stimulated, while others will be infuriated to the extent of virulently attacking the Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe unprecedented publicity which the Cause will be thus receiving will in itself constitute an important step towards a wider and fuller recognition of the Movement by distinguished personalities, in both intellectual and social circles. Mr. Townshend's book is, indeed, very timely,", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Published under the title, \"The Dispensation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\".\nand through it the friends and the non-believers will be given a new vision of the Cause. Shoghi Effendi is hoping that, as a result of his repeated requests, your N.S.A. will be stimulated to renew and persevere in their efforts in this vitally important matter.\nWith the renewed assurance of his prayers on your behalf and on behalf of the friends in London.\nDear and valued co-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI will fervently pray that the obstacles that stand in your way and which hinder the publication of Canon Townshend's splendid work will be completely and speedily surmounted. I anticipate an outburst of interest and an unprecedented revival of activity as a direct result of the circulation of this notable work--a work which I trust will prove a landmark in the history of the Faith in your land.\nDear Mrs. Slade,", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi is pleased to learn, from your letters of June 11th and 16th, of the new possibilities for the publication of Canon Townshend's book. Realising the number and force of the difficulties which have thus far stood in your way, he cannot indeed but feel gratified that you have at last been able to overcome some of them", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that through your determination to have this valuable booklet published without any further delay some valuable and permanent result will be achieved, and that a few people of capacity and influence will be attracted to the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn case no publishing firm accepts your offer for the printing of the booklet, the Guardian approves that the N.S.A. should undertake the publication.\nHoping to hear very soon some more definite and encouraging news about this matter, and with the Guardian's best wishes for you and for your collaborators in the N.S.A.\nWith the renewed assurance of my loving and continued prayers for the success of your unsparing efforts for the spread of His Faith and the consolidation of its institutions,", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn behalf of the Guardian I wish to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, and to assure you once more of his deepfelt appreciation of your highly-valued efforts for the publication of Canon Townshend's booklet on the Cause. He hopes that the believers the world over will co-operate with your N.S.A. for giving the work the widest publicity possible, and by ordering as many copies as they can for distribution in their own communities", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey will surely appreciate, and draw great benefit from, this original and beautifully-written essay of Mr. Townshend, and they will certainly do their best to make it known by the outside world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi wishes you to send him, as soon as the book is published, 150 copies for his library. He will also place some of them in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Mansion at Bahji for the benefit of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed as well as non-Bah\u00e1'\u00ed visitors.\nWith the renewed assurance of his best wishes and of his continued prayers on your behalf.\nMay the Almighty bless your incessant and meritorious endeavours and crown them with unprecedented success,", "Unfolding Destiny\nagreement for the publication of Canon Townshend's book has already been signed, and he is looking forward to see the book out of the press within the next few weeks. He hopes that your communications with the American N.S.A. for bringing out an American edition of this same book are proceeding satisfactorily, as he has every reason to believe that the friends in America will do their best to secure for that important publication the widest demand and publicity possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi would advise that you should also communicate with the N.S.A. of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Australia and New Zealand, and with other English speaking Assemblies, groups and individuals, informing them of this new publication, and asking for their assistance in creating for it as wide a demand as possible.\nWith his renewed greetings and best wishes to you and to all the friends in London,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI have read your letter of May 22 and Aug. 9 with joy and thankfulness as both eloquently testify to your inflexible resolve to promote by every means in your power the best interests of our beloved Cause. I trust and pray that the effect of the publication of the \"Promise\" will be such as to gladden your heart and reinforce the constant efforts which you have so devotedly exerted in recent years for the propagation of the Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has directed me to thank you for your welcome letter dated September fifth. The news of the passing away of Mr. Simpson has deeply grieved his heart. He hopes and fervently prays that the Beloved may fully reward him for all the services which he has rendered the Faith in Great Britain, and particularly for the active part which he took during the early days of his association with the Movement, in establishing the Cause of the Administration in that land", "Unfolding Destiny\nof his earlier services to the Faith sustain and encourage the friends in their labours for the propagation of the Cause in Great Britain.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has already written Mr. ... concerning Mr. ... gift to the Cause and has expressed his profound appreciation of the suggestion made by him to have his property registered in the name of your National Assembly. This step, he is convinced, would be of great help to your Assembly, in that it would assist in enabling it to obtain full legal recognition from the authorities and thus become an effective and powerful organ for the administration of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed affairs throughout the British Isles", "Unfolding Destiny\nBut, if your Assembly feels that such a step would be premature, he suggests that you should have the property registered in the name of the Palestine Branch of the American N.S.A., until such time as your own Assembly would be in a position to acquire full legal recognition from the British authorities, and will be entitled to hold property in Palestine. In the meantime the American N.S.A", "Unfolding Destiny\ncan issue a statement testifying that this property is registered only temporarily in their name, and that as soon as the incorporation is effected they will have it transferred to the name of the National Assembly of the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning the material which your Assembly has been requested to provide for the writing of a history of the Cause in England, the Guardian feels the advisability of making as few references to individuals as possible. He further suggests that emphasis be placed on two major events, the Master's visit to England, and the publication of Dr. Esslemont's \"New Era\" which, indeed, constitutes a real landmark in the history of the Faith in that country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is another point to which the Guardian wishes to draw the attention of your N.S.A. It is the importance which national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed summer schools are acquiring in the development and spread of the Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nTwo of these, as you know, have already been established and are now regularly functioning, that of America with its three branches in Green Acre, Lou-Helen Ranch and Geyserville, and that of Esslingen in Germany which in the last two years has considerably developed, and has attracted the attention of non-German believers throughout the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world. The Guardian suggests that pending the establishment of", "Unfolding Destiny\na similar Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Summer School in England, your Assembly should take into consideration the most effective way in which it can co-operate with the German friends in furthering the interests of their summer school at Esslingen. Meanwhile an effort should be made by our English believers to take the necessary steps for the formation of a similar institution in Great Britain", "Unfolding Destiny\nMany Bah\u00e1'\u00ed travellers in Europe, mostly American, have had this summer the opportunity of attending meetings and classes of the friends in Esslingen. Mr. and Mrs. Greven, Mrs. Collins, Mr. and Mrs. Bishop representing the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Bureau at Geneva. Bah\u00e1'\u00eds from Austria and Persia attended. Miss Jack and Mrs. Gregory came specially from the Balkans, and gave detailed reports on the conditions of the Cause in the Balkans", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn view of this international importance which the Esslingen summer school is thus acquiring, at least in Europe, the Guardian feels the advisability of your National Assembly being represented at these important gatherings.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn closing I wish to ask you to convey the Guardian's greetings and love to Mr. Asgharzadeh who, as you write, seems to be suffering from ill-health. Will you kindly assure him of Shoghi Effendi's prayers for his complete recovery, and express his appreciation of his continued labours for the Cause in London.\nWith warmest greetings to you and to all the friends,\nDear and valued co-worker:", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe utmost effort, I feel, should be exerted to ensure the incorporation of the British National Assembly. Should the authorities require a document setting forth the laws and principles governing the activities of the community, the text of the Declaration of Trust and By-laws now operating in America and adopted by the National Assemblies of Egypt, India and Iraq should be presented to them. The text is published in Vol", "Unfolding Destiny\nIV of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\" and constitutes a pattern for all national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed constitutions. I would also greatly welcome close collaboration by the believers in England in the development of the very useful and promising summer school recently initiated in Esslingen and which has served this summer as a meeting place of teachers and representatives in Europe.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Sister,\nYour letters dated September 21st and November 16th have been received and their contents carefully noted by the Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has also received the one hundred and fifty copies of \"The Promise of All Ages\" and wishes me to thank you for them, and to renew his appreciation of your painstaking efforts for the publication of this most timely and singularly penetrating book on the Cause. He hopes and prays that your labours in this connexion may be abundantly rewarded. He has already sent Mr. Townshend a cheque of thirty-five pounds on account of the 150 copies of his book. He hopes the sum will reach him very soon", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe would deeply appreciate if you kindly send him copies of the letters of acknowledgment which you receive from those to whom the book has been offered, as in this way he can more or less know of the reaction which the book has produced on the mind of the intellectual public in London and elsewhere.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith regard to Mr. Townshend's suggestion to procure the copyright of the portraits of the Master taken in Paris, Shoghi Effendi fully approves the idea, and would advise you to write the Paris Assembly about it and to try to enlist their co-operation and help in this matter.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian also wishes to express his whole-hearted approval of the steps your National Assembly is taking for incorporating their Assembly as a duly recognised religious body in England and throughout the British Isles. He would suggest that in case the authorities refuse to recognise the N.S.A. as a religious society you should insist on having it temporarily registered as a commercial body or under any other designation", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe requests you to send him copies of the registration documents as soon as they are ready, as he intends to take the necessary steps for the establishment of a Palestine Branch of your National Assembly similar to that which the American N.S.A. now possesses in Palestine.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith his fervent prayers and loving greetings to you and to all the friends in London,\nThe books you have sent me are being widely distributed and I am", "Unfolding Destiny\nsure they will serve to stimulate genuine interest in the fundamentals of the Faith. A special and sustained effort, I feel, should be exerted by your National Assembly in order to ensure that copies of this brilliant production may reach most, if not all the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed centres throughout the East and West and may be made accessible to the most influential leaders and organisations in every continent of the Globe", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe success it can achieve largely depends upon the publicity which the continued and organised endeavours of your Assembly can now accord it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nPraying for your success and protection.\nThe Guardian has directed me to thank you for your welcome letter dated December 8th, and also for the undated one just received.\nIn regard to his money order for the 150 copies of the \"Promise of All Ages\", he wishes you to offer the remaining sum to your National Assembly for the purposes of their national fund.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is pleased to learn that the editor of \"The Times' Literary Supplement\" has accepted to have Canon Townshend's book reviewed in his paper. He trusts that the result will be such as to stimulate many people to buy this volume, and to carefully and seriously study and meditate upon its contents.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith reference to Mr. ... property on Mt. Carmel, the Guardian specially requests you to proceed quickly in the matter of your National Assembly's incorporation so as to enable him to establish a branch of that Assembly in Palestine and thus make possible the registration of the land in question in the name of the British N.S.A. The land is completely safe-guarded at present.\nHe would deeply appreciate if you send him photostatic copies of the registration documents as soon as they will be ready.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn this connection, the Guardian wishes me to draw once more your attention to the importance of following, in the adoption of your Assembly's constitution, complete and exact wording of the text of the Declaration of Trust and By-Laws of\nthe American N.S.A., with due consideration however to all local conditions which may necessitate some minor departure from the original American copy.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt will interest you to know that the N.S.A. of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of India and Burma have carefully followed the constitutions adopted by the American believers, both in the local and the national sphere, and have succeeded in registering their National Assembly as a legal body empowered to administer the affairs of the Cause throughout India and Burma. The Guardian is now engaged in establishing a branch of the Indian N.S.A. in Palestine", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe National Assemblies of Egypt, Iraq and Persia have likewise adopted without any alteration whatever the text of the American constitution as a pattern for their local as well as national regulations and by-laws.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty enable you to surmount all the obstacles that stand in your path and accomplish the great project which you are initiating, and establish your manifold administrative activities on a sound, permanent and unassailable basis.\nThe Guardian has directed me to send you enclosed a copy of the Declaration of Trust and By-Laws of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of India and Burma.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou will find, after going carefully over the text, that except for Article VIII which is being amended, it is fully identical with the constitution adopted by the American N.S.A., and as such is in close conformity with the principles laid down by the Guardian concerning national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed constitutions throughout the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels it his duty, now that your N.S.A. is taking steps for its formal registration in the Government, to earnestly request you to adopt, in its entirety and without any alteration, the full text of the constitution of the American N.S.A. so as to maintain", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe necessary uniformity in the essential principles of the Administrative Order. Whatever is not specified in the text of this national constitution, the Guardian has already explained to the National Assemblies of America, India, Egypt, Iraq and Persia, is to be left to the discretion of these Assemblies. He does not object if there be any differences in these secondary matters, but he feels that he should insist on uniformity in essentials", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith heartiest greetings to you and to all the friends,\nI am directed by the Guardian to thank you for your letters of the fourth of January last and of the seventh of this month, all of which he has read with deepest interest.\nHe was, however, grieved to learn of the slight indisposition in your health, and particularly of the serious illness of Miss Elsie Lea. He is praying for you both at the Holy Shrines that you may be given the necessary strength to resume your work for the Cause in London.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith regard to the situation in Persia, it is pretty bad indeed. Conditions have not improved in the slightest degree, and the friends are still suffering from the intolerable burden of restrictions imposed upon them by the Authorities. The Guardian does not advise your Assembly to enter into detailed correspondence with any of the friends there, but sees no objection if you send them copies of your News Letters....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe friends will no doubt appreciate the possibilities which the admission of so distinguished a person as ... in their midst will have for the Cause. This new development should, indeed, encourage and stimulate them to persevere, nay to redouble their efforts for the extension of their teaching activities throughout Great Britain. The future of the Cause in that country is, indeed, bright. But the friends should also exert their utmost, lest through neglect and apathy its progress be impeded", "Unfolding Destiny\nthem, it is their responsibility to take their full chance and to make a renewed attempt to extend and further consolidate their teaching work in London and throughout the British Isles.\nShoghi Effendi is fervently praying that through the confirmations and blessings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h you may all be assisted in effectively attaining this objective.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am so pleased to learn of the splendid response of ... to the call of our Faith, and would urge you to make a special effort, in conjunction with the friends and Assemblies in England, to aid him to deepen his faith and extend the scope of his valued activities. I will pray for the success of your efforts and the realisation of your highest hopes.\nShoghi Effendi has received your letters dated March 8th and April 1st, and wishes me to thank you for them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith regard to the incorporation of the British N.S.A., he is sorry, indeed, that the authorities have definitely refused your application. He is, nevertheless, confident that your Assembly's efforts in this connection will, in due time, bear fruit, and that the officials concerned will gradually come to alter their views regarding the nature and significance of the Movement.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the meantime, the Guardian can have ... property on Mt. Carmel transferred to the name of the Palestine Branch of the American N.S.A.\nWith the renewed expression of Shoghi Effendi's deepfelt appreciation of your services, and with his loving greetings and best wishes to you and to the friends in London....\nDear co-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI grieve to learn of the refusal of the Board of Trade to incorporate the National Assembly, but I feel certain that the friends will not allow this setback to damp their zeal or to weaken their determination\nto prosecute the work they have so devotedly undertaken. It may indeed prove a blessing in disguise, and I would urge the friends to persevere and not to lose heart and to rest assured that our beloved Faith will ultimately conquer.\nWith my best wishes for all of you,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has just received letters from Sir Herbert Samuel and Sir Francis Younghusband inviting him to attend and present a paper on the subject: How to promote the spirit of World Fellowship through religion at the projected conference of the \"World Fellowship Through Religion\" to be held in London this coming July.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs he is unable to be present at this meeting, he has thought best to ask the British N.S.A. to act as his representatives, and to appoint someone to read this paper which he is asking Mr. Townshend to prepare for that occasion. He is specially writing Mr. Townshend about it, and urging him to have the statement ready by the end of January, when it has to be handed by your N.S.A. to Sir Francis Younghusband according to his request from the Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe also thinks it necessary for your Assembly to communicate as promptly as you can with Sir F. Younghusband, and to express your readiness and pleasure to participate in the activities and deliberations of the World Fellowship conference.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn view of the vital importance of this gathering, at which representatives of various religious organisations will be present, and specially as Sir Herbert Samuel has himself expressed the desire that the Cause should be authoritatively and adequately represented there, Shoghi Effendi would urge the British N.S.A. to make every effort to fully avail themselves of this splendid opportunity for giving the Faith in England a fresh and unprecedented impetus.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWishing you complete success in your labours in this connection, and awaiting the news of the progress of the action that you will take in this matter,\nThis letter is to confirm the one I wrote you nearly two weeks ago at the direction of the Guardian regarding the projected World Congress of Faiths to be held in London next summer.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs stated in that letter, the Guardian has whole-heartedly accepted the Committee's invitation, as expressed through both Sir Herbert Samuel and Sir Francis Younghusband, to have the Cause authoritatively represented at the above-mentioned Congress.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe now wishes to urge again your N.S.A. to speed up the matter of preparing the address which he has requested Mr. Townshend to prepare for that occasion. He is also urging Mr. Townshend to have the address ready for presentation to the Committee towards the end of next January.\nThe Guardian hopes that the N.S.A. will do its very best to speed up this matter.\nWith his renewed thanks to you and to the friends,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has just sent you a cable asking you to send him, as soon as you can, two copies of the photograph of the N.S.A. of the British Isles of the year 1935-36 for publication in Volume Six of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\". He hopes there will be no delay in forwarding to him these photographs.\nThanking you in anticipation,\nYours in His Service, 16 March 1936", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has been very pleased to learn, from the report you have submitted for the next issue of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\" regarding the activities of the Cause in England, that the centre\nin London has been given by the authorities the status of a place of worship, and that the Movement has been registered as a definite religious community.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf there are any documents or any letters you have obtained from the Government in connection with such a registration will you kindly send him reproductions of them as promptly as you can for publication in the next issue of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\" (Vol. VI).\nWith many thanks and warmest greetings,\nThe National Teaching Committee of the N.S.A. of the British Isles.\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Friends,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has read with profoundest interest the second number of the \"Teaching Bulletin\" issued by the N.S.A. of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles, and feels highly gratified at the steps your committee is taking for the inauguration of a new teaching campaign throughout England. This is surely a clear evidence of the new spirit animating the friends in that country, and a further revelation of their intense desire to give the cause of teaching a fresh and unprecedented stimulus", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is undoubtedly no higher call than that of bringing the Message to a world tormented and torn on every side by the forces of destructive materialism. It is for us to realise the full measure of responsibility that has been laid upon our shoulders in this matter, and having attained full consciousness of our responsibility to unitedly arise to contribute all that we can towards its discharge.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is Shoghi Effendi's hope that under the guidance and encouragement of the N.S.A. your committee's work will steadily progress, and that the results achieved will be such as to create further confidence and arouse fresh hopes in your activities among all the friends throughout the British Isles. He is looking eagerly forward to learn more of your activities, and to witness further signs of the effectiveness, unity and power with which\nyou are striving to diffuse the Teachings and principles of the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty ever bless and sustain you in your labours....\n27 April 1936 (Convention)\nDEEPLY APPRECIATE MESSAGE FERVENTLY PRAYING SUCCESS DELIBERATIONS LOVE.\nDear friends and co-workers,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has instructed me to convey to you his deep gratitude for your welcome message of April 21st. He has been made truly happy by its perusal and wishes me to express once more his genuine appreciation of the remarkable work which your committee is accomplishing for the spread of the Message throughout England", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes you full success in your labours, and is praying to Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to guide and assist you in every step you are taking for the dissemination of His Teachings and the establishment of His Faith in your country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis chief advice to you is perseverance without which, he strongly feels, no success is attainable. The difficulties in your way are undoubtedly manifold and not always easy to overcome. But provided you persevere, and face with courage, full faith and confidence such obstacles you can be sure of attaining the goal you have set yourselves to achieve.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow is the beginning of your work. And as in the beginning of every task you are bound to meet all sorts of difficulties. The more you strive to overcome these, the greater will be your reward, and the nearer you will get to that glorious success\nwhich, as repeatedly promised by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, must needs crown the efforts of all those who, whole-heartedly and with pure detachment, strive to work for the spread and establishment of His Cause.\nWith cordial greetings and every good wish....", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith the renewed assurance of my loving and constant prayers for the extension of your meritorious activities and services,\nDear Mr. Hofman+,\nThe Guardian has duly received your letter of April 29th written at the direction of the N.S.A. of the British Isles, and he wishes me to thank you for it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has learned with deep satisfaction of the result of your national elections, and has instructed me to convey to each and every member of your newly elected assembly his hearty congratulations and sincere good wishes. He hopes that the officers of the N.S.A. will be fully guided in the discharge of their manifold and heavy responsibilities, and that through their collective and sustained efforts the Cause will receive a fresh and unprecedented impetus throughout England", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is praying from the very depth of his heart on behalf of you all, entreating Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to ever bless, sustain and guide you in your labours.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian would deeply appreciate receiving the minutes of the N.S.A. meetings, and hopes that you will send these to him as regularly as you can.\nWith his renewed and most loving greetings, also to the members of the N.S.A....\nWishing you the fullest success in your high and deeply appreciated endeavours,\nBeloved Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Brother,", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour welcome letter of August 7th together with the enclosed programme of the English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Summer School and Mrs. Bishop's notes on the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed session of the World Fellowship of Faiths Congress have all duly arrived and been read with sustained interest and deepest appreciation by our beloved Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has been particularly pleased to read Mrs. Bishop's report which is truly illuminating and highly encouraging. The Cause has no doubt been well represented at the Congress, and the attendants must have surely been deeply impressed by the manner in which the Message was introduced and presented by both the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and non-Bah\u00e1'\u00ed speakers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels particularly grateful for the share which your N.S.A., as well as your distinguished and able co-workers Mrs. Bishop and Madame Orlova have contributed towards the success of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed meeting. May the noble efforts which you all have so unitedly and so successfully exerted in this connection serve to attract, even as a magnet, the blessings of God and His favours upon the entire community of the believers throughout the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith every good wish and hearty greetings to you, and to your fellow-members in the N.S.A....\nDearest co-workers,\nI rejoice to learn of the splendid work that has recently been achieved. Your accomplishments should spur you on to achieve still greater results in both the teaching and administrative spheres of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed service. My prayers will be offered on your behalf. The work in which you are so devotedly engaged is near and dear to my heart. Persevere and never feel disheartened.\nDear Mr. Hofman,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am directed by our beloved Guardian to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter dated August 25th with the\nenclosed minutes of the British N.S.A.'s last meeting. He has read them all with utmost care and profoundest appreciation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding your Summer School; he is indeed grateful to your Assembly for the great success that has attended your efforts for the formation of this institution, the teaching value of which for England cannot be overestimated. He wishes, in particular, to offer his most sincere thanks to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed youth group in London for their remarkable share in making the school such an outstanding success this year", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis has been certainly a bold undertaking, considering the limited number and resources of the believers in England. But the results obtained are highly encouraging and augur well for the future of this first English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Summer School. The unity, courage and whole-hearted loyalty of the friends have enabled them to boldly face and successfully overcome the difficulties and obstacles which may have first appeared, to many at least, to be quite unsurmountable", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian would, therefore, urge all the believers to persevere in their efforts for raising the standard, both intellectual and spiritual, of their Summer School and to heighten its prestige in the eyes of the friends, and of the general non-Bah\u00e1'\u00ed public outside. The institution of the Summer School constitutes a vital and inseparable part of any teaching campaign, and as such ought to be given the full importance it deserves in the teaching plans and activities of the believers", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt should be organised in such a way as to attract the attention of the non-believers to the Cause and thus become an effective medium for teaching. Also it should afford the believers themselves an opportunity to deepen their knowledge of the Teachings, through lectures and discussions and by means of close and intense community life.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the N.S.A.'s request concerning Mrs. Bishop's teaching services in England, the Guardian wishes you to assure your fellow-members of his hearty approval of their suggestion that she should extend her stay in your country for another year. He is advising her to visit Geneva for a brief period and then return immediately back to England....\nDearest co-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to congratulate in person the English believers, and particularly the members of the youth group, on their splendid achievements. The activities they have initiated, the perseverance, zeal\nand fidelity they have increasingly manifested, the plans they have conceived and the obstacles they have already overcome, rejoice my heart and arouse fresh hopes and expectations within me. I will continue to pray for their success. Rest assured and persevere.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour kind letter of November 22nd with enclosures have been read with deep interest and profound gratitude by our beloved Guardian, and their contents have imparted fresh encouragement to his heart. He has also received your communication of the 28th September with the accompanying minutes of the British N.S.A. and the report of your Summer School, and is indeed sorry for the long delay in thanking you for them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding Mr. Townshend, the Guardian is pleased to hear that he has written you, and offered a method whereby he could be freed to serve the Faith. He is confident that your N.S.A. will give this matter their most careful and sympathetic consideration, and fervently hopes that they will, as a result, be able to find some way that would relieve Mr. Townshend of his many domestic cares and troubles which, as you know only too well, seriously impede the progress and expansion of his activities for the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is a matter of deep regret, indeed, that our dear friend's material position is such as to make it quite impossible for him to devote his full time and energies to the Cause. The friends in Great Britain, who are in special need of his able assistance in their teaching work, should, therefore, consider it their responsibility to find some solution to this urgent problem facing one of their most distinguished and competent fellow-workers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAny suggestion which your N.S.A. could offer would certainly be deeply appreciated by Mr. Townshend, and the Guardian would be only too pleased to assist your Assembly in insuring the success of any plan you may propose and decide upon in this matter.\nWishing you full and continued success in your work, and assuring you again of Shoghi Effendi's fervent prayers on your behalf and on behalf of your fellow-members in the N.S.A....\nDear and prized co-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour splendid collaboration with the English believers is, as I am gradually and increasingly realising it, infusing a new life and a fresh determination into individuals and assemblies which will prove of the utmost benefit to our beloved Cause. Persevere in your remarkable efforts and historic achievements. With the aid of Mrs. Bishop an unprecedented and most powerful impetus will I am sure be given to the onward march of the Cause of God. I am deeply grateful to you.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has instructed me to inform you of the receipt of your communications of the 6th and 24th December and of the 1st January, all of which he has read, together with their enclosures, with sustained interest. Kindly convey to your fellow-members in the N.S.A. his appreciation and gratitude for the truly valuable work they are accomplishing for the promotion of the Faith in Great Britain", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is continually and fervently praying for the guidance and success of the plans they have recently initiated for the extension of the teaching work and for the consolidation of the administrative institutions of the Cause in their land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is specially praying for the success of your N.S.A.'s project in connection with Mr. Townshend's problem. Much as he realises the financial difficulties involved in such a plan, he is nevertheless convinced that if every individual believer, no matter how limited his resources, pledges himself to give it his whole-hearted and continued support it will eventually, though after considerable effort and self-sacrifice, become effective and successful", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe opportunity has now come for the friends in Great Britain to demonstrate the measure of their devotion to the Cause, as well as their capacity to maintain, consolidate and extend its nascent administrative institutions in", "Unfolding Destiny\nthat land. The occasion calls for a tremendous amount of sacrifice, of perseverance and united labour on the part of the friends, and for the self-same devotion that characterised the nation-wide efforts of the American believers for the building up of their beloved Temple at Wilmette. May the friends in Great Britain, despite their limited numbers and resources, be guided and assisted to successfully meet this challenge", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheir triumph will assuredly draw upon them the blessings and confirmations of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and may prove to be the signal for fresh conquests and unprecedented developments in the Cause throughout the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the New Commonwealth Society, the Guardian does not wish the friends, whether individually or collectively, to affiliate themselves with this and other kindred organisations, in view of the fact that the aims and ideals upheld by such bodies do not entirely conform to the Teachings, and hence there is always the possibility of creating complications for the Cause by accepting membership in them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever, as the New Commonwealth Society is nearer to the Cause than perhaps any other organisation of its kind, the Guardian would advise the friends to participate, occasionally and in an informal manner, in its activities, to attend some of its meetings, and to contribute articles to its publications. Association, as you certainly realise, is quite different from affiliation, and it is the latter which the Guardian wishes the friends to strictly avoid.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith his warmest greetings and sincere good wishes to you and your fellow-members in the N.S.A....\nWith the renewed assurance of my continued, my loving and ardent prayers for the expansion and the consolidation of the splendid work which the English believers are unitedly accomplishing for the furtherance of the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h,\nI am directed by the Guardian to acknowledge the receipt of", "Unfolding Destiny\nyour welcome communications of the 19th January and the enclosed latest number of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\" issued by the British N.S.A., and to transmit to you, and through you to your distinguished collaborators in that body, his admiration and gratitude for the quick action you have been prompted to take in connection with the formation of a Publishing Company under the direction of your National Assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe plan you have conceived is certainly bold, knowing how limited are the number and resources of the believers in England. But it nevertheless offers great possibilities of development and success, provided your Assembly gives it full moral and financial support, and succeeds in stimulating the interest and obtaining the assistance of the believers outside Great Britain for its immediate and effective prosecution.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn this connection, he wishes you to assure the N.S.A. of his whole-hearted and full approval of their suggestion to solicit subscriptions from the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of those countries who normally order literature from them. He feels it, indeed, to be the duty of every believer who has the means, and has also the interest of the Cause at heart, to assist in any capacity, and to any extent he can, in carrying out the British N.S.A.'s project", "Unfolding Destiny\nNothing can demonstrate more effectively the spirit of solidarity and self-sacrifice which should animate the friends than their response to this call", "Unfolding Destiny\nAside from the fact that London is the heart of the British Empire, and as such commands an importance which few other centres in the world can equal and should consequently be raised to the status of one of the leading outposts of the Faith, it should be stated that now that the Administrative Order has at last been firmly established and is being increasingly consolidated in that centre, it is the supreme obligation of all the believers, both in Great Britain and other European countries, to assist by every means in hastening this internal development and growth", "Unfolding Destiny\nAnd it is quite evident that the formation of a Publishing Company along the lines suggested by the British N.S.A. is the greatest asset to such a development and expansion of the Cause in London and throughout England as a whole.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is the Guardian's hope that the response which the friends will make to this project will be such as to mark the inauguration of a new era of expansion of the Cause throughout the British Isles, and the rest of the far-flung British Empire. He would\nappeal to every believer to carefully ponder upon the responsibilities which he is called upon to shoulder in order to meet this supreme and vital obligation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour subsequent letters dated Jan. 29th enclosing the minutes of the National Assembly meeting, and February 26th enclosing copy of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal No. 5 have also reached me and have filled my heart with joy and gratitude for the splendid services of your Assembly and the efforts they are systematically and vigorously exerting for the initiation, the expansion and consolidation of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed administrative activities and enterprises at this auspicious stage in the evolution of the Faith in your country", "Unfolding Destiny\nI fully approve the publication in your Journal of the passages quoted in your letter of February 26th. I am enclosing the sum of 50 as my contribution towards the Fund which is being raised for the establishment of the Publishing Company for the success of which I cherish the brightest hopes. I will especially pray for the removal of every obstacle that may impede its formation and development, and for the realisation of your highest hopes in this connection", "Unfolding Destiny\nPersevere in your great enterprise, and rest assured that the almighty power of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h will, if you remain steadfast in your purpose, enable you to attain your goal.", "Unfolding Destiny\nANNOUNCE ASSEMBLIES CELEBRATION MARRIAGE BELOVED GUARDIAN IMPERISHABLE HONOUR BESTOWED UPON HANDMAID OF BAHA'U'LLAH RUHIYYIH KHANUM MISS MARY MAXWELL.\n(Sgd. ZIAIYYIH, MOTHER OF THE GUARDIAN)\nGREATLY VALUE MESSAGE ABIDING LOVE.\n+F1. Added as footnote to letter of February 24th.\nI am charged by our beloved Guardian to acknowledge the receipt of your communications of March 21st, 31st and of April 22nd with enclosures.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has received and read with particular interest the latest issue of the Journal issued by the British N.S.A. and is indeed happy to realise that the teaching work, now so ably reinforced by the valuable support extended to it by dear Mrs. Bishop, is steadily progressing in England. He is most pleased over the progress of the Devonshire Group, and wishes you to assure its members, and particularly Mrs", "Unfolding Destiny\nStevens+, of his deep appreciation of their efforts for the propagation of the Message in that highly promising centre from which, he hopes, the light of the Cause will radiate throughout South Western England which has heretofore remained closed to the Faith. He would urge your N.S.A", "Unfolding Destiny\nto continue giving your attention to the problem of finding ways and means to further widen the interest that has been aroused, and is fervently praying that your efforts in this connection may bear the richest and most satisfactory results.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning the N.S.A.'s Publishing Fund; the Guardian has learned with satisfaction that the friends are gradually awakening to the realisation that it constitutes an invaluable support to the extension of the teaching work throughout the British Isles. He hopes that the flow of contributions will steadily increase, so as to enable your Assembly to carry out its important project", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is rejoiced to hear that you have taken the necessary steps to have the Company legally established--which step, he hopes, will pave the way for the registration of the N.S.A. as an independent religious organisation....", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith the assurance of my continued prayers for the realisation of your highest hopes, and for the uninterrupted progress and consolidation of your teaching and administrative activities,\n3 May 1937 (Convention)\nASSURE DELEGATES FRIENDS LOVING APPRECIATION REMEMBRANCE HOLY SHRINES SUPPLICATING UNPRECEDENTED SUCCESS TEACHING FIELD ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIVITIES.\nI am charged by our beloved Guardian to acknowledge the receipt of your communications of May 3rd and 29th written on behalf of the British N.S.A.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe enclosed copy of the Annual Report, as well as the minutes of the N.S.A. meeting of the 13th May have also reached him and he has read their contents with deepest satisfaction.\nWith regard to your Assembly's request for permission to publish in the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\" an extract from his letter of April 24th addressed to Miss Baxter+, he wishes you to assure your fellow members of his approval of their request.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of June 24th has also been received. I feel the urge to add these few words in person in order to assure you afresh of my deep appreciation of the remarkable spirit of constancy, devotion and loyalty which you and your fellow workers, in both the teaching and administrative spheres of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed service are ably and continually manifesting. My heart overflows with unspeakable gratitude. I will continue to pray for all of you from the depths of my heart.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn behalf of our beloved Guardian I acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of the 17th August enclosing the\nminutes of the meeting of the British N.S.A. held at the Summer School on August 8th....\nMay the Beloved bless your persistent efforts and enable you to consolidate still further the manifold interests of the Faith of God.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am charged by the Guardian to acknowledge the receipt of your communications of September 26th and November 6th with enclosures, all of which he has read with deepest interest and appreciation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe very much regrets indeed the departure of Mrs. Bishop and Madame Orlova from England, as the services they rendered all through their stay in that country have been truly outstanding. The teaching force, in particular, will feel the loss of these two of its most capable and promising supporters. Every effort should now be exerted by the N.S.A", "Unfolding Destiny\nhowever, to carry on the teaching work through every means possible, and every believer should be made to realise that he has an added and most grave responsibility to shoulder in this matter.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has also learned with deep regret of ... resignation from the membership of the N.S.A. and trusts that the new member who will be elected to replace her will be able to contribute as much as she did to the growth and further consolidations of the National Assembly.\nHe will continue to pray for the confirmation and guidance of all the members, that they may befittingly discharge their manifold and weighty obligations toward the Faith throughout the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith his loving greetings and deepest appreciation of your efforts....\nWishing you the fullest success in the efforts which you are exerting in conjunction with the believers for the protection, the promotion, and the consolidation of the Cause of God.\nDEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION FERVENT SUPPLICATION SUCCESS DELIBERATIONS.\nDELIGHTED URGE INCOMING NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PERSEVERANCE SUBORDINATE ALL ACTIVITIES TEACHING OBJECTIVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nBAHA'I WORLD MOURNS LOSS HOLY MOTHER MUNIRIH KHANUM STOP RIDVAN FESTIVITIES SUSPENDED. ADVISE ALL CENTRES HOLD MEMORIAL GATHERINGS COMMEMORATE HER OUTSTANDING SERVICES RENDERED DURING ONE OF MOST CRITICAL STAGES IN EVOLUTION BELOVED FAITH.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am instructed to acknowledge the receipt of your communications addressed to our beloved Guardian dated December 24th, January 10th, February 13th and March 22nd together with the enclosed minutes of the meetings of the British N.S.A., as well as the copies of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\", all of which he has read with closest attention and keenest interest.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has noted with gratification that the Teaching Conference held in Manchester during last December was successful, and that the meetings were all pervaded with a spirit of unity and of fellowship", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has read with deep satisfaction the report of the above Conference which you had sent, and indeed trusts that the decision and plans that have been adopted will, through their faithful application in the course of this year, serve to greatly accelerate the expansion of the teaching work throughout the British Isles....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. Shoghi Effendi has just received your letter of May 16th and wishes your Assembly to make strenuous efforts in connection with the incorporation of the N.S.A. He would advise you to approach Lady Blomfield, Major Tudor-Pole and Lord Lamington.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian wishes me to inform you that you have been appointed by him a member of the International staff of editors of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\". He wishes you to start from now collecting the necessary material for the next edition and to send them gradually and directly to Mrs. French.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI greatly welcome the determination of the English believers to concentrate their energies on the teaching work, and I pray from all my heart for the success of their high endeavours in this all-important field of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed service. Individuals as well as local Assemblies must arise and co-operate and persevere and refuse to allow any obstacle, however formidable, to dim their hopes or to deflect them from the course they have so spontaneously chosen to pursue", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am instructed by the Guardian to acknowledge the receipt of your communication dated May 31st, enclosing two copies of the newly published booklet prepared by the British N.S.A. for teaching purposes, and also the latest issue of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\", and the report of the Convention proceedings for this year.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has read with keenest interest and with deep gratification the Annual Report of your Assembly and has been very much impressed indeed by its comprehensiveness, and by your ability in presenting the facts in such a lucid and effective language. He has sent the text to Mr. Holley for reproduction in the next \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", as an appendix to the International Survey of activities.\nAlthough the range of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activities throughout Great Britain during this past year has been considerably restricted as", "Unfolding Destiny\na result of the departure of many travelling and visiting Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teachers, yet the fact that the friends were, in spite of that and other handicaps, able to maintain the course of their activities constitutes a clear evidence that the English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Community is at last able to stand on its own feet, and has sufficient resources, both moral and material, to enable it to carry on, without any external help, the heavy task that has been committed to its charge.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian wishes you to assure your fellow members on the N.S.A. and through them the friends throughout Great Britain, of his fervent prayers that throughout the course of this new year they may evince such a unity, zeal and renewed consecration to their task as to further demonstrate the strength of their position as a self-supporting and ever-growing national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community....\nWishing you and your dear co-workers the utmost success in your high and meritorious endeavours,", "Unfolding Destiny\nOctober 1938 (Third Summer School) ASSURE YOU PRAYERS HEARTILY RECIPROCATE GREETINGS.\nYour communications written on behalf of the British N.S.A. and dated June 23rd, July 8th and September 15th with their enclosures have all been duly received and their contents noted with interest and satisfaction by our beloved Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the papers you had enclosed in your last letter relating to the N.S.A.'s application for incorporation, he has read these with the closest attention, and has already communicated to you his approval by cable, and wishes me now to urge your Assembly to proceed with this matter without delay and to\nmake every effort to have the whole thing completed in the course of the next few months, preferably before the termination of your Assembly's term of office next April....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has read with considerable interest Mr. Balyuzi's+ booklet on \"Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\", and hopes that the two companion essays on the B\u00e1b and the Master on which he is working will be soon completed and ready for distribution, as he feels they can be of a valuable help to the friends in their teaching work.\nWith the renewed assurances of his prayers for the confirmation of your services, and reciprocating your greetings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe energy, loyalty and resourcefulness with which your Assembly is conducting and extending the manifold activities of the Faith in these days of stress and trial deserve the highest praise. Your achievements constitute indeed a landmark in the history of the Faith in that land. I urge you, with all earnestness and with feelings of abounding gratitude, to redouble your efforts and to persevere until your highest hopes and plans in both the spiritual and administrative spheres are realised and fulfilled", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has noted your Assembly's request for his advice as to what forms of national service friends may volunteer for in times of emergency. While the believers, he feels, should exert every effort to obtain from the authorities a permit exempting them from active military service in a combatant capacity, it is their duty at the same time, as loyal and devoted citizens, to offer their services to their country in any field of national service which is not specifically aggressive or directly military", "Unfolding Destiny\nSuch forms of national work as air raid precaution service, ambulance corps, and other humanitarian work or activity of a non-combatant nature, are the most suitable types of service the friends can", "Unfolding Destiny\nrender, and which they should gladly volunteer for, since in addition to the fact that they do not involve any violation of the spirit or principle of the Teachings, they constitute a form of social and humanitarian service which the Cause holds sacred and emphatically enjoins.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has noted with genuine satisfaction what you had written about your recent visit to ... and his earnest desire to become of increasing service to the Faith. We will certainly pray that he may fully avail himself of the manifold opportunities that now lie before him of spreading the knowledge of the Cause in hitherto closed and conservative circles, and of thus drawing to it the attention of thoughtful and responsible people throughout Britain.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe marvellous zeal, unity, understanding and devotion exemplified by the English believers in recent months, individually as well as through their concentrated efforts, constitute a landmark in the progressive development of the Faith in that land. They who have risen to the height of their present opportunities stand at the threshold of unprecedented achievements", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey must labour continually, exercise the utmost vigilance, proclaim courageously, and cling tenaciously to the principles of their Faith, spiritual as well as administrative, and resolve to endure every sacrifice and hardship, however severe, for the vindication, the consolidation and recognition of the Faith they profess and are now so admirably serving.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith a heart filled with pride and gratitude I pray continually for their triumph.\nRAHMATU'LLAH ALA'I OUTSTANDING PROMOTER FAITH IRAN SOON ARRIVING LONDON FOR TREATMENT EXTEND CORDIAL WELCOME EVERY POSSIBLE ASSISTANCE.\nURGE ALA'I FOLLOW WHATEVER TREATMENT PRESCRIBED DOCTOR PRAYING.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt the direction of our beloved Guardian I acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your communications dated November 28th, December 5th, January 5th and 14th written on behalf of the British N.S.A., all of which he has read, together with their enclosures, with earnest and fullest attention.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the matter of the N.S.A.'s incorporation, he has noted with real satisfaction that in spite of the difficulties raised by the officials in the Board of Trade in connection with your application, the contacts you have formed with these officials have been of such a friendly nature as to give your Assembly an opportunity to further press your case, and also to impress the authorities concerned with the true nature and significance of the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian would urge your Assembly to strain every nerve to bring this task to speedy completion, and wishes me to reassure you and your fellow-members that he will continually and most fervently pray that your renewed efforts in this connection may be crowned with full success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe also wishes me to express his feelings of deep satisfaction at the efforts of your Assembly in connection with the publication of \"New World Order\", which paper, he hopes, will prove of increasing value as a medium for the spread of the Cause throughout England.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn closing I feel I must also convey his loving thanks to your Assembly for the very cordial welcome and warm hospitality which you have, in response to his telegram, kindly extended to our well beloved and highly esteemed brother Mr. 'Al\u00e1'\u00ed. The love and consideration he has been shown by the friends, and by the members of your Assembly in particular, will, he feels certain, help to a marked degree in counter-acting the painful", "Unfolding Destiny\neffects of the insidious disease from which he is so severely, yet so uncomplainingly suffering. The spirit of courage and fortitude which he is displaying surely cannot but create a profound impression upon all those friends, doctors and patients who come in contact with him. May his presence in your midst, however temporary, serve as an opportunity of further spreading the knowledge of the Faith, and also be the means of encouragement and inspiration to the believers....\nDear and valued co-workers,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am delighted with the work which is being so energetically conducted, and so faithfully extended and consolidated by the English believers, and particularly by their national elected representatives whose magnificent efforts, courage and perseverance deserve the highest praise. A splendid beginning has been made. A firm foundation has been established. Perseverance is now required to bring these devoted, painstaking and concerted efforts to full and speedy fruition", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe path you are treading is beset with formidable obstacles, but the invincible power of the Faith will, if you remain faithful and steadfast, enable you to surmount them. My prayers will continue to be offered on your behalf. May Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h fulfil every hope you cherish in the service of His Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLOVING APPRECIATION PRAYING UNPRECEDENTED TRIUMPHS.\n\"...Under no circumstances should any local Assembly be given the right to criticise and much less oppose, the policy duly adopted and approved by the N.S.A.\" (Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal 17--cited in an article).\nDELIGHTED NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS+F1, GRATEFUL PRAYING RICHEST BLESSINGS DELIBERATIONS DEEPEST LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt our beloved Guardian's direction I gratefully acknowledge the receipt of your communications dated February 19th, March 7th and 27th, May 3rd with enclosures, written on behalf of the British N.S.A.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has noted with considerable satisfaction the report of the progress recently achieved in Bradford and Torquay where, he is most delighted to know, the friends, and particularly the newly enrolled young believers, are displaying great enthusiasm in their activities and have obtained many openings of presenting the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe news of the confirmation of Mr. Frank Hurst+ is specially gratifying and should prove of deep encouragement to all the friends who should indeed avail themselves of the opportunity of his presence in the community to give intensive publicity to the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the new prayer book which the N.S.A. is proposing to publish; the manuscript has already been returned to your address and the suggestions and recommendations of the Guardian on the matter duly conveyed to your Assembly in a recent letter. He would advise that on the inside cover mention should be made only of the British Reviewing Committee's approval, as it is invariably done in the case of all official Bah\u00e1'\u00ed publications.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn connection with the problem of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed refugees, the Guardian feels this is a matter which concerns the N.S.A., who would be justified in taking any action they deem appropriate,\n+F1. In reply to the Convention's cable stating that two new Assemblies--Bradford and Torquay--were represented, and the incorporation documents were completed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nprovided the state of the National Fund permits it, and only after the particular case of each individual applicant has been thoroughly investigated, and his status as a believer duly ascertained.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith reference to your suggestion as to the advisability of your approaching Mr. Eden, and through him possibly Lord Halifax, with the view to obtaining from them statements for the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Shoghi Effendi would approve of your seeing Mr. Eden only, and would leave it to the N.S.A.'s discretion whether you should approach him as his representative or as the representative of the British National Assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning Mrs. Basil Hall's+ paper which she had prepared for last year's Summer School; the N.S.A.'s approval sanctioning its publication would be sufficient. You need not, therefore, send the manuscript to Haifa. But as to the passages she had quoted from Myron Phelps' book, the Guardian does not advise that these quotations be included in the pamphlet, as Phelps' book is full of inaccuracies that are misleading, and for this reason should be ignored by the believers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is inexpressibly delighted at the news of the completion of the N.S.A.'s incorporation certificate, and would appreciate your sending him three photostat reproductions of the original, one of which he will arrange to be placed in the Mansion at Bahji, and the second he will include in the next issue of \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", and the third he will keep in his own files.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian wishes me in closing to urge your Assembly to make a special effort during this year to concentrate on furthering the teaching work in Birmingham, Leeds, Newcastle, Brighton, Sheffield and Bournemouth, in view of the teaching opportunities that these centres, as indicated in your letter, seem to offer at present. He welcomes the recommendation made to this effect at the last Annual Convention and would urge the newly elected N.S.A. to give this task its continued and fullest attention", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever stupendous the plan now confronting your Assembly may be, you should resolutely and relentlessly endeavour to carry it through, ever confident in the promised assistance and unfailing guidance of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo you and your distinguished fellow-members I beg to convey the assurances of his profound and loving appreciation of your loyal and affectionate greetings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe extension, along sound lines and with such memorable swiftness and harmony, of the activities in which the believers of the United Kingdom are so earnestly and devotedly engaged, merits the highest praise and is a source of constant encouragement and satisfaction to me in my arduous work. They are taking a momentous step forward and are launching enterprises that will no doubt shed fresh lustre on their beloved Faith and leave a distinct mark on Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history", "Unfolding Destiny\nI will continue to pray on their behalf, and feel certain that if they persevere the Beloved will richly bless their concentrated and highly meritorious efforts.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am charged by our beloved Guardian to inform you of the receipt of your letter of May 9th written on behalf of the British N.S.A. on the subject of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed attitude towards war.\nHis instructions on this matter, conveyed in a letter addressed to your Assembly during last November, were not intended for that particular occasion, but were meant for present conditions, and for any such emergency as may arise in the immediate future.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is still his firm conviction that the believers, while expressing their readiness to unreservedly obey any directions that the authorities may issue concerning national service in time of war, should also, and while there is yet no outbreak of hostilities, appeal to the government for exemption from active military service in a combatant capacity, stressing the fact that in doing so they are not prompted by any selfish considerations but by the sole and supreme motive of upholding the Teachings of their Faith, which make it a moral obligation for them to desist from any act that would involve them in direct warfare with their fellow-humans of any other race or nation", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Teachings, indeed, condemn, emphatically and unequivocally, any form of physical violence, and warfare in the battlefield is obviously a form, and perhaps the worst form which such violence can assume.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere are many other avenues through which the believers can assist in times of war by enlisting in services of a non-combatant nature--services that do not involve the direct shedding of blood--such as ambulance work, anti-air raid precaution service, office and administrative works, and it is for such types of national service that they should volunteer.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is immaterial whether such activities would still expose them to dangers, either at home or in the front, since their desire is not to protect their lives, but to desist from any acts of wilful murder.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe friends should consider it their conscientious duty, as loyal members of the Faith, to apply for such exemption, even though there may be slight prospect of their obtaining the consent and approval of the authorities to their petition", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is most essential that in times of such national excitement and emergency as those through which so many countries in the world are now passing that the believers should not allow themselves to be carried away by the passions agitating the masses, and act in a manner that would make them deviate from the path of wisdom and moderation, and lead them to violate, however reluctantly and indirectly, the spirit as well as the letter of the Teachings.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe N.S.A., in this and similar issues that may arise in future, should act with firmness and vigilance and with such wisdom and tact as would make them an example worthy of the confidence and admiration of all the believers....\nMay the beloved bless and guide you in collaboration with your fellow members, to uphold the integrity, vindicate the truth, demonstrate the power, and promote the spirit of the exalted teachings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn behalf of our beloved Guardian I beg to acknowledge with grateful thanks the receipt of your Assembly's communications\nof May 26th and June 1st, together with the accompanying copy of the minutes of your meeting held on May 20th-21st, and the latest issue of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\" containing your Annual Report and the account of the Convention proceedings for this year.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe found the Annual Report published in the Journal so encouraging that he decided to have certain sections of it translated into Persian, and sent through the Haifa Assembly's newsletter, to different Bah\u00e1'\u00ed centres throughout the East.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn response to your request for one copy of each of the printed translations of Dr. Esslemont's book which the N.S.A. wishes to include as part of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed exhibit at the forthcoming \"Sunday Times\" Book Exhibition to be held in London during next Autumn, the Guardian has directed me to mail to your address thirty-one printed translations of that book, which are the only ones available at present", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere are a few more translations in process of publication, among which, it will surely interest the friends to know, is the Icelandic version which, it is hoped, will be off the press sometime in the course of this Summer. The new revised edition of the German translation, which is being published under the auspices of the International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Bureau in Geneva, will be soon ready, and you can obtain a copy of that new edition by applying to Mrs. Lynch.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian does not want these books to be returned to Haifa after the closing of the Exhibition, but wishes you to accept them as his gift to the National Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Library at the Centre in London, and would suggest that you keep them for any future Bah\u00e1'\u00ed exhibit which the N.S.A. may propose to hold in other parts of England.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes me, in this connection, to express the hope that the exhibition you have arranged for this coming Autumn will prove highly successful and a most useful and effective medium of teaching the Cause. The idea of a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed display, chiefly of publications, he feels, is indeed excellent, and he will specially pray therefore that the one you are now preparing will achieve such results as to encourage and stimulate the N.S.A. to arrange for similar exhibits in the future.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the originals of Tablets revealed in honour of the late Miss Rosenberg, there are only one or two of them, here in Haifa, and these were sent by Miss Rosenberg herself. The\nGuardian is keeping them for the present as they contain important references concerning the practice of monogamy in the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo you and your dear fellow-members I seize this opportunity of renewing the assurances of his abiding and loving gratitude, and of wishing you continued guidance for the further promotion of the Faith in England....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe determination of the English believers to extend rapidly and systematically the range of their teaching and administrative activities is a welcome evidence of the genuineness of their faith, the nobility of their purpose and the depth of their devotion. That such a determination may yield the richest fruit is my special and constant prayer. What they have already achieved fortifies my hopes and confidence in them. They have laid a firm and unassailable basis for their future work", "Unfolding Destiny\nPerseverance, co-ordination, fearlessness, vigour and wisdom will enable them to gradually rear on this basis the majestic structure of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's administrative order, which in the fulness of time must yield, on the soil of their country a harvest unexampled in its abundance and glory. May His Spirit guide and sustain them to hasten that hour and consummate that task.", "Unfolding Destiny\nEnclosed please find a draft for fifteen English pounds issued in your name which the Guardian has directed me to forward to you with the request that you send him for that sum copies of Mr. Townshend's \"Heart of the Gospel\", which he understands will be off the press in the course of this month.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay I take this opportunity of expressing his hope that this little volume may fulfil the author's purpose, namely to attract the attention of the orthodox Christian element in England to the Cause, and stimulate many thoughtful and spiritually minded individuals to seriously investigate the Teachings....\n26 July 1939 (Summer School)\nCONGRATULATE ATTENDANTS NOTABLE PROGRESS GRATEFUL PRAYING FRESH ADVANCES DEEPEST LOVE.\nHEARTIEST CONGRATULATIONS OUTSTANDING SUCCESS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOVERJOYED THANKFUL PERSEVERANCE ENGLISH BELIEVERS ATTESTED RECENT COMMUNICATIONS ASSURE THEM SPECIAL PRAYERS ABIDING APPRECIATION.\nSHOGHI RABBANI+F1 20 November 1939\nOn behalf of our beloved Guardian I beg to acknowledge with grateful thanks the receipt of your communications dated July 11th, 20th, August 14th (2 letters) and October 19th with enclosures written on behalf of the British N.S.A.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe also wishes me to inform you that the photostatic reproductions of the incorporation papers of your Assembly have safely reached him, and he has placed one copy in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Mansion in Bahji, and is keeping the other for inclusion in the next issue of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\".\nThe copies of Mr. Townshend's latest book, \"The Heart of the Gospel\", which you have forwarded at his request have likewise been received and a number of volumes distributed among the", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. The Guardian only used his full name in cables when the censorship regulations during states of emergency made it obligatory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nvarious Bah\u00e1'\u00ed libraries established in the Holy Land. He feels confident the N.S.A. is sparing no effort to bring this valuable production to the attention of leading personalities throughout the British Isles, and will pray that the interest aroused may be such as to lead to the full spiritual awakening and confirmation of a number of thoughtful individuals in various parts of the country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the projected prayer book; he does not know whether the N.S.A. has been able to proceed with the printing of this work. But in case it is published, he would like you to mail to him twenty copies, some of which he needs for distribution among various Bah\u00e1'\u00ed libraries here.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels most truly delighted to know that the outbreak of war has, in general, stimulated the friends to greater teaching effort, and that the newly established communities such as those of Bradford and Torquay are showing particular enthusiasm in carrying on the teaching work in their respective centres", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will earnestly supplicate the Almighty that He may bless and reinforce these steadfast and self-sacrificing exertions of the English believers, and that He may, in these days of storm and stress, vouchsafe unto them all an increasing measure of His unfailing protection and guidance....", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to reaffirm clearly and emphatically my deep sense of gratification and gratitude for the recent and truly remarkable evidences of the devotion, courage and perseverance of the English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the face of the perils that now confront it. Its members have abundantly demonstrated their profound attachment to their Cause, their unshakable resolution to uphold its truth and defend its interests, and their unfailing solicitude for whatever may promote and safeguard its institutions", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever great and sinister the forces with which they may have to battle in future, I feel confident that they will befittingly uphold the torch of Divine Guidance that has been entrusted to their hands and will discharge their responsibilities with still greater tenacity, fidelity, vigour and devotion.", "Unfolding Destiny\nREMAINS PUREST BRANCH AND ABDU'L-BAHA'S MOTHER PERMANENTLY LAID REST CLOSE NEIGHBOURHOOD SHRINE GREATEST HOLY LEAF HEARTS REJOICING.\nSHOGHI RABBANI", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has just received your letter of the 20th November last, and feels indeed deeply encouraged at the report of the teaching activities of our dear English believers", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is unspeakably grateful to you all, and in particular to the members of your Assembly, for the determination, resourcefulness and the spirit of absolute consecration with which you are prosecuting the teaching campaign throughout England, and he will ardently pray that, in spite of the smallness of your numbers and means, and notwithstanding the various obstacles you may encounter in the course of your future activities for the Faith, you may, individually and collectively, receive such confirmations from Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h as would enable you each and all to befittingly and completely acquit yourselves of this high task you have undertaken to accomplish in service of His Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn connection with your application for exemption from active military service, the Guardian trusts that the authorities will give careful consideration to this matter, and will find it possible to relieve the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed friends from the necessity of serving in the army in a combatant capacity", "Unfolding Destiny\nShould they, however, refuse to grant such exemption, the believers should unhesitatingly assure them of their unqualified obedience and of their readiness to join and serve in the army in whatever manner the government deems best.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRenewing to you and to all the friends his warmest good wishes and greetings....\nThe various and compelling evidences of the unquenchable enthusiasm, the unbreakable resolution and the inflexible purpose of", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe English believers, in these days of stress, of turmoil and danger, have cheered my heart and fortified me in the discharge of my arduous and multitudinous duties and responsibilities", "Unfolding Destiny\nI feel truly proud of them all, and will, with increasing gratitude and redoubled fervour, supplicate the Beloved whose Cause they are so valiantly serving, to bless, sustain, guide and protect them under all circumstances, and aid them to establish firmly the institutions of His Faith throughout the length and breadth of their country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am instructed by our beloved Guardian to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your communication of the 19th December, sent through the care of our very dear brother Dr. Ali, and of the twenty copies of the newly-published prayer book, as well as the last copy of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\" and the Christmas number of \"New World Order\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has also received and read with deep satisfaction the statement on `Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and War' recently issued by the N.S.A., together with the teaching report prepared by your Assembly, both of which he will consider for incorporation in the next issue of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", the manuscript of which he hopes to receive in the course of January or February next....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian welcomes the plan suggested by Mr. Townshend to republish \"The Promise of All Ages\" under his own name, and trusts this will serve to attract wider publicity to the Cause, and in particular to fully awaken the church officials to the significance of such direct and vigorous presentation of the Faith by so well-known and long-standing a Christian divine.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRenewing to you and your dear fellow-members and to all the friends in London, the assurances of his prayers for your welfare and protection in these perilous days, and with his warmest greetings to you all....\nThe news of your persistent activities, your safety and protection, and above all of your unyielding resolve and undisturbed confidence in", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe face of the uncertainties and perils that face and surround you, have greatly cheered and heartened me in my duties and responsibilities which are now heavily pressing upon me. You are often in my thoughts and prayers at this grave hour. I cherish the brightest hopes for you, and will continue to supplicate the Almighty on your behalf.\nBe assured, persevere and be happy,\n1 January 1940+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nPROFOUNDLY GRIEVE PASSING DEARLY BELOVED OUTSTANDING CO-WORKER SITARIH KHANUM MEMORY HER GLORIOUS SERVICES IMPERISHABLE ADVISE ENGLISH COMMUNITY HOLD BEFITTING MEMORIAL GATHERINGS ASSURE RELATIVES MY HEARTFELT SYMPATHY LOVING FERVENT PRAYERS.\n2 January 1940 (Teaching Conference)\nWELCOME NOBLE RESOLVE PROSECUTE ENERGETICALLY TEACHING CAMPAIGN PRAYING ARDENTLY SIGNAL SUCCESS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian wishes me to write and thank you for your welcome communication of January 29th with its various enclosures, all of which he was indeed most gratified and encouraged to read.\nAs you have not mentioned having received his general letter of December 21st written in connection with the transfer of the sacred remains of the Purest Branch and of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's mother to Mt. Carmel, I am taking the liberty of sending you on his behalf another copy which, I trust, will reach you safely....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian welcomes your suggestions to send a memorial of the late Lady Blomfield for publication in the next issue of the\n+F1. Lady Blomfield passed away 31 December 1939.\n\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. VIII, and wishes you to send him in addition a good photograph of her for reproduction in the same volume.\nAlso he would appreciate your sending him a brief account of Mrs. Thornburgh-Cropper's Bah\u00e1'\u00ed life and services together with her photograph for publication in the same issue of the Biennial.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe passing away of these two long-standing believers has indeed robbed the Cause in England of two of its most distinguished members, and the English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Community is certainly the poorer now that it has been deprived of their ready and invaluable support.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe departure of Sitarih Khanum in particular is to be deeply mourned, not only by the members of the Faith throughout England, but by so many of her fellow-believers abroad, and the Guardian himself feels most keenly the loss of so precious and faithful a co-worker, who, in the early days following 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's ascension, had proved of such invaluable assistance to him in the discharge of his heavy duties and responsibilities....\nDear co-workers,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to reaffirm my deep sense of gratitude and admiration for the splendid manner in which the English believers are discharging their duties and responsibilities in these days of increasing peril, anxiety and stress. Their tenacity, courage, faith and noble exertions will as a magnet attract the undoubted and promised blessing of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey have, at a time when the basis of ordered society itself is rocking and trembling, laid an unassailable foundation for the Administrative Order of their Faith. Upon this basis the rising generation will erect a noble structure that will excite the admiration of their fellow countrymen. My prayers for them will continually be offered at the Holy Shrines.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter dated March 13th has safely reached our beloved Guardian together with the following enclosures:\nIn Memoriam: Lady Blomfield.\nMinutes N.S.A. March 2nd and 3rd.\n\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\" No. 21.\nIntroduction to \"The Chosen Highway\".\nPreface to \"The Chosen Highway\".\nHe has also received by registered post the photographs of Lady Blomfield and Mrs. Thornburgh-Cropper which you had kindly sent at his request for reproduction in the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\"....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has noted with satisfaction that the arrangements for the publication of \"The Chosen Highway\" are complete, and hopes that by the time you receive this letter it will be well on the way to printing.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning the question you have asked as to whether in elections for Spiritual Assemblies the electors should cast exactly nine votes, or may cast less than this number. Inasmuch as Spiritual Assembly membership, according to the principles of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration, has been limited for the present to nine members, it follows that no electoral vote can be effective unless it is cast for exactly that number", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is, therefore, the sacred duty of every Bah\u00e1'\u00ed elector to cast nine votes, neither more nor less, except under special circumstances, so as to ensure that the results of the elections for the Spiritual Assembly will be effective and on as wide a basis of representation as possible....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. The Guardian has noted with surprise in reading over the Minutes of your N.S.A. that the British Annual Convention is to be held this year on the 12th May. He wishes you from now on to hold that gathering on any day during the period of Ridvan (21 April-2 May)", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless, sustain and protect the English believers, who in these days of unprecedented turmoil, stress and danger, are holding aloft so courageously the banner of the Faith, and who will, in the days to come, contribute, through His grace and power, a notable share to its establishment and recognition in the West.\n12 May 1940 (Convention)", "Unfolding Destiny\nGREATLY ADMIRE DEEPLY THANKFUL UNDAUNTED COURAGE INFLEXIBLE RESOLUTION ENGLISH BELIEVERS REPRESENTED CONVENTION INTENSIFY EFFORTS EXTEND ACTIVITIES NOTWITHSTANDING GRAVITY HOUR PRAYING ARDENTLY PROTECTION SUCCESS.\nDELIGHTED NEWS SAFETY ENGLISH BELIEVERS PROGRESS TEACHING WORK ASSURE THEM EACH ALL LOVING CONTINUED PRAYERS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of May 7th addressed to our beloved Guardian, and of the enclosed memoir of Lady Blomfield which you have condensed at his request for use in the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. VIII.\nThe size of the memoir in question makes it now quite suitable for reproduction in the Biennial, and it will be forwarded to the U.S.A. for incorporation in the manuscript, as the latter has been already mailed to America for printing.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe material regarding the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed wedding recently held in London has been also received and noted with interest and appreciation by our beloved Guardian. He is keeping it for possible use in the forthcoming or future editions of the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\".\nRenewing to you and your dear co-workers the assurances of his prayers, and of his deep gratitude for your painstaking and devoted exertions in service to the Cause in England, and with greetings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur anxiety for the safety of the English believers is deepening every day, as it is fully realised how dangerous the situation has", "Unfolding Destiny\nbecome in recent months, and how manifold and pressing are the problems that confront them in the faithful discharge of their sacred and vital responsibilities. The perusal of the reports, minutes and periodicals received lately from that country has served to deepen my sense of admiration and my feelings of gratitude for the wisdom, the staunchness and fidelity with which the elected representatives of the English believers are conducting in these critical times the activities of their Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nMy fervent and constant prayer is that Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h may ever keep them safe and protected under the shadow of His wings and aid them to play a worthy and memorable part in these tragic days of the Formative Period of our beloved Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nANXIOUS WELFARE ENGLISH BELIEVERS PRAYING PROTECTION CABLE ASSURANCE DEEPEST LOVE.\nOn behalf of the Guardian I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your communications dated May 28th, June 20th, July 5th and August 30th with enclosures, written at the direction of the British N.S.A.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has noted with satisfaction the results of the elections for the new N.S.A. and wishes you to convey to your fellow members the assurances of his prayers for the success of their work during this year. Notwithstanding the storm and stress raging around them, the friends in England should more than ever, firmly united behind their National Assembly, and strengthened by an unshakable conviction in the ultimate triumph of their Faith, earnestly and resolutely endeavour to foster the cause of teaching", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe trials and tribulations facing them should but serve to steel their resolve to leave no stone unturned until their goal has been fully accomplished. The", "Unfolding Destiny\nGuardian's prayers are being ardently offered that whatever the immediate repercussions of the war may be on the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Community, its members may, through the Divine aid and protection of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, receive such guidance and strength as would enable them to face confidently and courageously the sufferings and vicissitudes of the present hour, and to arise as one body for the promulgation and wider establishment of the Faith throughout Great Britain.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning your Assembly's request for lantern slides of the Shrines on Mt. Carmel which you propose to use in your teaching campaign, the Guardian much regrets that no such slides are at present available here.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the question of what procedure the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Assemblies should adopt when dissatisfied with the services of any of their officers, should such dissatisfaction involve the loyalty of an Assembly officer to the Faith, he should, following a majority vote be dismissed", "Unfolding Destiny\nBut in case the dissatisfaction is due to the incompetence of a member, or simply to a neglect on his part to discharge his duties, this does not constitute sufficient justification to force his resignation or dismissal from the Assembly. He should be kept in office until new elections are held.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian fully approves that, in view of the National Secretary's key position in the Cause at the present time, he should apply for complete exemption. He hopes that the representations the N.S.A. will make will meet with success.\nIn closing he wishes me to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of two copies of Lady Blomfield's book presented to him by the N.S.A., one of which he has already placed in the Library of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Mansion in Bahji....", "Unfolding Destiny\nI was greatly relieved to learn of the safety of the English believers and was filled with admiration through the assurance you have given me of their steadfastness, their unwavering determination to labour for the spread of our beloved Faith and the defence and protection of its interests in spite of the unprecedented calamities and confusion that now afflict their country. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h from His station on high is watching over them, is pleased with them, and will, I feel certain,", "Unfolding Destiny\nguide their steps, cheer their hearts, bless their efforts, protect their lives, and fulfil the desire of their hearts.\nGratefully and affectionately,\nWIRE SAFETY LONDON MANCHESTER FRIENDS CONSTANTLY PRAYING LOVING ADMIRATION.\nLETTERS JUNE JULY AUGUST ENCLOSING MINUTES ARRIVED ANSWER MAILED NOVEMBER LETTER DECEMBER NINTH JUST RECEIVED ALSO BLOMFIELD'S BOOKS CABLING HUNDRED POUNDS MY CONTRIBUTION RELIEF BELIEVERS INCESSANTLY PRAYING DEEPEST LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nREJOICE SAFETY ADMIRE DAUNTLESS COURAGE MARVEL UNQUENCHABLE SPIRIT ENGLISH BELIEVERS SHARING JOYFUL NEWS NOBLE PERSEVERANCE WITH PILGRIMS ARRIVING IN INCREASING NUMBERS FROM NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST ALL PRAYING CONTINUED SAFETY EXTENSION ACTIVITIES SORE TRIED EXEMPLARY SERVANTS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH THROUGHOUT BRITISH ISLES URGE PERSISTENT EFFORTS UTILISE UTMOST LIMIT PRICELESS SPIRITUAL OPPORTUNITIES PRESENT HOUR.\nEXHILARATED RESOLUTION INTENSIFY TEACHING ADMIRATION HEIGHTENED PRAYING REDOUBLED FERVOUR.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi has instructed me to answer your letter to him of December 9th, 1940.\nHe was greatly relieved to hear from your letter and cables that all the dear friends in the British Isles are well and safe, as his thoughts have been so constantly with them during these dangerous and tragic days.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe extreme devotion to the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h which the English friends are evincing at such a time of trial and suffering not only sets a truly heroic example to their fellow Bah\u00e1'\u00eds the world over, but greatly cheers and encourages the Guardian himself, at a time when he has every reason to long to see the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds stand out as luminous examples to their fellow-men-- thus leading them out of the valley of spiritual death into the glorious plains of the future World Order of Mankind.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe recently received news of the Convention's resolve to teach the Faith as never before in those islands, and to achieve new victories in this all-important field, meets not only with Shoghi Effendi's whole-hearted approval, but also evokes his profound gratitude and admiration. His ardent and loving prayers continually surround you all and all the sorely tried Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, who with you are toiling for the triumph of our Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was deeply touched at the spirit which impelled Lord Lamington to wish to place in the hands of the Guardian that ring which he had for so long treasured as a gift of the beloved Master. He feels that it is only befitting that this historic relic should be the property of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and wishes it to be kept in your National Archives. If you could send a copy of Lady Lamington's letter the Guardian would very much like to have it. Assuring you of the Guardian's ardent love and prayers....", "Unfolding Destiny\nDearly beloved co-workers,\nThe message I have recently received, with the assurance it gives me and the spirit it conveys, merits indeed the highest praise. The English believers in these days of increasing peril and stress, are manifesting\n+F1. This was the first letter received by the British N.S.A. in which the secretarial part was written by, and signed, \"R. Rabbani\" (Amatu'l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum).", "Unfolding Destiny\nthose qualities which only those who have deeply imbibed the transforming spirit and the ennobling principles of the Cause of God are able to reveal. They are by their very acts, their sufferings and exertions, and above all by the superb staunchness of their faith, laying a magnificent foundation for the spiritual edifice their hands are destined to raise in their native land. My prayers for them all will surround them wherever they labour and in every sphere of their meritorious activities.", "Unfolding Destiny\nINFORMING MOTHER PRAYING HIS SOUL FERVENTLY SUPPLICATING PROTECTION DEVOTED MUCH LOVED ENGLISH BELIEVERS.\nShoghi Effendi instructs me to answer your letter to him of March 10th, 1941 together with the minutes of your meeting held March 1st, 2nd and 3rd, and your Feb. \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\" and the \"World Congress of Faiths\" programme, all of which he was very pleased indeed to receive.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI cannot adequately express to you all the warm love and profound admiration for the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of those islands which Shoghi Effendi feels. At such a time of personal danger and anguish the spirit of pure love and devotion to the Faith and Order of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h which they manifest, and which is so typified by the zeal and wisdom with which your National Spiritual Assembly is handling the affairs of the Cause in that country, is a source of great comfort to the Guardian himself.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIndeed he feels that the N.S.A. members are bearing their load of responsibility in a manner which lifts partially the weight of cares from his own shoulders, and sets a noble example to all Bah\u00e1'\u00ed administrative bodies.\n+F1. In reply to cable sent to the Guardian 13 May 1941 FU'AD AFNAN FIRST BAHA'I AIR RAID VICTIM ENGLAND KILLED EARLY SUNDAY MORNING GRATEFUL IF YOU INFORM MOTHER.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn reference to your question contained in minute 208+F1 of the recent N.S.A. meeting: Shoghi Effendi feels that while all Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should be encouraged to turn to their Assembly for the solution of their various problems, thus enabling the Spiritual Assembly to fulfil one of its most important functions, yet they are quite free to write to him if they feel the urge to do so....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was also very pleased to note the teaching plans undertaken by your body at this time, particularly in respect to Manchester. He hopes the believers there are all well and safe, and will pray for the confirmations of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in their contemplated teaching campaign.\nIndeed, dear friends, his thoughts and prayers are constantly with you and the beloved flock of English believers over whom you are so faithfully watching through these dark days.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the dangers confronting the believers in the British Isles increase in number and gravity, my admiration, as well as the admiration of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in East and West, for the spirit that animates those who face them, grows deeper and acquires added intensity and fervour", "Unfolding Destiny\nThough their numbers be small, and their activities restricted, and their trials and anxieties manifold and oppressive, yet their spiritual contribution through their fortitude, valour and self-sacrifice, to the progressive unfoldment of the Faith's latent potentialities in the Western World is both notable and constantly increasing", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the clouds of war dissipate, and the horrors of this universal carnage fade away, it will become increasingly evident, to both the friends and foes of the Faith, how solid has been the foundation which their indomitable spirit has laid, and how rich the harvest which their incessant labours have yielded.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith a heart brimful with love and gratitude, I will, when visiting the Holy Shrines, recall their signal acts, and supplicate increasing blessings on the historic work, which, in their hour of trial, they are so magnificently achieving, for the glory, for the honour, the extension and the establishment of the invincible Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.\n+F1. This Minute recorded that: \"Personal problems should not be referred to the Guardian without the advice or direction of the National Spiritual Assembly....\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nPRAYING FERVENTLY GUIDANCE ASSEMBLY'S DELIBERATIONS PROTECTION BELIEVERS SUCCESS ACTIVITIES FAITH LOVING APPRECIATION.\nASSURE JOSEPHS+ APPROVAL PROFOUND APPRECIATION BUILDING SCHEME. THESE FURTHER EVIDENCES GROWING VITALITY CONTINUALLY AFFLICTED BELIEVERS BRITISH ISLES ENHANCE PRESTIGE CAUSE BAHA'U'LLAH HEIGHTEN ADMIRATION INCREASE DEBT GRATITUDE HIS FOLLOWERS OWE VALIANT BRITISH COMMUNITY PRAYING CONTINUALLY SAFETY INCREASING SUCCESS.\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed co-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has instructed me to answer your letter to him of May 6th, and to acknowledge the receipt of the minutes of the N.S.A. meetings held on April 25th and 27th.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very happy to receive your letter, and his heart rejoiced at the good news which it conveyed. The holding of a successful Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Convention during days of such stress and strain as the English believers are passing through, he considers as a triumph of the spirit of their faith in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. They are increasingly demonstrating their right to be called champions of the Cause of God, and manifesting their ability to follow in the footsteps of the early heroes of their religion", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn accordance with the request you made in connection with the generous proposal of ..., Shoghi Effendi cabled your Assembly his approval of their plan for establishing a building fund for a future Bah\u00e1'\u00ed property to be built in.... He feels that this demonstrates a most notable donation to the Cause of God on their parts, and wishes you to convey to them both the\nexpression of his profound gratitude for this service they are rendering the Faith in England.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThese evidences of growth, in spite of the universal destruction that is holding the planet in its grip at the present time, should greatly hearten the believers. They bear witness to the future harvests which their increasing labours are sure to reap, and demonstrate the great and God-given strength which flows and will flow ever more abundantly from the springs which Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has unsealed in these days.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi assures you all of his unceasing prayers on your behalf, that God may strengthen, bless, and guide you in your great work for His Faith.\nHe wishes you to please convey his love to all the British believers and to assure them of his prayers for their protection and for the triumph of their labours....\nDear and prized co-workers,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am thrilled by the recent evidences of the noble determination of the English believers to extend the range of their activities in these days of grave danger and widespread and ever deepening anxiety and stress. The report of your Convention sessions, of your teaching activities and of your Bah\u00e1'\u00ed publications, and other administrative undertakings, enhances my admiration and deepens my gratitude for the historic work you are achieving in these days", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis feeling is shared by all those of your co-workers, both in the East and the West, who follow the progress of your work despite the formidable obstacles in your path. We all pray for your safety, for the realisation of all your hopes, and the fulfilment of the plans you have so boldly conceived and are so energetically carrying out.", "Unfolding Destiny\n1941 (Summer School)\nOVERJOYED SUCCESS ATTENDING EVER EXPANDING INSTITUTIONS FAITH. CONTINUALLY SUPPLICATING UNFAILING PROTECTION EVER-INCREASING BLESSINGS ETERNAL GRATITUDE.\nThe Guardian has instructed me to answer your letters to him dated June 6th and 30th respectively, also the minutes of the N.S.A. meetings of May 24th and 25th and June 14th were safely received.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is happy to see that, in spite of the great physical and nervous strain which the believers of England are at present being subjected to--especially in centres like London--they yet persevere with the work of the Cause and the attraction of new souls.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian does not feel that the friends should for a moment feel discouraged if they do not succeed in having large meetings or the public do not regularly attend, this is easily understandable in view of the severe ordeal which their present sufferings subject them to. However, the importance of broadcasting the seeds of the Cause far and wide can never be sufficiently stressed", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is the right and privilege of organised humanity to hear of the Faith and the Plan of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in these days, and in this holy duty to their fellow men the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds must not fail whatever may be the sadness of their personal plight, for they alone can truly see the future in the tragic present, and possess hope and strength to go on with the spiritual battle for the victory of the New Day.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the question you have put to the Guardian concerning minute No. 259, whatever is not laid down in \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration\" is left to the judgement of the National Spiritual Assembly to decide. These are purely secondary details and as the Guardian wishes to avoid introducing into the administration a labyrinth of rules and regulations he leaves the friends in authority to decide such matters as they arise.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes the Summer School will be a success. In all your undertakings you may rest assured of his constant and most loving prayers, not only for the National Assembly members, but for each and every member of the flock they are watching over and guiding....\nThe report of your continued activities, conducted amid the turmoil", "Unfolding Destiny\nthat oppresses and afflicts the English believers, is a source of continual joy and inspiration to me, as well as those who, in distant parts of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world are made to realise the unwavering constancy with which you are all upholding the vital interests of the Faith of God", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat the teaching work is speedily expanding, that the institutions of the Faith are functioning with vigour and in accordance with the principles of the Administrative Order, testify to the solidity of the foundations that have been established. On this foundation you will as the present hindrances are removed, and the tremendous reactions of this conflict are made apparent, rear an edifice worthy of the name, and attesting the glory of the Faith, of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nRUHI AFNAN'S SISTER MARRIED SECRETLY COVENANT BREAKER HER MOTHER AND BROTHERS ALL CONCURRED ALL MANNER COMMUNICATION WITH THEM ACCORDING MASTER'S WILL FORBIDDEN.\nSISTER MEHRANGIS FOLLOWED EXAMPLE RUHI'S SISTER JUSTICE DEMANDS ANNOUNCE BELIEVERS HER EXPULSION.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has instructed me to answer your letters dated June 30th, Aug. 20th, Sept. 5th, Oct. 20th and 28th (duplicates of both received) and December 23rd and to acknowledge the receipt of the various minutes, programmes, etc., which they enclosed.\nRegarding ..., Shoghi Effendi is writing him direct, advising\nhim to sever his membership in the Synagogue, but to continue to maintain friendly association with the members of its community.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian was very happy indeed to hear of the success of the Summer School and the enthusiasm that prevailed. He has received news of it from some of the friends, as well as the N.S.A., and feels that the English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds have every reason to feel encouraged and proud of the way their tireless efforts are being rewarded.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe good news of the increase in Bah\u00e1'\u00ed membership is yet another evidence of the vitality of the community and the activity of the friends, in spite of the gloom of the times, which increasingly prevails", "Unfolding Destiny\nIndeed as material affairs go from bad to worse in the world, the confidence, optimism, love and hope of the believers will, by force of contrast, shine out as an ever brighter beacon, leading the people to the Path of Truth, the way laid down by God, which alone can guide them to the promise of the future.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow that the British Isles have a respite from intense aerial warfare, no doubt the friends, especially in London and other cities, find themselves more refreshed and consequently better able to carry on the work of the Cause. They should not lose any time in consolidating the teaching work, reinforcing new centres, and enlarging their numbers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is urging the American friends, also, to redouble their efforts and not lose their precious opportunities. The value of work accomplished at present is inestimable, and opportunities lost are in a way quite irretrievable, as the agony of mankind moves forward to a climax....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe many activities undertaken by the English friends, their determined efforts to bring the Cause before a wider public and reach people of outstanding importance, their new centres and study groups, are all signs which should greatly encourage them and demonstrate to them that the Holy Spirit is ever ready to sustain and reinforce the believers in all work for the good of our precious Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian assures the members of the National Assembly of his most loving prayers on their behalf and his deep and abiding appreciation of their tireless services. They are helping the friends to build an edifice which neither time nor tide shall\nundermine and which needs must become the sole refuge for their sorely tried countrymen....", "Unfolding Destiny\nI wish to assure you again of my feelings of profound gratitude for the manner in which you are performing your sacred task and discharging, individually and collectively, your pressing and manifold responsibilities. I rejoice and am deeply thankful to learn that the trials and tribulations that so fiercely assailed you in the past have lessened and have failed to interfere with the progress of your activities", "Unfolding Destiny\nBah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h will no doubt continue to guide, sustain and protect you in the days to come and is well pleased with the marvellous evidences of your perseverance, unity, loyalty and devotion. I will continue to supplicate His abundant blessing for you all, that your numbers may steadily increase, your community life be continually enriched, your institutions flourish and multiply, and the foundation of your individual spiritual lives be strengthened. Persevere in your high labours.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMAGNIFICENT SPIRIT ENGLISH BELIEVERS CHEERS STRENGTHENS ME ARDUOUS TASK THANKFUL THEIR MESSAGE ADMIRE THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS PRAYING THEIR PROTECTION CHERISH GREAT HOPES TRIUMPHANT ATTAINMENT THEIR GOAL.\nSHOGHI RABBANI 20 June 1942\nThe Guardian has instructed me to answer your letters written on behalf of the National Assembly, and dated Feb. 6th, March 17th and April 6th, and to acknowledge the receipt of the minutes of the Jan. and March meetings of your Assembly together with other enclosures.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn pursuance of your request the Guardian wrote to Mr. and\nMrs. Hill about the tragic and unexpected passing of their daughter. He also felt moved to cable them his condolences and the assurance of his prayers. This must have been for them a very grievous blow; but he feels sure the deep assurances concerning the future life, which have been given us by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, have comforted and sustained them throughout.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was pleased to read the sympathetic letter you received from ex-President Benes of Czechoslovakia, as well as that of Sir Ronald Storrs. Many men in high positions are aware now of the existence and aims of our Faith, but they do not yet reckon it to be a movement worthy of more profound interest on their part. As time goes by, however, we may rest assured their interest will grow.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat is perhaps what is most glorious about our present activities all over the world, that we, a band not large in numbers, not possessing financial backing or the prestige of great names, should, in the name of our beloved Faith, be forging ahead at such a pace, and demonstrating to future and present generations that it is the God-given qualities of our religion that are raising it up and not the transient support of worldly fame and power", "Unfolding Destiny\nAll that will come later, when it has been made clear beyond the shadow of a doubt that what raised aloft the banner of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h was the love, sacrifice and devotion of His humble followers and the change that His teachings wrought in their hearts and lives.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is just such exemplary devotion and perseverance that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds are showing at present, and their reward cannot but be great and lasting. The laying of the foundation is a slow process, but the most important one in the erection of any structure. The Guardian feels that your Assembly, as well as the friends in England, have every reason to feel proud of, and encouraged by, the way the work is progressing there.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that your Summer School this year will be even more successful than last year, in spite of being held in two parts. You may be sure he will pray for its success.\nHe fully realises the difficulties you are undergoing enhanced by the war and its hardships, yet he sees, perhaps even more clearly than you yourselves can, that these very difficulties and the surmounting of them are deepening and strengthening the ties that bind you all to our beloved Faith, and enabling you to", "Unfolding Destiny\ndo a work which only future generations of your countrymen will be able to properly appreciate and assess.\nPlease convey to all the dear friends the assurances of his love and his prayers for their service in these days, and his high hopes for the future that awaits them in the days to come, when the Cause of God begins to emerge above the waves of the old order and shines forth in all its strength and beauty.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAssuring you and all your fellow-members of his deep appreciation of your tireless work and his ardent prayers for your guidance and strength....\nDearly beloved co-worker,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe steady progress and extension of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activities in the British Isles is, no doubt, the direct consequence of the unswerving loyalty, the high courage, the incorruptible spirit and the exemplary devotion and steadfastness of the British believers, who have, simply and strikingly, demonstrated the quality of their faith and the soundness of their institutions in these days of unprecedented commotion, stress and peril. I feel proud of their record of service and of the evidence of their noble faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Beloved watches over them from the Abh\u00e1 Kingdom. The Concourse on High extols their achievements and will reinforce their endeavours. They should confidently, gratefully, joyously and unitedly redouble their efforts, extend the range of their activities, rededicate themselves to their historic task and anticipate a renewed outpouring of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's promised blessings and favours.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMAGNIFICENT SPIRIT ANIMATING STEADFAST ENGLISH BELIEVERS NOTABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS TEACHING FIELD PROMPT ME CONTRIBUTE TWO HUNDRED POUNDS FURTHERANCE THEIR HISTORIC TEACHING ACTIVITIES URGE REDOUBLE EFFORTS PRAYING SIGNAL VICTORIES LOVING GRATITUDE.\n8 August 1942 (Summer School)\nDELIGHTED SUCCESSFUL SCHOOL APPRECIATE SPIRIT BELIEVERS ASSURE ALL CONTINUED PRAYERS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters of May 14th and June 10th together with their enclosures reached the Guardian safely, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has been very gratified to hear of the successful Summer School sessions, news of the Buxton one having just recently reached him in your latest cable. He feels that you must all be very encouraged that this new way of holding them in different places, which circumstances made imperative, has proved so successful in the end. It presages the day when the friends in England will see the institutions of their Faith rising from various flourishing centres.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding minute No. 507, the Guardian feels that it would be better for either the mothers of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed children--or some committee your Assembly might delegate the task to--to choose excerpts from the Sacred Words to be used by the child rather than just something made up. Of course prayer can be purely spontaneous, but many of the sentences and thoughts combined in Bah\u00e1'\u00ed writings of a devotional nature are easy to grasp, and the revealed Word is endowed with a power of its own....", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi fully realises the strain which those who are so actively bearing the weight of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed responsibility are subjected to in these days, when already, as private individuals, the events of the world are affecting their lives and drawing on their strength. It makes the quality of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed service so much finer, that it should entail on the part of all definite self-sacrifice.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThough the friends may not be fully aware of it, their staunch perseverance in carrying out their Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activities in the face of war conditions, is really in itself of historic importance. Convention, Summer Schools, meetings, all are not only demonstrating the calibre of their faith, but also evincing marked progress, all of which greatly cheers and delights the Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe assures you and your fellow-members of the National Spiritual Assembly, of his continued prayers on your behalf, that you may be guided, protected and sustained in your devoted services to the Faith....\nP.S.--Shoghi Effendi is deeply interested in the plans you are developing to aid and attract more young people to the Faith. He feels this is both praiseworthy and a valuable method of teaching the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work so splendidly initiated by the English believers and so devotedly and energetically pursued and consolidated in these days of peril, uncertainty and turmoil, establishes beyond any doubt their right to claim to be the true upholders and custodians of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey have, ever since the outbreak of this world wide conflict, abundantly demonstrated the high quality of their faith, the soundness of their institutions, the intensity of their devotion, and their capacity to defend and promote the interests of their beloved Cause. Impelled by admiration and gratitude for the work they have already accomplished, I have contributed a sum which I trust will enable them to extend the range of their teaching activities throughout the British Isles", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Beloved graciously assist them to achieve such victories in this field as shall truly befit the conclusion of the first century of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Era.", "Unfolding Destiny\nCABLING TWO HUNDRED POUNDS CARE COOKS THANKSGIVING PROTECTION COMMUNITY BELIEVERS BRITISH ISLES AND FURTHERANCE ALL-IMPORTANT TEACHING ACTIVITIES PRAYING CONTINUALLY EPOCH MAKING VICTORIES.\nCONVEY GLAD TIDINGS ENGLISH BELIEVERS COMPLETION EXTERIOR\nEDIFICE MOTHER TEMPLE WEST ADVISE CABLE CONGRATULATIONS REPRESENTATIVES AMERICAN BAHA'IS SUPERB ACHIEVEMENT AND WIDE PUBLICITY BRITISH PRESS.\nASSURE ATTENDANTS CONFERENCE LOVING APPRECIATION PRAYERS.\n9 March 1943 Dear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Sister,", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters dated July 19th 1942, Aug. 20th 1942, Sept. 15th 1942, and Dec. 8th 1942 have all reached the Guardian safely, as well as their enclosures, and he has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.\nThis last year he has been greatly overburdened with work, and that is why he so frequently has to delay the answering of his many letters.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe good news you conveyed of the marked success of the various Summer Schools held last year pleased him greatly. When the English friends remember that it is not many years since they ventured on their first Summer School and now, during war time, they have managed to hold four successful ones, they should feel very encouraged and proud! It shows that when the determination is strong and the faith firm, the friends can work wonders and surprise even themselves!", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was also delighted to hear of the successful teaching work and public meetings undertaken in Bradford and Manchester, and that the advertisements and publicity which you are sponsoring are meeting with a certain amount of response from the public.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that some of the friends will find it possible to move, at least temporarily, to centres where sufficient believers, or interested enquirers exist to enable a Spiritual Assembly to be formed by 1944. If such work is feasible it is, indeed, of great importance and well worth the sacrifices involved. This policy", "Unfolding Destiny\nof settlement has been fruitful in both India and the United States, and as soon as a determined and active Assembly is started it is, of course, much easier to teach and carry on the work of the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe burdens everyone has to bear these days are heavy, and the way often seems long and hard which we and our fellow-men in general, are called upon to tread; but we know where it leads and what our work is and what that work must ultimately mean to not only the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds but the whole world. This knowledge strengthens us and enables us to go on with a faith and confidence which cannot but help and inspire others. We are Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's army and we cannot fail, as He leads us on.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian assures you and all the N.S.A. members of his most loving prayers. The English friends are increasingly dear to him, and he has great hopes for their future achievements.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe evidences of renewed activity in the teaching field are most encouraging and the spirit which animates the English believers in these days of stress and peril is highly inspiring. As the first Bah\u00e1'\u00ed century draws to a close, a supreme effort should be exerted by the believers in order to consummate befittingly the task they have arisen to achieve. I will pray with all my heart that the hopes they cherish may be realised, and their continued labours be crowned with glorious success.\nNaw-Ruz, 1943", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPRECIATE MESSAGE RECIPROCATE LOVING GREETINGS THANKFUL DIVINE PROTECTION PRAYING UNPRECEDENTED VICTORIES LAST YEAR FIRST BAHA'I CENTURY.