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https://publichealth.wustl.edu/scholars/carey-ann-d-burnham/?alpha=T%3Falpha%3DA%3Falpha%3DG%3Falpha%3DO%3Falpha%3DN%3Falpha%3DT%3Falpha%3DR%3Falpha%3DY%3Falpha%3DZ?alpha=W

Carey-Ann D. Burnham, PhD Professor of Pathology & Immunology, Molecular Microbiology, Pediatrics, and Medicine Vice Chair for Faculty Mentoring & Advancement Washington University School of Medicine [email protected] antimicrobial resistance, diagnostic

["s, healthcare-associated infections, infectious disease, staphylococcal infections", "\nDr. Burnham\u2019s research has focused on improvement of diagnostic methods for clinical microbiology. She is interested in antimicrobial resistance, with a focus on the transmission and epidemiology of multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs); Burnham has conducted collaborative research on Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus", "\nShe is also a board-certified medical microbiologist and is the medical director of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for Barnes-Jewish Hospital, and the program director for Washington University in St. Louis\u2019 CPEP accredited Fellowship in Medical and Public Health Microbiology."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://mightybook.com/free_to_read_text.php?book=Machu%20Picchu-recording

Free Animated Books, Songs, Cartoons, and Games at Mighty Book

["Free Animated Books, Songs, Cartoons, and Games at Mighty Book\nMACHU PICCHU, THE LOST CITY OF THE INCAS\nBy Anne Elizabeth Eaves\nMachu Picchu is an ancient fortress city, nestled high in the Andes Mountains of Peru in South America.\nMachu Picchu, which means \u201cOld Peak,\u201d was built by the Incan Indians around 1460 AD, less than 100 years before the arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors.\nMachu Picchu is often referred to as \u201cThe Lost City of the Incas.\u201d\nThe Incan people constructed a green paradise of five square miles saddled between two mountains.", "Free Animated Books, Songs, Cartoons, and Games at Mighty Book\nAbove their city, hover dense clouds. Below their city, the Urubamba River snakes its way through the Urubamba Valley.\nMachu Picchu was a self-contained city that included stone houses, water fountains, baths, parks, terraces, sanctuaries and temples.\nMachu Picchu also had an abundance of vegetable gardens and llamas.\nThe Incas who built Machu Picchu were brilliant architects and masters of masonry.\nMost of the structures were built of granite rock.", "Free Animated Books, Songs, Cartoons, and Games at Mighty Book\nThe Incas placed each rock together so precisely that, even today, something as thin as a credit card cannot be wedged between the rocks.\nMany of the stones weighed over 50 tons each. The stones were carried up the mountainside without the use of the wheel.\nThe Intihuatana stone points directly at the sun during the winter solstice and is believed to have been built as an astronomic calendar.", "Free Animated Books, Songs, Cartoons, and Games at Mighty Book\nThe Incas terraced the steep mountainsides to grow crops and had enough land to grow food for about four times as many people as ever lived there.\nThe Incas liked to eat corn, potatoes, beans and a variety of fruits.\nThey constructed an impressive water irrigation system that carried water up the mountain from a natural spring to each of the houses.\nMachu Picchu was strategically located between two mountains with a commanding view down two valleys. This view helped the Incas see if anyone was coming.", "Free Animated Books, Songs, Cartoons, and Games at Mighty Book\nMachu Picchu\u2019s location is so well hidden in the mountains that, when the Spanish conquistadors invaded Peru in 1528, they could not find the legendary city.\nCuriously, the Incas abandoned their great city less than one hundred years after they had built it. Nobody is certain why the Incas left. Some people believe that a small pox epidemic was to blame for their disappearance.", "Free Animated Books, Songs, Cartoons, and Games at Mighty Book\nFor centuries, many people forgot that Machu Picchu existed until the archeologist Hiram Bingham brought it worldwide attention when he rediscovered it in 1911.\nToday, Machu Picchu is one of the most important archaeological locations in South America and the most visited tourist attraction in Peru.\nMachu Picchu exhibits the accomplishments of the ancient Inca Empire and is one of the most intriguing and beautiful sites on the planet."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/1383/

"E-Textbooks Are Coming: Are We Ready?" by Meg C. Murray and Jorge Pérez

["E-Textbooks Are Coming: Are We Ready? by Meg C. Murray and Jorge P\u00e9rez\nE-Textbooks Are Coming: Are We Ready?\nMeg C. Murray, Kennesaw State UniversityFollow\nJorge P\u00e9rez, Kennesaw State UniversityFollow", "E-Textbooks Are Coming: Are We Ready? by Meg C. Murray and Jorge P\u00e9rez\nTextbook options are expanding and the electronic text is poised to become prevalent in the college classroom. Cost pressures are driving this trend even as the academic value of e-textbooks has yet to be established. Limited research is available that examines the effectiveness of the e-textbook as a learning tool. This paper presents the results of a study that compares student performance in two sections of an online course, one using an e-textbook and the other using a paper-based text", "E-Textbooks Are Coming: Are We Ready? by Meg C. Murray and Jorge P\u00e9rez\nNo significant difference in student performance was found. However, until e-textbook format and features are standardized and business models generate sizable cost savings, e-textbook adoption is likely to evolve slowly.", "E-Textbooks Are Coming: Are We Ready? by Meg C. Murray and Jorge P\u00e9rez\nIssues in Informing Science and Information Technology\nJournal ISSN\nMurray, Meg and Jorge P\u00e9rez. \"E-Textbooks Are Coming: Are We Ready?\" The Journal of Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 8 (2011): 49-60.\nCurriculum and Instruction Commons"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://chancellor.berkeley.edu/charting-course-berkeleys-future

Charting a course for Berkeley's future | Office of the Chancellor

["Charting a course for Berkeley's future | Office of the Chancellor\nCharting a course for Berkeley's future\nUC Berkeley Chancellor Carol Christ issued the following message to campus on January 25, 2017:\nDear campus community,\nIt is a time of great change both at Berkeley and across all of higher education. In this environment, I believe that we must collectively establish a cohesive, well-reasoned, and ambitious vision of what our university should be in order to properly set institutional priorities and determine campus investments.", "Charting a course for Berkeley's future | Office of the Chancellor\nIn light of this, Berkeley has just begun a semester-long strategic planning exercise \u2013 a structured process that will bring faculty, staff, and students together to consider what our campus should look like in ten years and to chart a course that will take us there. The end result of this process will be a publicly available framework document that outlines the opportunities and challenges facing Berkeley, as well as a set of strategies for capitalizing on or mitigating them.", "Charting a course for Berkeley's future | Office of the Chancellor\nThe campus has just launched a website, strategicplan.berkeley.edu, which will serve as a hub of information and resources related to our work in this area. I encourage you to visit the site to learn more about strategic planning and to get involved.\nI also invite you to view this short video introduction to the project:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45Uh7h7MVIQ\nThank you for all of your efforts in support of our institution's continued preeminence.\nCarol Christ"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2361980/Man-sent-text-messages-threatening-burn-house-carried-arson-attack-killing-family-denies-incidents-linked.html

Man who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked | Daily Mail Online

["Man who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked | Daily Mail Online\nMan who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked\nCarl Mills, 28, is accused of starting a fire which ripped through a home\nBlaze killed Kim Buckley, her daughter Kayleigh and six-month-old Kimberley\nMills sent a series of threatening text messages before the fire\nDenies all three murders at Newport Crown Court\nBy Anna Edwards\nCarl Mills, 28, denies murdering three members of the same family", "Man who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked | Daily Mail Online\nA man accused of murdering a family of three in an arson attack on their home has repeatedly denied starting the lethal blaze.\nCarl Mills, 28, is accused of starting a fire which ripped through a property in Cwmbran, South Wales, killing his teenage partner and their baby.\nGrandmother Kim Buckley, 46, her daughter Kayleigh, 17, and six-month-old granddaughter Kimberley all died in the violent blaze in September last year.", "Man who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked | Daily Mail Online\nMills, who was living in a tent in the house's front garden at the time, sent a series of threatening text messages before the fire.\nAmong them was a warning: 'I will burn your house down.'\nMills, on trial at Newport Crown Court, denies all three murders. He entered the witness box today to give evidence in his own defence.\nThe jury has heard that he met Kayleigh through Facebook in August 2010, when she was 15, and later moved from Manchester to Cwmbran to be with her.", "Man who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked | Daily Mail Online\nThe prosecution have accused Mills of grooming an immature schoolgirl, who was 'infatuated with him, for sex.\nHe claims that they were engaged, planned to get married and have a family and were in love.\nKayleigh Buckley, 17, died alongside her Kim Buckley (right) after their home in South Wales was set on fire\nCallous: His own daughter Kimberley Buckley was only six-months-old when she died after a fire swept through the property", "Man who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked | Daily Mail Online\nPatrick Harrington QC, defending, asked him about 'nasty texts' that he sent to his teenage partner on the night she died.\nMills had said he was 'paranoid' and drunk and believed that she was seeing someone else when he sent them.\nHe said that the tone of the text was 'nasty' and he made threats about the burning the house down, but denied actually doing it.\nGregory Bull QC, prosecuting, asked Mills about his relationship with Kayleigh.", "Man who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked | Daily Mail Online\nPreviously the jury heard that Mills, living on \u00a3180 benefits a fortnight, initially travelled by bus and train from Manchester to visit her.\nMills, who was living in a tent in the house's front garden at the time, sent a series of threatening text messages before the fire\nShe would later skip school to be with him and eventually moved into a tent with him when he was living in the front garden of her home.\nHe told the court he knew she was still a schoolgirl.", "Man who sent text messages threatening to burn down house 'before he carried out arson attack killing family-of-three' denies two incidents were linked | Daily Mail Online\nMills went on to agree, under questioning, that he kept the relationship from Kayleigh's mother for seven months.\nMills said that when was living rough on the streets of Cwmbran, he did not turn Kayleigh away, and she 'kept following him'.\nHe also denied being only interested in havign sex with the teenager.\nMills claimed that he was unaware that he was Kayleigh's first boyfriend."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED040854

ERIC - ED040854 - Evaluation of the Colorado Elementary Science Project., 1970-Mar-7

["ERIC - ED040854 - Evaluation of the Colorado Elementary Science Project., 1970-Mar-7\nRecord Type: Non-Journal\nPublication Date: 1970-Mar-7\nEvaluation of the Colorado Elementary Science Project.\nAnderson, Ronald D.; Horn, Jerry G.", "ERIC - ED040854 - Evaluation of the Colorado Elementary Science Project., 1970-Mar-7\nThis paper is an appraisal of the Colorado Elementary Science Project (CESP), a state-wide program to provide inservice education and assist school districts in the implementation of new elementary school science curricular programs. The University of Colorado and the Colorado State Department of Education cooperated in assisting school districts in their initial introduction of AAAS Science - A Process Approach, Elementary Science Study, and Science Curriculum Improvement Study", "ERIC - ED040854 - Evaluation of the Colorado Elementary Science Project., 1970-Mar-7\nSelected elementary teachers were trained in the use of a new curricular program over a period of one school year while they were using the new materials with their own students. This was followed by a two-week summer session in which they were prepared to teach other teachers", "ERIC - ED040854 - Evaluation of the Colorado Elementary Science Project., 1970-Mar-7\nResults of the evaluation indicate that: (1) one semester inservice course produced a change in the teacher's style of teaching science, (2) the major constraint limiting the full implementation of the new elementary science programs was the quantity of equipment and materials needed, and (3) principals became involved in implementation only if specific efforts were made to get them involved. (BR)", "ERIC - ED040854 - Evaluation of the Colorado Elementary Science Project., 1970-Mar-7\nDescriptors: College School Cooperation, Curriculum Development, Elementary School Science, Evaluation, Inservice Teacher Education, Science Course Improvement Projects\nAuthoring Institution: Colorado Univ., Boulder."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.brookings.edu/media-mentions/the-straits-times-dec-2-2013/

Brookings - Quality. Independence. Impact.

["Brookings - Quality. Independence. Impact.\nThe Straits Times \u2013 Dec 2, 2013\nAlthough China\u2019s [Air Defense Identification Zone] is not the first in the region, the announcement unnerved everyone, creating an ideal opportunity for the United States through a mix of firmness and restraint, to demonstrate that it, not China, is the responsible \u2013 and resident \u2013 major power.\nRichard C. Bush The Straits Times\t Monday, December 2, 2013"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.theworldeconomy.org/impact/Portugal_s_major_advantages.html

Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire

["Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nPortugal emerged from Arab rule between 1147 when Lisbon was captured and 1249 when full sovereignty was established in an area corresponding roughly to its present boundaries. Its political regime was very different from that of Venice. Its reconquista was due mainly to militant crusading orders of knighthood. The military aristocracy and the church became the major landowners. In Portugal, as in Spain, the interests of church and state were closely linked", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe crown was able to nominate bishops and collect ecclesiastical taxes, under a patronage system known as the \u201cpadroado real\u201d. Although there were some clashes between Portugal and Spain, and for a time (1580\u20131640) Portugal had a Spanish king, there was a remarkably effective long\u2013term territorial division of interests between the two countries", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nUnder various treaties sanctioned by the Papacy, Portugal was able to develop its commercial and imperial interests in Africa, in the whole of Asia except the Philippines, and in Brazil without significant Spanish interference.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nPortugal had three major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire. There was a clear strategic benefit in being located on the South Atlantic coast of Europe near to the exit of the Mediterranean. Deep\u2013sea fishermen provided an important part of the Portuguese food supply and developed an unrivalled knowledge of Atlantic winds, weather and tides", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe value of these skills was greatly enhanced by crown sponsorship of Atlantic exploration, research on navigation technology, training of pilots, and documentation of maritime experience in the form of route maps with compass bearings (rutters) and cartography. Portuguese shipbuilding in Lisbon and Oporto adapted the design of its ships (caravels) and rigging in the light of increasing knowledge of Atlantic sailing conditions. The biggest changes were in rigging", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nAt first they concentrated on lateen sails, then added a mix of square sails and lateen for deeper penetration into the South Atlantic, with further changes for the much longer route round the Cape. Knowledge of these techniques was protected by forbidding sales of ships to other countries. A third commercial advantage was Portugal\u2019s ability to absorb \u201cnew Christians\u201d \u2014 Jewish merchants and scholars had played a significant role during Muslim rule", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThey were driven out of Spain, but many took refuge and increased the size of the community in Portugal. They were required to undergo proforma conversion and were subject to a degree of persecution, but they provided important skills in developing Portuguese business interests in Africa, Brazil and Asia, in scientific development, as intermediaries in trade with the Muslim world and in attracting Genoese and Catalan capital to Portuguese business ventures.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nA fourth important influence on the pattern of Portuguese business interests was the heritage of slavery. In most parts of Western Europe, slavery had more or less disappeared in the middle ages, though it was a peripheral part of Venetian trade with Byzantium and the Muslim world. Portugal had lived in closer contact with the Muslim world than any other part of Western Europe", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nPortuguese themselves had had experience of being slaves and about ten per cent of the population in Lisbon were berber or black slaves. They were also used as a labour force in the sugar plantations and sugar mills which Portugal developed in Madeira and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nSignificant Portuguese activity in slave trading in Africa began around 1445 shortly after Portuguese navigators discovered and settled the Cape Verde islands (opposite Senegal). They were able to buy slaves from African merchants in this region in return for cloth, horses, trinkets and salt. Between 1450 and 1600 about 175 000 slaves were shipped to Portugal and its Atlantic islands. Later, as the trade developed, Portugal became more directly involved in capturing slaves further south in Angola", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe crown organised the Casa de Escravos in Lisbon in the 1480s. The trade was highly profitable and expanded enormously at the end of the sixteenth and in the seventeenth century when Portugal shipped slaves to Brazil and handled most of the slave shipments to Spanish America (under slave trading permits (asiento) sold by the Spanish government). The slave trade received Papal legitimacy in 1455 with the bull Romanus Pontifex, which construed it as a form of missionary activity", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe Portuguese crown took the initiative in exploring and developing the Atlantic islands and their sugar industry, and in creating a maritime bypass of the old caravan route which carried gold from Timbuktu in Mali to the Moroccan coast. This route had supplied two thirds of the gold entering Europe.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe leading role in these two developments was played by Prince Henrique (third son of the Portuguese king, John I, and nephew of the English king, Henry IV). For four decades (1420\u20131460) he applied his considerable financial resources to these ventures and prepared the ground for the later Portuguese breakthrough into Asian trade by developing navigational expertise.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nIn 1420, the crown took over the administration of the wealthy military orders. Henrique became administrator of the Order of Christ (successor to the Templars in Portugal), and his brother acquired a similar position in the Order of Santiago. Henrique used the assets of his Order to finance ventures in the Atlantic and Africa, and persuaded successive rulers (his brothers) to invest him personally with significant property rights in both areas.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nMadeira (about 560 km into the Atlantic from the Moroccan coast) was discovered in 1420. It was uninhabited and extremely fertile. A sugar industry was developed with use of slave labour on similar lines to Venetian practice in Cyprus and Crete. The two sectors of the industry were cane plantations and sugar mills, with the bigger enterprises covering both activities. The industry was developed by leases to Genoese and \u201cnew Christian\u201d entrepreneurs", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nCapital requirements were fairly substantial and the newest techniques were adopted in the mills. Instead of the large circular stone that was rolled over cut cane in the Venetian controlled mills, a new type of press with two cylindrical rollers was able to get more juice from the cane which no longer needed to be cut. The presses were operated with animal or water power rather than manually. Production expanded faster after Henrique\u2019s death, when the industry was less tightly controlled", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nBy 1500 Madeiran production was more than six times as big as that of Cyprus where output had plummeted. Portuguese sugar replaced it on the markets of Antwerp and Bristol. In addition to sugar, Madeira was a major source of timber. Wheat and wine production was also significant. The wine was of the malmsey type which the Venetians had brought to Crete from Syria.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe uninhabited Azores were discovered in mid\u2013Atlantic (about 1 300\u20131 500 km from Portugal) in 1427 and settlement started in 1439. They were not very suitable for sugar production, but were a useful staging post for subsequent Atlantic trade, and augmented Portuguese knowledge of navigation in the Atlantic.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nIn developing navigation on the African coast, Portugal established settlements in two other significant island outposts. The Cape Verde islands were settled in 1460 and acted as a staging post for the slave trade. In this area, the Portuguese found malaguette (a coarse pepper substitute) and later a better quality pepper in Benin. Further east, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Principe (in the Bight of Guinea) were settled after 1480", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nIn 1482, Elmina fort was built on the coast of what is now Ghana. This was centre of the gold trade. Gold became the biggest source of income for the Portuguese crown. At Elmina the main source was Ashanti gold, at trading points on the Guinea coast it was gold diverted to Portuguese traders from the caravan route from Timbuktu to Morocco. Total gold exports of West Africa between 1471 and 1500 amounted to 17 tons", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nCircumnavigation of Africa in order to get direct access to the spices of Asia was not a new idea. The Vivaldi brothers had set out from Genoa in 1291 and disappeared in the attempt", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nBy the end of the fifteenth century, it was clear that such a venture would be very expensive and highly risky, but political developments in the Eastern Mediterranean suggested that the old Venetian route through Egyptian and Syrian middlemen was under threat, and that the potential profits from a new route would be very rewarding.