\nAPPEAL DELEGATES ASSEMBLED CONVENTION DELIBERATE PROMPT", "Unfolding Destiny\nEFFECTUAL MEASURES ENSURE UNPRECEDENTED EXPANSION PIONEER TEACHING ACTIVITIES LAST YEAR CENTURY AND BEFITTING CELEBRATION MAY 1944 CENTENARY FAITH ADVISE PREPARE SURVEY OUTSTANDING EVENTS FORTY-FIVE YEAR HISTORY FAITH BRITISH ISLES ASSURE FRIENDS FERVENT CONTINUED PRAYERS ABUNDANT BLESSINGS SUCCESS TWO-FOLD TASK CABLING THREE HUNDRED POUNDS CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS FULFILMENT PROJECTED UNDERTAKINGS DEEPEST LOVE.\nDELIGHTED RESPONSE HIGH RESOLVE ASSURE ASSEMBLY PRAYERS MAGNIFICENT VICTORIES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nKINDLY AIR MAIL IMMEDIATELY FULL LIST NAMES ALL LOCALITIES BRITISH ISLES WHERE ONE OR MORE BELIEVERS RESIDE SPECIFYING THOSE POSSESSING SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLIES.\nCABLING TWO HUNDRED POUNDS THROUGH COOKS CONTRIBUTION ASSIST YOUR ASSEMBLY CELEBRATE BEFITTINGLY CENTENARY BELOVED FAITH WRITING.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters, written on behalf of the National Spiritual Assembly, and dated Oct. 22nd 1942, Feb. 18th 1943 and April 12th and May 11th, have all been received, and the Guardian has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very pleased to hear that the publicity you are giving the Faith is meeting with a wider response than has hitherto been the case, and he hopes that the N.S.A. and local Assemblies will organise their efforts in such a way as to enable them to draw enquirers closer to the Cause and, if possible, meet with them and include them in suitable teaching classes.\nRegarding the matter of Fuad Afnan's grave, the Guardian has no objection to its being built.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that Bah\u00e1'\u00eds who, though still considering themselves believers, omit attending the 19 Day Feasts for long periods, should not be deprived of their voting rights; they should, however, be encouraged to attend these Feasts as often as possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn less than a year the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds the world over will be celebrating the 100th anniversary of their Faith, and the Guardian is very anxious that the British believers should commemorate this historic occasion befittingly. He would, therefore, suggest that your Assembly take up the following points for deliberation as soon as possible:", "Unfolding Destiny\n1. The holding of a large and representative gathering, attended by the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and the public alike, in a hired hall in London on the 23rd May 1944. He feels that prominent friends and sympathisers of the Faith should be invited to speak on this occasion, as well as Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, and that every effort should be made to make the gathering both festive and dignified, as befits so blessed and solemn an occasion.", "Unfolding Destiny\n2. The publication of a Centenary Pamphlet outlining the important events of the Faith, and with a special emphasis placed on the rise and development of the Cause in England, its early history in that country, the achievements of the friends in spreading the Teachings there and establishing the administration, the formation of the Publishing Trust, and so on.", "Unfolding Destiny\n3. He wishes your Assembly to call the annual Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Convention for days that will include the 22nd May, so that all the assembled friends may be present at a special Bah\u00e1'\u00ed meeting to be held at 2 hours and 11 minutes after sunset on May 22nd as this is the exact time at which the B\u00e1b made His first historic declaration of His mission to Mull\u00e1 Husayn.\nIn order to aid the dear English believers in their befitting", "Unfolding Destiny\ncelebration of so glorious an occasion the Guardian is forwarding to your Assembly the sum of two hundred pounds sterling to be used for the arrangements you deem fit to make, and the publication of the above mentioned pamphlet", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities all over the world--wherever free to do so--will also be celebrating this memorable day, each according to its capacity, and he is very anxious that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should, as befits their increasingly prominent position in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World, demonstrate to the public and to their fellow believers, the vitality of their community and the marked advancement it has made of late. He leaves all details to the discretion of your Assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMr. Yool of Manchester was recently able to spend his leave in Haifa at the Western Pilgrim House, and the Guardian was so happy to welcome one of the English friends here. He hopes that after the war many will be able to make the pilgrimage. They will be most welcome.\nAssuring you and all the members of the N.S.A. of his loving prayers and his ardent hopes for the success of this great celebration which you will now be planning....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. The Guardian recently cabled asking you to forward a complete list of all Spiritual Assemblies in the British Isles and the name of every locality where one or more believers reside.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI pray that the celebration of the Centenary of our beloved Faith by the English believers may be a remarkable success. The committee that will have to be appointed for this purpose must strain every nerve, explore every avenue, and lose no time in order to ensure the unqualified success of this undertaking", "Unfolding Destiny\nI will supplicate the Beloved to guide every step you take, to aid you to surmount all obstacles, and to inspire you to undertake the measures that are most conducive to the proper discharge of your noble task. The widest possible publicity should be given to the Faith by every means at your disposal.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters, written on behalf of the National Spiritual\nAssembly and dated May 14th and June 6th have been received, together with the minutes of the April and May N.S.A. meetings, and the Guardian has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.\nHe was very encouraged to see the number of places where there are now one or two registered Bah\u00e1'\u00eds residing, as these are beacons of the Faith--however lonely and however, as yet, feeble the light they are able to radiate.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels that it would be an excellent plan if some way could be found to raise Bournemouth and Torquay to Assembly status; either through some self-sacrificing souls moving to these places and thus giving them the required number, or through the efforts of the local and visiting teachers", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith the Centenary of the Faith so rapidly approaching it seems a great pity that England should be deprived of these two Assemblies, when each one of them only requires one person to bring it to Assembly status.", "Unfolding Destiny\n753. The Guardian advises you to consult Canon Townshend, and if he considers it advisable to compile a pamphlet for distribution to the clergy you could get one out along the lines he might suggest as suitable. 754. He would not advise any special contact being made with the Swedenborgians as the Master's reference is not sufficiently clear and emphatic to warrant it. 755. The Guardian does not believe you should ask the Russian Embassy for help in locating Mde", "Unfolding Destiny\nGrinevskaya's play about the B\u00e1b, as he believes they could be of no help in the matter. You might ask the American N.S.A. if they have this material available.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian's prayers are offered on behalf of the N.S.A. members, that you, one and all, may be aided and guided in your labours during the coming months, to prepare the way for a befitting and glorious Centenary celebration of our beloved Faith during May of 1944.\nDearly beloved friends,\nI was so pleased and encouraged to witness the recent evidences of", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe determination of the English believers to arise, as never before, during this concluding year of the first Bah\u00e1'\u00ed century, and ensure the extension of the teaching activities of the Faith, the consolidation of its interests, and a better understanding and wider recognition of its aims, its principles, and accomplishments. The efforts they must exert during these remaining months must be unprecedented in their range and character", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe blessings that will be vouchsafed to them, if they unitedly persevere and vigorously prosecute their urgent task, will alike be unprecedented. The preparation for a befitting celebration of the forthcoming Centenary must likewise be carefully and energetically carried out. May the Almighty sustain and guide them in their vast and meritorious endeavours.", "Unfolding Destiny\n10 August 1943 (Summer School)\nCONCENTRATION TEACHING AND CENTENARY PREPARATIONS MOST VITAL MATTERS FERVENTLY PRAY ALL MAY BECOME RADIANTLY ACTIVE GREETINGS DEEPLY APPRECIATED.\nADVISE CONTACT HERBERT SAMUEL RONALD STORRS TUDOR POLE AND OTHER SYMPATHISERS WHICH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY MAY SUGGEST VIGOROUS ACTION NECESSARY SAFEGUARD INTERESTS FAITH INSURE SUCCESS CELEBRATION.", "Unfolding Destiny\nCABLING FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS TO BE EXPENDED DISCRETION YOUR ASSEMBLY FURTHERANCE TEACHING ACTIVITIES AND BAHA'I PUBLICATIONS DEEPEST LOVE ASSURANCE CONTINUED PRAYERS.\nKINDLY CABLE DATE FORMATION FIRST BAHA'I NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.\nYour letters dated July 15th, Aug. 12th, Oct. 3rd, Nov. 1st and 10th and Dec. 5th together with various enclosures have been received, and the Guardian has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the article by Mrs. Thornburgh-Cropper, the Guardian does not place such material in the archives, but it might possibly be either stored with past documents or have been returned to the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\" Committee. He regrets his inability to forward it to you in time to be of any use in preparing the Centenary Pamphlet.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe would like you to assure Mr. St. Barbe Baker+ that the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds would be happy to avail themselves of his connections in Africa and his assistance and advice in the future teaching work there. Tremendous tasks lie ahead of the believers during the opening years of the second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed century, and undoubtedly spreading the Faith in Africa will be one of them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe considered the Diary gotten out by the Publishing Trust to be in excellent taste, and is very pleased it has proved a medium of spreading the news of the existence of our beloved Faith and its nature. He appreciated receiving the copies forwarded to him. He is also very pleased to hear that the publication of the Centenary Pamphlet is now assured.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe sees no objection to getting out a compilation of Tablets of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 (as per minute No. 906) providing the source is authentic and the translations faithful and presentable.\nHe was very pleased to see that new and better headquarters for the Assembly and meetings in London have been found, and trusts this foreshadows the development of a national administrative headquarters there in England in the not too distant future.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn spite of the burden the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, in common with their countrymen, are bearing these days, they are showing marked progress in their activities, and he feels confident that the friends, so loyal and devoted to the beloved Faith, will arise unitedly, in so important a country as England--one of the first to receive the Divine Message in the West--and will ensure that the Centenary is befittingly celebrated in spite of the many difficulties to be overcome.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAssuring you one and all of his ardent prayers for the success of your work, for your strength and protection....\nP.S. Your letter of Jan. 18th has been received and the Guardian wishes to state that in connection with the royalties on \"Paris Talks\" that, as Mrs. Hall and her sister wish to turn them over to the Cause, the Assembly should accept and the money in future go to the National Fund there in England....", "Unfolding Destiny\nAny royalties on the works of the Master, as one of the Central Figures of our Faith, are naturally the property of the Cause and not of His heirs.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am delighted to hear of the steps that have been taken by your Assembly in preparation for the forthcoming celebration of the centenary of our beloved Faith, and I pray that success may crown your devoted efforts. The English believers are in every field of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity and service demonstrating the quality of their faith and the keen sense of responsibility which animates them in their organised and concerted endeavours for the promotion of the vital interests of the Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPRECIATE GREETINGS PRAYING GREAT VICTORIES OPENING CENTURY.\nCABLING ONE THOUSAND POUNDS MY LOVING CONTRIBUTION FURTHER EXTENSION BAHA'I PUBLISHING ACTIVITIES AND INITIATION ADDITIONAL MEASURES ENSURE BRILLIANT SUCCESS CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS PRAYING ARDENTLY SUCCESS BOTH FIELDS.\nDELIGHTED PRAYING FERVENTLY SUCCESS.\n3 May 1944+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nADVISE SHARE FOLLOWING FACTS WITH BELIEVERS AT CONVENTION CELEBRATING HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH. BAHA'IS ESTABLISHED RESIDENCE SEVENTY EIGHT COUNTRIES FIFTY SIX OF WHICH ARE SOVEREIGN STATES. BAHA'I LITERATURE TRANSLATED PUBLISHED FORTY ONE LANGUAGES. TRANSLATIONS UNDERTAKEN TWELVE ADDITIONAL LANGUAGES. THIRTY ONE RACES REPRESENTED BAHA'I WORLD COMMUNITY. FIVE NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES AND SIXTY ONE LOCAL ASSEMBLIES BELONGING TEN COUNTRIES INCORPORATED LEGALLY EMPOWERED HOLD PROPERTY", "Unfolding Destiny\nBAHA'I INTERNATIONAL ENDOWMENTS HOLY LAND ESTIMATED HALF MILLION POUNDS. NATIONAL BAHA'I ENDOWMENTS UNITED STATES ESTIMATED ONE MILLION SEVEN HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS. AREA LAND JORDAN VALLEY DEDICATED BAHA'I SHRINES OVER FIVE HUNDRED FIFTY ACRES. SITE PURCHASED FUTURE BAHA'I TEMPLE PERSIA COMPRISES THREE AND HALF MILLION SQUARE METERS. COST STRUCTURE FIRST BAHA'I TEMPLE WEST ONE MILLION THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS. IN EVERY STATE PROVINCE NORTH AMERICA BAHA'I ASSEMBLIES FUNCTIONING", "Unfolding Destiny\nIN THIRTEEN HUNDRED LOCALITIES UNITED STATES CANADA BAHA'IS RESIDING. BAHA'I CENTRES ESTABLISHED EVERY REPUBLIC LATIN AMERICA FIFTEEN OF WHICH POSSESS SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLIES. FAITH WESTERN HEMISPHERE NOW STRETCHES FROM ANCHORAGE ALASKA TO", "Unfolding Destiny\nMAGALLANES WORLD'S SOUTHERN-MOST CITY. SIXTY TWO CENTRES ESTABLISHED INDIA TWENTY SEVEN WITH SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLIES. AMONG HISTORIC SITES PURCHASED PERSIA TIHRAN HOME BAHA'U'LLAH BAB'S SHOP BUSHIHR BURIAL PLACE QUDDUS PART VILLAGE CHIHRIQ THREE GARDENS BADASHT PLACE CONFINEMENT TAHIRIH. BAHA'I NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE HEADQUARTERS FOUNDED TIHRAN DELHI CAIRO BAGHDAD WILMETTE SYDNEY. BAHA'I ENDOWMENTS HOLY LAND AND UNITED STATES EXEMPTED TAXES BY CIVIL AUTHORITIES", "Unfolding Destiny\nCIVIL RECOGNITION EXTENDED BAHA'I ASSEMBLIES IN FIVE STATES UNITED STATES SOLEMNISE BAHA'I MARRIAGES. SUGGEST UTILISE ABOVE INFORMATION PUBLICITY PURPOSES WHEREVER ADVISABLE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nREJOICE MAGNIFICENT SUCCESS CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS VALIANT LOYAL BELOVED COMMUNITY ENGLISH BELIEVERS. CONVEY SIR RONALD STORRS LOVING APPRECIATION HIS NOBLE ACT. ASSURE ALL ATTENDANTS CONVENTION PARTICIPANTS CELEBRATION LOVING REMEMBRANCE FERVENT PRAYERS SHRINES BAB ABDU'L-BAHA", "Unfolding Destiny\nCONFIDENT UNQUENCHABLE SPIRIT ANIMATING WELL-TRIED STOUT-HEARTED FIRMLY KNIT FOLLOWERS BAHA'U'LLAH BRITISH ISLES WILL ENABLE THEM SURMOUNT ALL OBSTACLES SCALE NOBLER HEIGHTS ACHIEVE GREATER VICTORIES OPENING YEARS SECOND BAHA'I CENTURY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nANNOUNCE FRIENDS JOYFUL TIDINGS HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY DECLARATION MISSION MARTYRED HERALD FAITH SIGNALISED BY HISTORIC DECISION COMPLETE STRUCTURE HIS SEPULCHRE ERECTED BY ABDU'L-BAHA ON SITE CHOSEN BY BAHA'U'LLAH. RECENTLY DESIGNED MODEL DOME UNVEILED PRESENCE ASSEMBLED BELIEVERS. PRAYING EARLY REMOVAL OBSTACLES CONSUMMATION STUPENDOUS PLAN CONCEIVED BY FOUNDER FAITH AND HOPES CHERISHED BY CENTRE HIS COVENANT.\n\"Their first collective enterprise\"\nTHE SIX YEAR PLAN", "Unfolding Destiny\nWELCOME SPONTANEOUS DECISION ADVISE FORMATION NINETEEN SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLIES SPREAD OVER ENGLAND WALES SCOTLAND NORTHERN IRELAND AND EIRE PRAYING SIGNAL VICTORY.\nOVERJOYED SUCCESS CELEBRATIONS. PRAYING EVER INCREASING FLOW DIVINE OUTPOURINGS.\nPREPARE CONDENSED REPORT NOT EXCEEDING THIRTY PAGES REGARDING ACTIVITIES ACHIEVEMENTS BAHA'I FAITH DURING PAST FOUR YEARS. MAIL ONE COPY AMERICA ANOTHER HAIFA PROMPT ACTION NECESSARY.\nAPPRECIATE GREETINGS PRAYING BLESSINGS SUMMER SCHOOL AND TEACHING PLAN LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters dated March 3rd and 25th, April 23rd, May 18th\n+F1. In response to cable from Convention announcing adoption of a six year plan and requesting the Guardian to set the goals.\nand July 6th together with their enclosures have all been received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was most deeply gratified over the way the Centenary was conducted in London and feels that it has adequately demonstrated the vitality of the faith which animates the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community. They may well look upon this as their major achievement since the visits to their shores of the beloved Master. He was also very pleased to hear of the celebrations successfully held by the Manchester and Torquay Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in their respective communities.", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"The Centenary of a World Faith\" he found most excellently gotten out and not only well written but calculated to arouse the interest of the reader and impress him with the true stature of our World Faith. He has distributed copies among the friends and placed some in the library of the Mansion, at Bahji. He was also pleased with the programme of the London Meetings--so you can see that the patient efforts and sacrifices of the members of the N.S.A", "Unfolding Destiny\nand all those who contributed to the marked success of the Centenary celebrations in England, have met not only with his approval and admiration but brought happiness to his often heavily over-burdened heart!", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding your question concerning minute No. 1050; this is entirely a matter of conscience; if the individual feels for some reason justified in voting for himself, he is free to do so", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding your question of the proper time to celebrate or hold our meetings of commemoration, the time should be fixed by counting after sunset; the Master passed away one hour after midnight, which falls a certain number of hours after sunset; so His passing should be commemorated according to the sun and regardless of daylight saving time. The same applies to the ascension of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h who passed away about 8 hours after sunset.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has already cabled you regarding your Six Year Teaching Plan, and he hopes that events in the future will be more favourable to carrying it out than they are at present. He often thinks of and prays for the English friends during these days of ordeal they are again passing through and he feels confident Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h will strengthen their work and bless their efforts for this Holy Cause....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Six Year Plan which the national elected representatives of the English believers have spontaneously launched is a further evidence of their unquenchable faith and noble and unyielding determination to prosecute energetically the teaching work in the British Isles and to exploit to the full the notable advantages derived from the successful celebrations of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centenary in London", "Unfolding Destiny\nAttention should be focussed in the course of the opening year of the second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Century on the needs and requirements of this Plan. The multiplication of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed centres and the dissemination of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature should be regarded as the chief objectives of the prosecutors of the Plan. Every sacrifice should be made, every effort should be exerted and every avenue should be explored to ensure the success of the Plan. The English believers stand identified with this Plan", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe immediate destinies of the entire community depend upon it. I will pray for its success, will watch its progress and pledge every assistance within my power for its promotion. May the Beloved bless all those who have embarked upon it and crown their enterprise with brilliant and total victory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nANXIOUS SAFETY LONDON BELIEVERS KINDLY CABLE.\nAPPRECIATE VERBATIM REPORTS ADDRESSES DELIVERED OPENING CENTENARY EXHIBITION AND PUBLIC MEETING DENISON HOUSE.\nKINDLY CABLE ADDRESS TUDOR-POLE MAIL THREE COPIES EVERY PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN CENTENARY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters, written on behalf of the National Spiritual Assembly, and dated Aug. 2nd, 21st and 31st (airgraph) and Oct. 9th, Nov. 16th (airgraph) and Nov. 23rd (duplicate copy also received), Dec. 19th (duplicate copy also received) all of 1944, and Jan. 25th 1945 (duplicate copy also received) have arrived safely with any enclosures they contained, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe fully realises the many handicaps the English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds are labouring under, and appreciates all the more deeply their perseverance and devotion shown in such activities as the National Centenary in London and local exhibitions and meetings held elsewhere, as well as the successful Summer School, the various printing undertakings and the renewed efforts to establish new centres and strengthen older ones", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn this connection he would like you to please convey to Miss Young+F1 and all other pioneers the expression of his loving appreciation of this historic service they have arisen to render the Faith in England.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe tasks facing the believers everywhere are great, for they see only too clearly that the only permanent remedy for the many afflictions the world is suffering from, is a change of heart and a new pattern of not only thought but personal conduct", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe impetus that has been given by the Manifestation of God for this Age is the sole one that can regenerate humanity, and as we Bah\u00e1'\u00eds are the only ones yet aware of this new force in the world, our obligation towards our fellow men is tremendous and inescapable! Therefore he hopes that many more of the friends there will arise to do pioneering work and help achieve the important goals set by the Six Year Plan", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhen once a few bold, self-sacrificing individuals have arisen to serve, their example will no doubt encourage other timid would-be pioneers to follow in their footsteps. The history of our Faith is full of records of the remarkable things achieved by really very simple,", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Miss Jessica Young+; Mrs. Kathleen Brown (later Lady Hornell)+; Miss Ursula Newman (later Mrs. Samandari)+ were the first to arise to pioneer in the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\ninsignificant individuals, who became veritable beacons and towers of strength through having placed their trust in God, having arisen to proclaim His Message. The stamina and fortitude shown by the people at large during all these hard and bitter years of war should surely find a nobler example in the deeds of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds who are connected with the Divine Source! He urges your Assembly to do all in its power, through financial and moral assistance, to get more pioneers into the field.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMr. Hofman has just written him about his meeting with the Paris believers, and he feels that as most of the friends there are elderly people and have suffered many privations, the British N.S.A. should keep in close touch with them and help and inspire them all it can....", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlso concerning your question about the prayers and changing the pronouns: This cannot be done, even in the long Obligatory Prayer or the healing prayers. Either we must ignore this mere detail or say a prayer that applies to our sex or number....", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may be sure that you, and your fellow members of the N.S.A., are very often in his thoughts and prayers. He deeply appreciates your steadfast and persevering labours and hopes that the believers of England will arise to fulfil their high duties and discharge the debts they owe their countrymen through the privilege of being the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in these dark yet historic days....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. The following is a copy of the cable the Guardian sent you in answer to your request for his advice as to the Six Year Plan the British believers resolved to undertake:\n\"WELCOME SPONTANEOUS DECISION. ADVISE FORMATION NINETEEN BAHA'I SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLIES SPREAD OVER ENGLAND WALES SCOTLAND NORTHERN IRELAND AND EIRE. PRAYING SIGNAL VICTORY.\"\nHe will, you may be sure, do everything in his power to assist the friends to achieve this objective.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Six Year Plan which the English believers have conceived and are now energetically prosecuting constitutes a landmark in the history of the Faith in the British Isles. It is the first collective enterprise undertaken by them for the spread of the Faith and the consolidation", "Unfolding Destiny\nof its divinely appointed institutions. The national elected representatives of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in those islands must watch carefully every phase in its development, provide whatever is required for its systematic and steady extension, encourage the believers to disperse, to settle, to persevere, and to appeal more directly and effectively to the masses who are waiting for this Divine Message, and on whose ultimate response the triumph of the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h must depend", "Unfolding Destiny\nObstacles, however formidable, should be surmounted. Setbacks, however discouraging at first, must not, under any circumstances, cause them to deviate from the path they are so devotedly and determinedly pursuing. That glorious success may eventually crown their concerted and historic endeavours is my fervent and constant prayer at the Holy Shrines. May the Beloved aid them to achieve their noble end.", "Unfolding Destiny\nBAHA'I PERSIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY EXPELLED ... FAMILY OWING REPUDIATION VITAL PROVISIONS MASTER'S WILL AND LONG-STANDING DISOBEDIENCE. POSITION ANY MEMBER THIS FAMILY IN LONDON SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY ASCERTAINED BY YOUR ASSEMBLY. CABLE RESULTS. UTMOST FIRMNESS VIGILANCE REQUIRED OTHERWISE CONTACT BREAKERS COVENANT WILL ENDANGER FAITH.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPRECIATE CABLE RECEIVED FROM.... FEEL HOWEVER OWING DEFECTION HIS ENTIRE FAMILY NECESSITY FORMAL ASSURANCE BEFORE YOUR ASSEMBLY HIS DETERMINATION CEASE COMMUNICATION WITH HIS FAMILY AWAITING ASSEMBLY'S REPLY.\nLOVING APPRECIATION CONVENTION MESSAGE. ENGLISH BELIEVERS LOVINGLY REMEMBERED SHRINES FERVENTLY SUPPLICATING\nSUCCESS SIX YEAR PLAN URGE REDOUBLED EFFORTS CABLING FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS MY CONTRIBUTION PLAN.\nASSURE ... APPRECIATE RESPONSE. CONCERNING MEDIUM DO NOT ADVISE ACCEPTANCE MEMBERSHIP.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFOLLOWERS BAHA'U'LLAH THROUGHOUT FIVE CONTINENTS UNANIMOUSLY REJOICE PARTIAL EMERGENCE WAR TORN HUMANITY FROM TITANIC UPHEAVAL UNERRINGLY PREDICTED SEVENTY YEARS AGO BY PEN AUTHOR THEIR FAITH. CESSATION HOSTILITIES EUROPEAN CONTINENT SIGNALISES CLOSING YET ANOTHER CHAPTER TRAGIC TALE FIERY TRIALS PROVIDENTIALLY DECREED BY INSCRUTABLE WISDOM DESIGNED ULTIMATELY WELD MUTUALLY ANTAGONISTIC ELEMENTS HUMAN SOCIETY INTO SINGLE ORGANICALLY UNITED UNSHATTERABLE WORLD COMMONWEALTH", "Unfolding Destiny\nGRATEFULLY ACCLAIM SIGNAL EVIDENCE INTERPOSITION DIVINE PROVIDENCE WHICH DURING SUCH PERILOUS YEARS ENABLED WORLD CENTRE FAITH ESCAPE WHAT POSTERITY WILL RECOGNISE AS ONE OF GRAVEST DANGERS EVER CONFRONTED NERVE CENTRE ITS INSTITUTIONS. PROFOUNDLY AWARE BOUNTIFUL GRACE VOUCHSAFED BY SAME PROVIDENCE ENSURING UNLIKE PREVIOUS WORLD CONFLICT UNINTERRUPTED INTERCOURSE BETWEEN SPIRITUAL CENTRE AND VAST MAJORITY COMMUNITIES FUNCTIONING WITHIN ORBIT FAR FLUNG FAITH", "Unfolding Destiny\nIMMEASURABLY THANKFUL MIRACULOUS PRESERVATION INDIAN PERSIAN EGYPTIAN BRITISH IRAQI COMMUNITIES LONG THREATENED DIRE PERILS OWING PROXIMITY THEATRE MILITARY OPERATIONS. DEEPLY CONSCIOUS PROGRESS ACHIEVED DESPITE SIX TEMPESTUOUS YEARS IN BOTH EASTERN WESTERN HEMISPHERES THROUGH COLLECTIVE ENTERPRISES LAUNCHED BY THESE COMMUNITIES OUTSHINES SUM TOTAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS SINCE INCEPTION FORMATIVE AGE FAITH. SEVEN YEAR PLAN", "Unfolding Destiny\nINAUGURATED BY AMERICAN BAHA'I COMMUNITY UNDER LOWERING CLOUDS APPROACHING CONFLICT VICTORIOUSLY COMPLETED EXTERIOR ORNAMENTATION MOTHER TEMPLE WEST ESTABLISHED STRUCTURAL BASIS FAITH EVERY STATE PROVINCE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT AND HOISTED ITS BANNER EVERY REPUBLIC LATIN AMERICA. INDIAN BELIEVERS SIX YEAR PLAN LAUNCHED EVE HOSTILITIES MORE THAN QUADRUPLED CENTRES FUNCTIONING WITHIN PALE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER", "Unfolding Destiny\nEDIFICES CONSECRATED ADMINISTRATIVE AFFAIRS EVER ADVANCING CAUSE INVOLVING EXPENDITURE OVER HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS ERECTED PURCHASED OR COMPLETED CAPITAL CITIES INDIA IRAQ EGYPT AS WELL AS SYDNEY AUSTRALIA. ACQUISITION NUMEROUS PROPERTIES BAHA'U'LLAH'S NATIVE LAND MT. CARMEL AND JORDAN VALLEY AS WELL AS PURCHASE SEVERAL IMPORTANT HISTORIC SITES ASSOCIATED LIVES BOTH HERALD AUTHOR FAITH SWELLED UNPRECEDENTED DEGREE BAHA'I ENDOWMENTS", "Unfolding Destiny\nPRELIMINARY STEPS COMPLETION BAB'S SEPULCHRE AND ESTABLISHMENT WORLD ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE THROUGH REMOVAL REMAINS BROTHER MOTHER ABDU'L-BAHA UNDERTAKEN. TERMINATION FIRST CENTURY BAHA'I ERA SYNCHRONISING CLIMAX RAGING STORM PUBLICLY BEFITTINGLY CELEBRATED DESPITE MULTIPLICATION RESTRICTIONS. ABOVE ALL UNITY INTEGRITY INCORRUPTIBLE WORLD COMMUNITY CONSISTENTLY SAFEGUARDED IN FACE INSIDIOUS OPPOSITION AVOWED ENEMIES WITHOUT AND COVENANT BREAKERS WITHIN", "Unfolding Destiny\nSUCH SPLENDID VICTORIES OVER SO VAST FIELD AMIDST SUCH TRIBULATIONS DURING SO PROLONGED ORDEAL AUGUR WELL COLOSSAL TASK DESTINED BE ACCOMPLISHED COURSE PEACEFUL YEARS AHEAD BY BUILDERS EMBRYONIC WORLD ORDER BAHA'U'LLAH AMIDST WRECKAGE DISTRACTED DISRUPTED DISILLUSIONED SOCIETY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has instructed me to forward you the enclosed copy of his message+F1 to the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of East and West on the happy occasion of the termination of the European war.\n+F1. Cable 9 May 1945.\nHe would appreciate your sharing it not only with all the British friends but with the Paris believers too.\nPlease inform him of the safe receipt of this message as soon as it reaches you.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe all send you our loving greetings and are greatly relieved to know your lives will now assume a more normal course after all these years of suffering....\nYour letters dated March 8th and 12th, April 17th, May 10th and 18th and July 8th and June 9th have been received, as well as the various enclosures you mention in them, and the photographs, sent under the separate cover. The beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very pleased to hear you are now in touch with the French believers and able to help them morally, and also with some physical assistance too! It is only right that England, the first country whose Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community is in a position to reach out a helping hand to its sister communities in Europe, should do so, and should have this privilege and honour.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe realises the many difficulties that stand in the way of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in regard to fulfilling the important Six Year Teaching Plan they have undertaken. But he hopes that now the European war is over, and conditions are returning to a more normal way of life, that the friends, conscious of their very great spiritual responsibility, will arise and, in spite of everything, accomplish the work they have chosen for themselves and which is of such great spiritual importance to their countrymen.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe more we study the present condition of the world, the more deeply we become convinced that there just cannot be any way out of its problems except the way of God, as given by Him, through Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. The early Persian Bah\u00e1'\u00eds gave their lives for the Cause; the Western believers have been spared this necessity, but their comfort, to some extent, they must sacrifice if they are going to discharge their moral obligation to tortured humanity, and bring to it the message of the Father", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe Divine confirmation sustaining them and hastening its consummation. This is what happened in the American Seven Year Plan and the Indian Six Year Plan, and the same spiritual assistance will certainly be vouchsafed the English believers, once they arise with faith and confidence, to do their work.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn regard to the question you raise in your letter of June 9th about the \"Paris Talks\", the Guardian does not advise your putting the suggested footnote, as we cannot be absolutely sure, unless we see the Persian text, that what you propose is really what the Master means", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe present translation cannot be considered accurate in all its details, obviously, and as at the moment the Persian text is not available, he suggests you either put no footnote at all, or one stating that the meaning is obscure and future re-translation will clear up such passages.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may be sure that his ardent prayers will be offered on behalf of all the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, that Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h may aid them to fulfil His work and may open the doors of servitude and guide them on their way. He will also pray for you and your fellow N.S.A. members, for your strength, protection and guidance in fulfilling your many important tasks.", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. Regarding Mr. ... financial affairs; there is naturally no objection to his receiving his own money, but he should have no communication with his family, and should arrange for your N.S.A. to receive his money and deliver it to him. The Guardian is very pleased that he has taken the right, courageous, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed course of action in his life, and will certainly pray for his happiness and protection.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is no ambiguity about the Master's attitude towards psychic forces; He very strongly warned the believers against using them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI grieve to learn of the slow progress of the Six Year Plan which the English believers have so nobly conceived, and which, I pray and hope, will be triumphantly consummated. The Plan constitutes a direct and grave challenge to the English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in its entirety. It should be regarded as the greatest collective enterprise ever launched by the followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the British Isles", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is thus far one of the most significant undertakings embarked upon by the members of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed National Assemblies during the opening years of", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed century. To it, as already observed, the immediate destinies of the community of the English believers are linked, and on it must depend the future orientation and evolution of the institutions which the members of that community are labouring to erect for the diffusion of the principles and the establishment of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in their country. It must not, it cannot, fail. The attention of the entire body of the believers must be continually focussed upon it", "Unfolding Destiny\nNo sacrifice can be deemed too great for its successful prosecution. All must arise harmoniously, co-operate and lend their share of assistance. May the spirit of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h enable them to achieve signal success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has instructed me to acknowledge the receipt of your two letters dated Aug. 11th and Nov. 9th and to answer them on his behalf. Their enclosures were also received....\nHe was very pleased to hear that you have had eight new Bah\u00e1'\u00eds since Convention and hopes that this is only a foretaste of the conversion of souls in far greater numbers in the years lying ahead of us.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Six Year Plan is of the utmost importance, and he urges your Assembly to continually keep reminding the friends of the necessity for sustaining their efforts through arising personally to serve and through giving generously that others may serve in their place.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn this connection he hopes you will use the services of Marion Holley, now Mrs. David Hofman+, to the full. She is a gifted speaker and writer, and has had invaluable experience in America as a member of the National Teaching Committee, during the Seven Year Plan. Both she and Mr. Hofman are wholly dedicated to the service of the Cause, and eager to do all in their power to help accomplish the goals of your Six Year Plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was happy to hear that the Summer School was held successfully. Now that the war is over, and conditions gradually returning to normal, he hopes that the British believers will exert their utmost in serving the Cause and spreading its message.\nAlthough from time to time they will receive the help of outside Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, the major responsibility is theirs, and the lion's share of the work will naturally fall to them as both their privilege and their duty.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe assures you one and all that his ardent prayers sustain you in your labours for the Faith and he feels sure that with sufficient effort on the part of all, and the Power of God which inevitably sustains self-sacrificing service in His Path, the goals can be gloriously achieved....\nP.S. He was delighted to hear of the welfare of the German believers. Reports of a similar nature had already reached him, but no figures had been given.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am anxiously waiting for the news of the progress of the Six Year Plan, upon which the future orientation of the collective activities of the English believers depends, and with which the immediate destinies of their Faith are interwoven. No sacrifice is too great to ensure its success. The utmost effort, vigilance, perseverance and self-sacrifice are required to carry it to a successful conclusion", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf the friends, individually and collectively, play their part and exert their utmost, the abundant blessings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h will be fully vouchsafed, and the strength of the Plan will mark a glorious chapter in the history of the Faith. I appeal to the entire community to dedicate itself to this sacred and urgent task, the greatest collective enterprise ever undertaken by the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSEMBLY SHOULD EXPLAIN TO ... OWING HIS BROTHER'S SECESSION FAITH ADHERENCE ISLAM PARTICIPATION POLITICS AND ASSOCIATION WITH HIS OTHER BROTHERS AND MOTHER WHO HAVE FLAGRANTLY DISOBEYED MASTER'S WILL COMMUNICATION WITH HIM AND THEM FORBIDDEN. ASSEMBLY SHOULD EXERCISE UTMOST VIGILANCE THIS VITAL MATTER OTHERWISE AS MASTER REPEATEDLY WARNED CONTAMINATING INFLUENCE WILL SPREAD AND IMPERIL STRUCTURE FAITH. CABLE HIS RESPONSE SHOW UTMOST FIRMNESS.", "Unfolding Destiny\n5 March 1946 OVERJOYED RECENT DECISIONS TEACHING CONFERENCE ARDENTLY PRAYING SPEEDY REALISATION CHERISHED HOPES URGE SUPREME UNITED CONTINUOUS EFFORT CABLING ONE THOUSAND POUNDS FURTHERANCE NOBLE AIMS SIX YEAR PLAN DEEPEST LOVE.\nINFORM ... APPRECIATE HIS ASSURANCE PRAYING STEADFASTNESS BLESSINGS.\nYour letters dated Sep. 6th and Nov. 6th 1945 and Jan. 2nd, Feb. 8th and 19th 1946, have been received together with their enclosures, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has been delighted to see, through your letter and reports sent by other Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, that the Teaching Conference in Manchester was such a success, and he feels this marks a turning point in your Six Year Plan. Now that goal towns have been chosen, the friends must concentrate all their forces and resources on establishing Assemblies in them as soon as possible", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels sure that once the signs of success become evident all the believers, tired and depressed after so many years of war and privation, will become vitalised with optimism and enthusiasm and drive forward unitedly towards the complete victory of their plans.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was delighted to hear that Miss Townshend+ and Mr. Lee+ have arisen as pioneers, and he wishes you to please assure them of his special prayers for the success of their devoted labours.\nHe was also very happy to hear you have found a place to hold your Summer School; this is such an important Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity\nthat even if the expenses are such as to necessitate its being subsidised by the National Fund it does not matter.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe advises you to send half of the Russian books in your possession to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Bureau in Geneva. Mrs. Lynch can distribute them from there, as required, to other centres.\nHe feels it would be an excellent means of serving the Cause and enhancing the prestige of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds if you can send a delegate to the Spiritual World Congress to be held in Brussels.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe are sending ... the Haifa News Letter direct from here; thank you for sending his address. The Guardian suggests if you have not already done so, that you send the address of the Dutch Bah\u00e1'\u00ed to Mrs. Lynch, so that travelling believers can be put in touch with him.\nHe is eagerly awaiting more good news of the progress of your Six Year Plan, and assures you all that he will ardently pray for its speedy and complete success in the Holy Shrines.\nYour Assembly's labours are very deeply appreciated....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe enterprise launched by the English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the opening years of the second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Century is of tremendous significance, and will, if successful, mark not only the inception of a glorious chapter in the history of the Faith in the British Isles, but will constitute a landmark in the spiritual awakening of its people. The forces which such a consummation will release none can estimate sufficiently at present", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe task is colossal, but the reinforcing power of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, who is watching over it and is ready to bless and sustain it if its prosecutors arise to play their part, is likewise immeasurable. The recent Teaching Conference is but the initial stage in this mighty, this collective, and indeed historic undertaking. The goal towns which have been selected should be regarded as the chief objectives requiring the immediate and concentrated attention of its zealous promoters", "Unfolding Destiny\nEvery consideration should be subordinated to the paramount need of establishing at any cost and by every means possible, vigorously functioning assemblies at these centres. No effort should be wasted, all must arise to lend their assistance; no sacrifice is too great to ensure the completion of the first stage of this noble enterprise. Unity, perseverance, self-sacrifice, will guarantee its success. Obstacles may arise, set-backs will no doubt occur, but the", "Unfolding Destiny\nunconquerable spirit animating the English believers must ultimately triumph.\nADVISE NOT PURCHASE AT PRESENT. RENT IF POSSIBLE BEFITTING ROOMS CENTRAL POSITION.\nKINDLY AIRMAIL TWO PHOTOGRAPHS NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR \"BAHA'I WORLD\".\nURGE FOCUS ATTENTION SIX YEAR PLAN SUBORDINATE EVERY ACTIVITY PARAMOUNT ISSUE TEACHING FACING ENGLISH BELIEVERS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEARLY BELOVED ENGLISH BELIEVERS REMEMBERED SHRINES PRAYING ARDENTLY SUCCESS DELIBERATIONS CONVENTION SUPREME CONTINUOUS EFFORT REQUIRED ENSURE SUCCESS PLAN CONCENTRATION ATTENTION RESOURCES ENTIRE COMMUNITY PROMOTION PARAMOUNT AIM INDISPENSABLE GREATER SACRIFICES DEMANDED ENSURE ULTIMATE VICTORY EAGERLY AWAITING NEWS PROGRESS HISTORIC ENTERPRISE.\nWHATEVER NOT SPECIFIED ARTICLES ASSOCIATION LEFT DISCRETION NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPRECIATE MAIL HAIFA PHOTOGRAPH ALL MEMBERS LAST YEAR'S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR BAHA'I WORLD.\nAPPROVE DROP CARDIFF SUBSTITUTE ANY TOWN DEEMED ADVISABLE PRAYING SPEEDY SUCCESS URGE PERSEVERANCE LOVING APPRECIATION.\nYour letters (and those previously written by Mrs. Ferraby+ as secretary) dated March 19th and 21st; April 12th and 23rd; and May 2nd and 11th, as well as their enclosures, have all been received, and the Guardian has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the various points which have been raised in these letters.\nAs he already informed you by cable, he sees no objection to substituting some other town for Cardiff if that has proved too unpromising....\nPeople who for years have ceased to either attend meetings or show the slightest interest in the Cause can be dropped from the voting list; but any who are unable to attend meetings, but still\n+F1. In answer to cabled request for guidance about tied vote at Convention.", "Unfolding Destiny\nconsider themselves to be Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and are desirous of keeping up their contact with the Faith, should naturally be kept on the voting list.\nHe feels at the present stage of the Cause's development in England it is perhaps wiser not to make any hard and fast rules about the boundaries of towns for assembly purposes. However, you should bear in mind that in the future some proper delineation will be necessary.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs to the question of the Publishing Trust about quoting excerpts from some of the Meditations; there is no objection to this at all.\nHe hopes you will be able to find some suitable quarters in London for your Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centre; he considers that at the present time, with the heavy and essential teaching programme you have undertaken, it is out of the question to purchase headquarters.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian takes the keenest interest in your Six Year Plan, and he wishes me to point out to you certain things in this connection: if the important goals of new Assemblies are to be achieved, he feels you will have to organise the work on a new basis", "Unfolding Destiny\nEngland now stands, one might say, on the brink of a new phase of its Bah\u00e1'\u00ed life; the long years of war are over, the friends are not only awakened to a sense of their responsibilities, but have increased in numbers, in zeal, and in unity; there is a growing number of people who are anxious to do pioneer work. What is needed is a planned and consistent form of teaching and administrative support of the activities your Assembly is inaugurating.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels the time has come when the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds' resources are sufficient to enable them to embark on their teaching campaign in a manner similar to that already followed by the American and Indian Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. In other words pioneers who volunteer for work, if they are not able to support themselves, should be supported by the National Fund until they either find work or their task is completed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLikewise travelling teachers should be assisted financially to carry out the \"projects\" assigned to them. The friends should not for a moment confuse this type of support with the creation of a paid clergy. Any Bah\u00e1'\u00ed can, at the discretion of the N.S.A., receive this necessary assistance and it is clearly understood it is temporary and only to carry out a specific plan. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nHimself has not only enjoined on everyone the duty of teaching His Faith, but stated if you cannot go yourself, to send someone in your stead. The National Assembly, through and with its Teaching Committee, should take immediate steps to get pioneers out into the goal towns and teachers circulating about, to not only support and inaugurate the new work, but to stimulate the existing Assemblies and groups, and help them to expand.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that your Assembly, unitedly and with complete dedication to the great work that lies ahead of you, will concentrate all your forces on the teaching work. You may be sure he will pray for your success in the Holy Shrines, and that all the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds may realise to the full their historic responsibilities and arise to discharge them....\nP.S. Your letter of May 29th has since been received and the extra photos of N.S.A. members will be forwarded to America.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe activities of the English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in pursuance of the Plan, which in its scope and potentialities is wholly unprecedented in the history of the Faith in the British Isles, are now approaching a critical stage, and will, if not relentlessly expanded and consolidated, fall far short of their ultimate objective", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey have now entered the third year of their Plan, and the work that still remains unaccomplished is considerable, but not beyond what their united and sustained endeavours can accomplish. The utmost support, if the Plan is to yield its promise, should be continually and increasingly extended to every pioneer, both moral and financial, who will arise to contribute his or her share to its success", "Unfolding Destiny\nAll the institutions of the Faith so laboriously erected since the inception of the Formative Age, most of the financial resources of the community that have been accumulated, the deliberations of the elected representatives of the entire body of the believers, both local and national, should henceforth be dedicated to the vital requirements and noble aims of an enterprise which, if successful, will pave the way, and provide the necessary agencies, for the proclamation of the Faith to the masses throughout the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Faith is too circumscribed at present, its resources too limited, its range too restricted, and the number of its active supporters too few, to allow a systematic and nation-wide campaign designed to awaken the masses, to be effectively inaugurated. The present Plan is but a", "Unfolding Destiny\nstepping stone that must lead eventually the English believers to execute so tremendous and meritorious an undertaking. The duties and responsibilities now facing them must, however, be fully discharged. No time or effort should be wasted. All, young and old, must be aroused to a new consciousness of their collective responsibilities", "Unfolding Destiny\nA greater measure of self-sacrifice, a greater audacity, a greater reliance on the sustaining grace of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, are required to lend the necessary impetus to the progressive unfoldment and ultimate fruition of this dynamic process which the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, labouring in the heart of a world encircling empire, have set in motion. May signal success crown their historic labours.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNational Youth Committee\nYour letter dated May 16th and written on behalf of the National Youth Committee, was received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer it on his behalf.\nHe is very happy to see that the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Youth of the British Isles are now organised and working with enthusiasm for the spread of the Faith there. He feels that they have a great and important role to play during the next few years in fulfilling the objectives of the Six Year Plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYoung people, being, for the most part, freer than the older believers, are in a position to arise as pioneers and move to new towns as settlers. A great number of the pioneers in America, who left their native cities, and often their native land, in order to fulfil the Seven Year Plan, were young people--some of them so young that the Spiritual Assemblies they helped to establish they were themselves not yet old enough to be elected to!", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has enjoyed very much meeting Capt. Philip Hainsworth+, who had the unique privilege of being in Haifa for over a month, and he feels sure that upon his return to England he will lend great impetus to both the Youth and teaching work.\nHe heartily approves of your \"Youth Bulletin\" project and urges you to place special emphasis on articles that are of pertinent interest to young people, such as those dealing with the economic, social and moral aspects of society.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Beloved bless your meritorious endeavours, guide every step you take in the path of service, aid you to extend the range of your activities, and enable you to promote, by every means in your power, and in a most effective manner, the vital interests of a Plan with which the immediate destinies of the members of the English Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Community, both young and old, are so inextricably interwoven.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has instructed me to send you the following copy of a cable he sent the N.S.A. on the 7th of this month: \"DELIGHTED LATEST REPORT TEACHING ACTIVITIES. PRESENT YEAR CRUCIAL FORTUNES PLAN. CONCENTRATE 5 MOST PROMISING GOAL TOWNS, ALSO EXERT UTMOST RE-ESTABLISH TORQUAY, BOURNEMOUTH ASSEMBLIES. SUCCESS IMMEDIATE PLAN WILL NECESSITATE INCREASE CONVENTION DELEGATES BRITISH ISLES TO TWICE 19. UPON CONSUMMATION ENTIRE PLAN FURTHER INCREASE TO THREE TIMES 19 WILL BECOME ESSENTIAL", "Unfolding Destiny\nCABLING FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS FOR TRAVEL SETTLEMENT PIONEERS. PROSPECTS BRIGHT, REDOUBLED EFFORTS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL, EXERTION YOUTH VITAL. FORTHCOMING GATHERING SUMMER SCHOOL SHOULD DEVOTE SPECIAL ATTENTION REQUIREMENTS PLAN. ARDENTLY PRAYING TRIUMPHANT SUCCESS FIRST STAGE COLLECTIVE EFFORT DEARLY BELOVED ENGLISH BELIEVERS\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the first draft of this cable sent you a word was left out, namely \"twice\" before the \"19\" in reference to the first increase of the number of convention delegates. This was corrected the same day by cable.\nThe Guardian has so far received no acknowledgment of the\nreceipt of this long cable and he is anxious to know if it reached you safely? Also the five hundred pounds which was forwarded by cable, through Barclays Bank, to your name?\nAssuring you of his loving prayers on your behalf....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. He was very happy to hear that the N.S.A. is now united, and that sources of misunderstanding and uneasiness have been entirely cleared up.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDELIGHTED BRIGHT PROSPECTS ACHIEVEMENT THIS YEAR'S GOAL WILL CONSTITUTE TURNING POINT FORTUNES PLAN LANDMARK BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY SUSTAINED CONCENTRATION ESSENTIAL CONVEY PIONEERS TRAVELLING TEACHERS ASSURANCE LOVING APPRECIATION ABIDING GRATITUDE NOBLE RESPONSE URGE EXERT SIMULTANEOUSLY EFFORTS ESTABLISH THIS PIVOTAL YEAR NUCLEUS FUTURE ASSEMBLY BOTH SCOTLAND IRELAND PRAYING CONTINUALLY INCREASING EVIDENCES NATION-WIDE EXPANSION PROGRESSIVE CONSOLIDATION DEARLY BELOVED ENGLISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOVERJOYED PRAYING EVER INCREASING SUCCESS DEEPEST APPRECIATION HIGH ENDEAVOURS.\nDELIGHTED URGE UTMOST SACRIFICE PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS GOAL TOWNS PRAYING SUCCESS.\nYour letters dated June 1st and 26th and July 20th and 25th,\ntogether with their enclosures, have been received, and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nRegarding the various points you raised.", "Unfolding Destiny\nUnless the Russian \"New Era\" is hopelessly bad, the Guardian advises it nevertheless be made use of, as it will be some time before the funds of the Cause can be used for a new edition. If the mistakes are mostly in the nature of mistranslations of certain important terms it might be possible for you, in conjunction with Mrs", "Unfolding Destiny\nLynch, to have printed or mimeographed a list of errata, and stick it in the book, in this way Russian-speaking people will not be denied some literature on the Faith, however inadequate.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe attitude of the friends towards orientals should be one of great caution, according to the Master's own often-repeated and explicit instructions and warnings. Any believer in good standing would not leave his home community without a letter of credential, and certainly no Persians, claiming to be Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, but lacking credentials, should be accepted until the Persian N.S.A. has clarified their status", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey can, naturally, attend public meetings, but should not be permitted to come to the 19- Day Feasts; the friends may associate with them, but should be very cautious, bearing in mind that many orientals, who scorned or were even actively against the Cause while living in the East, now find it convenient to pose as believers or friends of the Faith in a Western community where they are strangers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards your question about Bah\u00e1'\u00ed procedure; the present statement can certainly be amplified to include the United Nations Organisation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that your Assembly should constantly, through its communications to the friends and its committees, and in every way possible, stir the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community to a sense of the great urgency of their pioneer activities; and the need for more pioneers. They now have a golden opportunity to arise and fulfil their own cherished plans before it is too late", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the future we may well look back upon these present days and see that in them lay our greatest chance to build for the future and to call people to the Faith while they were still deeply impressed with the tragedy and futility of war; and before they become too engulfed in post war problems, or too bitterly disillusioned by the trend of world affairs to even seek a solution. More believers must", "Unfolding Destiny\narise, and, putting their trust in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, do their duty to the Faith they believe in and love so dearly. The youth in particular should be encouraged to enter this field of service, for the spread of the Cause is their only hope for a stable world in which to live and establish families of their own.\nHis loving prayers are with you all in your many services to the Cause of God, and he is greatly encouraged by the way the work is going forward in England....+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe evidences of intensified activity and of notable progress on the part of the English believers in recent months have rejoiced my heart and deepened my feelings of admiration and gratitude for the manner in which they are discharging, individually and collectively, their high responsibilities. I long to hear of the steady progress of their Plan, and will continue to pray for the removal of every obstacle in their path", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever considerable their recent achievements, they are still in the initial stage of their great unfolding mission, and are not even capable as yet of visualising the possibilities or of estimating the consequences of their present-day labours", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe consummation of their present task will mark the opening of a new era in the development of their community and will signalise the inauguration of a great epoch in the history of the Faith in their land--an epoch that must witness the universal recognition of their Cause and the proclamation of its truths, its claims and tenets, to the masses of their countrymen throughout the British Isles", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Plan they are now prosecuting will provide the machinery and establish the basic structure that will enable them to arouse the people, among all sections of the population, and aid them, systematically and gradually, to recognise Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and support the nascent institutions of this World Order. Now it is their duty to lay an unassailable foundation for the great work that is to be undertaken in the future. There is no time to lose. Theirs is a priceless opportunity and a great privilege", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Although some pioneer settlement had been attempted, at the time this letter was being written only the first nine pioneers had actually become established: Ursula Newman (later Samandari) and Kathleen Brown (later Lady Hornell) in October 1945; Walter Wilkins+ in July 1946; Alma Gregory+ in August 1946; Robert Cheek+ and Una Townshend in September 1946; David Hofman, Marion Hofman and Philip Hainsworth in October 1946.", "Unfolding Destiny\nmust determinedly persevere until their immediate and distant goals have been attained.\nOVERJOYED MARVEL MAGNIFICENT SUCCESS URGE AFTER ATTAINMENT THIS YEAR'S GOAL CONCENTRATION IRELAND SCOTLAND WALES LONGING FORMATION NUCLEI THESE VIRGIN TERRITORIES ARDENTLY PRAYING LOVING ADMIRATION.\nAPPROVE LOVING APPRECIATION PRAYING SUCCESS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of September 19th was received, and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer it on his behalf, and to congratulate you and the other members of your committee on the excellent first issue of your Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Youth Bulletin.\nThis is an important new undertaking, and must be established as a firm innovation on the part of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community. He hopes it will gradually become the means of interesting and attracting many new souls to the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn fact the Youth work everywhere in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World is dear to his heart, and he attaches great importance to it. The young people, who will inevitably grow up to shoulder all the work of the Cause, are really its hope, and should be one of the most active factors in its propagation. Through their courageous\n+F1. Approving Teaching Conference to be dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Guardianship.", "Unfolding Destiny\nadherence to the high moral and ethical standards set out by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and through gaining a mastery of His many, diversified, and profound teachings, they can shape, to a great extent, the development and aid in the rapid expansion of their beloved Faith in the various countries in which they labour. They should be made to realise their responsibility is heavy and their privilege very precious.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes to assure you and all the other members of the National Youth Committee, of his most loving prayers for your progress, and for the success of the work you have so enthusiastically and devotedly undertaken....", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Beloved bless abundantly the work which your Committee has so nobly initiated, remove all obstacles from your path, aid you to realise every hope you cherish, and carry out every plan you conceive, for the furtherance of the interests of our beloved Faith and of its God-given institutions.\nPRAYING FERVENTLY REMOVAL ALL OBSTACLES IMPEDING PROGRESS PLAN AND RECOVERY. SUPPLICATING RICHEST BLESSINGS TEACHING CONFERENCE DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION.\nREJOICE SUCCESS PRAYING RICHEST BLESSINGS.", "Unfolding Destiny\n12 January 1947 (To Teaching Conference)\nPROFOUNDLY MOVED MESSAGE. GREATLY APPRECIATE NOBLE SENTIMENTS PRAYING DEPTHS GRATEFUL HEART CONTINUED SUCCESS MAGNIFICENT COLLECTIVE EFFORTS DEEPEST LOVE.\n+F1. At news of move to new National Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centre\nCONSULTATION BETWEEN DELEGATES COMMUNITY ADVISABLE PRESENTATION COMMUNITY VIEWS TO CONVENTION ADVISABLE MANNER CONSULTATION LEFT DISCRETION N.S.A. DOUBLING NUMBER DELEGATES CONDITIONED ACHIEVEMENT NINE GOAL TOWNS.\nASSURE JOAN GIDDINGS+ DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDELIGHTED PROGRESS NOTTINGHAM BIRMINGHAM RESPONSE MCKINLEYS+ URGE SUPREME EFFORT AS CRUCIAL YEAR DRAWS CLOSE ENSURE ATTAINMENT OBJECTIVE LOVING ARDENT PRAYERS.\nYour communications dated Sept. 12, Oct. 4th and 17th, Nov. 19th, 18th and 21st and Dec. 29th 1946 have all been received together with their enclosures and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very happy to see the marked success of your Summer School this past year and also to receive very encouraging reports of the Manchester Teaching Conference; a great change has come over the work in England during the past year and one which must certainly rejoice the hearts of the older Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in particular as they compare the present state of the Cause with the decades that passed when it had two or three spiritual Assemblies and seemed to be practically standing still", "Unfolding Destiny\nBritish Isles is at last showing its true stature and casting a portentous shadow of future events before it!\nHe is particularly happy to see the way the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed young people are arising and serving in the pioneer field with such courage, determination and success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the question you asked him about the sentence from the \"Aqdas\" for the marriage certificate: he feels that the following is a suitable translation of this passage: \"Enter into wedlock, O people, that ye may bring forth one who will make mention of me.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe very good news of Nottingham and Birmingham achieving Assembly status was most welcome and he hopes the friends will redouble their efforts in connection with the remaining goal towns. Likewise the establishment of pioneers in both Eire and Scotland is of historic importance and they should receive every assistance from the National Teaching Committee and from your Assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow that the British believers see tangible results of their labours and perseverance taking shape, they should feel encouraged to make new sacrifices; a little effort on our part is so richly blessed by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h--we can only wonder what the rewards would be for a great, concerted, truly inspired effort by all members of the community.\nHe assures you all of his most loving prayers for your guidance and the success of your historic enterprises....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. Shoghi Effendi would like your Assembly to make every effort to help Dr. Lotfullah Hakim+ to come to England from Persia; he wishes to continue his study of massage etc. and he could be of great help in the teaching work as he is a devoted and fine Bah\u00e1'\u00ed. Shoghi Effendi suggested he might investigate the possibility of carrying out his studies in Edinburgh or some other goal town and thus help with the Six Year Plan at the same time.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe present crucial year, now drawing to a close, may well be regarded as one of the most memorable in the annals of British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history. The magnificent, spontaneous and collective response of almost the entire community of the English believers to the imperative call of teaching; the support lent by individuals, groups and Assemblies to the", "Unfolding Destiny\nPlan set in motion by its national elected representatives; the success attending the Teaching Conference; the multiplication of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed centres in England; the initial steps taken to establish the structure of the Administrative Order of the Faith, in Ireland, Scotland and Wales--all these have combined to raise the stature of the community, and to prepare it for the still greater tasks that must be faced by its members after the successful prosecution of the present Plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles are now, slowly, laboriously and in strict accordance with the principles of a steadily expanding, divinely appointed Administrative Order, building up the essential and primary institutions which are destined to act as the chief and most powerful instruments for the proclamation of the Faith to the masses of their countrymen, at a subsequent stage in the development of the Faith in their land", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs these institutions expand and are consolidated, the community will find itself equipped, not only to carry the Message of the New Day to the multitudes throughout the length and breadth of its homeland, but prepared and fortified to initiate teaching campaigns beyond the shores of its native land, and in distant territories and various parts of the Empire of which that land is the heart and centre.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheirs is the duty, during these coming years, to lay patiently, assiduously and unitedly the foundation on which the structure of their future international services to their beloved Faith can be firmly and unassailably established", "Unfolding Destiny\nUpon the success of the Plan they are now so diligently and devotedly prosecuting, must depend the scope and effectiveness of their two-fold task of proclaiming the verities of their Faith to their fellow countrymen at home, and of implanting its banner abroad amidst the peoples and races of a far-flung Empire.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat they may carry out, in a befitting manner and by the appointed time, the preliminary steps so essential for the fulfilment of their high destiny is my dearest wish and constant prayer.\n20 March 1947 (To First Regional Youth Conference)\nPROFOUNDLY APPRECIATE MESSAGE CONFERENCE URGE CONCENTRATE NEEDS PLAN PRAYING GREAT VICTORIES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOVERJOYED PROSPECTS PRAYING ARDENTLY CONSUMMATION CHERISHED HOPES APPEAL ENTIRE COMMUNITY EXERT SUPREME EFFORT ENSURE TOTAL SUCCESS MIGHTY ENTERPRISE DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION ABIDING GRATITUDE.\nADVISE APPORTION DELEGATES COMING CONVENTION IN STRICT ACCORDANCE NUMBER BELIEVERS ACTUALLY RESIDING IN FOUR COMMUNITIES MENTIONED LETTER FEBRUARY 24TH.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters dated August 10th (from the secretary) and December 19th and March 18th (from the Business Manager of the Editorial Committee) were received, and as our beloved Guardian is greatly overburdened by his steadily expanding correspondence, he has instructed me to answer these communications all in one.\nHe was very pleased to receive copies of \"Youth Bulletin,\" which he thinks is starting out in the right direction; he would like to receive this publication regularly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work you are doing is very important, and the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Youth should feel very encouraged to see the way some of their members have arisen and gone forth to pioneer. He hopes others will follow this example in order to ensure the success of the Six Year Plan.\nYou may be sure his loving prayers are offered for you all in the Holy Shrines....\nMay the Spirit of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h sustain, bless and guide you in your notable, meritorious, and deeply appreciated activities, aid you to", "Unfolding Destiny\nextend the range of your services, and lend a great impetus to the progress of the Plan which the English believers are so devotedly and assiduously prosecuting.\nOVERJOYED HISTORIC SUCCESS APPROVED MINUTE 590 PRAYING STILL GREATER VICTORIES HEARTFELT CONGRATULATIONS ABIDING GRATITUDE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nACCLAIM PRIDE GRATITUDE VICTORY ACHIEVED REVITALISED TRIUMPHANT DEARLY BELOVED BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY MARVELLOUS CONSUMMATION ARDUOUS TASK CRUCIAL YEAR HISTORIC PLAN UNPRECEDENTED ANNALS FIFTY YEARS BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY SISTER COMMUNITIES EAST WEST NORTH SOUTH HAIL SIGNIFICANT VICTORY WON NOTWITHSTANDING PROLONGED STRAIN FORMIDABLE OBSTACLES SMALLNESS NUMBERS DIVERSITY TRIALS CONFIDENT ALL MEMBERS COMMUNITY YOUNG OLD TEACHERS PIONEERS ADMINISTRATORS WILL RESOLUTELY SAFEGUARD PRIZES WON FORGE AHEAD UNDIMINISHED ZEAL ATTAIN GOALS WITHIN REACH CABLING ONE THOUSAND POUNDS PROMOTION GREAT TASKS AHEAD TOKEN MY ABIDING GRATITUDE SIGNAL SERVICE RENDERED FOLLOWERS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH BRITISH ISLES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters dated Jan. 19th and 23rd; Feb. 16th, 27th and 28th; March 8th and 25th; and April 4th, 19th, 20th, 22nd and 23rd, 1947, have all been received, together with their enclosures and the material sent under separate cover, and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nRegarding the various questions you have raised.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has already informed the American N.S.A. that he feels Mr. Townshend's services to the Faith can best be rendered by his writing about it, as he obviously has an outstanding ability in this direction, combined with knowledge and zeal, and can render a very valuable service this way; he also feels that Mr. Townshend, now that his church association seems about to be broken, could be used as part of the pioneer force in Eire", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf Mr. Townshend has not as yet been registered as a voting believer he certainly should be immediately. Everyone knows he has been a most devoted Bah\u00e1'\u00ed for many years and his contributions should certainly be considered those of a voting Bah\u00e1'\u00ed.\nHe would appreciate receiving, for the files here in Haifa, a copy of the revised Articles of Association.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the prayer translated by Dr. Khan and his daughter: although he has not taken time to compare it with the original, he assumes it is a faithful translation. Unfortunately it is not a style which in our language can convey the richness and power of the original, and he would not recommend that this version of it be printed. There is no objection, however, to its circulation among the friends if they want it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs to certain of your voting members who have long been inactive, and whose conduct you disapprove of, he suggests you make an effort to find out if they still believe in the Faith, and if they do, and wish to be members of it, then they should be helped to mend their ways. If this patient and loving method does not prove successful and they refuse to identify themselves with the Faith, they should be removed from the voting list.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMiss ... should be advised, for the sake of better serving the Cause she loves so dearly, to take care of her health; also she should be made to realise that a pessimistic and critical approach (although perhaps fully justified by the situation) produces no results. We, having the power of the Faith to draw on, must always be constructive in our efforts, as this will produce results and attract Divine blessings upon them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nher--even involving the place of her burial--the Guardian does not feel it is right to request him to take a step which would deprive her of her own religious rights. On the other hand, he sees no reason why ... should not write a letter to the appropriate authority in this synagogue, explaining that he is a practising Bah\u00e1'\u00ed but is keeping his synagogue membership for the benefit of his wife and children. Some similar action should be taken by ..., or he should give up his synagogue membership.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe realises the difficult position of the London community, but the goals of the Plan, and its success, justify any temporary weakening of the work in the capital, which in the end will be greatly strengthened by the national spread of the Faith. He certainly will specially pray for this work in London.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe achievement of all goals during this crucial year has been very great, and brought him a conviction that the Cause in the British Isles is now operating on an entirely new footing, and that the community of believers there has thrown off once and for all time a certain lethargy which seemed to have retarded its progress in the past", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlthough so much still remains to be accomplished, the combination of the new zest for work and the determination of the friends to succeed, and the unfailing assistance of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, promised to all who arise and put their faith in Him, will surely mow down all obstacles and carry the British believers through to victory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that the way your assembly is working, with its many and active committees, and the plans you have outlined in your report, are excellent. Any suggestions he has to make, as the work unfolds, he will communicate to you.\nThe Summer School, he feels, is of great importance, and he hopes gradually believers from the continent will visit it and be helped and inspired by their contact with the now active and flourishing British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community!", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may be sure in the prayers he offers in the Holy Shrines you and your assembly's work are often remembered....\nThe success that has crowned the strenuous efforts exerted by the entire British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the course of this crucial year, has raised immensely its prestige in the estimation of its sister communities in East and West, and has demonstrated in a very striking manner, the vitality, resourcefulness and determination of its members, and", "Unfolding Destiny\nmerits the praise and blessings of the concourse on high, and particularly of our beloved Master, who in the course of two successive visits showered His loving kindness on the English believers, and chose the capital city of their country as the scene of His first public appearance before a western audience", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis remarkable exploit, unparelleled since the inception of the administrative order in that land, and unsurpassed by any achievement associated with the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the British Isles since the introduction of His Faith into their country, augurs well for the successful termination of the Initial Phase of the Plan, and fills me with hope that total victory will ultimately be achieved, at the appointed time, by the prosecutors of this bold, this historic and far-reaching enterprise.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Plan itself when consummated will signalise the opening of a new epoch in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history, an epoch which must witness, simultaneously with the vigorous initiation of subsequent Plans designed to broaden the basis, and multiply the institutions, of a steadily evolving administrative order, the inauguration of systematic undertakings, jointly launched by the English, the Scottish, the Irish and Welsh believers, and aiming, on the one hand, at the proclamation of the Divine Message to the masses of their respective countrymen, and, on the other, at the establishment of the structural basis of a divinely appointed Administrative Order throughout the far-flung dependencies of the British Crown.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor the present, however, and as an essential preliminary to the vast and challenging tasks that await them beyond the shores of their homeland, the eyes of the prosecutors of the present Plan must be focused on the vital and urgent requirements in England, and particularly Scotland, Wales and Ireland, wherein the nuclei that have been recently formed, should, ere the expiry of the present year, be converted into full-fledged assemblies", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe erection of the administrative institutions of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in these virgin territories will no doubt befittingly mark the termination of the initial phase of the Plan, and proclaim to the entire Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world the resolution, as well as the ability, of its valiant promoters to create the indispensable agencies required for an intensive propagation of the Faith at home, and the planting of its banner overseas.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheirs is an unspeakably thrilling task, an awe-inspiring obligation, a priceless opportunity. Their recent victories inspire a confident hope that a no less outstanding success will mark their future endeavours.\nDEEPLY APPRECIATIVE PLEDGE PRAYING ABUNDANT BLESSINGS DELIBERATIONS.\nTOWNSHEND'S RESIGNATION IMPERATIVE. ALLOCATION FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS FROM NATIONAL FUND EXCESSIVE. ADVISE USE PART RELIEF FUND THIS PURPOSE PRAYING SOLUTION PROBLEM.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOVERJOYED TOWNSHEND'S MEMORABLE DECISION NOBLE EXAMPLE COMMENDABLE DETERMINATION SETTLE DUBLIN ARDENTLY PRAYING SUCCESS PROTECTION REMOVAL DIFFICULTIES DELIGHTED STAHLER'S+ GEORGE'S+ PIONEERING SUPPLICATING ABUNDANT BLESSINGS CHERISH BRIGHT HOPES FRUITION ASSEMBLY'S HISTORIC TASK DEEPEST LOVE APPRECIATION.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter, with enclosures, to our Beloved Guardian, on behalf of the National Youth Committee, and dated February 26th, was received and he has instructed me to answer it on his behalf. He did not reply sooner because he is so very busy and overworked, and feels sure you understand the reason for the delay.\nThe services which the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed young people are rendering the Cause, not only in England but in Scotland and in Eire, please him greatly, as the Youth are the ones who perforce, in the near", "Unfolding Destiny\nfuture, will find themselves carrying on the administrative and teaching work of the Faith, and the sooner they prepare themselves for this heavy responsibility through actual experience in the pioneer field, the better.\nHe is delighted to see the steady progress of your activities and the way your Bulletin is progressing, and he assures you all of his loving prayers for the success of all your undertakings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Beloved bless continually your meritorious efforts, guide and sustain you in your activities, and aid you to fulfil your heart's desire in the service of His glorious Faith.\nADVISE TOWNSHEND TRANSFER RESIDENCE OUTSIDE IRELAND IF NECESSARY APPROVE PROVISION COAL AMERICAN BELIEVERS.\nOVERJOYED MAGNIFICENT PROGRESS SUMMER SCHOOL ASSURE ATTENDANTS LOVING PRAYERS GRATEFUL ADMIRATION CONGRATULATE ENTIRE BRITISH COMMUNITY ASTOUNDING ACHIEVEMENTS BAHA'IS WORLD PROUD UNFORGETTABLE VICTORIES BRITISH ISLES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDELIGHTED TOWNSHEND SETTLEMENT MAGNIFICENT SUCCESS SUMMER SCHOOL BELOVED MASTER ABHA KINGDOM WELL PLEASED CONSTRUCTIVE HISTORIC MANIFOLD ACHIEVEMENTS VIRILE BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY PRAYING INCREASING FERVOUR DIVINE GUIDANCE SURMOUNT OBSTACLES RESOLVE PROBLEMS WIN STILL GREATER VICTORIES HEARTFELT GRATITUDE ABIDING LOVE.\nThe National Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Youth Committee of the British Isles", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter to our beloved Guardian, dated August 21st, as well as the note of your Secretary, Miss Howes, dated August 29th, have been received, together with the copy of your Youth Letter, and I have been instructed to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very happy to hear of the formation of the new Youth Groups you mention, as this will not only greatly stimulate the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Youth and enable them to attract new young people to the Faith, but will also do the general work of the Cause in these cities a great deal of good. He urges your Committee to make every effort to establish youth groups wherever there are Spiritual Assemblies, and circumstances permit. He would like to receive five copies of your Youth Letter if this is convenient.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour services are very deeply valued, and he assures you all of his loving prayers for the success and expansion of your activities....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe activities initiated and diligently pursued by the members of your committee deserve the highest praise. The devotion, the perseverance, the loyalty, the assiduous care with which you are striving to promote the interests of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Youth throughout the British Isles rejoice my heart, and will no doubt act as a magnet that will attract the blessings of the Almighty. Persevere in your historic labours, and rest assured that the Beloved is well pleased with your splendid accomplishments", "Unfolding Destiny\n9 October 1947 Assembly Development Committee Dear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Friends,\nYour letter to our beloved Guardian dated Aug. 4th, has been received and he has instructed me to answer it on his behalf.\nHe is very pleased to see the work your Committee is undertaking and feel that it is of the greatest importance. The unity, love, harmony and proper understanding of the administration of the Cause which exists in a community are the measure of its progress, and on them depend directly the expansion of the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes you every success, and assures you of his prayers in support of your labours....\nP.S. He has received your bi-monthly news letter and thinks it is very well written and excellent in every way.\nMay the Almighty bless continually your valued activities, aid you to overcome all obstacles in your path, promote effectively the vital interests of our beloved Faith, and contribute, in a notable manner, to the multiplication of its nascent institutions.\nChild Education Committee", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter to our beloved Guardian, dated Sept. 1st, has been received by him, and he has instructed me to answer it on his behalf.\nHe was very pleased to see the enthusiasm and devotion with which you have entered into this important branch of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity, and he hopes your labours will be richly rewarded with success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe would suggest that wherever classes for Bah\u00e1'\u00ed children are held, liberal minded parents be invited to send their children too, so that their minds may receive the broad, basic and tolerant doctrines of our glorious Faith.\nHe assures you of his loving prayers for the success of your activities.\nWith warmest greetings,\nMay the Spirit of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h guide and sustain you in your highly", "Unfolding Destiny\nimportant and vital undertaking, enable you to extend continually the range of your meritorious activities, and lend a great impetus to the consolidation of the institutions of our glorious Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHIGHLY APPROVE ARRANGE MARION HOFMAN RESUME SECRETARYSHIP TEACHING COMMITTEE URGE ENTIRE COMMUNITY PERSEVERE UNITED STRENUOUS EFFORTS ENSURE TRIUMPHANT TERMINATION PRESENT PHASE PLAN STATUS NEWLY FORMED ASSEMBLIES MUST BE MAINTAINED AT ALL COSTS ATTENTION SHOULD MOREOVER BE FOCUSED ESTABLISHMENT FIRM FOUNDATION HISTORIC ASSEMBLIES SCOTLAND WALES EIRE ERE TERMINATION CURRENT YEAR CABLING FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS ASSIST ASSEMBLY VIGOROUS PROSECUTION MIGHTY ENTERPRISES CONFERRING IMPERISHABLE LUSTRE DIVINELY SUSTAINED VICTORIOUSLY ADVANCING DEARLY BELOVED BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDELIGHTED EVIDENCES PROGRESS EDINBURGH DUBLIN BLACKPOOL HEARTFELT ABIDING APPRECIATION.\nYour letters to our beloved Guardian, dated May 18th and 27th; June 4th, 9th and 16th; July 5th, 8th (two of this date), 12th and 14th; August 9th and September 15th, 20th and 29th; and October 6th and 13th, have all been received, as well as their enclosures, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe received a letter direct from the World Congress of Faiths, and wrote them offering full Bah\u00e1'\u00ed co-operation, and informing\nthem he was ready to appoint a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed representative to attend any conference they may hold.\nThe discovery of the Master's letter to Andrew Carnegie is very interesting, in spite of the very poor translation of this Tablet, and he will be very pleased to receive a photostat of the original, or at least a faithful copy of the text in Persian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe would be pleased to continue receiving the reports of the Assembly Development Committee.\nRegarding the question you asked him: he feels that in the case of a believer who will be 21 years old on April 22nd, there is no objection, at this time, when the work of the Cause is so urgent and the workers so few, in permitting him to vote on April 21st.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe conduct of ... is an excellent example of why he, (and 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 before him), feels it so necessary to be very strict about the admission of Orientals into the communities of the Western world. The British people, being shrewd by nature and having had considerable experience with Orientals and peoples of all races, are far less vulnerable to the insidious influence of the insincere than are the more naive and less experienced Americans", "Unfolding Destiny\nPeople such as this young man, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in name whenever it suits their convenience to be so, caring really nothing about the Faith at heart, and ready to abandon it at a moment's notice if the pleasures to be gained outweigh the humiliation of ostracism, are a real menace to the Cause, especially to the faith of young and untried believers. It is to protect the Cause against such individuals that the Guardian is at present so strict about not permitting Persians to visit America at this time.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn regard to your question about qualifications of delegates and assembly members: the qualifications which he outlined are really applicable to anyone we elect to a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed office, whatever its nature. But those are only an indication, they do not mean people who don't fulfil them cannot be elected to office. We must aim as high as we can", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe does not feel the friends should attach so much importance to limitations--such as people perhaps not being able to attend assembly or convention meetings, because if they do, then the fundamental concept of everyone being willing to do Bah\u00e1'\u00ed service on administrative bodies will be weakened, and the friends may be tempted to vote for those who, because of independent means or circumstances in their lives, are freer to come and go but less qualified to serve.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding \"'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 in London\". Nothing can be considered scripture for which we do not have an original text. A verbatim record in Persian of His talks would of course be more reliable than one in English because He was not always accurately interpreted. However such a book is of value, and certainly has its place in our literature.\nHe assures you all of the deep appreciation of your valiant labours and his loving prayers on your behalf....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe gigantic task, now being so energetically and successfully carried out by the consecrated and firmly knit British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, constitutes a glorious landmark in recent Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history, and will, when viewed in proper perspective, deserve to be regarded as one of the most outstanding enterprises launched by the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the opening years of the second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed century", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlike in its magnitude and significance, this momentous undertaking is unprecedented in the annals of the Faith in the British Isles, and deserves to rank as one of the most compelling evidences of the creative power of its Author, marking the rise and establishment of His institutions on the European continent. It is yet too early to assess the potentialities of this present Plan and those destined to follow it, or estimate their future benefits", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe blessings they will confer, as the forces latent within them are progressively revealed, on the people dwelling within those Islands, and subsequently, as their sphere is enlarged and their implications are fully disclosed, on the diversified peoples and races inhabiting the widely scattered dependencies of a far-flung empire, in both the East and the West, are unimaginably glorious.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA staggering responsibility rests on the shoulders of those who have been called upon to assist in the operation of the initial stages of this heroic colossal enterprise, and to participate in the privilege of directing its course, and nursing its infant strength. Setbacks and reverses are inevitable as this mighty Plan progresses and expands. Critical stages in its unfoldment must be encountered with unswerving resolution and confident hope", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhatever hardships and sacrifices its future prosecution may involve must be borne with courage, pride and thankfulness. To insure its speedy advancement every issue must be subordinated to its vital requirements, and every individual effort co-ordinated with the agencies designed for its execution.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIts present and pressing needs in the virgin territories of Eire, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland must be met with concentrated attention, continuous, systematic effort and the utmost self-sacrifice. The goals to be achieved in the capitals and chief cities of these newly opened territories must be relentlessly pursued, no matter how hard and stony the path that must be trodden", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe prizes already won in other towns in those islands must at all costs be preserved and subsequently further enriched by fresh spiritual conquests in neighbouring counties and farther afield. Indeed the steps preliminary to the formation of a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed administrative centre in every county throughout the British Isles, must sooner or later be taken, as an essential prelude to the effective proclamation of the Faith to the masses", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat the English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, aided and reinforced gradually by fresh recruits from among their Irish, Welsh and Scottish countrymen, may hasten the advent of such a glorious day in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history is the dearest wish of my heart and the object of my constant supplication at the Threshold of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY TOUCHED ASSEMBLY'S SOLICITUDE ALL SAFE HEARTFELT APPRECIATION.\nFERVENTLY PRAYING SIGNAL SUCCESS TEACHING CONFERENCE URGE CONCENTRATED UNRELAXING EFFORT ENSURE GLORIOUS TERMINATION INITIAL PHASE HISTORIC PLAN DELIGHTED SETTLEMENT CARDIFF DEEPEST LOVE.\nCHEERED HEARTENED MAGNIFICENT SUCCESS TEACHING CONFERENCE. GREATLY WELCOME VALUABLE ASSISTANCE EXTENDED", "Unfolding Destiny\nDISTINGUISHED TEACHER DOROTHY BAKER. INITIAL PHASE PLAN DRAWING TRIUMPHANT CLOSE. SIGNAL SERVICES RENDERED SOUND BLESSED FIRMLY KNIT WIDE AWAKE BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY EVOKING ADMIRATION SISTER COMMUNITIES EAST WEST SETTING STIRRING EXAMPLE RISING GENERATION CONFERRING INESTIMABLE BLESSINGS POSTERITY MERITING APPLAUSE CONCOURSE ON HIGH AUGMENTING MY DEBT GRATITUDE. PRAYING ARDENTLY SUCCESS NEWLY LAUNCHED CO-ORDINATED TEACHING PLAN SUPPLICATING RICHEST BLESSINGS NEWLY ARISEN PIONEERS DEEPEST LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEPLORE LOSS VALIANT SOUL JOHN MARSHALL+ PRAYING FOR HIM. PRAYING CONTINUALLY EVER INCREASING SUCCESS GREATLY ADMIRED DEEPLY LOVED HIGH SPIRITED BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY.\nINCREASINGLY ADMIRE DEEPLY THANKFUL PROGRESS HISTORIC ACHIEVEMENTS BLESSED COMMUNITY DELIGHTED RESPONSE EDINBURGH ASSURE OLGA MILLS+ ALFRED SUGAR+ LUCY+ BEST WISHES LOVING APPRECIATION PRAYING REMOVAL DIFFICULTIES.\nASSURE YOU PRAYERS SUMMER SCHOOL DEEPEST LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nKINDLY AIR MAIL AFTER APRIL ELECTIONS SEPARATE UP TO DATE ALPHABETICAL LISTS ASSEMBLIES GROUPS ISOLATED BELIEVERS BRITISH ISLES.\n4 April 1948+F1\nASSURE DEARLY LOVED ALFRED SUGAR FERVENT PRAYERS RECOVERY HEARTILY WELCOME NEW BELIEVERS EDINBURGH DUBLIN GREATLY APPRECIATE SUPPORT NEW PIONEERS ADDRESS LAST MINUTE APPEAL VALIANT BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY INTENSIFY EFFORT FILL REMAINING GAPS ENSURE TOTAL VICTORY INITIAL PHASE MOMENTOUS PLAN ARDENTLY PRAYING FULFILMENT DEAREST HOPES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nACCLAIM TRIUMPHANT CONCLUSION INITIAL STAGE EPOCH MAKING PLAN INITIATED BAHA'I COMMUNITY BRITISH ISLES OPENING YEAR SECOND BAHA'I CENTURY SUSTAINED PRODIGIOUS EFFORT CULMINATING LAYING STRUCTURAL BASIS RISING ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER LEADING CITIES EIRE SCOTLAND WALES UNPRECEDENTED BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY CONSTITUTES LANDMARK ANNALS WORLD BAHA'I COMMUNITY SIGNALISES COMMENCEMENT SIGNIFICANT PHASE SPIRITUAL HISTORY IRISH SCOTTISH WELSH PEOPLES POTENT SEEDS SOWN ABDU'L-BAHA'S TWICE REPEATED VISITS UNITED KINGDOM LONG LAST GERMINATING CONCOURSE ON HIGH APPLAUDS BRILLIANT FEAT UNITEDLY ACHIEVED BRITISH FOLLOWERS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH SISTER COMMUNITIES EAST WEST MARVEL VICTORY WON SUCH MAGNITUDE SO SHORT PERIOD BY COMMUNITY SO SORELY AFFLICTED SO SMALL NUMERICALLY SO CIRCUMSCRIBED IN RESOURCES YET SO ALIVE SO SOUND SO RESOLUTE PLEAD URGE VALIANT PROMOTERS SO MOMENTOUS PLAN GUARD AGAINST DISSIPATION RESOURCES RELAXATION EFFORT DISTRACTION ATTENTION FORFEITURE HARDWON PRIZES APPEAL FURTHER SACRIFICES NOBLER DEDICATION", "Unfolding Destiny\nPLEAD URGE VALIANT PROMOTERS SO MOMENTOUS PLAN GUARD AGAINST DISSIPATION RESOURCES RELAXATION EFFORT DISTRACTION ATTENTION FORFEITURE HARDWON PRIZES APPEAL FURTHER SACRIFICES NOBLER DEDICATION GREATER INTENSIFICATION LABOURS UNTIL LAST ACT FINAL PHASE DIVINELY SUSTAINED PLAN GLORIOUSLY CONSUMMATED.", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Pioneers referred to were Charles Dunning+ who had arrived in Belfast, and Evelyn Baxter, Ata'o'llah Khochbine, Claire Gung+, Lizzie Hainsworth+, and Margaret Sullivan+, for whom projects were completed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters to our beloved Guardian, written on behalf of the British N.S.A., and dated as follows: Oct 20th, 22nd, 24th and 29th, Nov. 10th and 17th, Dec. 1st and 15th of 1947, and Jan. 13th, Feb. 8th, 9th, 13th, and 27th, and March 1st and 4th of 1948 and April 5th, 1948, together with various enclosures, have been received, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nA number of matters referred to in them have been answered by cable, so I will not go into them again.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was specially pleased to receive the copies of the Tablet of the Master to Andrew Carnegie, as this is yet another authentic and interesting Bah\u00e1'\u00ed document.\nHe was, likewise, very pleased to receive the statement of Sir A. Ramaswami Mudaliar testifying to his appreciation of the Faith, and he will use it in the appropriate section of \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\" in the forthcoming edition.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe instruction he gave to the effect that committees should elect their own officers, he feels, is universal in scope and should, therefore, apply to Great Britain as well....", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the matter of the budget of the N.S.A. he feels that both wisdom and courage is required in this matter. You should not fix a budget which is too heavy for the community to meet, even with sacrifice. Both the pressing needs of the Cause and your Plan, as well as the foreseeable possibilities of your income should guide you.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has no objection to extracts from his letters to ... being published. He feels that in the future it is not necessary to ask his permission to publish such extracts. As long as the person who has received a letter, such as he would wish to share with others, from the Guardian, has no objection to its publication, he has no objection either. Anything confidential he always specifies as being such.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that the question of Mrs. Hofman giving up the secretaryship of the National Teaching Committee, and who is to be chairman of it, etc. is something to be decided there by those responsible for the work.\nIn one of your letters you mentioned some ... who have", "Unfolding Destiny\nvisited the London Centre and their attitude: great patience must be used in dealing with the child-like members of some of these primitive races. They are innocent in heart and have certainly had a very bad example, in many Christians, of a purely mercenary approach to religion, but if their hearts and minds once become illumined with the Faith they could make very fine believers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the matter of believers who have been deprived of their voting rights: just as no one should ever be deprived of his voting right lightly, it should likewise be realised that to be deprived of it is a grave matter, and involves heavy penalties spiritually. People who have been so deprived should not be permitted to attend any meetings involving the administration of the Cause, such as an election or a 19 Day Feast", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey can attend the 9 Holy Days, however; they should not be married by Bah\u00e1'\u00ed law, no money should be accepted from them, they should not be given credentials (which imply a member of the community in good standing) nor should they be used officially as teachers or speakers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has no objection to your getting out a book on Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Procedure similar to the synopsis you enclosed for his information. He wishes you, however, to stick to essentials and, as far as possible, avoid--not only in the book but in your Assembly's decisions--binding the friends by a lot of procedure on minor matters which he always urges should be, as much as possible, dealt with according to each case that comes up", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs to the attitude of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in the British Isles towards the World Government Movement: he thinks that as this Movement, so far, seems to be working for what we believe in, and not for anything we do not subscribe to, the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should by all means support it, vote for the representatives to be sent to its constituent Assembly in 1950, and stand for election if they wish to", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever, he feels your Assembly should keep a careful watch on this Movement, and if it becomes in any way imperialistic, anti-Russian, or in any other field starts sponsoring attitudes partizan or political in nature, the believers should be advised to withdraw their support and help. He does not think your Assembly should take any initiative in this Movement", "Unfolding Destiny\noutside of its jurisdiction, such as in the Middle East, through asking the friends to send in non-Bah\u00e1'\u00ed names, etc.\nHe does not advise you to try and create more than one Assembly, i.e. the present one, in the London area.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work being accomplished in the British Isles is not only a source of pride to him, but is increasingly being recognised and admired by the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities throughout the World, and is greatly encouraging them in their own struggles", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor people are prone to thinking that the American Bah\u00e1'\u00eds accomplish so much solely because of the great advantages they enjoy in their very fortunate country, whereas now the friends, knowing full well how much England suffered during the war, and is still suffering, are forced to acknowledge that it is spirit, determination, faith and devotion which bring victories into being, one after another, in Britain, and not luxury and leisure", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour achievements are heartening the friends in many places where their numbers are few, and the obstacles to be overcome great! In fact the American Bah\u00e1'\u00eds who have visited England feel there is much to be copied at home in your spirit and methods.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe, therefore, urges you all to persevere courageously, knowing what you are accomplishing is infinitely precious and great. You are witnessing with your own eyes the fruition of your plans, the nearing of the moment when your hopes will be fully realised.\nHe assures you all of his very loving prayers on your behalf, and for the speedy progress of your work.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe successful conclusion of the Initial Phase of the first collective enterprise launched by the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the British Isles during the first year of the second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed century constitutes a milestone of the utmost significance on the road leading the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community to the glorious destiny ordained for them by Divine Providence", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe efforts exerted, the magnitude of the success which has been achieved, the spirit of consecration that has been demonstrated, the solidarity, determination and perseverance evinced by individuals, groups and assemblies during the opening years of this century are indeed unprecedented in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history, and may be regarded next to 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's twice repeated visit to the British Isles, as the most potent period in the annals of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe establishment of the structural basis of the Administrative Order of the Faith in Scotland, Wales and Eire--an accomplishment of tremendous spiritual significance in itself--has greatly enhanced the momentous character of this period, and will lend a mighty impetus to the evolution of the Faith in the days to come.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Final Phase of the Plan must now be carried forward with still greater energy, with still nobler self-sacrifice, with a clearer vision of the historic import of the work which is to be accomplished, with a mightier determination to bring it to a successful conclusion. The resources at the disposal of the community must, as a result of its expansion, be continually augmented and carefully extended. The prizes so painstakingly won must, at all costs, be safeguarded and consolidated", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe newly enrolled believers must be constantly encouraged to assume an increasing share of the responsibilities and of the administrative functions devolving upon the members of the community. The pioneer activities undertaken by its members must, however great the sacrifices involved, be increasingly developed, systematised and accelerated", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe needs of the Faith in the newly opened territories in the west, in the north, and in the south, must, while the specific goals of the Plan are being pursued, be given special attention, in order to enrich the life of the entire community, to increase the diversity of its constituent elements, to demonstrate the welding and assimilative power of the Faith, and to stimulate the processes now set in motion for the spiritual regeneration of all the ethnic elements within the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn token of my gratitude for the work already accomplished, as a recognition of the status achieved by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the Western Hemisphere, in anticipation of the tasks that still remain to be undertaken, I feel moved to initiate, as soon as the situation here permits, measures that will enable me, through the institution of a Palestine Branch of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed National Assembly, to register in the name of the body of the elected representatives of the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h throughout the British Isles, a portion of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed international endowments dedicated to the Shrine of the B\u00e1b on Mount Carmel", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay this step, associating it with its sister national assemblies in the United States and India in the possession of so sacred a trust, lend its share to the consolidation and distinction of the central institution of the Administrative Order of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHAPPILY TRANSMIT REJOICING NEWS BELOVED GUARDIAN'S SAFETY HAIFA.\nBAHABUREAU\nGREATLY WELCOME DEEPLY APPRECIATE CONVENTION'S RESPONSE SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION INITIAL PHASE PLAN ENCOURAGES ME INITIATE AS SOON AS CIRCUMSTANCES PERMIT MEASURES ESTABLISH HOLY LAND PALESTINE BRANCH BRITISH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ENABLE IT LEGALLY OWN PORTION BAHA'I INTERNATIONAL ENDOWMENTS MT. CARMEL TOKEN MY ABIDING GRATITUDE SHINING ACHIEVEMENTS.\nKINDLY CABLE NUMBER ASSEMBLIES GROUPS ISOLATED BELIEVERS BRITISH ISLES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLOULIE MATHEWS PROCEEDING SOUTH AFRICA THIS SUMMER ADVISE SEND HER CARE HORACE HOLLEY ADDRESSES CONTACTS AFRICA ALSO INTRODUCTION FROM BARBE BAKER PRAYING ARDENTLY SUCCESS NEWLY ELECTED NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TEACHING COMMITTEE.\nASSURE GRACE CHALLIS ARDENT PRAYERS DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION SERVICES ALSO PRAYING ... SUCCESS HOFMAN'S VISIT DEEPEST LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nPRAYING REMOVAL DIFFICULTIES URGE STEADFASTNESS INCREASING SELFSACRIFICE ALSO WISDOM EXPENDITURE PRIZES PAINSTAKINGLY WON MUST AT ALL COSTS BE SAFEGUARDED WORK INITIATED GOAL TOWNS ENERGETICALLY PURSUED DEEPEST LOVE APPRECIATION.\n7 September 1948 (Summer School)\nASSURE ATTENDANTS SUMMER SCHOOL LOVING FERVENT PRAYERS SUCCESS SESSIONS DEEPER UNDERSTANDING DISTINGUISHING FEATURES FAITH CLOSER ASSOCIATION MEMBERS VICTORIOUSLY ADVANCING STEADILY CONSOLIDATING COMMUNITY.\n2 October 1948+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE THREE NEW SETTLERS FERVENT PRAYERS DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION DELIGHTED WELSH PUBLICATION EAGERLY AWAITING COPIES SUPPLICATING ALMIGHTY'S BLESSING FORTHCOMING REGIONAL MEETINGS. CABLE WHETHER FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS ARRANGE BE SENT YOU FROM TIHRAN REACHED YOU.\nDR. YUNIS AFRUKHTEH STAUNCH DISTINGUISHED SERVANT FAITH PROCEEDING ENGLAND MEDICAL TREATMENT EXTEND ASSISTANCE ADVISED HIM HELP TEACHING WORK BRITAIN.", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Walter Wilkins, Cyril Jenkerson+, and Zara Warman had settled in Norwich, Blackpool, and Brighton, respectively.\nASSURE MILLS BACKWELL+ LOVING APPRECIATION GRIEVE PASSING CHALLIS PRAYING PROGRESS SOUL SERVICES FAITH GRATEFULLY REMEMBERED.\nAPPROVE TOWNSHEND'S ADMIRABLE STATEMENT CONVEY CONGRATULATIONS PRAYING SIGNAL SUCCESS APPROVE APPEAL FUNDS OVERSEAS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters to our beloved Guardian, dated July 14th and of July 20th, August 6th and 30th and September 11th and October 8th, have been received, as well as various enclosures forwarded, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\n...There are always bound to be some human complications cropping up in the work, but with love and patience these can usually be smoothed out, and he feels your assembly invariably shows these qualities in helping the friends to overcome their problems.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe believes that people such as ... have no real idea of what the New History Society stands for, and can therefore be taught the Faith, and converted to it, by the right handling. All the friends must do in such cases is to make quite sure that the person in question is sincere and grasps the Will and Testament. There are, of course, some individuals in whom the subversive spirit of Sohrab has taken root, and these should be carefully guarded against, but they are more the exception than the rule.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that the local Assemblies should be encouraged to realise that the National Committees are constituted to serve their needs, not to dictate arbitrarily to them, and to unify the work of the Cause which is now spreading so rapidly in the", "Unfolding Destiny\nBritish Isles. The committees in question should be very tactful in dealing with a young assembly which is beginning to \"feel its oats\", as this spirit of independence, if properly handled, can lead it to be strong and independent rather than weak and always relying on other bodies to carry it forward. Assemblies, however, should certainly co-operate with National Committees and not refuse their assistance.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDr. Yunis Khan Afrukhteh is planning to go to England for medical treatment, and the Guardian would appreciate your Assembly's giving him every assistance possible. He has been ill for some time, and Shoghi Effendi hopes he will recover his health, as he is a wonderful believer, full of wisdom and devotion, and his services are much needed in the Cause. He has advised him to assist you in your teaching work as soon as his health permits this exertion.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe also hopes dear Dr. Lotfullah Hakim will be of valuable assistance in your teaching work.\nHe has recently asked Mr. Varqa, his representative, to transfer to your Assembly five hundred pounds to assist you in your manifold activities connected with your Six Year Plan. Unfortunately it is not possible to send any money out of Palestine at present, even from Persia it is difficult to transfer funds, but he trusts this sum will be of assistance to you.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels that the assemblies of Cardiff, Dublin and Edinburgh must receive sustained support, as they are the three most important assemblies formed under the Plan, and must be built into strong and flourishing communities, free from any danger of relapse.\nHe is very happy about the general progress of the work in the British Isles, and the remarkable, sustained, and self-sacrificing work the believers are doing, guided and assisted by the devoted efforts of your Assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may be sure you are all remembered in his prayers in the Holy Shrines, and he eagerly awaits news of fresh victories in the teaching field.\nDearly-beloved friends and co-workers,\nThe opening of the Final Phase of the First Collective Enterprise undertaken in the history of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community marks the closing of a stage of tremendous historic significance in the evolution", "Unfolding Destiny\nof that community and, indeed, in the spiritual history of the British Isles. Well nigh fifty years after the inception of that community, almost a quarter of a century after the birth of the Administrative Order, and on the morrow of the world-wide celebrations of the centenary of the Faith, a Plan, ambitious in its scope and endowed with vast potentialities, was nobly and spontaneously conceived by the small band of its devoted adherents in those islands", "Unfolding Destiny\nAn effort, extending over a period of no less than four years, nation-wide in its range, sustained, systematic, prodigious has been exerted. A victory unparalleled in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed annals has been achieved. Towards its consummation newly won recruits to the ranks of this growing community, representative of the English, the Scottish, the Irish and Welsh races have notably contributed", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe seeds sown, with such lavish hands by the Founder of that community in the course of two successive visits to the United Kingdom, have at last germinated. The machinery of the Administrative Order, slowly and laboriously taking shape, on the morrow of His ascension, has, as destined by Him who delineated its features in His Will and Testament, been put to the service of this newly conceived Plan, and is now yielding its first fruits", "Unfolding Destiny\nBorn at the turn of the last century, its nucleus formed in the heart and nerve centre of a far-flung Empire, gestating for over a decade whilst confined to the narrow limits of the English territory whence it first sprang, energised, after having lain dormant for no less than ten years, through the twice repeated journeys of the Centre of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Covenant to both the English and Scottish capitals, shaped and trained through the processes of a divinely conceived, slowly evolving Administrative Order, propelled along the broad highroad of its destiny in direct consequence of the initial operation of the First Plan set in operation for its further unfoldment, emerging as a truly representative and firmly-knit community, at the conclusion of the Initial Phase of that Plan through the spread of its ramifications among the peoples of Scotland, Wales and Ireland, the organised band of the followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h throughout the British Isles, within sight of the conclusion of the Final Phase of", "Unfolding Destiny\namong the peoples of Scotland, Wales and Ireland, the organised band of the followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h throughout the British Isles, within sight of the conclusion of the Final Phase of the Six Year Plan, stands on the threshold of a door which when opened will disclose to the eyes of its members a vista of vast dimensions, of majestic beauty, of infinite promise.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheirs is the unrivalled opportunity, should they bestir themselves, to carry forward to a triumphant conclusion this first corporate effort to which they have consecrated themselves and their nascent", "Unfolding Destiny\ninstitutions, to embark, in the course of subsequent Plans, on enterprises destined to safeguard and consolidate, in all parts of the motherland, the achievements so hardly won, to proclaim, unequivocally, systematically and effectively, to the masses throughout the length and breadth of the British Isles the verities enshrined in their Faith, to initiate the establishment of a befitting National Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds in either the capital of the United Kingdom or further north in the very heart of the British Isles, to inaugurate national and local endowments, to incorporate the newly constituted assemblies, to undertake the preliminary measures for the erection of the first Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r in the British Empire, and to launch crusades designed to implant the banner of the Faith and lay the structural basis of its Administrative Order throughout the diversified, the numerous and widely scattered colonies of the British Crown.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNot theirs, however, while the present tasks remain as yet unaccomplished, to dwell upon, or even visualise, however dimly, the course which the progress of their subsequent labours must assume in a world whose stability is so lamentably shaken, and whose immediate future is so dark", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheirs is the duty to derive from this fleeting glimpse of the glories which their future destiny holds in store for them fresh inspiration and added stimulus for a befitting performance of the work that lies immediately ahead.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTwo brief years separate them from the hour destined to witness the total triumph of their first organised, nation-wide collective enterprise. Every minute of this interval is infinitely precious. The gloom overhanging the entire planet is deepening ominously every day", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe American followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, through the ever-swelling army of their pioneers and settlers, on the northern, the western and southern fringes of the European Continent, as well as the newly resuscitated German and Austrian Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities labouring in its very heart, have nobly arisen, and are doing their part in paving the way for the spiritual awakening and the ultimate redemption of the teeming millions of its war-torn, discordant, fear-stricken and spiritually famished inhabitants.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey who man the North-Western outpost of the Faith in Europe must, whilst pursuing their chartered course, play a distinctive part in this threefold crusade launched, almost simultaneously, from three directions, in conformity with specifically laid out plans, at so critical an hour, in so vast a field, amidst such diversified and conflicting races and nations of what may well be regarded as the cradle of a civilisation,\nand the mother of a Faith, whose fate now hangs so perilously in the balance.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat the valiant community of the British followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h may assume an ever-increasing share in this gloriously unfolding, this herculean, this Divinely propelled enterprise is the dearest wish of my heart and the object of my constant prayers.\nASSURE ADA WILLIAMS+ ... DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION DELIGHTED ENROLMENT NEW BELIEVERS PRAYING REMOVAL DIFFICULTIES NOTTINGHAM DEEPEST LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE HOFMANS BOB CHEEK LOVING ARDENT PRAYERS SUCCESS MERITORIOUS EFFORTS SUPPLICATING SATISFACTORY SOLUTION SECRETARIAT PROBLEM DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION ASSEMBLY'S NOBLE EXERTIONS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPEAL BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY FOCUS ATTENTION CRITICAL STAGE PIONEER ACTIVITY SO ESSENTIAL STEADY UNFOLDMENT PLAN ATTAINMENT GOALS", "Unfolding Destiny\nPLEAD PARTICULARLY NUMERICALLY LARGER COMMUNITIES ARISE PLAY DECISIVE ROLE VITAL URGENT TASK SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE NUMBER ACTIVE PIONEERS DEDICATED MERITORIOUS LABOUR AIMED SAFEGUARDING MULTIPLICATION PRIZES WON SO LABORIOUSLY OVER SO SHORT PERIOD DESPITE FORMIDABLE OBSTACLES BY MEMBERS SO VALIANT RESOLUTE HIGH SPIRITED COMMUNITY URGE APPROACHING CONFERENCE DELIBERATE VITAL ISSUE ROUSE PIONEER SPIRIT INDISPENSABLE SUCCESS", "Unfolding Destiny\nPLAN INVOKING ALMIGHTY'S BLESSINGS ANXIOUSLY AWAITING BEFITTING RESPONSE.\nDELIGHTED IMMEDIATE ACTION INITIAL RESPONSE PIONEERS ARDENTLY PRAYING TEACHING CONFERENCE MAY LEND POWERFUL DECISIVE IMPETUS PARAMOUNT VITAL URGENT PIONEER UNDERTAKING CONSTITUTING SUPREME CHALLENGE CONFRONTING STEADILY CONSOLIDATING IRRESISTIBLY ADVANCING BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPEAL ALL MEMBERS COMMUNITY RESOLUTELY ARISE ATTAIN GREATER HEIGHTS HEROISM THROUGH DEMONSTRATION FURTHER MEASURE SELF-SACRIFICE IN SUPPORT PIONEER FUND URGE NEWLY ENROLLED BELIEVERS PARTICULARLY AS SIGN GRATITUDE INESTIMABLE BENEFITS NEWLY CONFERRED BAHA'I MEMBERSHIP AND EVIDENCE SOLIDARITY RAPIDLY EXPANDING COMMUNITY EXTEND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FULLEST MEASURE POSSIBLE PIONEER ACTIVITIES ON WHICH HINGE FORTUNES PLAN SUPPLICATING DIVINE OUTPOURINGS MUCH NEEDED MERITORIOUS ENDEAVOURS.", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. This was in reply to a cable from the N.S.A. which ended \"ASSEMBLY READY CONTINUE PLAN INTENSIVE TEACHING OTHER COMMUNITIES DESIGNED RELEASE KNOWN WILLING PIONEERS. INVOLVES DRASTIC REDUCTION ADMINISTRATIVE WORK FREE CAPABLE TEACHERS. SUSPEND UNTIL CONVENTION A.D.C., YOUTH, PUBLISHING TRUST, REDUCE SUMMER SCHOOL, TOWNSHEND COMMITTEES, DELAY NUMERICAL INCREASE VIRGIN TERRITORIES NEW ASSEMBLIES. READY OPERATE DESPERATE MEASURES IMMEDIATELY RECEIPT YOUR APPROVAL. BEGS PRAYERS GUIDANCE.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE NEWLY DECLARED BELIEVERS WELCOME PRAYERS. CONVEY NEW PIONEERS DEEPEST LOVING ADMIRATION PRAYING RICHEST BLESSINGS ASSEMBLY'S STRENUOUS ENDEAVOURS. APPEAL FURTHER SACRIFICE CONTINUED RESPONSE CALL PIONEERS... DEEPEST LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters to our beloved Guardian, with their various enclosures, and dated October 4, 20; November 2, 7, 17, 18, 27; December 19, 22, 25, 28; of 1948, and January 4, 19; February 3, 17; and March 1, 1949, have been received, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf....\nPlease assure Mr. Walter Wilkins that the Guardian was aware of his pioneer labours through various reports forwarded to him, and that he deeply appreciates them and is praying for his success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe considers that Final Phase day must be April 21st, and not in July.\nHe feels that, although precedence must be given to the new goal assemblies, this does not mean the older assemblies like Bournemouth can afford to be neglected. They must be maintained, but the first call on pioneers must be from the critical goal assemblies who--at least theoretically--need help more urgently! He has just cabled you about this.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe sees no objection to your printing excerpts from his \"Dispensation\" and \"God Passes By\" in your compilation on the Covenant. Although he strongly feels that the Master's writings, the revealed Word of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and the B\u00e1b, and his own writings should, out of respect for the difference in their relative stations, be published whenever possible in separate volumes,\n+F1. Louise Charlot, Constance Langdon-Davies+, and Cyril Jenkerson were pioneering to Oxford.", "Unfolding Destiny\nthis must not be fanatically adhered to where an educative compilation on a certain subject is conceived.\nA vacancy can be recognised, under the circumstances you outlined in your letter of December 22, 1948, and a new assembly member be elected. But of course this in no way implies the retiring member of the Assembly is not a full voting believer, and a member of the community in good standing.