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe Portuguese had an unrivalled knowledge of sailing conditions in the Atlantic and halfway down the African coast. There had been developments in ship design, rigging and seamanship which made it possible to contemplate long\u2013distance trips in stormier seas than the Venetians encountered in the Mediterranean.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe preparations for this venture were carefully planned and spread over a couple of decades. They involved research on techniques of navigation, astronomy and cartography and collection of information on trading conditions in Asia and East Africa. The second component was a series of trial voyages to explore possible routes and wind patterns down the whole length of the African coast.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe third component was a voyage to India to explore trading conditions and possibilities for establishing the sort of bases already established on the African coast. In the Mediterranean, navigators from the thirteenth century had relied on the compass to determine direction, a sandglass to measure time and a traverse board to measure deviations from course", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nAs the main routes had been known since antiquity, they had reasonable charts, a fair idea of the distances they had to travel and rough methods for judging speed.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe Portuguese were now exploring unknown waters, and had to rely much more on celestial navigation. In the Northern hemisphere Portuguese navigators knew that the pole star provided a roughly constant bearing and altitude, maintaining roughly the same height on a particular parallel of latitude. On a north\u2013south passage a navigator could observe the pole star each day at dawn and dusk (when he could see both the star and the horizon)", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nBy noting changes in altitude he could get some idea of changes in his position. In sailing east\u2013west, he could keep a steady course by maintaining a constant polar altitude. All this had to be done very crudely using finger spreads or other rough means to estimate changes in altitude. Measurement was greatly refined by the invention of the quadrant, first recorded in 1460 by Gomes, a professional navigator in the employ of Prince Henry. Parry (1974, p", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\n174) describes the quadrant as follows: \u201cThe seaman\u2019s quadrant was a very simple device; a quarter of a circle, with a scale marked on the curved edge, and with two pinhole sights along one of the straight edges. A plumb line hung from the apex. The sights were aligned on the star and the reading taken from the point where the plumb line cut the scale", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nPolar altitude in degrees gave the observer\u2019s latitude.\u201d This way a navigator could measure his distance from Lisbon, or some other place whose polar altitude he already knew.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nIn the Southern hemisphere, the pole star was not visible, and there was no other star with the same properties. Instead the altitude of the sun had to be used but one could not study its position with the naked eye. In 1484, John II created a commission of mathematical experts and astronomers to observe and measure solar altitude. The instrument for measuring distance from the equator was the mariner\u2019s astrolabe, derived from astrolabes used by medieval astronomers", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nIt was a graduated brass disc, with a bar which was rotated until the point of light shining through the upper sight fell on to the lower one. It was used at midday when the sun was at its zenith. As there were no accurate clocks a series of readings had to be taken around what appeared to be midday, to derive the maximum altitude. As the distance between the equator and the sun changes from day to day and year to year, mariners needed accurate tables of the sun\u2019s declination", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nJohn II\u2019s commission produced a simplified version of the Almanach of the Jewish astronomer Zacuto, and successfully tested the possibilities of finding latitude on a trip to the African coast in 1485. Estimates of the sun\u2019s declination were incorporated in a navigational manual Regimento do Astrolabio e do Quadrante which was available to da Gama when he sailed to India in 1497. Da Gama had direct contact with Zacuto who had come to Lisbon as a refugee from Spain", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe Regimento also contained a translation of a work by a thirteenth century English mathematician, Holywood (known as Sacrobosco), who was a pioneer of spherical astronomy, pointed out the errors in the Julian calendar and suggested a correction more or less the same as that incorporated in the Gregorian calendar 350 years later", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nAll this Portuguese research and development was done 50 years before Copernicus published his work on celestial orbits in 1543, but the committee would surely have had an immediate understanding of its significance.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThere were preparatory voyages to gauge the feasibility of a passage to India by Diogo C\u00e2o in 1482\u20134 and another by Bartolomeu Dias in 1487\u20138. C\u00e2o found the mouth of the Congo river and went past the future sites of Luanda and Benguela in Angola. The voyage of Dias was more rewarding", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nHe had two caravels and a store ship, found a better route to Angola, and at L\u00fcderitz Bay on the coast of Namibia, in the face of adverse winds, discovered it was useful to veer well out west into the Atlantic to catch winds which took him round the Cape. He sailed 1 000 kilometres east of the Cape before turning back. The trip took 18 months. He had sailed nearly 13 000 kilometres from Lisbon. The return passage was somewhat shorter because he found favourable winds from the Cape to the Azores", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThere was also an exploratory trip by land. Pero da Covilh\u00e3 had been a spy in Spain and Morocco, spoke fluent Arabic and could pass for a Muslim. Armed with letters of credit he went to Cairo via Barcelona, Naples, Rhodes and Alexandria, down the Red Sea coast by caravan, took a ship at Aden for Calicut (in Kerala) which was known to be the major Indian emporium for the spice trade with a hinterland in a rich spice\u2013growing region", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nHe made an extensive reconnaissance of the west coast of India as far north as Goa and the East African coast down to the port of Sofala. He sent a report on his findings in 1490 via a Portuguese emissary in Cairo, and acting on a second set of instructions he visited Hormuz, the centre of the spice trade in the Persian Gulf.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThus the Portuguese committee was well briefed on trading conditions in India and East Africa and possibilities of navigation in the Atlantic before entrusting Vasco da Gama with a passage to India in 1497\u20139.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nIn 1484, John II received a proposition for a westward passage from Christopher Columbus, a Genoese navigator who had spent eight years in Portuguese ships sailing to the Atlantic islands and the Guinea coast. He asked the king \u201cto give him some vessels to go and discover the Ile Cypango by this Western Ocean\u201d (Morison, 1974, p. 31). The committee rejected the proposal because they thought Cypango (Japan) was a fiction of Marco Polo and that Columbus greatly underestimated the distance to Asia", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nEventually the Columbus venture was financed by Queen Isabella of Spain. In 1492, he sailed to the Canary Islands, and from there reached the Bahamas in 33 days. He spent more than three months in the Caribbean where he found Cuba and Haiti without realising that the islands were in the middle of a huge unknown continent. Because of stormy weather on his return voyage, he was forced to land in Lisbon in 1493 for refitting, and had to brief John II", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe Portuguese did not believe that Columbus had reached Asia, and knew he had not found spices. However, in anticipation of a flurry of Spanish maritime exploration, and to protect Portuguese interests, the Treaty of Tordesillas was negotiated with Spain in 1494. This stipulated that Portugal would not compete in the West Atlantic. On Portuguese insistence, the dividing line was fixed 370 leagues west of the Azores (about 48 degrees west of the Greenwich meridian)", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nPortugal not only got a free hand for its Asian project and African interests, but established a legal claim to Brazil (which was found six years later).", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe last step in the preparation for da Gama\u2019s voyage was to provide two specially built ships, constructed with advice from Dias. Jones (1978), p. 30, compares them with the caravels used by earlier navigators as follows: \u201ca stouter, roomier craft, standing higher in the water and able successfully to navigate in coastal waters, better able to stand long periods in the ocean, safer in the tempests of the tropics, and with better quarters for the crew", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nHe designed the vessels to have a foremast, and mainmast, square rigged with mainsail and topsail, a square spritsail at the bow and a small lateen\u2013rigged mizzen stepped right aft on the castle. These probably provided a sail area, without bonnets, of about 4 000 sq. feet", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nMain and fore each had a crow\u2019s nest \u2014 Length of hull was probably slightly under seventy\u2013five feet, with a beam a third of that.\u201d The ships \u201cwere about 200 tons register in present day terms\u201d, they each had 20 guns firing stone balls weighing a few ounces. In addition, da Gama had a 50 ton caravel and a small supply ship. His crew of about 160 included gunners, musicians and three Arabic interpreters", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nDa Gama sailed from Lisbon in July 1497 to Cape Verde. Shortly thereafter (about 150 kilometres off Sierra Leone) instead of heading southeast which was the normal route down the African coast, he veered southwest far into the Atlantic and eventually caught winds which blew him southeast around the Cape. By Christmas he had rounded Africa, and moved up the East coast, visiting Mozambique, Mombasa and Malindi. Economic life there was much more sophisticated than in West Africa", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe coastal towns had merchants \u2014 Arabs, Indians from Gujarat and Malabar and Persians \u2014 who imported silk and cotton textiles, spices and Chinese porcelain and exported cotton, timber and gold. They had professional pilots familiar with monsoon conditions in the Indian ocean. Their ships were sturdy, but the Portuguese noted that they were constructed without nails", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nInstead the timbers were stitched and bound together with ropes made of coconut fibre (coir) which was widely available in Southern India and Ceylon. The local population were an Afro\u2013Arab mix, speaking Arabic and Swahili, wearing cotton clothing and using coined money. He was able to get a competent Gujarati pilot from the ruler of Malindi (in Kenya), who got him to Calicut (in Kerala) in less than a month.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe Portuguese remained in Calicut for three months, discovered a good deal about prices and conditions in the spice market, but failed to establish amicable relations with the local ruler or to sell their trade goods. The return trip to Malindi took three months. They found it difficult to man the ships as many of the crew had died of scurvy, so they burned the S\u00e3o Gabriel (one of the specially built ships). They had already dismantled the supply ship on the outward journey.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe caravel returned to Lisbon in July 1499, and da Gama got back in August (having stopped to bury his brother in the Azores). In the two year voyage, he had lost half the crew and two of the ships, and had very little in the way of cargo. However, he had proved the feasibility of the route, found a new source of gold in East Africa, had established that there were no maritime fleets in the Indian Ocean which could impede Portuguese access to the spice trade", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThis news was received enthusiastically in Lisbon, and there was a quick follow\u2013up. In March 1500, Pedro Cabral was given command of 12 ships and more than 1 000 men to improve on the route, bring back a significant cargo and establish a base on the Kerala coast. There was fairly extensive private participation in the cost and benefits of the trip.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nCabral went farther west in the Atlantic than da Gama and had the good luck, after a month at sea, to be the first navigator to encounter Brazil. He stayed a few days at a point he called Porto Seguro (about 350 km south of Bahia), and immediately sent a ship back to Lisbon to announce his finding territory which lay well within the area allotted to Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nOn the East African coast he stopped off at Sofala and Kilwa which da Gama had missed, got a pilot in Malindi and was in Calicut within six months of leaving Lisbon. He stayed in Calicut for two months and was given a large house as a trading base (known as a factory). However, he had to leave in a hurry. The Portuguese seized a local vessel on its way to Gujarat and another leaving for Jedda on the Red Sea", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nIn retaliation, local muslim traders attacked the Portuguese factory, killed over 50 Portuguese and took the trade goods. In return Cabral captured ten more local vessels and bombarded the unfortified town (see Subramanyam, 1997, pp. 180\u20131). He sailed 150 kilometres further down the coast to Cochin, where he was able to load additional cargo and create the basis for a permanent factory. He left some of his people behind for this purpose and took three Cochin representatives back to Portugal", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nCabral arrived back in Lisbon around the beginning of July 1501 with five vessels. The cargo, mostly pepper, appears to have been around 700 tons, but the loss of seven ships (six on the way out, one on the way back) and the violence in Calicut were not encouraging.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nDa Gama was sent on a second mission to India with a fleet of 20 ships, leaving Lisbon in February 1502. Fifteen of the ships were for the return journey, and another five (under the command of da Gama\u2019s uncle) were destined to stay behind to protect Portuguese bases in India and to blockade shipping leaving India for the Red Sea. By June, da Gama had traversed the Cape and stopped at Sofala to buy gold", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nAt Kilwa, he forced the local ruler to agree to pay an annual tribute of pearls and gold, and left there for India. He waited offshore at Cannanur, for ships returning from the Red Sea. He captured one returning from Mecca with pilgrims and a valuable cargo. Part of the cargo was seized and the ship was burned with most of the passengers and crew (see Subrahmanyan, 1997, pp. 205\u20139)", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThen he put into Cannanur, and exchanged presents (he offered silver and got precious stones) with the local ruler, but did no business as he found the price of spices too high. He headed in the direction of Cochin, stopped his ships opposite Calicut and demanded that the ruler expel the whole Muslim merchant community (4 000 households) which used the port as a basis for trading with the Red Sea. The Samudri, the local Hindu ruler, refused, so da Gama bombarded the city as Cabral had done", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nHe got to Cochin at the beginning of November, where he was able to buy spices against silver, copper and the textiles he had taken from the ship he sank. A permanent factory was set up in Cochin, and five ships were left to protect Portuguese interests.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nBefore leaving for home, da Gama\u2019s fleet was attacked by more than 30 ships financed by the Muslim traders of Calicut. They were routed after Portuguese bombardment, and part of the Muslim merchant community in Calicut decided to move their operations elsewhere. These naval engagements showed clearly the superiority of armed Portuguese ships over those of Asian countries.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nDa Gama returned to Lisbon in October 1503, with 13 of his ships and nearly 1 700 tons of spices, i.e. about the same as annual Venetian imports from the Middle East at the end of the fifteenth century. However, the Portuguese margins on this trade were much bigger than the Venetian. Most of these spices were marketed in Europe via Antwerp, which was the chief port of the Spanish Netherlands.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe voyages of Dias, Cabral and da Gama had laid the foundations of the Portuguese trading empire in East Africa and Asia. Portugal held a monopoly of the traffic round the Cape until the last decade of the sixteenth century.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThe Mameluke regime in Egypt sent a fleet in 1509 to try to stop interference with shipping to the Red Sea but they were defeated by the Portuguese at Diu off the coast of Gujarat. However, Portugal did not succeed in establishing a base in the Red Sea, Aden was taken by Turkey in 1538, and the old Asian trade to Egypt was reopened from about the middle of the sixteenth century. Portugal did acquire a fortified position at Hormuz which dominated the entry to the Persian Gulf for about a century", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nThere was no blockade of trade with the newly established regime in Safavid Persia, but traders entering the Gulf and those using other Portuguese bases had to pay for safe\u2013conduct passes (cartazes). In addition Portugal levied customs duties on goods travelling through its Asian bases.", "Portugal 's major advantages in developing its overseas commerce and empire\nWake (1979, p. 377) provided a rough estimate of annual Portuguese spice imports. In the first half of the sixteenth century they averaged 1 475 metric tons a year, 1 160 in the second half. In 1600, total West European consumption was probably about twice the 1500 level, and per capita consumption had risen by half."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://history78blog.blogspot.com/2005/12/childhood-under-fire.html