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe deeply sympathises with the struggles of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds at present to perform their task, now reaching the crucial stage, in spite of financial difficulties and shortage of pioneers. It would seem as if all our tasks, all over the world, including here at the World Centre, are becoming increasingly more of a challenge to us", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the time approaches for the ending of the various Plans, Six Year ones, Seven Year, Five Year, etc., the obstacles seem to become greater, and the friends are made to realise that very real, hard, often back-breaking effort and sacrifice is involved! The The American Bah\u00e1'\u00eds here-to-fore so relatively easily victorious(!), are now feeling a very real squeeze on their resources and determination", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe same is true of India, Persia, and the other countries with goals to accomplish within a fixed and rapidly diminishing period! He himself, having undertaken at such a disturbed time to raise at least the first story or arcade of the new part of the B\u00e1b's Shrine, finds himself beset with worries, problems and complications which have not only doubled his work, but exhaust and harass him all the time", "Unfolding Destiny\nSo at least, let the British friends know that when they struggle and feel hard beset, they are not struggling and worrying alone! Far from it!!", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe must expect these things: It is becoming evident that the world is not yet through with its labour, the New Age not yet fully born, real Peace not yet right around the corner. We must have no illusions about how much depends on us and our success or failure. All humanity is disturbed and suffering and confused; we cannot expect to not be disturbed and not to suffer--but we don't have to be confused. On the contrary, confidence and assurance, hope and optimism are our prerogative", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe successful carrying out of our various Plans is the greatest sign we can give of our faith and inner assurance, and the best way we can help our fellow-men out of their confusion and difficulties.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe assures you he feels that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds have got what\nit takes (to be a trifle slangy) to be successful and accomplish their goals. Let them therefore demonstrate it to the rest of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World....\nP.S.--Your letter of April 4th has just been received. The Guardian is too busy to undertake at present the revision of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Tablet to the Christians, but he has no objection to a committee doing it.\nDear and valued co-workers:", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, now embarked on the final phase of the first historic collective enterprise undertaken in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history, stands at the parting of the ways. Only a brief interval separates it from the fateful date when its first experiment in a collective nation-wide effort to achieve a definite goal in the path of service to its beloved Faith will have ended", "Unfolding Destiny\nFive years of stupendous effort, of magnificent self-sacrifice, of marvellous dedication and of splendid cooperation have marked the progressive evolution of the Plan to its present stage", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat has been achieved during this short span of years, despite the smallness of numbers, the paucity of resources and the exhaustion resulting from a prolonged and severely devastating conflict, has, beyond the shadow of a doubt, eclipsed the brightest achievements recorded in the course of more than half a century in the annals of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in that country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, in its entirety, is struck with amazement at the quality of the work performed, at the extent and number of the victories achieved by this community", "Unfolding Destiny\nIts sister-community in the great Republic of the West, already laden with many and splendid trophies gathered in distant fields and over a long period of time cannot regard this resurgence of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed spirit, this manifestation of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed solidarity, these ennobling evidences of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed achievement, amidst so conservative a people, within so short a time, under such trying circumstances, and by so small a band of workers, except with feelings compounded of envy, of admiration and respect", "Unfolding Destiny\nIts sister-communities throughout the East, venerable by reason of their age, and the sacrifices they have made, and fully aware of the long period of incubation this community has undergone, recall, with feelings of delight, 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's prediction, forecasting the germination, at their appointed time, of the potent seeds His loving hands have sown in the course of His twice-repeated visit to that Island, and marvel at the rapidity with which its soil is now manifesting the potentialities with which it has", "Unfolding Destiny\nbeen endowed. He Who blessed it with His footsteps, Who called into being, and fostered the growth of, the community labouring in that Island, hails, from His station on high, the exploits which immortalise the small band of His present-day consecrated and resolute followers, who are carrying on the torch which He Himself had entrusted to their immediate predecessors", "Unfolding Destiny\nBah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h Himself lauds the conspicuous victories being won in His Name, in the dawning years of the Second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Century, at the very heart and centre of the greatest Empire the world has ever seen, whose Sovereign Monarch He Himself had addressed and whose deeds He, with His Own pen, had commended.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe one remaining year, ere the present Plan of this blessed, this radiant and spiritually potent community, is scheduled to draw to a close, cannot, must not, be allowed to jeopardise the prizes so painstakingly won during five memorable years of British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe newly-enrolled believers, on whom the mantle of the first generation of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's British disciples has now fallen, and are now summoned to participate in a Plan, whose scope and potency their predecessors could have never visualised and whose initial success must thrill and rejoice their souls in the Abh\u00e1 Kingdom, have a distinct, a sacred, a peculiar and urgent responsibility to discharge in ensuring the consummation of this mighty enterprise", "Unfolding Destiny\nThrough active and constant participation with their veteran co-workers, in filling swiftly the still remaining gaps in the pattern of the Plan, now in its concluding stage; in displaying systematic and sustained activity in the pioneer field now stretching before them; in sacrificing, in as great a measure as possible, their resources, to facilitate the attainment of all its goals, they can best discharge their immense debt of gratitude to the Cause of the Most Great Name, Who has singled them out, at so critical an hour, and from among such a vast multitude of their slumbering countrymen, to serve and glorify His Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI entreat them, and plead as well with their older brethren who have set so momentous a Plan in motion, to arise as one soul, to exert one more superhuman effort, to fix steadily their gaze on the pinnacle they are visibly approaching and to disencumber themselves of any burden impeding their arduous climb, in a last and determined attempt to scale and conquer the summit, from which alone they can catch a glimpse of the future glory of their destiny.\nBah\u00e1'\u00ed Public Relations, Mr. Richard Backwell, sec.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Brother:\nOur Guardian thanks you very kindly for the excellent piece of publicity you forwarded to him with your letter of March 31. It should bring the Cause to the attention of many, and is sober, and very encouraging, in tone.\nHe hopes your committee will have many more triumphs along this line!...\nP.S. Please convey to Mr. George Marshall+ a cordial welcome into the service of our beloved Faith from our Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAssuring you of my loving prayers for the success of your constant and meritorious efforts in the service of our beloved Faith, and for the realisation of your heart's desire in its service,\nAPPROVE ELECTION LOCAL ASSEMBLIES BEFORE APRIL.\nBE NOT DISTRESSED REDOUBLE EXERTIONS PERSEVERANCE WILL ENABLE PROSECUTORS PLAN ATTAIN GOAL ARRANGING CONTRIBUTION TERMINATION PLAN APRIL ASSEMBLIES MAY BE FORMED DURING YEAR ARDENTLY PRAYING REALISATION DEAREST HOPES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHIGHLY PROMISING EXPANSION DEARLY BELOVED COMMUNITY FOLLOWERS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH BRITISH ISLES THOUGH IMMEDIATE GOALS UNATTAINED AMOUNT WORK ACHIEVED STANDARD EFFORT EXERTED RANGE TASK PERFORMED QUALITY SPIRIT DEMONSTRATED SINCE INCEPTION PLAN HAVE CONTRIBUTED RAISING STATURE ENTIRE COMMUNITY ENHANCING ITS PRESTIGE PROCLAIMING ITS FAME DEMONSTRATING ITS VIRILITY ESTABLISHING BEYOND SHADOW DOUBT ITS RIGHT OCCUPY FRONT RANK ONWARD MARCHING ARMY FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH APPEAL ASSEMBLED DELEGATES AROUSE ENTIRE COMMUNITY EXERT REMAINING TWELVE MONTHS EFFORT SURPASSING NOBLEST ENDEAVOURS AS YET MADE SERVICE PLAN VICTORY WITHIN SIGHT INTERVENING PERIOD RAPIDLY SHRINKING RESPONSIBILITY EVERY SINGLE MEMBER COMMUNITY GROWING GRAVER HOURLY MY PRAYERS LONGING TOTAL SUCCESS LIKEWISE INCREASING INTENSITY BAHA'U'LLAH'S SUSTAINING UNFAILING GRACE MORE EFFICACIOUS READIER BLESS LAST ATTEMPTS MADE SAVE FORTUNES PLAN SO INEXTRICABLY INTERWOVEN DESTINY BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHIGHLY APPROVE ASSEMBLY'S PROGRAMME ACTION DELIGHTED ENERGETIC HOPEFUL MEASURES AS CONCLUDING YEAR FINAL PHASE SIX YEAR PLAN RAPIDLY EBBS AWAY ATTENTION ALL MEMBERS BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY ALREADY FULLY AROUSED ACTION HIGHLY CONSCIOUS GLORIOUS OPPORTUNITY UNFLINCHINGLY DETERMINED ATTAIN GOAL SHOULD BE UNWAVERINGLY FOCUSSED ENERGIES MUSTERED ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES MOBILISED ONE LAST FORWARD CHARGE ENABLING THEM ERE FINAL HOUR STRIKES SEIZE LAURELS VICTORY HANGING WITHIN THEIR REACH CONCERTED EFFORT SUSTAINED CONSECRATED NATION WIDE SCOPE TRANSCENDING INTENSITY MIGHTY EFFORTS ALREADY EXERTED PAST FIVE YEARS BY COMMUNITY WILL UNFAILINGLY ENSURE WORTHY CONSUMMATION INITIAL MEMORABLE STAGE FIRST HISTORIC CRUSADE LAUNCHED BY BAHA'U'LLAH'S SPIRITUAL BATTALIONS LENGTH BREADTH BRITISH ISLES PLEAD AFRESH DIRECTING PARTICULAR APPEAL FEW REMAINING INACTIVE PARTICIPANTS WHO THROUGH INEXPERIENCE TIMIDITY OR OVER-BURDENING", "Unfolding Destiny\nCIRCUMSTANCES STILL HESITATE FLING THEMSELVES ARENA WHEREIN STRUGGLING COMMUNITY BEING CALLED UPON THIS FATEFUL HOUR DISPLAY BEFORE EYES BAHA'I WORLD ITS PROWESS DEMONSTRATE THE INTRINSIC WORTH ITS STEWARDSHIP FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH IMPELLED IN RECOGNITION BRILLIANT RECORD PAST SERVICES AND TOKEN CONFIDENCE INSPIRED LATEST EXPLOITS FIELD SERVICE PLEDGE THOUSAND POUNDS FURTHERANCE SACRED TASK NOW MOST ACUTE PHASE STEADILY APPROACHING CULMINATION INTENSE PRAYERS ASCENDING FROM LONGING HEART THRONE LORD HOSTS SUPPLICATING VICTORY WHICH WILL BEFITTINGLY CROWN STRENUOUS EXERTIONS WHOLLY UNPARALLELED ANNALS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH BRITISH ISLES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nCENTENARY MARTYRDOM SHOULD HAVE NO PUBLIC COMMEMORATION NON-BAHA'IS MAY PARTICIPATE PUBLICITY PRESS PERMISSIBLE.\nADVISE SHOW UTMOST CONSIDERATION TUDOR-POLE INVITE HIM SUMMER SCHOOL PARTICIPATION OTHER ACTIVITIES.\nDELIGHTED NEWS OXFORD ASSURE JENKERSON FAMILY LOVING PRAYERS.\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Friends:\nYour letters dated April 8, 22, 27; May 13, 17, 24; June 7, 10,", "Unfolding Destiny\n23 (two of this date), 25, 28; July 19, 22, and 30: and August 10th, together with various enclosures, have been received by our beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer them on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has already informed you by cable of his views regarding.... He realises that, of course, it is very difficult for him to renounce his plan of educating his son ... in England, and the Guardian hopes that the boy can find a way, either through doing agricultural work or gaining a scholarship, or through the help his father might himself obtain from Persia for him, to go on with his studies. But it is obviously out of the question for your Assembly to shoulder this financial burden.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe already cabled you about the appropriate manner for commemorating the Centenary of the B\u00e1b's martyrdom, so I will not go into the subject again here.\nThe fine spirit of co-operation shown by ... pleased him immensely. He has since received from her a letter full of joy and devotion to the Cause, which pleased him greatly....", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow that the Cause is spreading so rapidly throughout the world, the National Assemblies must be vigilant, and do all they can to protect and assert its independent status, and to give assistance to isolated or repressed Assemblies, when they are turned to for help or advice.\nHe has recently received enthusiastic letters from Mrs. Preston+ in Kenya and informed her that when she needs advice or assistance she should turn to your Assembly, while, of course, keeping in close contact with him as well.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe realises that your Assembly, and all the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, are facing the most difficult and critical months of your Plan. The friends must be made to realise that the urgency of the task during these few months which lie ahead, is not only acute but temporary. Once they make this final effort, and clamber to the top of their goal, they can rest", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe opportunity for achievement is absolutely unique, for this is their first Plan, and consequently the most historic one of the many they will, no doubt, carry out in future decades. To fail, so near to victory, would indeed be sad, and he cannot but suppose, would be a severe blow to that stubborn British pride which is so famous for its tenacity of purpose! However he himself is not thinking in terms of their failure, but rather believes they can, by one last determined", "Unfolding Destiny\ndrive, be successful, even if they feel some exhaustion at the end of their race against time. They must, likewise, at this crucial hour, remember that failure or success are never confined to the immediate community concerned, but have wide repercussions", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheir success will not only greatly enhance their prestige in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World, but will inspire the often flagging efforts of the believers in the East, who have so many obstacles to overcome, and are by nature and experience more prone to become disheartened in the execution of fixed tasks.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt was the success of America's first Seven Year Plan which so stimulated the British community that it, in its turn, was determined to have a Plan and a victory of its own. Now it really cannot lose; it has gone too far, laboured too brilliantly, shown too much courage and high sacrifice, to let, at the last minute, the prize fall from its grasp!\nHis prayers and thoughts are with you all, constantly, and with all the believers, toiling so devotedly all over the British Isles....", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the Plan, to which the entire British community has pledged its support, approaches its end, my heart turns with increasing longing and expectation, towards those who so spontaneously initiated it, so enthusiastically set it in motion, so valiantly overthrew the barriers that confronted them in the initial stage of its unfoldment, who so unitedly consecrated their efforts to its subsequent development, and who are now within sight of its final consummation", "Unfolding Destiny\nI cannot believe that a community which, motivated by so noble an impulse, capable of such prodigious efforts, dedicated so whole-heartedly to so gigantic a task, blessed by so many evidences of Divine assistance and guidance, enriched by the first fruits garnered in the course of the execution of a splendidly conceived enterprise, will allow, at the very moment when final victory is, at long last, within sight, through a momentary relaxation of effort, the magnificent prize of total success, to slip from its grasp, and the fortunes of such a potentially powerful undertaking to be marred by any feelings of impotence or exhaustion which might well, at the eleventh hour, assail those who have for so long and in such a great measure, expended their energies for the prosecution of so weighty and far-reaching a Plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe required number of pioneers who must arise, while there is yet time, and stop the dangerous breaches which a fate-laden Plan, now in the last stages of its development, reveals to the eyes of its prosecutors must, however costly the sacrifice, be instantly found, and rushed without delay to the scene of action", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe funds, which must enable these last minute pioneers to adjust their affairs and settle down wherever most needed, must, under no circumstances, and particularly on the part of the well-to-do, be withheld, as the present critical situation moves towards its climax.", "Unfolding Destiny\nGreat and overpowering as these sacrifices may now appear, they will, when viewed in their proper perspective, be adjudged as inconsiderable, and pale into insignificance when balanced against the inestimable advantages which must accrue to a community that has achieved total and complete victory for a Plan so epoch-making in character, and so charged with undreamt of potentialities", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe sacrifices which this fateful hour calls for, are by their very nature, individual; the loss or inconvenience they entail are at most transitory in their effect, and might well be fully compensated for in the days ahead, whereas the blessings that must irresistibly flow out, as the result of the integral success of a nation-wide, historically unprecedented Plan, will enrich and ennoble the life of an entire community, exert an abiding influence on its fortunes, and empower it to launch still mightier crusades in the course of subsequent stages in its organic spiritual development", "Unfolding Destiny\nHow bountiful, moreover, will be the rewards which He who watches from on high the varying fortunes of the Plan and presides over its destinies, must either in this world or in the next-- and it may well be in both--choose to confer upon those, who, at the hour of the Plan's greatest need, will fly to its succour, exhibit the rarest evidences of courage and heroism, and choose to subordinate their personal interests to the immediate needs and future glory of the community to which they belong.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe interval during which a decision so momentous, so rich in promise, must be taken is steadily and inexorably shrinking. The golden opportunity which such a decision offers will never again recur. The issues hinging on such a decision can neither be over-estimated nor visualised while the fate of the First Plan embarked upon by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community still hangs in the balance", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe invisible hosts of the Kingdom are ready and eager to rush forth to the assistance of such as will have the courage to weigh the issues involved and to take the decision commensurate with these issues. To such as take it,", "Unfolding Destiny\nwhile there is yet time, the present generation as well as those who will succeed it will be eternally grateful, for theirs will have been the privilege of sealing on the one hand, the fate of the First Historic Plan in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed annals, and on the other of paving the way for the initiation of the successive enterprises that must follow in its wake.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo reach such a decision, to face willingly and cheerfully its consequences, will, above all, earn the good-pleasure and commendation of the One Who, well nigh a hundred years ago, so gloriously made the supreme sacrifice of laying down His life that the Cause for which the present prosecutors of the Plan have so wholly dedicated themselves might live, prosper and bear, in the fullness of time, its fairest fruit in both the East and the West.", "Unfolding Destiny\n! As the tale of the woes and trials He endured is called to mind, during the months preceding the centenary of His martyrdom, and destined to witness the conclusion of the Six Year Plan sponsored by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, a resolution, born of the love and admiration which the memory of His heroic life and tragic death must evoke in every Bah\u00e1'\u00ed heart, should seize, and galvanise into action, the little band of His lovers and followers, who, of their own accord, and at the dawn of the second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed century, have risen to launch the first collective enterprise in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history, and chosen to associate its consummation with the centenary of the death of the martyr Prophet and co-founder of their Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe centenary of the inception of His Mission has witnessed the initiation of so praiseworthy, so vast and potent an enterprise, extending its ramifications over the entire territory of the British Isles. The observances, commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the last act of His life, must, as pledged by its initiators, synchronise with the successful termination and glorious triumph of that same enterprise throughout the length and breadth of that same territory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEARLY BELOVED DISTINGUISHED CO-WORKER AMELIA COLLINS ARRIVING LONDON EN ROUTE POLAND SHOW GREAT CONSIDERATION PRAYING UTMOST BENEFIT VISIT.\nOVERJOYED SUCCESS SUMMER SCHOOL ASSURE NEWLY ENROLLED NEWCASTLE LIVERPOOL LOVING WELCOME PRAYERS SURROUNDING ENTIRE COMMUNITY ACCELERATION MOMENTUM CARRYING IT ATTAINMENT GOALS APPOINTED TIME.\nSummer School Committee\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Sister:\nYour letter of October 9 was received, and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very glad to hear the School was such a success this year, and that--a very important factor--it placed no extra burden on the National Fund at this critical juncture.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNext year your School will be held after the end of your Plan, he hopes the victorious end! It would be suitable to hold some kind of review of how the goals were won and to remember the many sacrifices that have been made, for they have been very real and taxed to the uttermost the strength of the servants of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlso he feels it would be good to have some course on the Covenant, the force that binds and strengthens the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community and holds it together, when so many man-made institutions are disintegrating and going on the rocks of discord and lack of faith.\nLikewise, discussion of the future needs of the community should be held. By next Summer you will know better what these are, and can formulate your points to be taken up and considered.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will pray that a suitable place may be found for the friends to gather.\nEvery year your school is more representative and successful than the year before, and he feels sure this will continue to be so until that happy day comes when Summer School develops at last into a seat of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed learning....\nMay the Almighty bless your meritorious efforts, guide and sustain you in your activities, enable you to extend continually their range,", "Unfolding Destiny\nand contribute to the consolidation of the newly-born institutions of the Faith.\nDELIGHTED VICTORY OXFORD ASSURE PIONEERS DEEPEST APPRECIATION MERITORIOUS ACTION.\nNational Youth Committee of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles\nThe Guardian approves of the policy your committee is pursuing, as outlined in your letter to him of October 27th, of devoting all the energies of the British Youth, active in the Cause, to assisting in the achievement of the goals of the Plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very happy to hear your part of the programme at Summer School was more successful than ever before, and that the Bulletin is being maintained and at the same time costing less.\nYour determination, and the work you are doing, are admirable, and he is very pleased with you all....\nMay the Almighty bless continually your high endeavours, aid you to extend the range of your meritorious labours, and win great and memorable victories in this vital sphere of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity in that promising country.", "Unfolding Destiny\nADVISE HOLD 1950 CONVENTION DURING RIDVAN PERIOD.\nKINDLY MAIL FIFTY COPIES \"GLAD TIDINGS BAHA'U'LLAH\" WISDOM EAST SERIES. PRAYING FERVENTLY SUCCESS FORTHCOMING CONFERENCE.\nAPPROVE SUBSTITUTION+F1.\nDELIVER SIXTY POUNDS HAINSWORTH FROM NATIONAL FUND FOR PUBLICATION SWAHILI CHINYANZA LANGUAGES.\n29 December 1949 (Teaching Conference)", "Unfolding Destiny\nFEEL MOVED ADDRESS THIS ELEVENTH HOUR MY LAST FERVENT APPEAL ASSEMBLED REPRESENTATIVES BRITISH COMMUNITY SEIZE OPPORTUNITY TEACHING CONFERENCE AROUSE ENTIRE BODY FOLLOWERS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH BRITISH ISLES SAVE FORTUNES PLAN NOW HANGING BALANCE ENTREAT ONCE AGAIN ALL BELIEVERS ENGLAND WALES SCOTLAND IRELAND WHETHER YOUNG OLD MEN WOMEN NATIVE-BORN VISITORS OVERSEAS NEWLY-ENROLLED VETERANS BRACE THEMSELVES AS HOUR CENTENARY BAB'S NOBLEST ACT SACRIFICE APPROACHES ONE LAST SUPREME SACRIFICIAL SUSTAINED EFFORT DESIGNED ENSURE TOTAL VICTORY NOW WITHIN REACH CONSTITUTING BEFITTING CULMINATION FINAL PHASE SIX YEARS HEROIC ENDEAVOUR AND WORTHY TRIBUTE COLLECTIVELY PAID BY BRITISH UPHOLDERS CAUSE BAHA'U'LLAH IMMORTAL MEMORY DEARLY BELOVED MARTYR PROPHET THEIR FAITH ARRANGING TRANSMISSION 500 FURTHER CONTRIBUTION", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Substitution of Stockport for St. Ives as goal of Plan.\nCONSUMMATION ENTERPRISE UNPRECEDENTED IN SCOPE SPIRITUAL POTENTIALITIES HALF CENTURY BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY.\nGREATLY HEARTENED NEWS CONFERENCE PRAYERS CONTINUALLY ASCENDING THRONE BAHA'U'LLAH TOTAL SUCCESS PLAN.\nGREATLY HEARTENED ASSURE PIONEERS FERVENT LOVING PRAYERS ACCOMPANYING THEM. PARVINE HEARTFELT SYMPATHY LOVING PRAYERS CONTINUALLY OFFERED HER BEHALF.\nADVISE DISREGARD PROCEDURE SUGGESTED LETTER JANUARY TWENTIETH....", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE PIONEERS HEARTFELT APPRECIATION CONVEY CONGRATULATIONS STOCKPORT NEWCASTLE PRAYING SOLUTION DIFFICULTIES CENTRE LONDON ENTREAT ENTIRE COMMUNITY SEIZE FIRMLY PRIZE FINGERTIPS CROWN EVERLASTING GLORY MIGHTIEST TASK UNDERTAKEN BRITISH FOLLOWERS BAHA'U'LLAH.\n+F1. Refers to a suggested new procedure for the recognition of Local Assemblies.\n20 March 1950--National Teaching Committee", "Unfolding Destiny\nPRAYING FERVENTLY SUCCESS FORTHCOMING WEEKEND SCHOOL. DEEPLY APPRECIATE UNCEASING EFFORTS. RENEW THROUGH YOU IMPASSIONED PLEA ENTIRE COMMUNITY EXERT FLEETING FATEFUL DAYS AHEAD CONCERTED STRENUOUS UNRELAXING EFFORTS ENSURE NEEDED NUMBER PIONEERS FILL REMAINING GAPS IN NOBLY CONCEIVED LABORIOUSLY PROSECUTED HISTORICALLY UNIQUE SPIRITUALLY MOMENTOUS PLAN.\nNational Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Teaching Committee, England", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of January 12th, written by Mr. Hainsworth, was received, as well as the material enclosed, and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nHe was glad to learn the Manchester Conference was such a success, and appreciated the very generous offer of Mr. Leach+. If the believers all over the world were animated by such a spirit, there would scarcely be any necessity for \"Plans\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nThese days, as Ridvan approaches, his anxious thoughts are with not only the British community, but other Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities in different parts of the world. He longs to see them fully achieve their goals; for to do something for God 100 per cent has an attractive power, and brings future Divine confirmations.\nHis ardent prayers are with you all, you may be sure....", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Spirit of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h sustain and guide you in your historic labours, aid you to extend the range of your splendid achievements, consolidate the victories you have won, and lend a still greater impetus to the progress and expansion of your unforgettable accomplishments.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY APPRECIATE PARTICIPATION JOHN ROBARTS SPLENDID ACTION SCOTT+ AND OTHER PIONEERS APPEAL FURTHER SACRIFICE GREATER HEROISM FIRMER RESOLVE NOBLER CONSECRATION ENSURE TOTAL SUCCESS PLAN NOW HANGING BALANCE FOR MY PART UTMOST CAN DO IS STRETCH PERIOD PLAN TO JULY NINTH DATE COMMEMORATION MARTYRDOM LAST REMAINING CHANCE OFFERED HARDLY PRESSED YET GLORIOUSLY STRIVING COMMUNITY SHOULD BE INSTANTLY SEIZED ERE IT IS IRRETRIEVABLY LOST.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDELIGHTED NEWS PRAYING ADDED FERVOUR TOTAL SUCCESS DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION.\nREJOICE EVIDENCES APPROACHING VICTORY PRAYING INCREASING FERVOUR.\nOVERJOYED DEEPLY GRATEFUL IMMENSELY PROUD SIGNAL VICTORY ACHIEVED BAHA'I COMMUNITY BRITISH ISLES SHEDDING LUSTRE OPENING YEARS SECOND BAHA'I CENTURY AIRMAIL LIST ASSEMBLIES GROUPS ISOLATED BELIEVERS ALSO MAP BRITISH ISLES SHOWING SAME.", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. In answer to cable of 10 April from N.S.A. \"JOYFULLY TRANSMIT TEACHING COMMITTEE REPORT ARRANGEMENTS MADE COMPLETE PLAN BY RIDVAN EARNESTLY ENTREAT PRAYERS BAHA'U'LLAH SEAL VICTORY.\"\n+F2. In answer to cable of 17 April from National Assembly. \"TOTAL VICTORY ASSURED LOVING GRATITUDE BOUNTIES BELOVED GUARDIAN ASSISTANCE WHOLE BAHA'I WORLD.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nSHARE JOY RECIPROCATE NOBLE SENTIMENTS HEARTILY CONGRATULATE NATIONAL ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES TRIUMPHANT COMMUNITY INDEFATIGABLE NATIONAL TEACHING COMMITTEE ALL SUBSIDIARY AGENCIES PARTICULARLY SELF-SACRIFICING PIONEERS WHO SO OUTSTANDINGLY CONTRIBUTED SIGNAL VICTORY REVERBERATING BAHA'I WORLD.\n+F1. In answer to cable of 19 April from National Assembly. \"JOYOUS RIDVAN GREETINGS BELOVED GUARDIAN FROM NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND TWENTY-FOUR LOCAL ASSEMBLIES BRITISH ISLES.\"\n\"The threshold of a new", "Unfolding Destiny\nHEART FLOODED JOY STRIKING EVIDENCE BOUNTIFUL GRACE BAHA'U'LLAH ENABLING VALOROUS DEARLY LOVED BAHA'I COMMUNITY BRITISH ISLES TRIUMPHANTLY CONCLUDE FIRST HISTORIC PLAN HALF CENTURY BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY", "Unfolding Destiny\nHERALD AUTHOR FAITH CENTRE COVENANT CONCOURSE ON HIGH ACCLAIM SUPERB COLLECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT IMMORTALISING OPENING DECADE SECOND BAHA'I CENTURY UNPRECEDENTED HISTORY FAITH BRITISH ISLES UNRIVALLED ANNALS ANY BAHA'I COMMUNITY EUROPEAN CONTINENT UNPARALLELED PERCENTAGE MEMBERS COMMUNITY RESPONDING PIONEER CALL THROUGHOUT BAHA'I WORLD SINCE TERMINATION APOSTOLIC AGE BAHA'I DISPENSATION. HISTORIC PLEDGE BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY NOBLY REDEEMED. TRIBUTE MEMORY MARTYR PROPHET FAITH WORTHILY PAID", "Unfolding Destiny\nSPIRITUAL POTENTIALITIES PROSECUTE SUBSEQUENT STAGE UNFOLDING MISSION FULLY ACQUIRED. TRIUMPHANT COMMUNITY NOW STANDING THRESHOLD CATCHING FIRST GLIMPSE STILL DIMLY OUTLINED FUTURE ENTERPRISES OVERSEAS", "Unfolding Destiny\nHOUR PROPITIOUS GALVANISED FIRMLY KNIT BODY BELIEVERS BRACE ITSELF EMBARK AFTER ONE YEAR RESPITE YET ANOTHER HISTORIC UNDERTAKING MARKING FORMAL INAUGURATION TWO YEAR PLAN CONSTITUTING PRELUDE INITIATION SYSTEMATIC CAMPAIGN DESIGNED CARRY TORCH FAITH TERRITORIES DARK CONTINENT WHOSE NORTHERN SOUTHERN FRINGES WERE SUCCESSIVELY ILLUMINATED COURSE MINISTRIES BAHA'U'LLAH ABDU'L-BAHA", "Unfolding Destiny\nHOUR STRUCK UNDERTAKE PRELIMINARY STEPS IMPLANT BANNER FAITH AMIDST AFRICAN TRIBES MENTIONED TABLET CENTRE COVENANT SIGNALISING ASSOCIATION VICTORIOUS BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY WITH SISTER COMMUNITIES UNITED STATES EGYPT DESIGNED LAY STRUCTURAL BASIS BAHA'I ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER SCALE COMPARABLE FOUNDATION ALREADY ESTABLISHED NORTH SOUTH AMERICAN EUROPEAN AUSTRALIAN CONTINENTS", "Unfolding Destiny\nPROJECTED PLAN ITSELF PRELUDE DOUBLE TASK TO BE UNDERTAKEN COURSE FUTURE PLANS DESTINED SIMULTANEOUSLY BROADEN BASE OPERATIONS HOME FRONT AND PROSECUTE SYSTEMATIC CAMPAIGN DEPENDENCIES BRITISH ISLES. FIRST OBJECTIVE TWO YEAR PLAN CONSOLIDATION NINETEEN ASSEMBLIES PAINSTAKINGLY ESTABLISHED ENGLAND SCOTLAND WALES NORTH IRELAND EIRE. SECOND OBJECTIVE FORMATION NUCLEI THREE DEPENDENCIES BRITISH CROWN EITHER EAST WEST", "Unfolding Destiny\nAFRICA. THIRD OBJECTIVE TRANSLATION PUBLICATION DISSEMINATION BAHA'I LITERATURE THROUGH PUBLISHING TRUST THREE AFRICAN LANGUAGES ADDITION THREE ALREADY UNDERTAKEN COURSE FIRST PLAN", "Unfolding Destiny\nSUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION CONTEMPLATED PLAN WILL PAVE WAY LARGE SCALE OPERATIONS CALCULATED LAY FOUNDATION PROMISED KINGDOM EARTH THROUGH ESTABLISHMENT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER INFINITELY MORE GLORIOUS EMPIRE BUILT RULERS BRITISH ISLES THROUGHOUT THAT CONTINENT AND WILL ENABLE BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY SHARE HONOUR SISTER COMMUNITY ACROSS ATLANTIC PROSECUTING SUCCESSFULLY TWO SUCCESSIVE PLANS REGISTERING DOUBLE VICTORY LAYING TWICE REPEATED SACRIFICE ALTAR FAITH ANTICIPATION APPROACHING CELEBRATIONS COMMEMORATING CENTENARY BIRTH BAHA'U'LLAH'S PROPHETIC MISSION", "Unfolding Destiny\nGRIEVE PASSING DEAR DISTINGUISHED PROMOTER FAITH+F1 HER SERVICES UNFORGETTABLE PRAYING PROGRESS SOUL ABHA KINGDOM.\nDELIGHTED SUCCESS SESSIONS PRAYING MIGHTY VICTORIES.\nAt the instruction of our beloved Guardian I am forwarding you the enclosed material for possible use in connection with the centenary of the B\u00e1b's martyrdom.\n+F1. Mary Basil-Hall, \"Parvine\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn America they are going to get out a pamphlet with this and other material, more complete, which the Guardian has asked them to forward you copies of as soon as printed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe regrets the delay in answering your Assembly's letters. My father has been desperately ill for over 8 weeks and the worry involved and doctors, nurses etc. has been so distressing to us all that it has been temporarily impossible to attend to his mail. However, now he is improving, the Guardian hopes to shortly be able to get his letters answered....", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour many communications dated August 20, 26; September 30; October 6, 7, 10, 26; November 7, 9, 14, 23, 25; December 8, 18, 22, 23 (two of this date), 24, all of 1949, and January 4, 20, 30; February 2, 22; March 1, 6, 18, 29 (two of this date); April 7, 18, 19 (two of this date), 24, 27; and May 2, 4, 8, 16 (three of this date) of 1950, have been received as well as their enclosures and other material, and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe regrets very much the long delay in not only answering your Assembly's letters but those of other N.S.A.s' as well. The past winter, owing to the fact that large excavations had to be carried out behind the Shrine in order to permit construction to continue, was a particularly busy gruelling one for him. On top of this, at the beginning of April, Mr", "Unfolding Destiny\nMaxwell became dangerously ill and the constant worry and preoccupation of us all with doctors, nurses, etc., forced the Guardian to put aside his letters entirely for the time being. Thanks to the mercy of God Mr. Maxwell is now recovering slowly; but the past months were very difficult ones for everyone.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo now take up the various matters referred to in your letters.\nThe Guardian does not feel that a quorum of delegates is necessary in any sense for the convention. Under unusual circumstances National bodies can be elected by mailed votes of all the delegates; the primary function of the delegates is to elect\nthe N.S.A. Suggestions from the Convention floor can be made by a majority of those present.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is very pleased to see that Peter Esslemont is growing closer to the Faith. A friendly contact with him should always be maintained.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding his cable concerning Hussein: he has been very surprised to note that the terms \"low-born Christian girl\" and \"disgraceful alliance\" should arouse any question: it seems to him that the friends should realise it is not befitting for the Guardian's own brother, the grandchild of the Master, an Afnan and Aghsan mentioned in the Will and Testament of the Master, and of whom so much was expected because of his relation to the Family of the Prophet, to marry an unknown girl, according to goodness knows what rite, who is not a believer at all", "Unfolding Destiny\nSurely, every Bah\u00e1'\u00ed must realise that the terms low-born and Christian are definitions of a situation and in no way imply any condemnation of a person's birth or the religion they belong to as such. We have no snobbery and no religious prejudice in our Faith. But the members of the Master's family have contracted marriages which cannot be considered in any other light than disgraceful, in view of what 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 wished for them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRecently the Court of First Instance, in Karkuk, Iraq, has accepted to register a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed marriage certificate. This is the first time in the East (except for the British Mandate authorities and the Israeli Government), that a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed marriage has been recognised as being legal. The Guardian feels that this can form a very important precedent for the other Oriental countries, and he suggests you inform the Egyptian N.S.A", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is nothing in our teachings about Freud and his method. Psychiatric treatment in general is no doubt an important contribution to medicine, but we must believe it is still a growing rather than a perfected science. As Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has urged us to avail ourselves of the help of good physicians Bah\u00e1'\u00eds are certainly not only free to turn to psychiatry for assistance but should, when available, do so", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis does not mean psychiatrists are always wise or always right, it means we are free to avail ourselves of the best medicine has to offer us.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian thanks you and the friends for your eagerness\nto contribute to the cost of the Shrine through the special edition of \"Prescription for Living\"; also he thanks the friends at Convention for the copy they sent him.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI need not tell you how immensely relieved, proud and gratified the beloved Guardian was when he knew the British community had achieved their Plan so successfully. During the last year he was often anxious as he shared with your Assembly and the National Teaching Committee the news of how acute the position was, and how great the obstacles still remaining to be overcome.", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom the beginning, however, he felt confident that this dedicated and courageous community could and would drive through to victory, and his joy was very great when it did. He firmly believes this will exert a great influence on the future of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community there, and indirectly on the history of that country in the days to come", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is not possible, at close range, to understand the implications of what we do; but when we see things in historical perspective, we realise that what seemed small at the time was really a turning point in destiny.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian was delighted to receive the Welsh pamphlet, also the map you sent him. He is planning to have the map published in the next edition of \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", and he placed the pamphlet in the Mansion of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe approves of the Investment Scheme of the Publishing Trust, and he trusts that the members of the community will respond and thus enable your Assembly to expand its publishing activities. He leaves the question of approaching Bah\u00e1'\u00eds overseas, should the Trust be in need of further capital, to your Assembly's discretion.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian does not approve of your placing a condition upon recognition of local assemblies (mentioned in your letter of January 20); and he wishes in this connection to emphasise the fact that every possible care should be taken not to add to existing rules and regulations in the form of statements or otherwise. He has already advised the American and other National Assemblies to beware of adding more rules and regulations.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe death of Mrs. Hall, such a faithful and devoted servant of the Faith, is a great loss to the British community. The Guardian appreciated receiving a copy of her Will, which mirrors her\nsolicitude for the interests of the Cause in England. He trusts that a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Ceremony could take place at the graveside, which certainly would have been her own wish.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding ..., if the financial response of the friends to the needs of the Faith there is not sufficient for your Assembly to continue to defray his expenses as a teacher and pioneer, then it seems inevitable that he will have to make some other plans. His services have been of real value, and his intimate knowledge of the teachings and steadfastness in the Covenant have enabled him to contribute much to the understanding of the friends.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian approves your resolution to keep Mr. Ferraby+ as paid secretary of the Assembly. He deeply appreciates Mr. Ferraby's devoted services.\nThe Guardian wishes to assure you, one and all, of his prayers for the success of the new work your Assembly will be undertaking, and for the consolidation of all the recent goals achieved.", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. Also just received are a receipt for the Guardian's contribution, dated May 15th and your letter, with enclosure, of May 28th and May 24th. A photo of the Shrine will be mailed you very soon.\nP.P.S. The Guardian will certainly pray for the progress and happiness of the soul of Mr. Manton. No doubt the selfless services his son has rendered the Cause of God, in an hour of great need, will be accepted and enable him to influence the state of his father through his own prayers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn the occasion of the victorious consummation of the first historic Plan undertaken by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, I feel moved to reaffirm my feelings of exultation, joy and gratitude for the superb triumph that marks such a great turning point in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history", "Unfolding Destiny\nNo single event, in the course of its half-a-century existence, with the exception of the twice repeated visit of the Centre of the Covenant to the British Isles, has proved as significant and momentous as this unique collective achievement, which may, in a sense, be regarded as the first and long-awaited fruit of that intimate and personal contact, established both in private and in public, by 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 with its members as well as with various representatives of the country to which it belongs.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSo magnificent an achievement has, no doubt, endowed the entire community, now representative of the peoples of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, with tremendous potentialities, empowering it to launch on the first stage of its historic overseas mission destined to bring that community into closer and more concrete association with its sister communities in North America and Egypt, for the purpose of promoting the Faith in the vast virgin territories where its banner is still unraised and which constitute an integral part of the territories of the British Crown beyond the confines of that community's homeland.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo the races and tribes inhabiting these territories throughout the vast African Continent 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 when His life was in imminent danger, specifically referred in a Tablet, addressed by Him to the cousin of the B\u00e1b and chief builder of the first Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, in which He predicts, in moving terms, the awakening of the peoples of that dark continent and the ultimate triumph of His Father's Faith among its backward peoples as well as among the great masses inhabiting China and India.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo the accomplishment of the initial stages of this colossal task, envisaged by our beloved Master, the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community of the British Isles, now greatly reinforced, resting on a far broader foundation, galvanised into action, qualified through its initial signal victory in its homeland--the base of its future operations overseas, is now summoned to direct its attention and its energies.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhile, in the current and two succeeding years which separate us from the celebration of the centenary of the birth of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's prophetic mission, close and sustained attention should be directed by the elected representatives, as well as by the rank and file, of that community towards the safeguarding of the prizes won throughout the length and breadth of the British Isles, and the consolidation of the newly born institutions, the preliminary steps, constituting the prelude to this prodigious systemic labour and soul-thrilling enterprise, destined to extend its ramifications, in the years that lie ahead, to the fringe and within the very heart of a vast continent, must be carefully and prayerfully taken.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThough the members of this community are still restricted in number, though its resources are as yet meagre, though its recent victories are as yet unconsolidated, though it has hardly recuperated from its recent labours, undertaken during a period of great national exhaustion and severe austerity, the mere act of launching upon so glorious, so fateful an enterprise, will, of necessity, create at this", "Unfolding Destiny\npropitious hour the receptivity which will enable a swiftly marching, stout-hearted, virile community, now standing on the threshold of its mission beyond the seas, to attract a fresh measure of celestial potency adequate to its growing needs and its ever expanding responsibilities", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe miracle its members have performed over so vast a territory, in so short a time, and under such adverse circumstances, cannot but augur well for the initial success of an enterprise infinitely more meritorious, of far greater promise, and endowed with vastly superior spiritual potentialities.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHow great the honour with which the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed pioneers of the present generation of the subjects of the British Crown will be invested in the eyes of posterity within their island home and abroad", "Unfolding Destiny\n! How great the debt of gratitude of those who will labour after them and garner the fruit of their present day assiduous exertions to those whose privilege is to blaze the trail and break the soil in the virgin territories destined, as prophesied by 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, to acclaim the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and establish the institutions of His embryonic World Order!", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis community, laden with the trophies of so recent and splendid a victory, and summoned to brace itself for another exertion, so fate-laden in its consequences, stands too near the structure which its hands are now rearing to visualise the dimensions of its task, appraise its value, and appreciate its future glory", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlive to its inherent capacity, conscious of its high responsibility, aware of the sacredness of its mission, emboldened by its recent exploits, trusting fully in that reinforcing Power that guided and sustained it unfailingly in the past, this community can do no better than to gird up afresh its loins, turn its back upon the clamour of the age, its fears, confusion and strife, step resolutely forward on its chosen path, unshakably confident that with every step it takes, should it remain undeflected in its purpose and undimmed in its vision, a fresh outpouring of Divine grace will reinforce and guide its march on the highroad of its destiny.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters dated June 6th and two of June 13th have just reached the Guardian, with their enclosures, and he wishes you\nto please regard this as a sort of postscript to the detailed letter to your Assembly which was mailed a short time ago. He thanks you for the copies of correspondence with the Official Solicitor, and trusts this matter is now satisfactorily settled.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe approves of the advice your Assembly has given.... However, he does not approve of ... going to Canada or South America. He has been forced, owing to the very unfortunate influence of certain so-called Bah\u00e1'\u00eds from Persia, to lay down a general rule that no Persians for the present proceed to North or South America", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs many sincere souls have, through obedience to his instructions, given up trips to those territories, he feels he cannot permit any exceptions to be made, not even for so important a purpose as pioneering. This would be a manifest injustice to those who have obeyed him with an exemplary spirit. He feels sure ... will understand and accept this. There are a great many places where they can serve the Faith in the East, in Europe, or in Africa.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhatever form of co-operation will get the best results your Assembly is free to decide upon in regard to the Egyptian and American N.S.A.s' extension teaching in Africa. He feels, however, that simultaneous activity is more practicable at present.\nThere are no specific tribes listed in the Master's Tablets; the pioneering should be directed at present towards the most feasible possibilities.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels that Kenya, as it already has a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, should be excluded from your Plan. Uganda and Tanganyika would be much more suitable in conjunction with any other territory, but not Nigeria, which already has some Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. However, it must not necessarily be these two.", "Unfolding Destiny\nEntirely aside from any additional literature it might be possible to get out in Hausa and Swahili he feels your objective must be to print at least a pamphlet in three languages other than those Philip Hainsworth has tackled", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt must be borne in mind that printing in new languages kills two birds with one stone-- not only does it enable the Faith to reach new elements, but it also enriches our literature and is excellent as a means of calling the attention of the public to the universality of our Cause and the extent of our world-wide activities!", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will be delighted to receive the reports regarding the progress of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds' first overseas mission.\nP.S. Regarding expenditures: the Guardian feels that the greatest effort should be made to curtail everything that is not essential; this is the primary responsibility of the N.S.A. The Guardian will be very pleased to receive copies of the reports of the Africa and Consolidation Committees and was pleased to read the first two reports.", "Unfolding Destiny\nGOLD COAST ELIGIBLE DELIGHTED GRATEFUL PUBLICITY OCCASION CENTENARY.\nDELIGHTED SUCCESS WELCOME NOBLE RESOLVE ASSURANCE LOYALTY BELIEVERS URGE CONCENTRATION PERSEVERANCE COMPLETE DEDICATION NEWLY ASSIGNED EPOCH MAKING TASKS MARKING OPENING NEW CHAPTER WORLD WIDE EXPANSION FAITH SUPPLICATING BOUNTIFUL BLESSING PRIVILEGED PARTICIPANTS GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE URGING AMERICAN PERSIAN COMMUNITIES ARISE LEND ASSISTANCE ITS PROSECUTION DEEPEST LOVE.\nWARN BELIEVERS AVOID PERDU OWING HIS CONTACT SOHRAB.", "Unfolding Destiny\nUnder separate cover the Guardian is mailing two enlargements of the Shrine. He would like these to be shown as widely as possible to the friends and then hung in the London Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centre.\nHe has sent to America the negative of one of these enlargements with instructions that the friends can order copies for themselves. This applies to the British friends too, and if copies are desired you can enquire from the American N.S.A. what they cost etc.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels sure all the believers will be happy to see how beautiful the finished arcade is....\nP.S. Please cable when you receive these two photos.\nAPPROVE SENDING PIONEERS AFRICA IMMEDIATELY ALSO SEEK ASSISTANCE PERSIA AMERICA.\nSome time ago I wrote you on behalf of the Guardian giving you the following information, but as I have heard a letter to Mr. Holley posted at the same time has not been received, I fear yours too may have been lost.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has sent each of the National Assemblies under separate cover, a couple of enlarged photos of the finished arcade of the B\u00e1b's Shrine. These are a little gift from him. He would like as many of the believers as possible to see them, and for them to then be hung wherever they would then be seen most, in some countries this would be the National Haz\u00edra.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has sent two negatives to the American N.S.A., and instructed prints be made available for sale to the friends desiring copies. You can no doubt order some if desired.\nPlease cable the Guardian acknowledging receipt of these photos as soon as they reach you....\nKINDLY ARRANGE DEPARTURE LUTFU'LLAH HAKIM HAIFA FOR NECESSARY SERVICE.\nGRIEVE PASSING DISTINGUISHED INDEFATIGABLE PROMOTER FAITH+F1 ARDENTLY SUPPLICATING PROGRESS SOUL ABHA KINGDOM HER NOTABLE MERITORIOUS SERVICES UNFORGETTABLE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nURGE UTMOST ECONOMY APPEAL ENTIRE COMMUNITY ENDEAVOUR REDUCE DEFICIT FUND CONTRIBUTING FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS.\nASSURE CLAIRE GUNG FERVENT LOVING PRAYERS SURROUNDING HER MERITORIOUS HISTORIC JOURNEY SUPPLICATING BLESSINGS FORTHCOMING CONFERENCE DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION.\n10 January 1951 (Teaching Conference)\nASSURE ATTENDANTS SUPPLICATING ALMIGHTY BLESSINGS DELIBERATIONS MAY CONFERENCE LEND TREMENDOUS IMPETUS PROCESS CONSOLIDATION HOMELAND INITIATION PIONEER ACTIVITIES AFRICAN CONTINENT.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(Copy of a cable from the Guardian to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United States dated 16 January 1951, sent also to the British National Spiritual Assembly.)\nASSISTANCE AFRICA PROJECT THROUGH FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION PARTICIPATION PIONEERS WHITE COLOURED CLOSE CONSULTATION\n+F1. Florence \"Mother\" George+.", "Unfolding Destiny\nCO-OPERATION BRITISH ASSEMBLY NECESSARY INDEPENDENT CAMPAIGN NOT INTENDED FERVENTLY PRAYING PARTICIPATION BRITISH AMERICAN PERSIAN EGYPTIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES UNIQUE EPOCHMAKING ENTERPRISE AFRICAN CONTINENT MAY PROVE PRELUDE CONVOCATION FIRST AFRICAN TEACHING CONFERENCE LEADING EVENTUALLY INITIATION UNDERTAKINGS INVOLVING COLLABORATION ALL NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES BAHA'I WORLD THEREBY PAVING WAY ULTIMATE ORGANIC UNION THESE ASSEMBLIES THROUGH FORMATION INTERNATIONAL HOUSE JUSTICE DESTINED LAUNCH ENTERPRISES EMBRACING WHOLE BAHA'I WORLD ACCLAIM SIMULTANEOUS INAUGURATION CRUSADE LINKING ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY FOUR NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES EAST WEST WITHIN FOUR CONTINENTS AND BIRTH FIRST INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL WORLD CENTRE FAITH TWIN COMPELLING EVIDENCES RESISTLESS UNFOLDMENT EMBRYONIC DIVINELY APPOINTED WORLD ORDER BAHA'U'LLAH.", "Unfolding Destiny\nINFORM MUSA BANANI+ HIGHLY APPROVE PIONEERING AFRICA WITH NAKHJAVANI+ FERVENTLY PRAYING FOR HIS SUCCESS AND ENTIRE FAMILY.\nAPPRECIATE SENTIMENTS BELOVED FRIENDS.\nYour letters of June 19th, June 22nd, July 18th, July 21st, July 26th, August 17th, August 29th, August 30th, September 6th, September 8th, September 27th (2 letters), October 3rd (2\n+F1. Reply to cable sent on the occasion of the appointment of the International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council.", "Unfolding Destiny\nletters), October 5th, October 17th, October 26th, October 30th (2 letters), October 31st, November 13th, November 24th (2 letters), December 10th, December 22nd, 1950, and January 2nd, January 25th and February 2nd, 20th, 1951, together with enclosures as well as photographs, have been received, and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf. (A postscript dated March 18th adds: \"Your letters (two) dated March 8th have also been received with enclosures.\")", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe regrets that, due to pressure of work, he is not able to write more frequently, but feels that the cable communications between himself and your assembly attend to the essential work in between letters....", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding your question about the communication with the King, as mentioned in Minutes 292 and 344, he feels that both contemplated approaches should be dropped for the present. By undertaking such action we call attention to ourselves in a very conspicuous manner, and investigation of who the senders are of such petitions would only expose the weakness of our numbers and detract from the prestige which the Cause is slowly beginning to acquire in the eyes of the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe thanks you very much for the map, showing the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community at the end of the Six Year Plan. He has placed it on a wall of the Mansion of Bahji, where visitors and believers can enjoy it. It certainly marks the scene of one of the most historic victories of the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn regard to the question of the African campaign, the Guardian is immensely pleased with the way your assembly and the special committee you have appointed, have seized this project and are vigorously prosecuting it. He admires the evidences of careful planning and staunch determination which all the data regarding this important campaign, which you have forwarded to him, bear witness to.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very happy to receive the Chinyanza pamphlets which you sent to him, and also likes very much the \"Africa News\" which the committee is getting out and which is so alive with plans and news.\nHe is also delighted to see that the Persian National Assembly is vigorously co-operating with your Assembly and facilitating settlement of some devoted Persian pioneer there who no doubt will be of great help to the work....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that, although it is preferable that the three pioneers to each virgin country should be in one town or at least as near each other as possible, it should not be considered the essential point at this juncture.\nThe most important thing of all is to get the pioneers out there and established if possible in some self-supporting work. Once this has been done, the work within the country itself can be gradually organised and plans made to consolidate it in a more practical manner.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe used the word \"tribes\" loosely to mean the peoples of Africa and not necessarily individuals still living under tribal system.\nThe Guardian does not feel that it is necessary to specify any particular prayer to be said for the Africa work. The main thing is that the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should pray for its success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe approves of your getting out the edition of the \"New Era\" which you now have in the press; but feels very strongly that any future editions should strictly conform to the 1937 American edition, in order to preserve uniformity in this very important Bah\u00e1'\u00ed publication.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding your question about military service, the Guardian sees no reason why the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in question should not bring a test case, and press the matter. It is now, since he has become a follower of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, against his conscience to kill his fellow-men; and he should have the right to explain his position and ask to be exempted from combatant service", "Unfolding Destiny\nDuring the hearing of such cases the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should make it absolutely clear that we do not fear being placed in danger, and are not asking to be given a safe berth in hours of national crisis--quite the contrary--any dangerous service the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds can render their fellow-men during the agonies of war, they should be anxious to accept.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds are accomplishing is very dear to his heart; and he wishes your Assembly to constantly encourage the friends (as of course they are doing) to go on with all phases of their Bah\u00e1'\u00ed work and maintain the tempo they achieved during the past few years", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey have distinguished themselves so much that now their fellow Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in other lands expect them to lead the way in new fields, and to continue being the pace setters for at least the British Empire, if not other countries as well! Success brings burdens; and the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds", "Unfolding Destiny\nwho were so miraculously successful at the last moment of their Six Year Plan, now find themselves in the sometimes difficult position of being a cynosure for all eyes.\nHe assures you, one and all, of his loving prayers for the work you are so faithfully carrying out on behalf of the believers in the British Isles....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S.--I wish to call your attention to certain things in \"Principles of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration\" which has just reached the Guardian; although the material is good, he feels that the complete lack of quotation marks is very misleading. His own words, the words of his various secretaries, even the Words of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h Himself, are all lumped together as one text. This is not only not reverent in the case of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Words, but misleading", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlthough the secretaries of the Guardian convey his thoughts and instructions and these messages are authoritative, their words are in no sense the same as his, their style certainly not the same, and their authority less, for they use their own terms and not his exact words in conveying his messages", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that in any future edition this fault should be remedied, any quotations from Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h or the Master plainly attributed to them, and the words of the Guardian clearly differentiated from those of his secretaries.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe magnificent spirit of devotion and the initiative and resourcefulness demonstrated in recent months by a triumphant community, in its eagerness to launch, ahead of the appointed time, the enterprise destined to carry the fame of its members and establish its outposts as far afield as the African Continent, merit the highest praise", "Unfolding Destiny\nBy their organising ability, by their zeal in enlisting the collaboration of their sister communities in the African, the American and Asiatic continents for the effective prosecution of this epoch-making enterprise; by the tenacity, sagacity and fidelity which they have displayed in the course of its opening phase; by their utter consecration and their complete reliance on the One Who watches over their destiny, they have set an example worthy of emulation by the members of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities in both the East and the West.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe despatch of the first pioneer to Tanganyika, signalising the inauguration of the African campaign, following so closely upon the successful termination of the Six Year Plan, will be recognised by", "Unfolding Destiny\nposterity as the initial move in an undertaking designed to supplement and enrich the record of signal collective services rendered by the members of this community within the confines and throughout the length and breadth of its homeland", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn it, however great the support it will receive from its sister communities in the days to come, will devolve the chief responsibility of guiding the destinies, of supplying the motive power, and of contributing to the resources of a crusade which, for the first time in Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history, involves the collaboration, and affects the fortunes, of no less than four National Assemblies, in both Hemispheres and within four continents of the globe.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn the success of this enterprise, unprecedented in its scope, unique in its character and immense in its spiritual potentialities, must depend the initiation, at a later period in the Formative Age of the Faith, of undertakings embracing within their range all National Assemblies functioning throughout the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World, undertakings constituting in themselves a prelude to the launching of world-wide enterprises destined to be embarked upon, in future epochs of that same Age, by the Universal House of Justice, that will symbolise the unity and coordinate and unify the activities of these National Assemblies.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIndeed the birth of this African enterprise, in the opening decade of the second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed century, coinciding as it does with the formation of the International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council, should be acclaimed as an event of peculiar significance in the evolution of our beloved Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nBoth events will, no doubt, be hailed by posterity as simultaneous and compelling evidences of the irresistible unfoldment of a divinely appointed Administrative Order and of the development, on an international scale, of its subsidiary agencies, heralding the establishment of the Supreme Legislative Body designed to crown the Administrative Edifice now being laboriously erected by the privileged builders of a Divine Order, whose features have been delineated by the Centre of the Covenant in His Will and Testament, whose fundamental laws have been revealed by the Founder of our Faith in His Kitab-i-Aqdas, and Whose advent has been foreshadowed by the Herald of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Dispensation in the Bayan, His most weighty Book.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo be singled out as the chief agency in the prosecution of a task of such dimensions, such significance, and the harbinger of events so glorious, is indeed at once an inestimable blessing and a staggering responsibility with which the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, emerging triumphantly and in rapid succession from the ordeal of a world war and the struggles involved in the prosecution of an historic Plan, has\nbeen honoured at so critical and challenging an hour in the fortunes of mankind.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo labour assiduously for the despatch, in the coming year marking the official opening of the Two Year Plan, of pioneers to the chosen Territories of the African Continent; to ensure that its three sister National Assemblies will steadily reinforce its work through financial assistance as well as through the increase in the number of pioneers; to expedite the translation, publication and dissemination of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature in the three selected languages throughout these Territories; to enlarge the scope of the contacts established with representatives of the African peoples and with institutions designed to foster their interests; to cultivate cordial relations with, and secure the goodwill and support of, the civil authorities in the goal countries where the pioneers will reside; to maintain steady correspondence with, fan the zeal, seek the counsel and secure the assistance of the budding and scattered communities in the North, the South and the Heart of that vast, that promising and slowly awakening", "Unfolding Destiny\nwith, fan the zeal, seek the counsel and secure the assistance of the budding and scattered communities in the North, the South and the Heart of that vast, that promising and slowly awakening continent; to prepare for the eventual convocation, under its own auspices and following the example set, and the procedure adopted, by its sister American Assembly on the European Continent, of the First African Teaching Conference, representative of both the white and black races, constituting an epoch-making landmark in the evolution of the Faith among the African races and possibly synchronising with the centenary celebrations of the birth of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Mission, and adding another victor's crown to the laurels already won by the British followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in their own homeland--these stand out as the paramount and inescapable duties confronting the British National Spiritual Assembly as it stands on the threshold of a new and glorious epoch in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThough the prospect of this new venture is indeed enthralling, though it demands careful planning, the allocation of substantial sums for its prosecution, and the exertion of strenuous efforts for its systematic development, the prizes so laboriously won at home must under no circumstances be jeopardised", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe twofold obligation of preserving the status of the newly-fledged Assemblies in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland and of propagating the Faith among the people dwelling in the British Isles through active teaching and the wide circulation of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature must be faithfully discharged. The necessary foundation for the proclamation of the Faith, at a later stage in the development of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, amidst the", "Unfolding Destiny\nBritish people and in the very heart of the British Empire must be carefully laid. Whatever measures will facilitate the future recognition of the Faith by the civil authorities in the localities where its followers reside, and eventually by the central government in Westminster, must, within the means at their disposal, and however tentatively, be adopted.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThen and only then will this community, carrying out faithfully the twofold duty incumbent upon it, both at home and abroad, be vouchsafed by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h the full measure of His grace which will enable it to traverse, speedily and successfully, the present stage in its evolution, and acquire still greater potentialities for the revelation of a still brighter aspect of its mission designed to illuminate with the light of Divine Guidance and in the course of the Formative and Golden Ages of the Faith all the Dependencies of the British Crown, and erect the administrative structure within these Territories, of an Order, incomparably mightier and more enduring than any which that Crown has ever established.", "Unfolding Destiny\nREJOICE THANKFUL PROUD STERLING QUALITIES FIDELITY TENACITY INTREPIDITY BRITISH FOLLOWERS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH CONSPICUOUSLY DEMONSTRATED COURSE INTERVAL SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION SIX YEAR FORMAL INAUGURATION TWO YEAR PLAN. HEARTILY CONGRATULATE DELEGATES ASSEMBLED OCCASION HISTORIC NUMERICALLY ENLARGED EPOCH MAKING CONVENTION", "Unfolding Destiny\nONE YEAR RESPITE REGARDED BREATHING SPELL DESIGNED ENABLE TOILING TRIUMPHANT VALOROUS HIGH MINDED COMMUNITY RECRUIT FORCES WITNESSED UNEXPECTED DISPLAY VIGOROUS ACTIVITY RESULTING FIRST VICTORIES AFRICAN FIELD PRESERVATION LABORIOUSLY ESTABLISHED ASSEMBLIES LENGTH BREADTH BRITISH", "Unfolding Destiny\nISLES. TWO YEAR PLAN NOW OFFICIALLY LAUNCHED DEMANDS CONTINUOUS UNSTINTED SYSTEMATIC SUPPORT NATIONAL ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES ALL LOCAL ASSEMBLIES RANK FILE ENTIRE COMMUNITY", "Unfolding Destiny\nAUSPICIOUS RAYS GOD'S DAWNING REVELATION WHICH FIRST STRUCK CORNER VAST DARK SPIRITUALLY DECADENT CONTINENT COURSE BAHA'U'LLAH'S MINISTRY WHICH WARMED ILLUMINATED ITS NORTHERN SOUTHERN FRINGES CONCLUDING YEARS HEROIC AGE FAITH MUST NOW PENETRATE ITS HEART BRIGHTEN ITS JUNGLE FASTNESSES ENVELOP IT WITH SPLENDOUR THEIR RADIANCE COURSE PRESENT SUCCEEDING EPOCHS FORMATIVE AGE BAHA'I DISPENSATION", "Unfolding Destiny\nPRAYING ENERGETIC COLLABORATION PROSECUTORS ABDU'L-BAHA'S DIVINE PLAN WITH COMMUNITY BELIEVERS BELONGING NATION WHOSE DESTINY BEEN LINKED FORTUNES WORLD'S BACKWARD RACES REINFORCED ASSISTANCE SISTER COMMUNITY CRADLE FAITH NATIONAL ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES LEADING COMMUNITY AFRICAN CONTINENT MAY ENSURE SUCCESS CRUSADE CONSTITUTING SPIRITUAL LANDMARK PROCESS AWAKENING AFRICAN PEOPLES MARKING OPENING GLORIOUS CHAPTER EVOLUTION WORLD FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH SIGNALISING INITIAL PHASE UNFOLDMENT MISSION COMMUNITY HIS FOLLOWERS BRITISH ISLES MIDST DOMINIONS COLONIES PROTECTORATES BRITISH CROWN", "Unfolding Destiny\nMAY PROJECTED CENTENARY BIRTH PROPHETIC MISSION BAHA'U'LLAH BEFITTINGLY CELEBRATED CONVOCATION FIRST ALL AFRICAN TEACHING CONFERENCE REPRESENTATIVE BLACK WHITE RACES EMBRACING SEVENTEEN AFRICAN TERRITORIES NOW INCLUDED PALE FAITH. ARRANGING TRANSMISSION ONE THOUSAND POUNDS CONTRIBUTION FURTHERANCE GLORIOUS OBJECTIVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY APPRECIATE GREETINGS HIGH RESOLVE ATTENDANTS CONVENTION DELIGHTED SUCCESS SESSIONS PRAYING SIGNAL VICTORIES.\nOWING RECENT INSTRUCTIONS PERSIAN EGYPTIAN ASSEMBLIES TO DESPATCH PIONEERS FIVE ADDITIONAL AFRICAN TERRITORIES ADVISE UNDERTAKE TRANSLATION SMALL PAMPHLETS INTO ACOLI ADANWE EWE FANTA MENDE YORUBA.\nADD SOMALI TO LANGUAGES ALREADY CABLED.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNEWLY LAUNCHED HIGHLY MOMENTOUS AFRICAN CAMPAIGN CHIEF AUXILIARY MANIFOLD AGENCIES OPERATING FURTHERANCE ABDU'L-BAHA'S PLAN AMERICAN EUROPEAN CONTINENTS IRRESISTIBLY UNFOLDING GATHERING MOMENTUM THROUGH ADDED PARTICIPATION INDIAN BAHA'I COMMUNITY ASSIGNMENT SPECIFIC SUPPLEMENTARY FUNCTIONS PERSIAN EGYPTIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES CONTEMPLATED TRANSLATION BAHA'I LITERATURE ADDITIONAL AFRICAN LANGUAGES MULTIPLICATION TERRITORIES NORTHERN EASTERN WESTERN FRINGES VAST AWAKENING CONTINENT", "Unfolding Destiny\nBRIEF SPAN TWO YEARS DESTINED WITNESS FIRST FRUITS HISTORIC CONTINENT-WIDE CRUSADE WILL ERELONG TERMINATE. VALOROUS BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY CENTRAL PIVOT MACHINERY NOW SET MOTION CHIEF AGENCY PROSECUTION MIGHTY DIVINELY PROPELLED ENTERPRISE MUST AWARE URGENCY TASK ACT SPEEDILY RESOLUTELY DESPATCH WITHOUT DELAY VOLUNTEERS, SETTLE PIONEERS DISSEMINATE LITERATURE INITIATE TEACHING ACTIVITIES ESTABLISH FRUITFUL CONTACTS ENSURE STEADY ENROLMENT FRESH RECRUITS AMONGST TRIBES RACES FARFLUNG VIRGIN TERRITORIES", "Unfolding Destiny\nTRANSMITTING ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTION THOUSAND POUNDS ENSURE VIGOROUS PROSECUTION COLOSSAL SACRED TASK ENABLING WELL TRIED FOLLOWERS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH BRITISH ISLES WRITE WORTHILY FIRST PAGE HISTORY MEMORABLE UNDERTAKING CONSTITUTING OPENING PHASE THEIR GLORIOUS SPIRITUAL MISSION OVERSEAS.", "Unfolding Destiny\n22 June 1951+F1\nASSURE DEPARTED PIONEERS FERVENT LOVING PRAYERS SURROUNDING THEM.\nWORK NEWLY ASSIGNED EGYPT INDIA PERSIA SUPPLEMENTARY ANY ASSISTANCE EXTENDED THEM YOUR ASSEMBLY DEEPLY APPRECIATED. TWO FUNDS ESTABLISHED WORLD CENTRE SETTLEMENT BANANI NAKHJAVANI LEFT DISCRETION YOUR ASSEMBLY.\nAPPROVE IBO OR DAGBANE INSTEAD OF FANTA.\nASSURE SABRIS+ LOVING FERVENT PRAYERS ACCOMPANYING THEM. GRIEVE PASSING PRESTON ASSURE WIFE LOVING PRAYERS APPROVE REINFORCE KENYA.\n21 August 1951+F2", "Unfolding Destiny\nOVERJOYED INITIAL VICTORY LOVE.\n+F1. Musa and Samiyyih Banani, Ali and Violette Nakhjavani, and Philip Hainsworth.\n+F2. On receiving news of the first Declaration of the Africa project, in Tanganyika (Tanzania).\nCENTENARY CELEBRATIONS RIDVAN. TEACHING CONFERENCE MAY BE HELD ANY TIME BETWEEN JANUARY AND MARCH 1953 SUBSTITUTE ANOTHER LANGUAGE FOR SOMALI.\nASSURE ATTENDANTS SCHOOL ABIDING APPRECIATION NOBLE RESOLVE FERVENT PRAYERS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of August 27th has been received, and the beloved Guardian is sending you herein his receipt for the contribution of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds to the Shrine. He noted with interest and appreciation that the Bank raised no objections to the transfer of this sum for such a purpose, and feels this indicates the slowly growing recognition of the Faith's nature and importance. Your own ever devoted services to the Cause are greatly appreciated by him, you may be sure....", "Unfolding Destiny\nI gratefully acknowledge the receipt of the sum of three hundred pounds from the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles, to be expended for the construction of the Shrine of the B\u00e1b on Mt. Carmel.\nYour letters dated March 26th (two); April 4th (three), 11th, 17th, 8th, 7th and 24th; May 1st, 4th, 12th and 24th; June 1st,\n+F1. To the Treasurer for this special fund--Arthur Norton+.", "Unfolding Destiny\n4th, 19th (two), 12th, 23rd and 27th; July 4th, 6th, 21st (two), 25th and 31st; August 8th, 9th and 15th; September 15th, 18th and 19th; have all been received, as well as their enclosures, and the photographs sent and material under separate cover, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt will no doubt make you happy to hear that the Guardian has really had a little rest this summer, much needed after the tremendous strain of last year's worries and burdens. He can now turn to his important N.S.A. letters somewhat refreshed.\nTo take up certain matters raised in your letters:", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere are two Funds, that of the Shrine of the B\u00e1b and the International Fund; but at present it is more important for the friends to concentrate on completing the work in progress on the Shrine, which, thanks to the response of the believers from all over the world, is going forward uninterruptedly, in spite of the very difficult situation in the Holy Land which makes all kinds of building work frightfully complicated.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian would very much like to receive five copies of every publication brought out in England for the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed libraries in Haifa and at Bahji and in Acre. He thanks you for the diaries you sent....", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor your information the Guardian does not want any believers to migrate at present to this country. It will not meet with his approval under any circumstances", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe local problems, with a small group of Covenant-Breakers more or less active in stirring up trouble; the efforts, at present successful, which he is making to establish the most cordial relations with the Government; the upbuilding of the international institutions of the Faith; the consolidation of the International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council-- all require that no complications arise and no further strain be added to the burden of work at the World Centre of the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow we come to the part of your activities nearest to his heart at present--Africa Campaign. By all means any translation at present into Somali should be given up, as the advice of experts prove it both unnecessary and very expensive.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels that, in view of the fact that funds for sending out pioneers are limited, and that a good number of pioneers are available, it is better to choose those most qualified and not, for the time being at least, accept every offer, however devoted the spirit behind it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe fully appreciates the fact that Somaliland is going to be somewhat difficult. In view of its peculiar status your Assembly should bear in mind the possibility of sending there a British subject, if this should prove feasible, and pending a time when the Persians can go there and make arrangements for someone to represent them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian considers that your Assembly is the consultative body for all African territories, and that the other National Assemblies should keep in close touch with you. This does not mean, however, that the initiative for the places allotted to them by the Guardian does not lie in their own hands. Likewise, the planning of the African Conference should be handled by you, in close co-operation with the other N.S.A.s", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe unfortunate crisis in Persia may hold up, for a time, their services in Africa, and he hopes you will do all you can to offset this most unfortunate setback to their work. The Persian believers, have, for over a hundred years, borne the brunt of persecution and are still doing so, being the unhappy victims of their country and their race. They merit the ardent sympathy of their fellow Bah\u00e1'\u00eds the world over.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is very anxious to know how the work is going in the British Isles: he feels that the Africa Campaign has been launched in a way far exceeding his hopes, is being visibly blessed from on high, and, with the same amount of perseverance shown so far, is assured of great and speedy victories. But the goals, so hard won and at such cost of sacrifice at home, must not be lost", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe urges all the friends to not allow the dazzling prospect overseas to take their attention away from the steady work of consolidation still required at home! The work abroad rests on the foundation laid so well and so painfully at home; if one suffers, so will the other.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds have distinguished themselves in recent years to a degree which has given them great prominence in the entire Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World and inspired others to follow their example. They cannot and must not lose this hard-won prominence, but, on the contrary, must demonstrate that it was not a spurt of speed but the evidence of deep and hardy roots bearing their first fruits, after years of quiet growth.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe remembers all the members of your Assembly in his prayers, and prays that the community of believers you serve so devotedly may go on rising to ever greater heights and shoulder all their tasks with increasing vigour, faith and devotion....\nP.S. Regarding the forthcoming Centenary celebrations: the Guardian feels both national and local celebrations should be held very much as were those of the 1944 Centenary, but on a larger scale, with more publicity, if possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe auspicious launching of the first teaching Crusade undertaken by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community beyond the borders of its homeland, marks yet another stage in the evolution of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administrative Order in the British Isles, and signalises the opening of an epoch of the utmost significance in the Formative Age of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Dispensation", "Unfolding Destiny\nThough the operation of the Plan is of short duration, yet it constitutes a prelude to a series of successive campaigns which a firmly knit, vigorously functioning, clear visioned, intensely alive national community is destined to initiate, direct and control from its newly consolidated administrative headquarters in the heart of the British Isles, not only throughout the Dependencies of the British Crown within the African Continent, but eventually in the widely scattered Territories of an Empire whose ramifications extend into every continent of the globe.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA little over half-a-century ago, this community, now invested with a mandate of the utmost significance both at home and overseas, was called into being in the course of the opening years of the third and last epoch of the Heroic Age of the Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nA decade later, the Appointed Centre of a Covenant, through the creative and potent energies of which so important a member of a steadily rising world community was conceived and nurtured, chose to infuse into that infant community through the impact of His personality in the course of a twice repeated visit to the heart and centre of that Empire, a measure of His own mysterious power, which, as He Himself prophesied, was destined to unfold its potentialities in the course of a later age", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn the morrow of His passing, the earliest evidences of the unfailing promise He had made revealed themselves through the first stirrings of an Administrative Order--the Child of the Covenant, the Shield of that community and the divinely appointed Agency for the execution of the mandate with which that community was to be invested in the second epoch of", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe Formative Age of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Dispensation. A little over two decades later, that community, armed and equipped with the mighty, divinely conceived agencies of a laboriously erected, unassailably established Administrative Order, embarked upon a six-year enterprise that culminated in the erection of the institutions of that Order in the very heart and capital cities of its island home--the essential prerequisite for the inauguration of yet another stage in its unfoldment", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn the morrow of the triumphant termination of the first collective enterprise launched by that community in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history, its jubilant members braced themselves, during a one-year interval, for the initial onslaught, which they were preparing to launch, unitedly and determinedly, far beyond the shores of their homeland amid alien, widely diversified, politically restless, economically backward, spiritually famished tribes and peoples, and in the course of one of the most critical periods in human history", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn the morrow of the centenary of the martyrdom of the Prophet Herald of its Faith, this same community had already formulated its plans, initiated its programme of publications in various African languages, despatched its first pioneer to the heart of that continent, forged the necessary links with its allied sister communities participating in various enterprises in that same continent, and established its first essential contact with divers government agencies capable of giving their advice and assistance in the prosecution of its historic and arduous task.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis community, so young in experience, so richly endowed by the love and care of a departed all-powerful Master, so firmly entrenched in the stronghold of its Administrative Order, already so rich in prizes won in the course of the first collective enterprise undertaken in its history, so promising in the vigour, the zeal and devotion which it is now displaying, is faced, at the present hour, with a grave, a sacred and inescapable responsibility--a responsibility that will increase as the brief eighteen-month interval separating it from the termination of its Two Year Plan speeds to a close.", "Unfolding Destiny\nUpon the discharge of this weighty responsibility now resting upon it must depend the inauguration of yet another Plan, of longer duration, of greater scope, of a still more challenging character, and of greater consequence in the effect it must have on that community's destiny.\nTime is running short. The present hour in the fortunes of mankind is critical. The centenary of the birth of the Revelation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h is fast approaching. The British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community must gird up its", "Unfolding Destiny\nloins, redouble its exertions, undertake further sacrifices, demonstrate greater solidarity and rise to still greater heights of consecrated devotion.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe flow of pioneers to the African Continent must be noticeably accelerated. The provision of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature in all the selected African languages must be speeded up. The ties binding the community with its cooperating sister communities must be steadily reinforced. The prizes already garnered as a result of the operation of the Six-Year Plan in England, Wales, Scotland, Eire and Northern Ireland, must, at all costs, be safeguarded", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe preparations for the forthcoming first African Teaching Conference must be carefully planned and meticulously carried out. Above all, the zeal kindled in the breasts of administrators, pioneers, teachers and supporters, jointly contributing to the success of this meritorious enterprise, must burn ever more brightly and be reflected in still more remarkable exploits.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThen, and only then, will this community be enabled to contribute its share of tribute to the memory of the Founder of its Faith, on the occasion of the centenary of the birth of His Prophetic Mission, in as befitting a manner as the share it already contributed, through the consummation of its first historic Plan, to the world-wide celebrations which commemorated the hundredth anniversary of the founding of its Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nThen, and only then, will it be qualified to embark upon yet another Crusade, whose scope will transcend the limits of the vast African Continent, and the culmination of which might well coincide with the Most Great Jubilee that will commemorate the centenary of the formal assumption by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h of His prophetic office, a jubilee envisaged by 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 in His Tablets, and prophesied more than two thousand years ago, by Daniel in His Book.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSo glorious a vision, now unfolded before the eyes of the British followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, cannot but galvanise them into action, at once swift, resolute and unrelaxing, and fire their souls with a spirit so consuming as to melt every obstacle that may intervene between them and the achievement of their present goal.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay they, one and all, prove themselves, in the crucial months immediately ahead, worthy of the blessings vouchsafed to them in the past, and of the high destiny which it lies in their power to achieve in the future.\nASSURE STEPHENS LOVING FERVENT PRAYERS ACCOMPANYING HER.\nAs I just recently sent you a long letter on behalf of the beloved Guardian to which he appended at some length, he wishes you to consider this reply to your letters of October 17th (three in number) as a postscript to the other.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the questions you raised:\nThe ideal thing would be to have at least one Bah\u00e1'\u00ed from every territory in Africa attend the African Conference. This is the goal to be worked for, and attained if possible, as it will greatly stimulate the work and especially the inexperienced and isolated believers.\nThe solar calendar should, by all means, be adhered to in Africa.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that your Assembly is responsible for the time being for the work in territories not under the charge of other N.S.A.s (Tunis, Sudan and Ethiopia are under Egyptian care).", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou are not directly responsible for any work done in territories which have been allotted to other N.S.A.s. But you should correspond with them, and give them any help and advice you can, both the N.S.A.s and their African Committees. In the case of Eric Manton+, though he will be under Persia's jurisdiction you can keep him informed of your work, so as to cheer him up.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOnly the five participating National Assemblies are responsible directly for financing the African work. No invitations should be extended to other bodies or individuals to contribute. Naturally if any one wants to, they no doubt will, but it would be, he feels, very inappropriate to broadcast any appeal. The Africa work is not an international undertaking but an interassembly one, confined to five national Bodies.\n+F1. When Ethel Stephens flew to the Gold Coast.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very pleased over the way the work is progressing, and sends you all his loving greetings....\nP.S. He thanks you for the Quarterly Report enclosed. He reads with great interest everything related to the African work.\nCONFERENCE SHOULD BE HELD UGANDA.\nAfrica Committee\nYour letters of November 5th and 22nd (enclosures were also received) have been received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding ... it is obvious that people like this, who have had in some cases a smattering of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teaching are not fully aware of the implications of the Faith. However, this does not mean that we should not help them and hold on to them, in the hope of being able, as time and circumstances permit, to deepen them and produce from them really fine believers", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis has happened on many occasions in the past, and the Guardian hopes that, through correspondence with him, your committee--and perhaps the Groups in Africa--will be able to accomplish this.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn response to his requests for money, you should point out to him that as we finance entirely our own activities as our gift to mankind, we have to harbour our resources and concentrate on the most important expenditures. You will know what these are; and they certainly don't include a headquarters in Nigeria. You might also encourage him to make an effort to attend the Africa Conference.\n+F1. Regarding the first Intercontinental Conference.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian also hopes that you will give ... every encouragement. She is a fine soul, and no doubt, if she had time devoted to her, would soon develop into an assured and active believer. You should encourage her also to make every effort to be present at the Africa Conference, and in the meantime to correspond with believers abroad, and do her best to teach the Cause there in spite of her handicaps.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels that the next step in Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature might well be the publication of a more comprehensive work in Luganda and Swahili. However, he would like the Africa Committee to undertake pamphlets in other languages as well; let him know what languages the committee proposes.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe attaches, as you know, the greatest importance to the work of your committee and is tremendously impressed by the progress being made in Africa, and by the capacity, tenacity and enthusiasm the British Africa Committee is showing in handling its share of this extremely important campaign. His prayers are frequently offered on your behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty whose Cause you serve with such devotion, ability and faithfulness, reward you abundantly for your labours, guide you and sustain you and assist you to enrich continually the record of your meritorious service.\nDELIGHTED ASSURE THEM FERVENT PRAYERS HEARTY WELCOME BAHA'I FOLD.\nAPPROVE PLAN CELEBRATION CENTENARY.\n+F1. On 18 December 1951 the National Assembly reported to the beloved Guardian the acceptance of two African believers in Kampala.", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE ATTENDANTS TEACHING CONFERENCE DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION ASSURANCE LOYALTY. APPEAL FERVENTLY ARISE DETERMINEDLY STIMULATE PIONEER ACTIVITY SAFEGUARD HARD-WON PRIZES CONSOLIDATE HOME FRONT REINFORCE AGENCIES ADMINISTRATIVE BASE ON WHICH SUCCESS AFRICAN CAMPAIGN INAUGURATION FUTURE PLANS EMBRACING BRITISH TERRITORIES OTHER CONTINENTS ULTIMATELY DEPEND SUPPLICATING ABUNDANT BLESSING.\nDELIGHTED APPROVE TALKS HANDS LOVING APPRECIATION.\nOur beloved Guardian has instructed me to write you the following:", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes the British National Assembly to please do all they can to watch over the two young sons of our dear friends, Mr. and Mrs. ..., in view of the fact that the youngest boy is little more than a child, he needs particularly to have his spiritual welfare safeguarded through as much contact as possible with believers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe wonderful services this devoted and self-sacrificing father and mother are rendering the Faith have forced them to be separated from their children, and hence the Guardian requests your Assembly to please take special care of the boys.\nWe are all very happy to have ... here, and they have brought most heartening reports of the progress of the work in Africa with them....\n+F1. Reply to National Assembly's enquiry whether Hands of the Cause could be invited to give talks at the Africa Conference.", "Unfolding Destiny\nGRIEVE TRAGIC LOSS PRAYING FERVENTLY BEHALF DEPARTED.\n...ADVISE BUILD UP KENYA. URGE FORMATION ASSEMBLIES KAMPALA DAR-ES-SALAAM. APPROVE SPECIAL SESSIONS FOR NATIONAL ASSEMBLY REPRESENTATIVES OUTSIDE CONFERENCE.\nAfrica Committee of the National Spiritual Assembly.\nYour letter of the 18th of February, with enclosures, has reached the beloved Guardian; and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very pleased over the progress being made, particularly in Uganda; and the recent pilgrimage of the dear Bananis, he feels sure, will add a great impetus to the work there.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the matters of policy you raised in your letter, he sees no objection to the Persian Bah\u00e1'\u00eds,--as long as there are so many of them, and it is unwise to concentrate too many applicants on one country at one time as you point out,--going to countries under the jurisdiction of other National Spiritual Assemblies, such as Egypt and India.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe considers that it is of the greatest importance that pioneers should have upright characters, as well as some considerable knowledge of the Teachings. We cannot expect that every pioneer will be a person of importance; but we must hope that each one will be a person of worth, in his own character. This should be pointed out to the Indian friends.\n+F1. Death of Marguerite Preston and eldest child killed in air crash returning to Kenya.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIndia should likewise make an effort to send pioneers primarily to the territories embraced in its own part of the Plan; but if they can make available to your committee for British territory, some qualified Indian Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, who for some reason cannot go to one of the Indian National Assembly's assignments, then there is no objection.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian thinks that it is wise not to influence ... by sending him material which he does not at present wish to receive. He is, judging from his letter, a sincere but immature believer....\nP.S. Your National Assembly is not responsible for Eritrea but you may encourage any believers there.\nMay the Almighty bless your high endeavours, guide and sustain you continually, and aid you to win great victories in the service of His Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPROVE SHOMAIS DEPARTURE AFRICA. ABBAS RETURN PERSIA APPRECIATE DEEPLY SELF-SACRIFICE.\nOWING RAPID PROGRESS AFRICAN CAMPAIGN ADVISE CONCENTRATION CONSOLIDATION HOME FRONT APPEAL UNITED RENEWED VIGOROUS EFFORT PRAYING FERVENTLY SUCCESS.\nGOAL FULFILLED ANY PART SOMALILAND.\n+F1. Regarding Dr. and Mrs. Abbas Afnan+.\nOVERJOYED PRAYING SUCCESS BLACKPOOL LOVE.\nDELIGHTED APPRECIATE SERVICES PIONEERS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY TOUCHED PLEDGE BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY CONGRATULATE VALIANT MEMBERS MARVELLOUS PROGRESS AFRICAN CAMPAIGN CONSOLIDATION HOME FRONT OWING ATTAINMENT OBJECTIVES ADVISE CONCENTRATE NAIROBI AIMING ESTABLISHMENT ASSEMBLY LEADING PROMISING CENTRE BRITISH TERRITORIES HEART EAST AFRICAN CONTINENT FERVENTLY PRAYING STILL GREATER VICTORIES LOVING GRATITUDE.\nNational Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Youth Committee\nYour letter of April 9, 1952, has been received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was most happy to see that so many of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed youth and their friends had gathered together for the Youth Conference; and trusts that, from this consultation, a greater activity amongst the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed youth of the British Isles will result.\nAll over the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, we see that not an inconsiderable proportion of the most active and devoted pioneers are young", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. The National Assembly cabled the Guardian on 14 April 1952: \"KAMPALA DAR-ES-SALAAM NOW NINE ASSEMBLIES ASSURED. BELIEVE MAINTENANCE ASSURED ALL ASSEMBLIES EXCEPT BLACKPOOL WHERE TWO GAPS REMAIN. BEG SPECIAL PRAYERS\".\n+F2. On news of maintenance of all Assemblies.\npeople. This is only right and proper, because they are freer, usually, to migrate to distant lands, embark on new projects, and withstand the trials and hardships, than older people, who have built up family ties and professional ties.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will pray for all of you, for your success and the deepening of your capacities in the service of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.\nMay the Almighty bless and sustain you in your meritorious activities and aid you to achieve great victories in the service of His Faith,\nI gratefully acknowledge receipt of the sum of 200 Sterling from my dear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed co-workers, British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community to be expended for the promotion of the international interests of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI gratefully acknowledge receipt of the sum of 300 Sterling from my dear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed co-workers, British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community to be expended for the construction of the Shrine of the B\u00e1b.\nYour letter of May 16th has been received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has read with great interest the reports which your committee sends him regularly, because as you know the work in Africa is to him one of the most important activities going on in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, and very close to his heart.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very sorry to hear from the recent cable sent him that there is a question about the Kampala Conference, and whether arrangements can be made for it to be held there. Undoubtedly there is an increasingly negative attitude toward our work growing up amongst the officials, probably due to the lack of racial discrimination they are coming to realise is one of our fundamental teachings, a teaching carried into action, and not merely a pious hope...", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour suggested souvenir booklet sounds interesting, and he urges you to consider the wisdom of including a photograph of Mr. Gregory, First Negro Hand of the Cause, in addition to the others.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the latest progress photo of the Shrine Mr. Ted Cardell+ took a great many pictures here, which the Guardian told him he could share with the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds anywhere in the world; and it seems as if, exclusive of the work on the drum, which will begin showing distinctly in about two months' time, the best possible photograph you can obtain of the Shrine at present would be one of Ted's. You should therefore apply to him for one.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is very anxious that, during the coming months, the Africa Committee and the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should concentrate their efforts on establishing an Assembly in Kenya, and hopes that you will be able to direct pioneers to Nairobi as soon as possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian considers that it is premature at this time to answer your question about consultation at the Africa Conference, between people from territories which will come under the jurisdiction of the East and Central Africa National Spiritual Assembly. He is so overworked and tired at the moment that he has not been able to go into the entire question of the Inter-Continental Conferences, the countries which will come under the jurisdiction of various future national bodies, etc", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that he will be able, during the coming months, to do this, and if he feels it wise, will advise you by cable concerning a consultation such as you suggest, at the Conference.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe assures all the members of your committee of his deep appreciation of the work they are doing, and of his loving prayers for their success....\nP.S. Your personal letter of May 17th was received, and he\nassures you not only of how deeply he admires the spirit you and your husband have, and the work you accomplish, but of his loving prayers that you may be given strength to carry out this work.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMr. ... evidently is very immature and has no real concept of the Faith; this does not mean, however, that we should abandon him as a contact or let him become the prey of the New History Society. We should keep in friendly touch until someone can see him.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty Whose Cause you and your co-workers are serving with such an exemplary spirit of devotion, fidelity and perseverance, reward you for your meritorious labours, remove all obstacles from your path and enable you to win great victories in the days to come,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has received your letters of October 3, October 27 (4), November 5, 9, 22 (2), 24 and 29, December 6, 19 (4) and 21, 1951, and January 1, 2, 7, 11, 16, 17, 20 and 29 (3), February 1, 16, 20 (3), 27 (2) and February 29, March 5 and 14, April 3, 15 and 24, May 5, 13, 19 (2), 27 and 31, and June 6th, 10th and June 12, 1952, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf. He also has received the various enclosures which you sent with these letters....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe book you sent from the friends in Bahrein was received, and pleased the beloved Guardian very much, as the lines are written in the handwriting of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h at the beginning of the book. (This answers your question in your letter of June 6th.)", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt brought great joy to his heart to see that you were able to maintain all assemblies in spite of the heavy odds against you. It demonstrates to him once more the tenacity and devotion of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, which is rapidly becoming one of the great assets of the Faith in its process of international expansion....\nThe wonderful spirit shown by Dr. Afnan and his wife is", "Unfolding Destiny\ncertainly an example to all pioneers. He hopes that Mrs. Afnan will settle herself successfully in Africa, and soon be able to have her husband join her.\nHe was very happy to hear that the Teaching Conference has been so successful. Undoubtedly the dedication of the friends to their tasks at that time facilitated the achievement of their goals in April....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian would like to assure your Assembly of his loving prayers for dear Mr. Sam Scott, who pioneered at such a ripe age, and who is surely receiving his reward in the Abh\u00e1 Kingdom.+F1\nHe considers it advisable that all believers living in Africa, even those who did so before the beginning of the Plan, should have some form of credentials....\nYour suggestion of inaugurating the Holy Year next Ridvan and continuing on until October, 1953, with celebrations, meets with his approval.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the Africa campaign: this enterprise, so enthusiastically carried on, has been throughout this past year the greatest source of joy to the heart of the beloved Guardian. The visits of the dear Bananis and Ted Cardell, the news they brought and the general progress of the work, have made Africa seem right next door to Haifa! The formation of the Dar-es-Salaam and Kampala Assemblies was also a great satisfaction to him.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe urges you to now concentrate on an Assembly for Nairobi by next April. This should not be too difficult of achievement in view of the devoted efforts of Mr. Cardell and the pioneers eager to go there.\nAs regards your question about Somaliland: any one of the three Somalilands may be chosen as a goal territory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn this connection, he feels that Persian pioneers should be accepted for any and all territories; they are arising in large numbers to offer their services, and it is a great pity that these dedicated and eager friends are so restricted as regards settlement. Your Assembly should do all in its power to facilitate placing them.\nThe Guardian feels that although the Conference planned for Kampala is primarily a Conference and in no sense a Convention\n+F1. From Leeds to Norwich at age 84 and died at age 86.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(having no delegates), there is no objection to the representatives of various N.S.A.s who may attend meeting in separate sessions for more special and concentrated consultation. Any Hands of the Cause attending could also be included in this private discussion.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that now more than ever the British friends have every reason to feel proud of their accomplishments and happy over the very evident bestowals from the Throne on High. They have found, after half a century of development, scope for their abilities, and a field large enough to distinguish themselves in, and they are certainly taking advantage of it, much to the delight of the Guardian and their fellow-Bah\u00e1'\u00eds.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may be sure that he remembers you all in his prayers, and also the body of the faithful believers you serve to such good purpose.\nHe would like you to please thank, on his behalf, the friends who so devotedly contribute to the construction of the Holy Shrine....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. As regards Bah\u00e1'\u00ed divorce as mentioned in your letters of June 12th: Bah\u00e1'\u00eds (whether one party or both are believers) should follow the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed law of divorce, i.e. one year of waiting, and not neglect this divinely given law. Whether they were Bah\u00e1'\u00eds when they married or not has nothing to do with it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn connection with the budget, mentioned in your letter of June 10th, he feels, in the future, you should not set a budget which the resources of the community are unable to meet; however, owing to the crucial Africa work and the forthcoming Conference, he realises you had at this time no other choice. He is going to arrange for one thousand pounds to be sent to your Assembly in order to meet the needs of the Conference and the literature in African languages still to be published", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Two Year Plan on which the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community has embarked bids fair, as it approaches its conclusion, to eclipse, however short its duration, the exploits of that community throughout the length and breadth of the British Isles, in the course of the prosecution of the first collective enterprise undertaken in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis second historic undertaking marks the inauguration of the Mission entrusted to this community for the purpose of diffusing the Message of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and of implanting its banner through successive stages, and in collaboration with its sister communities, not only in the territories of the British Crown in the African Continent, but throughout the dependencies of a widely scattered Empire in the remaining continents of the globe", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt may well be regarded as a befitting prelude to the official participation of this community in the Ten Year, world-encircling Crusade, designed to signalise the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Mission, involving the systematic co-operation of no less than twelve National Assemblies throughout the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, and destined to culminate in the Most Great Jubilee that will, God willing, witness the introduction of the Faith into all the Sovereign States, the Chief Dependencies and Islands of the entire planet.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the conduct of this world-encompassing task, so vast in scope, so thrilling in its possibilities, so formidable in its potentialities, the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community will be called upon to play a preponderating role, in conjunction with the American Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, acting as the Chief Custodians of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's Master Plan, and seconded by its sister communities in the British Dominions in both hemispheres, in awakening the peoples, races and nations comprising the British Commonwealth and Empire to the redemptive Message of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and in establishing, on an unassailable foundation, the structural basis of His World Order.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe diversity of functions which the assumption of this task will involve; the privileges and bounties it will, of a certainty, confer on its prosecutors; the degree of dedication, the amount of preparation it will require for its proper discharge; the severe strain it must necessarily impose on all those who will shoulder its burdens; the gravity of the manifold problems it will raise; the severe challenge with which they who will arise to carry it out will be confronted--as witnessed by the delicate and complicated situation that has already arisen in the initial stage of this historic Mission in the heart of Africa, in connection with the holding of the projected inter-continental conference--all these must be carefully pondered in preparation for the launching, at its appointed time, of an undertaking that will constitute, not only a milestone of the utmost significance in the history of the Faith in the British Isles, but will also be hailed by posterity as a landmark of peculiar significance in British", "Unfolding Destiny\nconstitute, not only a milestone of the utmost significance in the history of the Faith in the British Isles, but will also be hailed by posterity as a landmark of peculiar significance in British history.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhilst the small band of wholly dedicated, patiently labouring, much admired, greatly promising followers and supporters of the Faith, in England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, contemplate, from their respective homelands, the grandeur of their future task, dwell on its sacred character, and meditate on the wide range of its problems, possibilities, perils and glories, let them devote particular and sustained attention to the imperative needs, the urgent requirements of their no less important and vital mission at home, in their boroughs and counties, amidst their own people, and strain every nerve to reinforce, through a rapid increase in their numbers, through a steady multiplication of their administrative institutions, through a systematic consolidation of the structure of the edifice they are raising within the borders of their native land, their respective communities, which must be regarded as the base for the future operations that will be conducted by the members of these communities, under the", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe borders of their native land, their respective communities, which must be regarded as the base for the future operations that will be conducted by the members of these communities, under the guidance of their elected representatives, for the spiritual conquest and the ultimate redemption of the nations, tribes and races owing allegiance to the British Crown.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith every forward step taken by this stalwart community in the path of service to the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, with every signal victory achieved for the promulgation of His Faith, a new revelation of the glorious Mission which this community is privileged to undertake is unfolded before the eyes of its members and a wider vista of the future range of its operations, both at home and overseas, opens before it", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith every complication that arises in the course of its unfolding Mission, with even every seeming reverse it meets with, as its destiny unfolds, a clearer understanding of the character of its stewardship to the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h is vouchsafed to its members, a greater measure of His sustaining grace is poured forth from on high, a more compelling evidence of His all-conquering power is evinced, and a more majestic assertion of His mysterious purpose is demonstrated.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe potent seeds a loving and vigilant Master sowed with His Own hands, in the course of a twice repeated visit to the homeland of this community, are now, after having lain dormant for almost a quarter of a century, at long last, sprouting throughout the length and breadth of the British Isles, and are even revealing the potency of their regenerative power, through the instrumentality of those valiant pioneers, who, faithful to His Call and dedicated to His service, are leaving the shores of those islands to settle in the territories of a far-away and backward continent", "Unfolding Destiny\ncontact with the heterogeneous tribes and races dwelling in that continent, in their dealings with the civil authorities of divers countries and states within whose jurisdiction they will labour, in their struggle with an inhospitable climate, in the hazards to which they will be inevitably exposed, in the adventures they may experience, in the reverses they may temporarily suffer, in the opposition they will meet with, in the tests and trials they will undergo, His unfailing guidance will be vouchsafed to them in direct proportion to the degree of their consecration to their task, and the perseverance, the courage and fidelity they will display as they discharge their duties.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe remarkable success that has attended their high endeavours since the initiation of their first collective enterprise within the confines of their native land, the still more notable evidence of God's sustaining grace that has accompanied the opening of the first stage of their Mission overseas, are sufficient proof of the tremendous potency of the forces at work for the purpose of ensuring the unrestricted expansion of their future activities within and beyond the frontiers of their island home, and the ultimate consummation of their magnificent enterprise.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the months immediately ahead, the strongholds of the Faith erected, in the form of local assemblies, and already established in Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England, must be maintained at all costs in their present strength; the groups and isolated centres already brought into being must, under no circumstances, be allowed to decrease in number or be lost to the Faith; the translation and publication of pamphlets in the languages already selected must be vigorously pushed forward and completed; the centre in the capital of Kenya must be assiduously expanded; the preparations for the projected inter-continental Conference must be carefully carried out; the effective participation of the representatives of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the Stockholm inter-continental Conference must be ensured; and all the preparatory steps, required for the effectual collaboration of the members of this community in the global crusade, destined to be launched on the morrow of the world-wide celebrations of the", "Unfolding Destiny\nall the preparatory steps, required for the effectual collaboration of the members of this community in the global crusade, destined to be launched on the morrow of the world-wide celebrations of the approaching Holy Year, should, to whatever extent possible, be undertaken.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is no time to lose. The issues at stake call for immediate action, demand unrelaxing vigilance, undivided attention, and a consecration unexampled in the annals of the Faith in the British Isles. Though the number of those summoned to shoulder so immense a task be dishearteningly small, though the resources at their disposal", "Unfolding Destiny\nbe meagre, though the cares and preoccupations of the peoples amidst whom they live are such as to often blind them to the Faith and its healing message, yet the position they occupy and the responsibilities devolving upon them in the heart and centre of a world-wide empire, the manifold tokens of esteem and loving-kindness showered upon them during the infancy of this community by the Centre of God's Covenant; the inherent qualities of tenacity of purpose, of exemplary fidelity, of perspicacity that distinguishes the race to which they belong, must inspire hope and confidence in their future, and fully entitles them to play a leading role in the future proclamation of the Message of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to the multitudes that live beneath the shadow of the British Crown.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat they may become increasingly conscious of the sublimity of their task; that they may address themselves to it with their characteristic zeal, ability, intelligence and fervour; that they may speedily acquire the spiritual potentialities for the initiation of a still more momentous stage in the unfoldment of their historic Mission; that they may earn increasingly, through their superb feats, the unqualified admiration of their brethren in every continent of the globe and prove themselves worthy of the bounties already received and those which, we may well believe, are held in store for them, is my cherished hope and constant prayer.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has instructed me to write you in his behalf, to request that information relating to the British Isles and their activities, contained in the booklet \"The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith\"", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. On 9 January 1951 the Guardian announced the formation of the first International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council, hailing it as \"the greatest event shedding lustre upon second epoch of Formative Age...\" and on 8 March 1952 he enlarged it and named its eight members. Hand of the Cause Leroy Ioas was appointed Secretary General and as such wrote frequently to the British National Spiritual Assembly", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wrote more frequently, however, conveying messages from the Guardian, requesting information, sharing news, etc., signing his letters \"Assistant Secretary\". This was the first letter of this kind. His letters are now included wherever he indicates that he is writing on behalf of the Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\n`Information Statistical and Comparative' be brought up to date as of May 1 1952, and sent to him here by the first possible air mail post.\nOne of the features of the Holy Year will be the re-issuance of this important book; inasmuch as the Holy Year is fast approaching the Guardian wishes the information as quickly as possible.\nBriefly, the information which your N.S.A. is to provide, brought up to date of May 1, 1952, is as follows:\nIncorporated local spiritual assemblies in the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nBah\u00e1'\u00ed Centres in the British Isles, showing, if possible, the division between local spiritual assemblies, Groups and Isolated Believers.\nAny information not immediately available should be handled by telegraph, but such information as is available should not be delayed for any one or two delinquents. You can appreciate that if the booklet is to be published early in the Holy Year, the information should reach the Guardian at a very early date.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian sends his loving greetings to the National Assembly and its devoted members....\nDEEPLY TOUCHED PROFOUNDLY APPRECIATE NOBLE SENTIMENTS PRAYING FULFILMENT HIGH DESTINY DEEPEST LOVE.\nPROFOUNDLY APPRECIATE MESSAGE ARDENTLY PRAYING BRITISH COMMUNITY MAY ARISE BEFITTINGLY DISCHARGE GREAT TASKS AHEAD.\n+F1. Reply to Summer School.\n+F2. Reply to greetings of N.S.A. at beginning of Holy Year.\nDELIGHTED LOVING APPRECIATION.\nMAINTENANCE GROUPS ISOLATED CENTRES ADVISABLE THOUGH NOT ESSENTIAL PART PLAN.", "Unfolding Destiny\nREJOICE SHARE BAHA'I COMMUNITIES EAST WEST THRILLING REPORTS FEATS ACHIEVED HEROIC BAND BAHA'I PIONEERS LABOURING DIVERS WIDELY-SCATTERED AFRICAN TERRITORIES PARTICULARLY UGANDA HEART CONTINENT REMINISCENT ALIKE EPISODES RELATED BOOK ACTS RAPID DRAMATIC PROPAGATION FAITH INSTRUMENTALITY DAWN-BREAKERS HEROIC AGE BAHA'I DISPENSATION MARVELLOUS ACCOMPLISHMENTS SIGNALISING RISE ESTABLISHMENT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER FAITH LATIN AMERICA ECLIPSED EXPLOITS IMMORTALISING RECENTLY LAUNCHED CRUSADE EUROPEAN CONTINENT SURPASSED GOAL SEVEN-MONTH PLAN INITIATED KAMPALA ASSEMBLY AIMING DOUBLING TWELVE ENROLLED BELIEVERS OUT-STRIPPED NUMBER AFRICANS CONVERTED COURSE LAST FIFTEEN MONTHS RESIDING KAMPALA OUTLYING DISTRICTS PROTESTANT CATHOLIC PAGAN BACKGROUNDS LETTERED UNLETTERED BOTH SEXES REPRESENTATIVE NO LESS SIXTEEN TRIBES PASSED TWO HUNDRED MARK.", "Unfolding Destiny\nEFFULGENT RAYS GOD'S TRIUMPHANT CAUSE RADIATING FOCAL CENTRE FAST AWAKENING CONTINENT PENETRATING ACCELERATING RATE ISOLATED REGIONS UNFREQUENTED WHITE MEN ENVELOPING THEIR RADIANCE SOULS HITHERTO INDIFFERENT PERSISTENT HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES CHRISTIAN MISSIONS CIVILISING INFLUENCE CIVIL AUTHORITIES NO LESS NINE LOCALITIES QUALIFIED\n+F1. On completion of nine African Pamphlets, a goal of the Two Year Plan.\nATTAIN COMING RIDVAN ASSEMBLY STATUS WITHIN SINGLE TERRITORY LONG-SLUMBERING CONTINENT.", "Unfolding Destiny\nZANZIBAR MADAGASCAR FRENCH MOROCCO SOUTH RHODESIA ITALIAN SOMALILAND ALREADY OR SOON BE OPENED FAITH.