History Channel: Childhood under fire

["History Channel: Childhood under fire\nThe horror of the First World War was all too real for the boys who lied about their age to fight on the front line. But life also changed for the young people at home, many of whom experienced the constant fear of loss and the reality of bombing raids and shortages. They shared the general concern about spies and witnessed the grim news from the battlefront, reported with the new moving pictures in cinemas", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nThe public mood altered forever, and this was reflected in the literature and arts for children and young people during and after the war.", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nJohn Condon was not yet 14 years old when he was killed on the battlefield in Flanders, Belgium, to become one of the youngest casualties of the First World War.", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nHis story is typical of the route many children and young people took to the battlefront. From Waterford City in southern Ireland (then still part of the UK, having been delayed by the First World War), Condon fooled a British Army recruiting officer into believing he was 18 years old. The young recruit was soon training at the army barracks in Clonmel and was then sent to fight.", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nHis family discovered he was serving in Belgium only when the British Army contacted them in the spring of 1915 to say he was missing in action. It was another 10 years before a farmer found Condon's body, and the young boy's remains were buried in Poelcapple cemetery near Ypres.", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nCondon's story was reported in the Waterford News & Star, but even though he was among the youngest victims of the carnage, the story of this child soldier is by no means unique. In Britain, tens of thousands of teenage boys under the minimum joining-up age of 18 (or 19 for service overseas) enlisted. School life was deeply affected:", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\n'Most of the sixth form was wiped out, year after year. ... They were called up and 80 per cent of them would be killed. I know when I was in the sixth form, I think only about 10 per cent or so of the previous year were still alive, and we thought that was life.' (Quoted in George Robb's published by Palgrave)", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nThis under-age enlisting was encouraged by recruiting sergeants, who were tempted to be careless about checking the truth, thanks to the bonus they received for each person who joined up. Often, teenagers would unwittingly reveal their true age, only to be told by the recruiting sergeant to run round the block to help themselves 'remember' that they were older.", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nThe British were not alone in using child soldiers. All armies in the Great War did the same and many young people were only too keen to go to fight. Many of these young people received little training before being sent into battle.\nYoung people were also put to work for the war effort in other ways, for example growing extra food on allotments or in their gardens, and collecting cooking fat and scrap metal for the arms factories to use to make explosives and weapons.", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nDuring the war, an estimated 250,000 teenage boys who were younger than the legal minimum age for soldiers enlisted in the British Army. Around half of these were killed or wounded, some winning medals for their bravery. In addition, after the war, the government estimated that more than half a million children had ended their school careers early as a result of pressure from the conflict.\nMothers of invention\nSoldiers and civilians\nThe Spartans\nNelson\u2019s Navy", "History Channel: Childhood under fire\nWhy the History Channel Had to Apologize for the D...\nThe History of Christmas\nLife in the 18th-century royal navy\nARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND 1863-1914\nEMPEROR FRANZ JOSEF I 1830-1916"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/103/sconres14/text/es

Text of S.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve … (Passed the Senate version) - GovTrack.us

["Text of S.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve \u2026 (Passed the Senate version) - GovTrack.us\nS.Con.Res. 14 (103rd)\nS.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers (CIOR), commending the Department of Defense and the Reserve Officers Association of the United States for hosting the XLVI Congress of the CIOR, and urging other departments and agencies of the Federal Government to cooperate with and assist the XLVI Congress of the CIOR to carry out its activities and programs.", "Text of S.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve \u2026 (Passed the Senate version) - GovTrack.us\nThis resolution has 4 versions. Select a version to view:\nMar 9, 1993: Introduced May 19, 1993: Reported by Senate Committee Jun 9, 1993: Passed the Senate Jun 10, 1993: Referred to House Committee\nCompare to a different version to see how the resolution has changed:\n(Select Other Version) Mar 9, 1993: Introduced May 19, 1993: Reported by Senate Committee Jun 10, 1993: Referred to House Committee\nCompare this resolution to another bill:", "Text of S.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve \u2026 (Passed the Senate version) - GovTrack.us\n(Select Bill) H.Con.Res. 67 Welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers (CIOR), commending the Department ... (IH)\nReact to this resolution with an emoji\nSave your opinion on this resolution on a six-point scale from strongly oppose to strongly support\nAdd a note about this resolution. Your note is for you and will not be shared with anyone.\nThe text of the bill below is as of Jun 9, 1993 (Passed the Senate).", "Text of S.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve \u2026 (Passed the Senate version) - GovTrack.us\nThis is not the latest text of this resolution. Read the latest text.\nSCON 14 ES\n103d CONGRESS\nS. CON. RES. 14\nWhereas the Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers (CIOR), an association of reserve officers from thirteen of the nations comprising the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, will hold its XLVI Congress at Washington, District of Columbia, during the period August 1 through 6, 1993; and", "Text of S.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve \u2026 (Passed the Senate version) - GovTrack.us\nWhereas the United States, through the Department of Defense, will conduct military competitions in conjunction with and as a constituent part of the XLVI Congress of that organization: Now, therefore, be it\nResolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That the Congress of the United States--", "Text of S.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve \u2026 (Passed the Senate version) - GovTrack.us\n(1) extends to the Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers (CIOR) a cordial welcome to the United States on the occasion of the XLVI Congress of that organization to be held in Washington, District of Columbia, during the period August 1 through 6, 1993;\n(2) commends the joint effort of the Department of Defense and the Reserve Officers Association of the United States in hosting the XLVI Congress of the CIOR; and", "Text of S.Con.Res. 14 (103rd): A concurrent resolution welcoming the XLVI Congress of the Interallied Confederation of Reserve \u2026 (Passed the Senate version) - GovTrack.us\n(3) urges all departments and agencies of the Federal Government to cooperate with and assist the XLVI Congress of the CIOR in carrying out its activities and programs during that period.\nPassed the Senate June 9 (legislative day, June 7), 1993.\nSecretary."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.perb.ny.gov/rules-of-procedure/