\nDESIRE PAY SPECIAL TRIBUTE STRENUOUS EFFORTS EXERTED ALI NAKHJAVANI SETTING EXAMPLE DEDICATION FREEDOM PREJUDICE FELLOW PIONEERS LABOURING INHOSPITABLE SURROUNDINGS CONFRONTED MANIFOLD FORMIDABLE OBSTACLES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nPLANNING ENTRUST SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE DELEGATED ATTEND APPROACHING KAMPALA CONFERENCE PORTRAIT HOLY BAB REPLICA ONE DEPOSITED BENEATH DOME Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r WILMETTE TO BE EXHIBITED ASSEMBLED ATTENDANTS HISTORIC OCCASION CONFIDENT UNVEILING MAY DRAW NEWLY RECRUITED VANGUARD EVER-SWELLING HOST BAHA'U'LLAH AS WELL AS ALL PARTICIPATING VISITORS ITINERANT TEACHERS SETTLERS CLOSER SPIRIT MARTYR-PROPHET FAITH BESTOW EVERLASTING BENEDICTION ALL GATHERED MEMORABLE SESSIONS EPOCH-MAKING INTER-CONTINENTAL CONFERENCE DEDICATED PROSECUTION LATEST MOST GLORIOUS CRUSADE LAUNCHED COURSE ELEVEN DECADES BAHA'I HISTORY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMOVED PLACE RECORD EXPRESSION ABIDING APPRECIATION NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION BRITISH BAHA'I PIONEERS MAGNIFICENT SUCCESS HISTORIC ENTERPRISE LAUNCHED AFRICAN CONTINENT COURSE TWO YEAR PLAN FORMULATED BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY. GOALS FIRST EPOCH-MAKING STAGE GLORIOUS OVERSEAS MISSION FOLLOWERS BAHA'U'LLAH BRITISH ISLES NOBLY ACHIEVED. APPEAL ATTENDANTS CONFERENCE FOCUS ATTENTION FLEETING MONTHS AHEAD CONSOLIDATION HOMEFRONT CONSTITUTING NO LESS VITAL PHASE SECOND COLLECTIVE ENTERPRISE BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY", "Unfolding Destiny\nURGE PARTICIPANTS RESOLVE UPON RETURN RESPECTIVE COMMUNITIES EXERT UTMOST FAN FLAME PIONEERING SPIRIT UTILISE EVERY AVAILABLE MEANS ENSURE ALL ASPECTS TRIUMPHANT CONSUMMATION PLAN. TOTAL SUCCESS INTERNAL EXTERNAL PHASES PRESENT UNDERTAKING WILL CONSTITUTE BEFITTING CONTRIBUTION STEADFASTLY LABOURING HIGHLY ESTEEMED TENACIOUSLY", "Unfolding Destiny\nLOYAL BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY WORLD WIDE CELEBRATIONS HOLY YEAR PAVE WAY EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION ITS MEMBERS IMPENDING TEN YEAR CRUSADE MARKING OPENING THIRD COLLECTIVE ENTERPRISE INAUGURATED SINCE INCEPTION FAITH BRITISH ISLES SIGNALISING SECOND MEMORABLE STAGE THEIR UNFOLDING MISSION FOREIGN FIELDS DESTINED EMBRACE TERRITORIES BRITISH CROWN BOTH AFRICAN EUROPEAN CONTINENTS. PRAYING FERVENTLY ATTAINMENT OBJECTIVES ULTIMATE ACHIEVEMENT DISTANT GOALS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY TOUCHED MESSAGE APPRECIATE REDEDICATION PRAYING GLORIOUS SUCCESS.\nADVISE MODIFY LIST LANGUAGES. KINDLY AIRMAIL IMMEDIATELY EXPLANATION AMERICAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR MODIFICATION THEIR MANUSCRIPT.\nADVISE ASSEMBLY'S REPRESENTATIVES ATTENDING KAMPALA CONFERENCE ENSURE NO ONE PHOTOGRAPHS BAB'S PORTRAIT DURING DISPLAY. SENDING COLOUR FILM SHRINES ARRANGE PROVIDE PROJECTOR SIXTEEN MILLIMETRES.\nASSURE YOU LOVING FERVENT PRAYERS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYOUR ASSEMBLY HENCEFORTH CONSULTATIVE BODY ONLY FOR BRITISH TERRITORIES IN AFRICA.\nEnclosed please find the Guardian's Convention Message.\nAs there are a great many African languages enumerated, and the spelling is very involved, the Guardian has decided to Air Mail you this message, rather than have it cabled, which was his original intention.", "Unfolding Destiny\nPlease cable immediately you receive this letter, acknowledging it, so that the Guardian will know his Convention Message is in your hands. Otherwise he will of course have to cable it from here.\nHe is eagerly awaiting the report of the African Conference, which he has not received to date....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. Your letter regarding a rug supposedly owned by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h coming up for sale, has just been received, and the Guardian feels that he cannot possibly authenticate this rug as having belonged at any time to Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. It may of course be quite true that it did. He leaves it to the discretion of your Assembly to decide whether you wish to purchase it or not.\nAPPEAL ENTIRE COMMUNITY EXERT SUPREME EFFORT ELEVENTH HOUR SEAL SUCCESS PLAN ASSURE LOVING FERVENT PRAYERS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHEARTFELT CONGRATULATIONS DEEPEST LOVE.\n\"World wide mission entrusted\nBritish Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Community\"\nTHE BRITISH ROLE\nTEN YEAR CRUSADE\n1953 (Convention)", "Unfolding Destiny\nWARMLY CONGRATULATE ASSEMBLED DELEGATES BAHA'I COMMUNITY BRITISH ISLES CELEBRATING MOST GREAT FESTIVAL HOLY YEAR ON MAGNIFICENT VICTORIES ACHIEVED AFRICAN CONTINENT EXCEEDING HIGHEST HOPES PLAN FORMULATED TWO YEARS AGO ORIGINALLY CONCEIVED MERE PRELUDE AFRICAN CAMPAIGN ASSUMED SUCH PROPORTIONS YIELDED SUCH FRUIT DESERVE BE REGARDED DISTINCT STAGE CAMPAIGN LAUNCHED BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY BEYOND BORDERS HOMELAND SIX YEAR PLAN FIRST COLLECTIVE UNDERTAKING BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY LAID BROADENED FOUNDATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS DESTINED DIRECT OPERATION FUTURE OVERSEAS ENTERPRISES BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY TWO YEAR PLAN INAUGURATED WITHIN AFRICAN CONTINENT GLORIOUS MISSION SAME COMMUNITY CALLED UPON ACCOMPLISH THROUGHOUT BRITISH DEPENDENCIES EASTERN WESTERN HEMISPHERES HOUR PROPITIOUS TRIUMPHANT RICHLY BLESSED BRITISH NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY PARTICIPATE ELEVEN SISTER NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES EAST WEST IMPENDING WORLD SPIRITUAL CRUSADE THROUGH LAUNCHING TEN YEAR PLAN EMBRACING THREE CONTINENTS GLOBE", "Unfolding Destiny\nBLESSED BRITISH NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY PARTICIPATE ELEVEN SISTER NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES EAST WEST IMPENDING WORLD SPIRITUAL CRUSADE THROUGH LAUNCHING TEN YEAR PLAN EMBRACING THREE CONTINENTS GLOBE CALCULATED CARRY STAGE FURTHER THEIR OWN PARTICULAR CRUSADE THROUGHOUT NUMEROUS WIDELY SCATTERED HIGHLY DIVERSIFIED COLONIES PROTECTORATES BRITISH EMPIRE HASTEN DAY BE ABLE ASSUME PREPONDERATING SHARE SUCH VAST HIGHLY MERITORIOUS PIONEERING ENTERPRISE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMOMENTOUS PLAN WHICH COURSE COMING DECADE SEPARATING THEM MOST GREAT JUBILEE WILL DEMAND COMPLETE SUSTAINED CONSECRATION TWOFOLD TASK CONSOLIDATION FAITH ENGLAND SCOTLAND WALES IRELAND ITS PROPAGATION BEYOND ISLAND HOME INVOLVES", "Unfolding Destiny\nFIRST OPENING FOLLOWING VIRGIN TERRITORIES: SEVEN EUROPE--CHANNEL ISLANDS, CYPRUS, FAROE ISLANDS, HEBRIDES ISLANDS, MALTA, ORKNEY ISLANDS, SHETLAND ISLANDS; FOUR AFRICA--BRITISH CAMEROONS, BRITISH TOGOLAND, MADEIRA, SOUTH WEST AFRICA. SECOND CONSOLIDATION FAITH FOLLOWING TERRITORIES: NINE AFRICA--ANGOLA, BELGIAN CONGO, GOLD", "Unfolding Destiny\nCOAST, KENYA, NIGERIA, SIERRA LEONE, TANGANYIKA, UGANDA, ZULULAND; EUROPE--EIRE; ASIA-- HONG-KONG. THIRD ESTABLISHMENT NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY BAHA'IS CENTRAL EAST AFRICA. FOURTH PURCHASE LAND ANTICIPATION CONSTRUCTION Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r KAMPALA. FIFTH ESTABLISHMENT NATIONAL Haz\u00edraTU'L-QUDS LONDON. SIXTH CONVERSION INTO NATIONAL INSTITUTION LOCAL Haz\u00edraTU'L-QUDS KAMPALA. SEVENTH INCORPORATION NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY BAHA'IS CENTRAL EAST AFRICA. EIGHTH ESTABLISHMENT NATIONAL ENDOWMENTS BRITISH ISLES", "Unfolding Destiny\nNINTH ESTABLISHMENT NATIONAL ENDOWMENTS BY NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY BAHA'IS CENTRAL EAST AFRICA. TENTH TRANSLATION BAHA'I LITERATURE THIRTY-ONE AFRICAN LANGUAGES: ACCRA, AFRIKAANS, ALADIAN, ASHANTI, BANU, BEMBA, BUA, CHUANA, GIO, GU, JIENG, JOLOF, KUANYAMA, KRONGO, KROO, LIUMBI, MALAGASY, NUBIAN, PEDI, POPO, RONGA, SENA, SHILHA, SHONA, SOBO, SUTO, WONGO, XOSA, YALUNKA, YAO, ZULU. ELEVENTH DOUBLING NUMBER SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLIES LOCALITIES BRITISH ISLES", "Unfolding Destiny\nTWELFTH INCORPORATION NINETEEN ASSEMBLIES ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, WALES, IRELAND. THIRTEENTH ESTABLISHMENT ISRAEL BRANCH NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY BRITISH ISLES. FOURTEENTH FORMATION EUROPEAN, ASIAN TEACHING COMMITTEES, DESIGNED STIMULATE, CO-ORDINATE TEACHING ACTIVITIES PLAN", "Unfolding Destiny\nARDENTLY PRAYING DECADE LONG CRUSADE CULMINATING HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY DECLARATION FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH MAY WITNESS BOTH ADMINISTRATIVE TEACHING FIELDS HOME FRONT AS WELL AS BEYOND CONFINES BRITISH ISLES FRUITION SEEDS HAND CENTRE COVENANT SO LOVINGLY PATIENTLY SOWED COURSE TWICE REPEATED VISIT HEART BRITISH EMPIRE. MAY IT LIKEWISE CARRY", "Unfolding Destiny\nTRIUMPHANT CONCLUSION INITIAL EPOCH UNFOLDMENT WORLD-WIDE MISSION ENTRUSTED BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY AMIDST PEOPLES RACES DWELLING DEPENDENCIES BRITISH CROWN SCATTERED THROUGHOUT FIVE CONTINENTS GLOBE.\nGREATLY VALUE NOBLE SENTIMENTS HAND CAUSE DELEGATES FRIENDS FERVENTLY PRAYING SHRINES VALIANT BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY PLAY MEMORABLE PART WORLD CRUSADE FULFIL HISTORIC MISSION. DEEPEST LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nURGE FULL FLEDGED BAHA'I ASSEMBLIES BRITISH TERRITORIES UGANDA TANGANYIKA KENYA NOW REGARDED MOST POWERFUL PILLARS SWIFTLY EMERGING STEADILY CONSOLIDATING HIGHLY PROMISING AFRICAN BAHA'I COMMUNITY SET GLORIOUS EXAMPLE THROUGH PROMPT MEASURES INITIATION EXTENSION WORK THROUGH DESPATCH SURPLUS MEMBERS LOCAL COMMUNITIES INCLUDING AFRICANS NEIGHBOURING TERRITORIES FRENCH SOMALILAND RUANDA URUNDI MADAGASCAR FRENCH BELGIAN CONGO COMORO ISLANDS EVEN ALGERIA MOROCCO ACCELERATING THEREBY PROCESS FORMATION LOCAL ASSEMBLIES ESTABLISHMENT NATIONAL ASSEMBLY CENTRAL EAST AFRICA ADDING FRESH LAURELS CROWN ALREADY WON PIONEERING FIELD AFRICAN CONTINENT.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMAIL FIFTY COPIES STATISTICAL PAMPHLET.\nURGE IMMEDIATE STEPS PUBLICATION PAMPHLETS AFRICAN LANGUAGES. APPROVE APPROACH NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE. MYSELF CONTRIBUTING THOUSAND POUNDS MERITORIOUS PURPOSE.\nYour letters of June 27, August 4, August 18, September 19, October 9 and November 27, 1952, with enclosures, have been received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of May 25th has also been received. He of course meant French Equatorial Africa, but condensed it for the sake of the cable. The Belgian Congo is naturally separate.\nAs many of your questions and reports dealt with pre-Conference complications, which, thanks to the grace of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, were all satisfactorily removed, I will not touch upon them in this letter.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian was immensely pleased and relieved when it became clear that the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds had obtained visas for Uganda, and were attending in large numbers, and that hotel accommodation was available.\nFrom the report he has received from Mr. Ioas and pilgrims, the Conference was undoubtedly a tremendous success, and befittingly inaugurated the round of celebrations during this Holy Year.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is a great pity that there should have been so much unfavourable publicity connected with the public meeting associated with the Conference, and its attendance. One cannot, however, help but feel that such an attitude was inevitable sooner or later, because there is no doubt that the missionaries are beginning to feel the keenest resentment and a certain degree of alarm, due to the success of our teaching methods in Africa.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour committee will no doubt face, in the days to come, many grave problems; but the Guardian feels sure that, whatever happens, and whatever attacks are made upon the Faith and its pioneers, the net result cannot but be good for us in the long run, and can only serve to hasten the spread of the Cause.\nHe feels that your committee has every right to feel immensely proud, and grateful to God, for the success of your unremitting labours over such a long period of time.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was most happy to hear that Mr. Dudley Smith Kutendele is planning to go and teach the Faith in Nyasaland, and will pray that his efforts may meet with success in the end.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour understanding of the treatment of polygamist converts to the Faith is quite correct, but of course if anyone who is a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed wishes to marry more than one wife, he cannot do so. If they should disobey this law, then the cases must be handled in the same way as the Persians do, which is that these persons who become polygamists, break the laws of marriage.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards your question about the proper designation for the huts which will be used by the believers in villages, as Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centres, he thinks that, for the time being, until a more dignified structure can be erected, they should be called \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centre\", and not Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds--the correct name is Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds and not Haz\u00edra.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was immensely pleased over the example shown by Enos Epyeru, in withdrawing from political affiliation, and feels that some of the African friends are showing a most exemplary spirit of devotion and loyalty. He feels that a great potential strength lies in these new African believers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNo doubt your committee will be faced with problems, due to the inexperience of some of these people in administrative matters, but, through loving guidance, and the wisdom of those who are associated with them on the spot, these minor things can be satisfactorily taken care of, and the main thing, the establishment of assemblies and groups, be carried out successfully.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian was indeed delighted over Ali Nakhjavani's trip to the Teso district. The purity of his spirit, the intensity of his devotion, and the longing in his heart to bring the Faith to his African brothers, all of which he so clearly showed forth in his actions, were no doubt the great factors which enkindled the\nfirst fires in the hearts of the believers in that land, and which have spread so swiftly and have been the cause of such joy to our beloved Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian considers that the settling of all the virgin territories all over the world is the most important of the goals given to any of the National Assemblies, and that it should be given precedence. Indeed, he is hoping that the one hundred and thirty territories still unopened may all be settled by pioneers this year, if possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is not necessary for a National Assembly to confine itself to the placing of pioneers from its own community in its goal areas--it may draw on other Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities for pioneers for its goal territories, as well, and vice versa. In other words, pioneers from the British Isles may be sent to territories under the administrative jurisdiction of other National Bodies than the British National Assembly, and pioneers may be accepted for British posts who are not members of the British community", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is urging the bodies associated with the work in Africa to disperse their forces, and not endeavour to build up large communities. Otherwise, there will be a large number of pioneers in one place, while other goal countries may be left entirely without a pioneer.\nAs regards the translations for Africa, he has urged the American National Spiritual Assembly, in connection with the printing of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature in the languages allotted to that continent, to give you any help it can.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels confident that, by proper concentration of effort and exchange of information between the committees responsible for getting the pioneers out to Africa, the ways and means will be forthcoming to achieve our objectives this year.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may rest assured that his prayers will continue to be offered for the work you are performing, and that he most deeply appreciates the conscientious and tireless devotion of all the members of your committee, a devotion which has enabled the Conference to take place with such success.\nWith loving Bah\u00e1'\u00ed greetings....\nP.S. In reading over this letter, I see that I have not done justice to the deep feeling of appreciation our beloved Guardian", "Unfolding Destiny\nhas for the wonderful spirit shown by Mr. Banani and his wife, as well as by Philip Hainsworth and Mr. and Mrs. Collison. The services of all of those friends cannot be overestimated, nor those of the devoted pioneers in Kenya and Tanganyika.\nMay the Almighty bless, sustain and guide you in your highly meritorious endeavours, remove all obstacles from your path, and enable you to lend a great impetus to the historic work being achieved in the African Continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur Beloved Guardian has been greatly encouraged by reports reaching him from all parts of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World, of victories, already gained, and plans being laid for the prosecution of the Ten Year Crusade. He was particularly pleased to learn that some 150 people have offered to pioneer in virgin overseas areas at the American Convention.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThese reports have evoked his awe-inspiring and soul-stirring cablegram of May 28th+F1, calling for the immediate settlement of all the 131 virgin areas of the Plan, just as quickly as possible. He is convinced the Friends will arise and translate their enthusiasm into Action, because the Keynote of the Crusade, must be Action, Action, Action.\nThe Beloved Guardian has directed me to write your Assembly to amplify some of the aspects of his dynamic message.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe settlement of these virgin areas is of such an emergency nature, that he feels pioneering in one of them takes precedence over every other type of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed service--whether it be in the teaching or administrative fields of the Faith. So important is it that the National Assembly may delay initiation of steps to fulfil other phases of the Plan, until all these areas are conquered for the Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Announcing \"Roll of Honour\" for \"Knights of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\" published in \"Messages to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World, 1950-1957\", p. 48.\nThere are some general observations which the Guardian shares with you, and then some specific suggestions which are enumerated below:\n1. Every individual who has offered to pioneer, must be encouraged in every way by the National Assembly.\n2. The National Assembly should assist each pioneer, so they may be placed in their post just as quickly as possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\n3. The handling of each application for pioneering service must be expedited, and not allowed to be bogged down for any reason, or in the hands of committees.", "Unfolding Destiny\n4. The National Assembly should make it their first order of business to follow up actively this most important task. They must make it the first order of business at each Assembly meeting to see that each application is being progressed rapidly. This does not mean the special committees should not handle the details, but it does mean the Assembly itself must review each application at each meeting and see that the pioneer gets into the field as soon as possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\n5. A large number of pioneers should not be sent to any one country. One, or even two, will be sufficient for the time being. Later on, if supplementary assistance is needed, that of course can be taken care of. The all important thing now is to get at least one pioneer in each of the 131 virgin areas.\n6. The National Assembly may exercise its prerogatives and suggest to applicants where their services are most needed. This, of course, applies particularly to pioneers who might wish to settle in one area.", "Unfolding Destiny\n7. Because there have been so many applicants in America, the Guardian has written them that they may place their pioneers in any virgin area in the world. His objective now is to fill these lands yet unconquered by the Hosts of Heaven and he feels the initial impact must be made now. Thus, from whatever sources they come, they should be placed in the field at the earliest possible moment", "Unfolding Destiny\nFurthermore, as the Chief Executors of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's Divine Plan, He expects the Americans to bear the brunt of the load everywhere. He has instructed the American N.S.A. to communicate with your Assembly with regard to pioneers to be settled in territories coming under your assignment, as well as territories not under your assignment, but where your Assembly can aid them in settling, particularly in", "Unfolding Destiny\nareas of the Commonwealth which are not under your assignment.\nThe specific suggestions of the Guardian are:\n(a) Areas close at hand and easy of settlement should be filled first. Then the areas more difficult, and finally those which will be quite difficult.\n(b) Whenever a pioneer enters a new territory, a cable should be sent at once to the Guardian, giving the name, place, and any pertinent information.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(c) A monthly report of progress is to be sent by your Assembly to the Secretary-General of the International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council. Special matters of report nature, for the Guardian, in connection with the plan should be sent to the Secretary-General of the Council also.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis does not mean that any administrative matters in connection with the settlement of pioneers, etc., should be handled with the Council. Such matters should continue to be handled with the Guardian direct. The Council is simply to co-ordinate reports, consolidate them, keep maps up to date, etc., for the Guardian, and your reports will enable them to do this.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(d) The Guardian feels the following areas are not difficult to settle, and he thinks you should arrange for their settlement at once; and he will appreciate cable advice of each settlement as they take place.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(e) The Guardian has cabled you, and at his direction I have written the Friends in Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika of the importance of their spreading out, and if possible sending pioneers into the surrounding areas in Africa, such as Belgian Congo, Ruanda Urundi, Somaliland, and even South West Africa. He wishes you to follow up this matter closely", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian attached great importance to the Ashanti Protectorate, and if any of the Friends can go there, particularly any Persians you may be assisting in getting located, he will appreciate it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the Guardian's dramatic cable indicates, an illuminated\n\"Roll of Honour\" on which will be inscribed the names of the \"Knights of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\" who first enter these 131 virgin areas, will be placed inside the entrance door of the Inner Sanctuary of the Tomb of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. From time to time, the Guardian will announce to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World the names of those Holy Souls who arise under the conditions outlined in his message, and settle these areas and conquer them for Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow is the Hour for the Friends everywhere to demonstrate the spiritual vitality of the Faith, and of their devotion. There is no time after this moment, to settle the unconquered areas. The Guardian is sure the Friends throughout the world, and particularly the staunch Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in the British Isles, will arise as one soul in many bodies, and surging ahead, cover the face of the Earth with the Glory of the Lord.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian will pray fervently for the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles for the success of their efforts.\nThe Guardian will pray for the members of your Assembly, whose sacrificial efforts he greatly values....\nThe beloved Guardian has asked me to write to you following my letter of June 5th in connection with the great importance of settling one hundred and thirty-one virgin areas, during the next few months.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNaturally it will be difficult for the Faith to be established in the new territories or amongst the new tribes if they do not have at least a pamphlet for distribution to the new contacts.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe therefore feels that along with the sending of pioneers into the virgin areas, the translation of literature into the languages assigned to the British National Assembly should take place. He has cabled you direct concerning this very important matter, and has informed you in his cable that he is arranging for a gift of 1,000 Pounds to assist you in this most important work.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels that one of the existing pamphlets would be satisfactory, or a new one, which you may feel it desirable to prepare. At this time, it is not necessary to enter into the question of translation of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed books, simply a pamphlet, which can be used for teaching purposes.\nThe Guardian wishes you to budget the necessary funds to cover this work and to see that it is actively pursued, so that the literature will be available at an early date.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes you to send current reports of activities in connection with this matter to the Secretary-General of the International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council, so that the data may be assembled with all the necessary information in connection with the Ten Year Crusade, for the Guardian.\nHe sends his loving greetings to you.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letters of July 8, 12 and 16, August 5 and 13, September 16, 20 and 26, October 13, 14 and 26, December 12 (3) and 17, 1952, and January 4, 6, 13, 15, 20, 27 (2) and 29, February 3 and 6, March 12, 17, 22, 23 and 26, April 1, 17, 20, 24 and 29, May 5, 11, 14, 15 (2), 28 and 30, 1953, with their enclosures, have been received by the beloved Guardian, as well as material sent under separate cover, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs you are all aware, the pressure of work is constantly increasing all over the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, and of course the heaviest load falls upon the Guardian. That is why he is finding it increasingly difficult to keep up with his letters, not only to individuals, but also to national bodies, important as they are. He regrets this delay, but sees no remedy for it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt was a source of great pride to him that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds succeeded with their Plan, in spite of the fact that it was a long, hard struggle, and in some instances the odds seemed very much against them. He feels sure that their qualities of tenacity of purpose, fidelity and initiative will carry them on to even greater distinction during the coming ten years, as they execute their portion of the Global Crusade, an important portion.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt was very nice to have dear Dr. Mitchell+ here; the Guardian hopes that gradually more British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds will be able to make the pilgrimage.\nHe was very relieved to hear that dear Mr. Townshend has recovered his health to such an extent that he will be attending\nthe Stockholm Conference, where his presence will be welcomed by all the other Hands attending, and the believers as well....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe letters which your Assembly wrote at the request of the ... Bah\u00e1'\u00eds to certain officials there, he thought were excellent. What he did not think was excellent was the almost insulting reply you received as regards ... from the authorities in London and signed by.... The letter was a mass of contradictions, and the excuses transparent, to say the least. It shows that there is no doubt going to be a stiffening opposition from certain colonial governments, as the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed work progresses.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour Assembly will undoubtedly continue to press the matter as best you can with the authorities, without causing too much opposition....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe question of impressing upon the Africans who are seeking enrolment the necessity of not drinking is a delicate one. When enrolling new believers, we must be wise and gentle, and not place so many obstacles in their way that they feel it impossible to accept the Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn the other hand, once accorded membership in the community of the followers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, it must be brought home to them that they are expected to live up to His teachings, and to show forth the signs of a noble character in conformity with His laws. This can often be done gradually, after the new believer is enrolled.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow that the African work has entered upon an entirely new phase, indeed the work all over the world, the position your Assembly held as the more or less co-ordinating body for the work in Africa has been changed", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever, the closest co-operation will be necessary between all the National Assemblies concerned with the Africa teaching work, if the Plan is to go ahead swiftly; and exchange of information, especially as regards pioneer possibilities and posts, is essential, in order to get the believers out to the goal countries during this year, which is the Guardian's ardent hope, and to which he attaches the greatest possible importance", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is no objection to British pioneers going into the territories of other Assemblies, or believers under other jurisdiction being used by your Assembly. The most important thing is to open up the virgin countries; and of course whoever works in a country under the jurisdiction of a specific Assembly, no matter where their origin may have been, would be under the orders of that Assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs he has cabled, he considers that, at this stage in the development of the Faith in Africa, it is not necessary for so many people to congregate in one centre, such as Kampala, when there is such a tremendous need in neighbouring territories for pioneers, whether native or European.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe considers that the formation of a school at this time is premature. It would involve us in heavy responsibilities which for the sake of public opinion would have to be discharged efficiently and in an exemplary manner, and he does not consider that we have the resources or the facilities at present to embark on such a project. There is no reason why the subject cannot be reconsidered at a future date.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe considers that the attitude of your Assembly regarding police service which might be required of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in Kenya at this time is correct, and that it is not war, so far. As it seems that ... situation with his employer, for the present at least, prevented him from having to do police duty, the subject does not arise for the moment. He does not think that any general rule can be laid down in such matters", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs he has already informed you, and the National Spiritual Assembly of America as well, there is no objection to your receiving co-operation from them and financial assistance which they might be able to give you in publishing some of the literature in the African languages.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe thinks your Assembly's decision regarding spiritual healing being demonstrated at a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed meeting was quite sound. We should try not to have the Faith identified with such things in the eyes of the public, officially. What the believers do privately, which in no way contravenes the Teachings, is their own affair.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the Obligatory Prayers, the friends in the West should continue to use them exactly as they have been doing, and as is set forth in the remarks in parentheses which accompany the prayers in the book \"Prayers and Meditations\". The Guardian himself will, whenever he sees fit, and considers the time is ripe, inform the friends in such matters in greater detail.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOf all the work being undertaken by the believers, East and West, at the present time, undoubtedly the most urgent is that of getting the pioneers out to the goal countries during this year, if", "Unfolding Destiny\npossible. Not only will spiritual strength accrue from this settlement of so many new lands, but the prestige it gives us in the eyes of the non-Bah\u00e1'\u00eds is great. He fully realises heavy burdens have been placed upon the shoulders of all the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, and particularly upon the members of the twelve N.S.A.s directing this great crusade. But who else except the believers can do the work of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h? And short of accomplishing His work, where else lies hope for this confused and sorely-tried world?", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn spite of your many problems, he feels confident that you will find amongst the valiant members of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community sufficient volunteers to enable you to fill your virgin territories and islands with at least one pioneer per place. As he has already pointed out, there can be exchange; in other words, one Assembly can make use of volunteers for its goals from amongst believers under the jurisdiction of another N.S.A. if such are available.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn spite of your financial position and the work that lies ahead, the Guardian has felt it wise and necessary for you to take steps to purchase a national headquarters. When we remember that England is one of the oldest Bah\u00e1'\u00ed countries, so to speak, in the West, and that in spite of her distinction she is still without a suitable seat for her national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed administration, we see how important it is for her, on the eve of this great period of expansion, to have a National Centre", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrance, without any N.S.A. as yet, now has one, and it is high time England had one too. You will receive aid from others in this undertaking, as well as from the Guardian. He was pleased that Mr. Joseph took the first step in enabling you to fulfil this objective.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis loving thoughts and prayers are with each and every one of you, as you face your great responsibilities and rise to meet your priceless opportunities....\nP.S. The Guardian wishes your Assembly to express to Mr. Albert Joseph his deep appreciation of the assistance he is giving you in connection with the purchase of a National Headquarters.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe successive victories won, in recent years, by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, proclaiming, on the one hand, the triumphant conclusion of the first collective enterprise undertaken in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history on", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe morrow of the centenary celebrations of the Founding of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and on the other, the successful termination of the Two Year Plan, marking the inauguration of the community's historic Mission beyond the confines of its homeland, have immensely enhanced its prestige throughout the entire Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, have won for it the abiding gratitude and profound admiration of all who labour for our beloved Faith, and entitled it to assume a prominent share in the conduct of the world spiritual Crusade launched amidst the festivities signalising the climax of the celebrations of this Holy Year commemorating the centenary of the birth of the Mission of the Author of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Dispensation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMuch has been achieved in the course of the past nine years, both within the borders of this community's island home, and throughout the widely scattered Dependencies of the British Crown, on the shores as well as within the heart of the vast and far-off African Continent, to merit the pride that fills the hearts of its staunch and stalwart members, to deserve the applause of the Concourse on High, to evoke the fondest hopes for the steady unfoldment and ultimate consummation of the historic Mission entrusted to the care of the British followers of the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and to befittingly usher in a new Era in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history--an Era that will for ever remain associated with the systematic introduction of God's triumphant Faith, through the concerted efforts of the heroic band of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed pioneers, dwelling within the British Isles, into the Chief Dependencies of the British Crown scattered throughout the European and Asiatic continents and the islands and archipelagos of the Seven Seas.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe entire community, now firmly entrenched within the Administrative strongholds, recently and so laboriously established in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, must rise as one man to the occasion that now presents itself", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith hearts brimming with the love of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, with souls entirely dedicated to His Cause, with minds attuned to the laws and precepts underlying His teachings, steeled with an inflexible determination to utilise, to the fullest extent, the administrative agencies which their hands have fashioned since the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, and deriving fresh hope and sustenance from the rapid and remarkable victories won in both the teaching and administrative spheres of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity, both at home and abroad, the members of this high-minded, tenacious and spiritually alive community must gird up their loins, intensify their efforts a hundredfold and, through their combined and sustained efforts, write yet another", "Unfolding Destiny\nchapter in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history that will illuminate the annals of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and eclipse the splendour of the feats already accomplished in the past fifty years by the adherents of His Cause in their native land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe twofold process, already set in motion, which has been attended by such conspicuous success, must, in the course of the coming decade, be not only fully maintained but steadily accelerated", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhile the structure of the Administrative Order of the Faith within the British Isles is being steadily reinforced and enlarged, through the multiplication of the administrative institutions of the Faith in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland and the consolidation of the newly-fledged assemblies already established, an effort, unprecedented in scope and intensity, must be continually and determinedly exerted to lay the administrative basis of this Order not only in the islands bordering the British Isles, but in the Dependencies of the British Crown in the Mediterranean, and in the African and Asiatic Continents.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis vital aspect of the Mission committed to the care of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, must, in the course of the Crusade upon which it has embarked, receive a tremendous impetus, and gather such momentum as to justify the trust 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 so confidently placed in this community and the distinctive functions with which its members have been invested since His passing", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe development of the institutions of the Faith on the home front must be supplemented by, and afford a constant stimulus to, the rise of similar institutions, first in the limited number of territories and islands assigned to the elected representatives of this community, and eventually throughout the colonies and protectorates comprising the British Empire.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe opening phase of the Ten Year Plan so auspiciously inaugurated on the morrow of the memorable victories already achieved, covering a period of no less than two years, must be distinguished by the opening, in rapid succession, of the eleven virgin territories in Europe and Africa and the laying of a firm foundation for the future erection of a rapidly rising Administrative Order whose ramifications are destined to encircle within the coming ten years the entire planet.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe exertions required to consummate the first stage of this Ten Year Plan are admittedly arduous, and demand the utmost attentiveness, and a degree of sacrifice and consecration unequalled in the entire course of British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history. In spite of the smallness of their numbers, and the limited resources at their disposal, the members", "Unfolding Destiny\nof the community living in the British Isles, including administrators and teachers, as well as the band of self-sacrificing pioneers who have already forsaken their homes and are labouring in distant fields in the African Continent, must, at whatever cost, disperse more widely and direct their footsteps to the virgin territories and islands assigned to their National Assembly, contributing thereby, directly and effectively, to the speedy and successful termination of the initial phase of a Crusade on which the immediate destinies of the entire community so largely depend.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhile this supreme effort is being exerted special and immediate attention must, likewise, be directed to two other objectives which constitute a vital part of the work now confronting the members of this community", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe selection of the site of the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds in the city of London, the heart of the British Empire, and the national administrative seat of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles, and the adoption of effective measures for its immediate purchase, as well as the preparation of a suitable pamphlet and its prompt translation and publication in the thirty-one languages assigned to the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed National Assembly, are matters of such urgency as to be given precedence, during the coming two years, over all the other objectives of the Ten Year Plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Plan on which the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community has embarked, unique in its significance, unprecedented in its scope, so vast in its potentialities, so meritorious in its objectives, so challenging in its features, will, if consummated, at the appointed time, open a further vista, before the eyes of its victorious prosecutors, of such transcendent glory as none of them can as yet even dimly imagine", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe path leading to the discovery of this brilliant yet at present distant goal, at which a triumphant community will be enabled to catch a glimpse of its ultimate destiny, revealed in the plenitude of its splendour, is long, steep and thorny. The prizes to be won by those who must tread this path, in the years immediately ahead, are not to be easily secured. The challenge will be prolonged and severe", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe opportunities they now have to scale loftier heights of heroism, and achieve still mightier victories during the interval separating the Great and Most Great Jubilees, will if missed never again recur.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe Who, in His infinite love and mercy, called into being this community, more than fifty years ago, at the time of the inception of His Father's Faith in the West, Who tenderly and vigilantly nursed it and guided its footsteps in the early years of its infancy, Who twice", "Unfolding Destiny\nconferred upon it the inestimable blessings of personal contact with its members, Who sustained, from His station on high, its development in the course of no less than two decades, within the framework of a rising Administrative Order, Who enabled it to expand and consolidate itself within its island home, Who launched it, subsequently, on its mission overseas, will, if its members prove themselves worthy of His trust, continue to shower His manifold blessings upon them, at this hour of their greatest need, and will enable them to traverse, speedily and successfully, the second and momentous stage in the progressive unfoldment of that same Mission.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat they may, guided and assisted by the vigilance, the wisdom and devotion of their elected national representatives, forge ahead with undiminished vigour, with exemplary fidelity, and with inflexible determination, along the path of their high destiny, overcome every obstacle that stands in their way, achieve signal success in the course of the opening phase of this world-girdling Crusade, and crown eventually their Ten Year Plan with a victory unexampled in the annals of the Faith in the British Isles, is my cherished hope for them and my fervent and constant prayer.", "Unfolding Destiny\nADVISE PROMPT MEASURES OUTRIGHT PURCHASE Haz\u00edra LONDON CONTRIBUTING TWO THOUSAND POUNDS ENCOURAGING NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES.\nGUARDIAN URGES PROMPT HANDLING VOLUNTEERS KAMPALA NAIROBI DAR-ES-SALAAM FOR IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT....\nIOAS\n9 July 1953+F1\nADVISE FREEHOLD PURCHASE.\n+F1. Refers to purchase of Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds, London.\n18 July 1953+F1\nIF LESS EXPENSIVE NOT AVAILABLE APPROVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo the Hands of the Cause, the members of the National Spiritual Assemblies, the pioneers, the resident believers and visitors attending the European Intercontinental Teaching Conference in Stockholm, Sweden (July 21/26, 1953).\nWell-beloved Friends,", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith a glad and grateful heart I welcome the convocation, in the capital city of Sweden, of the third of a series of Intercontinental Teaching Conferences associated with the world-wide festivities commemorating the Centenary of the Mission of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and destined to exert a profound and lasting influence on the immediate fortunes of His Faith in all continents of the globe.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI look back with feelings of wonder, thankfulness and joy upon the chain of memorable circumstances which, a little over a century ago, accompanied the introduction of the Faith into, and marked the inception of its nascent institutions within a continent which, in the course of the last two thousand years, has exercised on the destiny of the human race a pervasive influence unequalled by that of any other continent of the globe.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI feel impelled on this historic occasion, when the members of the American, the British, the German and the newly formed Italo-Swiss National Spiritual Assemblies, as well as representatives of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United Kingdom, of Eire, of Germany, of Austria, of the Scandinavian and Benelux countries, of the Iberian Peninsula, of Italy, of Switzerland, of France and of Finland are assembled, to pay a warm tribute to the valiant labours of the early British and French Bah\u00e1'\u00ed pioneers, who at the very dawn of the Faith in Europe, strove with such diligence, consecration and resolution to fan into flame that holy Fire which the hand of the appointed Centre of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Covenant had kindled in the north-west extremity of that continent", "Unfolding Destiny\non the morrow of His Father's ascension. I recall the slow eastward spread of that infant Light which led to the gradual emergence of the German and Austrian Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities, during the darkest period of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's incarceration in the prison-fortress of 'Akk\u00e1", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am reminded of His subsequent epoch-making visit, soon after His providential release from His forty-year confinement in the Most Great Prison, to these newly-fledged struggling communities, of His patient seed-sowing destined to yield at a later age its first fruits, and constituting a landmark of the utmost significance in the rise and establishment of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in that continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI, moreover, call to mind, on this occasion, the successive episodes which, on the morrow of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's ascension, in the course of the initial Epoch of the Formative Age of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Dispensation, signalised the emergence of those administrative institutions, both local and national, which proclaimed the germination of those potent seeds which had lain dormant for more than a decade in these newly-opened European territories, and which culminated in the construction of the framework of the Administrative Order of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and the erection of the first two pillars destined to sustain in that continent the weight of the final unit of that Order.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNor can I fail to acclaim, as a further milestone in the irresistible evolution of that Faith, the launching, following the creation of the administrative agencies designed to provide the effectual instruments for its propagation, of the Six Year Plan of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community followed successively by the European Teaching Campaign, inaugurated in accordance with the provisions of the second Seven Year Plan of the American Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, the Five Year Plan conceived by the German and Austrian Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities and the Two Year Plan later initiated by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community-- Plans which, within less than a decade, succeeded in laying the structural basis of the Administrative Order of the Faith in Wales, in Scotland, in Northern Ireland and in Eire, in multiplying and consolidating Bah\u00e1'\u00ed institutions throughout the British Isles, in broadening and strengthening the foundations of that same Order in Germany and Austria, in erecting the National Administrative Headquarters of the Faith in the", "Unfolding Destiny\nthroughout the British Isles, in broadening and strengthening the foundations of that same Order in Germany and Austria, in erecting the National Administrative Headquarters of the Faith in the city of Frankfurt, in establishing Spiritual Assemblies in the capital cities of no less than ten sovereign states in Europe, in reinforcing the administrative foundations of that Faith in those territories, in providing the means for the convocation of four European, and a series of regional, Teaching Conferences, and", "Unfolding Destiny\nabove all, in the convocation of the historic Convention in Florence, culminating in the emergence of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Italy and Switzerland, the third in a series of institutions destined to play their part in the eventual establishment of the Supreme Legislative Body of the Administrative Order of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe hour is now ripe for these communities, whether new or old, local or national, already functioning on the northern, the western and the southern fringes of that continent, as well as those situated in its very heart, to initiate befittingly and prosecute energetically the European Campaign of a global Crusade which will not only contribute, to an unprecedented degree, to the broadening and the consolidation of the foundations of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h on the continent of Europe, but will also diffuse its light over the neighbouring islands, and will, God willing, carry its radiance to the eastern territories of that continent, and beyond them as far as the heart of Asia.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe privileged prosecutors of so revolutionising, so gigantic, so sacred and beneficent a campaign are, on the morrow of its launching, and at such a crucial hour in the destinies of the European continent, summoned to undertake: First, the formation, under the aegis of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United States, of one National Spiritual Assembly in each of the Scandinavian and Benelux countries, and those of the Iberian Peninsula, and one in Finland, as well as the establishment, in collaboration with the Paris Spiritual Assembly, of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of France, the establishment under the aegis of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Germany and Austria, of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Austria, and the establishment, under the aegis of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United States, and in association with the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Italy and Switzerland, of independent", "Unfolding Destiny\nunder the aegis of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United States, and in association with the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Italy and Switzerland, of independent National Spiritual Assemblies in Italy and Switzerland", "Unfolding Destiny\nSecond, the construction of the first Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1r of Europe in the city of Frankfurt, the heart of Germany, which occupies such a central position in the continent of Europe. Third, the purchase of land for the future construction of two Mashriqu'l-Adhk\u00e1rs, one in the north in the city of Stockholm, and one in the south in the city of Rome, the seat and stronghold of the most powerful Church in Christendom. Fourth, the opening of the following thirty virgin territories and islands:", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlbania, Crete, Estonia, Finno-Karelia, Frisian Islands, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Rumania, White Russia, assigned to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Germany and Austria; Channel Islands, Cyprus, Faroe Islands, Hebrides Islands, Malta, Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, assigned to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles; Andorra, Azores, Balearic Islands, Lofoten Islands, Spitzbergen, Ukraine, assigned to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United States of America; Liechtenstein, Monaco, Rhodes, San Marino, Sardinia, Sicily, assigned to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Italy and Switzerland", "Unfolding Destiny\nFifth, the translation and publication of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature in the following ten languages to be undertaken by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United States of America, through its European Teaching Committee: Basque, Estonian, Flemish, Lapp, Maltese, Piedmontese, Romani, Romansch, Yiddish, Ziryen", "Unfolding Destiny\nSixth, the consolidation of Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Holland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, allocated to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the United States of America; of Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Russian S.F.S., Yugoslavia, allocated to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Germany and Austria; of Eire, allocated to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles; of Iceland, allocated to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Canada; and of Corsica, allocated to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Italy and Switzerland", "Unfolding Destiny\nSeventh, the incorporation of the thirteen above-mentioned National Spiritual Assemblies. Eighth, the establishment by these same National Spiritual Assemblies of national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed endowments. Ninth, the establishment of a national Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds in the capital city of each of the countries where the National Spiritual Assemblies are to be established, as well as one in London and one in Paris. Tenth, the formation of a National Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Publishing Trust in Frankfurt, Germany", "Unfolding Destiny\nEleventh, the formation of Israel Branches of the National Spiritual Assemblies of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles and of Germany and Austria, authorised to hold, on behalf of their parent institutions, property dedicated to the Holy Shrines at the World Centre of the Faith in the State of Israel. Twelfth, the conversion to the Faith of representatives of the Basque and Gypsy races. Thirteenth, the appointment during Ridvan 1954, by the Hands of the Cause in Europe, of an auxiliary board of nine", "Unfolding Destiny\nmembers who will, in conjunction with the four National Spiritual Assemblies participating in the European campaign, assist, through periodic and systematic visits to Bah\u00e1'\u00ed centres, in the efficient and prompt execution of the Plans formulated for the prosecution of the teaching campaign in the European continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA continent occupying such a central and strategic position on the entire planet; so rich and eventful in its history; so diversified in its culture; from whose soil sprang both the Hellenic and Roman civilisations; the mainspring of a civilisation to some of whose features Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h Himself paid tribute; on whose southern shores Christendom first established its home; along whose eastern marches the mighty forces of the Cross and the Crescent so frequently clashed; on whose south-western extremity a fast evolving Isl\u00e1mic culture yielded its fairest fruit; in whose heart the light of the Reformation shone so brightly, shedding its rays as far as the outlying regions of the globe; the well-spring of American culture; whose northern and western fringes were first warmed and illuminated, less than a century ago, by the dawning light of the Revelation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h; in whose heart a community, so rich in promise, was subsequently established; whose soil was later sanctified by the twice-repeated visit of the", "Unfolding Destiny\nby the dawning light of the Revelation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h; in whose heart a community, so rich in promise, was subsequently established; whose soil was later sanctified by the twice-repeated visit of the appointed Centre of His Covenant; which witnessed, in consequence of the rise and establishment of the Administrative Order of His Faith, the erection of two of the foremost pillars of the future Universal House of Justice; which, in recent years, sustained the dynamic impact of a series of national Plans preparatory to the launching of a world spiritual crusade--such a continent has at last at this critical hour, this great turning-point in its fortunes, entered upon what may well be regarded as the opening phase of a great spiritual revival that bids fair to eclipse any period in its spiritual history.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the elected representatives of the National Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities entrusted with the conduct of this momentous undertaking launched on the soil of this continent, aided by the Hands of the Cause and their auxiliary boards, reinforced by the local communities, the groups and isolated believers sharing in this massive and collective enterprise, and supported by the subsidiary agencies to be appointed for its efficient prosecution, be graciously assisted by the Lord of Hosts to contribute, in the years immediately ahead, through their concerted efforts and collective achievements, in both the teaching and administrative spheres of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity, to the success of this glorious Crusade, and lend a tremendous impetus to the conversion, the reconciliation and the", "Unfolding Destiny\nultimate unification of the divers and conflicting peoples, races and classes dwelling within the borders of a travailing, a sorely-agitated and spiritually-famished continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay all the privileged participators, enlisting under the banner of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h for the promotion of so pre-eminent and meritorious a Cause, be they from the Eastern or Western hemisphere, of either sex, white or coloured, young or old, neophyte or veteran, whether serving in their capacity as expounders of the teachings, or administrators, of His Faith, as settlers or itinerant teachers, distinguish themselves by such deeds of heroism as will rival, nay outshine, the feats accomplished nineteen hundred years ago by that little band of God-intoxicated disciples who, fearlessly preaching the Gospel of a newly-arisen Messiah, contributed so decisively to the illumination, the regeneration and the advancement of the entire European continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nADVISE FERRABYS REMAIN ENGLAND MORE MERITORIOUS.\nAPPROVE SUBSTITUTION LINGALA LUBA MBUNDO TONGA FOR BUA WONGO LUIMBI SENA RESPECTIVELY.\nASSURE VAKIL PRAYERS APPRECIATION. (Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to Cyprus.)\nYour letter of 5th August has been received by the beloved\nGuardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nThe contributions made by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community to the Shrine of the B\u00e1b Fund and to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed International Fund are greatly appreciated. Receipts are enclosed herewith.+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian deeply values the unique and outstanding services of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles. Through their devotion and sacrifice, they are setting an example for posterity.\nHe wishes me to assure you that he prays fervently for the spiritual confirmation of all of the friends of the British Isles; for their material and spiritual welfare, and that every obstacle may be removed from their paths of service, particularly during the Global Crusade.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Shrine of the B\u00e1b is rapidly nearing completion. Its beauty and splendour are difficult to portray. Certainly the Guardian very aptly described the octagon, the drum and the dome as the triple crowns on the Shrine of the B\u00e1b", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow that the glory and splendour of the golden dome is revealed by the removal of all of the scaffolding, it is truly a golden crown for the Shrine, and each time one looks at it, one becomes more and more impressed that it is a symbol of the manner in which the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the world, led by the beloved Guardian, are crowning the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activities of the past one hundred years by spreading the knowledge of the Glory of the Lord throughout the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian sends his loving greetings to you all....\nAPPROVE RETAIN YAZDIS BENNETT+ GUNG. FIVE THOUSAND WORD PAMPHLET ADVISABLE INFORM AMERICA.\nASSURE LJUNGBERG DEEPEST APPRECIATION PRAYERS. (Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to Faroe Islands.)\n+F1. 600 on this occasion.\nASSURE ASGHARZADIH LOVING APPRECIATION FERVENT PRAYERS. (Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to Channel Islands.)\nASSURE BAXTER LOVING APPRECIATION. (Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to Channel Islands.)", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE DUNNING DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION. (Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to Orkney Islands.)\nASSURE HASSELBLATT DEEPEST LOVING APPRECIATION. (Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to Shetland Islands.)\nADVISE TAKE NO RISK OWING POSSIBILITY HIGHER OUTLAY. URGE SEARCH OTHER PLACES AS NEAR AS POSSIBLE.+F1 APPROVE HAINSWORTH SIX MONTHS LEAVE.\nASSURE UNA LOVING PRAYERS. (Una Townshend, Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to Malta.)\n+F1. Refers to purchase of National Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds, London.", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE CRANEY LOVING APPRECIATION. (Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to Hebrides.)\nADVISE ASSIST EGYPT BY PIONEER BRITISH SOMALILAND.\nAPPROVE SHOMAIS DEPARTURE ETHIOPIA.\nASSURE BATTAH LOVING APPRECIATION.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn your recent News Letter the beloved Guardian noted some quotations from the pilgrims notes of ..., and he wishes me to tell you that he feels it is wiser, in such official organs as our News Letters, not to publish such notes as, unfortunately, they often contain errors. He has recently had occasion to call the American N.S.A.'s attention to this too....\nHis loving thoughts and prayers are often with you all.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPROVE SUBSTITUTION LANGUAGES REFERRED LETTER DATED NOVEMBER THIRTEEN SENDING SECOND PIONEER HAS NO GREATER\nPRIORITY. REGRET OWING INCREASING EXPENSES UNABLE EXTEND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE EXERCISE STRICT ECONOMY.\nDISAPPROVE CIRCULATION STATEMENT MARRIAGE OWING GENERAL PRINCIPLE ALREADY ESTABLISHED.\nTRANSMITTING FIVE HUNDRED NATIONAL FUND SENT THROUGH LANGDON-DAVIES RUG FROM BAHA'U'LLAH'S SHRINE AND PHOTOS FOR NATIONAL Haz\u00edra LOVE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY APPRECIATE NOBLE SENTIMENTS DEDICATION ATTENDANTS CONFERENCE. ARDENTLY SUPPLICATING FULFILMENT HOPES ACHIEVEMENT UNPRECEDENTED VICTORIES. DEEPEST LOVE.\nCABLE NAMES LANGUAGES ALREADY TRANSLATED UNDER TEN YEAR PLAN SPECIFY ALSO WHICH LANGUAGES PROCESS TRANSLATION.\nADVISE SEND PIONEERS PROMPTLY BRITISH TOGOLAND FRENCH TOGOLAND FRENCH CAMEROONS. ORME SQUARE TOO EXPENSIVE. ADVISE TOWNSHENDS ABANDON PLAN MALTA. EXPENDITURE", "Unfolding Destiny\nHUNDRED POUNDS SOMALILAND INADVISABLE. PURCHASE SITE INSIDE KAMPALA OR WITHIN THREE MILES.\nFOLLOW LAWYER'S ADVICE REGARDING TEMPLE LAND OUTSIDE KAMPALA.\nASSURE PRAYERS BLACKBURN NOTTINGHAM.\nAt the instruction of our beloved Guardian, I am forwarding you herewith his Convention Message.\nHe wishes you to have it read aloud to the assembled delegates, and then published and circulated among the believers....\nHEARTFELT CONGRATULATIONS GREAT VICTORY.\nI am forwarding you herewith a copy of the Guardian's", "Unfolding Destiny\n+F1. Joint Convention Message to all National Assemblies. Published \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal\" No. 114 and \"Messages to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World 1950-1957\", p. 60.\n+F2. On report that all overseas territories opened and all home Assemblies assured.\nConvention Message which was mailed you a short time ago. As there is a pilgrim leaving, he is taking the precaution of having this mailed in Europe.\nI hope it reaches you in time for the Convention....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has directed me to write you concerning the Island of Malta. He attaches great importance to this Island, and wishes your Assembly to see that the teaching work there progresses as rapidly and efficiently as possible.\nAt the present time, it has again become virgin, according to our records. Do you know if Miss Townshend intends to return? If not, your Assembly should undertake to fill the post just as quickly as possible, with someone else.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs you have become aware through the Guardian's Convention Message, he is very happy with the result of the first year of the Ten-Year Crusade. He is hoping that the second year will witness even more glorious victories, and this time on the home front, as well as in foreign fields.\nHe would appreciate a report of the plans for Malta, as soon as possible. In order to save him work, it is suggested it be sent to me. (Mr. L. Ioas)\nThe Guardian sends you his loving greetings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE ASSEMBLED DELEGATES ARDENT PRAYERS ABUNDANT BLESSINGS DELIBERATIONS PROUD RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY CHERISH GREAT HOPES FUTURE HISTORIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS DEEPEST LOVE.\nWELCOME PLEDGE DELEGATES PRAYING SUCCESS ATTAINMENT GOALS.\nEuropean and Asian Committee\nYour letter of the 9th of Nur, 110, was received by the beloved Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs he has been tremendously busy during this Holy Year-- and indeed his work is increasing all the time--and there was nothing urgent that required an immediate reply--he has delayed in answering you until he had more time.\nHe hopes that your committee will be able to gradually assist in the work allotted to the British National Spiritual Assembly during the Plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe most important thing of course is to get the believers out into wholly virgin areas, and keep them there. So far, England has done nobly, and he is proud of their efforts.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Pacific area is also of great importance. If there is any possibility of British subjects going out to territories that are under the jurisdiction of other National Bodies, but difficult to get into, he feels that they should be referred to the committees concerned, or the National Spiritual Assemblies concerned, because of the importance of achieving all the goals of the Plan, regardless of which Assembly has certain goals under its immediate jurisdiction.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe assures you he will pray for the success of your devoted labours, in the Holy Shrine.\nMay the Almighty bless your meritorious activities, guide and sustain you always, and enable you to lend a great impetus to the splendid work now being accomplished in Europe and in Asia.\nYour loving letter of April 30th has just come to hand, calling attention to the fact that Olga Mills, one of the pioneers in Malta,\nis serving there very actively. The beloved Guardian had been informed by someone that she had left.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever, the intent of the letter of April 24th still remains-- that no pioneer should leave their goal unless for very urgent reasons. In the case of Malta, this is a country which can only be settled by English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, and therefore the Guardian feels it of great importance that any pioneer who goes there should remain. It is hoped that it may be possible for Una Townshend to return in due course, to carry on her work there.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian asks that you convey to Olga Mills his loving appreciation of her devoted services, and assure her of his prayers in her behalf.\nIf Una Townshend finds it impossible to return to Malta, then the Guardian hopes you can send some other pioneer to that important post....", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am enclosing, at the instruction of our beloved Guardian, the original title-deed of one-quarter of an acre of land recently purchased near the resting-place of the Greatest Holy Leaf on Mount Carmel; and registered in the name of the Israel Branch of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles.\nThe cost of this property was six thousand dollars.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels sure that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds will rejoice to know that they now have a part of the International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Endowments in the name of their own special Israel Branch....\nBritish Africa Committee\nThe various letters of your committee dated June 8 and 25, July 6, August 13, September 23, October 8, November 25 and December 31, 1953, and January 27 (3), March 6 and 30 and April 20, 1954, with their enclosures, have been received by the", "Unfolding Destiny\nbeloved Guardian and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf. As he has been in constant cable communication with you during the past year, I will not go into many of the matters which have already been attended to.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOf all the places in the world where the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith exists and is spreading, the Guardian is definitely most pleased with Africa, and most proud of Uganda. He feels that the spirit shown by white and negro pioneers alike in that continent, presents a challenge to the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds everywhere in the world, and that old and staid communities may well learn from, and emulate the example of, the believers of Africa, many of them scarcely a year old in the Cause of God!", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that your committee and the British N.S.A. have every reason to be proud of the work you have accomplished, and grateful for the blessings you have received from on High.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt has particularly rejoiced his heart to see the way almost every goal was attained at the last minute, before the end of the first year of the Ten Year Crusade, many of these goals through the immediate whole-hearted response of some of these new African Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, themselves the spiritual children of other African Bah\u00e1'\u00eds--young in the Faith, but old in their understanding of it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe main task, now that the back of the pioneer settlement work has been broken, so to speak, is the consolidation of these territories and the maintaining of the pioneers at their posts. He is constantly urging all National Assemblies to impress upon those who have gone forth to settle virgin territories, the importance of staying there, and of only abandoning their posts if they are forced to do so by the Government in question, and not for some other reason", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe friends have had such difficulty in gaining access to some of these countries,--visas, housing, expenses have all been such a problem--that once they get there, they should really move heaven and earth to remain.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very happy that two of the Temple sites on the African continent have been purchased, and feels that this will release a tremendous spiritual impetus. He hopes that the Egyptian Bah\u00e1'\u00eds will soon decide on a site, and that will complete the chain for the time being.\nConcerning the various questions you have raised regarding literature and translations, he thinks that it is perhaps better to have a proper introductory pamphlet on the Faith translated into", "Unfolding Destiny\n... and not give any wide publicity for the time being, than to spend money translating a lopsided presentation of the Teachings. However, he believes that, with sufficient effort and good judgment, a pamphlet could be gotten out that would neither stress too strongly the racial teachings, nor minimise them too much, and could discreetly be used for teaching purposes in...", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has spoken very strongly to some of the pilgrims here about the teaching work in that country, and impressed upon them that the whole object of the pioneers in going forth to Africa, is to teach the coloured people, and not the white people. This does not mean that they must refuse to teach the white people, which would be a foolish attitude", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt does, however, mean that they should constantly bear in mind that it is to the native African that they are now carrying the Message of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, in his own country, and not to people from abroad who have migrated there permanently or temporarily and are a minority, and many of them, judging by their acts, a very unsavoury minority.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that every effort will be made to get out a pamphlet in each of the languages chosen, or those that you have substituted for a chosen language. He fully realises that, in many cases, the people who speak the language are illiterate, and, strictly speaking, do not require a printed pamphlet in their own tongue", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe considers however the psychological values of having something translated into their own language, the compliment implicit in it, so to speak, of great importance, sufficient to offset the time, effort and expense involved.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe would like your committee to convey to all the pioneers, most particularly the negro ones, the expression of his deep admiration of the wonderful spirit that animates them, his feeling of affection for them, and the assurance of his ardent prayers for their success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAfrica is truly awakening and finding herself, and she undoubtedly has a great message to give, and a great contribution to make to the advancement of world civilisation. To the degree to which her peoples accept Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, will they be blessed, strengthened and protected.\nHe hopes that, whilst concentrating on the consolidation of the work under your jurisdiction, you will give every assistance within your power to the other National Assemblies who have", "Unfolding Destiny\ndifficult places to settle. The Portuguese and Spanish territories seem to be the hardest of all to gain access to. Any help your committee can give along this line would certainly be rendering a great service to the Cause.\nHe deeply appreciates the work you have done, and your committee achievements, during the past year, and assures each and all of you of his loving prayers on your behalf....", "Unfolding Destiny\nAssuring you of my loving and constant prayers for the success of the efforts you are so devotedly exerting for the promotion of our beloved Faith and its institutions,\nThe beloved Guardian has been greatly pleased with the reports he has received of the progress of the teaching work in Oxford. He feels the friends in that city have undertaken their responsibility diligently and successfully.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is his feeling that the Faith should be firmly established in Cambridge, which is also one of the great centres of learning in the British Isles. He understands that Cambridge is a goal city of the Crusade, and he feels that the time has now arrived for the opening of that city and the expansion of the teaching work there.\nHe would appreciate a report from you as to the progress of the Faith in that important city. This report should be addressed to me, and I will inform him of its contents....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has directed me to write you in connection with the purchase of the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds for the city of London. The Guardian is very hopeful that your Assembly will be able to complete this important matter in the near future.\nIn connection with the purchase of Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds, under the\nTen Year Crusade there are a total of 49 to be procured. 4 of them were procured during the first year of the Crusade.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt the Guardian's direction, I have written the National Assemblies involved, calling for the purchase of 17 Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds of the 45, during this year. One of these 17 Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds is the one in London.\nThe Guardian attaches the greatest importance to the fulfilment of this aspect of the Ten Year Crusade; and sincerely hopes your Assembly will concentrate on the purchase of the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds for London, so that it may be consummated as soon as possible....", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour Assembly's letters dated June 10 (2), 17, 22 and 26, July 3, 7, 8, 9 (2), 16 and 24, August 17, 19 (2) and 24, September 17, 21, 24 and 25, October 1, 8, 12, 22 and 28, November 13 (4) and 18 (2), December 10 (2), 12 and 23, 1953, and January 7, 20 (2), 21 and 22, February 17 (3), 19 (3), 21, 23 (2) and 25, March 1, 23, 24 and 25 (3), April 13 and 28, May 12, 21 and 25, June 1 (4) and 15, 1954, with enclosures, have been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe regrets very much the long delays in answering the National Spiritual Assemblies, but is finding it increasingly difficult to keep abreast of his work. He feels sometimes that he will soon be forced to give up correspondence with individuals, although he is reluctant to do so, because so many of the new believers brought in during the present teaching activities in Africa and other far goals are writing to him", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever, he has attended to a great many of your questions by cable, and the visits of a number of English pilgrims have enabled him to send you messages and to keep the British community in contact with the work in the Holy Land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe greatly appreciated the desire of John and Dorothy Ferraby to go out as pioneers, but considered that it would weaken the work of the National Assembly altogether too much. Important as the pioneer field is, if all the most able workers go out, the\ncampaigns carried on from different national bases will become absolutely unwieldy for lack of adequate able management.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe expression of condolences which your Assembly conveyed to him at the time of the passing of Fred Schopflocher and Dorothy Baker, two dear and trusted Hands of the Cause who could ill be spared from their work at this time, touched him very much. Others must now arise, and through their services seek to fill the gaps which such valuable workers have left in the vanguard of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed host.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe would like you to express to the British pioneers on the home front, whose names you forwarded to him, his sincere thanks. Their arising to protect the goals which have been won by other pioneers at a cost of such sacrifice and effort was noble and highly meritorious.\nSpeaking of pioneers, he was very pleased to hear recently that Mrs. Shomais Afnan had succeeded in gaining entry into Ethiopia. Her perseverance in the face of a great deal of opposition is certainly exemplary.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs he already cabled you, he did not approve of the statements you had prepared for circulation amongst the Assemblies regarding Bah\u00e1'\u00ed marriage. Some of the remarks were incorrect in the first place, and in the second place he is strongly against Statements! He wishes the friends to keep as elastic as possible in administering the affairs of the Faith, while at the same time adhering to fundamentals", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe knows that at times this inconveniences the National Bodies and makes their work more detailed, but believes it to be the lesser, so to speak, of two evils.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very sorry to learn that dear Mr. Townshend's health is in such a precarious state, and necessitated the return of his daughter from Malta. His devotion is so single-hearted and touching, and his determination to carry on at all costs is exemplary, and should inspire the young people to follow in his footsteps.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhen compiling the list of African languages into which the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Message should be translated, the Guardian realised that certain changes would probably be necessary--naturally the fewer the better. In this connection, if you feel it advisable and not otherwise, he would like you to convey to Dr. Berry, of the African Department of the School of Oriental and African studies, his personal thanks for the valuable advice he has given", "Unfolding Destiny\nyour Assembly, and his friendly co-operation. You might also, at your discretion, extend his thanks to any other members of the Staff who have assisted you.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very pleased that the Temple land has been bought in Kampala. Mr. and Mrs. Elston are visiting here at the present time; and he has told them he feels that at present the Temple land should merely be held in trust, and all meetings continue in the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds building", "Unfolding Destiny\nShould this eventually prove too small, enlarging one of the rooms to accommodate more of the people at the meetings might be considered as a possibility; but any work carried out must be of a very economical nature, and he does not think it is pressing at present, anyway.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI need not tell you that the work in Africa, and more particularly in Uganda, is very dear to his heart. The progress made there during the last year has borne him up and encouraged him greatly when he was often weighed down with work. He feels that this country and its peoples, in the very heart of Africa, are a most precious trust", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheir receptivity to the Teachings, their great desire to serve their new Faith, the number of them who have arisen to go out as pioneers, mark them as a people apart in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, at least for the time being. May many others in neighbouring countries prove as worthy, and follow their example.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn dealing with people who are still backward in relation to our civilised standards, and in many cases guided by a tribal system which has strong orders of its own, he feels that you should be both tactful and forbearing. There is no specific minimum age mentioned in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teachings at which girls may marry. In the future, this and other questions unspecified will be dealt with by the International House of Justice", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe difficulty of getting a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed into ... has now been temporarily solved. The Guardian does not see why Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should have to state to any Government that the reason for their visit to a country is for the purposes of teaching the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. Most of the time, though not perhaps invariably, this is calculated to arouse suspicion and opposition. One has to deal with cases as they arise. A blanket rule could never apply over so wide a field as that in which Bah\u00e1'\u00ed pioneers are working.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlthough the children of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed parents are considered to be Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, there is no objection at the present time, for purposes of keeping a correct census, and also ascertaining whether the young people are, sincerely, believers, and willing to do their share in service to the Faith, to asking them to make a declaration of their intention at the age of fifteen or so", "Unfolding Destiny\nOriginally, the Guardian understands, this was adopted in America to enable young Bah\u00e1'\u00ed men to make certain arrangements in connection with their application for non-combatant status upon their attaining the age of military service. There is really nothing about it in the Teachings or in the Administration. Your Assembly is free to do as it pleases in this matter.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the publication of a pamphlet on the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Teachings on Monarchy, funds and circumstances permitting, the Guardian sees no objection to this whatsoever. It might appeal to a certain type of British mind very much, though he fears there are other minds to which it may not appeal! However, considering Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has taught these things, there is no reason why we should not share them with those interested in the subject.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very sorry that it has not been possible to purchase the National Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds yet. In spite of the fact that he attaches great importance to this, he does not think that the cost should become exorbitant merely in order to accomplish a goal before a certain date. The Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, not only in England, but all over the world, have embarked upon a Plan which will involve over a period of years a very heavy expenditure", "Unfolding Destiny\nUndoubtedly they will have to help each other; but they will scarcely have the financial strength to help each other to the tune of extremely expensive buildings, Temple sites, etc., in different parts of the world. He has given instructions to Canada, Germany, Rome, etc., to cut down on the proposals they made to him, because the price of these things in different parts of the world, when added up, would be well beyond the means of the Faith to meet at present", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels sure that, however painful and toilsome the process may be, you will eventually find a suitable spot in London, and one that your Assembly, with the help of the British believers and other possible contributions from outside as well, can afford.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe remarkable achievements in the pioneer field, a field in\nwhich your own Assembly has been far from backward, are a source of great encouragement to all the believers as well as to him. The addition of one hundred countries during one year is certainly history-making.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow that the back of the foreign pioneering work has been broken, so to speak, a greater measure of attention must be paid to the home fronts. The consolidation work, though far less spectacular, constitutes a very weighty task, and will require a constant measure of sacrificial effort if the goals are to be fulfilled. He thinks that during the coming year greater attention should be paid to the home front, while at the same time maintaining the pioneer posts at their present standard, at least.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe principle is, and it should be impressed on the minds of all pioneers, to hold their territory at any cost. Just because they have left their homes, and gone out and carried the Faith to one of these virgin areas, does not mean that the task is accomplished. On the contrary, nothing could be sadder than that these newly-won territories should be lost after a few months' effort", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that in your correspondence with the pioneers you will impress this fact upon them and make them realise that to be a \"Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\" is not only a very high and pleasant position, but involves a truly tremendous responsibility. To remain at one's post, to undergo sacrifice and hardship, loneliness and, if necessary, persecution, in order to hold aloft the torch of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, is the true function of every pioneer.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLet them remember Marion Jack, who for over twenty years, in a country the language of which she never mastered; during war and bombardment; evacuation and poverty; and at length, serious illness, stuck to her post, and has now blessed the soil of the land she had chosen to serve at such cost with her precious remains, every atom of which was dedicated to Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "Unfolding Destiny\nPerhaps the friends are not aware that the Guardian, himself, during the war on more more than one occasion urged her to seek safety in Switzerland rather than remain behind enemy lines and be entirely cut off. Lovingly she pleaded that he would not require her to leave her post, and he acquiesced to her request. Surely the standard of Marion Jack should be borne in mind by every pioneer!", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding your question about including the Tablet of the Virgin in a compilation of \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Scriptures\" which you wish\nto publish--the old translation is very poor and has many inaccuracies. However, the Guardian has no time at all to retranslate it or correct it himself.\nHe leaves it to the discretion of your Assembly as to whether you wish to include it in a compilation or not.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am returning to you the list you sent with suggested corrections in relation to the pamphlet your Assembly published last year--\"The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith 1844-1952, Information Statistical and Comparative\". The righthand column marked \"Suggested\", he considers quite acceptable", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe places where you have put question marks are correct, with very few exceptions which the Guardian has corrected, in the column marked \"As Listed\", with the exception of the transliteration of the name Shu'a'u'llah, (Number 12) which the Guardian has corrected.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAssuring you of the Guardian's loving prayers for the success of your devoted labours....\nP.S. July 28th. Your letter of July 7th has likewise been received.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe achievements of the members of the tenacious, the valiant and wide-awake British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, within the borders of their homeland and beyond its confines, in the course of the opening year of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World Crusade, deserve the highest commendation and have considerably heightened its prestige and deepened my own admiration for it as well as that of its sister communities in both Hemispheres.", "Unfolding Destiny\nCalled into being through the dispensations of a watchful Providence, in the middle of the memorable decade that witnessed the introduction of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h into the Western world; sharing with its sister community across the Channel the distinction of being the first to be quickened by the life-giving influences generated by the newly-established Covenant of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the Holy Land; the recipient of untold blessings showered upon it by the Centre of the Covenant in the days of its infancy; singled out among the newly-fledged communities in both Europe and the North American Continent through the twice repeated visits of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 to the shores of its homeland; fully equipped with the agencies of a divinely conceived Administrative Order, patiently and laboriously erected by its stalwart members in the years immediately following the setting of", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe Orb of that same Covenant; enriched by the experience derived from the successful prosecution of two successive nationwide Plans formulated by its national elected representatives, this community finds itself, on the morrow of the termination of the opening year of the afore-mentioned Crusade, simultaneously firmly rooted within the soil of its homeland and vigorously branching out on the first stage of its mission in foreign fields, and exhibiting, both at home and abroad, evidences of a development that bids fair to eclipse any of its collective achievements in the past five decades since its inception.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn both the teaching and administrative spheres of its ever-expanding, swiftly unfolding activities, whether in the heart and capital city of the Empire to which it belongs, or in the chief cities recently opened by its pioneering members in the territories comprising its island home, or in the diversified and far-flung dependencies of the British Crown in the African Continent, this virile, forward marching, securely established community has amply demonstrated its capacity to be regarded as one of the chief strongholds of a divinely conceived Faith and one of the principal bastions sustaining the fabric of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's world-encompassing Order.", "Unfolding Destiny\nStanding as it does on the threshold of the second phase of a Crusade with which its immediate destinies are inseparably linked, and to which it has voluntarily and enthusiastically pledged its combined resources, the tasks now confronting it demand a degree of concentration, dedication, co-ordination, resourcefulness and perseverance hitherto unequalled in any period of its career.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe prizes won in recent months, since the launching of the Ten Year Plan to which it stands committed, through the strenuous exertions and the shining example of its pioneers in the islands situated to the North, the West and the South of its homeland, as well as in the far away territories lying in the heart of the African Continent and situated on both its eastern and western shores, must, however great the sacrifices involved, be preserved", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe acquisition of the national Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds in a centrally located area in a city that ranks as the chief metropolis of a vast Empire is yet another task of the utmost urgency and of the highest significance, the consummation of which should be considered as the chief objective and pre-eminent duty of this community's elected national representatives, and one which is bound to exert, in the days immediately ahead, a far-reaching and pervasive influence on the growth and unfoldment of the Faith which it is their privilege to serve and promote.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOf no less importance is the responsibility to reinforce the structure of the Administrative Order throughout the British Isles, and particularly in the newly opened territories of Scotland, Wales, Eire and Northern Ireland, through a rapid and unprecedented increase in the number of the avowed supporters of the Faith, and a multiplication of isolated centres, groups and assemblies that constitute the warp and woof of the fabric of its evolving Order.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA no less urgent task, which will directly reinforce this fabric, and heighten the prestige of the Faith itself, and pave the way for the establishment of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed local endowments, is the prompt incorporation of firmly established local assemblies, a process which, as soon as it is initiated, must gather steady momentum throughout the length and breadth of the British Isles, and be ultimately reinforced by the incorporation of all local assemblies destined to be established in the virgin territories recently opened in the neighbourhood of the British Isles and in the African territories allotted to your Assembly under the provisions of the Ten Year Plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSpecial attention should, moreover, be paid to the no less vital duty of completing the translation, the publication and the dissemination of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature in the languages assigned to your Assembly, in accordance with that same Plan, an achievement which will greatly stimulate the work to be undertaken in the course of the future phases of this world spiritual Crusade as it unfolds itself in the African Continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhilst these highly meritorious enterprises are being assiduously carried on, the inescapable and sacred duty of consolidating the nine African territories and the two additional ones in Europe and Asia must be adequately discharged, in order to enable the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community to bring to full fruition the noble mission entrusted so confidently to its care.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe tasks facing this community in the course of this second and future phases of a world-encircling Crusade are admittedly vast, complex and challenging. The resources at the disposal of its doggedly persevering, wholly dedicated members are, alas, circumscribed and inadequate. The Mission, however, to which its Founder is calling it, is unspeakably glorious", "Unfolding Destiny\nMany and divers will, no doubt, be the tests, the setbacks and trials which teachers and administrators alike within the ranks of its members, must necessarily experience. The times, during which the opening phase of its Mission overseas is to yield its fairest fruit, are fraught with great peril. Both at home and in distant", "Unfolding Destiny\noutposts of the Empire, the opposition which those responsible for its development and consolidation will encounter from those in authority, whether civil or ecclesiastic, will progressively hamper their efforts. The competition from its own sister communities, in various regions of the globe and in the course of the systematic prosecution of the same world-embracing task will, in the meantime, grow keener.", "Unfolding Destiny\nEvery ounce of energy its members can muster must unhesitatingly be expended to further the supreme end for which so sacred, so formidable and so momentous a Plan has been devised", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith every sacrifice that is made, with every forward step that is taken along the toilsome and long road they are destined to tread, with every victory dearly and laboriously won by the champions, the representatives, the vanguard, the spokesmen, as well as the rank and file of this community, a measure of blessing from on high will undoubtedly be vouchsafed, in order to reinforce the exertions, cheer the hearts, and stimulate the march of all those enlisted in the service of so glorious a Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe hour is propitious for a concerted effort which in its scope and intensity will surpass any united action of which the British followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h have proved themselves capable in the past.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat they may ascend from height to height, go forward from victory to victory, is the fervent prayer of one who has invariably followed the course of their exploits with undiminished confidence and admiration, who has cherished the brightest hopes for the ultimate attainment of their Mission, and whose love and esteem for them has correspondingly increased with every revelation of the capacities and energies with which they have discharged, and are constantly discharging, their Mission.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPROVE ASGHARZADEH AND OTHER PIONEERS ISLANDS ATTEND SUMMER SCHOOL....\nDear John:\nThank you for your letter of June 15th, with regard to Dar-es-Salaam.\nThe Guardian attaches very great importance to the \"incorporation\" and \"exemption\" of any Assembly; likewise the acquirement of any endowments.\nTherefore, if you have not already sent directly to the Guardian a photostatic copy of the Exemption granted the Dar-es-Salaam Assembly, I would like to suggest that one be sent to him through me.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLikewise if anything constructive develops with regard to the burial ground at Dar-es-Salaam, please let me know as soon as possible....\n...The Guardian has instructed me to write your Assembly, calling attention to the manner in which questions of teaching activities in new areas and consolidation areas assigned to any Assembly, are carried out.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe National Spiritual Assembly is the Body which is charged with the administrative responsibility of the tasks of the Ten Year Crusade. Neither the Hands of the Cause nor their Boards have administrative responsibilities in connection with this work.\nThe members of the Boards are to report to the Hands of the Cause in the area regarding all situations, and of course in detail concerning any problem, so that the National Assembly may take appropriate action.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Hands of the Cause themselves will correspond with the National Spiritual Assembly involved, calling their attention to the problem, so that the National Assembly may take appropriate action.\nThe Guardian has instructed that the Hands of the Cause are not to correspond with the committees of the National Spiritual\nAssemblies, but directly with the National Spiritual Assemblies themselves.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian greatly values the outstanding work which your Assembly is doing. He will pray for your continued success. He sends you his loving greetings....\n29 July 1954 (Summer School Committee)\nDELIGHTED ASSURE ATTENDANTS LOVING FERVENT PRAYERS.\nSUBSTITUTE FON FOR POPO COMMITTEES SHOULD NOT CORRESPOND HANDS WITHOUT EXCEPTION.\nDELIGHTED HISTORIC ACHIEVEMENT.\nFOLLOW AMERICAN POLICY REGARDING ASSEMBLY STATUS. USE PROCEEDS SALE HOUSE FOR Haz\u00edra.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe content of your letter of October 15th was given to the beloved Guardian.\n+F1. On signing of contract for Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds, London.\n+F2. See letter 5 August 1955 for references to status of Assemblies with fewer than nine members, use of bequests and Freemasonry.\nHe sincerely hopes the problems surrounding Mr. ... have now been solved, as you seemed to think they have.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe advises that Bah\u00e1'\u00ed pioneers should not become public charges under any circumstances; and the Assemblies concerned should see that this does not occur in the case of Mr. ....\nThe beloved Guardian assures all the members of the National Assembly of his appreciation of their devoted services. He assures them of his prayers in their behalf, and sends them his loving greetings....\nDISAPPROVE MEMBERSHIP FREEMASONRY.", "Unfolding Destiny\nGRIEVE PASSING STAUNCH CONSECRATED PROMOTER FAITH LANGDON-DAVIES HER SERVICES UNFORGETTABLE REWARD GREAT ABHA KINGDOM.\nPUBLISHING TRUST SHOULD NOT HAVE SEPARATE LEGAL STATUS. ANY BAHA'I DETERMINED RETAIN MEMBERSHIP FREEMASONRY LOSES VOTING RIGHTS.\nSHARE JOY FRIENDS SUPPLICATING UNPRECEDENTED BLESSINGS.\n+F2. This was sent in reply to a cable from a meeting at 27 Rutland Gate, London, S.W.7, jointly to dedicate the new Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds and to hold Teaching Conference.\nDear Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Co-workers:", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has instructed me to inquire of your Assembly what the situation is surrounding the translation and publication of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature into the following languages:\nThese are not languages of the Ten Year Crusade, but languages which have been translated prior to the opening of the Ten Year Crusade. He is very anxious to know what the status is of these translations and publications. If no work has been done on them, he would urge that you have the work undertaken at an early date....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian is very anxious to secure as quickly as possible data concerning the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds which have been acquired in connection with the goals of the Ten Year Crusade. To this end, he would very greatly appreciate your sending me by return air mail the information concerning the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds in London.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe would like to know the area of land involved, the size of the building, so far as number of rooms is concerned, the original purchase price of the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds, the expenses of the transaction, and then the total cost.\nThe Guardian asks that this be sent to me by return airmail....", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn April 21st we will enter the last year of the second phase of the Ten Year Crusade. As you know, one of the objectives of this second phase was the rapid multiplication of Assemblies, Groups and Centres throughout the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDuring the past year, a great deal has been accomplished by the friends in their efforts to disperse from the large centres of population in order to build up the goal cities and establish new centres. However, we have not accomplished a great deal in the way of increasing the number of Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, nor the number of Spiritual Assemblies.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian sincerely hopes you will make it a point of major study and consideration on the part of your Assembly, so that the entire community may lend itself to the accomplishment of this great goal during the coming year. Foundations must be laid for many more Assemblies. The friends must disperse from the large centres of population. Our teaching work must become so sanctified and penetrating that many, many souls will be confirmed", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe friends should go forward on this great task in a very determined manner in order to establish as many new Assemblies during the coming year as are possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn letters which have come to the beloved Guardian, he has noted the friends feel there is no need to establish new Assemblies until 1963.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Ten Year Crusade ends in 1963; but as many of the goals should be won as quickly as possible. It should certainly be clear to all of the friends that we cannot hold off on winning the various goals of our tasks until the last year of the Crusade. They should be won just as quickly as possible. Furthermore, there are many tasks of the Crusade which the Guardian is not launching until preliminary goals have been won", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor instance, it would be impossible to establish National Assemblies in all of the areas proposed until there are more Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, more Groups and more Assemblies in those countries. On the home front, further tasks are dependent upon the winning of victories now. The Guardian hopes the keynote of the teaching work on the home front during the current year will be the dispersion of the friends on an unprecedented scale, and the winning of as many Assemblies as is possible....", "Unfolding Destiny\nURGENTLY APPEAL HIGH MINDED DEVOTED BELIEVERS BRITISH ISLES EXERT SUPREME EFFORT FILL GAPS ASSEMBLIES DEMONSTRATE\nABILITY MAINTAIN STANDARD HISTORIC ACHIEVEMENTS FERVENTLY PRAYING SUCCESS.\nIn order not to keep the Assembly waiting for an answer, the beloved Guardian has instructed me to write you this letter in reply to yours of April 15th.\nThe principle is wherever the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed laws at the present time conflict with the civil law of the country, the believers living in it must obey the civil law.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in England, as regards divorce will consequently have to follow British law, and in conjunction with this, as far as possible, uphold the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed law of divorce as well. The way the details of this are to be worked out is left entirely to the discretion of your National Assembly....\nDELIGHTED LOVING APPRECIATION. REGRET FORMATION NICOSIA ASSEMBLY IMPOSSIBLE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has been greatly enthused the last few days with the reports that have been received of new Assemblies established in virgin areas. Of great importance and significance is the word that Spiritual Assemblies have been established in Mogadiscio, in Italian Somaliland and Djibouti in French\n+F1. On report that all Assemblies maintained; Nicosia had eight with ninth member en route to arrive 7 May.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSomaliland. This leaves the only Somaliland without an Assembly as British Somaliland. The beloved Guardian would appreciate your Assembly giving consideration to this matter, to see if there is any way that a pioneer could go from England to British Somaliland, to firmly establish the Faith there. He understands fully the problems involved.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA copy of this letter is being sent to Mr. Banani, Hand of the Cause, so that he might give consideration to the possibility of having some native Bah\u00e1'\u00eds from Uganda move to British Somaliland, and either teach or settle there.\nThe beloved Guardian assures your Assembly of his prayers on your behalf. He sends you his loving greetings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY APPRECIATE CONVENTION MESSAGE. APPEAL DELEGATES URGE ALL COMMUNITIES BRITISH ISLES CONCENTRATE ATTENTION ENERGIES INTENSIFICATION TEACHING ACTIVITIES MULTIPLICATION CENTRES STRENGTHENING ALLOTTED NEWLY-OPENED TERRITORIES INCORPORATION ASSEMBLIES ESTABLISHMENT NATIONAL ENDOWMENT PRAYING FERVENTLY ATTAINMENT OBJECTIVES COURSE SECOND LAST YEAR SECOND PHASE TEN YEAR PLAN.\nREJOICE SPLENDID INITIATIVE ASSEMBLED REPRESENTATIVES VALIANT BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY ARDENTLY PRAYING FULFILMENT FONDEST HOPES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nCONSIDER CARDIFF MAINTAINED.\nAPPROVE PUBLICISING WORLD PROTEST DO NOT ATTACK GOVERNMENT APPROVE APPEAL AFRICAN COMMUNITIES.\nThe beloved Guardian has instructed me to inform you that he feels the time has come for the British N.S.A. to follow the procedure laid down by him as a general rule, namely that Spiritual Assemblies should adhere to the civil limits of their respective towns. All other National Assemblies are following this procedure and he feels yours should too.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe events in Persia have, naturally, distressed him greatly, particularly anxiety for the safety of the Holy House in Sh\u00edr\u00e1z. However, the publicity will do the Faith a great deal of good....\nJust a line to inform you, and naturally through you the National Assembly, that the Beloved Guardian has instructed Varga to send you five hundred pounds for your National Fund, to be expended as the Assembly thinks best.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding ... legacy he wishes your Assembly to hold this sum in trust for him until he gives directions for its use.\nThe beloved Guardian is most anxious that the representations to be made to UNO regarding the bitter and cruel persecutions in Persia at present should meet with success. I do hope all goes well....\nYour letters of July 7, 13 and 15, August 19, 20 (three) and 31, September 17 (two) and 27, October 13, 16 (two) and 26, November 4, 15, 16 and 20, and December 8 (four) and 18,", "Unfolding Destiny\n1954, and January 6 (two), 10 and 25, February 7, 11, 14, 21 and 28, March 11 (two), 16 and 23, April 4, 7, 15, 19, 22 and 27, May 9, 12 and 27, June 8 and 9, July 5 (four), 11 and 14, 1955, with enclosures, also the material sent separately, have been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nThe matters taken up by cable I will not go into again here in detail.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt has been a great source of satisfaction to him to receive here last winter two members of the National Body, Mr. and Mrs. John Ferraby, as well as more than one believer from England. The contact with the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds always pleases him greatly. As you know, he admires many of the staunch British qualities very much, and is proud of the accomplishments of this community during recent years.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has been pleased over the progress made in the teaching field abroad and at home; in the publication of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature in African languages; and, above all, by the purchase of the National Headquarters in London, and the formal dedication of the building, recently held", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels sure that, now that the National Assembly has a befitting seat for its national affairs--a building which at the same time will solve the problem of the London Spiritual Assembly, through giving them a meeting-place-- the work in both London and throughout the country will receive a new impetus", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith every important step forward there is a new release of spiritual energy; and the founding of the National Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds is certainly a most important milestone in the progress of the Cause in the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards various questions raised in your correspondence with him, he sees no reason why the Publishing Trust should have a separate legal status, as long as it is not essential for it to do so.\nHe approves of returning to Ronga as one of the languages into which Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature should be translated, according to the provisions of the Ten Year Plan, and giving up Shangaan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe would like very much to receive photostats of the actual Certificates of Incorporation issued to the London and Manchester and Liverpool Assemblies, to be placed in the Mansion of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.\nHe does not think your Assembly need take any action about", "Unfolding Destiny\nremoving archives or other material from London. If, at a future date, the world situation reaches the point where it is obvious that things in London are in great danger, then your Assembly should consider the matter. Fortunately, that is not the case at present.\nAny monies received from the sale of the property bequeathed by Mrs. B ... can be used by your Assembly as it sees fit.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs he already pointed out to the Secretary, when he was in Haifa, a National Endowment is at the present time to be considered more in the nature of a token endowment. It need not be in the capital, and can represent a very small investment; indeed as little as one thousand dollars, if a suitable piece of property for that price should be found, would be acceptable.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very sorry to hear of the tragic death of Mrs. Langdon-Davies. She was a capable, staunch and devoted member of the community and of the National Assembly as well; and her services will be missed by her co-workers, and particularly the friends in Oxford. He prays for the progress of her soul in the Abh\u00e1 kingdom, and that she may be rewarded for her labours in this world, performed with so much zeal and steadfastness.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that Mr. John Mitchell's condition has improved. He was very sorry indeed to hear that he had been forced to leave Malta. Please assure him of the Guardian's loving and fervent prayers on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the question of Bah\u00e1'\u00eds belonging to churches, synagogues, Freemasonry, etc., the friends must realise that now that the Faith is over a hundred years old, and its own institutions arising, so to speak, rapidly above-ground, the distinctions are becoming ever sharper, and the necessity for them to support whole-heartedly their own institutions and cut themselves off entirely from those of the past, is now clearer than ever before", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe eyes of the people of the world are beginning to be focussed on us; and, as humanity's plight goes from bad to worse, we will be watched ever more intently by non-Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, to see whether we do uphold our own institutions whole-heartedly; whether we are the people of the new creation or not; whether we live up to our beliefs, principles and laws in deed as well as word. We cannot be too careful. We cannot be too exemplary.", "Unfolding Destiny\nsuch as Freemasonry may have been in the past entirely free from any political taint, in the state of flux the world is in at present, and the extraordinary way in which things become corrupted and tainted by political thought and influences, there is no guarantee that such an association might not gradually or suddenly become a political instrument. The less Bah\u00e1'\u00eds have to do, therefore, with such things, the better.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes you to thank ... on his behalf for the spirit of devotion to the Faith which he has shown in connection with this matter. He feels sure that he will see the necessity to sever himself from his previous association with Freemasonry. The older Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, through their example in such matters, form rallying points around which the younger Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, not so steady yet on their spiritual legs, so to speak, can cluster.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf you send him five copies of everything published in the British Isles, it will be sufficient for the libraries here at the World Centre....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Africa Committee should carefully consider such problems as that of the Negro pioneers being too long apart from their wives; and, if no other solution is feasible, the pioneer will have to return to his family. In the case of some of the very distinguished servants of the Faith who have arisen and gone forth from Uganda to pioneer, this would indeed be a loss to the work. If their wives could go and join them, it would naturally be preferable", "Unfolding Destiny\nUndoubtedly the most important task facing the British community at the present time, is to increase its membership. It has performed miracles during the past ten years, through shifting around devoted volunteers from one centre to another, in order to maintain or to create Spiritual Assemblies; but, efficacious as this has been in the past, it is certainly not a permanent solution to the problem. The only solution is to bring in more Bah\u00e1'\u00eds", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis requires patient, prayerful, ceaseless efforts on the part of, not only the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teachers and pioneers, but every single member of the community. The British people are traditionally slow to move. Fortunately, once they do move, it's almost impossible to stop them; but to overcome the inertia requires great effort. In bringing new people into the Faith, the", "Unfolding Destiny\nfriends always come up against this problem. He urges all the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, however, not to become discouraged, but to persevere and redouble their efforts, knowing that they can and must succeed in the end. He, on his part, will reinforce their efforts with his prayers in the Holy Shrines....", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards your question about depleted Assemblies, as there is nothing in the constitution of the National Spiritual Assembly covering these matters, every National Body is free to make its own decision as to what the status of an Assembly is from one annual election to the next, if they fall below nine for any reason.\nAs regards certain matters raised in your recent letters:\nYour Assembly is free to choose the place for the endowment for the East and Central N.S.A. if you feel Uganda inadvisable.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe delegates reaching the Conventions in Africa is a matter for each N.S.A., from whose area of jurisdiction they are elected, to arrange and provide financial help if needed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA prisoner, showing sincere faith in the Cause, may be accepted as a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed on the same basis of investigating his qualifications as to belief as any other individual outside prison. Each case should be carefully considered on its own merits. Naturally, a person in confinement cannot be active in any community and administrative work. When he gets out, he becomes part of the community in which he resides. No new ruling is required in this matter", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels that, though it is naturally preferable, it is not essential for consolidation territories to have a group by Ridvan, 1956....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe contribution made, since the inception of the world-wide Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Crusade, severally as well as collectively, by the assiduously striving, clear-visioned, inflexibly resolved, and unswervingly faithful members of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community to the progress and development of the Ten Year Plan, inaugurated on the morrow of the centenary celebration of the birth of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Mission, has been such as to excite the heartfelt admiration of their fellow-workers in every continent of the globe", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe prestige of this valiant community has soared rapidly, its annals have been notably enriched, the foundations on which its fortunes now rest have been considerably reinforced,", "Unfolding Destiny\nwhilst the variety and solidity of its administrative achievements have won the unstinted praise of its sister communities in both the East and the West", "Unfolding Destiny\nMy own feelings of unqualified admiration for the tenacity of the faith of its members, for their unrelaxing vigilance, their unfailing sense of responsibility and their willingness to sacrifice in order to meet any challenges that confront them, have deepened with every advance they have made, and every victory they have won along the path leading them towards the fulfilment of their destiny.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe historic triumph achieved as a result of the successful prosecution of the Six Year Plan, spontaneously embarked upon by this numerically small yet richly endowed, spiritually resourceful community, on the morrow of the hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, followed immediately by the initiation of a Two Year Plan which marked the inauguration of this community's Mission beyond the confines of its homeland, culminated in the formal association of its members with their brethren in every continent of the globe for the launching and prosecution of a decade-long world-embracing crusade, destined to carry that same community through yet another stage, of the utmost significance, in the fulfilment of its world-wide and glorious mission among the widely scattered territories of the British Crown in no less than three continents of the globe.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe extension and consolidation, in the course of more than a decade, of the administrative base established so painstakingly for the prosecution of this community's far-flung mission, through the formation and multiplication of isolated centres, groups and local assemblies throughout the length and breadth of England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Eire; the opening of the virgin islands lying in the neighbourhood of these territories and forming a part of the British Isles, constituting a most welcome and much needed reinforcement of the Administrative Structure raised so valiantly and patiently by its members in their island home; the magnificent success surpassing, in its quality and scope, the fondest expectations of the elected representatives of this community, which attended the spiritual conquest of a number of African territories, situated along the Western and Eastern shores of that continent and its very heart; the settlement of pioneers in two Mediterranean islands; the selection and", "Unfolding Destiny\nof a number of African territories, situated along the Western and Eastern shores of that continent and its very heart; the settlement of pioneers in two Mediterranean islands; the selection and purchase of a befitting national administrative headquarters situated close to the heart of the capital city of the British Empire; the acquisition of a plot in the outskirts of the capital city of Uganda, situated in the heart of the African continent, to serve as the site for a future Bah\u00e1'\u00ed House of", "Unfolding Destiny\nWorship; the rapid advancement in the translation and publication of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature in the thirty-one African languages, allotted, under the Ten Year Plan to the elected national representatives of this same community; the steady progress made more recently in the incorporation of firmly established local assemblies; the formation of the Israel Branch of the British National Assembly at the world centre of the Faith in Israel--these stand out as the most prominent and significant evidences of the uninterrupted development of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h under the wise leadership, and through the assiduous and incessant exertions, of the elected national representatives of this virile community.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe year that has recently opened, constituting the second and last year of the second phase of a Ten-Year global crusade, must witness a development and consolidation of the activities already initiated, in both the teaching and administrative spheres of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed endeavour, as swift and as notable as the progress already achieved in recent years. Time is indeed short. The responsibilities shouldered by the members of this community are manifold, pressing, sacred and inescapable", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe eyes of the entire Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world are upon them, eager and expectant to witness feats as superb as those that have marked the birth and establishment of the Administrative Order of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in the British Isles, and exploits as meritorious and significant as those that have accompanied the inception and progress of the mission entrusted to His British followers, on the morrow of the emergence of that Administrative Order in their homeland.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe process aiming at the rapid increase in the number of the avowed and active supporters of the Faith must continue unabated in the months immediately ahead. A simultaneous multiplication in the number of isolated centres, groups and local assemblies must be ensured in order to reinforce the agencies on which the rising administrative structure of the Faith must ultimately rest", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe process of incorporation must likewise be strenuously stimulated for the purpose of strengthening legally, and enhancing the prestige of, these rising institutions. The newly opened territories forming part of the British Isles, situated in the Mediterranean, in the Atlantic Ocean, along the western and eastern coasts of Africa, and in its very heart, must be continually reinforced, and the prizes won in those distant fields safeguarded, however great the sacrifice involved", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe establishment of national Bah\u00e1'\u00ed endowments in the British Isles is yet another task which, ere the termination of the current year, must be accomplished, as a prelude", "Unfolding Destiny\nto the establishment of a similar endowment in the continent of Africa following the emergence of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Central and East Africa.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAbove all, the most careful consideration should be given to the measures required to ensure the emergence of the afore-mentioned National Assembly in the heart of the African continent, marking the culmination of the efforts so diligently exerted, and the fruition of the enterprises so painstakingly inaugurated, since the formation of the Two Year Plan by the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe emergence of this institution, signalising the erection of yet another pillar of the Universal House of Justice in the African continent, and constituting the first fruit, yielded on foreign soil, of the Mission entrusted to the British followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and which may be hailed as a worthy counterpart of the central Administrative Institution established, on the morrow of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's Passing, in the heart of the British Isles, will be acclaimed by posterity as a milestone of far-reaching significance in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt will proclaim to the entire Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world the maturity of the swiftly rising, highly promising, steadily consolidating British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community. Every British follower of the Faith, whether in his home islands or overseas, must feel proud and deeply grateful for the impending consummation of so superb and momentous a victory. Every energy must be lent to ensure a befitting celebration of such an enduring and magnificent achievement.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe efforts of the members of this community must indeed be redoubled, nay trebled, as they view with afflicted hearts the tragic trend of events transpiring with such dramatic and sudden swiftness in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's native land", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe tribulations suffered, over so wide a field, by so many of their co-religionists, under circumstances so appalling and harrowing in their nature, at the hands of redoubtable, pitiless, barbarous adversaries, should spur them on to still greater endeavours in a land blessed with freedom of religion and tolerance, and occupying so conspicuous a position among its sister nations.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheirs is an opportunity which they must instantly grasp. Theirs is a responsibility which they cannot escape. Theirs is the duty to offset, by the quality of their achievements, the dire losses which are now being sustained in the cradle of the Faith. That they may in every field and at all times discharge their heavy responsibilities is my constant prayer and dearest hope.\nI am writing you this at the instruction of the beloved Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs you will have no doubt seen by his recent cable, he has come to the historic decision to build a Temple in Africa, in Kampala. He has been in communication with Mr. Banani about this, and from reports received it appears there will be no objections. The land must be surveyed (this is being done), and design of the building submitted so as to meet health and building requirements.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian wishes your Assembly to please get busy at once and have a design, or designs, made for the building; it is not necessary to try in any way to copy the Wilmette Temple: the things that are essential are the following:\n1. A nine-sided building.\n2. A dome, in proportion to the building.\n3. A seating capacity between 300 and 500; you could count\nfloor space at 300 or 400 and provide a balcony around the\nauditorium for expansion in seating capacity.", "Unfolding Destiny\n4. No \"chapels\" or small rooms should be added; this was a\nmisapprehension held in the old days.\nAs to materials your Assembly and architect can go into that, but brick or cement would be all right. Stone would seem to be out of the question.\nIt should not be too expensive or pretentious, but dignified and worthy.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is no reason why the architect should be a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed--in fact your use of someone there would get it done faster, probably. The imperative thing is to send preliminary drawings to the Guardian within two months, if possible.\nThe terrible situation in Persia makes him most anxious to have this project go forward speedily. He feels funds will not be too much of a problem if great costs are not involved.\nHe sends you and all N.S.A. members his loving greetings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian has received the clippings from English newspapers and read them with keen interest; he attached much importance to such publicity in journals of such high standing....\nRegarding your questions--\nIt is permissible to use selections from the \"Promulgation of Universal Peace\" in compilations.\nBetter omit the prayer of the B\u00e1b you mentioned.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian does not feel the present status of London, regarding its assembly, should be changed. Other cities should have their assemblies based, as usual, and already adopted in other countries, on the civil limits of the city in question....\nKINDLY EXPEDITE PREPARATION PLANS KAMPALA TEMPLE IMPORTANT.\nDELIGHTED GREAT SUCCESS. DEEPLY APPRECIATE RESOLVE LOVING PRAYERS.\nThe beloved Guardian has instructed me to write and inform your Assembly of the following:", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe National Spiritual Assembly of Central and East Africa should be elected by 76 delegates, which is four times nineteen. This number should be apportioned amongst the spiritual assemblies within the countries the future N.S.A. will represent.\nHe leaves an equitable distribution of the number of delegates to the Assemblies, to your Assembly to decide.\nThe British N.S.A. certainly has its work cut out for it in the near future, what with this historic convention in the offing and a Temple to be built!...", "Unfolding Destiny\nLEAVE MATTERS REGARDING ASSEMBLIES LETTER SEPTEMBER 23 DISCRETION YOUR ASSEMBLY.\nCABLE WHETHER TRANSLATION ERSE GAELIC STARTED.\nDISAPPROVE CHANGE TEMPLE SITE.\nAPPROVE APPROACH JANNER EMPHASISE OCCUPATION TIHRAN Haz\u00edra BY MILITARY.\nThe drawings for the Temple in Kampala have reached the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf regarding their suitability.\nFrankly, he was very discouraged by these drawings, as he feels that such an ultra-modern style is wholly unsuitable for a", "Unfolding Destiny\nBah\u00e1'\u00ed Temple.... It seems to him that the modern influence is now so strong and widespread that it is out of the question to get a discreet and dignified building designed for our purposes.\n...He is sorry to disappoint your Assembly, and regrets the time, trouble and expense which has been involved in finding a design.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs he cabled your Assembly he also feels that to seek a new Temple site is unwise; from descriptions received at the time of its purchase it seems satisfactory, and there is enough land around it for possible expansion in the future....\nHe feels therefore that until your hear from him you (had) better take no further steps as regards a design for Kampala.\nCABLE NUMBER LOCALITIES BRITISH ISLES WHERE BAHA'IS RESIDE AIRMAIL LIST.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis is just a note on behalf of the beloved Guardian to answer the point raised in one of your recent letters.\nYou say that in Irish, the word \"B\u00e1b\" is not appropriate to be used; and as the word \"Gate\" is not as nice in translation in any language, he suggests that in place of the word \"B\u00e1b\", you use \"Herald\"....", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. The Guardian approves your sending \"Advice to Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in British Colonies\" to other N.S.A.'s, but feels it is not necessary to send a copy to the Colonial Office itself. He feels teaching work in Uganda should now be concentrated on consolidation, primarily.\nThe Guardian's decision regard Mr. ... design is final; it is too extreme for any modification to render it possible as a temple....\n+F1. Replied \"exactly 100\".\nYour loving letter of December 1st has been received.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian attaches the utmost importance to the development of the Faith in the Pacific Islands. Wherever an opportunity opens for expansion of the work in one of the Islands, he feels that opportunity should be seized and exploited to the fullest extent. Thus, if it is possible for anyone to proceed to the Solomon Islands to assist the Blums there, it would be very, very helpful.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the Guardian understands the situation, the Blums have not left the Solomon Islands, but are expanding their business and service. Thus the work which Mr. Blum previously engaged in, of driving a taxi, is now open to someone else; and therefore the pioneer to go to the Solomons would find a position waiting for him.\nThe Guardian understands that the Blums are very well thought of and respected throughout the Solomon Islands.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI am sending a copy of this correspondence to the Persian N.S.A., and encouraging them to send pioneers to the Solomon Islands. You may wish to also correspond with them....\nThe beloved Guardian has directed me to write you in connection with the translation of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature into languages as called for by the Ten Year Crusade.", "Unfolding Destiny\n31 languages have been assigned to your Assembly; and of these, 24 translations have been made or are under way. The Guardian feels this is a very fine record, and one of which you may be proud.\nAt the same time he feels special effort should be made to complete the translations. He has no record of translations of 7 languages. Will you please send me a letter for him, indicating what the status of each of these languages is....", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs you know, a contribution has been made by the Hand of the Cause, Mrs. Amelia E. Collins, of One Thousand Dollars for the purchase of the endowment for Kampala. The Guardian feels a small piece of property which can be bought for this One Thousand Dollars should be procured at once, so that this goal of the Ten Year Crusade can be concluded. He feels that you should at once buy a small plot of land in Uganda, at a cost of approximately One Thousand Dollars. The American N.S.A", "Unfolding Destiny\nWill you please let me know just what can be done in connection with this project?\nThe Guardian sends the members of the National Assembly his loving greetings, and assures them of his prayers in their behalf....\nGRIEVED NEWS ASSURE JOHN DEAREST LOVE FERVENT PRAYERS.\nDISREGARD PERSIAN STATEMENT REGARDING DIVORCE. ASSEMBLY'S UNDERSTANDING REGARDING STRIKES CORRECT.\nDEEPLY APPRECIATE MESSAGE CONFERENCE WELCOME NEW DETERMINATION BEFITTINGLY RESPOND FRESH CHALLENGE PRAYING MIGHTY VICTORIES.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPEAL HIGHMINDED VIGILANT STAUNCH UPHOLDERS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH SCATTERED HUNDRED CENTRES BRITISH ISLES ARISE THIS CRUCIAL HOUR EXERT SUPREME EFFORT CONCLUDING MONTH SECOND PHASE WORLD CRUSADE MEET URGENT NEEDS HOMEFRONT VALIANTLY DEFEND HARD WON PRIZES ENSURE PRESERVATION PIVOTAL CENTRE", "Unfolding Destiny\nCONFIDENT HIS DEARLY BELOVED HIGHLY ADMIRED BRITISH FOLLOWERS WILL REFUSE ALLOW ANY SETBACK CONSOLIDATION WORK THEIR HOMELAND TARNISH SPLENDID RECORD PIONEER SERVICES ACHIEVED TERRITORIES AFRICAN CONTINENT PRAYING WHOLE HEARTED UNIVERSAL IMMEDIATE RESPONSE PLEDGING FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS MERITORIOUS PURPOSE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAttached is a copy of a dispatch issued by Reuters in December, giving the conclusions of the persecutions in Persia.\nThe Guardian considers this a very fine statement, and urges you to have it given as widespread publicity as possible.\nDorothy Wigington+ will have a copy, and she should be given the opportunity to read this at the British National Convention.\nThe Guardian would appreciate your sending copies of any publicity received on this important statement....", "Unfolding Destiny\nEnclosed please find the Guardian's long message to all the Conventions, to be shared with the friends and delegates at the National Convention soon to be held.\nHe hopes that it will be stimulating to the pioneer work at home and abroad....\nBALYUZI'S PRESENCE ESSENTIAL+F1 UTMOST EFFORT NECESSARY IF ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE SUBSTITUTE JOHN.\nGRIEVED PASSING CONSECRATED PIONEER FAITH LONG RECORD SERVICES HIGHLY MERITORIOUS UNFORGETTABLE PRAYING PROGRESS SOUL ABHA KINGDOM.", "Unfolding Destiny\nASSURE FERVENT PRAYERS HEARTFELT CONGRATULATIONS GREAT VICTORIES AFRICA URGE REDOUBLE EFFORTS HOME FRONT DEEPEST LOVE.\nWELCOME RESOLVE MEET CHALLENGES LOVING FERVENT PRAYERS OFFERED SUCCESS DEARLY LOVED VALIANT COMMUNITY.\nSUGGESTED DISPENSATION LETTER MAY FOURTH NOT POSSIBLE.+F3\n+F1. As convening Chairman, Kampala Convention.\n+F2. Diya'u'llah Asgharzadih.\n+F3. For allocation of delegates to Assemblies lapsing after civic limits rule imposed.\nREGIONAL ASSEMBLY RESPONSIBLE FOR TEMPLE.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs a number of questions raised in your communications addressed to the beloved Guardian have been answered by cable or through the Assistant Secretary, I will not go into these matters here, but merely acknowledge on his behalf receipt of the letters from your National Body, together with their enclosures and material sent under separate cover which were dated as follows: July 22, August 8, 9, 11 (two), 12 (two), and 18, September 7, 9, 10, 23 (three), 26 and 28, October 7 (two), 13 (two), 25, 26, 28 (two), and 29, November 3, 4, 9, 21 (two), 24 and 30, December 1, 2, 9 (three), 19 and 29 (two), 1955, and January 6, 10, 17, 23, 27, and 30 (two), February 10, 16, and 27, March 8, 9, 19, and 29, April 2, 10, 13, 16, 17, and 26, May 4, 14, 16, 31, and June 13, 19, 22, and 29, 1956.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe appreciated receiving copies of the Diary which your Assembly forwarded to him, and which is invariably gotten out efficiently and in a pleasing manner. He thinks the five copies you sent will be sufficient.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe generous spirit in which the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, hard-pressed as they are to meet the requirements of the work in Great Britain, responded to the needs of their persecuted brethren in Persia, deeply touched him. These evidences of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed sacrifice and solidarity cannot but nourish the very roots of the Faith and strengthen its institutions.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs he advised you by cable, he felt it unwise to seek to clarify the relationship of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds to the advertised holding of Ahmad Sohrab's conference in Jerusalem. Having a very shrewd eye to his own advantage, it has become obvious that one of the means by which he hopes to promote interest in his conference is to arouse active opposition from the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and create a source of discussion in the press. In view of this, the Guardian has been very careful to have the friends avoid rising to this bait", "Unfolding Destiny\nmanner, point out when occasion arises that the Caravan activities have nothing whatsoever to do with the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith and are indeed unfriendly to it. Whatever he does cannot but end in failure, because he has cut himself off entirely from the living tree of the Faith and is wholly insincere in his motives.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn spite of the fact that Mr. ... has been expelled from Gilbert and Ellice Islands, the remarkable progress of the Faith there has been a source of great satisfaction. It shows that a spiritual receptivity, a purity of heart and uprightness of character exists potentially amongst many of the peoples of the Pacific Isles to an extent equal to that of the tribesmen of Africa", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is indeed an encouraging and awe-inspiring sight to witness the spread of our beloved Faith amongst those whom civilised nations misguidedly term \"savages\", \"primitive peoples\" and \"uncivilised nations\". He hopes that your Assembly will do all in its power to ensure that Mrs. ... remains in the Islands", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlthough for some period at least this may entail separation from her husband, he believes that these two dedicated and exemplary pioneers will be willing to accept this sacrifice in view of the extraordinary work they have accomplished and are accomplishing. The community there must not be abandoned, particularly by its \"mother\", so to speak. It must be well and profoundly grounded in the Faith before such a risky step can be taken", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that you will deal most wisely and co-operatively with the Colonial Office officials in this matter and any others that may arise. Their esteem, their good-will, and their co-operation are practically indispensable for the future work in many islands throughout the Pacific area, and nothing but the frustration of our objectives can be gained through alienating them in any way. This should be impressed upon the pioneers and the local Bah\u00e1'\u00eds as well.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian regrets very much the entire situation in which the dear Hand of the Cause, Mr. Townshend, finds himself. He is much loved, and his services have been of a unique nature in providing the Faith with so many excellent books, the latest of which the Guardian hopes will soon be ready for publication....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe persecution of the Faith last year in Persia, although no doubt a great trial to the Persian believers, can be regarded in no other light than as a triumph. The designs of the traditional enemies of the Faith, the mullahs, have been entirely frustrated.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Government has been forced to take action for the first time in its history to officially protect the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and their institutions and the Cause of God has received a publicity all over the world--entirely free of charge--which an expenditure of many thousands of pounds could not have secured for it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn spite of the great anxiety and pain which the crisis of last summer caused the Guardian, he could not help being highly gratified that, for practically the first time, publicity of a weighty nature was given to the Faith in such papers as the \"Spectator\", the \"Observer\", \"The Times\" and the \"Manchester Guardian\", and that the voices of two such distinguished scholars as Professor Gilbert Murray and Professor Arnold Toynbee were raised in defence of the believers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and His Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis has opened the door on a new phase of the unfoldment of the Faith in the British Isles. However slow the process may seem, the first inklings of its emergence as a public force can now be discerned....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe loss of some of the Spiritual Assemblies in England this year need not be viewed as an unduly horrible experience. It was inevitable that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community would have to get itself, once and for all, grounded on the same basis as all other Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities, namely, that of having Spiritual Assemblies function within defined civil limits. Although this seems to have dealt a set-back to the work, it is purely temporary", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe localities have perforce been increased, which is a step in the right direction, and which cannot but widen the foundation of the Administrative Order", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn those islands more members of the community will be given the opportunity to serve on local Assemblies and their committees; and above all, the new crisis which developed because of this change-over once more demonstrated the truly extraordinary and exemplary steadfastness of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds which had led them, over and over again, at great cost to themselves, to throw themselves into the breach", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlthough this is a well-known national characteristic, it provides nevertheless a great example to their fellow-Bah\u00e1'\u00eds all over the world. The Guardian knows of no community, east or west, which so valiantly and so consistently, one might almost say ferociously, has arisen to defend its Home Front. He has the greatest admiration for the spirit which animates them and for their achievements.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was sorry to refuse the request of the National Assembly to, under certain circumstances, permit the localities that would achieve Assembly status by next Ridvan, to have a delegate at the National Convention. He feels that, although this would no doubt have provided a great stimulus to the friends, it was an unjustifiable breach of the general administrative procedure", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf there are too many exceptions, the rule has a tendency to lose its clearly defined character, not to mention encouraging other communities to want to be exceptions too, under various circumstances!", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian hopes that during the coming year there will be more Assemblies incorporated, as he attaches great importance to this process.\nHe was delighted that the Irish translation had been completed, and also very happy to hear that the National Endowment for the British National Spiritual Assembly had been purchased. All these signs of life and vitality are greatly to be admired, and prove the intense virility and youthfulness of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was sorry to have to disappoint Mr. ... who was so enthusiastic about his own design for the Temple. However, there was no possible question of accepting something as extreme as this", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian feels very strongly that, regardless of what the opinion of the latest school of architecture may be on the subject, the styles represented at present all over the world in architecture are not only very ugly, but completely lack the dignity and grace which must be at least partially present in a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed House of Worship", "Unfolding Destiny\nOne must always bear in mind that the vast majority of human beings are neither very modern nor very extreme in their tastes, and that what the advanced school may think is marvellous is often very distasteful indeed to just plain, simple people.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Hand of the Cause, Mr. Remey, has now completed a design for the Kampala Temple which meets with the Guardian's approval. It will shortly be ready to be forwarded to the Central and East Africa National Assembly.\nIt was a great pleasure for Shoghi Effendi to have a number of pilgrims from the British Isles as his guests this winter. They brought with them the spirit of perseverance and devotion so clearly evinced by the British believers; and he feels sure that,", "Unfolding Destiny\nNot the least of the landmarks reached on the international Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scene this year has been the formation of the three new National Bodies in Africa. Your Assembly and the community you represent have every reason to look with pride and affection upon the development of the Cause in the African continent, and upon the many spiritual children and grandchildren, and perhaps great-grandchildren you have over there", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe record has been truly astonishing, and such as to gladden the heart of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 Who so ardently longed, Himself, to go forth \"on foot\" and carry the Message to yet another of the far corners of the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNo doubt although the Central and East Africa Assembly is a strong one, it will still welcome and need at least a large measure of moral support from its parent; and he feels sure that you will always be ready and willing to help in any way you can with advice and suggestions, and perhaps teachers and pioneers and other support as opportunity affords. (As he informed you when you were here, he does not feel the British National Spiritual Assembly can support financially its Central and East Africa one", "Unfolding Destiny\nHowever, a token contribution would be a kind and appropriate gesture.) In any case, you should keep in close touch with the work there, a work dear, not only to the Guardian's heart, but to all of yours as well.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards certain questions raised in your letters: There is no objection for the time being in going on including in Prayer Books the Prayer of the B\u00e1b: \"In the Name of God, the Victor of the Most Victorious\", etc.\nAs regards the question raised in Africa about divorce connected with adultery, these are matters for the future. No action of any new kind should be taken at present.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards strikes, the Guardian feels that your own understanding of the matter as expressed in your letter is quite correct, and he does not see the necessity of adding anything to it. We should avoid becoming rigid and laying down any more rules and regulations of conduct.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding taking oaths, there is nothing in the Teachings on this subject. As a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed is enjoined by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to be truthful, he would express his truthfulness, no matter what the formality of the law in any local place required of him. There can be no\nobjection to Bah\u00e1'\u00eds conforming to the requirements of the law court whatever they may be in such matters, as in no case would they constitute in any way a denial of their own beliefs as Bah\u00e1'\u00eds.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning the short obligatory Prayer: the Guardian does not wish to define these things at present; the time will come for it in future. The friends need not be too strict about it at present. The Greatest Name is Allah-u-Abh\u00e1.\nHe remembers you and all the N.S.A. members in his prayers most lovingly, and supplicates for your success and that strength may be given you to discharge your many important duties.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe emergence of the Regional Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Central and East Africa, under such auspicious circumstances, and after the lapse of such a short period of time since the inception of the Ten Year Plan, marks a milestone of far-reaching significance in the unfoldment of the great historic Mission entrusted to the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the vast and far-flung territories beyond the confines of its motherland", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is, moreover, a striking evidence of the exemplary and whole-hearted devotion of its members to that Mission, and of the vigour, the vigilance, the resourcefulness, the tenacity and the courage with which they have conducted this vast and magnificent enterprise launched in the heart of that continent, in the face of various obstacles and with such limited resources at their disposal", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe entire community, now standing on the threshold of still greater and nobler enterprises in other parts of the world, and particularly its national elected representatives, who have so splendidly discharged their responsibilities overseas, and assumed with characteristic resolution, fearlessness and consecration the direction of the manifold activities of so dynamic an enterprise, must be heartily congratulated on so conspicuous a victory, won in such a distant field, within so brief an interval, at the cost of so much sacrifice, by so limited a number of pioneers, labouring amidst a people so divergent in language, customs and manners.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIts sister communities in both the East and the West, and particularly its daughter communities, now blossoming into new life, and marching forth, unitedly and resolutely, along the path traced for them in the Ten Year Plan, cannot but feel proud of the tremendous work first initiated in the heart of Africa by British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed pioneers, and of the organising ability, the sound judgement, the unquestioning", "Unfolding Destiny\nfidelity, and the dogged determination that have characterised every stage in the rise, the development and fruition of the first collective enterprise embarked upon beyond the confines of the British Isles by the British adherents of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThough much of the responsibility hitherto discharged by your Assembly, in both the heart of the continent and the territories situated on its Eastern and Western shores, will now devolve on the newly established Regional Spiritual Assemblies, the particular Mission you have been called upon, through the dispensation of Providence to fulfil, is by no means concluded", "Unfolding Destiny\nEvery assistance within your power, particularly in matters requiring the aid, support and intervention of the authorities at the Colonial Office, and in connection with the translation of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature into African languages, their publication and dissemination, as well as with any publicity that can be given in the British press to the marvellous achievements of the numerous Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities recently raised up in Africa, and now energetically discharging their manifold and sacred duties all over that continent--such assistance should be constantly and unstintingly extended to these newly fledged communities which the power of the Most Great Name has called into being at so crucial a period in human history, and at so auspicious a stage in the mysterious unfoldment of God's Plan for all mankind.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhile this beneficent, slowly maturing, irresistibly advancing enterprise develops and gains momentum, through the concerted and tireless efforts of its original organisers in the British Isles and those in charge of its immediate destinies in Africa itself, a corresponding endeavour, no less consecrated, persistent and enthusiastic, should be exerted in the Islands of the Mediterranean and the Far East, where similar exploits must needs be achieved by those who have performed such unforgettable feats among the Negroes of the African continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nParallel with this highly vital and urgently needed exertion in foreign fields, a further intensification of effort is required on the homefront, and particularly throughout the newly opened islands bordering the homeland itself, now standing in such dire need of a flow of pioneers and a concentration of material resources unexampled in British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is no reason to doubt that the phenomenal progress achieved within the span of a few years, amidst an alien people, and in such distant and backward territories, will be duplicated, nay surpassed, among people of the same race, speaking the same language, of the same background, and living in such close proximity", "Unfolding Destiny\nto the Administrative Centre in the British Isles, provided that a determination no less unyielding, and a dedication no less whole-hearted and complete, will be displayed by those who have already won such memorable victories in such far-off and inhospitable regions of the globe", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe Who in recent years infallibly guided from His realms above the steps of the little band of pioneers and administrators under such difficult and challenging circumstances, Who galvanised their souls, blessed their handiwork, raised their status, and noised abroad their fame, can well enable them, if they but arise to the occasion now presenting itself, to conquer with no less rapidity and even greater effectiveness, the citadels of men's hearts, to tear down the barriers which now confront them, and ignite a fire in the hearts of their own countrymen as consuming as the one that has set ablaze, in so conspicuous a fashion, the souls of the African races over the length and breadth of an entire continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe rapid increase in the number of the avowed supporters of the Faith, the multiplication of groups, isolated centres and assemblies within the limits of the homeland and its neighbouring islands, must be accompanied by a marked acceleration in the process of internal consolidation, such as the incorporation of firmly established local Assemblies, expansion in the publication and dissemination of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature, and the adoption of carefully considered measures aimed at giving a still wider publicity, among circles hitherto unapproached, or as yet inadequately informed of the tenets, the aims and purposes, as well as the world-wide achievements of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in both the teaching and administrative spheres of its activities.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe highly gratifying and truly praiseworthy success which has attended, so unexpectedly, the energetic efforts exerted by your Assembly in connection with the campaign of publicity initiated for the purpose of safeguarding the rights of our oppressed brethren in Persia must be regarded as a most encouraging sign, and should constitute a prelude and a stepping-stone to a still wider undertaking, aimed at a more systematic presentation of the ideals animating our beloved Cause and of its fundamental verities, and an adequate proclamation of its God-given mission to this distracted, sadly erring, and increasingly tormented generation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe annals of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, small in numbers, yet unconquerable in spirit, tenacious in belief, undeviating in purpose, alert and vigilant in the discharge of its manifold duties and responsibilities, have in consequence of its epoch-making achievements", "Unfolding Destiny\nbeen vastly enriched. The process set in motion and greatly accelerated through the successive formulation of the Six Year Plan, the Two Year Plan and the Ten Year Plan, must continue unabated and unimpaired. Nay with every passing day it must gather momentum. Every individual believer must, henceforth, encouraged and inspired by all that has already been achieved, contribute to its future and speedy unfoldment", "Unfolding Destiny\nThat the entire community may befittingly respond to the call of the present hour and bring to a final consummation the Mission with which it has been entrusted is the deepest yearning of my heart and the object of my unceasing prayers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNorthern Ireland Regional Teaching Committee\nYour letter of 16 Mashiyyat 113, with enclosures, has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nHe is most hopeful that the second week-end school will prove as successful and fruitful as the one held in February apparently was.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is delighted over the progress being made in Northern Ireland. He greatly admires the tenacity and spirit of dedication of the believers living in the British Isles, and is confident the friends in your region will unitedly bend all their energies toward the fulfilment of the goals they have set their hearts on attaining by next Ridvan.\nRest assured of his loving prayers for you all....", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Beloved bless your efforts and those of your dear co-workers, and aid you to extend the range of your valued activities, and enable you to win memorable victories in the service of His Faith,\nREGARDING CHILDREN FOLLOW AMERICAN PROCEDURE. APPROVE SUGGESTED METHOD INCORPORATION MAURITIUS.\nThe Beloved Guardian has directed me to write to your Assembly, with regard to the Tristan da Cunha Island.", "Unfolding Destiny\nEarlier in the Ten Year Crusade, one of the English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds offered to settle in this Island, in order to establish the Faith there. At that time, the Guardian felt we must concentrate on the goals of the Crusade only. Now, however, the Friends have won so many victories, and the goals of the Crusade are being gained currently, early in the Crusade, he feels supplementary areas may be settled--and for that matter, supplementary activities engaged in.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThus, if this friend still wishes to settle in the Island of Tristan da Cunha, he would welcome it being done.\nIf only the home front would surge ahead, then the Crusade would surely be moving ahead of the schedule. Let us pray those at home will arise with the same dedication, and consecration as the valiant pioneers, causing a new life to be manifest on all home fronts.\nThe Guardian sends the members of your Assembly his loving greetings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nAS NATIONAL AND FEW LOCAL Haz\u00edraS NOT YET RETURNED LETTER THANKS INADVISABLE.+F1\n+F1. Proposed letter of thanks to a Head of State.\nMr. Arthur Norton", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour loving letters concerning contributions to the Shrine of the B\u00e1b Fund, and the International Fund, have been received by the Beloved Guardian, and he has directed me to acknowledge them on his behalf. These contributions from the Friends in England, and the Friends in the Seychelles, are greatly appreciated by the Guardian. Receipt is enclosed. Will you please, on behalf of the Guardian express his appreciation to Mr. Mrs. ... and the devoted friends in the Seychelles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian has been deeply touched by the continuing victories being won by the friends in the Seychelles.\nThe Beloved Guardian also wishes the dear Friends in England to know of his deep appreciation of their consecration, and their sacrifices for the Faith. This noble spirit cannot do other than attract the blessings of the Holy Spirit, which will assure victory. He assures you of his prayers in your behalf, and for the success of your many labours.\nHe sends you his loving Greetings....", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds who were present at the Birmingham Teaching Conference, January 5th 1957.\nThe beloved Guardian has received your letter of greeting, and was very happy to hear that the Birmingham Teaching Conference had been such an outstanding success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nUndoubtedly the Faith in the British Isles is making steady and sound progress, and he hopes that during the coming months many of the Spiritual Assemblies which have been placed in jeopardy will be consolidated in time for the elections. He feels sure that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, who have done more pioneering per capita than any other Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the world, will do all in their power to safeguard the precious goals they have won at the cost of so much sacrifice and valiant endeavour.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe assures you one and all of his loving prayers for your success, and that he will remember you in his visits to the Holy Shrines....\nMay the Spirit of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h sustain you in your highly meritorious labours, guide every step you take in the path of service to His Faith, and enable you to lend a great impetus, in the days to come, to the onward march of our beloved Cause throughout the British Isles and to the consolidation of its divinely appointed institutions,", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Beloved Guardian has directed me to write your Assembly with regard to showing interior views of the Shrine of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in slides.\nThe Guardian read in some minutes, or in a report of one of the Summer Schools, that slides were shown of the Holy Land, and among them one of the interior of the Shrine. He would like to know whether this is the interior Garden, or the Inner Shrine itself, and whose slides they are.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that the Shrine of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and the B\u00e1b are so sacred, it is improper for any slides to be shown of the Interiors. Thus, the slide which was shown at the Summer School should be destroyed, and if it forms a part of any sets of views of the Holy Land, this slide be removed from the set.\nGREATLY DEPLORE LOSS MUCH LOVED JOHN MITCHELL STAUNCH CONSECRATED PROMOTER FAITH. REWARD HIS ADMINISTRATIVE PIONEER SERVICES GREAT ABHA KINGDOM FERVENTLY SUPPLICATING PROGRESS HIS SOUL.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour loving letter of March 4th, with regard to the Shrine of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, interior view, slide; which was shown or to be shown at your Summer School.\nThe Guardian wishes me to see that all these slides are destroyed, and all informed that they should not be used. Therefore, can you send me the name of the person in America who sent the slide to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in England.\nThis will permit me to stop the exodus of these slides at the source....", "Unfolding Destiny\nAPPEAL VALIANT BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY FOCUS ATTENTION URGENT NEEDS PIVOTAL CENTRES STRENUOUS IMMEDIATE CONCERTED EFFORTS IMPERATIVE SAFEGUARD OUTSTANDING PRIZES LABORIOUSLY WON FERVENTLY PRAYING SUCCESS DEEPEST LOVE.\nThe Beloved Guardian has been greatly impressed by the number of Teaching Conferences held during the past year, especially in the virgin areas of the Ten Year Crusade.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMy records are not complete concerning the Teaching Conference of the Northern Islands. Will you please cable me on receipt of this where this Conference was held, and the dates....\nYour loving letter of February 20th was duly received by the Beloved Guardian, and on March 20th, the contributions referred to therein.\nThe Guardian has directed me to acknowledge your letter and the contributions on his behalf. Receipt is enclosed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWill you please write the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of ... on behalf of the Guardian, and thank them for their contribution for the construction of the International Archives Building. Their sacrifices in that difficult area, at this time, shows their depth of spiritual consciousness. The Guardian will pray for them, and for the success of their work.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian also wishes to assure the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles, of his appreciation of their sacrifice and devotion to the Cause of God. He is praying for them, for the success of their historic work, and for the rapid expansion of the Faith. He is sure the Blessings of the Beloved Master will rest on each and every one.\nPlease send the Friends in Kuwait the enclosed photo, showing the present stage of construction of the Archives Building.\nHe sends his loving Greetings...", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY MOURN PASSING DEARLY LOVED MUCH ADMIRED GREATLY GIFTED OUTSTANDING HAND CAUSE GEORGE TOWNSHEND. HIS DEATH MORROW PUBLICATION HIS CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT ROBS BRITISH FOLLOWERS BAHA'U'LLAH THEIR MOST DISTINGUISHED COLLABORATOR AND FAITH ITSELF ONE ITS STOUTEST DEFENDERS. HIS STERLING QUALITIES HIS SCHOLARSHIP HIS CHALLENGING WRITINGS HIS HIGH ECCLESIASTICAL POSITION UNRIVALLED ANY BAHA'I WESTERN WORLD ENTITLE HIM RANK WITH THOMAS BREAKWELL DR", "Unfolding Destiny\nESSLEMONT ONE OF THREE LUMINARIES SHEDDING BRILLIANT LUSTRE ANNALS IRISH ENGLISH SCOTTISH BAHA'I COMMUNITIES. HIS FEARLESS CHAMPIONSHIP CAUSE HE LOVED SO DEARLY SERVED SO VALIANTLY CONSTITUTES SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY. SO ENVIABLE POSITION CALLS FOR NATIONAL TRIBUTE HIS MEMORY BY ASSEMBLED DELEGATES VISITORS FORTHCOMING BRITISH BAHA'I CONVENTION. ASSURE RELATIVES DEEPEST LOVING SYMPATHY GRIEVOUS LOSS. CONFIDENT HIS REWARD INESTIMABLE ABHA KINGDOM.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Beloved Guardian has directed me to write you concerning a list which he desires, showing the languages into which the scriptures, or parts of them have been translated.\nHe has the book entitled \"The Gospel in Many Tongues\" issued by the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Bible House, 146 Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.4, (in 1948). This shows specimens of 770 languages in which this Society has published or circulated some portion of the Gospel.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the preface, they state \"If those versions published by other agents are included, there are now well over a thousand forms of speech represented in the Library at Bible House\".\nThe Guardian would like to secure a list of the additional some 300 languages into which the Gospel has been translated, referred to in this quotation. Could you secure it for him, from the Bible Society, at the Bible House.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIs it fair to assume this would then be all the languages, from any source, into which the Bible or parts have been translated? Your early advice will be appreciated.\nFor your information, in the list of languages into which Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature has been translated, there are some 20, not included in the published book of the 770 languages into which Christian Scripture has been published, as covered by the Book.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe question is, are these 20 included in the supplementary list, which makes the 1,000 or more into which Christian Scripture has been translated. Your sending the list will enable us to make the check here.\nIf you could secure this list and send it promptly, it might enable the Guardian to include this interesting point in his Convention message....", "Unfolding Destiny\nEnclosed please find the beloved Guardian's Message to the annual convention; it should be delivered to the Chairman to be read to and shared with the assembled friends....\nP.S. In order to gain time this is being mailed through a pilgrim from Rome.\nP.S. No.2. Will you please acknowledge receipt of this letter by cable to the Guardian.\nThe Beloved Guardian has been very deeply impressed with the latest book of our dear departed co-worker, Hand of the Cause, George Townshend.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that this Book should be used as the basis of a very active campaign of teaching and publicity throughout the British Isles.\nPublicity regarding the book should be arranged, book reviews secured, if possible. Religious leaders should be sent copies, even the highest Ecclesiastical leaders. Many copies should be mailed to the important leaders of the Church of England, and other religious denominations of the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis book very finely presents the relationship between Christ and Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and outlines the manner in which the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith is setting up the Kingdom of God, which the Christians are praying for.\nThe Guardian feels that very beneficial results will be achieved by this active public programme, with this book, \"Christ and Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\" even if it stirs up opposition and criticism for the time being.\nHe will pray for your Assembly, and for the success of your many labours in the Cause of God....", "Unfolding Destiny\nDEEPLY APPRECIATE CONVENTION MESSAGE REJOICE RECENT VICTORIES GREATLY VALUE SPIRIT ANIMATING ENTIRE BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY CHERISH BRIGHTEST HOPES FERVENTLY SUPPLICATING RAPID CONSOLIDATION HOME FRONT ESSENTIAL PRELUDE UNPRECEDENTED EXPANSION GLORIOUS MISSION BRITISH FOLLOWERS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH FOREIGN FIELDS DEEPEST LOVE.\nThe beloved Guardian has instructed me to write about the ... situation raised in one of your recent letters....", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is inconceivable and wholly inadmissible that any Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in a community should be permitted to hold a Feast in their home and refuse admission to another believer; and your Assembly should write accordingly in very strong terms to the ... Assembly, pointing out that the Guardian is not only surprised to learn of this situation, but disapproves of it in the strongest terms.\nAny Bah\u00e1'\u00ed may attend a Feast, a local Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed from out of town, certainly an isolated Bah\u00e1'\u00ed from the neighbourhood.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is the duty of the ... Assembly to take strong measures to remedy this situation, and to ensure that the Feasts are held in a place and in a manner that conforms to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed spirit....\n7 June 1957 (Shetland Summer School)\nSUPPLICATING ABUNDANT BLESSINGS DEEPEST LOVE.\nDELIGHTED HISTORIC GATHERING ASSURE FERVENT PRAYERS UNPRECEDENTED EXPANSION ACTIVITIES.\nYour communications with their enclosures and material sent under separate cover have all arrived safely, and the beloved", "Unfolding Destiny\nGuardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf and to acknowledge receipt of your letters dated: July 24, 27 and 31, August 24, 27, and 30, September 7, 26, 27, and 28, October 5, 13 (signed by all members), and 15, November 5 (signed by Dorothy Ferraby), and 28 (three), and December 14, 18, 27, and 28, 1956, and January 8, 16, 20 (one undated), and 22nd, February 4, 6, 8, 11, 19, 21, 23, and 27, March 7, 8, 13, and 18 (two), May 6, 9, 21, (two), June 3, 11, 14, 19 and 25, July 12, 16, (two), 19, 21, 26, and August 2, and 5 signed by Ernest Gregory+.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs a number of questions raised in your letters have been answered by cable or through the National Assembly Secretary, I will not go into those again here.\nHe was interested to see the Tablets which Dr. Moayad located in Cambridge, and appreciated having copies of them.\nIt has been a great pleasure to have had so many members of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community here last winter and spring as pilgrims.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is immensely proud of the work which has been accomplished during the last year, of the remarkable spirit of dedication which animates the entire community, and which invariably produces, at an hour of crisis, a strong and healthy reaction on the part of the community to rush reinforcements to its weak Assemblies, when they are in danger of dissolution.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe realises that the enforcement of the general rule that an Assembly must function within civic limits has caused considerable havoc in Britain, as well as other countries. However, it enables the friends, through splitting up into smaller communities, to have before their eyes the appetising prospect of forming yet another Spiritual Assembly, all on their own, so to speak", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt gives more believers the opportunity to serve on these Administrative Bodies, challenges the teaching activities of them all, and stimulates them to fresh efforts in the hope of early victory.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe news of the success of your Convention this year; the fact that the community was able to manoeuvre its finances into a position of equilibrium, a position, incidentally, which it should make every effort to maintain; the large number of friends who attended the beautiful memorial meeting held for the dear Hand of the Cause, George Townshend, also pleased and encouraged our beloved Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was pleased to hear from Rhodesia of the incorporation of the Salisbury Assembly, which seems to be in the nature of a foundation for the future incorporation of all Spiritual Assemblies throughout the Rhodesias. This is yet another valuable service which your Assembly has been instrumental in rendering the Faith in Africa.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe thanks your Assembly for the coloured photographs of the Haz\u00edratu'l-Quds and also for the film of the Summer School which you sent him. He was very pleased also to receive copies of the Irish pamphlets, and hopes the Gaelic translation will soon be out.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards your question about printing in books the approval of the National Assembly, he thinks that, if in certain circumstances this seems inadvisable, there is no objection to omitting it. The approval of the National Body should be sought for all Bah\u00e1'\u00ed publications, so as to protect the Faith from unofficially disseminating information which may in some respects be false or inaccurate", "Unfolding Destiny\nOnce this has been done, it is not so essential for the fact to appear in the book, if it will mitigate the effects of the book and decrease its sales....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe death of the Hand of the Cause, George Townshend, is a great loss to the British community as it not only deprives them of their most distinguished member, their unique Hand, but also of a most inspiring and faithful co-worker and a distinguished Bah\u00e1'\u00ed author. His latest book has been read with great interest by the Guardian, and he hopes your Assembly is ensuring its wide distribution to various religious leaders in Britain", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf opposition to the Faith can be aroused through this book, it will be the greatest service that dear George Townshend has ever rendered. It was always his hope that, through his pen, sparks would fly and begin the conflagration in whose light the Faith would shine forth in all its splendour. Let us hope that this last service of his will indeed prove to be the vital spark setting off this process of opposition which will inevitably lead to a wide recognition and acceptance of the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian hopes that during the present year the home Assemblies will not only be maintained and groups prepared for assembly status next Ridvan, but that it will be possible to reinforce the work in the islands off the shores of the British Isles. The sooner a nucleus of local people is established in these goal\nplaces the sooner will the pioneers be able to move on to new fields and to lend their assistance to the teaching work either on the Home Front or in the Pacific area.", "Unfolding Destiny\nPlease assure the dear pioneers that he greatly admires their steadfastness of purpose, their self-sacrifice and their exemplary spirit, and that he particularly prays for them in the Holy Shrines.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the future work in the Pacific: It is entirely premature at this time for your Assembly to think about the work there. The Home Front and the work in the neighbouring islands around Great Britain, as well as those allotted under the Ten Year Plan to your Assembly in the Mediterranean, must receive the concentrated attention of your Body, its Committees and the believers. When the time comes to become active in the Pacific area, you may be sure he will let you know!", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that the urgent need now is to get out \"Some Answered Questions\", which is one of the most important books for a proper study of the Faith. When this has been printed, the next publication of the Master's Works can be considered....\nAs to your question about the words used in the marriage ceremony; the two versions mean practically the same thing, and either may be used.+F1", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is most regrettable that the Caravan should have gotten hold of ...; if this situation is stirred up too much it will only enable Ahmad Sohrab to make a big fuss and get more publicity", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn view of this the Guardian feels your Assembly should be watchful and seek out, if possible, a suitable person and a suitable opportunity to call to her attention the facts that the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, so widely spread and acknowledged, has nothing to do with the Caravan which is a purely opportunist organisation and so loosely knit together as to have almost no power of influencing people one way or another. To do the wrong thing in a situation such as this would be worse than to do nothing.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe assures you one and all of his loving prayers for your success in all you do for the Faith.\nThe year that has just elapsed, following upon the swift and\n+F1. The two versions are: \"We will all, verily, abide by the Will of God\", and \"Verily we are content with the Will of God\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nspectacular success achieved by the firmly grounded, the progressive and alert British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the heart of the African Continent--a success attested by the triumphant emergence of the Regional Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Central and East Africa--has witnessed a progress throughout the length and breadth of the Homefront, as well as in the northern islands in the neighbourhood of the British Isles, which, though not spectacular, nevertheless testifies to the earnestness, the devotion and the exemplary tenacity with which the members of this community are conducting, in all its aspects, the noble Mission entrusted to their care, and are grappling with the manifold problems involved in its prosecution.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis present and crucial year must be signalised in the annals of British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed history by a substantial measure of internal administrative consolidation and a noticeable expansion in the all-important teaching field, which will enable the members of this community, now standing on the threshold of a new and brilliant phase in the unfoldment of their Mission in foreign fields, to reinforce and broaden the base of their future operations beyond the confines of their native land.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe splendid work achieved, in such a short space of time, in a field so distant, and amongst a race so alien in its background, outlook and customs, must, if the significance of that Mission is to be properly assessed, be regarded as only a prelude to the series of future campaigns which the privileged members of the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community, residing and firmly rooted in the heart of a far-flung Commonwealth and Empire, will, if faithful to such a Mission, launch, in the years ahead, in the islands of the North Sea and of the Mediterranean, as well as in the remote territories situated in the Pacific area--campaigns which, in their range and significance, must throw into shade the feats performed in the African Continent.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo be enabled to rise to this occasion, to ensure the energetic, the systematic and uninterrupted conduct of so vast and diversified an enterprise, amidst peoples and races fully as promising, and even more remotedly situated, and presenting them with a challenge more severe than any which has faced them in the past, the small band of the ardent, the high minded, the resolute followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, charged by Destiny and by virtue of the enviable position they occupy, with so glorious a responsibility for the future awakening of the great masses, living under the shadow of, or whose governments are directly associated with, the British Crown, must needs in the", "Unfolding Destiny\nyears immediately ahead, acquire greater coherence, increase more rapidly in numbers, definitely emerge from obscurity, plumb greater depths of consecration, enrich its store of administrative experience, become definitely self-supporting, and associate itself more closely, through the body of its elected representatives and its future Hands, with the National and Regional Spiritual Assemblies on the European mainland and in all the other continents of the globe, and particularly with the Hands already appointed in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe sooner these prime requisites, so essential for a further unfoldment of the mighty potentialities inherent in so splendid a Mission, are fulfilled, the sooner will the call be raised for the opening of a new chapter in the history of British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed achievements overseas.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe rapid multiplication of isolated centres, groups and local assemblies, particularly in Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Eire; the incorporation of firmly grounded local spiritual assemblies; a greater measure of publicity; a wider dissemination of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature; a quick and substantial rehabilitation of the vitally important national Fund; a firmer grasp of the essential verities of the Faith; a more profound study of its history and a deeper understanding of the genesis, the significance, the workings, and the present status and achievements of its embryonic World Order and of the Covenant to which it owes its birth and vitality--these remain the rock-bottom requirements which alone can guarantee the opening and hasten the advent, of that blissful era which every British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed heart so eagerly anticipates, and the glories of which can, at present, be but dimly discerned.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNow, of a certainty, is not the time for the members of this gallant band, so thinly spread over the length and breadth of its island home, and reaching out, so laboriously yet so determinedly to the inhospitable islands fringing its northern and western coasts, to dwell, however tentatively, on the nature of the tantalising task awaiting them in the not distant future, or to seek to probe into its mysterious, divinely guided operation", "Unfolding Destiny\nTheirs is the duty to plod on, however tedious the nature of the work demanding their immediate attention, however formidable the obstacles involved in its proper execution, however prolonged the effort which its success necessitates, until the signs of its ultimate consummation, heralding the launching of what is sure to be the most spectacular phase of their Mission, are clearly discerned.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the world spiritual Crusade, to the successful prosecution of which the British followers of the Faith of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h have, singly and collectively, so markedly contributed, approaches its mid-point, the evidences of this indispensable quickening of the tempo of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activity all over the British Isles and the islands situated in their neighbourhood and far beyond their confines, must become more manifest and rapidly multiply", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe admiration and esteem in which a community, relatively small in numbers, strictly limited in resources, yet capable of such solid and enduring achievements, is held by its sister and daughter communities in every continent of the globe, far from declining must be further enhanced", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe historic process originated as far back as the year which witnessed the formulation of the Six Year Plan on the occasion of the Centenary of the Declaration of the B\u00e1b in Sh\u00edr\u00e1z, which gathered momentum, as a result of the inauguration of the Two Year Plan which followed the Centenary of the B\u00e1b's Martyrdom in Tabriz, which received a tremendous impetus, in consequence of the launching of the Ten Year Crusade, commemorating the centenary celebrations of the birth of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Mission in Tihr\u00e1n--such a process must, as the centenary celebrations designed to commemorate the Declaration of that same Mission in Baghd\u00e1d approaches, be so markedly accelerated, and yield such a harvest, as will astonish the entire Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, and give the signal for the inauguration, by those who have so spontaneously set this process in motion, more than a decade ago, of a blissful era designed to carry the chief builders of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's embryonic World Order, throughout the unnumbered, the diversified and widely", "Unfolding Destiny\nset this process in motion, more than a decade ago, of a blissful era designed to carry the chief builders of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's embryonic World Order, throughout the unnumbered, the diversified and widely scattered Dependencies of the British Crown, to still greater heights of achievements in the service and for the glory of His Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay they, as they forge ahead along the high road leading to ultimate, total and complete victory, receive as their daily sustenance, a still fuller measure of the abounding grace, promised to the believers of an earlier generation by the Centre of the Covenant, the Author of the Divine Plan, Himself, on the occasion of His twice-repeated visit to their shores, and which has been unfailingly vouchsafed to themselves, in the course of over three decades, since the birth of the Formative Age of the Faith and the rise of its Administrative Order in their homeland.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn behalf of our beloved Guardian I acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of 17th August enclosing the minutes of the meeting of the British N.S.A. held at the Summer School on August 8th....\nWELCOME DETERMINATION ASSEMBLED FRIENDS SUMMER SCHOOL PRAYING FERVENTLY FRIENDS ATTAIN GOALS SCALE NOBLER HEIGHTS PATH SERVICE CAUSE BAHA'U'LLAH.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn \"The Voice of Youth\" for July, page ten, there is an article by David Solomon in which he quotes some very significant passages from the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Guardian would like to have the exact source of these passages, and the quotations in the paragraphs in which they occur, written out in full....\nCONFIDENT BRITISH COMMUNITY RICHLY DESERVES NEW HONOUR.\n+F1. Sent in reply to a cable expressing gratitude for the appointment of two British Hands of the Cause of God.\nTHE GUARDIAN'S", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo Local Spiritual Assemblies\nThe Assemblies are listed in alphabetical order but their letters are chronologically arranged.\nEccles\nTo the Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Belfast\nYour letter of April 12th, conveying such heartening news, was received by our beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels your Assembly, a hard-won prize, and occupying an important position as representative of the Faith in Northern Ireland, is one of the key assemblies in the British Isles, and he is immensely proud of your achievement in at last forming it.\nYou may be sure he will pray for your protection and success in the Holy Shrines, and that your numbers may increase in Belfast and your ship weather every storm triumphantly!\nWith loving greetings,", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless sustain and guide you in your meritorious activities, remove every obstacle from your path and enable you to win still greater victories in the service of His glorious Faith.\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Bristol, England\nYour message of Oct. 21st reached our beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer it on his behalf.\nNow that you are six there (judging by your signatures), a mere three is required to enable you to reach your Goal and have your Assembly next April.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may be sure that he will supplicate in the Holy Shrines that these three may be speedily found and the Assembly safely established in accordance with the present Plan.\nHe assures you that your devotion and services are very deeply appreciated.\nMay the Almighty bless your high endeavours, reward you abundantly for your historic accomplishments, guide your steps, and aid you to extend continually the range of your highly valued activities.\nThe Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Bristol", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of April 21st reached our beloved Guardian after a long delay, and he has instructed me to answer it on his behalf.\nThe formation of your Assembly, in the face of so many difficulties, was indeed a noble achievement, and serves to prove that our struggles as individuals, often handicapped by the sense of our own inadequacy, are reinforced by the grace of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, Who enables us to achieve the seemingly impossible!", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe urges you all to persevere in maintaining your Assembly, which forms one of the vital links in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed chain, which will soon gird the British Isles, never to lose heart, and to redouble your teaching labours so as to ensure a broader foundation next year for your Assembly's election and thus guarantee its permanency.\nHis prayers will be offered for you, one and all, for your success and guidance.\nWith Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Love,", "Unfolding Destiny\nI was so pleased and grateful to receive your message, and I wish to assure you all of my loving and fervent prayers for the progress of your historic work, the extension of your activities and the realisation of every hope you cherish for the promotion of our beloved Faith. May the Almighty watch over you, sustain you in your valued endeavours,\nand aid you to render memorable services to His Faith and its institutions.\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Cardiff", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour welcome letter to our beloved Guardian dated Oct. 16th, has been received, and he has instructed me to answer it on his behalf.\nHe is well aware of the very real sacrifices you have made, and are making to establish the Cause in Wales, and he wants you to know he admires your courage and determination, and most deeply values the dedicated spirit which animates you.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe news of your first public meeting was good news indeed, and he feels sure your perseverance and the strong backing which you are receiving from the N.S.A. and the Teaching Committee, will crown your efforts with the success you so richly deserve.\nHis loving prayers will be offered for the speedy realisation of your hopes, and he urges you to persevere, conscious of the historical importance of what you are doing, and of how important your work is to the progress of the Plan in the British Isles.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith warmest greetings to you all,\nI wish to add a few words in person and assure every one of you of my deep admiration of the spirit you manifest, the services you render, and the determination with which you are initiating the great historic teaching enterprise in Wales.\nYou are, I assure you, often in my thoughts and prayers, and I will supplicate the Beloved to bless continually your high and meritorious endeavours.\nThe Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Cardiff, Wales", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter to our beloved Guardian of April 21st was received, after a long delay, and he was most happy to hear of the formation of your Assembly.\nWith an Assembly in Cardiff, in Edinburgh, and Dublin, the representative character of the Faith in the British Isles is fully established and the National body greatly re-inforced.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe fully realises the difficulties which have attended your work there, and which makes your victory all the more praiseworthy and precious. He urges you to now courageously persevere in your work and ensure that Cardiff has, by next April, a stable membership from which to call on for the Spiritual Assembly's maintenance.\nYou may be sure that he will assist you with his prayers, and pray that each and every one of you may be protected and assisted in your devoted services to the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith warm greetings,\nThe formation of the first Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Spiritual Assembly in Wales is an event of great historical significance. I congratulate you on this splendid achievement which, I trust, will be a prelude to still greater victories in the service of our glorious Faith. I will supplicate on your behalf, the blessings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, that your work may prosper, your plans bear abundant fruit, and your hopes realised for the propagation of the Faith and the establishment of its nascent institutions.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Cardiff\nYour letter of January 20th has been received, and our beloved Guardian was simply delighted to get the Welsh pamphlet, he", "Unfolding Destiny\nPage 395 wants twenty-five copies of it sent to him for distribution amongst various Bah\u00e1'\u00ed libraries here, and for our surplus stock. This booklet in their own language will do much to convince sincere Welsh truth-seekers of the respect and consideration with which we Bah\u00e1'\u00eds approach all minorities, also of our devout desire to share with such a talented race the glory of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's message.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes there will be many new Welsh believers in the coming years, and he assures you all of his loving prayers for the success of your devoted efforts.\nI was so pleased and grateful to receive your welcome letter, and the first fruit of your services and high endeavours for the promotion of our beloved Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI feel proud of the spirit that animates you, and will supplicate the Beloved to bless, and sustain and guide you, and enable you to extend continually the range of your achievements. Persevere, and rest assured.\nSpiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Cardiff\nYour letter of July 18th with enclosure has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nHe is delighted with the way the work is progressing in Cardiff, and that there are now nine believers living there.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe particularly values the instant decision made during the Convention, and consequent action taken, by Dr. Miller+ in leaving an excellent medical practice in Liverpool, to settle in Cardiff, with all it entailed of sacrifice in being separated from his wife, and in being obliged to accept a junior post in a hospital at Cardiff. It is qualities such as these, which the pioneer carries", "Unfolding Destiny\nto his new post, which attract a reinforcing power from on High, and enable him to create in the hearts of those who meet him a longing to have what he possesses, and ignite in these new hearts the flame of the love of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.\nThe Guardian feels sure his non-Bah\u00e1'\u00ed wife will likewise receive a blessing for her part in this sacrifice, which helped to make this move possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is deeply appreciative of the Welsh translation; and is confident it will prove to be of great assistance in the promotion of the Teachings in Wales.\nWith warm Bah\u00e1'\u00ed greetings,\nMay the Spirit of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h guide you and your fellow-members, and enable you, in the days to come, to reinforce the foundation that has been laid, and to extend the range of your highly meritorious exertions and accomplishments,", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of December 29th was received, and the beloved Guardian was very happy indeed to hear that the week-end school had been a success.\nHe is delighted to see that the Faith is progressing in Wales, and he feels sure that the Welsh people will not only respond to the Message if given opportunity, but contribute to the Faith a distinctive share of their own, when they arise in its service.\nHe hopes that there will indeed be Welsh Summer Schools in the future.\nAssuring you of his loving prayers,", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless, guide, and sustain you and your dear co-workers in your constant and highly meritorious activities, remove\nevery obstacle from your path, and enable you to enrich the record of your deeply appreciated services to His Faith and its institutions.\nTo the believers who were present in Dublin at the 19 Day Feast of Kamal\nOur beloved Guardian was very happy to receive your message and to see that the Cause is now gaining a firm footing in Eire.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is particularly happy to welcome Mrs. Coleman into the Faith as the first new Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Dublin, and he hopes that ere long you will be able to establish the first historic spiritual Assembly in that city.\nThe Irish are tenacious in their religious beliefs, and once convinced of the truth and significance of our glorious Faith should make ardent and devoted Bah\u00e1'\u00eds.\nHe assures you all of his loving prayers for the success of your devoted labours.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour joint message rejoiced my heart. I cherish great hopes for the future of the work so splendidly initiated in that historic island. I will pray from the depths of my heart for the extension and consolidation of your meritorious activities to which I attach the utmost importance. Persevere in your glorious task, and rest assured that the Beloved, Who is watching over you, will bless your high endeavours and fulfil your dearest hopes.\nThe Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Dublin, Eire", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur beloved Guardian was very delighted to receive your communication of April 21st, written to him from your newly elected body.\nHe was particularly pleased to read the signatures of three members of the Townshend family, as Mr. Townshend and his wife have truly sacrificed in order to stand forward as declared and active Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and assist in the formation of this historic Assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe task facing you is great, but very exhilarating. Eire lies before you, your territory, of which you are the Mother Assembly, and however difficult your conquest may be, it is a challenging and wonderful service you are called upon to render.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Irish people, with their deep religious instinct, although they may be at first difficult to convert, once convinced of the truth, will make staunch believers and will, he hopes, convey this Faith, with all its promise and healing power, to other countries in the course of time.\nHe assures you his prayers are with you, for your progress and your success in every field of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed service.\nP.S. The delay in answering your letter was due to the long time it took to reach Haifa.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work achieved in Dublin during the last few months, culminating in the formation of the first Spiritual Assembly in Ireland, is indeed highly praiseworthy. Such a consummation is an event that will adorn the annals of the Faith, and is in itself a prelude to still greater victories in the days to come. I truly feel proud of the British and Irish believers who have collaborated so devotedly and strenuously, and won so conspicuous a victory", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Group, Eccles\nYour letter of January 2nd was received, through the kindness of Mr. Gregory, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf. He will certainly pray in the Holy Shrines that you may succeed in attaining your objective; but, even should you fail to establish a spiritual assembly by April, you must not feel discouraged, because it is much more important to have a solid foundation in the beginning than to meet a date line--welcome as the assembly would be!", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe admires very much the spirit animating you, and hopes that a flourishing community will develop there.\nMay the Beloved bless your efforts, guide your steps, aid you to extend the scope of your activities, and win great victories in the service of His glorious Faith,\nThe Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Edinburgh", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur beloved Guardian was very happy indeed to receive your letter to him dated April 21st--which has taken a long time to reach him, as you can see--and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe formation of the first Assembly of the Faith in Scotland is a great and promising achievement. He has a profound admiration for the characteristics of the Scots; their deep religious feelings, their frank, open and friendly nature, their tenacity and abilities will enable them to greatly enrich the Faith\nin the British Isles, and, he hopes, later in the pioneer fields abroad.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe trusts that your Assembly, and especially those members of it who are natives of Scotland, will soon succeed in attracting many more serious minded truth-seekers to the Faith there. Now Edinburgh has become the mother Assembly of Scotland, and must, by its example, set the pace, and assist in the development of all future Scottish Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Assemblies.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe assures you all he will pray for your success, for your unity, and that Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h may guide you all in administering the affairs of His Cause in that city.\nHe was particularly interested to hear that one of the new believers had met 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 on His visit to Edinburgh many years ago.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour welcome message brought deep joy to my heart and filled me with gratitude for this latest evidence of the all-conquering power of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, as well as for the magnificent efforts exerted by British believers in that historic and ancient city. I will, I assure you, pray from the depths of my heart for your success, the increase of your numbers, the multiplication of your activities, and the consolidation of your achievements", "Unfolding Destiny\nPersevere in your meritorious endeavours, and rest assured that the Beloved will watch over you and crown your high endeavours with signal success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs our beloved Guardian is at present very pressed for time in connection with the tremendous amount of work the building of the Shrine entails at this juncture, I am answering your loving Naw-Ruz Message very briefly on his behalf.\nYou may be sure the work in Edinburgh is very dear to his\nheart and he will continue to pray for its advancement, and for each and every one of you, in the Holy Shrines.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless, continually and abundantly, your high endeavours, aid you to add to your numbers, deepen your understanding of the essentials of His Faith, extend the range of your activities, consolidate your achievements, and win great and memorable victories for its institutions,\nTo the Glasgow Bah\u00e1'\u00eds\nYour letter dated 5.7.50 has been received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer it on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe progress being made in spreading the Faith in Scotland pleases him immensely, and he feels the Cause will find many exemplary and wonderful servants among the Scotch people. They may be slow to be convinced, but once they embrace a thing they do so with full conviction and great determination to serve their belief.\nHe will pray that your assembly may confirm many new souls, and thus gradually free the devoted pioneers, who went there to teach, for services in new and maybe distant fields.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may be sure he deeply appreciates all you have done.\nI was so pleased and grateful to receive your most welcome message, and I profoundly appreciate the noble sentiments you have expressed. I wish to assure you that I will pray for your success from the depths of my heart, that the Beloved may guide your steps, bless your high endeavours, and enable you to lend a tremendous impetus to the spread of the Faith in Scotland.\nSpiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Leeds", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of February 20th has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nThe Guardian was very happy to learn of your coming County Teaching Conference. He has been very happy over the large number of pioneers who have arisen in the British Isles and have gone to new territories, both in the British Isles and in foreign lands, and he considers this a fine record.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes your deliberations will produce a still greater effort on the part of all the friends to implant more deeply and scatter more widely the seeds of the Faith, which are so greatly needed everywhere.\nThe Guardian assures you of his loving prayers for the abundant success of your endeavours.\nMay the Beloved bless, guide and sustain you, and enable you to promote the vital interests of His Faith,\nSpiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Liverpool", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter dated May 7 was received, and our beloved Guardian rejoiced over the news of the formation of your Assembly. He would have answered you sooner had he not been so overpowered with not only the work connected with the arcade of the Shrine's completion, but also anxiety caused by the long and serious illness of Mr. Maxwell, its architect.\nHe trusts your Assembly will enlarge its community during this year, and thus strengthen its foundations and ensure its future activities.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe victory won in the British Isles filled his heart with pride, and encourages him to believe a brilliant future lies ahead of the community there.\nDear co-workers:", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour most welcome message cheered my heart, and I wish to assure you in person of my sincere and profound admiration for the spirit that animates you in your activities, as well as of my ardent prayers for you, that the Beloved may guide and sustain you always, and enable you to win great and memorable victories for His Faith and its infant institutions.\nTo the believers who were present at the Feast of Sultan in London Centre, January 1952", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian was very happy to see that so many of you had gathered together and united in sending your love to him, with the first believer to come from England since the door of pilgrimage has been open.\nHe will remember you all in his loving prayers in the Shrines, and urges you to devote as much of your time individually as possible to the promotion of the goals of your present Plan.\nWith warmest Bah\u00e1'\u00ed greetings,", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty guide and sustain you in your high endeavours, bless and protect you always, aid you to extend the range of your valued activities, and win memorable victories in the service of His glorious Faith,\nManchester Spiritual Assembly\nI am directed by our Guardian to thank you for your welcome letter of January 11th.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe has been very pleased to learn of the more rapid progress of the Cause in Manchester and of a greater measure of unity among the friends. He is glad that Mr. Hall is taking this initiative and he sincerely trusts that you will all persevere in your endeavours, will keep dear the necessity for harmony and unity and thus make your group a progressive, enthusiastic and worthy Bah\u00e1'\u00ed centre in England. He appreciated your efforts and that of all friends in Manchester", "Unfolding Destiny\nSincerely in His Service,\nMy Dear co-worker,\nI am delighted with the news you give me. The friends in Manchester occupy a warm and abiding place in my heart. The fragrant memory of my visit to them is still fresh and vivid in my mind. I will continue to supplicate at the Beloved's Shrine for each one of them the Almighty's richest blessings, that they may be guided and strengthened to render in the days to come inestimable services to the sacred Threshold.\nWith my best wishes to your dear relatives,", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi was greatly pleased to receive your kind letter of June 24th, 1932, and he has requested me to address you these\nfew lines expressing his heartfelt appreciation of the precious and most valuable steps taken by our Manchester friends towards a greater extension and consolidation of the Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian was specially glad to hear that you have established a new Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Centre and he fervently hopes that as a result of this new move the interests of the Faith will be promoted and its teachings will succeed in confirming some new souls.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe precious efforts so continuously exerted by our Manchester Bah\u00e1'\u00eds and particularly by our beloved Mr. Hall and Mr. Sugar will undoubtedly yield their fruits in a not very distant future. But the friends should persevere in their task and not let any obstacle, however great, hinder their onward march. In these days of sufferings and hardships, patience and hope are indispensable for the success of any idea or plan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn closing may I assure you of our Guardian's best wishes and ask you to extend to all our Manchester Bah\u00e1'\u00eds the expression of his heartfelt thanks and appreciation.\nMay the Beloved bless your high and unsparing efforts, enable you to extend the scope of your activities, and consolidate the foundations of the Faith in that great city.\nThe Manchester Spiritual Assembly\nYour letter has been received, dated June 6th, and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels that the questions of ... could be answered by a better understanding of the teachings--however, for the sake of his sincere services to the Faith, he will answer them here:\n(1) Christ received the kiss of Judas, in fact He said one of His disciples would betray Him. It is not a question of these Holy", "Unfolding Destiny\nSouls seeing the future, but of what, in Their wisdom, They deem it necessary to accept in the Path of sacrifice. If we are going to question the wisdom of the Prophets we can question God's Wisdom too, and the advisability of the whole system we live in.\n(2) Nabil's suicide was not insanity but love. He loved Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h too much to go on in a world that no longer held Him.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(3) The \"sacrifice\" of goats has nothing to do with the Faith. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h was surrounded by Muslim admirers and friends, and they merely followed the custom of their people on such an occasion, when many hundreds gathered to console His bereaved family.\n(4) We cannot, not knowing the factors Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h weighed in His own mind, judge of the wisdom of His withdrawal to Kurdistan. But, studying His life and teachings, we should see in it an act of wisdom, and not superficially measure Him by our standards.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(5) Love is certainly the attribute we associate par excellence with our Maker. But has He no justice and does not justice fall on the back of the evil doer as a scourge?", "Unfolding Destiny\n(6) This question seems to imply a lack of understanding of love. There is very little Divine love in the world to-day, but a great deal of intellectual reasoning, which is an entirely different thing, and springs from the mind and not the heart. The Martyrs--most of them died because of their love for the B\u00e1b, for Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and through Them for God. The veil between the inner and outer world was very thin, and to tear it, and be free to be near the Beloved, was very sweet", "Unfolding Destiny\nBut it takes love, not reason to understand these things. We must also remember the Martyrs were called upon to deny their faith or die, as men of principle they preferred to die.", "Unfolding Destiny\n(7) Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's claims are much greater because humanity is more mature and can afford to hear them. But He draws on the same Source that was accessible to all the Prophets, it is we who can now receive more.\n(8) The Guardian feels ... should study more deeply the teachings, and meditate on what he studies. We liken God to the Sun, which gives us all our life. So the Spirit of God reaches us through the Souls of the Manifestations. We must learn to", "Unfolding Destiny\ncommune with Their Souls, and this is what the Martyrs seemed to have done, and what brought them such ecstacy of joy that life became nothing. This is the true mysticism, and the secret, inner meaning of life which humanity has at present, drifted so far from.\nThe Guardian will pray that this dear friend may deepen his understanding and arise and become a wonderful teacher of the Faith.\nHe will also pray for the progress of the work in Manchester and the success of your devoted labours.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless your efforts, guide and sustain you in your activities, and enable you to promote effectively the best interests of His Faith.\nNorthampton Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Community\nOur beloved Guardian thanks you not only for the good news you conveyed to him in your letter of January 6th, but for the spirit which prompted you to share it with him.\nHe admires greatly the services of your community and the unity amongst you, which no doubt is largely responsible for your success.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will join his prayers to yours for the success of the labours of your two latest pioneering members.\nI feel truly proud of your notable services, and I wish to assure you of my profound appreciation of your labours, of my loving prayers for the progress of your meritorious activities, and the realisation of every\nhope you cherish in the service of our beloved Faith and of its nascent institutions.\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Norwich", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of August 2nd has been received and our beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nHe was very pleased to see that you are girding up your loins to do your utmost for the Plan in the critical months that lie ahead.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNothing will further your ends more quickly than the greatest love, unity and co-operation amongst yourselves. These are the very soul of the order Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has come to establish in the world and when the people see these qualities and characteristics actively demonstrated in our midst, those who are receptive will hasten to join our ranks. Likewise when they see the lack of these virtues they will hesitate to embrace the Faith however much they may admire its teachings.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will certainly pray that your Assembly may be maintained, your numbers increase, and your devotion be rewarded.\nI was pleased to hear from you and receive the assurance of your love, your devotion to the interests of our beloved Faith and your determination to serve its best interests.\nI will pray from the depths of my heart on your behalf, that the Almighty may bless and sustain you and enable you to win memorable victories for His Faith.\nSpiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Norwich", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of July 29th with enclosures has been received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nHe was most happy to receive the July Jarrold Magazine and to see the article on the Faith; and also to learn from the copy of your News Letter of the activities of the believers in that locality.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian greatly appreciates the spirit animating the friends there in the service of the Cause. He sends you all his loving greetings, and assures you of his prayers for the success of your devoted labours.\nAssuring you of my abiding admiration of your devoted and constant endeavours for the promotion of our beloved Faith, and of my fervent prayers for the realisation of every hope you cherish for its promotion,\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Nottingham", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter, dated February 16th, was received and read by our beloved Guardian with great joy, and he has instructed me to answer it on his behalf.\nThe news of your group having reached Assembly status was a source of deep satisfaction to him, and demonstrates what the friends can do, once they put their shoulder to the wheel!", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou have every reason to feel proud of your achievement, and he hopes you will, through your correspondence and contacts with your fellow believers, encourage them to follow your example and forge ahead, in spite of every obstacle, with determination, confident that once we do our part, God is never failing in His.\nHe hopes your numbers will steadily increase and that many young people will be attracted to the Faith, as the part they have to play is very great and, also, their need of the Faith very great.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou may be sure his loving prayers will be offered for you, and for the success of your labours, in the Holy Shrines.\nMay the Beloved bless your efforts in the service of our beloved Faith, and you to deepen your knowledge of the essentials of His World Order, to increase your numbers, to extend the scope of your activities, and to fulfil every desire you cherish for its promotion and consolidation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter to our beloved Guardian, dated May 4, has been received, and he deeply appreciates your message of devotion and affection.\nHis burden is indeed a heavy one, and after so many years of continuous responsibility he often feels very tired. But when he sees the loyalty of the friends and their steadfast perseverance in their tasks his heart is lightened and he feels greatly encouraged.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is much easier to work when you see results being obtained under your very eyes, and, although in many ways his service to the Faith has been lonelier and more complicated than that of the beloved Master, yet he has had the great blessing of seeing the Cause spread out all over the world and greatly expand in many countries--such as England, India, the United State, etc.--as it never did in the days of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, Who worked so unremittingly towards this end, and Who planted what we now reap.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe feels the British believers can and will--indeed must-- succeed in their Plan, and his thoughts and prayers are with them very often.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour message cheered my heart, and I wish to assure you that I greatly value your noble sentiments, and will supplicate the Beloved to bless your efforts, guide every step you take in the path of service, enable you to extend continually the range of your activities, and consolidate the work you have so splendidly inaugurated, and are so devotedly prosecuting in the service of this glorious Faith,\nThe Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Oxford", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of September 14 with enclosure was received, and the beloved Guardian thanks you for it.\nHe was pleased to see the enterprising spirit shown by Mr. Semple+, and hopes his classes will produce many new contacts.\nThe progress made in Oxford is heartening, and he trusts still greater progress lies ahead.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty abundantly reward you for your patient and splendid labours, sustain and guide you at all times and under all circumstances, enable you to extend the range of your meritorious activities, and aid you to consolidate your notable and indeed historic achievements,\nSpiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Oxford\nYour letter of December 14th has been received; and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very pleased to hear of the progress being made; and that it has been possible to give the Message to some of the \"undergrads\". It is most important that the Faith should be conveyed with a sense of dignity at so important a university as Oxford; and better that the work should go forward slowly than that any mistakes should be made.\nHe assures you all that he deeply appreciates your devoted labours; and he hopes that you will fulfill your objective of increasing the number of believers there.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Beloved, whose Cause you are serving with such fidelity, ability and devotion, reward you abundantly for your meritorious labours, guide every step you take, and enable you to lay a firm and unassailable foundation for the future institutions of His Faith in that historic and promising City.\nYour letter of December 10th has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very happy to see that you have held another meeting in Manchester College, and hopes that the attracted ones who attended may become real students of the Faith, and eventually join its ranks.\nThe poem by Miss Masefield was much appreciated by the Guardian. Please assure Miss Masefield that he liked it very much, and will consider using it for a future volume of \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\". The only thing that he saw that seemed to need correction was that the word \"Abh\u00e1\", was spelled \"Abba\" instead of \"Abh\u00e1\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe hopes that Miss Masefield, through the friendship and\nwise association of the members of your Group with her, will feel moved to declare herself an active member of the Faith. He will pray that this may come about.\nThe Guardian will also pray for the success of the devoted labours of the believers in Oxford.\nWith warm Bah\u00e1'\u00ed love,\nMay the Almighty guide and sustain you always, remove all obstacles from your path, and enable you to win great and memorable victories in the service of His Faith,", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour letter of January 16th with enclosure has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nHe thanks you very much for the expression of your sympathy, and for the newspaper clipping you enclosed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt has indeed been a great loss to the work of the Faith, to lose such a valiant, constant and distinguished Hand as dear Dorothy Baker. It will leave a gap in the pioneer field, as well. No doubt her noble spirit will be able to assist and inspire from on high, and this must be the consolation of all her friends and admirers.\nHe trusts the work in Oxford is progressing steadily; and he assures you all of his loving prayers in your behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless your meritorious efforts, guide and sustain you in your activities, and enable you to win great victories in the service of His Faith,\nYour letter of April 9th has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nMrs. Winsten invited the Guardian if possible to view in person her portrait of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1. Needless to say, he thanked her for her kind invitation, but informed her this would be quite out of the question.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very pleased to hear that she has consented to forwarding a photograph through acquaintances of hers, and he will be very interested to see it. He will let you know if he considers the likeness sufficiently good to warrant any of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds purchasing it. It is a pity to own portraits of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 which do not in any way resemble Him.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSome time ago you asked him to send you a copy of the description which Miss Campbell+ brought to Haifa of how the artist made this drawing of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1. Unfortunately this has been mislaid, and it is not possible for the Guardian to send you a copy. However, the original you may be sure is safe in his papers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very happy to hear of the progress of the Cause in Oxford, such a very important centre from every standpoint. He assures you all of his loving prayers for the progress of your activities, and for each and all of you.\nAssuring you of my loving prayers for you all, and for the success of your efforts for the promotion of our beloved Faith,\nYour letter of November 30th with enclosure has been\nreceived by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe news of the opening of the Oxford Bah\u00e1'\u00eds' first Centre rejoiced his heart. He was particularly happy to know that this project was consummated and the Centre furnished and made ready for use almost entirely through the united efforts and devotion of the believers themselves.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs you know, the Guardian attaches great importance to Oxford. Now that the friends have a Centre, which in itself will be a means of attracting seeking souls to them to learn of the Faith; and also the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds have made for themselves a teaching plan, he feels confident that the work will go forward there with great strides, and that your community will grow in numbers and in strength.\nHe will remember you all in his loving prayers in the Holy Shrines.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless continually your highly meritorious efforts, and enable you to win great and memorable victories in the service of His Faith,\nYour letter of February 13th with enclosures has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nHe is hoping that the fact that the believers now have their own Centre in Oxford will greatly stimulate the work there, and cause the more rapid expansion of the Faith in this difficult town.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work done among the University students should be steadily pursued. Perhaps before long some among their number may determine to accept the Faith and arise whole-heartedly to serve it.\nThe Guardian assures you all of his loving prayers, and sends his greetings.\nWith warm Bah\u00e1'\u00ed love, P.S. It is not necessary to send a detailed account of the funeral of Mrs. Langdon-Davies. A short biographical account of her life should be sent by the N.S.A. for \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless, guide and sustain you, and enable you to achieve memorable victories in the service of our beloved Faith,\nYour letter of February 27th with enclosure has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.\nHe appreciates your thoughtfulness in sending to him the photostatic copy of Canon Cheyne's letter to John Craven+, in which he declared himself a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, and is happy to have it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe wishes you all a very happy New Year, and great success in your teaching activities during the coming year.\nAssuring you of my loving, my continued and fervent prayers for your success in the service of our beloved Faith and of its nascent institutions,\nCables to the Oxford Assembly\nHEARTFELT CONGRATULATIONS HISTORIC VICTORY ARDENT LOVING PRAYERS SURROUNDING YOUR NOBLE MISSION.\nAPPRECIATE MESSAGE LOVING REMEMBRANCE SHRINES SUPPLICATING MANIFOLD BLESSINGS.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOVERJOYED NOTABLE INITIAL VICTORY INTRODUCTION FAITH UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE CIRCLES ASSURE YOUNGEST PROMISING BELIEVER ARDENT PRAYERS CONCENTRATE CONSOLIDATION ACHIEVEMENT.\nASSEMBLY FRIENDS LOVINGLY REMEMBERED SHRINES.\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Portsmouth\nYour letter of August 23rd has been received by the beloved Guardian, and he has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was happy to learn of the spirit of active service which animates the friends in that city, and of the practical way you are approaching the teaching work.\nThrough love and unity among the believers, and the wise and persistent efforts of all the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, great results should be forthcoming.\nHe will certainly pray for the progress of the Faith there, and for the enrollment of a number of newly-declared believers by next Ridvan.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Beloved of our hearts, guide, bless and sustain you, remove every obstacle from your path, and graciously assist you to extend the range of your highly valued activities and consolidate your historic achievements,\nSpiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Reading\nYour letter of May 8th has been received, and the beloved Guardian has instructed me to answer you on his behalf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was delighted to receive the news of your activities, and feels that Reading can be cited as a truly exemplary community in every way. He hopes you will maintain this enviable position as the years go by.\nHe will certainly pray that your teaching efforts may be richly blessed, and that you may not only continue to make Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, but to export them, as you have done in the case of Edinburgh.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMay the Almighty bless your highly valued activities, guide every step you take, remove every obstacle from your path, and graciously assist you to win great victories in the service of His Faith in the days to come,\nEXCERPTS FROM LETTERS\nTO INDIVIDUALS\nOver three hundred letters to individuals residing in the British Isles have been studied and passages selected which are of permanent value.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThese excerpts were taken from the letters of no more than twenty believers of whom only seven corresponded regularly with the Guardian.\nThey have been arranged chronologically; for details of the subject matter the reader must turn to the Index.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlmost all these passages are answers given by the Guardian to questions asked in personal letters to him. It is possible therefore to catch a glimpse of the changing problems facing the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community and these frequently reflected conditions in the country as a whole. This is particularly significant in the years immediately following the Second World War for as the Guardian, in a letter written on his behalf by his secretary, wrote of the British believers,", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"... he feels the greatest sympathy for them, and considers\nthat when their present achievements are assessed in the future,\npeople will give them a double measure of praise for having\ndone so much when they were least fit to do it.\"\n[From the Guardian]", "Unfolding Destiny\n...I wish you, my dearest friend, to make once again a supreme effort to come to a full understanding with the friends outside.... Extend to them your generous and helping hand, approach them with a spirit of selflessness and cordiality and the result, I am confident will be indeed marvellous. My heart rejoices at the news of the growth of harmony among the friends and I feel paralysed in my work when I hear to the contrary. I am impressing on the friends in ..", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe absolute necessity of cultivating understanding and friendliness and consolidating the foundation of the National Assembly. For upon these National Assemblies will the Edifice of the Universal House of Justice be raised.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi is much interested to hear of your literary work. He fully agrees with you that different people must be approached in different ways and that valuable work for the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Cause can be done within the Christian Churches by promoting the \"Christianity of Christ\". 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 said that when people become true Christians, they will find themselves Bah\u00e1'\u00eds", "Unfolding Destiny\nOne or two of the best Bah\u00e1'\u00eds I know were very earnest, sincere, devoted Christians and accepted the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teachings with very little difficulty and without any intervening period of religious scepticism, as an amplification and fulfilment of the teachings and prophesyings of Christ and the prophets.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very sorry that such undesirable things are every now and then cropping up in ... and discouraging you in your work, keeping you from devoting all your spare time in teaching the Cause and spreading its principles. He does not wish you, however, to lose heart from such things. As the Cause grows its difficulties will increase and its problems will become more numerous. The friends, especially the older ones, should therefore try and stand unmoved by them. In fact the more their difficulties", "Unfolding Destiny\nwill increase the more they have to take courage and try to solve them. The Master has often said that sorrows are like furrows, the deeper they go the more productive the land becomes. If this problem of ... should be settled other problems will arise. Are the friends to become discouraged or are they to follow the footsteps of the Master and consider them more as chances to show their tenacity of belief and spirit of sacrifice", "Unfolding Destiny\n...Let not anxieties and disappointments overwhelm you or oppress your generous and sensitive heart. Turn to Him in prayer and remember that I am joining you in your supplications for guidance and strength. Be patient in tribulation and never relax in your efforts to promote the Divine Teachings.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt must have been very distasteful to you to read some of the off-hand and ungrammatical translations that more out of necessity than choice won circulation and were even published. Furthermore, it was always the expressed wish and desire of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 to have proper and adequate translations that would not only convey the true spirit of the original but also possess some literary merit. And for this he emphasised the necessity of a board of translators", "Unfolding Destiny\nMeanwhile Shoghi Effendi, realising the urgent necessity of the translation of some of the important writings, has translated some of the passages.\nWe should, however, be careful, as you mention in your letter, not to make this system develop into a hard and fast creed or form. The Cause is pure and free from such things and it ought to be the task of the friends to keep it broad and progressive. Man is always apt to fall into the habit of doing a", "Unfolding Destiny\nthing in a certain way, and thereby become captive to prescribed forms. It should therefore be the duty of the assemblies everywhere to see that, though certain temporary measures are taken to further the Cause, they do not crystallise into hard and fast creeds.", "Unfolding Destiny\nI feel that regarding such interpretations (of verses from the Scriptures) no one has the right to impose his view or opinion and require his listeners to believe in his particular interpretation of the sacred and prophetic writings. I have no objection to your interpretations and inferences so long as they are represented as your own personal observations and reflections", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt would be unnecessary and confusing to state authoritatively and officially a dogmatic Bah\u00e1'\u00ed interpretation to be universally accepted and taught by believers. Such matters I feel should be left to the personal judgement and insight of individual teachers....", "Unfolding Destiny\nEver since its inception (the \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\") Shoghi Effendi has cherished the hope of making it a work that would prove interesting and illuminating to the reader", "Unfolding Destiny\nDestined mainly for the non-Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, he has tried to attract through its pages the attention of educated and enlightened people and especially leaders in every country, with a view to acquaint them with the broad and fundamental principles of the Faith and to win their consideration of the Movement as a growing force for good and for peace throughout the entire world", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is therefore with lively satisfaction that he has seen the publication grow yearly in importance and this feeling has been lately enhanced very much by the words of interest or appreciation which he has received from many quarters and leading men, among which was a remarkably encouraging letter from Sir Herbert Samuel", "Unfolding Destiny\nIndeed Shoghi Effendi has made it a point to send copies to as many leading men as possible and copies of last year's issue were presented to the Emperor of Japan, the Sh\u00e1h of Persia and Queen Marie of Rumania.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe subject you had raised with regard to the date of the publication of the writings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h is interesting as it is important. If I remember correctly the same issue was raised as an open challenge in India by some spokesman of the Ahmadiyya sect. The earliest published writings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h date from the nineties of the last century", "Unfolding Destiny\nOver forty years ago the Aqdas, a volume of general Tablets including Tarazat, Ishraqat, and others were published in Ishqabad (Russia) and Bombay respectively and copies of these though rare are still procurable. Simultaneously with these, if not earlier, some of the writings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h were published by the Oriental Department of the Imperial Russian University at St. Petersburgh under the supervision of its director Baron Rosen (and more particulars about these could be found in the books of E. G", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe main bulk of the writings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h however are to be found in manuscript form written by noted scribes after the fashion of orientals. These scribes did not leave all their manuscripts undated and Jinabi Zain, a very noted Bah\u00e1'\u00ed scribe, always dated his copies of the writings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h at the end of the volume in what E. G. Browne calls `colophenes' and the description of some of these colophenes could be found in the works of the Cambridge Professor.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe son of the above-mentioned scribe is still living in Haifa and does very much the same work as his father. He claims that as early as 1868 his father used to write copies of the Iqan for the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in Persia as a source of livelihood, and that after 1885 when he went to 'Akk\u00e1 to join Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's party his entire work and time was devoted to copying the sacred writings for sale among Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. These copies are to be found all throughout the East and are almost invariably dated.", "Unfolding Destiny\nConcerning the accounts of visits to Haifa, published by the friends during the Master's life-time, Shoghi Effendi is very\nreluctant to attribute to them much authority. Most of these are personal impressions and are to be valued only as such. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h definitely states that only His actual writings are to be relied upon. Such reports may be interesting but not authoritative, no matter who the reporter may be...", "Unfolding Destiny\n...If those heroic deeds have made such an impression upon you, would not the reading of the narrative arouse the friends to greater sacrifices and stimulate them to more intensive service", "Unfolding Destiny\n? It was not mere physical torture that the friends in Persia had to endure but also moral persecution for they were cursed and vilified by all the people, especially when they ceased to defend themselves ... the Master used to say sometimes that the western friends will be severely persecuted but theirs will be primarily moral....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) is enclosing extracts from Lord Curzon's \"Persia and the Persian Question\" giving a detailed and faithful description of the state of Persia in the middle of the 19th century. He thinks that references to the extracts ... will be of great value in showing to the reader the contrast between the decadent state of the government and the people at that time and the heroism and nobility of character displayed by the early disciples of the B\u00e1b... Shoghi Effendi is also sending you ..", "Unfolding Destiny\nthe Master's words concerning the situation which led to the defensive action which the early disciples of the B\u00e1b were compelled to take in Mazindaran, Nayriz and Zanjan. From these words it is evident that a systematic campaign of plunder and massacre had been initiated by the central government", "Unfolding Destiny\nBah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, Who Himself was an active figure in those days and was regarded one of the leading exponents of the Faith of the B\u00e1b, states clearly His views in the Iqan that His conception of the sovereignty of the Promised Q\u00e1'im was purely a spiritual", "Unfolding Destiny\none, and not a material or political one... His view of the sovereignty of the Q\u00e1'im confirms the various evidences given in the text of the narrative itself of the views held by those who actually participated in these events such as Hujjat, Qudd\u00fas, Mull\u00e1 Husayn", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe very fact that these disciples were ready and willing to emerge from the fort and return to their homes after receiving the assurance that they would be no more molested is itself an evidence that they were not contemplating any action against the authorities.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi is also sending you an account of the doctrines of Shi'ah Isl\u00e1m from which the Movement originally sprang. It will help you to connect the origin of the Movement with the tenets and beliefs held by the Shi'ahs of Persia. The B\u00e1b declared Himself at the beginning of His mission to be the \"B\u00e1b\" by which He meant to be the gate or forerunner of \"Him Whom God will make manifest\", that is to say Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, Whose advent the Shi'ahs also expected in the person of \"the return of Im\u00e1m Husayn\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Sunnis also believe in a similar twofold manifestation, the first they call \"the Mihdi\", the second \"the Return of Christ\". By the term Bab, the B\u00e1b meant to be the forerunner of the second manifestation rather than, as some have maintained, the gate of the Q\u00e1'im. When He declared Himself to be the B\u00e1b, the people understood by the term that He was an intermediary between the absent Q\u00e1'im and His followers, though He Himself never meant to be such a person", "Unfolding Destiny\nAll He claimed to be was that He was the Q\u00e1'im Himself and in addition to this station, that of the B\u00e1b, namely the gate or forerunner of \"Him Whom God will make manifest\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere are many authorised traditions from Muhammad stating clearly (as explained in the Iqan) that the promised Q\u00e1'im would bring a new Book and new Laws. In other words abrogating the law of Isl\u00e1m.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi feels that the Unity of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed revelation as one complete whole embracing the Faith of the B\u00e1b should be emphasised... The Faith of the B\u00e1b should not be divorced from that of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. Though the teachings of the Bayan have been abrogated and superseded by the laws of Aqdas, yet due to the fact that the B\u00e1b considered Himself as the forerunner of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h we should regard His dispensation together with that of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h as forming one entity, the former being an", "Unfolding Destiny\nintroductory to the advent of the latter. Just as the advent of John the Baptist--who according to various authorities was Himself the originator of laws which abrogated the teachings current among the Jews--forms part of the Christian revelation, the advent of the B\u00e1b likewise forms an integral part of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. That is why Shoghi Effendi feels justified to call Nabil's narrative a narrative of the early days of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed revelation.", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi feels that it should be explained that forbidding self defence by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h should not be taken too literally. To put it as bluntly as this, he fears that the question might be misunderstood. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h could surely have not meant that a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed should not attempt to defend his life against any irresponsible assailant who might attack him for any purpose whatever, whether religious or not. Every reasonable person would feel under such circumstances justified in protecting his life....", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding Nabil: He was born on the 18th day of the month of Safar of the year 1247 A. H. in the village of Zarand in Persia. He was thirteen years old when the B\u00e1b declared Himself. Though still young he himself was preparing to leave for Shaykh Tabarsi and join the companions of Mull\u00e1 Husayn when the news of the treachery and massacre of the besieged companions reached him. He met Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in KirmanSh\u00e1h and Tihr\u00e1n before the latter's banishment to Iraq", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was a close companion of the B\u00e1b's amanuensis Mirza Ahmad. He subsequently met Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in Baghd\u00e1d, Adrianople and 'Akk\u00e1 and was commissioned by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to journey several times to Persia in order to promote the Cause and encourage the scattered and persecuted believers. He was present in 'Akk\u00e1 when Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h passed away in 1892 and soon after was so overcome with grief that he drowned himself in the sea. His body was found along the shore and was buried in the cemetery of 'Akk\u00e1", "Unfolding Destiny\n'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 is reported to have been struck with deep sorrow at the manner of his death. He states in his narration that he met the maternal uncle of the B\u00e1b, Haji Mirza Siyyid Ali who had visited his nephew in the Castle of Chihriq and had recently returned to Tihr\u00e1n. He started writing his narrative in 1305 A.H. four years before the passing of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. It took him about a year and half to write it", "Unfolding Destiny\nParts of his narrative were read in the presence of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and approved by Him. 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 also went over sections of his narrative....", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi has found in the papers of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 a complete set of the B\u00e1b's Tablets to the 18 Letters of the Living, all written in His own hand-writing and bearing His seal. In addition to these there are two other Tablets both written by Himself in exquisite hand-writing, the one addressed to the 19th Letter who was Himself and the other to \"Him whom God will make manifest\", i.e. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. This last one has three seals and is written on blue paper....", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding the question raised in your letter.... The Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in Persia avoid political posts and positions, abstain from any interference in matters pertaining to the policy of the state, but fill the more important administrative posts that have no political character. They feel that in this manner they can best serve the interest of their country and prove by their action their integrity and attachment to Persia....", "Unfolding Destiny\nShoghi Effendi is enclosing an extremely interesting account given by a certain Dr. Cormick, an English physician long resident in Tabriz of his meeting with the B\u00e1b. He is apparently the only Westerner who has met the B\u00e1b and recorded his impressions... Shoghi Effendi thinks of adding it to his notes.", "Unfolding Destiny\n...You could also in a quiet way speak to persons whom you think are ready for such a message and would appreciate the light when they see it. Try to form around you a group of Bah\u00e1'\u00eds who are well versed in the teachings and who are ready to assist you in serving the Cause. In short try to form an assembly of pure and competent souls. Meanwhile you could write, for the Cause is in great need of first class literature and you are gifted along that line.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Cause surely needs sacrifices, in fact it is only through sacrifice that it can progress, but such determined activity should be coupled with wisdom and caution if it is not going to be a temporary flare. Intimate talk and personal contact has proven the surest and quietest way for establishing a group....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe present social and economic problems that are facing the British people are surely occupying their whole attention, but they should also operate as a reminder and draw them closer to spiritual matters. The people have to be made conscious of the fact that without a complete change in our outlook and a total reform of the guiding principles of our life, such as the Cause advocates, our social and economic problems cannot be solved nor our conditions ameliorated", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is strange how much suffering man has to put up with while on this earth. Our consolation should be however that it is part of a divine plan whose worth we cannot yet fathom....", "Unfolding Destiny\n...Shoghi Effendi wishes ... to encourage those who are talented to give expression to the wonderful spirit that animates them. We need poets and writers for the Cause.... Some of the poems are written by very youthful persons yet they ring so true and give expression to such thoughts that one should halt and admire. In Persia the Cause has given birth to poets that even non-Bah\u00e1'\u00eds consider them as great. We hope before long we will have similar persons arise in the West.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn Persia the Cause gave birth to many poets of national standing. Let us hope that the west will follow suit and produce similar talents.\nThe exact date in which the Hidden Words was written you can find on the opening page of Mrs. J. E. Stannard's translation published in Cairo. She gives a line in the Master's own handwriting giving the date as 1274 A.H. (1857-8 A.D.). It is", "Unfolding Destiny\ngenerally believed that the Hidden Words was dictated by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to His secretary as He strolled on the banks of the river in Baghd\u00e1d--in sections rather than all at one time.\nAs to the date of the Iqan, I think it can be calculated from the actual text and I have it in my papers as 1278 A.H., i.e. 1861 A.D. You will find that in the text itself. It was written in answer to questions put by a distinguished Babi.", "Unfolding Destiny\nEven though outwardly the number of the friends has not been increasing so rapidly, yet the spirit has not remained idle. The leaven of spirituality has been working, and when the time will come it will manifest itself in a sudden awakening. All that we need is a little more courage, perseverance and patience. There are many important men that are attentively watching the progress of the Faith but are reluctant to come forward and extend a helping hand", "Unfolding Destiny\nYour touching words of condolence and sympathy in connection with the sudden removal of the Greatest Holy Leaf from our midst have greatly comforted (the Guardian's) aching heart and relieved the burden of sorrow that lies so heavily upon him.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn this great calamity which has seized the entire body of the followers of the Faith in both East and West our Guardian's loss is the greatest and the most cruel. His sole comfort, at this terrible hour, is to see the friends united and working together for the realisation of our departed Khanum's dearest wishes.\nHe deeply appreciates your sincere, well-expressed reference to the Tribute he has written to the dearly beloved Greatest Holy Leaf.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou cannot imagine to what an extent our dear Guardian has, in this loss, been deprived for ever of the sustaining influence and kindness that this Most Exalted Leaf used to shower daily upon him. In this beautiful Tribute we can trace the life of this beautiful soul, witness with anguish all the sufferings and deprivations that she has endured. Now we should, all of us, try in turn to follow her saintly path and direct all our energy to serve the Cause which has been so dear to her.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat the Faith needs, even more than teachers, is books that expound the true significance of its principles in the light of modern thought and social problems.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was deeply touched by the strong attachment of the friends to one who, besides being the beloved daughter of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, exemplified perhaps more than any one the true spirit that animates His Teachings. His (the Guardian's) sincere hope is that your love for our departed Greatest Holy Leaf will attain such depth and intensity as to enable you to follow in her footsteps and to carry out with increasing devotion and vigour all that she cherished so much during the entire course of her earthly life", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe memory of her saintly life will undoubtedly sustain and feed your energies and will provide you with that spiritual potency of which we are all in such a great need.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHow much the Faith is in need of able and devoted souls like you who are ready to suffer every possible deprivation for its sake. If every believer was ready to contribute his share, however humble and small, and through any means, whether intellectual\nor material, the Faith would have undoubtedly made a tremendous progress in the world....", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou use the expression \"till time ends\". This is misleading, for there is no end to time. The Guardian suggests that you should either use the term used in the Iqan \"till the end that has no end\", or express it in such a manner that would give the idea that time has no end....\nJehovah is a title of God, whereas Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h is the title of the Manifestation of God.", "Unfolding Destiny\n... you count the period of the Christian Dispensation as having lasted for 1844 years. As in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teachings Muhammad is considered as an independent prophet of God, you have to consider His Dispensation as having begun in 622 A.D. The Christian Dispensation must, therefore, end in 622 A.D. and from that date till 1844 is the era of Muhammad. 1260 is the calculation based on the lunar system. In other words, it is the Hegira year or A.H", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou should either specify this fact, or base your calculation on the solar year, in which case it will be less than 1260, as there is a difference of one year in every 33 years.", "Unfolding Destiny\n... you should point out that, only so far as it is recorded in the Gospel, Jesus gave two material ordinances only. Our knowledge of Jesus' life and teachings is rather fragmentary and so it would be more correct if you specify that these ordinances are only those recorded in the Gospel, and they may not be the only ones. There may be other teachings and ordinances too, of which no record is left.", "Unfolding Destiny\n...Muhammadanism is not only the last of the world religions, but a fuller Revelation than any one preceding it. The Qur'\u00e1n is not only more authoritative than any previous religious gospel, but it contains also much more; ordinances, teachings and precepts, which taken together constitute a fuller Revelation of God's purpose and law to mankind than Christianity, Judaism or any other previous Dispensation", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis view is in complete accord with the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed philosophy of progressive revelation, and should be thoroughly accepted and taught by every loyal ... Bah\u00e1'\u00ed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOne more European is reported to have seen Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h from a distance, but Professor Browne was the only Westerner who actually met Him.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou should, nevertheless, persevere in your efforts until your immediate objective has been fully attained. God cannot, indeed, withdraw from so devoted and so capable a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed like you all the guidance and assistance you need for the effective discharge of your responsibilities and obligations to the Cause. Be, therefore, confident in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's help", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis Spirit will lead you, and will feed your soul with that spiritual sustenance whereby you will be able to overcome the obstacles which seem to so hopelessly beset your path.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhen you quote the B\u00e1b, or anyone of His disciples you should make it clear that the words attributed to them are by no means their exact words. They constitute the substance of their message, and thus are not as definite as the quoted words of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h or the Master. So, the Guardian suggests that you should either omit the quotation marks, or to specify that the passages quoted are not the exact words used by the B\u00e1b and His disciples", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou state that the Christian Dispensation \"was six hundred and twenty-two years old at the time of the Hegira\". The Guardian suggests that the words \"at the time of the Hegira\" be omitted as they may give the impression that the Revelation of Christ extended beyond the date of the Hegira.\nReligious conservatism, particularly in England, constitutes indeed a serious obstacle which the friends have to meet when", "Unfolding Destiny\nspreading the Message, and not until such an obstacle has been completely removed can the Cause effectively spread and establish itself in the West. This religious conservatism is in many respects far more dangerous and more difficult to wipe out than the religious apathy which is so rapidly invading all classes of society.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn view of that, it is, at least for the present, more advantageous to teach the Message in an indirect way, so as to gradually attract and confirm those who have the spiritual capacity of appreciating the Cause in its fullness.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs to your question concerning the meaning of physical suffering and its relation to mental and spiritual healing. Physical pain is a necessary accompaniment of all human existence, and as such is unavoidable. As long as there will be life on earth, there will be also suffering, in various forms and degrees. But suffering, although an inescapable reality, can nevertheless be utilised as a means for the attainment of happiness", "Unfolding Destiny\nThis is the interpretation given to it by all the prophets and saints who, in the midst of severe tests and trials, felt happy and joyous and experienced what is best and holiest in life. Suffering is both a reminder and a guide. It stimulates us better to adapt ourselves to our environmental conditions, and thus leads the way to self improvement. In every suffering one can find a meaning and a wisdom. But it is not always easy to find the secret of that wisdom", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is sometimes only when all our suffering has passed that we become aware of its usefulness. What man considers to be evil turns often to be a cause of infinite blessings. And this is due to his desire to know more than he can. God's wisdom is, indeed, inscrutable to us all, and it is no use pushing too far trying to discover that which shall always remain a mystery to our mind.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn connection with your question relative to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed solution of sex problems. On the question of sex the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds are, in most of their fundamental views, in full agreement with the upholders of traditional morality. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, like all the other Prophets and Messengers of God, preaches abstinence, and", "Unfolding Destiny\ncondemns, in vehement language, all forms of sexual laxity, unbridled licence and lust. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed standard of sex morality is thus very high, but it is by no means unreasonably rigid. While free love is condemned, yet marriage is considered as a holy act which every human being should be encouraged, though not forced, to perform. Sex instinct, like all other human instincts, is not necessarily evil. It is a power which, if properly directed, can bring joy and satisfaction to the individual", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf misused or abused it brings, of course, incalculable harm not only to the individual but also to the society in which he lives. While the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds condemn asceticism and all extreme forms of self-mortification they at the same time view with disfavour the current theories of sex ethics which cannot but bring ruin to human society. In the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Cause marriage has been encouraged, but made somewhat difficult, conditioned as it is upon the consent of the four parents", "Unfolding Destiny\nDivorce, on the other hand, has been made relatively easy, and the sociologists are just beginning to realise the importance of this law....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) is of the opinion, however, that while the secondary aspects of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration should be left out, a comprehensive statement as to its origin and significance in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Dispensation is of vital importance in any work of the Cause, especially if it is written by a believer. The main thing is to properly present the subject so that the reader may be able to grasp it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith reference to the absolute pacifists, or conscientious objectors to war; their attitude, judged from the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed standpoint, is quite anti-social and due to its exaltation of the individual conscience leads inevitably to disorder and chaos in society. Extreme pacifists are thus very close to the anarchists, in the sense that both these groups lay an undue emphasis on the rights and merits of the individual. The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed conception of", "Unfolding Destiny\nsocial life is essentially based on the principle of the subordination of the individual will to that of society. It neither suppresses the individual nor does it exalt him to the point of making him an anti-social creature, a menace to society. As in everything it follows the `golden mean'. The only way that society can function is for the minority to follow the will of the majority.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe other main objection to the conscientious objectors is that their method of establishing peace is too negative. Non-co-operation is too passive a philosophy to become an effective way for social reconstruction. Their refusal to bear arms can never establish peace. There should be first a spiritual revitalisation which nothing, except the Cause of God, can effectively bring to every man's heart.", "Unfolding Destiny\nDo not feel discouraged if your labours do not always yield an abundant fruitage. For a quick and rapidly-won success is not always the best and the most lasting. The harder you strive to attain your goal, the greater will be the confirmations of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, and the more certain you can feel to attain success. Be cheerful, therefore, and exert yourself with full faith and confidence", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has promised His Divine assistance to every one who arises with a pure and detached heart to spread His Holy Word, even though he may be bereft of every human knowledge and capacity, and notwithstanding the forces of darkness and of opposition which may be arrayed against him. The goal is clear, the path safe and certain, and the assurances of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h as to the eventual success of our efforts quite emphatic", "Unfolding Destiny\nWith reference to your question as to whether individuals can help each other by accepting to suffer for each other's sake. Surely such sacrifice for our fellow humans can have helpful\nresults. This law of sacrifice operates in our own lives, as well as in the lives of the Divine Manifestations.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn these stormy days his thoughts are often with you and our dear English believers, and his prayers continue to be offered on your behalf, that you may all be protected and remain safe, so that when this great ordeal of war which is threatening to engulf the whole world will have passed, you may all be able to continue serving our beloved Cause, and this time through more effective means and on a larger scale than ever before.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe immediate future, as clearly predicted by the Master, must necessarily be very dark for the Cause as well as for the whole world, but the promises He has repeatedly given us of a glorious future for the Faith and for mankind as a whole are of such character as should assuredly sustain and strengthen us amidst the trials and tribulations of the days ahead.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere can be no doubt that after the present suffering of humanity many souls, who at present show only a mild interest in the Faith, will turn to it as the sole road which can lead them out of the valley of blindness and misery to the \"green pastures\" promised by their Lord....", "Unfolding Destiny\nWherever the Cause is being spread, as it grows in strength, people increasingly will take sides both for and against it. Therefore he (the Guardian) is not surprised to learn that you are finding yourself in the position, sometimes being upheld and sometimes being attacked! It is a great bounty from God that you have had a training in this world which so admirably suits you for a champion of His Faith and an exponent of His doctrines....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds are being tested in both faith and character very severely, and the Guardian is deeply gratified to see the manner in which they are responding, a manner that proclaims to all who witness it that these souls are true Bah\u00e1'\u00eds.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Master longed so to see the believers perfect their faith in living. Now is the supreme hour of test applied, not only to the whole world, but to the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds too; how they act, to the degree they adhere to the spirit and the letter of their Faith, will point the way to watching humanity and demonstrate the worth of being a follower of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h ... the good news you convey of the spirit and devotion of the English friends greatly pleases Shoghi Effendi.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis hope and prayer is that during these times of danger, stress, and misery, the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds will seek out amidst their fellow-countrymen those jewel-like souls that belong to Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and bring them the blessing and comfort of His Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) feels that the great point is to confirm people of true capacity and ability--from whatever social stratum they may be, because the Cause needs now, and will ever increasingly need, souls of great ability who can bring it before the public at large, administer its ever-growing affairs, and contribute to its advancement in every field.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs the Guardian's thoughts are very often with the English friends, and he feels deeply conscious of both their trials and the wonderful Bah\u00e1'\u00ed spirit in which they are meeting them, he feels they have almost a special right to call on him, and he welcomes their letters and any news of them he receives. So you must feel free to turn to him whenever you feel the necessity of doing so....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe also approves of the idea of advertising the name \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed\" as widely as possible, as we can never tell at what future date the\nremembrance of that word may aid some soul to seek and find the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt present people are too engulfed in hopes, events, desires, and various partizanships, to realise that there is no way out for humanity except to accept the Divine Plan for this Day, and put its healing principles and laws into practice. But gradually their eyes will be opened, and it is for this time that the friends must labour to bring the knowledge of the Cause before as wide a public as possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) fully realises how much strain you are subjected to, but he also feels that in so far as is compatible with your health you should persevere in all your Bah\u00e1'\u00ed activities, as your services could ill be spared in any field at this time.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is an answer in the teachings for everything; unfortunately the majority of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, however intensely devoted and sincere they may be, lack for the most part the necessary scholarship and wisdom to reply to and refute the claims and attacks of people with some education and standing....", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is hard to foresee at present the way in which humanity is going to become spiritualised. At present it seems, the increased sufferings yet to be borne, combined with a far wider diffusion of the Divine Message, will bring about unbelievable changes in the days to come....", "Unfolding Destiny\nUnless and until the believers really come to realise they are one spiritual family, knit together by a bond more lasting than mere physical ties can ever be, they will not be able to create that warm community atmosphere which alone can attract the hearts of humanity, frozen for lack of real love and feeling.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf, however, you find your health affected by keeping the Fast the Guardian would advise you to consult a physician, and if he tells you you are unable to fast then of course, you should abstain from doing so.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) feels that Bah\u00e1'\u00ed children like you have a lot of wonderful work to do for others in the future. But you don't even have to wait until you grow up, you can help your dear Mother teach the Cause to others right now, and also tell your playmates about it. The Guardian is going to pray that you may grow up to be a shining light in the Cause of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Master reflects the qualities of the Manifestations as if He were a mirror. He reflects not only those of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h but also of Christ as He is the exemplar of the spirit of the Prophet....", "Unfolding Destiny\n...These matters are left to the discretion of the N.S.A. The principle the Guardian has stated ... the addition of further regulations and rulings to those already laid down in the bye-laws he strongly discourages; he feels it is better, as far as possible, to settle problems as they arise rather than create too much red tape and hem in the spirit of the Cause into a rigid form.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is a difference between character and faith; it is often very hard to accept this fact and put up with it, but the fact remains that a person may believe in and love the Cause--even to being ready to die for it--and yet not have a good personal character, or possess traits at variance with the teachings. We should try to change, to let the Power of God help recreate us and make us true Bah\u00e1'\u00eds in deed as well as in belief", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian would advise you to leave your friend to himself, to associate with him, his wife and sister-in-law with love and forbearance in every way possible, but not to agonise over the past or let it cloud your Bah\u00e1'\u00ed life. You have given him the greatest gift in the world: the Faith. Now he must be responsible for his own soul. Your prayers and example can no doubt reach and help him.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is true the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should try and live a normal healthy life. But we cannot for a moment overlook the abnormal state of the world. If there had not been believers ready to give their health, comfort, pleasure--everything, for the Cause in these dark days, the work would not have gone on. What are these sacrifices compared to keeping a beacon of the Light of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h burning in dark London all these war years?", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian is very glad to hear you are so active, both in teaching and administrative work, and he will pray that Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h may bless and guide you and enable you to serve the Cause in an ever increasing measure. He will also pray for your personal happiness....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work in England has, indeed, progressed slowly from the standpoint of enlarging the Faith's membership and establishing new centres and assemblies. On the other hand, however, the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds have consolidated the administration and thus prepared the way for intensified teaching activities when conditions make life easier for the people in that country", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey have also built up a very helpful institution in the Publishing Trust, one calculated to impress the public and aid greatly in their own and other countries' teaching programmes. The Faith there needs more active, devoted, young believers like yourself.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was very happy to hear of the marked progress the Cause has made in ... and that you have not only a number of new\nbelievers but also are actively conducting fireside classes and hold public meetings. All these are evidences of progress, and you should feel happy and encouraged about them.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe believers, as we all know, should endeavour to set such an example in their personal lives and conduct that others will feel impelled to embrace a Faith which reforms human character. However, unfortunately, not everyone achieves easily and rapidly the victory over self. What every believer, new or old, should realise is that the Cause has the spiritual power to re-create us if we make the effort to let that power influence us, and the greatest help in this respect is prayer", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe must supplicate Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to assist us to overcome the failings in our own characters, and also exert our own will-power in mastering ourselves.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will certainly pray for the work of the beloved Cause there and especially that new souls may be attracted and embrace the Faith", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe will also pray that the believers may, for the sake of God, draw close to each other and not permit each other's short-comings to be a source of disunity and consequently a means of depriving thirsty souls of this life-giving Message! The world is full of evil and dark forces and the friends must not permit these forces to get hold of them by thinking and feeling negatively towards each other....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis (the Guardian's) burden is truly so heavy--no doubt in the future people will see his life in its proper perspective and be able to appreciate what he has done, to all intents and purposes entirely alone, for the Cause.\nMany of the most valuable, enkindled and erudite teachers the Cause has possessed were formerly members of the clergy, Isl\u00e1mic or Christian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat England needs is a higher percentage of people able to meet and attract the public on a large scale, and he hopes you will, in the course of giving the Message to every soul that yearns for it, make a special effort to confirm people who in their turn will be able to arise and broadcast the teachings.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe efforts of the friends are, of course, needed to accomplish the objectives of the Six Year Teaching Plan, and they should be encouraged to do their part, even though they may imagine themselves incapable of discharging such duties!\nThe Tablet of Visitation is a compilation of words of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, revealed at different times for those who were far from Him, made by Nabil, at the Master's instruction, after the Ascension of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h....", "Unfolding Destiny\nA city like London needs a really impressive, central and suitable room which will, on its own merits, create a favourable impression, and he hopes the friends will bear this in mind, and at the earliest possible date get quarters that are not in a basement.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs to attracting the youth; there must be a great number of serious-minded people coming back to civilian life. Of course youth attracts youth, and if once an active nucleus of young Bah\u00e1'\u00eds could be formed, and conduct their own meetings no doubt they would soon get others interested.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) was very sorry to hear that ... has left the Cause, and suggests that you point out to her, and to any other of the friends who are confused and upset over this matter, that the Manifestation of God only gives us teachings and instructions designed for our good and protection, and that if each person reserves the right to obey his own conscience, the logical conclusion is we don't need any spiritual authority to guide and protect us, the authority of our own consciences is sufficient!", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 always pointed out in this matter is that these psychic powers were not to be used in this world, and that, indeed, it was dangerous to cultivate them here. They should be left dormant, and not exploited, even when we do so with the sincere belief we are helping others. We do not understand their nature and have no way of being sure of what is true and what is false in such matters.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf children are inclined to be psychic they should not be blamed for it too harshly, they should not be encouraged to strengthen their powers in this direction.\nPeople who do not feel they can obey or accept the Teachings on a subject cannot be considered Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, voting or otherwise. If a time comes when they feel ready to surrender their opinions to One we believe divinely guided, they should be joyously welcomed back into the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nP.S. These friends you mention are being upset over this question should realise that if they reserve the right to disregard the Teachings on one subject, they must give the same right to other Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, and obviously there can be no unity or strength in a Faith composed of individuals who only believe in part and not all of it. We must never prefer our wills to the Will of God.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should refrain from signing petitions designed to bring pressure on the Government which may have any political character whatsoever. There are so many other people who can carry on progressive types of activity, but only the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds can do the work of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h....", "Unfolding Destiny\nKeeping the Fast is enjoined upon all Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, regardless of nationality; it has a very salutary effect both physically and spiritually, and the friends should realise Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h never would have instituted it if it were detrimental to the health. The Master referred to the Fast in talks to pilgrims, and some Tablets, but most material on this subject is not yet translated.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Master unceasingly emphasised the importance of unity among the friends, and, if anything, it is of even greater importance in this present chaotic state of the world than it was in His days. The people are longing for an example--proof that harmony and love can actually exist in a community--and it is one of the primary duties of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds to demonstrate these great principles in their relations with each other.", "Unfolding Destiny\nPhilosophy, as you will study it and later teach it, is certainly not one of the sciences that begins and ends in words. Fruitless excursions into metaphysical hair-splitting is meant, not a sound branch of learning like philosophy.\nWe have no historical proof of the truth of the Master's statement regarding the Greek philosophers visiting the Holy Land, etc. but such proof may come to light through research in the future.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards your own studies: he would advise you not to devote too much of your time to the abstract side of philosophy, but rather to approach it from a more historical angle. As to correlating philosophy with the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teachings; this is a tremendous work which scholars in the future can undertake. We must remember that not only are all the teachings not yet translated into English, but they are not even all collected yet", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) wishes he more often got such glad news in one letter! It seems that at last the Cause in England is really getting into its stride, and that the British community of believers are beginning to show forth the fruits of the many blessings showered on them--for England was one of the first", "Unfolding Destiny\ncountries of the West to hear the Divine Message, and was blessed by two visits from the Centre of the Covenant! Surely the older Bah\u00e1'\u00eds must be astonished to see new centres springing up in a matter of months after years of an almost static condition! It shows that wherever and whenever the friends arise to serve, the mysterious power latent in this Divine Cause rushes in to bless and reinforce their labours far beyond their fondest hopes.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is very happy to hear you are established as a pioneer, with a business of your own, and you may be sure he will pray for your material as well as spiritual success in this goal town....\nThere is no objection to children who are as yet unable to memorise a whole prayer learning certain sentences only.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) does not feel that the friends should make a practice of saying grace or of teaching it to children. This is not part of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, but a Christian practice, and as the Cause embraces members of all religions we should be careful not to introduce into it the customs of our previous beliefs", "Unfolding Destiny\nBah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has given us the obligatory prayers, also prayers before sleeping, for travellers, etc., we should not introduce a new set of prayers He has not specified, when He has given us already so many for so many occasions....", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) does not feel you should permit your speech impediment to give you a sense of inferiority. Moses stammered! And what you are and what you believe as a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed give you a tremendous advantage over others. This does not mean that you should not make every effort to overcome it, and go to doctors for advice and assistance. He also assures you he will pray that you may overcome this difficulty entirely, also that wherever you are the way will open for you to teach and serve the Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding your own condition: he (the Guardian) strongly urges you not to dwell on yourself. Each one of us, if we look into our failures, is sure to feel unworthy and despondent, and this feeling only frustrates our constructive efforts and wastes time", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe thing for us to focus on is the glory of the Cause and the Power of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h which can make of a mere drop a surging sea! You certainly have no right to feel negative; you have embraced this glorious Faith and arisen with devotion to serve it, and your labours are greatly appreciated by both the Guardian and your fellow-Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. With something as positive as the Faith and all it teaches behind you, you should be a veritable lion of confidence, and he will pray that you may become so.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is, unfortunately, no way that one can force his own good upon a man. The element of free will is there and all we believers--and even the Manifestation of God Himself--can do is to offer the truth to mankind. If the people of the world persist, as they seem to be doing, in their blind materialism, they must bear the consequences in a prolongation of their present condition, and even a worsening of it", "Unfolding Destiny\nOur duty as Bah\u00e1'\u00eds is to build up such a love and unity within our own ranks that the people will be attracted by this example to the Cause. We also must teach all we can and strengthen the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in the Administration. But more we cannot do to avert the great sufferings which seemingly still lie ahead of the world in its present evil state.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSummer School is, indeed, a wonderful experience, for at the present time it is the only institution that affords the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of England an opportunity of all living together, for however short a time, as a community, and this and the spirit it engenders, has a very inspiring affect.\nHe (the Guardian) does not feel that it is desirable to lay down any conditions for giving to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Fund. This is an entirely", "Unfolding Destiny\npersonal matter, and each believer must act according to his own judgment and the needs of the Faith. In times of crisis, whether in the affairs of the Cause or in one's own family, people naturally behave differently from under normal circumstances. But decisions in these matters must rest with each individual Bah\u00e1'\u00ed.", "Unfolding Destiny\nGenerally speaking the secretary of an assembly must be careful to convey exactly what the majority decision or advice of the body was. There can surely be no objection to his putting it in proper terms and clarifying the matter according to the decision or instruction of the assembly. But he should of course not introduce his personal views unless endorsed by the assembly.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe nature of assembly minutes is a matter for the body itself to decide. Naturally all important subjects brought up and notes must be recorded, but how detailed the record must be is for the members themselves to decide.", "Unfolding Destiny\n'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 said we must sacrifice the important for the most important. The most important thing now for the English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds is to accomplish their Plan. The sacrifice of other activities, cultural or otherwise, is not of very much importance compared to their goal. They can always return, when they have more time, to such pursuits. To serve any great Cause or purpose requires sacrifice....", "Unfolding Destiny\nBah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h is not the intermediary between other Manifestations and God. Each has His own relation to the Primal Source. But in the sense that Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h is the greatest Manifestation to yet appear, the One who consummates the Revelation of Moses, He was the One Moses conversed with in the Burning Bush. In other words, Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h identifies the glory of the God-Head on that occasion with Himself", "Unfolding Destiny\nNo distinction can be made amongst the Prophets in the sense that They all proceed from one Source, and are of one essence. But Their stations and functions in this world are different.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is not surprising, in view of the gloom overhanging the entire world, and in conjunction with their run-down, exhausted state due to war conditions and present circumstances of life in England, that the British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds should sometimes reflect the", "Unfolding Destiny\nstate of their countrymen! It is a pity, and they should certainly try, as believers, to be cheerful and radiant; but he (the Guardian) feels the greatest sympathy for them, and considers that when their present achievements are assessed in future, people will give them a double measure of praise for having done so much when they were least fit to do it. The spirit of determination, and their perseverance, are truly outstanding.", "Unfolding Destiny\nJust because some people have lost their vision of the Cause, or never had a proper grasp of its implications before entering it, and leave the fold, should not cause undue discouragement. There are bound to be such cases, and although every moral support should be given them, if they still wish to withdraw, they fall off--as you said--like withered leaves from the Tree of the Faith, and do it no real harm.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe likes to be provided with facts by the friends, when they ask his advice, for although his decisions are guided by God, he is not, like the Prophet, omniscient at will, in spite of the fact that he often senses a situation or condition without having any detailed knowledge of it....", "Unfolding Destiny\nOne of the greatest problems in the Cause is the relation of the believers to each other; for their immaturity (shared with the rest of humanity) and imperfections retard the work, create complications, and discourage each other. And yet we must put up with these things and try and combat them through love, patience and forgiveness individually, and proper administrative action collectively.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe Bah\u00e1'\u00eds firmly believe that it is possible, if we have the right spirit, to make our stumbling blocks stepping-stones to progress. You have already, through at last facing yourself and acknowledging that you have both failed and erred in managing your life so far, set your feet on the right path. But now this new and spiritual condition in you is going to be proved--and the\nproving, the testing, will surely consist of the way you determine to take your punishment.", "Unfolding Destiny\nLife is based on laws: physical, man-made, and spiritual. As you have broken the laws of the society in which you live, you will have to stand up like a man and take your punishment. The spirit in which you do this is the most important thing, and constitutes a great opportunity for you", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) advises you to turn your face towards the future, to realise that when you are set free you have loving and helpful friends to go to, an upright job awaiting you, and you can also become active in serving our glorious Faith. So really everything lies before you. But at present, until your sentence is up, you must live within yourself in a way not to spoil the new future awaiting you. You must not become bitter--for after all you are only reaping what you planted", "Unfolding Destiny\nBah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1, through no crime of their own, spent the better part of their lives in exile and imprisoned, but they never became embittered although they were the victims of injustice. You, on the other hand, are the victim of injustice which you have inflicted on yourself-- therefore you certainly have no right to be bitter towards the world.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe urges you to grasp firmly the teachings of our Faith, the love of your family and many Bah\u00e1'\u00ed friends, to put the past behind entirely, realising that it can do you no more harm; on the contrary, through changing you and making you spiritually aware, this very past can be a means of enriching your life in the future! He will certainly ardently pray for your happiness, your victory over yourself, and that you may become an exemplary and active Bah\u00e1'\u00ed.", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"Reciting\" the Greatest Name means to repeat it over and over, silently or out loud....\nThe chairman of the local assembly is, if present, the logical and appropriate person to take charge of the consultation period between the assembly and the community members at the Nineteen Day Feast.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) encouraged him to face manfully the future, accept the legitimate sanction of society as punishment for his admittedly anti-social conduct, and realise that his very suffering, humiliation and punishment can--if he will let it--be the means of freeing him from many of his past weaknesses and mistakes, and making him a worthy member of society. He should look to the future, for there is in his power, with Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's help, to shape into a worthy and constructive way of life....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe English Bah\u00e1'\u00eds did gloriously succeed after all! Hitching one's wagon to a star, however impractical it may seem, does bring results, for man, with God to help him, does possess strengths far beyond the mere materialist's ken!", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards your question about p. 41, Kitab-i-Iqan; to say that, after 622 A.D., Christendom was Isl\u00e1m in disguise is a little misleading. The Sun of Truth, after the advent of Muhammad, no longer shone from the Christian horizon. Isl\u00e1m was, from then until the B\u00e1b's advent, the Path of Truth.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe should never insist on teaching those who are not really ready for the Cause. If a man is not hungry, you cannot make him eat. Among the Theosophists there are, no doubt, many receptive souls, but those who are satisfied should be just associated with in a friendly way, but let alone", "Unfolding Destiny\nOnce a seeker comes to accept the concept of progressive religion, and accepts Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h as the Manifestation for this day, the reincarnation concept will fade away in the light of truth; we should try and avoid controversial issues in the beginning if possible.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMirza Abu'l-Fadl was a very excellent and erudite Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teacher. Although he did err sometimes, yet in identifying Abraham with Zoroaster, he is not confusing the Prophet Abraham with the Prophet Zoroaster, as the name of Zoroaster was supposed to have been \"Abram\".\nHe (the Guardian) is very happy indeed to see the change in your attitude and to hear that you are now not only a recognised member of our Faith, but a prospective Bah\u00e1'\u00ed pioneer!", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt is quite natural for anyone, observing the present state of the world, to feel very depressed and apprehensive of the future. Any intelligent person must be wondering what you are wondering. It is indeed hard to see what lies ahead of us in the near future--but we, as Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, unlike most people, have absolute assurance that the distant future is serene and bright", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe do not know if there will be another Great War; what we do know is this: that unless people become spiritually awakened in time, great suffering, maybe in the form of war, will come upon them, for humanity must be unified, must be redeemed. If men refuse absolutely to take the easier road of faith, of seeking out God's Manifestation for this age and accepting Him, then they will bring upon themselves a fresh crisis in human affairs and very great affliction", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat we, as Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, must do is our duty; we cannot do other people's duty for them, alas, but we can fulfil our own sacred responsibilities by serving our fellow-men, living a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed life, teaching the Faith, and strengthening its budding world order.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe urges you, just as you have surmounted the crisis in your own life, through faith and courage, to now go out and serve the Cause with that same faith and courage. We must leave to God the final reckoning with His creatures today--but meantime we must give them His Message.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Cause in England seems, in spite of financial handicaps, to be going forward in Seven League boots. He (the Guardian) is truly proud of the British believers, and this is more than he could say in the past, when the work for years seemed to be stagnating! Those days are now passed forever, he feels sure.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) is very glad to see you are now living the life of an active Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and keeping in close touch with dear ... who is a fine friend to have, with his devotion to the Cause and his optimism.\nThe Guardian urges you not to be discouraged by any setbacks you may have. Life is a process of trials and testings, and these are--contrary to what we are prone to thinking--good for us, and give us stamina, and teach us to rely on God. Knowing He will help us, we can help ourselves more.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe does not know how, in the present very chaotic state of the world, you could find just the kind of job you want of driving abroad. Positions are difficult to obtain and travel so complicated. Unless you can migrate out to Africa or Australia, in some regular government scheme, he would urge you to persevere in Great Britain and do the best you can. He urges you, in the next job you have, to pray whenever you feel the conditions at work are too much for you", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou will find you are helped and strengthened and once you get established in some position you may work yourself up, or go on with good references to a better employment later on....", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe only people who are truly free of the \"dross of self\" are the Prophets, for to be free of one's ego is a hall-mark of perfection. We humans are never going to become perfect, for perfection belongs to a realm we are not destined to enter. However, we must constantly mount higher, seek to be more perfect.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe ego is the animal in us, the heritage of the flesh which is full of selfish desires. By obeying the laws of God, seeking to live the life laid down in our teachings, and prayer and struggle, we can subdue our egos. We call people \"saints\" who have achieved the highest degree of mastery over their egos.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere is no contradiction between Gleanings p. 66 and p. 262. In one place He says the mirror will never be free from dross, in the other place He says it will be \"so cleared as to be able\" etc. It is a relative thing; perfection will never be reached, but great and ever greater, progress can be made.\nThe word \"Guardian\" in the Seven Valleys has no connection with the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Guardianship.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Qur'\u00e1n should be to some extent studied by the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds but they certainly need not seek to acquire a mastery over it,\nwhich would take years, unless they really want to. All Divine Revelation seems to have been thrown out in flashes. The Prophets never composed treatises. That is why in the Qur'\u00e1n and our own Writings different subjects are so often included in one Tablet. It pulsates, so to speak. That is why it is \"Revelation\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nLife is a constant struggle, not only against forces around us, but above all against our own ego. We can never afford to rest on our own oars, for if we do, we soon see ourselves carried down stream again. Many of those who drift away from the Cause do so for the reason that they had ceased to go on developing. They became complacent or indifferent, and consequently ceased to draw the spiritual strength and vitality from the Cause which they should have", "Unfolding Destiny\nSometimes, of course, people fail because of a test they just do not meet, and often our severest tests come from each other. Certainly the believer should try to avert such things, and if they happen, remedy them through love. Generally speaking nine-tenths of the friends' troubles are because they don't do the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed thing, in relation to each other, to the administrative bodies or in their personal lives.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNo doubt to the degree we Bah\u00e1'\u00eds the world over strive to spread the Cause and live up to its teachings, there will be some mitigation of the suffering of the peoples of the world. But it seems apparent that the great failure to respond to Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's instructions, appeals and warnings issued in the 19th century, has now sent the world along a path, or released forces, which must culminate in a still more violent upheaval and agony", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou should never be too depressed about your dissatisfaction concerning not finding a job you like, a place in the world that fits you. If you analyse it this general sense of mis-fit is one of the curses of your generation, one of the products of the world's disequilibrium and chaos. It is not confined to your life, it is pretty general.\nHe (the Guardian) fully realises that some decisions are very hard to take in life, and he urges you in this case to do two", "Unfolding Destiny\nthings: in the first place, are you quite sure two years voice-training will really carry you where you hope it will? In other words, he presumes that your teacher's opinion has been backed up by the opinion of other professionals", "Unfolding Destiny\n? It would be a great pity to, in any way, sacrifice your service to the Cause for a career which in the end might not prove a substantial one. And in the second place he advises you to remain in ... and continue your studies (once you are quite assured about the outcome), providing the Plan does not reach such a critical point that it is imperative for you to go as a pioneer in order to really help save the situation", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf this need arises in such urgency, he certainly feels you should temporarily give up your singing lessons, for, of course, no sacrifice is too great for the Cause. What we put into serving it we know serves a useful and worthy purpose, whereas the outcome of our struggles in life is never assured completely, and is certainly insignificant compared to the Faith's importance.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe work on the Shrine--now beginning to rise visibly at the corners--and the spread of the Faith which brings many communications from new places, and many problems too, keeps us all busy as never before, especially the Guardian. But to see the course going ahead so fast fills our hearts with gratitude and the work involved seems a small contribution to make to such a Holy Cause.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards to the question you asked me to put to the Guardian about the Aqdas and the House of Justice elections: as most of the laws of the Aqdas cannot at present be enforced anywhere he has not deemed it necessary or wise to translate and promulgate them. You can orally translate them for any of the believers anxious to know exactly what they are", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe National Assemblies (or Houses of Justice) will elect directly the International House of Justice, but just what form this election will take must be decided in the future when the proper time comes. Neither the Master nor the Guardian have made any pronouncements about punishments stipulated in the Aqdas.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere are no quotations from the Qur'\u00e1n to support the Master's statement that European thinkers acknowledge the influence of Isl\u00e1m in shaping the thought of Europe. In the \"Gleanings\", page 95 (third printing Jan", "Unfolding Destiny\n1943) Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h says:--\"Of old it has been revealed: Love of one's country is an element of the Faith of God!\" Here Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h is quoting not the Qur'\u00e1n but an Isl\u00e1mic tradition, and it is this statement which the Guardian has used as the basis of his argument in the \"Promised Day\" that nationhood grew out of the direct influence of Muhammad's teachings, and was one of the great contributions to mankind's evolution of Isl\u00e1m", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe building up of nations came after Muhammad, and was a step forward in the direction of a unified world which the teachings of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has provided for.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe must not only be patient with others, infinitely patient!, but also with our own poor selves, remembering that even the Prophets of God sometimes got tired and cried out in despair!\nThe end of the Plan is in view, and a long last push will, he sincerely hopes and believes, bring success and a breathing space.\nRegarding your questions: it is not the City State, but the National State which Muhammad's teachings fostered. Christ had nothing to do with the City State concept in any direct manner.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe 100 years respite is only the phrase used by the Guardian to convey the idea that for a 100 years or so the Cause had not been recognised. It draws no parallel between this century and the last one, nor does it imply a repetition of events.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Hidden Words have no sequence. They are jewel-like thoughts sent out of the mind of the Manifestation of God to admonish and counsel men. Unfortunately Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h was never asked, and never, as far as we know, stated, what the force was mentioned by Him in the \"Epistle\". There is nothing in the \"Mysterious Forces of Civilization\" implying that these great conquerors were not blood thirsty.", "Unfolding Destiny\nA healthy social life and Bah\u00e1'\u00ed work can go hand in hand, but not always in times of crisis, such as these days the Cause is passing through--and the world--when great sacrifice can alone meet the demands of the situation.\nHe urges you to persevere and add up your accomplishments, rather than to dwell on the dark side of things. Everyone's life has both a dark and bright side. The Master said: turn your back to the darkness and your face to Me.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) feels that if you consider it too much of a strain to keep the Fast you should not do so. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h has exempted people who are travellers at the time; if you could keep it the days you are not travelling, and thus partake of its bounty, it would be advisable, but it is not essential.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe beloved Guardian, having been in touch with you by cable, and being more over-worked this year than ever, delayed answering. You know, from what you saw here, how inefficient--to under-state the matter--his servants are. The work at the Shrine has vastly increased and of necessity, for as the first part of the building will soon be finished, the grounds around it have been entirely remodelled to fit it better and show it off. All this he has been forced to superintend and plan personally", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe must never take one sentence in the Teachings and isolate it from the rest: it does not mean we must not love, but we must reach a spiritual plane where God comes first and great human passions are unable to turn us away from Him. All the time we see people who either through the force of hate or the passionate\nattachment they have to another person, sacrifice principle or bar themselves from the Path of God.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe know absence of light is darkness, but no one would assert darkness was not a fact. It exists even though it is only the absence of something else. So evil exists too, and we cannot close our eyes to it, even though it is a negative existence. We must seek to supplant it by good, and if we see an evil person is not influenceable by us, then we should shun his company for it is unhealthy.", "Unfolding Destiny\nWe must love God, and in this state a general love for all men becomes possible. We cannot love each human being for himself, but our feeling towards humanity should be motivated by our love for the Father who created all men.\nThe Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith teaches man was always potentially man, even when passing through lower stages of evolution. Because he has more powers, and subtler powers than the animal, when he turns towards evil he becomes more vicious than an animal because of these very powers.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMany Theosophists accept Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h as a Prophet, but we have no special relation to theosophy. It would seem that the Master had some special reason for not mentioning Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h specifically in His talk to the Theosophists in Budapest. What it was we do not know, but we can assume His great tact and wisdom impelled Him not to on that occasion.", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe (the Guardian) feels that in as far as possible the African pioneers should seek to get a job which will take them to one of the countries chosen and ensure employment for them there. It does not seem wise or necessary for a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed to stress the fact he or she is going to teach. A person's religion is their own business, and they can talk about it privately as much as they like without neglecting their employer's work.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlso, he feels no rules can be laid down about how to teach. Usually one teaches those receptive souls one finds. The same should apply to the beginning of the work in Africa. Any direct teaching work with the more primitive tribes would have to be done after finding out the best and most tactful way of doing it.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe first step is to get to Africa, and, in view of the cost involved, and the state of the Fund, the pioneers should make every effort to get sent out there or at least get employment after arriving, thus relieving the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Fund as much as possible. If this fails, then of course all the expense will have to be paid by the Fund.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou have voiced the same suffering, the sign of the same mystery, as has been voiced by almost all those who have been called upon to serve God. Even the Prophets of God, we know, suffered agony when the Spirit of God descended on Them and commanded Them to arise and preach. Look at Moses saying, \"I am a stutterer!\". Look at Muhammad rolled in His rug in agony! The Guardian himself suffered terribly when he learned he was the one who had been made the Guardian.", "Unfolding Destiny\nSo you see your sense of inadequacy, your realisation of your own unworthiness is not unique at all. Many, from the Highest to the humblest have had it. Now the wisdom of it is this: it is such seemingly weak instruments that demonstrate that God is the Power achieving the victories and not men", "Unfolding Destiny\nIf you were a wealthy, prominent, strong individual who knew all about Africa and looked upon going out there as fun, any service you render, and victories you have, would be laid to your personality, not to the Cause of God! But because the reverse is true, your services will be a witness to the Power of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and Truth of His Faith.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRest assured, dear sister, you will ever-increasingly be sustained, and you will find joy and strength given to you, and God will reward you. You will pass through these dark hours triumphant. The first Bah\u00e1'\u00ed going on such an historic mission could not but suffer--but the compensation will be great....\nWhenever you see tremendous personal problems in your private lives, such as those the parents of ... have been called", "Unfolding Destiny\nupon to face, you must remember that these afflictions are part of human life; and, according to our teachings one of their wisdoms is to teach us the impermanence of this world and the permanence of the spiritual bonds that we establish with God, His Prophet, and those who are alive in the faith of God", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou must always remember that the Manifestations of God, Themselves, were not immune to suffering of the most human nature; and that from the hands of their relatives, they drank the bitterest potions, Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h even being proffered poison by His half-brother, Mirza Yahya. Beside their afflictions, our afflictions, however terrible for us, must seem small in comparison.", "Unfolding Destiny\nRegarding your personal affairs, the Guardian will pray that your cherished hopes may be fulfilled; and that the way may open, if you both desire it, for you to serve together the Faith you are so deeply attached to. Never lose heart, and always remember that the power in this Cause is of a nature not understood or accessible to those who have not our faith in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe progress being made in Africa is truly miraculous, as if a special benediction from on High is being extended to this work... He (the Guardian) feels sure that the work in Uganda will now go forward rapidly. The news from Dar is wonderful too... The racial question all over Africa is very acute, but, while being wise and tactful, believers must realise that their standard is far from that of the white colonials", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey have not gone there to uphold the white man's supremacy, but to give the Cause of God to, primarily, the black man whose home is Africa.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMany times the young Bah\u00e1'\u00eds these days seem to be living the lives of soldiers, and in a way the pioneers are the soldiers of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, going out to plant the banner of His dominion in far corners of the earth!", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhat the Master meant in the words you quoted is simply that joy gives one more freedom to create; if the Prophets, the Master Himself, and the Guardian, had less problems and worries, They could give forth a great deal more creatively to the Cause", "Unfolding Destiny\nWhen He said that \"grow to be as a fruitful tree\" he meant that, by lifting burdens from the Guardian and trying as much as possible to do our share of the work of the Faith, we would help Shoghi Effendi to develop his full powers as Guardian and, through the Covenant, the Cause would spread its shadow over all men. This we have seen happen in the last 30 years, but that does not mean we must not try to our utmost to help him by our lives and our services.", "Unfolding Destiny\nTeaching is an individual matter; one has to sense when it is right to go further in revealing the Source of our Message; no rules exist, really, for such things.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs we almost never attain any spiritual goal without seeing the next goal we must attain still beyond our reach, he urges you, who have come so far already on the path of spirituality, not to fret about the distance you still have to cover! It is an indefinite journey, and, no doubt in the next world the soul is privileged to draw closer to God than is possible when bound on this physical plane.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAs regards the questions you have asked, as Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h says categorically that God commanded Abraham to offer up Isma'il, as far as we are concerned, it is Isma'il who was the intended sacrifice.\nIn view of the great antiquity of Genesis, it is quite possible that at some period the names were changed, and the error was propagated.\nWhatever happened, we Bah\u00e1'\u00eds must follow the words in our own Scriptures as being the most authentic.\nIn the Tablet of the Holy Mariner, the Youth means Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, Himself.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIn the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Teachings it is made quite clear that when one is ill, one should seek the best available medical advice. This naturally leaves a person free to choose what they consider good in medical opinion. If you and ... feel that she is improving under the care of your own doctor, and ... is willing to wait and be patient and see if she goes on making progress, there can surely be no objection to her doing this", "Unfolding Destiny\nThere are a great many as you know mental diseases and troubles at present, and the one thing Bah\u00e1'\u00eds must not do is take a defeatist attitude toward them. The power in the Faith is such that it can sustain us on a much higher level in spite of whatever our ailments might be than other people who are denied it. This however does not mean that we should ignore medical opinion and treatment. On the contrary, we should do our best to procure the opinion of specialists and competent doctors.", "Unfolding Destiny\nYou should not allow the remarks made by the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds to hurt or depress you, but should forget the personalities, and arise to do all you can, yourself, to teach the Faith.\nBah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h enjoins work on all. No one need ever be ashamed of his job.\n\"THEIR DAILY SUSTENANCE\"\nIn his last message to the British Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community as a whole the Guardian wrote:\nBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES", "Unfolding Destiny\nThese biographies appear strictly in the order the names first appear in the text of the book. Where a fuller report is published elsewhere, a summary only is given together with a reference to the other material.", "Unfolding Destiny\nNAME PAGE NAME PAGE Dr. John E. Esslemont 9 John L. Marshall 210 Edward T. Hall 9 Mrs. M. Olga K. Mills 210 Mrs. Thornburgh-Cropper 9 Alfred and Lucy Sugar 210 George P. Simpson 9 Charles N. Dunning 211 Miss Ethel J. Rosenberg 11 Miss Claire Gung 211 Dia'u'llah Asgharzadih 24 Mrs. Lizzie F. Hainsworth 211 Lady Blomfield 30 Miss Margaret Sullivan 211 Rev. George Townshend 55 Cyril and Margaret Mrs. Isobel Slade 61 Jenkerson 217 Mrs. Louise Ginman 63 Richard H", "Unfolding Destiny\nBackwell 218 Miss Florence Pinchon 72 Miss Ada Williams 222 Mrs. Claudia Coles 88 Mrs. Constance Langdon-Davies 224 Sister Grace Challis 88 George K. Marshall 228 David Hofman 108 Mrs. Marguerite Preston 231 Mrs. Lilian Stevens 116 Bernard Leach, CH, OBE 239 Miss Evelyn Baxter 117 Samuel Scott 240 Hasan M. Balyuzi 122 John Ferraby 250 Frank Hurst 126 Mrs. Florence \"Mother\" Mrs. Mary Basil-Hall 127 George 256 Albert and Jeff Joseph 146 Musa Banani 257 Dr. R. St", "Unfolding Destiny\nBarbe Baker 163 Ali Nakhjavani 257 Miss Jessica Young 172 Hassan and Isobel Sabri 266 Lady Kathleen Hornell 172 Arthur Norton 267 Mrs. Ursula Samandari 172 Eric Manton 273 Mrs. Marion Hofman 179 Dr. Abbas and Shomais Miss Una Townshend 181 Afnan 278 Joseph Lee 181 Edmund Cardell 281 Mrs. Dorothy Ferraby 184 Dr. John G. Mitchell 307 Philip Hainsworth 187 Miss Irene Bennett 321 Walter Wilkins 191 Miss Dorothy Wigington 362 Mrs. Alma C. Gregory 191 Ernest W. Gregory 381 Robert Cheek 191 Dr. Ernest S", "Unfolding Destiny\nMiller 395 Mrs. Joan Giddings 194 Ian Semple 411 Hugh and Violet McKinley 194 Miss Jean Campbell 414 Dr. Lutfullah Hakim 195 John Craven 416 Fred Stahler 202 Mrs. Prudence George 202", "Unfolding Destiny\nBorn in 1874 and accepted the Faith in early 1915, Dr. Esslemont was elevated to the rank of Hand of the Cause of God after his passing on 22 November 1925 and linked by the Guardian with George Townshend and Thomas Breakwell, on the passing of George Townshend, as \"One of three luminaries shedding brilliant lustre annals Irish, English, Scottish Bah\u00e1'\u00ed communities\". He was \"Vice-President\" of the first National Assembly from October 1923 until November 1924", "Unfolding Destiny\nFirst heard of the Faith in 1910 in the Salford, Lancashire area and with his wife Rebecca, her brother John Charles and his wife Hester Ann Craven, made contact with Sarah Ann Ridgway, one of the earliest British Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, and later established the second Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Group in the British Isles. In 1912 Mr. Hall and Mr. Craven went to Liverpool and met 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at the boat. Five Tablets from the Master were received. In 1922 the first Spiritual Assembly was formed in Manchester with E. T. Hall as Secretary", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe also \"represented\" Manchester on the first National Spiritual Council in 1922, and was a member of the National Assembly until 1928. He was entrusted by Shoghi Effendi with part of his early diaries and later maintained a close correspondence with the Guardian for many years. His book, \"The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Dawn; Manchester\" paints a vivid picture of the early days of the Faith in Lancashire. Through Mr. Hall's correspondence with the Editor of the `John O'Groats Journal' (Mr. R. J. G", "Unfolding Destiny\nMillar) frequent reviews and letters were published for nineteen years until the Editor's retirement. He passed away on 5 December 1962 aged 82.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMRS. THORNBURGH-CROPPER page 9\nOne of the first Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the West and possibly the first Bah\u00e1'\u00ed resident in England. Her early Bah\u00e1'\u00ed life is described in \"The Chosen Highway\" and in \"The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. VIII, pp. 649-51. She was a member of the National Spiritual\nAssembly for its first two years and it was in her house in Westminster that the first meeting of the \"All-England Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council\" was held on 6 June 1922. She passed away on 15 March 1938.\nGEORGE PALGRAVE SIMPSON page 9", "Unfolding Destiny\nWas associated with the Administration of the Faith in the British Isles from its earliest days. Elected as Chairman of the first \"Spiritual Council\" and President of the \"National Spiritual Assembly\" in 1923. He also served as the Assistant Secretary and the Treasurer for some years", "Unfolding Destiny\nAll the early letters from the Guardian were addressed to him and the file copies of his letters to the Holy Land, some to the Guardian and others to the various secretaries, as well as the Minutes in his handwriting, give us our closest insight into the conditions obtaining in the 1920's", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt one stage he felt obliged to resign from the National Assembly but was still called upon to remain as its Treasurer and attend the meetings! He served the Cause with great distinction until his death on 31 August 1934. (See letter 30 September 1934.)", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"One of the pioneers of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Cause in the Western World\". Having first embraced the Faith in 1899 she soon afterwards went to 'Akk\u00e1, subsequently visiting many times both 'Akk\u00e1 and Haifa for months at a time, learning from and assisting the Master in translating and transcribing the Teachings", "Unfolding Destiny\nBeloved by all the members of the Holy Family, her passing in November 1930 at the age of 72 evoked a cabled tribute from Shoghi Effendi, who knew her well in England and welcomed her in Haifa after the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1. She was the one entrusted to bring the robe of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to England, and was a member of the National Assembly from 1923-1927. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. IV, p. 263.)", "Unfolding Destiny\nDIA'U'LLAH ASGHARZADIH, Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h page 24\nBorn in 1880 into a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed family which emigrated to Ishqabad when he was fifteen years old, Dia'u'llah was throughout his life an active Bah\u00e1'\u00ed. His first pilgrimage was in 1903, his second was", "Unfolding Destiny\nseventeen years later, after which he settled in London, and his third was at the time of the passing of the Master when Shoghi Effendi gave him the task of making copies of the Master's Will from the original. He was a member of the National Assembly for various periods between 1925 and 1941 and settled in Jersey as a Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in 1953 at the age of 73. He passed away in Jersey in April 1956. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XIII, p. 881.)\nSARA, LADY BLOMFIELD (SITARIH KHANUM) page 30", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor fuller details of her devoted services to the Cause it is necessary to refer to \"The Chosen Highway\" and \"The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. VIII, pp. 651-6. Born in Ireland of a fearless Protestant mother and a strong Roman Catholic father, she understood from an early age the tragedy of religious intolerance which led her to search for Truth until she found the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Revelation. She was held in high esteem in the London society of the late \"nineties\" but she herself was always looking for the Promised One", "Unfolding Destiny\nShe was a great friend and admirer of Basil Wilberforce, Archdeacon of Westminster. Not only did she place her home in Cadogan Gardens at the disposal of the Master during His London visits but she accompanied Him to Paris. While He was in America she went to Mount Pelerin, in Switzerland, to edit the rough notes of \"Paris Talks\", had them sent to Him for correction and had the book published in time for His second visit when He signed and gave away many copies", "Unfolding Destiny\nShe accompanied Shoghi Effendi when he returned to Haifa after the passing of the Master and wrote the letter which was later published as \"The Passing of 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1\". She was a member of the National Spiritual Assembly for eight of its first eleven years. She passed away on the last day of 1939 and a remarkably fine obituary in the magazine \"The World's Children\" of March 1940 was headed \"Lady Blomfield--Apostle of World Unity\".", "Unfolding Destiny\nGEORGE TOWNSHEND Hand of the Cause of God page 55\nFirst corresponded with 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 about 1918. The Master wrote to him \"It is my hope that thy church will come under the heavenly Jerusalem\". For very many years he tried to bring to the clergy of the Church of Ireland and particularly the senior", "Unfolding Destiny\nones, the realisation of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h as Christ returned in the Glory of the Father. In spite of his important books, \"The Heart of the Gospel\" and \"The Promise of All Ages\", no one in the church responded and in 1947 the Guardian called upon him to resign from the church. He complied immediately and moved with his wife and two children to a small bungalow in Dundrum near Dublin", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was one of the founder members of the first Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Dublin and in 1951 was elevated to the rank of Hand of the Cause. For many years he gave distinguished services to the Guardian, not least of which was the writing of the introduction to \"God Passes By\" and his presentation on behalf of the Guardian of his paper \"Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's Ground Plan for World Fellowship\" to the inaugural meeting of the World Congress of Faiths in 1936", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe pamphlet he wrote to all Christians under the title \"The Old Churches and the New World Faith\" was sent out to 10,000 so-called \"responsible people\" in the British Isles on the occasion of his resignation from the church, and his last book \"Christ and Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\" was described by the Guardian as \"his crowning achievement\". He participated in the Inter-Continental Conference, Stockholm, Sweden in July 1953 and passed away in March 1957 at the age of 81. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XIII, p. 841.)", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt has not been possible to trace exactly when Mrs. Slade became a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed but she did tell the story of how she heard of the Faith from a visiting American believer and wished to go on pilgrimage to see the Master. Before her plans were made she heard of His passing and she went in the early 1920s. In the year 1926 there is a record of her being a \"substitute\" member of the National Assembly elected to \"represent\" the London community", "Unfolding Destiny\nFrom the following year the delegates elected the National Assembly from the national electorate and Mrs. Slade served as a member for fourteen of the following nineteen years. She was, in different years, Chairman, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary. She was a \"last ditch\" pioneer to Edinburgh to form the first Assembly there in 1948", "Unfolding Destiny\nTo the end of her long life she would delight her visitors with fascinating stories of her experiences in the early days of the Faith in the British Isles and she passed away in September 1972 at the age of", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Universal House of Justice cabled: \"PASSING ISOBEL SLADE SEVERS ONE FEW REMAINING LINKS EARLY CAUSE BRITISH ISLES DEPRIVES COMMUNITY OUTSTANDING BELIEVER STOP HER UNFLAGGING SUPPORT CAUSE GOD MORE THAN HALF CENTURY COMPRISING MEMBERSHIP NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY PIONEER VISITING TEACHER SIX YEAR PLAN CONSTANT DEVOTION DUTY HIGH MORAL STATURE RENDER HER SHINING EXAMPLE FUTURE GENERATIONS STOP EXPRESS RELATIVES FRIENDS LOVING SYMPATHY ASSURE PRAYERS SACRED THRESHOLD AMPLE REWARD PROGRESS SOUL ABHA KINGDOM.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nMRS. LOUISE GINMAN page 63\nAlso referred to later as \"Louise Charlot\". Became a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Burlingame, California about 1910, and came to England late in 1919. She served on the London Spiritual Assembly for a period; pioneered to Oxford, and then to Bristol where she died in February 1963 at the age of 92.\nMISS FLORENCE E. PINCHON page 72", "Unfolding Destiny\nLittle is known about Miss Pinchon's early life but she was mentioned as being active in the Faith with Dr. Esslemont and Major Tudor Pole during the First World War (See \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\" Vol. XIV, pp. 370-2). \"Floy\" had a most lucid pen and in addition to contributing to Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and non-Bah\u00e1'\u00ed magazines, wrote \"The Coming of the Glory\", and \"Life after Death\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nShe travelled as a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teacher before the Second World War but suffered from indifferent health for many years before her death in Bournemouth in March 1966.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMISS CLAUDIA STUART COLES page 88\nHaving accepted the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed teachings in Washington, D.C. was one of its most loyal and enthusiastic adherents. Moved to London, England in 1920 and was for eleven years a member of the community, serving for a period as secretary of the National Assembly. She died in London on 25 May 1931. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. IV, pp. 263-4.)\nSISTER GRACE CHALLIS page 88\nSister Challis was a Quaker when she heard of the Faith from Dr. Esslemont and she accepted it at the gathering of the", "Unfolding Destiny\nBournemouth Bah\u00e1'\u00eds called to hear of the passing of the Master. Always an active teacher of the Faith, she also served on the National Assembly for fifteen of its first eighteen years, mainly as its Chairman. She passed away in Bournemouth in October 1948.\nDAVID HOFMAN page 108", "Unfolding Destiny\nA member of the Universal House of Justice since its formation in 1963, he became a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in the Maxwell home in Montreal in 1933, when he began corresponding with the Guardian. Returning to England in 1936, he was elected to the British National Spiritual Assembly and was the Secretary during some of its most crucial years. He was the first Manager of its Publishing Trust and played a vital role on the National Teaching and Africa Committees of the Six and Two Year Plans", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe served almost continuously on the National Assembly until his election to the Universal House of Justice. David and Marion Hofman pioneered during the Six Year Plan in Northampton, Birmingham and Oxford and during the Ten Year Crusade in Cardiff and Watford. Throughout his years of devoted service to the British community he was always in demand as a most accomplished speaker and convincing teacher.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMRS. LILIAN STEVENS page 116\nWas a founder member of the first Torquay Spiritual Assembly in 1938; was for many years its secretary and in spite of prolonged illness remained a great servant of the Faith. She passed away on 1 January 1958.\nMISS EVELYN BAXTER, Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h page 117", "Unfolding Destiny\nBorn around 1883 of missionary parents, accepted the Faith in 1923 and served with absolute devotion throughout the remainder of her life. She was for many years a member of the London Spiritual Assembly and served for six years on the National Assembly. Throughout her Bah\u00e1'\u00ed life she corresponded frequently with the Guardian and responded to his overseas pioneer call when she became a Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h for the Channel Isles in September 1953", "Unfolding Destiny\nand Cardiff. She died on 21 August 1969 and the Universal House of Justice cabled: \"DEEPLY GRIEVED PASSING KNIGHT OF BAHA'U'LLAH EVELYN BAXTER. AMONG FIRST PIONEERS SIX YEAR PLAN HER LONG FAITHFUL SERVICE BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY PROVIDES EXAMPLE DEVOTION FORTITUDE\". (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XV, pp. 456-7)\nHASAN M. BALYUZI, Hand of the Cause of God page 122", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was first elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of the British Isles in 1933 and served continuously until 1960, when he retired in order to devote his whole time to the work of the Hands of the Cause. He served at the World Centre, and travelled to South America and throughout Canada in 1961. Mr", "Unfolding Destiny\nBalyuzi was Secretary of the first Summer School Committee in 1936, on the National Teaching Committee in 1940 and Chairman of the National Assembly almost every year from 1942 until his retirement", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was elevated to the rank of Hand of the Cause in 1957, and has made invaluable contributions to the literature of the Faith with his trilogy, \"Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\", \"'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1\" and \"The B\u00e1b\"; his \"Edward Granville Browne and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith\", his pamphlet on \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration\", and \"Muhammad and the Course of Isl\u00e1m\".", "Unfolding Destiny\n(See page 490)\nFRANK HURST page 126\nAn early worker in the Trade Union Movement in Britain, Frank was an outspoken sympathiser of the Faith for over twenty years before actually accepting it in Bradford in 1939. He died in Leeds in 1949.\nMRS. MARY BASIL-HALL (PARVINE) page 127", "Unfolding Destiny\nDaughter of Lady Blomfield, she was active in the Faith from her youth, particularly during the visit to Britain of the Master Whom she served with such devotion, and Who bestowed upon her the name \"Parvine\" on His first visit in 1911. She served for five years on the National Spiritual Assembly and for a short time on the National Teaching Committee of the Six Year Plan", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt her passing the National Assembly cabled the Guardian, \"PARVINE GLORIED IN SUCCESS PLAN PASSED TO ABHA KINGDOM MORNING 28TH\" (April 1950).", "Unfolding Destiny\nAssociated with the Faith from the very beginnings of the Administration in the British Isles, the Joseph brothers gave long and outstanding service to the Cause. Jacob (later \"Jeff\") was Chairman and Albert (then Ibrahim) a member of the first \"Spiritual Council\" of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds of Manchester. Jacob was a member of the first \"All-England Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council\" in 1922 and of the first National Spiritual Assembly in 1923", "Unfolding Destiny\nBoth were mentioned in and received some Tablets from the Master and both were warmly regarded by the Guardian for their services to the Faith. Jeff died in August 1969 in Manchester and Albert in August 1978.", "Unfolding Destiny\nOn his return from Kenya in 1924 where he had served as Assistant Conservator of Forests since 1920, R. St. Barbe Baker was asked to speak on the faiths of the Kikuyu under the title: \"Some African Beliefs\" at the `Conference of Living Religions within the Empire', and was approached afterwards by Claudia Stewart-Coles who exclaimed \"You are a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed\". He subsequently accepted the Faith and has introduced it to many thousands of people in all walks of life in many lands, for more than half a century", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian became the first Life Member of the Men of the Trees in Palestine in 1929. Later, for twelve consecutive years, he sent an official message to St. Barbe's World Forestry Charter Gatherings attended by Ambassadors from up to sixty-two countries each year. St. Barbe took an active part on the Committee celebrating the Centenary of the Declaration of the B\u00e1b in 1944", "Unfolding Destiny\nAfter his first Sahara University Expedition carrying out an ecological survey of 9,000 miles in 1953, and in response to the Guardian's desire, St. Barbe attended the First African Conference in Kampala. In 1975 St. Barbe was called upon to advise on tree planting of the site of the Tihr\u00e1n House of Worship in consultation with Quinlan Terry, architect", "Unfolding Destiny\nAfterwards, in collaboration with architect Hossein Amanat, he recorded his observations for the Universal House of Justice for the landscaping of their site on Mt. Carmel and for tree-scaping at Bahji. St. Barbe attended the Intercontinental Conference Nairobi, in October 1976 and still (1979) at almost 90 is", "Unfolding Destiny\nintroducing or teaching the Faith in many lands and would be content to \"lay down his bones in service to the Faith\" in his beloved Africa.\nMISS JESSICA YOUNG\nHistorically was the first British pioneer to arise when she went for a short time to Bristol.\nKATHLEEN BROWN (LADY HORNELL) page 172", "Unfolding Destiny\nWas elected to the National Assembly in 1936 and served until 1945. She pioneered to Nottingham in 1946 where she later married Sir William Hornell. Her next pioneer post was in Belfast in 1952, then to Venice (1960-1965) and later to Sardinia (1965-1968). She returned to London to live at the home of her son-in-law, Hand of the Cause, H. M. Balyuzi", "Unfolding Destiny\nShe passed away in September 1977 and the Universal House of Justice cabled: \"PASSING LADY HORNELL ROBS BRITISH COMMUNITY ONE OF FEW REMAINING LINKS EARLY DAYS FAITH. HER UNWAVERING FAITH CONSTANT DEDICATED SERVICES PIONEER TEACHING ADMINISTRATIVE FIELDS OVER SO MANY YEARS ASSURE HER HIGH STATION ANNALS CAUSE PROVIDE SHINING EXAMPLE PRESENT FUTURE GENERATIONS. ADVISE HOLD BEFITTING MEMORIAL MEETING. ASSURE ARDENT PRAYERS SACRED THRESHOLD PROGRESS HER LOVING SOUL ABHA KINGDOM.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nFirst served on the British National Assembly in 1945 and pioneered to St. Ives in the same year. Ursula became pioneer member of the first Dublin Assembly in 1948 and pioneered again, a year later, to Belfast. In Belfast she became member of the first Local Assembly and worked with pioneer Dr. Mehdi Samandari, whom she married", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey subsequently pioneered to Nairobi in 1953 and later to Somalia, where she was a Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and became a member of the first Spiritual Assembly of Mogadiscio, on which she served from 1954 until 1971. In addition to these experiences, she served on the National Assembly for North East Africa (1961-1970) and on the National Assembly of Cameroon since 1972, where she still serves (1979).", "Unfolding Destiny\nCame to Britain in 1945 to be married to David Hofman, after having served the Faith in America with great distinction as a teacher, writer and administrator. With her husband she pioneered during the Six Year Plan in Northampton, Birmingham and Oxford, and during the Ten Year Crusade in Cardiff and Watford. She served on the National Spiritual Assembly and National Teaching Committee and as an Auxiliary Board member", "Unfolding Destiny\nSince David's election to the Universal House of Justice, Marion was solely responsible for the family publishing business of George Ronald.", "Unfolding Destiny\nMISS UNA TOWNSHEND Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h page 181\nWas the first of Hand of the Cause George Townshend's family to embrace the Faith which her father had espoused many years previously. She was an active Bah\u00e1'\u00ed youth and on 16 September 1946 became the first pioneer in Ireland where she opened the `pivotal centre' of Dublin and was on its first Spiritual Assembly in 1948. She pioneered to Malta and was the first Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h in that island in October 1953.\nJOSEPH LEE page 181", "Unfolding Destiny\nAccepted the Faith in Manchester in 1932 and was active on committees and in the teaching work for over thirty years. He served on the National Spiritual Assembly from 1933 to 1940 and pioneered to Brighton, Torquay and Exeter, sacrificing material prosperity over many years in the interests of teaching and pioneering. He passed away in May 1966 at the age of 55 years.\nMRS DOROTHY FERRABY (nee Cansdale) page 184", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and was active in the London Youth group in the early 1930's. She was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly in 1941 and served continuously as either Secretary, Treasurer or Recording Secretary for the next twenty years. She retired when her husband, Hand of the Cause John Ferraby, left to serve at the World Centre. That the small and scattered", "Unfolding Destiny\nBritish Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community was held together in the 1940's is generally recognised to have been due to the dedicated work of Dorothy as Secretary of the National Assembly working indefatigably in war-torn London. She became an Auxiliary Board Member in 1954 and was appointed to the European Board of Counsellors in 1968.\nPHILIP HAINSWORTH page 187", "Unfolding Destiny\nAccepted the Faith in Bradford in 1938, and at the outbreak of War was the first British believer to register as a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in the Armed Forces. He had to appeal in Court when seeking exemption from being involved in the taking of life and, being released from combatant service, was drafted into the Royal Army Medical Corps. Prior to his release from military service in 1946, he spent five weeks in Haifa and in the same year pioneered to Nottingham", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe was appointed Chairman of the National Youth Committee and Secretary of the National Teaching Committee and was elected to the National Assembly in 1947. He subsequently pioneered to Oxford and Blackburn. In June 1951 he was one of the party of five pioneers who first went to Dar-es-Salaam and then on to Kampala, Uganda, where he became Secretary of the first local Spiritual Assembly in 1952 and of the Regional National Assembly in Central and East Africa in 1956", "Unfolding Destiny\nBorn in 1883 Walter embraced the Faith when he was about 40 years old. He was a keen Esperantist through which he learned of the Faith. He served for many years on the London Spiritual Assembly and was on the National Assembly for a year in 1934. Responding to the pioneer call of the Six Year Plan he moved to Birmingham in 1946, to Blackburn in 1947, to Norwich in 1948, and in 1961 at the age of 78 he pioneered to Canterbury", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt the age of 82 he took a small flat in an old people's home where for the first time in his life he was able to entertain the friends and hold Feasts and even an assembly meeting. He passed away after an accident on 19 March 1973.", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlthough she remembers her mother, Louise Ginman, going from town to town in the United States trying to find the Master, but reaching the place shortly after He had left, and speaks with feeling of personal involvement as a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed youth, of many early meetings in London at the homes of Lady Blomfield, Claudia Coles, Ethel Rosenberg, \"Mother\" George and many others of that day, she did not formally register as a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in the British Isles until 1942", "Unfolding Destiny\nShe pioneered to Northampton in August 1946 and helped to form its first Assembly, leaving for Liverpool in 1949 for the same purpose. She subsequently pioneered to Bristol, Exeter and Stornoway; was the Secretary of the National Youth Committee when it launched its \"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Youth Bulletin\" from 1946 to 1948; was Secretary of the Assembly Development Committee for some years and was a member of the National Assembly for seven years between 1948 and 1956.", "Unfolding Destiny\nROBERT CHEEK page 191\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in London on Naw-Ruz 1945, pioneered to Bournemouth in September 1946, to Bristol in 1947 to help form the first Assembly there, and to Norwich in 1948 where he has lived since except for a short special pioneer project in Blackburn in 1950-1.\nMRS JOAN GIDDINGS (nee BROWNE) page 194", "Unfolding Destiny\nAccepted the Faith in Bradford in 1938. She pioneered first to Cardiff and later to York and Canterbury, and was active on Assemblies and on National Committees throughout her Bah\u00e1'\u00ed life. She passed away in Canterbury in 1978. (See also note about developments in Bradford under \"Cyril and Margaret Jenkerson\".)\nHUGH AND VIOLET MCKINLEY page 194", "Unfolding Destiny\nHugh McKinley and his mother, Violet McKinley, pioneered from Torquay to Cardiff in 1947, serving on the first local Spiritual Assembly when formed there in 1948. Together they pioneered to Nicosia, Cyprus in 1953, moving to Famagusta in 1958. Violet passed away there in August 1959. In 1966 Hugh pioneered to Syros in the Cyclades Islands (Greece) and returned\nto the United Kingdom in October 1977. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XVI, p. 512.)\nDR. LUTFU'LLAH HAKIM page 195", "Unfolding Destiny\nWas born into a family of distinguished Jewish medical doctors in 1888. His grandfather was the first Jew to embrace the Cause and Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h revealed a Tablet in his honour. Lutfu'llah came to study physiotherapy in England in 1910 and he was in constant attendance on the Master during His visit in 1911. He went to serve in the Holy Land and returned to England in 1920 when he accompanied Shoghi Effendi", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe later served with distinction in Persia and returned, at the request of the Guardian, to Britain in October 1948, where he taught and travelled extensively until called to Haifa by the Guardian on 14 November 1950. He was appointed to the first International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council. He was elected to the first Universal House of Justice in 1963 but because of failing health and advanced age regretfully his resignation was accepted in October 1967 though he consented to serve until the 1968 election", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe passed away in August 1968 and the House cabled the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world: \"GRIEVE ANNOUNCE PASSING LUTFU'LLAH HAKIM DEDICATED SERVANT CAUSE GOD", "Unfolding Destiny\nSPECIAL MISSIONS ENTRUSTED HIM, FULL CONFIDENCE REPOSED IN HIM BY MASTER AND GUARDIAN, HIS CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH EARLY DISTINGUISHED BELIEVERS EAST WEST INCLUDING HIS COLLABORATION ESSLEMONT, HIS SERVICES PERSIA BRITISH ISLES HOLY LAND, HIS MEMBERSHIP APPOINTED AND ELECTED INTERNATIONAL BAHA'I COUNCIL, HIS ELECTION UNIVERSAL HOUSE JUSTICE WILL ALWAYS BE REMEMBERED IMMORTAL ANNALS FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH.\" (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XV, pp. 430-4.)", "Unfolding Destiny\nFRED STAHLER page 202\nArose to pioneer shortly after accepting the Faith in Manchester in 1947. He pioneered first to Cardiff, then to Bristol, moved for varying periods to seven other cities and finally settled in Derby in 1965.\nMRS. PRUDENCE GEORGE page 202\nBorn in England in 1896 she moved to Canada in 1928 where she accepted the Faith in 1941. She first pioneered from St. Lambert to Moncton and then from Canada to England with", "Unfolding Destiny\nher young daughter in 1946 to settle in Blackburn, Lancs. From there to Norwich and Bournemouth in the Six Year Plan and then to Edinburgh and Portsmouth. In 1959 she pioneered to Luxembourg and then in the Nine Year Plan, to Guernsey, to Chelmsford, Essex and again overseas to the Canary Islands. In 1969 she returned to England to pioneer in Hereford and St. Austell and then back again to the Canaries where she was on the first Spiritual Assembly of Arucas", "Unfolding Destiny\nFor over thirty years she served the Cause with utter consecration; carrying out at least sixteen pioneer projects in three continents. She passed away in Birmingham, England on 12 July 1974. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XVI, p. 534.)", "Unfolding Destiny\n\"Johnny\" was a Scot, born in 1876, went to work as a tinsmith at the age of eleven and later, after marriage, settled in Birmingham to pursue his trade. He was confirmed in the Faith by the Master, Whom he met in 1911 and 1913, when he was, for many years, the only Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Birmingham. Johnny kept excellent records of visits and lectures by some of the early visitors to Birmingham, including Martha Root, Dr. Esslemont, Mountford Mills and Helen Bishop", "Unfolding Destiny\nAt the age of 71 he retired from work and pioneered to Edinburgh where he died as a result of an accident in January 1948, only three months before the first Spiritual Assembly was formed there.", "Unfolding Destiny\nBorn in Germany in 1882 with a German father and English mother she grew up with an insatiable love for travel. In the United States she married an Englishman. It is not certain when she accepted the Faith but she was on pilgrimage in 1930 and stayed for a month as companion to Effie Baker. She was later a great help to the friends in Berlin and Leipzig and gave much support to Adam Benke who pioneered to Sofia", "Unfolding Destiny\nAfter suffering many privations during the war in Germany she wrote to the Guardian in 1947 and he encouraged her suggestion to pioneer to England. She arrived in early 1948 and settled in her first pioneer post in Nottingham. Within nine months she was again on the move in response to pioneer calls. Belfast, Edinburgh, St.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIves, Brighton, and Bournemouth, making six moves in just over two years by a lady in her late sixties. In 1953 she responded immediately and was enrolled as a Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h for Malta where, after numerous vicissitudes and a small but painful accident which affected her for many months, she was able, some twenty years later, to witness the formation of the first Spiritual Assembly in Malta", "Unfolding Destiny\nShe passed away, after twenty-seven years of dedicated pioneering which covered four territories, in May 1974, when the Universal House of Justice cabled: \"PASSING NOBLE SOUL OLGA MILLS GRIEVOUS LOSS BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY. HER LONG STEADFAST DEVOTION BAHA'U'LLAH SHEDS LUSTRE ANNALS FAITH THAT COMMUNITY. ISLAND MALTA HISTORICALLY FAMOUS CLASSICAL CHRISTIAN ISLAMIC ERAS RECIPIENT NEW SPIRITUAL POTENTIALITIES THROUGH HEROIC SERVICE KNIGHT BAHA'U'LLAH DEDICATED BAND PIONEERS", "Unfolding Destiny\nAfter hearing of the Faith from her brother, E. T. Hall, Lucy Sugar accepted the Faith on 28 November 1921, but Alfred remained agnostic until about 1925. He became well known for his depth of knowledge of the Faith and for his cogent argument. He was a teacher of the highest order and was largely responsible for the development of the Faith around Lancashire and over the Pennines into Bradford and Leeds", "Unfolding Destiny\nAlfred died in December 1961 at the age of 92 (or 93) and was followed in March 1966 by Lucy aged 90.\nCHARLES WILLIAM DUNNING, Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h page 211", "Unfolding Destiny\nBorn in or near Leeds, March 1885. Met and embraced the Faith in 1948 and within a fortnight offered to pioneer to Belfast. After serious illness and a period of recuperation in Cardiff, he served in Sheffield until 1953. \"Charlie\" answered the Guardian's call to settle in unopened territories in the Ten Year Crusade and he arrived in Kirkwall, Orkney in September 1953, opening the way, \"essentially ... alone\" for the founding of Kirkwall Spiritual", "Unfolding Destiny\nAssembly. After four years, broken by ill health and persecution, he was, for his own safety, sent back to Cardiff. After a bad fall in 1967 from which he never fully recovered, he passed away quietly in his sleep on Christmas Day, 1967 in Cardiff. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XIV, pp. 305-8.)\nMISS CLAIRE GUNG page 211", "Unfolding Destiny\nBorn in Germany, became a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Torquay and later joined the small Bah\u00e1'\u00ed group in Cheltenham in 1940. She moved to Manchester and later pioneered to Northampton in November 1946 to become member of the first Spiritual Assembly there. In 1948 she again pioneered to help form the first Spiritual Assembly in the \"Pivotal Centre\" of Cardiff. In 1950, during the \"Year of Respite\", Claire became the first pioneer actually to move from the British community to settle in Africa", "Unfolding Destiny\nHailed by the Guardian as the \"Mother of Africa\" she worked for some years in Tanganyika and then moved to Uganda where she established a multi-racial kindergarten; she is still at her pioneer post at the time of writing (1979).", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Bradford in 1946 after replying to her younger son Philip that she had not become a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed during his absence in the Armed Forces because \"Nobody had asked me to\". She pioneered to Nottingham in 1946, to Oxford in 1949 and, at the age of 72, was the first believer in the British Isles to offer to pioneer in the Two Year Plan to Africa. (Convention 1950.) She died in Bradford in September 1951 before she could join her son Philip in Uganda", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Guardian wrote of her through his secretary, \"She has truly shown an exemplary Bah\u00e1'\u00ed spirit in every way.... He wishes more of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds would arise to such heights of devotion and sacrifice.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nMISS MARGARET SULLIVAN (later MRS. MARGARET NELSON) page 211\nPioneered to Dublin and was on the first Local Assembly there in 1948. She was Caretaker of the National Hazi'ratu'l-Quds, London from December 1970 to August 1976, and then became a founder member of the Tameside Assembly, Lancashire.\nCYRIL AND MARGARET JENKERSON page 217", "Unfolding Destiny\n(It is of interest to note that in 1938 there were only three Spiritual Assemblies in the British Isles--in London, Manchester and Bournemouth, and a total of about eighty registered Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, yet in Bradford there were, during the course of about two years, so many new registrations that the first Assembly was elected there in 1939 and by 1949 that Community had sent out ten pioneers from its first twenty-five believers.) The Jenkersons pioneered to Cyprus in 1978 and are still there (1979).", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Ceylon in 1944 where he was an officer in the Royal Air Force. Returning to Britain in 1946, he pioneered in Nottingham, Newcastle, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Leeds; was a member of the National Spiritual Assembly from 1947 until January 1955 when he pioneered to British Guiana, now Guyana. He was for a time part-time manager of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Publishing Trust and Editor of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Journal", "Unfolding Destiny\nAfter his return from Guiana, he settled with his family in Northern Ireland in 1963 and again served on the National Assembly until 1968 when he was appointed an Auxiliary Board Member", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis valuable contributions to Bah\u00e1'\u00ed literature include the compilations with which he was associated--\"Pattern of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Life\", \"Principles of Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Administration\", \"The Covenant of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h\", \"Guidance for Today and Tomorrow\", \"A Faith for Everyman\", and his unique approach to the Christians, \"The Christianity of Jesus\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe passed away on 4 October 1972 at the age of 58 when the Universal House of Justice included in their cable: \"GRIEF PASSING EARLY AGE RICHARD BACKWELL GREATLY ASSUAGED TERMINATION HIS SUFFERING CONTEMPLATION DISTINGUISHED RECORD SERVICE SOUTH AMERICA BRITISH ISLES SPIRITUAL RADIANCE EVENING EARTHLY LIFE...\" (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XV, pp. 525-27.)", "Unfolding Destiny\nMISS ADA WILLIAMS page 222\nPioneered to Motherwell in 1948 and then to Blackpool in 1965. She has travelled widely to teach the Faith at home and overseas, visiting Malta, South Africa and Canada where her great spirit was most inspiring; she is still travelling (1979).\nMRS CONSTANCE LANGDON-DAVIES page 224", "Unfolding Destiny\nWas one of the early believers in Torquay where she associated with Mark Tobey, Bernard Leach and other artists and writers at Dartington Hall. She accepted the Faith in December 1936 and served on the National Assembly for fifteen of the years from 1938 until her unexpected death in Oxford in December 1954. She had pioneered to help form the first Assembly there 1949.\nGEORGE K. MARSHALL page 228", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in 1949 although he had lived most of his life with his father, one of the early British believers, in Birmingham. (See \"John L. Marshall\".) George pioneered for a short while to Belfast and then in 1950 to Glasgow where he lived for seven years, except for a short pioneering project to maintain the Assembly in Edinburgh. He died at an early age on 30 March 1958.\nMRS MARGUERITE PRESTON (nee Wellby) page 231", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in 1936, was a member of the National Assembly for three and a half years during the period 1939 to 1945. She married Terence Preston, a Kenya tea grower, in August 1945 and settled in Kenya where she was the only Bah\u00e1'\u00ed until the pioneers began to settle under the Two Year Plan", "Unfolding Destiny\nHer husband died unexpectedly in July 1951 leaving her with three young children and she and her eldest child were killed in an aeroplane crash when she was returning to Kenya after a short holiday in England, in February 1952.", "Unfolding Destiny\nIt was through Mark Tobey that world famous potter and author Bernard Leach became a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in the early 1930's. He has through his works, his books, his press, radio and television interviews introduced the Faith with love, dedication and dignity to people in many spheres of society in Britain, Japan and America. He was honoured by Her Majesty the Queen and made a Companion of Honour. Even at ninety years of age, though blind, he was serving the Cause with distinction through his writings and interviews", "Unfolding Destiny\nVictoria and Albert Museum London. In 1919, when Bernard was about to leave Japan, the late Soetsu Yangi, the well-known Japanese art critic and philosopher and Bernard's friend for over fifty years, paid tribute: \"When he leaves us we shall have lost the one man who knows Japan on its spiritual side... I consider his position in Japan, and also his mission in his own country to be pregnant with the deepest meaning", "Unfolding Destiny\nHe is trying to knit the East and West together by art, and it seems likely that he will be remembered as the first to accomplish as an artist, what for so long mankind has been dreaming of bringing about....\" He passed away in May 1979 and to the National Assembly the Universal House of Justice cabled: \"KINDLY EXTEND LOVING SYMPATHY RELATIVES FRIENDS PASSING DISTINGUISHED VETERAN UPHOLDER FAITH BAHA'U'LLAH BERNARD LEACH", "Unfolding Destiny\nHONOURS CONFERRED UPON HIM RECOGNITION HIS WORLD-WIDE FAME CRAFTSMAN POTTER PROMOTER CONCORD EAST AND WEST ADD LUSTRE ANNALS BRITISH BAHA'I HISTORY AND HIS EAGER WILLINGNESS USE HIS RENOWN FOR SERVICE FAITH EARN ETERNAL GRATITUDE FELLOW BELIEVERS. ASSURE ARDENT PRAYERS PROGRESS HIS SOUL.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nSAMUEL SCOTT\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed when he was 76 years old and pioneered to Norwich at the age of 84. He passed away on 31 December 1951, at the age of 86.\nJOHN FERRABY, Hand of the Cause of God. page 250", "Unfolding Destiny\nAccepted the Faith in 1941 and was elected to the National Assembly almost immediately. He was Secretary from 1946 until December 1960 when he took up duties at the World Centre. He was also for a number of years manager of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Publishing Trust. On his passing in September 1973 the Universal House of Justice called for memorial meetings \"ALL COMMUNITIES BAHA'I WORLD\" and referred to his \"VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION BAHA'I LITERATURE THROUGH HIS BOOK `ALL THINGS MADE NEW'\". (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XVI, p", "Unfolding Destiny\nMRS FLORENCE \"MOTHER\" GEORGE page 256\nAlways proud of the designation \"Mother\" given to her by 'Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 when she was one of the early pilgrims to the Holy\nLand, it was Mother George who introduced the Faith to Dr. John Esslemont. For very many years she conducted Sunday afternoon meetings in her Chelsea home in London and she passed away on 4 November 1950 at the age of 91. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XII, p. 697.)\nMUSA BANANI, Hand of the Cause of God. page 257", "Unfolding Destiny\nPioneered with his wife Samihih to Uganda in 1951 and was elevated to the rank of Hand of the Cause in February 1952. The beloved Guardian also described him as the \"spiritual conqueror of Africa\". In spite of failing health he visited most African territories, served for some five years as the sole Hand of the African Continent, and finally, after many years of constant suffering, passed away at his pioneering post in Kampala, Uganda, on 4 September 1971", "Unfolding Destiny\nThe Universal House of Justice cabled: \"PROFOUNDLY MOURN PASSING DEARLY LOVED HAND CAUSE MUSA BANANI RECALL WITH DEEP AFFECTION HIS SELFLESS UNASSUMING PROLONGED SERVICES CRADLE FAITH HIS EXEMPLARY PIONEERING UGANDA CULMINATING HIS APPOINTMENT AS HAND CAUSE AFRICA AND PRAISE BELOVED GUARDIAN AS SPIRITUAL CONQUEROR THAT CONTINENT. INTERMENT HIS REMAINS AFRICAN SOIL UNDER SHADOW MOTHER TEMPLE ENHANCES SPIRITUAL LUSTRE THAT BLESSED SPOT. FERVENTLY PRAYING SHRINES PROGRESS HIS NOBLE SOUL", "Unfolding Destiny\nMAY AFRICA NOW ROBBED STAUNCH VENERABLE PROMOTER DEFENDER FAITH FOLLOW HIS EXAMPLE CHEER HIS HEART ABHA KINGDOM. CONVEY FAMILY MOST TENDER SYMPATHIES ADVISE HOLD MEMORIAL MEETINGS ALL COMMUNITIES BAHA'I WORLD BEFITTING GATHERINGS MOTHER TEMPLES\". (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XV, pp. 421-3.)", "Unfolding Destiny\nLeft Persia in early 1951, after service for the Faith in youth and teaching activities and as a member of the National Assembly, to join his wife, Violette and her parents, Musa and Samihih Banani, in the British Isles, preparatory to their pioneering to Africa. His teaching activities in Africa took him to remote African villages, and, later, as assistant to Mr. Banani when he was appointed Hand of the Cause, to many countries on the African continent", "Unfolding Destiny\nHassan, a young Egyptian Bah\u00e1'\u00ed studying in England in 1945 met Isobel Locke, an American pioneer to England, and they both served with distinction in the Six Year Plan, Hassan on the National Youth and National Teaching Committees and the Nottingham, Birmingham, Belfast, Liverpool, Cardiff and Bristol Spiritual Assemblies, and Isobel on the Assemblies in Edinburgh, Blackpool, Sheffield and Bristol, as well as on the National Teaching Committee", "Unfolding Destiny\nThey married in 1951 and pioneered to Tanganyika and Uganda, where Hassan was on the first National Spiritual Assembly of Central and East Africa. Isobel became a Counsellor and Hassan Secretary of the Continental Pioneer Committee for Africa. They subsequently pioneered to Kenya where they still serve (1979).", "Unfolding Destiny\nARTHUR NORTON page 267\nWas the Treasurer of the special fund for the Shrine of the B\u00e1b when he received some letters and receipts. He and his wife Marion were founder members of the Bradford Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community as well as being the first pioneers to Sheffield during the Six Year Plan. He served on the National Assembly for seven and a half years during the period 1938-1946, when he was obliged to retire due to ill-health in December 1946.\nERIC MANTON page 273", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Northampton in 1946 where he was a member of the first Spiritual Assembly. He later pioneered to Edinburgh where he was also on the first Scottish Assembly and to the virgin territory of Northern Rhodesia in 1951. He was Chairman of the first National Spiritual Assembly of South Central Africa in 1964 and of the National Assembly of Zambia for nine years from its formation in 1967. He has remained at his post and became a Zambian citizen in 1973.\nDR. ABBAS AND SHOMAIS AFN\u00c1N, page 278", "Unfolding Destiny\nsecond Persian Bah\u00e1'\u00ed student to come to Northampton to train as a nurse and arrived in 1948. They married at Summer School, Cottingham, Yorkshire in 1951 and pioneered soon afterwards-- Shomais to Ethiopia and Abbas to Persia. Abbas joined Shomais in Africa in 1953. They returned to England in 1958 and opened the town of Burnley where an Assembly was formed in 1961. In 1975 Abbas pioneered to Newfoundland and Shomais joined him in July 1976", "Unfolding Destiny\nAbbas was a member of the National Assembly from 1964 until his pioneer move, and Shomais was active in United Nations' affairs. Shomais toured Persia in 1971 at the request of the Universal House of Justice, was one of the representatives of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed International Community at the International Women's Year Convention in Mexico in 1975 and travelled extensively in the British Isles in 1978-1979.", "Unfolding Destiny\nEDMUND (TED) CARDELL, Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h page 281\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Canada in 1948 and returned to his father's farm in England some time later. He pioneered to Kenya in October 1951 where he was a founder member of the first local Assembly in Nairobi. He became Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h for South West Africa in 1953 and returned to England in 1963. He was elected to the National Assembly in 1973 and is still a member (1979).\nDR. JOHN GEORGE MITCHELL, Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h page 307", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in 1950, was member of the National Assembly from 1952 to 1954 from which he pioneered as a Knight of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h for Malta. He had pioneered for a short while in Blackpool. He passed away on 19 February 1957 at the age of 50. (\"Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World\", Vol. XIII, p. 901.)\nMISS IRENE BENNETT page 321", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in Kenya in 1953 and has been in pioneering posts since that time. She has served in Portugal, Switzerland, Scotland, Kenya, Uganda (where she was an Auxiliary Board Member), Nigeria, and is presently (1980) in the Central African Republic.\nMISS DOROTHY WIGINGTON page 362\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed at Summer School, Exeter in July 1954 and has been a staunch member of the Oxford Assembly from January 1955.\nERNEST WILLIAM GREGORY page 381", "Unfolding Destiny\nResponded to an experimental postal card advertisement in Sheffield and accepted the Faith there in March 1951. He was elected to the National Assembly in 1954 when John Mitchell pioneered to Malta. He served until 1963 when he became an Auxiliary Board Member. He left in April 1974 to serve at the World Centre and passed away there in April 1978. The Universal House of Justice cabled: \"ANNOUNCE PASSING TO ABHA KINGDOM MORNING OF FIRST DAY RIDVAN DISTINGUISHED SERVANT BAHA'U'LLAH ERNEST GREGORY", "Unfolding Destiny\nHIS OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION GROWTH BRITISH BAHA'I COMMUNITY AS MEMBER MANY YEARS NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY AND LATER MEMBER AUXILIARY BOARD ENSURE HIM HIGH PLACE THAT COMMUNITY'S ANNALS. HIS STIRLING QUALITIES ENDEARED HIM TO ALL AT WORLD CENTRE FAITH WHERE HIS LOSS KEENLY FELT. ADVISE BRITISH COMMUNITY JOIN PRAYERS THANKSGIVING HIS LIFE PROGRESS HIS SOUL.\"", "Unfolding Destiny\nBecame a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed in September 1951 in Liverpool and at great sacrifice left his medical practice to pioneer to Cardiff in 1955. For some years prior to his death in October 1976, he lived partly in Liverpool and partly in Anglesey, North Wales. The Universal House of Justice cabled: \"GRIEVED LOSS DEVOTED BELIEVER ERNEST MILLER WHO RENDERED DISTINGUISHED SERVICES BRITISH HOME FRONT ENDEARED HIMSELF FELLOW BELIEVERS", "Unfolding Destiny\nIAN SEMPLE page 411\nHeard of the Faith at the first public meeting organised by the Oxford Spiritual Assembly in 1949 and accepted it shortly afterwards. He was elected to the National Assembly in January 1955 and was a member until Ridvan 1961, serving as Secretary from January 1960 to January 1961. In 1956 he pioneered to Edinburgh for two and a half years, and was appointed to the", "Unfolding Destiny\nAuxiliary Board for the Propagation of the Faith in November 1957. He was elected to the International Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Council at Ridvan 1961, and to the Universal House of Justice in 1963.\nMISS JEAN M. CAMPBELL page 414\nJean Campbell accepted the Faith in Oxford in 1949 in time to be on the first Spiritual Assembly there. She served as the Assembly secretary for some years, pioneered to Aberdeen in 1959 and then to Malta in February 1964 where she is still at her pioneer post (1979).\nJOHN CHARLES CRAVEN page 416", "Unfolding Destiny\nWas associated closely with E. T. Hall and Rebecca Hall from the earliest days of the Faith in Manchester, and remained a dedicated worker until his death, aged 80 in 1958. \"Uncle John\" kept up a wide correspondence with many of the early believers, and it was in a letter to him that Dr. T. K. Cheyne D.D. made his \"Declaration\" of belief in Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. He received three Tablets from the Master and was on the National Assembly for six of the first eight years", "Unfolding Destiny\nHis crowning work, \"Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h--the King of Glory\" was still at the binders when he passed away at his home in London on 12 February 1980. The Universal House of Justice cabled the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed world, \"WITH BROKEN HEARTS ANNOUNCE PASSING DEARLY LOVED HAND CAUSE HASAN BALYUZI. ENTIRE BAHA'I WORLD ROBBED ONE OF ITS MOST POWERFUL DEFENDERS MOST RESOURCEFUL HISTORIANS", "Unfolding Destiny\nHIS ILLUSTRIOUS LINEAGE HIS DEVOTED LABOURS DIVINE VINEYARD HIS OUTSTANDING LITERARY WORKS COMBINED IN IMMORTALISING HIS HONOURED NAME IN ANNALS BELOVED FAITH. CALL ON FRIENDS EVERYWHERE HOLD MEMORIAL GATHERINGS. PRAYING SHRINES HIS EXEMPLARY ACHIEVEMENTS STEADFASTNESS PATIENCE HUMILITY HIS OUTSTANDING SCHOLARLY PURSUITS WILL INSPIRE MANY DEVOTED WORKERS AMONG RISING GENERATIONS FOLLOW HIS GLORIOUS FOOTSTEPS.\""]