No title found

["No title found\nRules and Regulations Of The Public Employment Relations Board When Acting Pursant To Article 14 Of The Civil Service Law\nAmended August 2, 2017 Click here to see the amendments\n200 DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PROVISIONS\n200.1 Act; board\nThe term act, as used in this Chapter, shall mean the New York State Public Employees\u2019 Fair Employment Act, and the term board and agency shall each mean the New York State Public Employment Relations Board, or any two members thereof.", "No title found\n200.2 Director; deputy chair; administrative law judge\nThe term director, as used in this Chapter, shall mean the agent of the board designated as director of public employment practices and representation; the term deputy chair shall mean an agent of the board so designated; the term administrative law judge as used in this Chapter shall mean an agent of the board so designated and shall include the director and assistant director of public employment practices and representation.", "No title found\n200.3 Director of Conciliation\nThe term director of conciliation, as used in this Chapter, shall mean the agent of the board so designated.\n200.4 Assistant Director\nThe term assistant director, as used in this Chapter, shall mean the agent of the board so designated.\n200.5 Counsel\nThe term counsel, as used in this Chapter, shall mean the agent of the board so designated.\n200.6 Party", "No title found\nThe term party, except as otherwise provided in this Chapter, shall mean any public employee, employee organization or public employer filing a charge, petition or application under the act or this Chapter; any public employee, employee organization or public employer named as a party in a charge, petition or application filed under the act or this Chapter; or any other public employee, employee organization or public employer whose timely motion to intervene in a proceeding has been granted.", "No title found\n200.7 Impartial agency\nThe term impartial agency, as used in this Chapter, shall mean an agency or agent established or designated by a local government pursuant to procedures established by its legislative body under section 206.1 or section 212 of the act, which agency or agent shall be free from direction by the local government involved and without predisposition or appearance of predisposition to favor such local government or any employee organization in matters which come before it.", "No title found\n200.8 Certification\nThe term certification, as used in this Chapter, shall mean the designation of an employee organization as negotiating representative of employees in an appropriate unit by the board or by a local impartial agency established pursuant to section 206.1 or section 212 of the act.\n200.9 Recognition", "No title found\nThe term recognition, as used in this Chapter, shall mean the designation of an employee organization as negotiating representative of employees in an agreed-upon unit by a government not acting through an impartial agency pursuant to section 206.1 or section 212 of the act.\n200.10 Computing time\n(a) The term working days, as used in this Chapter, shall not include a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday.\n(b) The term days, as used in this chapter, shall refer to calendar days.", "No title found\n(c) In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, or by order or direction, the day of the act, event, or default after which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it falls on a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, in which event the period shall run to the next working day.\n200.11 Filing; service", "No title found\n(a) The term filing, as used in this Chapter, except as otherwise specifically provided, shall mean delivery to the board or an agent thereof, or the act of mailing to the board, or deposit of the papers enclosed in a properly addressed wrapper into the custody of an overnight delivery service for overnight delivery, before the latest time designated by the overnight delivery service for overnight delivery.", "No title found\n(b) The term service, as used in this Chapter, except as otherwise specifically provided, shall mean delivery to a party or the act of mailing to a party, or deposit of the papers enclosed in a properly addressed wrapper into the custody of an overnight delivery service for overnight delivery, before the latest time designated by the overnight delivery service for overnight delivery. Personal service is complete upon delivery. Service by mail or by overnight delivery is complete at the time of sending", "No title found\nExcept as otherwise directed by the board or one of its designees, where a paper described in this Chapter is served by regular mail, the due date of any response will have five calendar days added to the time specified in this Chapter. In the case of service by overnight delivery, an additional day will be added to any prescribed time in which any responsive pleadings, papers, or other required act triggered by the service is calculated.", "No title found\n(c) Overnight delivery service means any delivery service which regularly accepts items for overnight delivery to any address in the state.", "No title found\n(d) Proof of Service shall mean evidence that any document required to be filed with the Board or any of its agents was delivered to all other parties or other mandated recipients as required by these rules or by the Act. Proof of service shall consist of either a sworn affirmation of counsel or notarized affidavit by the individual who served the document, specifying the document served, the person or persons upon whom it was served, and the means by which it was served", "No title found\nProof of service may also take the form of a United States Postal Service tracking receipt or report, or by other United States Postal Service issued document establishing the date of mailing, the identity and address of the recipients, or an acknowledgment of receipt, whether sworn or unsworn, by the party or parties upon whom service is required, or by an agent thereof.", "No title found\n200.12 Electronic filing and service\n(a) Notwithstanding any provisions of this Chapter to the contrary including section 200.11 of this part, the director or administrative law judge before whom a matter is pending may permit the electronic filing and electronic service of any or all pleadings or related documents by and upon a party to a proceeding if such party expressly so consents to electronic service in a form provided by the board. Such permission and consent must be on notice to all parties.", "No title found\n(b) Notwithstanding any provisions of this Chapter to the contrary including section 200.11 of this part, the chairperson, in consultation with the board, may generally authorize the electronic service and/or filing of any documents for any or all proceedings before it or before an administrative law judge provided that: such general authorization is posted on the board\u2019s website and such general authorization becomes effective no sooner than sixty days from the date of such posting; provision is made to permit unrepresented individuals to choose to file and receive all pleadings, memoranda, correspondence and any case-related information in paper form; and the board or its designees retain discretion in determining whether to grant the application of a party to file and serve in paper form due to hardship, inability to comply with the procedure, or other good cause shown.", "No title found\n(c) The term electronic filing as used in this Chapter, shall mean a document submitted by means specified by the agency on its website", "No title found\nSuch documents shall be: (i) in a format that can be read using software that is readily available and is in widespread use by government, businesses, and individuals; and (ii) electronically searchable unless the party providing the document certifies in a written attachment to document served and/or in any required proof of service that it does not have the capacity to produce a searchable file.", "No title found\n(d) The term electronic service as used in this Chapter, shall mean delivery before the latest time designated for service by electronic mail to a party sent to an electronic mail address designated by the recipient. Electronic service is deemed complete upon sending unless an error message or other notification that the served document has not been successfully dispatched or received is returned, in which case the service is null and void.\n200.13 Showing of interest", "No title found\nThe term showing of interest, as used in this Chapter, shall mean a designated percentage of public employees in an allegedly appropriate negotiating unit or a negotiating unit determined to be appropriate, who support the filing of a petition or a motion to intervene. Any showing of interest must be accompanied by a declaration of authenticity as set forth in section 201.4(d) of the chapter", "No title found\nA showing of interest may also be used to determine whether an employee organization is entitled to certification without an election pursuant to section 201.8(c)(1) of this Chapter.", "No title found\n201 DETERMINATION OF REPRESENTATION STATUS UNDER SECTION 207 OF THE ACT\n201.1 Scope\n(a) The following relates to all public employees except:", "No title found\n(1) Employees employed by a government that has adopted procedures by local law, ordinance or resolution, pursuant to section 212 of the act, and with respect to which there is in effect a determination by the board that such provisions and procedures are substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and in pertinent rules with respect to the State (see Part 203 of this Chapter); and", "No title found\n(2) Employees covered by chapter 54 of the Charter and section 1173 specifically and title 12 generally of the Administrative Code of the City of New York.\n(b) Except for section 201.10, this Part does not relate to public employees employed by a government which has acted through its legislative body pursuant to section 206.1 of the act and established an impartial agency to administer procedures not inconsistent with section 207 of the act (see Part 202 of this Chapter).