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892428, 0.41245136], [892428, 892448, 0.45], [892448, 892815, 0.04087193], [892815, 892996, 0.0718232], [892996, 893027, 0.5483871], [893027, 893296, 0.04089219], [893296, 893325, 0.5862069], [893325, 893875, 0.04727273], [893875, 893911, 0.55555556], [893911, 894688, 0.65250965], [894688, 894718, 0.13333333]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 894718, 0.88517016]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 894718, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 894718, 0.59977096]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 894718, 15437.04020073]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 894718, 10417.92916609]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 894718, 2124.42655917]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 894718, 6164.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.princetonfriendsschool.org/about-us/a-brief-history-of-quakerism.cfm

A Brief History of Quakerism

["A Brief History of Quakerism\nA Brief History of Quakerism\nOne such seeker, George Fox, experienced a revelation on Pendle Hill, in the heart of England\u2019s Lake District. This revelation led to the birth of the Religious Society of Friends and has been at the heart of its life and witness ever since. From this revelation, George Fox derived his essential insight, which was that there is \u201cthat of God\u201d in everyone, and that one can gain access to the God within through stillness and the practice of silence.", "A Brief History of Quakerism\nQuakers arrived in America very early in their history. The first Quakers came on preaching missions in 1656 to Maryland. Later, as a result of the persecution of Quakers in England, many Friends emigrated to the American colonies. William Penn arrived in America in 1681 and founded Pennsylvania as the \"Holy Experiment,\" a colony governed on the ideals of the Religious Society of Friends.", "A Brief History of Quakerism\nThe word \u201cQuaker\u201d was invented originally as a derisive term, used to mock the believers because they \u201ctrembled and quaked with religious zeal.\u201d Eventually Friends themselves adopted the term, thereby shedding it of its scornful nature."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.masscops.com/threads/utah-gang-members-threatened-deputies.63347/

Utah gang members threatened deputies

["Utah gang members threatened deputies\nUtah gang members threatened deputies\nBy Erin Alberty\nSalt Lake Tribune\nSALT LAKE CITY, Utah - A pair of undercover officers say 10 to 14 club-wielding men threatened to kill them, advancing even after the officers identified themselves as Salt Lake County sheriff's deputies, according to charges filed this week in 3rd District Court.", "Utah gang members threatened deputies\nThe deputies went to a church parking lot, at 12275 S. 2700 West, on Sept. 4 after authorities received complaints that neighbors were harassing and threatening people in the parking lot, said sheriff's spokesman Levi Hughes.\nA woman from a nearby house told the deputies to leave. When they didn't, a group of men in their early 20s emerged from the woman's house and ran toward the parking lot, swinging baseball bats, golf clubs and broken broomsticks, Hughes said.", "Utah gang members threatened deputies\nThey identified themselves as Juggalos, which is the nickname for fans of the painted-face rappers, Insane Clown Posse.\nThe men threatened to kill the two deputies, proclaiming, \"No one [expletive] with the Juggalos,\" detectives wrote in charging documents filed Tuesday.\nOne of the deputies drew his gun, said he was a peace officer and ordered the attackers to drop their weapons and get onto the ground, Hughes said. The group was undeterred until the officer identified himself a second time, Hughes said.", "Utah gang members threatened deputies\nThe group ran from the officers, who chased down and arrested one man.\nUnbeknownst to the two officers, another team of investigators was preparing a search warrant for the same house, Hughes said. That warrant was executed the next day, and several other men were arrested, including a man identified as having wielded a golf club the night before, Hughes said. The 18-year-old Riverton man was charged with second-degree felony aggravated assault.", "Utah gang members threatened deputies\nMembers of the Juggalos gang have been charged in connection with two other crimes this year in Salt Lake County.\nIn September, two teens with their faces painted like clowns were arrested in West Valley City for allegedly trying to kidnap a 5-year-old boy.", "Utah gang members threatened deputies\nIn July, two suspected Juggalos attacked a Kearns teen outside his home with a knife and a four-bladed replica of a medieval battle ax topped with a spiked ball, police said. The victim suffered life-threatening injuries, including an 8-inch gash to his neck, and required more than 300 stitches to close his wounds.\nkwflatbed Oct 17, 2008"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/clockwork-orange/summary

A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel

["A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nA Clockwork Orange Summary\nBy Anthony Burgess\nMeet Alex. He's your typical English fifteen-year-old...if by \"typical fifteen-year-old\" we mean he's \"the leader of a gang of hyper-violent thugs who like to drink milk laced with drugs, beat men into a bloody pulp, and rape and humiliate women, including ten-year-old girls.\"\nYeah. A Clockwork Orange isn't one of those books with a sympathetic narrator.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nIt's also not one of those books with clear, easy-to-understand language. Alex narrates to us in an odd slang called \"nadsat\" as he introduces his entourage of criminals\u2014Peter, Georgie, and Dim\u2014and proceeds to take us on an eye-opening journey of ultra-violent crimes inflicted upon helpless innocent people. After get hopped up on milk, the intoxicated Alex and Co", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\ngo on a rampage involving: mugging an old professor, a convenience store robbery, a rival gang fight, grand theft auto, a gang rape, vandalism, and arson.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nBack at the bar, Alex then gets into a fist fight with Dim and Georgie, who're unhappy with his arrogance. But it's late and the gang retires for the night, leaving in their wake several hospitalizations, a wrecked car, a good amount of road kill (thanks to their reckless driving), wrecked houses, emotional trauma, and a death.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nThe next day, Alex plays hooky, gets drunk, and rapes two ten-year-olds while listening to Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 . At night, he meets up with his friends and proceeds to break into an old woman's mansion to loot it. The police arrive in the nick of time and arrest Alex \u2013 just after Dim temporarily blinds Alex in the eye with his chain for payback. That's what you get for being too arrogant, at least in the world of the nadsat youths.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nSentenced to fourteen years in jail, Alex initially has a hard time adjusting to the climate. Things get easier after two years, though, as he befriends the prison chaplain, takes an interest in the Bible (because of the gory Old Testament stories), and is allowed to listen to classical music while doing Bible study.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nA new cellmate complicates things. When Alex and the other five cellmates beat their new colleague to death, Alex takes the fall for the murder. Consequently, Alex is chosen by the newly appointed Minister of the Interior to participate in a \"reform\" treatment called Ludovico's Technique, which is currently being tested.\nIn other words, this thing is not FDA-approved.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nA behavioral-brainwashing procedure involving elements of associative learning, the treatment program lasts two weeks, after which the criminal is supposedly rendered completely unable to even think of committing crime. Alex is injected with a substance that makes him sick while being forced to watch violent films accompanied by classical music", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nAs he comes to associate bodily sickness with violence, the mere thought of violence becomes so overwhelming to him that he'd rather suffer pain himself than have to think about inflicting pain upon others.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nReleased back into society as an innocuous person incapable of brutality\u2014and also completely incapable of thinking for himself\u2014 Alex returns home to his parents, only to be shooed out. He finds himself contemplating suicide at the public library, but victims of his criminal past find him and beat him up. When the police arrive to break up the fight, they turn out to be his old friends-turned-enemies, Dim and Billyboy, who also take him out to the countryside to get even", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nF. Alexander turns out to be a political dissident hell-bent on overthrowing the current regime, having lost his wife to the ineffective Government two years ago. As he hears stories about the State's mistreatment of Alex, F. Alexander plans to use Alex as a weapon against the Government. Alex recognizes F. Alexander as the husband of the woman he gang-raped two years ago. It takes a while for F. Alexander to recognize Alex, but he eventually does, by Alex's use of the slang language, nadsat.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nAlex is locked away by F. Alexander's associates in an apartment. The men blast classical music through the wall, seeking to drive Alex to suicide so as to better indict the Government. Alex, driven mad by the sad side-effect of Ludovico's Technique, jumps from the window of the apartment, but he doesn't die. When he comes to in a few weeks time, the State has undone Alex's Reclamation Treatment, F", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nAlexander has been locked away, a great job has been lined up for Alex, and the Minister of the Interior makes peace with him by presenting him with a new stereo. He's cured\u2014i.e., he can enjoy his violent thoughts once again.", "A Clockwork Orange: A Study Guide to Anthony Burgess's Novel\nBack to his old self, Alex hangs out with a new gang\u2014Len, Rick, and Bully\u2014that engages in some of the same violent behavior as his old group. Somehow, though, Alex is discontent with his lifestyle. A chance encounter with his old friend, Pete, and Pete's new wife, Georgina, at a local coffeehouse arouses a renewed interest in Alex for a \"normal\" life. Alex resolves that he wants a wife and son for himself, too, and decides that he'll take steps toward attaining that dream.\nPart 1, Chapter 1"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.weaa.org/2015-03-10/iran-calls-gop-letter-propaganda-ploy-offers-to-enlighten-authors

Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors

["Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nIran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nA letter from U.S. senators suggests the lawmakers \"not only do not understand international law, but are not fully cognizant of the nuances of their own Constitution,\" says Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif.", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nRepublican senators' letter to Iran about ongoing nuclear talks has prompted a lengthy response from Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif, who delivered an overview of international law as he critiqued the letter.", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nZarif said he was astonished by the letter, saying it suggests the U.S. lawmakers \"not only do not understand international law\" \u2014 a subject in which he is a professor \u2014 \"but are not fully cognizant of the nuances of their own Constitution when it comes to presidential powers in the conduct of foreign policy,\" according to Iran's Foreign Ministry.\nThe Iranian minister said that \"in our view, this letter has no legal value and is mostly a propaganda ploy.\"", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nHis response (we have more of it below) came after it was announced Monday that 47 Senate Republicans who oppose a potential deal with Iran over its nuclear program had signed a letter to the country's leaders.", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nComing two weeks before the deadline for envoys to reach general terms with Iran, the signatories wrote that they had been observing the negotiations over potentially relaxing economic sanctions \u2014 and told Iran's leaders they were concerned \"that you may not fully understand our constitutional system.\"\nThe letter seemed to strike a nerve for Zarif, who moved to the U.S. as a teenager and holds a doctorate and two other advanced degrees from American universities.", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nAs NPR's It's All Politics blog noted, \"The letter was written by freshman Arkansas Sen. Tom Cotton and co-signed by 46 of his GOP colleagues, including Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.\"\nThe senators cited the U.S. process of ratifying treaties in Congress and President Obama's term that expires in January of 2017, writing:", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\n\"What these two constitutional provisions mean is that we will consider any agreement regarding your nuclear-weapons program that is not approved by Congress as nothing more than an executive agreement between President Obama and Ayatollah Khamenei. The next president could revoke such an executive agreement with the stroke of a pen and future Congresses could modify the terms of the agreement at any time.\"", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nThe Republicans' message was quickly criticized by Vice President Joe Biden, a former senator who said it was \"beneath the dignity of an institution I revere.\"\nSeven Republicans did not sign the letter, as NPR's Ailsa Chang reported today on Morning Edition.\nPresident Obama said, \"I think it's somewhat ironic to see some members of Congress wanting to make common cause with the hard-liners in Iran\" who are also against making a deal over Iran's nuclear program.", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nZarif, noting that negotiations are ongoing and haven't yielded an agreement, said the U.S. lawmakers' \"unconventional methods\" show that they \"are opposed to any agreement, regardless of its content.\"\nSaying he hopes to \"enrich the knowledge of the authors,\" Zarif said:", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\n\"I should bring one important point to the attention of the authors and that is, the world is not the United States, and the conduct of inter-state relations is governed by international law, and not by US domestic law", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nThe authors may not fully understand that in international law, governments represent the entirety of their respective states, are responsible for the conduct of foreign affairs, are required to fulfill the obligations they undertake with other states and may not invoke their internal law as justification for failure to perform their international obligations.\"", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nZarif also noted that many previous international agreements the U.S. has been a party to have been \"mere executive agreements,\" and not full treaties that received Senate ratification.\nHe said any deal on sanctions and Iran's nuclear program would not be bilateral; would require approval by the U.N. and the U.N. Security Council; and would not be subject to modification by Congress.", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nHe added, \"I wish to enlighten the authors that if the next administration revokes any agreement with the stroke of a pen, as they boast, it will have simply committed a blatant violation of international law.\"\nFor a different perspective, Ailsa spoke to Richard Nephew, who was on U.S. teams negotiating with Iran during both the Bush and Obama administrations.", "Iran Calls GOP Letter 'Propaganda Ploy,' Offers To 'Enlighten' Authors\nNephew said, \"The idea that a sitting group of senators of either party would write to the other side of a negotiation to say, 'Eh, don't sign a deal with these guys' \u2014 to me, it really smacks of a misplaced understanding of how the international system is supposed to work.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/technology-obituaries/8435991/Selwyn-Goldsmith.html

Selwyn Goldsmith obituary

["Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nSelwyn Goldsmith\nSelwyn Goldsmith, who died on April 3 aged 78, was an architect handicapped by polio and led his profession in the provision of access for the disabled; later he turned his sights on all forms of discrimination in design, notably the agonies faced by women needing the lavatory in public buildings.\n07 April 2011 \u2022 6:23pm", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nBefore Goldsmith produced Designing for the Disabled in 1963, architects had no guidance on access for disabled people, who were therefore excluded from many buildings and facilities. The book was soon hailed as indispensable by The Architects' Journal and used in the teaching and training of not just architects, but also occupational therapists and local authority planners.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nHe was born at Newark, Nottinghamshire, on December 11 1932 to Philip and Nelly Goldsmith. His father was a GP, and Selwyn attended Abbotsholme School and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he read Architecture. He completed his qualification at the Bartlett School, University College London, in 1956. But in the same year he was struck by the polio virus, which left him effectively hemiplegic, paralysed down one side of his body.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nHe soon recognised that architectural design was not his forte, and was considering his career when he met Bill Allen and Duncan Guthrie, who had established the Polio Research Fund. Together with Gordon Ricketts, Secretary of the Royal Institute of British Architects, they mooted the idea of a comprehensive guidance manual on architectural planning for disabled access to buildings. This was a new concept in Britain, and Goldsmith was selected to write it.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nIn 1967 he produced an important second edition, having selected Norwich as a representative city in which to conduct his research. With the co-operation of Norwich Council and numerous local medical and care workers, he canvassed the local population to base his findings on their problems and experiences. Armed with a list of wheelchair-users in the city, he visited and interviewed 284 of them.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nA direct result of these discussions was the ramped kerb, devised by Goldsmith, 15 of which were arranged at intersections round the city. The feature has gone on to become standard around the world. He also drafted a guidebook for disabled people in Norwich \u2013 a practice since developed in many other places. At the same time he was heavily involved in drafting the British Standards Institution code of practice which covered access for the disabled to public buildings.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nBut he was not a political campaigner for \"disabled rights\", feeling that this would serve only to deepen perceived divisions between the disabled and the rest of the population. When he arrived in Norwich, for example, he found that the council had a shortfall in its quota of disabled employees. The council was delighted to rectify this situation and invited Goldsmith to fill a spot in the quota \u2013 only to be met with a refusal of characteristic vigour, informed by pungent objections to tokenism", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nIn 1972 he joined the Department of the Environment, where he produced the reports \"Wheelchair Housing\" and \"Mobility Housing\", which became widely accepted as standards for public sector housing.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nHe lectured widely abroad, where Designing for the Disabled also proved highly influential. He was always completely absorbed in his subject, and on one occasion during a lecture in New Zealand, sensed a loss of interest in his audience. Dismissing it, however, he carried on, only to be informed afterwards that an earthquake had struck midway through his talk \u2013 he had failed to notice the tremors.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nIn the late 1980s Goldsmith turned his campaigning mind to the vexed question of women's lavatories. He wondered why women seemed always to be queuing \u2013 in shops, museums, theatres or public buildings \u2013 and decided that action was needed. Recently remarried, he conscripted his new wife to assist his research into the statistics. Together they spent innumerable weekends assessing comparative provision of lavatories for men and women at shops and institutions from the National Theatre to Harrods.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nTheir work revealed a yawning disparity in male and female provision (for example the NT had 83 urinals and WCs for men, compared with 36 lavatories for women). The situation remains imperfect, but what improvement there has been owes much to Goldsmith's tenacity.", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nIn 1992 Goldsmith retired from the DoE and set about researching and writing Designing for the Disabled \u2013 the New Paradigm, which reflected his broader concern with the discrimination in design than that solely affecting disabled people. Accordingly the book's remit extended to mothers with pushchairs; ambulant disabled people; children; as well as wheelchair users. He concluded that having \"different\" or \"extreme\" needs is not unusual, but in fact \"normal\"", "Selwyn Goldsmith obituary\nSelwyn Goldsmith was meticulous in his research and uncompromising in his views. Tactlessness brought him unpopularity in some government circles, but integrity and charm won him great respect even from those with whom he battled. In 1982 he received the Harding Award for his services to disabled people.\nOutside work he had a great interest in art and art history, particularly the Renaissance. His other passion, shared with his twin brother, was for trains and railways."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.redgreenpaper.com/single-post/off-the-wall-news-4

Off the Wall News 4: Beaver in Subway, Mummies in Parade, Goat Arrest, and COVID Vaccines at Barber Shop

["Off the Wall News 4: Beaver in Subway, Mummies in Parade, Goat Arrest, and COVID Vaccines at Barber Shop\nAn entrance to a Toronto subway station was closed temporarily on March 25 when a beaver wandered into the building. According to United Press International (UPI), a commuter arrived at the subway station and spotted the animal, which he originally thought was a groundhog wandering the concourse. Upon see its tail, he realized that it was indeed a beaver and snapped a photo of the animal. The beaver earned the nickname Nickel in honor of its likeness being on the Canadian nickel", "Off the Wall News 4: Beaver in Subway, Mummies in Parade, Goat Arrest, and COVID Vaccines at Barber Shop\nTwenty-two mummified members of ancient Egyptian royalty were featured in a parade recently as the mummies were being relocated from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, according to NPR. The parade was named The Pharaoh\u2019s Golden Parade and its members included four queens and 18 kings. The mummies were carted around in specially designed vehicles for the royal remains", "Off the Wall News 4: Beaver in Subway, Mummies in Parade, Goat Arrest, and COVID Vaccines at Barber Shop\nEach car was labeled with their corresponding title and filled with nitrogen to protect the preserved pharaohs. The path of the parade had even been freshly repaved to create a smooth journey.", "Off the Wall News 4: Beaver in Subway, Mummies in Parade, Goat Arrest, and COVID Vaccines at Barber Shop\nGoat arrest?\nPolice in North Carolina have arrested a goat after receiving a call about a suspected break-in. According to the Associated Press, the incident occurred in Greenville. The goat was found hanging its head out of the window of a home. After its arrest, the animal was taken to the animal shelter and picked up by the owner, who promised to make sure the goat understood what it did wrong.\nA trim and a vaccine, please", "Off the Wall News 4: Beaver in Subway, Mummies in Parade, Goat Arrest, and COVID Vaccines at Barber Shop\nA Wisconsin barber shop is now offering a special new service \u2014 the COVID-19 vaccine. Gee\u2019s Clippers in Milwaukee held its first vaccine clinic recently when it decided to team up with a local pharmacy, according to United Press International (UPI). Dimmy Sokhal, a pharmacist with Hayat Pharmacy, said the barbershop is an ideal location for a vaccination clinic.", "Off the Wall News 4: Beaver in Subway, Mummies in Parade, Goat Arrest, and COVID Vaccines at Barber Shop\n\u201cPeople are familiar with the area. They have a beautiful room in the back for the wellness checks and everything so we thought it would be great to have a clinic out here,\u201d he said.\nSneaking squirrel", "Off the Wall News 4: Beaver in Subway, Mummies in Parade, Goat Arrest, and COVID Vaccines at Barber Shop\nA woman recently watched as a squirrel took packages off a front porch and took them onto the roof of the home. According to UPI, a Chicago woman stated that the squirrel approached a package that had recently been delivered to her neighbor across the street and carried it up on the roof. She also suspects that the same squirrel was responsible for stealing a pack of tortillas from her porch previously."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/releases/pr00_106.htm

Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey

["Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nFor Release: August 21, 2000\nUSGS National Wetlands Research Center, Dr. James Grace Receive Awards\nLafayette-- The U.S. Geological Survey's National Wetlands Research Center and one of its scientists, Dr. James Grace, received two major awards from the Society of Wetland Scientists during its annual meeting last week in Quebec City, Canada.", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nThe center received the President's Service Award recognizing significant contributions to the Society and its members. Dr. Grace received the Society's Merit Award, presented to an individual in recognition of an outstanding piece of original research, achievement or contribution to wetland science.", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nThe society is a non-profit organization that promotes wetland science and exchange of information among its 4,000 plus members in the United States, Canada, Mexico and many other countries. The society encourages professional growth through many programs, including certification on wetland science.\nCenter Award", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nAccording to the society's bulletin, \"The National Wetlands Research Center is internationally recognized for its scientific contributions to wetland understanding, conservation, management, and outreach. This award recognizes the center's contributions that have helped further wetland science and the goals of the society.\"", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nDr. Robert E. Stewart, center director, accepted the award on behalf of the center. He said, \"It is so gratifying for the National Wetlands Research Center to be recognized both for its contributions to the society and for the excellence of our scientific research.\"\nDr. Grace's Award", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nThe society recognized Dr. Grace for his use of mathematical modeling to further the understanding of wetland diversity. These methods provide a means to assess the relative importance of the different processes operating on ecological communities and allow a way to predict their responses to changes in multiple environmental factors.", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nThe society's bulletin stated, \"His use of wetland systems as models to address basic questions in plant community ecology has produced a fundamental shift in the way ecologists approach studies of species interaction and community dynamics and provides new insights into coastal wetlands and the factors controlling wetland plant community dynamics.\"", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nDr. Grace said, \"Natural ecosystems, such as wetlands, often behave in unexpected ways, and these methods are designed to help us to understand and predict some of these complex behaviors. It is my hope that these techniques can ultimately help us to better understand and manage our precious natural resources.\"\nOther Center Contributions", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nIn addition to wetland research contributions, the center designed, developed and maintains the SWS Web site (http://www.sws.org)", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nAccording to the bulletin the site \"is an important communication link among wetland scientists worldwide\" and widely informs \"users about important wetland science issues, wetland conferences, training, employment opportunities\" and answers \"queries from individuals worldwide who are concerned about science-based conservation and management of wetland resources.\" James Lynch, a center scientist, is the site's web master.", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nThe center also assists with the SWS Bulletin, sent to nearly 5,000 members and institutions worldwide. Center writer-editor Beth Vairin is co-editor of the bulletin.\nAdditionally, Dr. Don Cahoon, a center research scientist, is a recent president of the society and center staff members are always active at the annual meetings. This year center scientists were authors of 11 presented papers and 13 poster sessions.\nDr. Grace's Work", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nDr. Grace received his Ph.D. in 1980 from Michigan State University in East Lansing with a specialty in botany and ecology. He was a faculty member at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 1980-85, and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1985-93. He has been a senior research scientist with the USGS since 1993.", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nDr. Grace has served on the editorial boards of a number of scientific societies including the Ecological Society of America, International Society of Plant Ecology, Society for Aquatic Botany and the Society of Wetland Scientists.", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nHis publications include a co-edited book on plant competition and some 70 journal articles and book chapters. Dr. Grace's work has included seminal studies that used the cattails as a model system to help us understand how plants are adapted to changing environments. He has also recently developed a consensus model about the underlying process that regulates species diversity. His current research deals with the monitoring, assessing, impact and control of invasive species.", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nAs the nation's largest water, earth and biological science and civilian mapping agency, the USGS works in cooperation with more than 2000 organizations across the country to provide reliable, impartial scientific information to resource managers, planners and other customers", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nThis information is gathered in every state by USGS scientists to minimize the loss of life and property from natural disasters, to contribute to the sound conservation, economic and physical development of the nations natural resources and to enhance the quality of life by monitoring water, biological, energy and mineral resources.", "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | U.S. Geological Survey\nPress releases and in-depth information about USGS programs may be found on the USGS home page: http://www.usgs.gov. To receive the latest USGS news releases automatically by e-mail, send a request to ([email protected]). Specify the listserver(s) of interest from the following names: water-pr; geologic-hazards-pr; biological-pr; mapping-pr; products-pr; lecture-pr. In the body of the message write: subscribe (name of listserver) (your name). Example: subscribe water-pr joe smith."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ521903

ERIC - EJ521903 - The Contemporary State of Child Protection Policy and Practice in England and Wales., Children and Youth Services Review, 1995

["ERIC - EJ521903 - The Contemporary State of Child Protection Policy and Practice in England and Wales., Children and Youth Services Review, 1995\nThe Contemporary State of Child Protection Policy and Practice in England and Wales.\nParton, Nigel; Otway, Olive\nChildren and Youth Services Review , v17 n5-6 p599-617 1995", "ERIC - EJ521903 - The Contemporary State of Child Protection Policy and Practice in England and Wales., Children and Youth Services Review, 1995\nIdentifies and analyzes central tensions and themes that characterize child protection policy in England and Wales. Outlines conflicting messages that have been prevalent in debates about child abuse since the early 1980s. Analyzes in detail the 1989 Children Act, the 1991 Criminal Justice Act, Working Together (1991), and the Memorandum of Good Practice (1992). (TJQ)", "ERIC - EJ521903 - The Contemporary State of Child Protection Policy and Practice in England and Wales., Children and Youth Services Review, 1995\nDescriptors: Adolescents, Child Abuse, Child Welfare, Children, Family Programs, Foreign Countries, Intervention, Legislation, Prevention, Public Policy, Social Services\nPublication Type: Reports - Descriptive; Reports - Evaluative; Journal Articles\nIdentifiers - Location: United Kingdom (England); United Kingdom (Wales)\nIdentifiers - Laws, Policies, & Programs: Children Act 1989 (Great Britain)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://library.harvard.edu/collections/korean-collection

Korean Collection | Harvard Library

["Korean Collection | Harvard Library\nKorean Collection\nHarvard-Yenching Library's Korean Collection covers everything from archaeology to contemporary economic development.\nA map from Harvard-Yenching Library's Korean Colleaction, published circa 1880. View Details.\nHarvard-Yenching Library\nWith an emphasis on the humanities and social sciences, the Harvard-Yenching Library's Korean Collection covers everything from archaeology to contemporary economic development.\nIt's a premier research collection for Korean studies in the U.S.", "Korean Collection | Harvard Library\nAmong its unique features is:\nIllustration from Yakhan P\u014fny\u014fn\u2019s Pilgrim's Progress, published 1895. View Details.\na group of genealogies and official examination rosters from the 17th century, which form an indispensable source for the study of social mobility in traditional Korea\na large collection of literary writings in classical Chinese by individual authors\narchival collections covering post-colonial periods on Korean war and military history", "Korean Collection | Harvard Library\ncontemporary primary sources on cultural studies including Manhwa, films, film posters, and more\ndigital photographs including images of colonial-period photo postcards and various North Korean photographs taken from 1945\na comprehensive collection of books, journals, government documents, and other materials on Korea\u2019s postwar economic development and business history", "Korean Collection | Harvard Library\nThe Harvard-Yenching Library's Korean Collection is the primary collector at Harvard of Korean-language newspapers, most of which are on microfilm, reprints, as well as PDFs.\nThe collection also holds more than 6,000 volumes of North Korean publications.\nHarvard-Yenching Library's Korean materials are cataloged in HOLLIS.\nUse the Research Guide for Korean Studies for help accessing online resources from this collection.\nMikyung Kang"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/09/15/97-23835/standards-of-performance-for-new-stationary-sources-and-emission-guidelines-for-existing-sources

Federal Register :: Request Access

["Federal Register :: Request Access\nStandards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources: Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators\nA Rule by the Environmental Protection Agency on 09/15/1997\nStandards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission", "Federal Register :: Request Access\nEffective Dates. The standards for new sources (Sec. 60.17 and Secs. 60.50c through 60.58c) are effective as of March 16, 1998 and the emission guidelines for existing sources (Sec. 60.30 and Secs. 60.30e through 60.39e) are effective as of November 14, 1997. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in the regulations is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of March 16, 1998. See SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for a discussion of the schedule for judicial review.", "Federal Register :: Request Access\n48348-48391 (44 pages)\n40 CFR 60\nAD-FRL-5878-8\n2060-AC62\nThe full text of this document is currently available in PDF format.\nThe full text of this document is also available in a basic text format."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://campuspress.yale.edu/knightlab/

The Knight Lab at Yale University | Bioinformatics and Genetics

["The Knight Lab at Yale University | Bioinformatics and Genetics\nThe Knight Lab at Yale University\nBioinformatics and Genetics\nYCGA\nRuddle\nRMS \u2013 Run My Samples\nPBM \u2013 Poor Bioinformatician\u2019s Module\nGraphs, Alignments, Variants and Annotations, pt. 2\nThe Site is Live\nBioinformatic Scribblings", "The Knight Lab at Yale University | Bioinformatics and Genetics\nStarted in the summer of 2014, the Knight Lab holds a joint appointment with the Department of Genetics and the Yale Center for Genome Analysis. Its focus in the Genetics department is the alignment, variant calling and annotation of exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing datasets, both for cohorts of research samples and for individual clinical samples", "The Knight Lab at Yale University | Bioinformatics and Genetics\nThe lab\u2019s focus for the YCGA is providing bioinformatics support to Yale (and non-Yale) investigators who utilize YCGA\u2019s next-generation sequencing facility, as detailed on the YCGA page.", "The Knight Lab at Yale University | Bioinformatics and Genetics\nYou can descriptions and documentation on our software tools in Software, or read our Bioinformatic Scribblings blog posts. If you are at Yale, and have access to its Ruddle compute cluster, the Ruddle pages provide a number of tutorials and tips for running bioinformatics tools on the cluster, and where to find everything. (If you are not at Yale, feel free to browse as much of the content could still be applicable to you, but the descriptions are specific to the Ruddle environment.)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/EMS_EUD/ENGELBERG.html

Free Site Search Engine - put a search engine on your web site or add search to your blog

["Free Site Search Engine - put a search engine on your web site or add search to your blog\nENGELBERG, an Alpine village and valley in central Switzer- . land, much frequented by visitors in summer and to some extent in winter. It is 14 M. by electric railway from Stansstad, on the Lake of Lucerne, past Stans. The village (3343 ft.) is in amountain basin, shut in on all sides by lofty mountains (the highest is the Titlis, 10,627 ft. in the south-east), so that it is often hot in summer", "Free Site Search Engine - put a search engine on your web site or add search to your blog\nIt communicates by the Surenen Pass (7563 ft.) with Wassen, on the St Gotthard railway, and by the Joch Pass (7267 ft.) past the favourite summer resort of the Engstlen Alp (6034 ft.), with Meiringen in the Bernese Oberland.' The village has clustered round the great Benedictine monastery which gives its name to the valley, from the legend that its site was fixed by angels, so", "Free Site Search Engine - put a search engine on your web site or add search to your blog\nthat the spot was named \" Mons Angelorum.\" The monastery was foundellabout 1120 and still survives, though the buildings date only from the early 18th century. Its library suffered much at the hands of the French in 1798. From 1462 onwards it was under the protectorate of Lucerne, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Uri. In 1798 the abbot lost all his temporal powers, and his domains were annexed to the Obwalden division of Unterwalden, but in 1803 were transferred to the Nidwalden division", "Free Site Search Engine - put a search engine on your web site or add search to your blog\nHowever, in 1816, in consequence of the desperate resistance made by the Nidwalden men to the new Federal Pact of 1815, they were punished by the fresh transfer of the valley to Obwalden, part of which it still forms. As the' pastures forming the upper portion of the Engelberg valley have for ages belonged to Uri, the actual valley itself is politically isolated between Uri and Nidwalden. The monastery is still directly dependent on the pope"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://universalis.com/Europe.England.Soutwark/20211014/today.htm

Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost

["Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nThursday 14 October 2021 (other days)\nThursday of week 28 in Ordinary Time\nor Saint Callistus, Pope, Martyr\nCome before the Lord, singing with joy.\nYear: B(I). Psalm week: 4. Liturgical Colour: Green.\nPope St Callistus I (- 222)\nMost of what we know of Callistus comes from attacks by his contemporaries, notably Tertullian and the antipope Hippolytus.", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nAs a young slave Callistus was put in charge of a bank by his master Carpophorus, in which the brethren and widows lodged money. Callistus lost it all, and fled. When his master caught up with his ship Callistus jumped overboard to escape capture but was saved from drowning. He was given the punishment reserved for slaves, that of turning the pistrinum or hand-mill", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nHis creditors got him released in the hope that he could retrieve some of their money, but when he tried to get back some of the money he had lent to Jews the result was a fight for which he was re-arrested. He was denounced as a Christian and was condemned to work in the mines of Sardinia (thus, incidentally, ceasing to be the slave of Carpophorus). Marcia, a mistress of the Emperor Commodus, obtained the release of the Christians including Callistus", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nSomehow, from a weakened ex-slave in receipt of a invalidity pension, Callistus rose to be archdeacon, had charge of the Roman catacomb which now bears his name, and ended up as Pope. The oppressed Church of the early third century had more important things to do than keep detailed archives of its decision-making processes, but we can be sure that Tertullian\u2019s story that Callistus obtained influence over the ignorant, illiterate and grasping Pope Zephyrinus through bribes is just polemical fiction.", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nWhat so irritated Tertullian and Hippolytus and made them so keen to vilify Callistus is what made him such an important figure in the history of the Church. The question of what to do about repentant sinners was a matter of intense debate and dissension, and many of the violent splits in the Church of the early centuries hinged on this very point. What were you to do if someone committed a serious sin", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\n? The rigorists \u2013 we might call them the \u201cslip once and you\u2019re damned\u201d school \u2013 held that once you had done such evil acts you were for ever separated from the true, the pure Church, and there was no way back. Callistus decreed that sinners \u2013 for example, fornicators and adulterers \u2013 could be readmitted to communion if they repented and did penance for their sin. Callistus based the theology of his decree on the power that Christ gave to Peter and his successors, both to bind and to loose", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nTertullian and Hippolytus argued that this power had been given to Peter personally and could not be passed on, so that Callistus\u2019 decree was an innovation, and invalid. They similarly accused him of reprehensible laxity in other matters of Church discipline.", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nCallistus\u2019 gift to the Church was crucial in the arguments of the fourth century, where the Donatist schism in Africa arose precisely over the question of what should be done about those who, during the persecutions of Diocletian, had given up the sacred Scriptures to the authorities \u2013 or, conversely, about those who had flaunted their Christianity so as to attract prosecution, imprisonment, and consequently notoriety and admiration among the Christians", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nThe calm good sense shown by orthodox bishops (sometimes patchily but ultimately successfully) has its roots in this manifestation of charity and mercy by Callistus.", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nNot much is known about how Callistus died. He is the earliest pope found in a fourth-century martyrology, but details are scarce. Since he lived in a time of peace under the emperor Alexander Severus, whose mother was a Christian, he may have been killed in a riot.\nSee the articles in the Catholic Encyclopaedia and in Wikipedia.\nSecond Reading: St Augustine of Hippo (354 - 430)", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nAugustine was born in Thagaste in Africa of a Berber family. He was brought up a Christian but left the Church early and spent a great deal of time seriously seeking the truth, first in the Manichaean heresy, which he abandoned on seeing how nonsensical it was, and then in Neoplatonism, until at length, through the prayers of his mother and the teaching of St Ambrose of Milan, he was converted back to Christianity and baptized in 387, shortly before his mother\u2019s death.", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nAugustine had a brilliant legal and academic career, but after his conversion he returned home to Africa and led an ascetic life. He was elected Bishop of Hippo and spent 34 years looking after his flock, teaching them, strengthening them in the faith and protecting them strenuously against the errors of the time. He wrote an enormous amount and left a permanent mark on both philosophy and theology. His Confessions, as dazzling in style as they are deep in content, are a landmark of world literature", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nThe Second Readings in the Office of Readings contain extracts from many of his sermons and commentaries and also from the Confessions.", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nLiturgical colour: green\nThe theological virtue of hope is symbolized by the colour green, just as the burning fire of love is symbolized by red. Green is the colour of growing things, and hope, like them, is always new and always fresh. Liturgically, green is the colour of Ordinary Time, the orderly sequence of weeks through the year, a season in which we are being neither single-mindedly penitent (in purple) nor overwhelmingly joyful (in white).\n1 John 3:23-24 \u00a9\nGod\u2019s commandments are these:", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nthat we believe in the name of his Son Jesus Christ\nand that we love one another\nas he told us to.\nWhoever keeps his commandments\nlives in God and God lives in him.\nWe know that he lives in us\nby the Spirit that he has given us.\nWisdom 1:1-2 \u00a9\nLove virtue, you who are judges on earth, let honesty prompt your thinking about the Lord, seek him in simplicity of heart; since he is to be found by those who do not put him to the test, he shows himself to those who do not distrust him.\nHebrews 12:1-2 \u00a9", "Thirteenth Sunday after Pentecost\nWe should throw off everything that hinders us, especially the sin that clings so easily, and keep running steadily in the race we have started. Let us not lose sight of Jesus, who leads us in our faith and brings it to perfection: for the sake of the joy which was still in the future, he endured the cross, disregarding the shamefulness of it, and from now on has taken his place at the right of God\u2019s throne."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=3TECAAAAQAAJ&dq=related:ISBN8474916712&output=html&lr=&sitesec=reviews

The Popular Educator

["The Popular Educator\nThe Popular Educator, Vol\u00famenes3-4;Volumen13\np159 - Lesson in Geology - Intermitting springs.\nThere are references to the southeastern railway in this account - the quoted publication date of 1767 is therefore incorrect as the SER did not come into being until at least 1838, and construction was not completed for a few more years after that - the article refers to the railroad crossing the path of the water from the spring.", "The Popular Educator\nThis volume was published between 1867 and 1869. Specifically, it includes comments on admission examinations to Oxford and their schedule for 1869, which suggests that the volume was in print shortly before that", "The Popular Educator\nThe reason to push it back to 1867 is the Google Books original date tag of 1767--it is possible that they picked up an actual date somewhere but either there was a typo in the copyright date (e.g., the Roman number representation of the year missing a C--as happened in another encyclopedia of the same period and is a fairly common typographic error) or the person entering the date missed the digit and typed in 7 instead of 8. Either way, 1867 is a lot closer to the correct publication date than 1767"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://i-cias.com/egyptian-burial-practice/

"Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife"

["Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nHome Culture & People Egyptian Burial Practice: The Life After Death\nEgyptian Burial Practice: The Life After Death\nWhile life was precious for the ancient Egyptians, death required elaborate rituals to complete a ceremonial Egyptian burial practice. Death for the early Egyptians meant a journey to the afterlife, and this journey was composed of complex beliefs to discover what lies in their life after death.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nFor thousands of years, you have heard that Egyptians had anticipated death as the end of their earthly life and the beginning of their journey to an everlasting world.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nTo enter the afterlife, ancient Egyptians had to undergo a transitional time that needed loads of strict preparations, including the proper preservation of the dead body to ensure that there is life beyond this world. Ancient Egyptian burial customs reflected the rich tradition of the people and their everlasting hope for something great after death.\nWhat Were the Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices?", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nEgyptian burial practices varied depending on the people\u2019s status in the society. This time, you will discover that in the past, early Egyptians had sophisticated and elaborate ways to bury their dead to ensure their passage to the afterlife.\nThey followed unique practices intended to preserve a dead person\u2019s body and send the dead off on their next voyage, which was believed to be their gate to immortality.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nHowever, do you know that the passage to this gate was tedious and complicated? The soul of the dead person must take and pass a chain of arduous tests, as explained in the Book of the Dead, guided by amulets and prayers.\nIt\u2019s a real journey for the deceased person, in which the final judgment would be a test with Osiris, the Egyptian god of the dead. In the end, it\u2019s important to see the cleanliness of the dead person\u2019s heart.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThe test was done by weighing the dead person\u2019s heart against a feather. To pass the test, you must ensure that the heart is as light as a feather. After passing the test, the soul could proceed to the Field of Reeds, whereas those souls whose hearts were heavier than the feather would be devoured by the monster Ammit (the crocodile-headed Eater of the Dead). This part was the most discouraging of all because the dead soul\u2019s journey would end in shame and eternal damnation.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nYou must also remind yourself of the Fields of Reeds or A\u2019Aru, where all Egyptians longed to go. For them, it was their glorified vision of one\u2019s life on earth. It is also called Sekhet-A\u2019Aru, which means the great beyond because, for them, death simply refers to a transition into another voyage.\nDo you know that everything you have lost on earth can be achieved in the Field of Reeds? It\u2019s the epitome of the ancient Egyptian faith about death, which was developed from the Middle Kingdom (2040\u20131782 BC).", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nYou should also consider the belief that one\u2019s soul can receive eternal life in A\u2019Aru based on the person\u2019s generosity when he was still alive. While he receives eternal judgment in the Hall of Truth, the soul expects to find eternal peace in paradise.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nA major part of the ancient Egyptian death rituals was the practice of burying their dead and the preservation of the deceased\u2019s body through the process called mummification. This is the preservation of the deceased body to enable the soul to cross the gate of the afterlife.\nYou must know that it was a crucial part of the tradition to guide the soul in the afterlife while keeping the whole body intact. They knew that without the preserved body, it\u2019s impossible for the soul to stay.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThe Ancient Tradition of Mummification\nThe ancient method of preserving a dead body by embalming the flesh is called mummification. It involves a delicate process of drying the body of the deceased by using chemicals or natural methods to embalm the organs and the entire body.\nWell trained in this method, Egyptian embalmers practiced mummification to save the body from decay for centuries. You probably know that mummified bodies are preserved even for three thousand years.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nMummification required considerable care and technique that lasted 70 days. Trained priests would cleanse, treat, and wrap the body carefully. Coinciding with long prayers, the priests had to learn about human anatomy to ensure that the procedure was done properly. To guarantee that the body was dried, they had to remove all internal organs, including the brain and intestines, except the heart.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nHaving done all critical procedures, the priests would then wrap the body carefully, complete with amulets and prayers to guide the deceased person in his journey. You can tell that mummification was done to honor the dead. It\u2019s an artistic ritual that secured the dead body with a strong belief that it could reach its destination well.\nEgyptian Burial", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nAfter the long process of mummification, the dead body would be buried via another extensive process. This time, craftsmen, workers, and artists would help one another to create a tomb. The tomb should be completed with furniture, jars, food, prayers, and paintings for the funeral.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nAnother special part of the ritual was the \u201cOpening of the Mouth,\u201d in which the priest would touch certain parts of the mummy with a tool to open the body parts ceremoniously and help the mummy sense joy while traveling toward the afterlife. He would then be placed in a coffin and finally laid in his burial chamber or a tomb.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nYou could tell that an elaborate ritual was done with the belief that life is a precious phenomenon to be given such honor. They thought that keeping the body intact was the right thing to do to give their last respect for the dead.\nThey also thought that a mummified body should be protected from evil. It\u2019s an ancient Egyptian custom to preserve the dead body because it\u2019s the home of the soul, and it\u2019s essential to carry out these customs to lead the soul to the afterlife.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nEgyptian burial rituals were observed in the Predynastic Period in Egypt (6000\u201331500 BC) as they believed in the presence of life after death. You have seen that Egyptians were concerned about their attitude toward saving their soul and fear of eternal condemnation. They hoped for eternal life and an everlasting peace beyond death.\nEgyptian Burial Customs", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThe early Egyptians believed in life after death, such that they were conscious of their thoughts and actions. They acknowledged the importance of everlasting life awaiting every soul, and this was a profound belief that started in the Predynastic Period in Egypt (6000\u201331500 BC).", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nInterestingly, they thought that the dead lived inside their tombs. Later on, they believed that the good souls were taken to the heavens by Nut, the sky goddess, to become stars. During the Middle Kingdom, the people\u2019s trust in Osiris made them believe in the presence of the underworld known as Duat.\n\u2013 Egyptian Funerals", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nAll people from all walks of life deserved a funeral, whether the deceased was rich or poor. They believed that dead people who were not given a proper burial would return as ghosts to haunt their living relatives.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nYou might find it gruesome to hear stories of ghosts in ancient Egypt. Hence, to grant them peace, their families would be obliged to give the best funerary rites for the deceased body. Burial customs, which included all the necessary provisions for their journey to the other world, were vital in the past.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nAncient Egyptians\u2019 tombs were as simple as to bury their dead. These were later developed as gigantic pyramids for the pharaoh and his family, and this is also the reason why in later years, the Ancient Egyptians tomb are very ornate and a sight to behold.\nA sarcophagus was created as a protection of the corpse. You must remember that the goal of the embalmers was to preserve the body for the next thousands of years; thus, keeping the corpse in a coffin was a must.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nAiming at protecting the corpse, early Egyptians made secured coffins marked with hieroglyphics. All of these were written in the Egyptian Book of the Dead to remind the soul of their relationships and acts when they were still alive, where they were going, and how to cross from this world to the afterlife.\nThe Egyptians were armed with the Book of the Dead as the most complete instructions on how to guide the soul on their journey to find everlasting life.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThe coffins used in the past, particularly in the Old Kingdom, were simply made of wood, but they were carefully designed to match with the deceased bodies. They carried the symbols of the dead person\u2019s life on earth, such as the name of the dead person, offerings, and a compartment for the Ka statues that were believed to be the adoration of the gods even after one\u2019s death.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThese coffins were decorated according to the social status of the deceased. So, you could imagine that the members of the royal family owned meticulously painted coffins reflecting their prominence in the society, whereas the poor ones maintained their humble status even in their burial.\n\u2013 Burial Goods", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nYou already know that burial goods were important in the Egyptian funeral. Their very purpose was to protect the deceased and maintain the needs of the soul in the journey. To do this, relatives of the dead person would send items, including combs and bowls, along with the food.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nBecause they also buried expensive items, such as jewelry and pottery, the relatives were worried about the threat of robbers, which actually happened in many instances. Another burden for the relatives of the deceased was the lack of space inside the tomb due to the various funerary goods sent along with the corpse.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nBurials during the early times were filled with ceremonies and rituals. With their strong belief that their prayers, funerary goods, customs, and the guidance of gods and goddesses, the soul can travel in peace.\n\u2013 Funerary Boats\nFunerary boats were an integral part of ancient Egyptian funerals because they were thought of as the vehicle used by the gods to travel from the sky down to the underworld.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nEvidence of this was a large funerary boat believed to be used during the time of King Khufu in the Old Kingdom. They were basically made of wood with papyrus reeds tied well. Along with this belief was the major part played by the Nile River.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nYou can imagine that the boat carried the coffin with a dog as a guide to the afterlife. With a length of 20 feet or more, the boat was enough to carry the coffin of the deceased. Again, you could compare that the kings made enormous funerary boats, such as those that were 144 feet long with 12 oars, whereas the poor ones just made smaller boats.\n\u2013 Funerary Texts", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nImportant words and prayers were always connected with the deceased. Ancient Egyptians had been known for their gift of poetry and literature. Therefore, in their coffins, you could see numerous funerary words that contained spells and instructions for the dead.\nThey were also honored in words, such that a beloved ruler, for example, would always be revered even after death. They even wrote their spells for protection and guidance against evil influences.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThe texts were carefully chosen from a large bank of prayers for the overall safety of the soul. Egyptians were believed to ask workers to cry and pray for the dead in exchange for money.\nThe rich ones also hired writers to compose better work for the nobility. Later on, these prayers were developed as the Book of the Dead, but you know, it was not how long the prayers were but the purpose of the prayers themselves.\n\u2013 Tombs", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nAncient Egyptians built tombs for the deceased for protection and complete rest. These were also a place for ceremonial rituals performed by mourners. You can imagine the space needed for their tombs because of the considerable customs to be performed for the deceased.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nA typical tomb in the past was composed of two spaces: the chamber for burial where you could see the mummified body in a coffin and another space for funerary objects that they perceived were important for the safe voyage of the soul to eternity.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThis chapel-like structure was just a typical tomb, but the kind of burial space for a pharaoh was already a temple for his subjects to mourn and offer prayers. Ordinarily, the tomb of a deceased Egyptian was located near his or her home village. It\u2019s a place that was not so fertile for vegetation. However, for a pharaoh, the tomb must be strategically located in a sacred place.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nIn Prehistoric Egypt, they had the tradition of burying the dead in deserts. Later on, the small spaces for tombs increased in size according to the economic status of the deceased.\nAlso, the vast desert was beneficial for the poor because they could not afford the ceremonial rituals typically given for a dead person. To save money, farmers used mudbrick for the tombs of their loved ones.\nThe Role of Religion in Ancient Egypt", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nCivilizations in antiquity were generally built based on the people\u2019s faith in someone powerful and eternal. They worshipped their gods and goddesses, deities, protectors, providers, and saviors.\nYou must understand the role of religion in their everyday life, and it can help you remarkably if you know the religious practices observed by the early Egyptians in the past.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThe Egyptians\u2019 religious beliefs were based on their profound faith in gods. They practiced a dynamic belief in eternal life and the afterlife. They felt that the gods were omnipresent and could make or unmake their dreams, such that an honest reverence was a must. By merely reading their stories, you could fathom their deep religious belief, which was already an integral part of their culture.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nTheir gods associated with death, including Osiris, Anubis, and Nephthys, were particularly invoked for constant protection and guidance. Also, the people had to worship and thank these gods for their safe passage in the afterlife.\nEarly Egyptians believe in life after death. They observed considerable ceremonies to complete the Egyptian death rituals in preparation for the soul\u2019s journey to eternity.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nThey were a meticulous set of rituals pertaining to the soul\u2019s departure, and they mostly included food, games, jewelry, personal things, perfume, and prayers to gods guarding the soul of a dead person to the afterlife. With all these ceremonies, you could see how they respected the dead.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nDeath and burial in ancient Egypt could be among the most crucial times in their culture. Much has been done to protect the corpse, and because they believed that the body should be preserved, mummification was invented. With the elaborate procedures involved in mummification, early embalmers guaranteed the natural drying of the body by using natural preservatives.", "Ancient Egyptian Burial Practices: The Journey to the Afterlife\nDeath is inevitable, and one\u2019s soul deserves love, honor, and respect. You might be in awe at the mystifying medical ability of the early Egyptians in preserving the corpse that could stand the test of time. Through the discovery of these mummies, you can tell that they are the only civilization that gives us a glimpse of how people lived thousands of years ago.\nPrevious articleSumerian Inventions That You Are Still Probably Using Today\nNext articleUpper and Lower Egypt: The Tale of Two Powerful Dynasties"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://medium.com/thrive-global/what-is-your-true-net-worth-a84a0a90520c

What Is Your True Net Worth?. It’s time for a new metric to measure… | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium

["What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nUnplug & Recharge\nJamie Traeger-Muney\nFounding Partner of www.wealthlegacygroup.net, and author of the forthcoming book Thrive & Help Thrive: The Amazing Mutual Benefits of Giving\nWhat Is Your True Net Worth?\nThe way we calculate net worth sells ourselves short.", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nAs we enter the season of giving, receiving, and spending, calculating your bottom line might be of particular interest to you. Most people, when asked this question, only consider their financial holdings. Just like Arianna Huffington, in her book, Thrive, encouraged us to expand our concept of what it means to be successful, we also need to expand our definition of worth. To truly calculate your net worth, you must consider all of your assets", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nNow, let me be clear, as a coach and a consultant to some of the world\u2019s wealthiest people, I am not simply talking about real estate, jewelry, or other types of material assets. When determining your True Net Worth (TNW), the real asset classes that need to be considered are the 4 Ts: Talent, Trust, Treasure, and Time.", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nThe more you understand these various forms of equity, actively recognize what you have, and strategically plan how to grow these assets, the more you will experience a sense of thriving and fulfillment in your life. The first of these asset classes, Talent, encompasses all of the experiences you have gained during your life, your interests your knowledge and your abilities", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nFor example, Reagan Kazyak created a specialized major in studio art and biomedical engineering at the College of Wooster, in order to use her sculpting talent to design better prosthetics. \u201cI really want to improve the lives of others, especially those who have served our country,\u201d she says. \u201cI love sculpture, and I believe I can use my gifts in this area.\u201d Many of the most successful and admired people in our society have leveraged their talents to become artists, authors, and actors", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nPart of the equity you hold in the area of talent, you were born with, but much of what you can achieve in this domain must be gained through hard work and stick-to-itiveness. In fact, a strong work ethic, combined with an ability to follow through and to never give up, are also excellent examples of talent.", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nThe Trust category is built on your ability to develop and deepen relationships through caring. Equity in this area is gained through the strength of your relationships, networks, and spheres of influence. Investing in developing your Trust assets is an investment in human connections, generosity, and developing win/win interactions", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nFor example, Jonathan Fields, leveraged his Trust equity to create The Good Life Project, a community of people from all walks of life who have come together to help one another live more meaningful, vital, lives. Depletions in the area of Trust, such as we have been seeing with the US presidential election, result in feelings of scarcity and disempowerment, and at its worst, feelings of hatred and acts of violence.", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nTreasure equity is what has traditionally been used to determine one\u2019s net-worth. While it includes your financial assets and material holdings, it is not solely comprised of these. Having a better understanding of one\u2019s TNW and what your values and goals in life are, allows you to best use your Treasure as a tool towards accomplishing those goals", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nInvesting your treasure to increase the value of another asset class, such as relationships with others or in building out your own talents, creates a positive net outcome, helping to grow one\u2019s TNW. Your Treasure can also be leveraged to make the world a better place through socially responsible investing and philanthropy.", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nTalent, Trust, and Treasure are all infinite resources, giving each one of us the ability to continually build equity in these domains, growing our TNW during the course of our lifetime. Unlike the other asset classes though, our Time is finite. No matter how much of the other three we have, none of us can buy more time in our lives, nor do we know how much time we have left. All that we are able to do with this asset is to budget it wisely and try to maximize this ever dwindling resource.", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nInvitation for action:\nTake some time to really find your True Net Worth\nList all of the assets you have in the 4 Ts: Talent, Trust, Treasure, & Time\nHow can you make investments that grow the first 3 Ts and allow you to best spend your Time this holiday season and into 2017?\nPlease feel free to share your thoughts in the comments below or on Twitter at @JamieTM.\nIf you found value in this article, please click the \ud83d\udc9a icon below and share with your friends so others can enjoy too!", "What Is Your True Net Worth?. It\u2019s time for a new metric to measure\u2026 | by Jamie Traeger-Muney | Thrive Global | Medium\nMore than living. Thriving.\nNever miss a story from Thrive Global, when you sign up for Medium. Learn more\nNever miss a story from Thrive Global"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-melania-separate-bedrooms-2018-2

Trump reportedly showed a Playboy Bunny Melania's separate bedroom in Trump Tower, explaining that she 'liked her space'

["Trump reportedly showed a Playboy Bunny Melania's separate bedroom in Trump Tower, explaining that she 'liked her space'\nTrump reportedly showed a Playboy Bunny Melania's separate bedroom in Trump Tower, explaining that she 'liked her space'\nEliza Relman\nPresident Donald Trump and first lady Melania Trump host a Hanukkah Reception at the White House in Washington, U.S., December 7, 2017.\nREUTERS/Kevin Lamarque\nA former Playboy Playmate who says she had an affair with President Donald Trump in 2006 also alleges that he took her to his personal residence in Trump Tower.", "Trump reportedly showed a Playboy Bunny Melania's separate bedroom in Trump Tower, explaining that she 'liked her space'\nHe reportedly told her that his wife Melania sleeps in a separate bedroom because she likes her \"space.\"\nA former Playboy model who says she had an affair with President Donald Trump in 2006 said on one trip to New York, he took her to Trump Tower and showed her his wife Melania's separate bedroom.", "Trump reportedly showed a Playboy Bunny Melania's separate bedroom in Trump Tower, explaining that she 'liked her space'\nKaren McDougal wrote that Trump took her on tours of his Bedminster, New Jersey golf resort and his Trump Tower apartment in Manhattan. When they got to Melania's separate bedroom, Trump reportedly said she \"liked her space to read or be alone.\"\nJournalist Michael Wolff reported in his book \"Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House\" that Trump and Melania also keep separate bedrooms in the White House.", "Trump reportedly showed a Playboy Bunny Melania's separate bedroom in Trump Tower, explaining that she 'liked her space'\nMcDougal reportedly ended her relationship with Trump in April 2007 after she began to feel guilty and was offended by several comments Trump made, including calling her mother \"an old hag\" and sexualized comments he made about a friend of hers.\nThe White House says that Trump denies all of the allegations in the report, and called it \"fake news.\"\nMcDougal was reportedly paid $150,000 for the exclusive rights to her story by a tabloid with ties to Trump."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/forster-charles-e-17884

Obituary - Charles Edward Forster - Obituaries Australia

["Obituary - Charles Edward Forster - Obituaries Australia\nForster, Charles E. (1854\u20131920)\nMr. Charles E. Forster, who died on Tuesday, after a year's illness, at the age of 60, was the last surviving son of the late Mr. William Forster, of Brush Farm, a member of the first New South Wales Parliament under responsible government, and successively Minister for Education, Minister for Lands, Premier, and Agent-General.", "Obituary - Charles Edward Forster - Obituaries Australia\nMr. Forster was educated at the Sydney Grammar School, where he was captain of the school, and the Sydney University, where he obtained his B.A. degree. He shared a gold medal for mathematics with Mr. H. E. Barff. After studying civil engineering in Germany, he practised his profession in Sydney, but in the early eighties joined the staff of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, and was for 16 years manager of the Goondi mill, North Queensland. After his retirement from the company, Mr", "Obituary - Charles Edward Forster - Obituaries Australia\nForster resided in Sydney, and was a member of the Australian Club. During the war he was one of the honorary treasurers of the Australia Day amelioration committee. Both Mr. Forster's sons fought in the war, and one was killed at Lone Pine. His widow and two daughters, who survive him, worked for the 19th Battalion Comforts Fund. One of his sisters, Dr. Laura Forster, died while working in a military hospital in Russia, and his three half-brothers lost their lives in France", "Obituary - Charles Edward Forster - Obituaries Australia\nThe funeral, which took place on Wednesday, was attended by Mr. F. B. Forster (son), Mrs. H. Nicholson (sister), Mr. and Mrs. H. E. Kater (brother-in-law and sister), Mrs. Norman Kater, Messrs. W. H. Rothe, A. W. Macansh, F. Taylor, A. B. Paterson, A. W. Farquhar, W. W. Davis, F. B. M'Cullagh, P. H. Goldfinch, W. Leslie Tippet, and several representatives of the Amelioration Committee.", "Obituary - Charles Edward Forster - Obituaries Australia\nSydney Morning Herald, 30 July 1920, p 6\t(view original)\nForster, Charles Stanley (son)\nForster, Eliza Jane (mother)\nForster, William (father)\nKater, Mary Eliza (sister)\nForster, Laura (sister)\nForster, Baby (sister)\nForster, John Gregory (half-brother)\nForster, Herbert Cyril (half-brother)\nForster, Lionel Archibald (half-brother)\nRutledge, Thomas (brother-in-law)\nKater, Henry Edward (brother-in-law)\nRutledge, Martha (aunt)\nRutledge, Thomas (uncle by marriage)\nForster, Elizabeth (grandmother)", "Obituary - Charles Edward Forster - Obituaries Australia\nForster, Thomas (grandfather)\nRutledge, Alice Louisa (niece)\nRutledge, William Forster (nephew)\nRutledge, Edward Knox (nephew)\nKater, Norman William (nephew)\nRutledge, Jane Ruth (niece by marriage)\nRutledge, William Forster (cousin)\nRutledge, Alice Louisa (cousin)\nRutledge, Edward Knox (cousin)\n'Forster, Charles E. (1854\u20131920)', Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/forster-charles-e-17884/text29469, accessed 13 November 2018.", "Obituary - Charles Edward Forster - Obituaries Australia\nHunters Hill, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia\nWoollahra, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia\nSydney Grammar School\nsugar refiner\nAustralian Club (Sydney)\nColonial Sugar Refining Co"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.samford.edu/sports-analytics/fans/2015/how-shocking-decline-in-youth-sports-participation-is-hurting-americas-game

How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game

["How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nHow Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nPublished on June 12, 2015 by Jalen Spraggins Share this on:", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nBaseball is known as America\u2019s favorite past time. On warm summer nights we sit in the grandstands, eat hotdogs, catch foul balls, and sing \u201cTake Me Out to the Ball Game\u201d during the 7th inning stretch. It seems to me that kids would be motivated to get on the diamond and play the sport America loves just as I did when I was a kid. In fact, it is the exact opposite. Today\u2019s kids are fleeing youth sports at an alarming rate.", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nThe Wall Street Journal along with the Washington Post and AthleticBusiness.com all report that youth participation in baseball as well as the other major American sports is on the decline. U.S. youth sport participation ages 7-17 was 8.8 million in 2000 and has declined to 5.3 million in 2013. Softball participation alone has declined from 5.4 million to 3.2 million. The Washington Post reports from ESPN's Baseball Almanac that the median age of viewers of MLB games in 2004 was 46, and in 2014 was 53", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nThis increase in age signifies the lack of participation in the game of baseball by youth over the last two-three generations of kids.", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nIf you have noticed this season from watching Major League Baseball games, the MLB has tried to widely market to kids to peak their interest in participating in baseball. The MLB has recently begun working with ESPN to feature Little League teams that are in the area of the telecast. These Little League teams are invited on the field, get to mix and mingle with Major League players, and are even asked questions by commentators", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nAnother attempt to raise the level of interest in the game has come from the MLB, MLBPA, and MLBAM. Backyard Sports is a brand that has been recently re-launched that encourages kids to participate in the sport of baseball. It engages kids and allows them to play like professional baseball players in their own \u201cbackyards\u201d (preferably little league teams). Backyard Sports also gives kids power-ups and bonuses in the mobile game for them going out and being active by playing baseball.", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nBy no means is this decline in baseball youth participation a good thing, but who is to say that there will not be a turn-around that makes the game more interesting for younger people, specifically kids", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\n? As we can see, baseball has lost the interest of younger fans due to slow pace of the game and lack of excitement, but this does not mean this trend is final. I am optimistic that with the right marketing scheme baseball will once again grow the game, just as it did in the 1990s when Little League participation was booming and kids were excited to play the game just as their favorite MLB players were doing.", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nThis blog post was written by Samford University Brock School of Business student Jalen Spraggins.\nhttps://www.backyardsports.com/index.html\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/baseballs-trouble-with-the-youth-curve--and-what-that-means-for-the-game/2015/04/05/2da36dca-d7e8-11e4-8103-fa84725dbf9d_story.html\nhttp://www.athleticbusiness.com/high-school/youth-participation-in-team-sports-on-the-decline.html", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nhttp://www.pennlive.com/little-league-world-series/2014/09/participation_in_little_league.html\nTransfer Credit Information\nhttps://www.samford.edu/sports-analytics/fans/2015/how-shocking-decline-in-youth-sports-participation-is-hurting-americas-game.aspx", "How Shocking Decline in Youth Sports Participation is Hurting America's Game\nhttps://ixf2-api.bc0a.com/api/ixf/1.0.0/get_capsule/f00000000099124/01997956242?client=dotnet_sdk&client_version=1.4.9\u2228ig_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samford.edu%2Fsports-analytics%2Ffans%2F2015%2Fhow-shocking-decline-in-youth-sports-participation-is-hurting-americas-game.aspx&base_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samford.edu%2Fsports-analytics%2Ffans%2F2015%2Fhow-shocking-decline-in-youth-sports-participation-is-hurting-americas-game.aspx&user_agent=CCBot%2F2.0+(https%3A%2F%2Fcommoncrawl.org%2Ffaq%2F)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://msr-archives.rutgers.edu/archives/Issue%201718/pages/Scholarship/Roskos.htm

Evan James Roskos: Home Isn’t Where the House Is: Whitman’s Camden Exile

["Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nHome Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nEvan James Roskos Rutgers University-Camden\nI swear I will never mention love or death in a house.\n(1855 LG)\nPoetry gives not so much a nostalgia for youth, which would be vulgar, as a nostalgia for the expressions of youth. (Bachelard 33)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nFrom the homes and apartments in Edith Wharton\u2019s House of Mirth to the mansions of The Great Gatsby to the Joad family\u2019s farmhouse in The Grapes of Wrath to Toni Morrison\u2019s \u201cspiteful\u201d 124 in Beloved, houses often provide the catalyst for action or the symbolic backbone of novels in American literature, particularly when characters feel exiled from the structures that they have considered their homes", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nIn poetry, Sylvia Plath and Robert Frost often use the idea of home to explore domestic depression, describing places that have become uncomfortable because of marital trauma or death.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nAfter the Civil War, Walt Whitman\u2019s life was filled with a large amount of domestic trauma and ill health. In an effort to recover from the many shocks he suffered, Whitman moved to Camden, NJ, to live with his brother George after their mother died. Whitman\u2019s initial years in Camden were restorative due to the connection he made between the South Jersey area and the home of his youth in Long Island and Brooklyn", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nAfter Whitman purchases the house on Mickle Street in 1884, though, his general outlook sours and his writing dwells on nostalgic images in an effort to combat what Gaston Bachelard calls \u201cgroundlessness.\u201d While at first it may seem as if Whitman\u2019s years in Camden are full of brooding, it should be clearly understood that his opinion of the Camden area was separate from his attitude towards his Mickle Street house. For the poet, home and house are two distinct, experienced places that never converge", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nWhitman never has a strong, positive feeling about the structure of houses even though he does have a clear definition of \u2018home.\u2019 As we shall see, Whitman\u2019s experience of Camden is similar to that of exiled writers described by J. Gerald Kennedy in his book on American expatriates in Paris. Determining the essence of Whitman\u2019s exile in Camden--which is a positive and productive period in his life--helps clarify his experience of houses and his concept of \u2018home.\u2019", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nPinning down Whitman\u2019s idea of \u2018home\u2019 is tricky, however, since the bulk of his poetry praises the outdoors, people, ideas, and intimate experiences. Very little poetry discusses a clear idea of home or even the structure of houses. In the few cases that Whitman mentions a house, it is usually in the context of an upper-class life, as in the opening lines of \u201cSong of Myself\u201d: \u201cHouses and rooms are full of perfumes\u201d (LG 27)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nWhitman, who loved the pure smells of the body, sees perfumes as a veiling of human experience. The pure fragrances of the skin, the hair, the sweat are blocked by artificially created scents that would speak to an upper-class desire for what one could call \u2018hygienic decorum.\u2019 Later on, the lady who \u201cowns the fine house\u201d watches twenty-eight young men on the shore and is unable to frolic with the working-class bathers due to gender constraints and class differences (LG 32).", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nOn the other hand, in \u201cMy Picture-Gallery\u201d Whitman\u2019s mind is a \u201clittle house\u201d where he keeps \u201cthe tableaus of life\u201d and \u201cthe groupings of death\u201d (524). Essentially, Whitman\u2019s memory is his home, not really a house, since it retains experiences instead of veiling them. \u201cThere Was a Child Went Forth\u201d offers a simple, domestic scene in a house where a mother is \u201cat home quietly placing the dishes on the supper-table\u201d (492)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nWhitman equates the soothing motherly image with the kitchen and the word \u2018home,\u2019 adding in the particular smell of a mother, as if her own fragrance supersedes the smells of nourishment provided by that room. Here we have clear distinctions between house and \u2018home\u2019--the first a structure associated with class and restraint, the second an experienced place, understood through memories and senses, not measurements and location.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nGaston Bachelard argues that the childhood home is ideal in many ways: \u201c[l]ife begins well, it begins enclosed, protected, all warm in the bosom of the house\u201d (7). Houses are, by their very nature, structures of protection from the elements, but they also take on an emotional quality that remains even after the house is gone or after one is separated from it. This emotional quality turns the structure into \u2018home\u2019--the ideal version of a living space", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nAs Bachelard sees, in a \u201cnew house, when memories of other places we have lived in come back to us, we travel to the land of Motionless Childhood, motionless the way all Immemorial things are. [\u2026] We comfort ourselves by reliving memories of protection\u201d (6). This need for protection stems from our encounter with strange surroundings, and Whitman would have needed not only basic physical protection but emotional protection in Camden, since his mother died there.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nNot surprisingly, Bachelard suggests that the protective nature of one\u2019s childhood home is motherly, and I believe it is the connection with his mother that is key to understanding Whitman\u2019s Camden exile. Whitman moves to Camden shortly after his mother\u2019s death in 1873, in the grip of a severe depression. Looking for solace, Whitman \u201cslept in the room in which she died and for years lay on her pillow\u201d (SL 171)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nThese actions seem reasonable when we consider the deep love and respect he had for his mother, but they also begin to explain why Whitman did not leave Camden, even after his brother moved his family just outside the city to Burlington County. With his mother removed from the world, Whitman begins to see connections between Camden and the Brooklyn and Long Island of his youth.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nLike Brooklyn of the 1840s and 50s, Camden itself was a town on the brink of a population explosion due to an increase in manufacturing jobs. Whitman would have found the menagerie of working class people of the town familiar. Among them were a carter [a hauler of garbage], carpenters and painters, railroad engineers, firemen, conductors, switch tender, and baggagemaster, hostlers, seamen, pilot, trunk maker, and wood dealer, a barkeeper, the owner of a planing mill, and a furrier", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\n(Schapp) Many similar jobs are found in a catalogue from the 1855 \u201cSong of Myself\u201d (43). Camden fulfilled Whitman\u2019s desire to be surrounded by people who color the city and bring it to life.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nApart from his mother\u2019s death, Whitman\u2019s relationship with the Stafford family in nearby Timber Creek solidifies the idea that Whitman saw his time in Camden as a second childhood. As Edwin Miller points out in the Selected Letters of Walt Whitman:", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nAmong the Staffords he found an almost exact duplication of his early life. The father, George, was hard-working but not very prosperous. Family life centered around the mother. [\u2026] There were seven living children, five boys and two girls, a situation that paralleled closely [\u2026] the Whitman family. Like his own brothers and sisters, the Stafford children did not have time to be educated, and they had to pitch in and help with the chores to keep the family going. (173)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nWith a surrogate family just a short distance away in the rural heart of New Jersey, Whitman was able to replicate the life of his youth, wrestling with Harry Stafford like a brother, taking long walks through the woods, floating in creeks, and listening to the birds sing. Whitman credits the Staffords with helping to restore his health after the depressions and illnesses leading up to and following his mother\u2019s death.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nDespite these similarities to the many parts of New York Whitman called home, however, he only once refers to Camden as his home without specifying that he means Camden. For example, in an April 22 1887 daybook entry he writes \u201cdrove home Camden 5pm\u201d (DB2 421)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nIn the transcription, the word \u2018Camden\u2019 floats above a caret after the word \u2018home.\u2019 Since the daybooks track very simple activities like visitors and financial matters, and are not written for an outside reader, Whitman must be clarifying the distinction for himself. In a Feb 1877 entry from Specimen Days, Whitman writes \u201cback again at my Camden home\u201d after spending the day in Pennsylvania (97)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nWithout question, the word \u201chome\u201d means something more specific to Whitman than \u201cCamden home,\u201d even if someone reading his letters or notebooks may not actually know the nature of that distinction. Camden is a home in some respects, but it is not his ideal home. The suggestion is that he still considers some other place his true home, although he does not reside there.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nIn addition, there is an 1872 letter to Anne Gilchrist in which Whitman writes that he is \u201chome with my mother,\u201d without clarifying which home he means (SL 160). At the time of the letter, he is visiting his mother in Brooklyn but lives and works in Washington, D.C. Here, there is a clear indication that home, for Whitman, remains Brooklyn, despite his many removes.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nBy the 1880s, as Whitman notes in his poem \u201cThanks in Old Age,\u201d houses are simply \u201cshelter,\u201d as important as, but not nearly as satisfying as, \u201cwine and meat\u201d (629). In another late-life poem, \u201cOf Him I Love Day and Night,\u201d a house has become a crypt, once \u201cfull of life\u201d and now \u201cequally full of death\u201d (561). In letters to friends, including one to Mary Whitall Smith in 1885, he sometimes uses the word \u201cpremises\u201d when referring to his Mickle Street house (C3 401)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nIf his Camden house is anything, it is a shelter, not a comfortable place that Whitman identifies with on some deep emotional level. In fact, as the years wear on, his attitude towards the Mickle Street house moves from neutral to negative.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nSince \u201cwe know perfectly that we feel calmer and more confident when [\u2026] in the house we were born in, than we do in the houses on streets where we have only lived as transients,\u201d it is not surprising that Whitman\u2019s daybooks are filled with depressed comments about his Mickle Street residence, particularly between the years 1887 and 1890 (Bachelard 43). The most intriguing facet of these entries is his tendency to juxtapose comments about his ill health, the bad weather, and the house", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nA December 10 entry reads: \u201cin Mickle street in the old shanty \u2013 a dark rainy day \u2013 somewhat more unwell than usual these days\u201d (D2 443). Here the house mimics how he feels--it is an \u201cold shanty\u201d (a phrase he often used in letters and later entries). Like the house, he is \u201cunwell,\u201d a phrase that is repeated in a January 1888 entry, again following a statement regarding the house: \u201cSaturday Night \u2013 Been in the house all the past week \u2013 Unwell \u2013 bad weather\u201d (446)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nBy March he has changed the order of the details, but not the substance of his complaints: \u201ccold, snowy, biting winter \u2013 hard to keep comfortable here in the little front room\u201d (455). After a long illness, Whitman has been in the house and feels that the entire structure has closed in on him. For all intents and purposes, his room is the house at this stage.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nPoetry from around this time elaborates on the claustrophobia first discussed in his daybooks. A brief poem called \u201cLife and Death\u201d calmly mentions that \u201c[t]he two old, simple problems[\u2026] close home\u201d (629). Despite the fact that the battle is about to overcome him, Whitman writes very plainly that he will \u201cpass on\u201d just like \u201ceach successive age\u201d (629). The feeling of imminent death, though, is pressing in on all sides. The poem itself is brief--four lines in a tight box with none excessively long", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nVisually, the reader feels the pressure, even though the words are meant to console. \u201cTo The Sun-set Breeze\u201d is more positive, describing a \u201cwhispering, something again, unseen\u201d that has entered his window. Whitman describes himself as defenseless with a trademark list ending with the palpable phrase \u201cmelted-worn with sweat\u201d (644)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nWhile this may seem like a poem resenting death, or at least resenting confinement, there is a more positive unseen presence that is a \u201ccompanion better than talk, book, art\u201d (645). This companion takes Whitman outside of his room to see \u201cthe sky, the prairies vast\u201d and to \u201cfeel the mighty northern lakes\u201d (645). Whitman does not feel sorry for himself but yearns to get out of his bedroom to traverse the country the way he did for so many years.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nIn 1888 and 1889, Whitman\u2019s letters to William O\u2019Connor, Alma Calder, Susan Stafford, and William Sloane Kennedy all seal the image of the second story room as a \u201csick room\u201d and \u201cprison cell\u201d (C3 196, 199, 201, 203). A September 1 letter to Kennedy reads, \u201cI am still imprisoned in my sick room [\u2026.] It is all tedious & long drawn out\u201d (C3 203)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nIn a letter to Mary Whitall Smith, Whitman describes a baby\u2019s attack of cholera right after mentioning how he is in his \u201cden in Mickle street the same as ever\u201d (C2 372). The use of the word \u2018den\u2019--a small, dark place--is key, and the phrase \u2018same as ever\u2019 underscores his resignation.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nOne way to better see the poetry of these years is through the idea of exile and nostalgia. In his book Imagining Paris, J. Gerald Kennedy explores the nature of nostalgia in the exiled writer as an effort to understand his or her relation to \u201chome.\u201d Living in a place other than one\u2019s home results in \u201cthe dilemma of the ungrounded self\u201d (Kennedy 27)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nSo, when a writer senses the loss of connection to home, he or she experiences an anxiety that causes him or her to rely on sometimes unrealistically nostalgic subject matter. Whitman\u2019s later poetry fulfills Kennedy\u2019s belief that \u201c[i]n exile, the longing of the self for place reveals itself as pure nostalgia--as a futile yearning for nostos (home), for a ground of being\u201d (Kennedy 28)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nEven though Whitman considered his memories a satisfying version of home in \u201cMy Picture-Gallery,\u201d the physical and mental imprisonment in the Mickle Street house combine to destroy the effectiveness of his Brooklyn and Long Island memories. Further, since he is unable to get out and see Camden and the surrounding area, he is unable to keep the connections to those places alive. He becomes, in fact, doubly exiled--from Camden and from Brooklyn.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nThese concepts help explain Whitman\u2019s numerous references to seafaring in his late work. In the poem \u201cTwenty Years,\u201d for instance, Whitman describes a sailor who has returned home after years at sea to a changed place: \u201call the old land-marks gone--the parents dead\u201d (632). The sailor is looking \u201cto lay in port for good--to settle\u201d but ultimately has no idea what the future holds (632). The \u201crestless keel\u201d suggests that the decision to settle in one place is wrong, that the boy\u2019s ship wants to keep going", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nThe reference to the sailor\u2019s dead parents indicates that the sailor is a version of Whitman, trying to remember and experience a place that was home twenty years ago but is fading from his mind. Whitman is urging this younger version of himself to sail on.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nUltimately, Kennedy finds that the exiled writer strives to \u201cdiscover the \u2018good place\u2019 or the \u2018high place\u2019 wherein the ungrounded self might at last escape homelessness and find bliss\u201d (28). Therefore, while Whitman seems to be wallowing in useless nostalgia, the poems of his later life are actually attempts at achieving bliss, at keeping those connections to place vibrant", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nWhitman confirms Bachelard\u2019s and Kennedy\u2019s views of dreams and nostalgia as attempts for the poet to experience what can no longer be experienced as a result of the passage of time or changes in place. He tries to recreate his home by translating memories into poetry, even writing about the power of those \u201csweet silent backward tracings\u201d in \u201cMemories\u201d (616). Memories are \u201cwanderings as in dreams--the meditation of old times resumed--their loves, joys, persons, voyages\u201d (616)", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nAlthough the poems of his final years seem to wallow in death and may lack the details we prefer, they provide us with a more complete understanding of Whitman\u2019s perspective about home, houses, and, most importantly, his aged self.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\nBachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.\nSchopp, Paul. W. \u201cCamden and Mickle Street: A Cultural History.\u201d Mickle Street Review 14 (2001). http://www.micklestreet.rutgers.edu/archives/Issue%2014/features/schoop.htm.\nWhitman, Walt. Daybooks and Notebooks. Ed. William White. New York: NYU Press, 1978.\n\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013. Leaves of Grass. New York: Library of America, 1992.\n\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013. Selected Letters of Walt Whitman. Ed. Edwin Haviland Miller. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1990.", "Evan James Roskos: Home Isn\u2019t Where the House Is: Whitman\u2019s Camden Exile\n\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013. Specimen Days and Collect. New York: Dover, 1995.\n\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013.The Correspondence of Walt Whitman. Ed. Edwin Haviland Miller. 6 vols. New York: NYU Press, 1961-77."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.bernardine.org/history/

History — Bernardine Cistercians

["History \u2014 Bernardine Cistercians\nIn the 6th century, St. Benedict, Abbot of a thriving community at Monte Cassino in Italy, wrote a Rule for monks. Drawing from the best of the earlier monastic traditions, his rule has been followed by countless monks and nuns for fifteen centuries. The Rule is pervaded by the spirit of the Gospel and characterised by its moderate and human approach. Above all, it is Christ centred; \u201cPrefer nothing whatever to Christ\u201d has inspired many to follow him according to the Benedictine tradition.", "History \u2014 Bernardine Cistercians\nIcon of St. Benedict\nThe Cistercians\nIn the 11th century, 3 Benedictine monks, Ss Robert of Molesme, Alberic and Stephen Harding, sought to follow the Rule of St. Benedict in all its fulness. Along with a group of other monks who shared this vision of simplicity, austerity and fraternal life, they went to Citeaux in Burgundy, where the 'New Monastery' was established in March 1098.\nThey became known as the Cistercians.", "History \u2014 Bernardine Cistercians\nThe new monastery struggled at first, but in 1112, St. Bernard arrived with 30 of his male relatives and friends. Their arrival was to give Citeaux new life and energy. Soon the monastery grew so much that new foundations were made, including Clairvaux in 1115, of which St. Bernard was to be the Abbot.\nAlthough St. Bernard was not one of the founders, he was to play a key role in the development of the new Order. By the time of his death in 1153, there were 353 monasteries of the order throughout Europe.", "History \u2014 Bernardine Cistercians\nMany women wished to follow the Cistercian ideal and many houses were established including several in French Flanders.\nBernardine Cistercians of Esquermes\nThe Abbeys of Notre Dame de la Brayelle at Annay (1196) Notre Dame de la Woestine at St. Omer, (1217) and Notre Dame Des Pr\u00e8s in Douai (1221) were three Cistercian houses for women in Flanders. In common with all monasteries in France, the Abbeys were suppressed and the members dispersed after the French Revolution in 1789.", "History \u2014 Bernardine Cistercians\nThe french Revolution saw the end of many monasteries in France. Three nuns, from each of the Abbeys, met together after the Revolution with the sole aim of re-establishing their Cistercian monastic life.\nAfter many years in exile, spent travelling from place to place, they were finally able to settle at the small village of Esquermes, near Lille, and were officially recognised in 1827.", "History \u2014 Bernardine Cistercians\nThe three founding sisters wanted nothing more than to return to the Cistercian life that the French Revolution had forced them to leave. In 1936, building on the many informal links already made, spiritual links were officially established with the Cistercians of the Strict Observance. And in 1955, the Bernardines were officially recognised by the Church as an Order of Cistercian Nuns with solemn vows."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Secrets/E-Meter/metabolism.html

Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter

["Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter\nThe Metabolism Test\nMartin Hunt, an ex-Scientologist who has about 500 hours of time as an auditor, describes the metabolism test as follows:", "Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter\nThe ``metabolism test'' is given before each session on the E-Meter and comes after the can squeeze that sets sensitivity for 1/3 of a dial drop on the PC. The test involves having the PC take a deep breath, holding it for a second, and then letting it out. This is meant to produce a sudden drop or fall (movement to the right) of the needle on the dial, similar to an LFBD", "Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter\nIf the needle doesn't move far enough, it is assumed that the PC in not sessionable by reason of being tired or hungry; this simple test is meant to measure what Hubbard calls \"basal matabololism\", but it unknown to me how it works.", "Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter\nApparently, there is some connection to taking a deep breath and the restistance of the body dropping, but it is unlikely in my opinion that this has anything to do with how much the PC has slept or eaten. In all likelihood, this is a learned biofeedback mechanism, and can sometimes be used to get out of a session that the PC does not want to take. If the test does not work the first time, often the PC is asked to wait a minute and try again, this time breathing deeper", "Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter\nIf this doesn't work, the PC is sent running off to get a candy bar from a machine or some such, eat that, come back, and the test is tried once more. Of course, under normal conditions in Scientology, and especially for staff, the PC is always tired. However, if the PC is deemed \"unsessionable\" because of poor results on the metab test, he or she is often sent packing to Ethics."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/74913-06-7

ChemIDplus and the Drug Information Portal Content Available From PubChem Only Starting December 2022. NLM Technical Bulletin. 2022 Jul–Aug

["ChemIDplus and the Drug Information Portal Content Available From PubChem Only Starting December 2022. NLM Technical Bulletin. 2022 Jul\u2013Aug\nDrug Name: Chromomycin\nDescription: A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.\nInfo Antibiotics, Antineoplastic\nInfo Antineoplastic Agents\nInfo Enzyme Inhibitors\nInfo Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/catalogs/60/

"Graduate course catalog (Florida International University). [2009-2010" by Florida International University

["Graduate course catalog (Florida International University). [2009-2010 by Florida International University\nHome > SPCUA > CATALOGS > 60\nFIU Course Catalogs\nGraduate course catalog (Florida International University). [2009-2010]\nMiami, Fla. : Florida International University", "Graduate course catalog (Florida International University). [2009-2010 by Florida International University\nDigitizing sponsors: Lyrasis Members, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Florida International University Core Infrastructure/Critical Investment funding. Digitized by Internet Archive. Florida International University holds the copyright for both the paper and digital versions of this work. This work may be used for personal use or for fair use as defined by United States copyright law. Commercial use of this work is prohibited unless Florida International University grants express permission.", "Graduate course catalog (Florida International University). [2009-2010 by Florida International University\nFlorida International University, \"Graduate course catalog (Florida International University). [2009-2010]\" (2009). FIU Course Catalogs. 60.\nhttp://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/catalogs/60\nFiles over 15MB may be slow to open. For best results, right-click and select \"Save as...\"\nIn Copyright - Non-Commmercial Use Permitted. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/", "Graduate course catalog (Florida International University). [2009-2010 by Florida International University\nThis Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for non-commercial uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).\nFIU Special Collections and University Archives"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.britannica.com/science/Babylonian-calendar

Babylonian calendar | Definition & Facts | Britannica

["Babylonian calendar | Definition & Facts | Britannica\nBabylonian calendar, chronological system used in ancient Mesopotamia, based on a year of 12 synodic months; i.e., 12 complete cycles of phases of the Moon. This lunar year of about 354 days was more or less reconciled with the solar year, or year of the seasons, by the occasional intercalation of an extra month", "Babylonian calendar | Definition & Facts | Britannica\nFrom about 380 bc the beginning of the first month of the year, Nisanu, was maintained near the onset of spring by the use of a regular cycle (similar to the Greek Metonic cycle) of intercalations.", "Babylonian calendar | Definition & Facts | Britannica\ncalendar: Babylonian calendars\nIn Mesopotamia the solar year was divided into two seasons, the \u201csummer,\u201d which included the barley harvest in the second half of May or in the beginning of June, and the \u201cwinter,\u201d which roughly corresponded to today\u2019s fall\u2013winter. Three seasons (Assyria) and four\u2026\nlunar calendar", "Babylonian calendar | Definition & Facts | Britannica\nThe Sumerians were probably the first to develop a calendar based entirely on the recurrence of lunar phases. Each Sumero-Babylonian month began on the first day of visibility of the new Moon. Although an intercalary month was used periodically, intercalations were haphazard, inserted when the royal\u2026\nhistory of Mesopotamia", "Babylonian calendar | Definition & Facts | Britannica\nHistory of Mesopotamia, history of the region in southwestern Asia where the world\u2019s earliest civilization developed. The name comes from a Greek word meaning \u201cbetween rivers,\u201d referring to the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but the region can be broadly defined to include the area that is now\u2026\nMore About Babylonian calendar\nmajor treatment\nIn calendar: Babylonian calendars\nIn lunar calendar\nKidinnu\nNisanu", "Babylonian calendar | Definition & Facts | Britannica\nTelevision (TV), the electronic delivery of moving images and sound from a source to a receiver. By extending\u2026\nArtificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform\u2026"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://popularculturestudies.osu.edu/people/chan.9

Marjorie Chan | Popular Culture Studies

["Marjorie Chan | Popular Culture Studies\nMarjorie K.M. Chan is Associate Professor of Chinese Linguistics in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics, and Director of the Institute for Chinese Studies, East Asian Studies Center, Office of International Affairs at The Ohio State University. Her research area is Chinese linguistics, with focus on phonetics, phonology (synchronic and diachronic), and dialectology", "Marjorie Chan | Popular Culture Studies\nPublications include linguistic articles on humor, language-music interaction, and language and gender, that utilize as sources Cantonese operas and early (post-WWII) Cantopop songs. Her research interest and publications also extends to studies on early written Cantonese materials, including ballads and opera scripts", "Marjorie Chan | Popular Culture Studies\nShe regularly teaches the upper-undergraduate/graduate-level course on Chinese opera, which covers stagecraft, performance, costumes, stories, etc., of Peking opera, Kunqu, as well as regional operas that use the local dialect. She has also taught the undergraduate GEC course on traditional Chinese culture.", "Marjorie Chan | Popular Culture Studies\nChinese linguistics\nLinguistic study of humor; language and gender; language and\nPhD, University of Washington\nBA & MA, University of British Columbia\[email protected]\n398 Hagerty Hall"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.vlab.virginia.gov/about-vlab/board-members/

Virginia Latino Advisory Board

["Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nVirginia Latino Advisory Board Members\nThe Board shall consist of 21 non-legislative members, at least 15 of whom shall be of Latino descent. They shall be appointed by the Governor and serve at his/her pleasure. In addition, the Secretaries of the Commonwealth, Commerce and Trade, Education, Health and Human Resources, Public Safety & Homeland Security, and Transportation, or their designees, shall serve as ex-officio members without voting privileges. All members shall be residents of the Commonwealth.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nTo the right is a list of current Board members. (Updated March 2018)\nCOMMITTEE DESCRIPTIONS\nThe VLAB Education and Workforce Development Committee examines the importance of education and workforce development in supporting Latino communities across Virginia. By working with K-12 systems, higher education, and workforce development agencies in all regions of the Commonwealth, the committee works to promote greater educational attainment and equity, and stronger pathways to economic opportunity.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nChair: Eugene Chigna\nMembers: Juan Espinoza, Vivian Sanchez Jones, Dania Matos\nThe VLAB Business Committee examines the role of Latino businesses in the Virginia economy and considers ways to increase the economic prosperity of Latinos in the workforce. The Committee works with Latino business owners and leaders across the state to help Latino-owned or Latino-focused businesses grow, and works to promote the importance and influence of Latinos as consumers and business leaders.\nChair: Jorge Yinat", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nMembers: Ana Solorio, Edgar Aranda, Estuardo Rodriguez\nThe VLAB Healthcare Committee examines the health of Latino communities across Virginia and works to craft recommendations and policies that are sensitive to the needs and concerns of those communities. By working with health providers, and federal, state, and local partners, the committee promotes policies and practices that address the need to increase the numbers of insured Latinos and to encourage preventive health.\nChair: Sergio Rimola", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nThe VLAB Civic Engagement Committee examines strategies for strengthening relationships between Latino communities and all Virginians. The committee promotes practices that are central to civic participation, including voting and voter registration, leadership, and service on state boards and commissions. The committee also works with community partners to improve communication among Latino communities and state government and to raise awareness about issues of importance to Latino communities.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nThe VLAB Housing Committee will address the issue of communicating with the greater community on where and how to apply for assistance, how to navigate through the requirements and regulations, and recommending community support organizations. The main issues surrounding housing within the Latino community are lack of funding and rental credit assistance, limited number of homeless shelters, lack of support for trailer park residents, and lack of permanent affordable housing.\nChair: Michael Martinez", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nAna Solorio was born in Northern California to parents from Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico. She and her family moved to Missouri in her late childhood. Ana graduated from Washington University in St. Louis, where she was a Rodriguez and McLeod Scholar, with a degree in Chemical Engineering. Prior to moving to Richmond, Ana was awarded a grant from the National Institute of Health to conduct research at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nAna relocated to Richmond in 2015 and held several manufacturing technology engineering positions in DuPont Tyvek\u00ae. Currently, Ana is the Growth Process Leader in the Strategy, Growth, & Ventures team of DuPont's Safety and Construction business. She is the Chair of the Hispanic Network employee resource group and active in the organization's community giving initiatives. In addition to the Virginia Latino Advisory Board, she serves as the Secretary of the Sacred Heart Center Board of Directors", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nDuring Ana\u2019s free time, she enjoys being engaged in her community while volunteering with Sacred Heart Center's programs, tutoring, or mentoring youth.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nCarmen Romero is the Vice President of Real Estate Development for Arlington Partnership for Affordable Housing. She leads the development efforts of APAH\u2019s portfolio and oversees the Real Estate Development team. Under Ms. Romero\u2019s leadership, APAH\u2019s Real Estate Development team delivered The Springs, a 104- unit, award-winning community in Ballston in 2016. The property is mixed use, combining committed affordable and market rate units with APAH\u2019s headquarters in a ground floor condo", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe also oversaw the predevelopment and construction of Columbia Hills, a 229-unit, hybrid 4%/9% tax credit transaction. The project is scheduled to deliver in 2018. For the past three years, Ms. Romero has led a public-private partnership with a faith-based organization to redevelop a church into 173 units of affordable housing and ground-floor retail. This project, named Gilliam Place, is under construction and scheduled to open in 2019. Additionally, Ms", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nRomero is leading the redevelopment of APAH\u2019s Queens Court property in Rosslyn into a new 249- unit high rise. The project is scheduled to close and begin construction in Q1 2019. Carmen also leads APAH\u2019s efforts to purchase existing multi-family properties, entitlements, and transaction structuring. Prior to joining APAH in 2011, Ms. Romero was a Director of Real Estate Development and public private partnerships at Clark Construction. She began her career at Marriott International.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nCecilia E. Barbosa, PhD, MPH, MCP is principal and owner, cBe consulting. She received a PhD in social and behavioral health from Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in December 2014. She has worked for over 20 years in maternal and child health in Virginia, including several years as an independent consultant, as Director, Division of Child and Adolescent Health,Virginia Department of Health, and as Executive Director, Virginia Public Health Association", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe received Master of Public Health and Master of City Planning degrees from the University of California at Berkeley and a BA degree in Biology from Smith College. In addition to chairing the Virginia Latino Advisory Board, she serves on the Boards of the Jenkins Foundation and Dancing Classrooms of Greater Richmond, the Virginia Department of Health Institutional Review Board, and the Mayor of Richmond\u2019s Breastfeeding Taskforce", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe helped organize a VCU \u2013 University of Sao Paulo scientific collaboration and an event to promote Brazilian culture and trade in Virginia, and served on the Board of the Virginia Center for Latin American Art and the planning committee of the Latino Health Summit (2006). A citizen of Brazil and USA, she is fluent in Portuguese, Spanish, and French.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nCecilia Williams\nCecilia is originally from Cuzco, Peru. She has lived in the United States for 29 years. She earned a BA in Journalism and Social Communication with a minor in Political Sciences at the University of San Marcos in Lima, Peru as well as a BS in Biology and Sciences, and M.Ed. at the University of Alaska, Anchorage. She is fluent in Spanish, English, and Quechua, and knows basic Portuguese and Italian. She is a certified language interpreter.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe taught Spanish at Saint Elizabeth Ann Setton in Anchorage, Alaska, worked as a language interpreter in the Alaska Court System and taught at Fairfax County Public Schools as a Spanish, Science, and Special Education Instructor. She is currently working as a Spanish Professor at Northern Virginia Community College.\nShe volunteers helping students teaching English as a Second Language at Saint John Newman Catholic Church and Fairfax County Public Libraries.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe also volunteers as an interpreter with non-profit immigration organizations to support DACA, DAPA, and US citizenship test preparation.\nShe volunteered for Boy Scouts of America, the Parent Resource Center for children with disabilities, as PTA Vice President, assistant coach at Chantilly Youth Association, and at Reston Little League. Franklin Farm Home owners association, and US Special Olympics.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe also volunteered for the 2000 and 2010 US Census, American Organization to Prevent Suicide, Northern Virginia Dental Society, Peruvian Chamber of Commerce and Peruvian Embassy and the Affordable Care Act. She drives senior citizens to their polling place in every election.\nShe loves to travel and had visited over 41 countries.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nCecilia always says that it is an honor to be a part of a selected group of professionals from across the state of Virginia who share a passion and commitment to help our community by advising the Governor on matters that impact the Hispanic Community!\nDamien Cabezas", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nDamien Cabezas is currently the Chief Executive Officer at Horizon Behavioral Health, the 4 th largest community service board in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Prior to coming to Horizon, Damien served as the Chief Operating Officer at Catholic Charities, the 9th largest US charity. Damien has twenty plus years of executive management experience in healthcare and behavioral health", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHe has spearheaded large-scale medical, mental health, substance use, reentry, and housing programs, as well as social enterprises within the non-profit sector. He has held oversight responsibilities for alternative to incarceration programs that collaborated with drug treatment and mental health courts in New York", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nDamien\u2019s expertise and involvement with social impact bonds led Santa Clara County in California to issue a request for proposals that used social impact bonds as a method for financing mental health and housing services. Damien has served as Chair and member of several talent management, health, criminal justice, housing, workforce development and social enterprise boards, committees, and task forces", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nDamien holds a Master of Public Health degree from New York Medical College in Valhalla, NY and a Master of Social Work degree from Fordham University in Manhattan, NY.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nDania Matos\nMs. Matos, a recipient of the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship and the Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Fellowship, holds a Bachelor\u2019s Degree in International Relations from Brown University and a Juris Doctor from the Catholic University, Columbus School of Law. Her commitment to do the right thing for all has remained a visible constant throughout her expansive career that has spanned the private, public and nonprofit sectors.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nIn Washington, DC, Dania has worked in the fields of International Trade and Environmental Law through private Washington D.C. firms and then joined the public sector in a commitment to indigent defense.\nA trailblazer and zealous advocate for equality, she recently transitioned into higher education administration as the inaugural Deputy Chief Diversity Officer and highest ranking Latina administrator at William & Mary, America\u2019s second oldest institution of higher education.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nAt Brown, she served on the President\u2019s Leadership and Diversity Advisory Councils, the Brown Alumni Association Board of Governors, the Brown Alumni Association of Class Leaders, and the Alumni of Color Initiative Gift Committee. Additionally, she proudly serves as President Emerita of the Brown University Latino Alumni Council and is the current Region 2 Director of the Alumni Interviewing Program.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHer commitment to education access continued through her service on the Arlington County Superintendent\u2019s Executive Advisory Board, Bossed Up and as a Senior Advisor to the President and CEO of the Hispanic Heritage Foundation.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe has also served on the boards of the Latin American Youth Center, the Hispanic National Bar Association, the Hispanic Bar Association of D.C. as well as a Steering Committee member for the Hispanic Leadership Awards sponsored by the National Boy Scouts Council of America. Ms. Matos was has been recognized as a trailblazing leader by Leadership Arlington and honored as one of their Top 40 under 40 for her contributions to the community both personally and professionally", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe was also named a Hispanic Leader 2016 by the Embassy of Spain for her distinguished record of accomplishments. Her most recent achievement was to be recognized as one of the Top 25 Women in Higher Education by Diverse: Issues in Higher Education for making a difference in society by attacking some of higher education\u2019s toughest challenges, exhibiting extraordinary leadership skills, and making a difference in their respective communities.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nEdgar Aranda\nEdgar is the Executive Director of the Virginia Coalition of Latino Organizations (VACOLAO) and the Senior Lead Organizer with the Legal Aid Justice Center\u2019s Immigrant Advocacy Program. He is the founding member of the Virginia Coalition for Immigrant Rights (VACIR) and Drive Virginia Forward Coalition. In 2016, he was the recipient of Fairfax County Board of Supervisors\u2019 proclamation acknowledging Hispanic Heritage Month for his contribution to the Hispanic community in Fairfax County.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nIn 2014 he received a national award from the Tides Foundation in recognition for his extraordinary service and dedication to driving thoughtful reform in education. In 2010, Edgar received the Linowes Leadership Award of the Community Foundation of the Greater Capital Region for his outstanding organizing work in the region.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nEdgar received a Practitioner Fellowship from the Kalmanovitz Initiative for Labor and the Working Poor of Georgetown University in 2011. He received an LL.M. from Temple University\u2019s James E. Beasley School of Law in 2006 where he was honored with the Professor Samuel Gyandoh Award for outstanding service to the law school community.\nPrior to his work in the United States, Edgar was a practicing lawyer in his native country Peru.\nEstuardo V. Rodriguez, Jr.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nEstuardo Rodriguez began his professional law career at the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development, where he worked as an attorney under Secretary Henry Cisneros and later Secretary Andrew Cuomo.\nEstuardo splits his portfolio among a number of non-profit clients, which include the National Hispanic Leadership Agenda (NHLA), TIAA-CREF Institute, the Hispanic Heritage Foundation and corporate clients including Anheuser-Busch, Sprint, Time Warner Cable and Univision.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nEs also serves as a Democratic strategist and news commentator. He has appeared on CNN, CNN en Espa\u00f1ol, NTN 24, Univision and Telemundo. He served the U.S. Department of State as an independent political analyst in Latin America and abroad.\nA firm priority, Estuardo serves as the Executive Director of the Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino (FRIENDS), a nonprofit designed to build support for the creation of a Smithsonian National American Latino Museum.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nRaised in Washington, D.C., Es received his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and Philosophy from Barry International Catholic University in Miami, Fl., and his Juris Doctor from St. John's University School of Law in New York City. Estuardo is the Chair of Governor Terry McAuliffe's Virginia Latino Advisory Board, co-founder of the Hispanic Lobbyists Association and member of the Hispanic Bar Association of D.C.\nEugene Chigna", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nEugene Chigna was born in Los Angeles, California, to Guatemalan immigrants. At age five his family moved to the Falls Church area in Northern Virginia, where he later completed his middle school and high school education in Arlington, Virginia. Eugene began his college career at Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia, and eventually transferred to Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, where he graduated with Political Science honors.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nIn 2016 Eugene interned with state Senator Creigh Deeds during the general assembly, became a Governor\u2019s Fellow in the summer working with the Secretary of Finance, and interned with the Democratic Richmond Regional Political Director for the 2016 presidential campaign. Eugene currently resides in Richmond, Virginia, where he is active in state and local politics, and volunteers his time as an assistant national volleyball coach in the Northern Virginia area.\nGloria Maria Pe\u00f1a Rockhold", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nGloria Pe\u00f1a Rockhold is the Community Programs Manager for Albemarle County Public Schools, which serves 13,100 students in 26 schools covering 726 square miles. Her responsibilities include promoting the active engagement of the county\u2019s diverse communities in K-12 education as well as ensuring the delivery of high quality educational services to all residents.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHer particular focus is on the Latino community, which is a rapidly growing part of the county\u2019s student population. In addition to coordinating Community Programs around the division, she is focused on the high educational attainment of our marginalized students. Including and engaging families in the educational conversation is a consistent component of all programs Gloria is involved in", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe is involved in crafting cultural competency professional development workshops for the school division as well as community organizations. In addition, Gloria works closely with diversity resource teachers in each school to develop programs and special events that bring parents into the schools as active participants in their child\u2019s education.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nIn addition to her position with Albemarle County Public Schools, Rockhold is the executive board chair of Creciendo Juntos, a service organization for the Latino community; a board member of the Charlottesville Free Clinic, Habitat for Humanity and the Citizens Action Committee for the Office of the Public Defender.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nPrior to her current position, Rockhold served as a multi-cultural mental health counselor at Albemarle High School. She holds a Master\u2019s degree in Leadership and Foundations in Education from the University of Virginia and a Master\u2019s degree in Multi-Cultural Mental Health Counseling from the American University of Prof. Psychology. She received her Bachelor\u2019s degree in Marketing from Louisiana State University. She also is a graduate of Leadership Charlottesville and Sorensen Political Leadership", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nJ. Michael Martinez de Andino is Senior Counsel at the law firm of Hunton & Williams LLP. He was born in Puerto Rico in 1955. Mike later was awarded a four year R.O.T.C. scholarship and attended the University of Virginia. He graduated in 1978 with a B.S. in Aerospace Engineering. After serving seven years as a pilot for the U.S. Navy, he earned an M.B.A. from the College of William and Mary in 1986. He later attended Law School at the University of Kansas and is a registered patent attorney", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nJorge Yinat, Ph.D., is a Business & Management Consultant as founder of James | Williams | York & Co. He is a Virginia Licensed Property & Casualty Insurance Producer, and a Management Scholar at local Colleges and Universities", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nJorge Yinat obtained a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) in Management from the University of Puerto Rico. He graduated from the Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), Military Sciences program, before receiving his Army Officer\u2019s commission as Second Lieutenant. He completed a Master of Science (MSc) degree in Management from Central Michigan University while serving the U.S. Army at Fort McPherson, Georgia", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nJorge achieved a Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Organization and Management from Capella University while working as Training Developer at the Army\u2019s Training and Doctrine Command at Fort Eustis, Virginia. Jorge Yinat, Ph.D", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nis now business and management consultant, commercial insurance advisor, and management scholar with extensive and diversified managerial and leadership knowledge, business research expertise as a result of his senior-level military, government, and c-level business exposure worldwide.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nDr. Yinat is engaged in the development of techniques to provide businesses and organizations with analytics and decision making processes to produce efficiencies and sustainable profitability. His passion for business research and analytics, led him to develop a proprietary Work@Vantage\u00ae System designed to streamline business operations and to increase organizational performance", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHis interests include business academia for business owners and entrepreneurs, business risk mitigation programs for small and medium size businesses through commercial-business insurance advisory, and local economic development activities in association with local economic development authorities, business organizations, and chambers of commerce.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nJuan serves as associate director in the Office of Undergraduate Admissions and director of diversity and access initiatives for Enrollment and Degree Management. He also currently serves as President of the Virginia Latino Higher Education Network (VALHEN). Juan develops new programs and initiatives that better serve underrepresented students as they navigate the offices within Enrollment and Degree Management and also oversees international admissions and recruitment", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nIn addition, he collaborates with other campus offices to ensure the university is recruiting, retaining, and graduating underrepresented students.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nIn 2014, President Timothy Sands appointed Juan to serve in Virginia Tech\u2019s new diversity framework, InclusiveVT, as an inclusion coordinator. The inclusion coordinators serve as university resources by becoming collaborators, liaisons, proactive information seekers, and conduits for the Virginia Tech community.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nEspinoza received two bachelor\u2019s degrees in political science and public and urban affairs from Virginia Tech. He received a master\u2019s degree in corporate and professional communication from Radford University.\nKarina Kline-Gabel", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nKarina Kline-Gabel has served as a Lecturer of Spanish for the Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures, & Cultures since 2003 at James Madison University. She received her M.A. in Spanish Literature from the University of Virginia and her B.A. in International Affairs and Latin American Studies from JMU", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nKarina is an active member of the JMU Latin American & Caribbean Studies Committee as the coordinator of the Cultura y Comunidad series for local K12 educators and is the founder and president of the Madison Hispanic Faculty Caucus. A native of Harrisonburg with Colombian heritage, she has served as an advocate for the local Latinx population in Harrisonburg and Rockingham County for the last 20 years", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nLocally she serves on the board for the Scholars Latino Initiative, The Massanutten Regional Library, and is the founder/director for the Hispanic Film Festival. Karina is also a board member for the state organization, VALHEN (Virginia Latino Higher Education Network) and coordinates the organization's academic lecture series. In 2009 she received the All Together One award for her efforts in student and community engagement.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nMercedes is the co-owner and executive director of Envision Family Services, a community mental health agency dedicated to servicing youth, families, schools and communities. Seeing the need in the community, Mercedes has developed an ongoing passion for advocacy, social justice and equality, and educational reforms with emphasis in mental health and equal opportunities for every single child", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHer agency promotes the 3 C\u2019s-that every single child should feel Confident, Connected and Cared for in their school setting in order to increase their chances of academic success. Mercedes believes that the 3 C\u2019s can be accomplished by training, and reinforcing, teachers to be culturally competent; addressing students\u2019 mental health needs; promoting emotional and practical intelligence; and by motivating, assisting and teaching parents to be involved in their children school life.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nOriginally from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Mercedes spent half of her childhood in Venezuela. Mercedes, along with her two younger cousins, was raised by her grandmother until the age of almost 15 when she relocated to New York City to live with her mother. She received her bachelor\u2019s degree in psychology from York College (City University of New York), and her master\u2019s degree from Norfolk State University in community and clinical psychology", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe also has completed all the requirements to receive her Ed.S in mental health counseling from Old Dominion University. In addition, Mercedes is a resident in counseling and is in the final stages of becoming a licensed professional counselor (LPC). Mercedes currently resides in Chesapeake, VA with her husband and their two daughters.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nPaul Berry\nPaul has lived in Virginia since 2015 and has over a decade of public and private sector experience working in economic development and public policy.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHe is now the Director of Data Intelligence at Aegis Mobile, a firm that provides predictive modeling and machine learning based solutions to public and private clients on three continents. With offices in McLean, VA and Columbia, MD, his department has clients in the IT/Tech, Telecom, Public Safety, Cybersecurity, and consumer products industries.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHe spent several years working on economic inequality and poverty reduction measures at the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and in foreign countries between 2007 and 2013. His work portfolio included Latin America, East Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nPrior to joining Aegis, Paul worked at AFSCME, a public sector employee union dedicated to improving the lives of working families in the United States and Puerto Rico. While on leave from AFSCME to fulfill an assignment with the AFL-CIO, Paul worked closely with Latinx communities to increase involvement in civic activities like voting, voter registration drives, workforce training and safety awareness.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nPaul graduated from Brown University (BS, Mathematics), the University of Geneva (MA, Political Science), and the University of Chicago (MPP, Economic Policy). His scholarship\nfocused on how states create legal environments facilitating business growth in open, fair playing fields for entrepreneurs, workers, and investors.\nSergio Rimola", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nOriginally from Guatemala, Sergio migrated to United States in 1985 during the civil war unrest in the Central American Country. He graduated from Medical School at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala and completed a residency program in Obstetrics and Gynecology before migrating to the United States.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nOnce in the US he learned English and passed the requirements for foreign medical graduates, enrolled and finished a residency program in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Sisters and Charity Hospital affiliated with SUNY at Buffalo. He is a Board certified member of the American Congress of Ob/Gyn. He practiced medicine in Oswego NY before moving to Northern Virginia in 1997 where he has been in private practice in Vienna Virginia through the present time.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHe has been an attending Physician at Inova Fairfax Hospital since 1997. He received faculty appointments at GWU and VCU as Associated Clinical Professor of Ob/Gyn, serving as a preceptor and mentor for medical students, residents and nurse practitioners.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHe serves in the National Hispanic Medical Association as DC-Metro Region Co-Chairperson; the NHMA mission is to empower Hispanic physicians to lead efforts to improve the health of Hispanics in collaboration with Hispanic state medical societies, residents, and medical students, and other public and private sector partners.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHe was appointed by supervisor John Foust to serve in Fairfax County Human Services Council representing the Dranesville District. He is a volunteer physician for the Health Department and non profit Nueva Vida serving uninsured patients. He is Vice President of Task Tarea, a nonprofit dedicated to break the circle of poverty through the power of literacy and education providing scholarship to indigenous girls in the highlands of Guatemala", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHe is actively involved in the Latino community in health, immigration and environmental issues. He is actively involved in Politics as a volunteer and fundraiser, and was recently elected on the board of the Democratic Latino Organization of Virginia (DLOV) as finance director.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nVictoria Cartagena currently resides in Carrollton, VA where she finds joy in arts, culture, activism and community. She currently works for Hampton University where she serves as the Director of the Hispanic and Latino Initiative. Victoria graduated from the University of Florida with a Bachelors Degree in Science and then continued on to earn her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nHer passion for community and activism can be seen through her volunteer work as a Board Member of the Virginia Latino Advisory Board, Chair of the Emerging Entrepreneurs Committee with the Hampton Roads Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, and Official Photographer of G.R.O.W., a 501(c)3 that serves women impacted by domestic violence. Victoria volunteers for community events and charities throughout the year and has also been invited to speak on confidence, spirituality, women empowerment and more", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nShe is currently using her multiple talents to develop programs that promote college and career readiness within the Latino community while also addressing the many barriers that may impact participation in such programs like cultural competence, identity consciousness, accessibility, and finances. Victoria believes in serving the whole student and she plans to develop a unique program at Hampton University that serves the Latino learner.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nInterests: Mental Health, Trauma, Creative Therapy, Community Outreach, Program Development, Latinos in Higher Education, Cultural Competence, Diversity and Inclusion, Arts, Music, Social Media Impact, Latino Leadership, Civic Engagement, Education, Workforce Development.\nVivian Sanchez-Jones", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nVivian Sanchez-Jones was born in San Jose de Ocoa in the Dominican Republic. Vivian attended the Bernard Baruch College of the City University of New York where she received her Bachelor's degree in International Marketing with a major in Spanish Literature. In 1998, Vivian and her family moved to the Dominican Republic to work with Food for the Hungry International doing relief and development work.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nAfter spending four years in the Dominican Republic, the family returned to the United States and settled in Roanoke. Vivian began working with Refugee and Immigration Services, a Program of Commonwealth Catholic Charities, as the school liaison for immigrant children in 2004. As a School and Community liaison she has worked with several hundred Latino families in the Roanoke Valley, helping them navigate the school system and community services.", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nSince living in Roanoke, Vivian has served on the Roanoke City Multi-Cultural Committee appointed by Mayor Harris, the Virginia Board of Counseling appointed by Governor Kaine, The Latino Task Force Committee, which organized the first Latino Festival in Roanoke, Festival in the Park, Blue Ridge Council of the Boy Scouts of America, The Complete Count Committee for the State of Virginia as well as for the City of Roanoke and The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine diversity board", "Virginia Latino Advisory Board\nVivian also serves as President of Avencemos Roanoke, a community organization assisting Latinos in the Roanoke Valley. She was appointed in 2014 by Governor McAuliffe to serve on the Board of Counseling. In honor of her humanitarian efforts and commitment to the Latino community, Vivian was awarded the Martin Luther King Local Hero Award in 2007 and the Women of Achievement, Equality Award in 2012."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://primierbett.com/sports-betting/lee-hughes-crash-sky-sports-news/

primierbett.com

["primierbett.com\nLee Hughes name receives mixed reactions while talking about football. His illustrious career continues to be followed closely by sky sports news who were following his career from his days being a semi professional in England C National Football team to his latest position as a striker of Notts County. Lee Hughes began realizing his dream when he became a part of the West Bromwich Albion for a record fee of 200,000, the biggest ever paid to a non-league player", "primierbett.com\nHis career continued its upward stream prior to the car accident that he was involved in and held accountable in the 2003-2004 season.", "primierbett.com\nIt can be said that it was this crash that changed Hughes life. A passenger, Douglas Graham, in the Renault that his Mercedes hit, died from the crash plus the driver of the Renault was seriously injured. Since Hughes had been drinking that night, he fled from the accident scene to avoid the breath analyzer test", "primierbett.com\nThough he turned himself to the police the following day and was charged with causing death by drunken driving, he was released on bail which allowed him to complete Albions First Division campaign and subsequently be a part of the Premier League. He went on to becoming the clubs leading goal scorer with 13 goals.", "primierbett.com\nThe verdict on the crash was delivered in August 2004 where Hughes was found responsible for the death of Douglas Graham caused by drunken driving as well as fleeing from the crime scene and was sentenced to six years of imprisonment and was also banned from driving for 10 years.", "primierbett.com\nIt appeared like the start of his downslide when his contract with West Bromwich Albion was terminated and the appeal for a reduced sentence refused. While in prison he found salvation in Islam, the faith that he converted to. Alongside, he also played for the Staffordshire County Senior League as a part of the prison football team, Featherstone F.C.", "primierbett.com\nDays before his release news surfaced of Hughes signing a contract with Oldham Athletic. He did sign a 2 year contract upon his release in August 2007 with them at 1,800 every week, the total amount being one tenth of what he earned throughout his stint with Wes Bromwich Albion. However, by the time the season ended, Hughes has reclaimed his position as being the highest goal scorer for that club, scoring 8 goals.", "primierbett.com\nIt\u2019s been on the upswing for Hughes since then. He joined the Championship Club Blackpool on loan and made his first goal against Charlton Athletic. He ended up being signed a two year agreement for League Two team for Notts County and scored a hat-trick in the victory over Bradford City with 5-0.", "primierbett.com\nThough Hughes finds himself climbing up the ladder of success, he\u2019s still haunted by way of the demons from the past. He still seeks to redeem himself by doing community and charity work in anticipation that his work in a way can help prevent another tragedy from happening.\nSky Sports news has got the detailed and updated records of all of Lee Hughes games, scores and transfer history\nLee Hughes sky sports news"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.thecolumnist.com.ng/2018/10/24/averting-the-drift-into-anarchy-by-yakubu-mohammed/

Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed

["Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nHome Columnist Averting the drift into anarchy \u2013 By Yakubu Mohammed\nAverting the drift into anarchy \u2013 By Yakubu Mohammed\nAll said and done, I am not sure that President Muhammadu Buhari will be willing to abandon his sworn commitment to bring to an end the apparently intractable insecurity problems threatening to set the country on fire. In fact, the President must see it as a war that he must win \u2013 and this phase of the on-going war cannot, by any means, profit from any form of prevarication.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nTruth be told, it is the North, more than other zones, which bears the major brunt of this self-inflicted madness. The reason is clear enough", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThe North, once thought to be a united and monolithic political colossus, has today become a victim of religious bigotry as well as ethnic chauvinism breeding all manner of crises ranging from the Maitasine riots in the 1980s to the various religious clashes between Christians and Muslims in places like Kaduna, Kano, Yola, Kafanchan, Jos, Katsina and even Bauchi culminating in the Boko Haram insurgency and the cattle herdsmen and farmers feud with their horrendous bloodletting capabilities.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nUnfortunately the leaders of the North \u2013 traditional, religious, political, military and even intellectual \u2013 all of them, in their brazen pursuit of mundane perishability, seem to me to have failed woefully to pull the region back from the brink. This disturbing situation provoked the column I wrote in Newswatch in July 1991 titled \u201cthe wild, wild North\u201d which I reproduce today because of its continued relevance in the search for solution.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nNothing appears to have changed since then \u2013 except perhaps for the worst. In addition to the home grown religious clashes of those years, the North has since imported armed robberies, kidnappings and ritual killings to add up to the number.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nOnce, they say, is happenstance twice is coincidence and the third time is enemy action. If this age-old saying holds true in all situations, then there is a real temptation to see the long and blood-dripping hand of the enemy behind most of the disturbances we\u2019ve had in the North in the guise of religious conflicts. It has happened not once, not twice and all with so much death and destruction. From Kano to Yola to Maiduguri to Kafanchan to Katsina and now Bauchi. And there seems to be no end to it", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThe committee set up by the emirs and chiefs of the 11 northern states has a difficult assignment. Last week, the emirs met to discuss this troubling development and the Sultan of Sokoto, Ibrahim Dasuki, stated it as it is by calling the North the \u201cbedrock of disturbances.\u201d He could have called it the wild, wild North, having successfully upstaged the West, once notorious as the hotbed of political intrigue and violence.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nClearly, the North has acquired the dubious reputation of a volatile and temperamental region. Before you can say salam or Jesus is the answer,\u201d one church or mosque would have gone up in flames and the so-called army of God would have ransacked the homes of the so-called unbelievers in a self-righteous indignation that is based on arrogance, irrationality and provocation", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThe Sultan, who appears very disturbed by this development, urged the emirs and chiefs to worry about what is happening and bring to bear on their followers the need for peaceful co-existence and tolerance. These incessant conflicts, he said, are not the problems of Nigerians in the South and so, as \u201cfathers of the nation, emirs cannot stand and watch the situation get out of hand.\u201d The Sultan wanted the meeting to discuss the means of arriving at a lasting peace in the North", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThe committee was given the task of identifying the causes of the conflicts and to suggest solutions. The first flaw is the non-representation of CAN, the Christian Association of Nigeria, northern branch. The conflicts have almost always been between the Muslims and the Christians.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThe most difficult aspect of the committee\u2019s assignment is its ability or the lack of it, to get to the root of the matter. After the Kafanchan riot, many meaningful leaders of the North \u2013 politicians, captains of industry, religious leaders and community kingpins \u2013 met to find a solution to the problem. The success of that exercise can now be measured by the enormity of the Katsina and the Bauchi riots that followed Kafanchan some three years later. So, what is wrong?", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThat is what the committee should probe into: the root cause. This may not be found in the so-called attempt to Islamize the country which the Christians are supposed to be opposing. The history of the North from the time of the Sardauna and premier of the defunct Northern Nigeria, Ahmadu Bello, does not prove conclusively that there was any attempt at any time to Islamise the North, not to talk of the whole of Nigeria", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThe talk of Islamization is all crap, a smokescreen for the enemies of the people to foment trouble between one group and another and, therefore, hold down the economic development of this part of the country. And the naive and the gullible few, the veritable wretched of the earth, have always swallowed this and made themselves readily available to carry the cans of petrol and the boxes of matches, the bows and the arrows and other weapons of war.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThere was no religious riot throughout the tenure of the Sardauna. The man tolerated Christianity so much that he allowed missionary activities to go on unimpeded. Many Muslim youths went through the missionary schools and acquired western education and profited from their knowledge of the two religions. The Sardauna had Christians in his cabinet and even sponsored many of them for positions at the centre. That cannot be said to be the practice of a fanatical apostle of Islamization", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nIf he had wanted, the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, which he founded would have been an Islamic university, the New Nigerian an Islamic newspaper, the Broadcasting Corporation of Northern Nigeria, BCNN, the voice of Islam and the NNDC the economic base of Islam.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nUnfortunately, the Christians in the North have adopted the fatalistic attitude that all their \u201cwoes\u201d come from the fact that they are not Muslims. The minority ethnic groups are much more to be pitied in this respect. They believe they cannot do anything because the Muslim Hausa-Fulani group would not allow them to do anything. They are, therefore, willing tools in the hands of those whose mission is to fight \u201cfeudalism\u201d and liberate the society from the grip of the so-called Hausa-Fulani oligarchy", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThose in the North who are critical of the system are dubbed by the egg-heads in the South as radicals. But the radicals in the South are not called radicals, they are \u2018social critics\u2019, though they also have their own feudalism to fight. And what is feudalism if not the unwholesome and pervasive and intrusive influence of the traditional authority as represented by the Ooni of Ife and the Oba of Benin, for example?", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThe committee also has to worry about the economic consequences of all these disturbances. The economy of this country has its home in the South. Only once in a while does it make a tentative attempt to go up country. With the incessant disturbances in the North, there is no way you can attract investors there. And so the yawning gap will continue to exist between the North and the South.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nPolitical and economic manipulators would consider such balance or imbalance a fair equation; after all does the North not control political power?", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nAnd now with this endless feud, the impression is that the North cannot put its house in order. Soon, it will make sense for people to question the morality of the continued political dominance by those who cannot put their house in order. What is happening in the North is not a religious crisis. The Christians and the Muslims, if they take time to reflect, may discover that they are being used to destroy their own base and their own roots", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nBy the time they finish with one another, they would have destroyed their legitimacy and ultimately, they would have worked so tirelessly for their own extinction. And that would be perfectly okay for these invisible and these mindless manipulators.", "Averting the drift into anarchy - By Yakubu Mohammed\nThis Column was published in January this year but has been reproduced today because of its continued relevance.\nKaduna crisis\nKafachan\nNorthern Nigeria\nyakubu mohammed\n2019: The choices before us - By Ebun Adegboruwa\nThe Yusuf Saga - By Ray Ekpu"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://grandmacharm.com/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-force-dyad.html

Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'

["Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nStar Wars Reveals Weird New Look at Rise Of Skywalker's Force Dyad\nBy Nathan Johnson October 11, 2021\nWhen The Rise of Skywalker hit theaters, it was met with many different reactions. Some thought that it was a perfect send-off to not only the heroes of the sequel trilogy but to the Skywalker Saga as a whole. Others thought that it disrespected everything that George Lucas spent a large portion of his life building.", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nWhile many people share different opinions on the film, there was one plot point that was briefly touched on during the movie's climax that piqued the interest of everyone: when Palpatine revealed that Ben Solo and Rey were a Force Dyad.", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nPalpatine's revelation about the two characters answered a lot of questions that had been raised during The Last Jedi, specifically how Rey and Kylo Ren could see each other through the Force and even connect with one another by touching hands when she was on Ach-To and he was aboard his Star Destroyer.", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nWhen the two characters were on Exegol in The Rise of Skywalker to defeat Palpatine, Rey raised Anakin's lightsaber over her head and it disappeared behind her back and the camera cut to Ben as he pulled the lightsaber out, revealing that they could even trade objects through the Force.", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nWhen viewers were told that a Dyad is when two individuals are connected as one through the Force, that was the only explanation that was given on the topic. Luckily, a brand-new book focused on the Sith reveals more about the mysterious connection.\nForce Dyad Details in New Star Wars Book", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nReddit user u/Obversa revealed on the platform that the new reference book titled \"Star Wars - Secrets of the Sith\" dedicates a page to completely explaining a Dyad in the Force, including an image of what the Force bond actually looks like.\n\"Star Wars - Secrets of the Sith\"\nThe book describes the bond as a \"fabled manifestation unseen for generations\" while also restating Palpatine's words that it is \"as strong as life itself:\"", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\n\"There are few secrets of the Force that I have yet to master. But our Order's ancient prophecies speak of one fabled manifestation unseen for generations - a dyad. This pairing of two beings strong in the Force, linked together by an unbreakable bond, creates a power as strong as life itself.\"", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\n\"Secrets of the Sith\" then goes a little deeper into explaining the history of the Force Dyad. It mentions that it predates the Rule of Two and was officially referenced as the \"Doctrine of the Dyad.\" It also goes on to talk about how the connection unlocks \"a great number of abilities,\" some of them going beyond \"even the most powerful Force wielder:\"", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\n\"For a millennium, the Sith have adhered to the Rule of Two. But this decree is said to merely be a pale imitation of its predecessor, the Doctrine of the Dyad. Legends claim that two beings sharing this profound connection gain access to a great number of abilities - skills beyond the grasp of even the most powerful Force wielder.\"", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nThe rest of the section then explains some of the powers that The Rise of Skywalker showcased, such as \"pass(ing) physical objects through time and space.\" The explanation ends by once again mentioning that a Force Dyad's powers \"know no limits:\"", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\n\"Members of a dyad were believed to be capable of transferring their life force to heal others. Some could even pass physical objects through time and space in an instant. If two Sith were bonded so deeply as to transcend their physical beings, the power they could unlock together would know no limits.\"\nThe Future of Force Dyads", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nThe concept of a dyad in the Force interested many fans after watching The Rise of Skywalker. Now that there is an official explanation and definition of what it is and what sort of powers two individuals could hold, Star Wars could definitely explore it in future projects.", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nThe Knights of the Old Republic video game is no longer officially canon, but many fans have been calling for that storyline, particularly centered around Darth Revan, to be made into a film trilogy or a TV series for some time. In The Rise of Skywalker, as well as this new book, it is said that a Force Dyad has been \"unseen for generations.\"", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nIn Knights of the Old Republic, Revan and a Jedi named Bastila are seen to have a connection through the Force. The description of a dyad could most definitely line up with the two characters, and due to the video game getting an official remake, it would be interesting to explore whether or not the two characters were the last dyad to be seen in the galaxy.", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Force Dyad Explained in New Book 'Secrets of the Sith'\nWith this new reference book dedicating a page to explaining this Force connection, Disney could have plans to bring it back in some way in a future project, whether that be in the form of a film, a Disney+ series, or a video game.\nThe Rise of Skywalker Rey Kylo Ren Star Wars\nFOLLOW Star Wars DIRECT"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.rocksure.com/destinations/great-rift-valley-lakes

Great Rift Valley Lakes: Serene Landscapes and Amazing Wildlife in Kenya

["Great Rift Valley Lakes: Serene Landscapes and Amazing Wildlife in Kenya\nGreat Rift Valley is part of an immense intra-continental ridge system that runs through Kenya from the north to the south. It's difficult to believe that the geological force that almost broke Africa in two instead created such serene landscapes. The floor is broken by spectacular volcanoes, some still active, with a series of dazzling lakes and the Cherangani Hills creating some epic scenery.", "Great Rift Valley Lakes: Serene Landscapes and Amazing Wildlife in Kenya\nKenya is home to 64 of the total lakes found within the continent of Africa, with 8 interspersed along the valley. Of these, only 3 are fresh water; Lake Baringo, with its hippos, crocodiles and fish eagles, Lake Turkana with its central volcano, and Lake Naivasha.", "Great Rift Valley Lakes: Serene Landscapes and Amazing Wildlife in Kenya\nThe remaining five are shallow and poorly drained, which makes the water alkaline. These are rich in blue-green algae, providing food for small crustaceans and fish. The atmosphere here is cool and calm, as the lagoons are swathed in lush, green woodlands, interrupted by the movement of pelicans and flamingos.\nFor fantastic landscapes and amazing wildlife, the Great Rift Valley is a top choice.", "Great Rift Valley Lakes: Serene Landscapes and Amazing Wildlife in Kenya\nThe Great Rift Valley has a relatively mild climate throughout the year and, whilst the region still experiences two wet seasons, they are far less pronounced than in other parts of the country. Read More\nThe Great Rift Valley has a relatively mild climate throughout the year and, whilst the region still experiences two wet seasons, they are far less pronounced than in other parts of the country.", "Great Rift Valley Lakes: Serene Landscapes and Amazing Wildlife in Kenya\nAs a result, there is reasonable wildlife viewing all year round but visitors might prefer to stay dry by avoiding the rains of March, April and May."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://etextzone.com/product/band-of-brothers/

Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Parachute Infantry, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest

["Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Parachute Infantry, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest\nStephen E. Ambroses iconic New York Times bestseller about the ordinary men who became the World War IIs most extraordinary soldiers: Easy Company, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division, US Army. They came together, citizen soldiers, in the summer of 1942, drawn to Airborne by the $50 monthly bonus and a desire to be better than the other guy. And at its peakin Holland and the ArdennesEasy Company was as good a rifle company as any in the world", "Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Parachute Infantry, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest\nFrom the rigorous training in Georgia in 1942 to the disbanding in 1945, Stephen E. Ambrose tells the story of this remarkable company. In combat, the reward for a job well done is the next tough assignment, and as they advanced through Europe, the men of Easy kept getting the tough assignments", "Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Parachute Infantry, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest\nThey parachuted into France early D-Day morning and knocked out a battery of four 105 mm cannon looking down Utah Beach; they parachuted into Holland during the Arnhem campaign; they were the Battered Bastards of the Bastion of Bastogne, brought in to hold the line, although surrounded, in the Battle of the Bulge; and then they spearheaded the counteroffensive. Finally, they captured Hitler\u2019s Bavarian outpost, his Eagle\u2019s Nest at Berchtesgaden", "Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Parachute Infantry, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest\nThey were rough-and-ready guys, battered by the Depression, mistrustful and suspicious. They drank too much French wine, looted too many German cameras and watches, and fought too often with other GIs. But in training and combat they learned selflessness and found the closest brotherhood they ever knew. They discovered that in war, men who loved life would give their lives for them", "Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Parachute Infantry, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest\nThis is the story of the men who fought, of the martinet they hated who trained them well, and of the captain they loved who led them. E Company was a company of men who went hungry, froze, and died for each other, a company that took 150 percent casualties, a company where the Purple Heart was not a medalit was a badge of office."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://annickhus.com/belgian-inventions-the-first-commercial-atlas/

"The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography"

["The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\n16 augustus 2022 24 augustus 2022 Annick Hus\nAlthough today we blindly rely on global positioning systems (GPS) to guide us around the world, the use of the atlas, a book that compiles maps, is not so far behind us. Yet its invention dates back to the 16th century, when the Belgian Abraham Ortelius marketed a book that became a commercial success throughout Europe.", "The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\n\u201cYou are to be commended for having selected the best description of each region and brought it together in one book. The book is not expensive and we can take it with us wherever we go.\u201d\nWith these words, the cartographer Gerardus Mercator addressed his colleague Abraham Ortelius on the publication of the first atlas, a book that, for the first time, brought together maps from all over the world.", "The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\nAlthough many people think that Mercator was the inspiration behind the atlas, that honour was reserved for Abraham Ortelius. However, Mercator was the one who introduced the word \u2018atlas\u2019, referring to the maps on sheets that were bound into a physical book.\nClassical work", "The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\nUntil the 15th century, maps were based on the classical work of Ptolemy, a Greek astrologer, astronomer, geographer, mathematician and music theorist who lived in the 2nd century AD. But with the advent of the great voyages of discovery, a new era in cartography also dawned.", "The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\nOne of the earliest printed works that resembled an atlas came from the Italian Battista Agnese. He produced hand-drawn parchment world atlases between 1536 and 1564, not filling in unknown parts of the world with fanciful expectations, as was somewhat the trend at the time. He drew the world as it was known at that very moment.\nNew insights", "The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\nMeanwhile, the Belgian Abraham Ortelius kept a close eye on all new developments. He studied classical literature and history and followed the evolution of the sciences. Discoveries in America, Africa and Asia excited him immensely. It was his fascination with voyages of discovery, new inventions and the rediscovery of ancient writers that eventually led Ortelius to map out and compile these new insights and a new world view.", "The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\nThus, his career evolved from being a colourer of maps at Plantijn, a printing house in Antwerp where the two oldest printing presses in the world can still be admired today, to that of a cartographer who made the history books. It was in this same Plantijn printing house that Ortelius in 1570 was the first to bring together all known maps of the world in the same format in a book. The first atlas was a fact and the book became an immediate commercial success. It was admired and used throughout Europe.", "The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\nThe world map (Typus orbis terrarium), the first map in Ortelius\u2019 atlas, is also his most famous one. This representation of the world had an enormous cultural impact, because it was a synthesis of all the latest knowledge about the size and shape of the continents.\nTheatre de l\u2019univers, contenant les cartes de tout le monde avec une brieve declaration d\u2019icellesdams.antwerpen.be", "The First Commercial Atlas: A Belgian Invention and Its Impact on Cartography\nToday the Plantijn-Moretus Museum still pays attention to the achievements of Ortelius. The original atlas can be admired digitally and on the occasion of the 448th anniversary of the publication of the first atlas, the museum made a digital overview of Ortelius\u2019 life and work.\n(BELGA)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.colum.edu/academics/programs/european-devised-performance-practice-mfa.html

Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL

["Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nEuropean Devised Performance Practice (MFA)\nLearn more about Theatre\nModern theatre is in a time of transformation. The next generation of performing artists is engaging in a collaborative approach to creating new work, resulting in some of the most innovative and compelling theatre in the world. Join the movement of devised theatre in this partnership between Columbia College Chicago and the London International School of Performing Arts (LISPA).", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nDrawing inspiration from dance, visual arts, and traditional theatre practice, this program emphasizes movement, gesture, and mime as the main expressive tools for devised performance, also known as physical theatre, movement theatre, body-based theatre, and visual performance. Devised performance is inspired by the ideas of Jacques Lecoq, a central figure in mid-20th-century European physical theatre training.", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nIn devised theatre, performers develop the script through collaboration, and the work evolves over time as it is performed. This program marries the process of artistic development with entrepreneurial skills necessary to launching successful touring companies. Throughout the program, you\u2019ll work as a playwright, a director, a performer, a designer, a technician, and an administrator.", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nYou\u2019ll spend the first year of the program at LISPA in Berlin, Germany, working with faculty from around the world in state-of-the-art studios. In your second year, you\u2019ll study at Columbia College Chicago. Additionally, you will have the option to enroll in a short course that takes you to London for a 10-day immersion in the city\u2019s vibrant physical and devised theatre scene. All classes are taught in English.", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nDuring your first week in the program, you\u2019ll travel to LISPA in Berlin and join a cohort of 20 to 30 first-year students who come from countries around the world. You\u2019ll spend full days in the studio training in movement, improvisation, voice, rhythm, acrobatics, and mask making. Every week, you\u2019ll collaborate with faculty members and fellow students to create work", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nAt the end of your first semester, you\u2019ll perform a work for the public, which will lead to a culminating performance at the end of your first year. You\u2019ll also learn from second-year LISPA students and immerse yourself in the thriving theatre scene in Berlin, one of the major centers for devised performance practice.", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nYour second year brings you to Chicago, where you\u2019ll delve into the theory and history of devised performance practice to gain a rich scholarly foundation. You\u2019ll develop your thesis project, the culminating experience of your degree. During the spring semester, your cohort will bring together all the practice-based research undertaken during the program and use it to form an ensemble company and create an original piece of theatre", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nThis original piece will be performed in Chicago with one of the Theatre Department\u2019s collaborative partners, such as the Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA). The thesis project performance will be supported by visual and written documentation detailing every stage of the process from conception to performance. The research component will be on public display during the performances.", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nGraduates of devised theatre programs often go on to form companies, teach, lead community work, or pursue advanced graduate study. You\u2019ll determine your own path with the close guidance of our faculty members, professional mentors, and your peers.\nDetailed Program Information\nFor more degree requirements and transfer plans, visit the catalog.", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nOur faculty members are leaders in the devised performance and collaborative creation communities. They have research and teaching backgrounds in physical theatre, movement analysis, and Lecoq-based approaches to actor training. At LISPA, you\u2019ll work with teachers who have performed with companies pushing boundaries in devised theatre.", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nLISPA alumni are recognized by international festivals and award programs. They\u2019re starting theatre companies, directing, composing, and performing. They\u2019re also teaching at universities and arts centers around the world.\nOur students are curious about the world and eager to explore the role of theatre in interpreting human experience. They come to Columbia to make a mark.\nReal-world Opportunities\nWhat experience will I get outside the classroom?", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nAs a student of devised theatre, you\u2019ll spend time in three of the world\u2019s great theatre cities. You\u2019ll experience the work of leading international companies and pioneering solo performers through events such as the London International Mime Festival, the performance series at the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, the Chicago Puppet Festival, and the international program at the Chicago Shakespeare Theatre.", "Acting and Contemporary Performance Making (MA | MFA) Chicago, IL\nThe wealth of theatrical activity in Berlin, Chicago, and London will also provide ample opportunities for you to form professional connections with artists and entrepreneurs to better understand the complex processes of launching a company or a solo career in the field of devised performance. In this program, you will be more than a student; you will be a practicing artist contributing original work to the field as we expand our ideas of what constitutes live performance in the 21st century."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2