\n201.2 Petition; filing", "No title found\n(a) ) A petition to investigate a question concerning representation of public employees under the act (hereinafter called a petition for certification), or a petition alleging that an employee organization which has been certified or is being currently recognized should be deprived of representation status as to all or part of a unit (hereinafter called a petition for decertification), may be filed by one or more public employees or any employee organization acting in their behalf, or by a public employer, provided that individual employees may not file a petition for certification.", "No title found\n(b) A petition may be filed at any time by a public employer or a recognized or certified employee organization to clarify whether a position is encompassed within the scope of an existing unit (hereinafter called a unit clarification petition), or to determine the unit placement of a position (hereinafter called a unit placement petition). The filing and processing of the petition shall be in accordance with sections 201.5(c), 201.5(d), 201.7, 201.8(a) and (g), and 201.10 of this Part, and Part 212", "No title found\nSection 201.4 of this Part shall not apply. In determining the unit placement of a position, the administrative law judge shall consider whether the placement would be consistent with the criteria set forth in section 207 of the act. The administrative law judge may decline to make any clarification or placement not otherwise consistent with the purposes or policies of the act. Exceptions to any determination of the administrative law judge may be filed pursuant to Part 213.", "No title found\n(c) Petitions under this section shall be on a form prescribed by the board. In cases filed by paper filing, a signed original and four copies of the petition shall be filed with the director. In electronically filed cases, a signed paper original will be submitted in addition to the electronically filed petition. Prior to an administrative law judge issuing a decision, a petition may be withdrawn only with the consent of the director", "No title found\nAfter the issuance of a decision by the administrative law judge, the petition may be withdrawn only with the consent of the board. Whenever the director or the board, as the case may be, approves withdrawal of any petition, the case shall be closed.", "No title found\n(a) A petition for certification concerning unrepresented employees may be filed between 30 and 120 days after a public employer has been asked to recognize an employee organization, if the request has not been denied and no employee organization has been recognized or certified as majority representative of any of the employees within the unit alleged to be appropriate. A petition may be filed by the public employer within 120 days after receipt of a demand for recognition", "No title found\nUnless filed by a public employer, such a petition shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the employees within the unit alleged to be appropriate.", "No title found\n(b) A petition for certification concerning unrepresented employees may be filed by an employee organization within 90 days after it has been refused recognition by the public employer. Such a petition shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the employees within the unit alleged to be appropriate.", "No title found\n(c) A petition for certification or decertification may be filed within 30 days after publication of notice as described in section 201.6 of this Part, or receipt of written notice, that another employee organization has been recognized. Such a petition shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the employees in the existing unit or the unit alleged to be appropriate by the petitioner.", "No title found\n(d) A petition for certification or decertification may be filed during the month before the expiration, under section 208.2 of the act, of the period of unchallenged representation status accorded a recognized or certified employee organization, provided, however, that a public employer may not file a petition challenging the majority status of a recognized or certified employee organization in an existing negotiating unit unless it has a demonstrable, good-faith belief that the employee organization is defunct", "No title found\nIf a public employer is not the petitioner, a petition for certification or decertification shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the employees in the unit for which certification has been granted, or of the unit alleged to be appropriate by the petitioner. If the petition is solely one for decertification, it shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the employees in the existing unit", "No title found\nA petition seeking to certify a fragment of an existing bargaining unit as a separate bargaining unit shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the unit alleged to be appropriate.", "No title found\n(e) A petition for certification or decertification may be filed by an employee organization other than the recognized or certified employee organization and a petition for decertification may be filed by one or more public employees, if no new agreement is negotiated, 120 days subsequent to the expiration of a written agreement between the public employer and the recognized or certified employee organization or, if the agreement does not expire at the end of the employer\u2019s fiscal year, then 120 days subsequent to the end of the fiscal year immediately prior to the termination date of such agreement", "No title found\nThereafter, such a petition may be filed until a new agreement is executed. Such a petition shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the employees in the unit already in existence or alleged to be appropriate by the petitioner.", "No title found\n(f) A petition for decertification may be filed by public employees or by a public employee organization, other than the recognized or certified employee organization, or a petition for certification may be filed by a public employee organization other than the recognized or certified employee organization, commencing one year after such recognition or certification, unless and until the recognized or certified employee organization has negotiated its first collective bargaining agreement.", "No title found\n(g) ) A petition for certification or decertification which seeks to review a determination of representation status of public employees made by a local government pursuant to section 212 of the act may be filed together with a petition for review under section 203.8 of this Chapter", "No title found\nSuch a petition will not be processed unless the board determines that the continuing implementation of the provisions and procedures of the local government has not been substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and these rules. If a public employer is not the petitioner, such a petition shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the employees in the unit deemed appropriate by the local government or an impartial agency.", "No title found\n(b) In determining whether the evidence submitted to establish a showing of interest is timely, the director shall accept evidence of current membership. The director shall also accept dues deduction authorizations, original designation cards, or petitions on a form prescribed by the board, all of which were signed and dated within one year of their submission. A showing of interest may consist of any combination of the foregoing evidence, membership lists, dues deduction authorizations", "No title found\nThe director may require that an alphabetized listing of the names of the signatories on individually signed and dated petitions be filed within a reasonable period of time after submission of the showing of interest petitions. If such an alphabetized listing is required, the person or persons filing the listing shall simultaneously file with the director a signed attestation that the listing sets forth only the names of the signatories on the showing of interest petitions.", "No title found\n(c) A determination by the director that a showing of interest is timely and that it is numerically sufficient is a ministerial act and cannot be reviewed by the board.\n(d) A declaration of authenticity, signed and sworn to before any person authorized to administer oaths, shall be filed by the petitioner or, in the case of a motion to intervene, the movant, with the director simultaneously with the filing of the showing of interest. Such declaration shall contain the following:", "No title found\n(2) a declaration that, upon the declarant\u2019s personal knowledge or upon the declarant\u2019s inquiries, the persons whose names appear on the evidence submitted have themselves signed such evidence on the dates specified thereon, and that the persons specified as current members are in fact current members and, that inquiry was made regarding their inclusion in the negotiating unit which is the subject of the representation petition", "No title found\nIf the declaration is upon inquiries the declarant has made, and not upon the declarant\u2019s personal knowledge, the declarant shall specify the nature of those inquiries.", "No title found\n(e) The director may direct an investigation and, if necessary, a hearing to ascertain whether the evidence submitted is accurate. If it is determined after investigation or hearing that the evidence is fraudulent or that the declaration is false, such reasonable action as is appropriate to protect the integrity of the procedures of the board in connection with the pending matter shall be taken. Such a determination and such action taken shall be reviewable by the board pursuant to Part 213.", "No title found\n201.5 Contents of petition for certification; contents of petition for decertification; contents of petition to clarify existing unit or to determine unit placement of positions; response to petition\n(a) A petition for certification shall contain the following:\n(1) the name, affiliation, if any, and address of petitioner;\n(2) the name and address of the public employer involved;\n(3) a description of the negotiating unit which the petitioner claims to be appropriate;", "No title found\n(4) the names and addresses of any other employee organizations which claim to represent any public employees within the allegedly appropriate unit. If there is any contract covering public employees in such unit, petitioner shall specify the duration, the parties, and the unit involved in the contract, or attach a copy of the contract, and the date of the commencement of the fiscal year of the employer;\n(5) the number of employees in the allegedly appropriate unit;", "No title found\n(6) if an employee organization, whether the showing of interest requirement, as set forth in sections 201.3 and 201.4 of this Part, is met;\n(7) if an employee organization is seeking to represent a unit of unrepresented employees, the date on which it asked the public employer for recognition;", "No title found\n(8) if an employee organization, an affirmation that petitioner and the employee organization, if any, with which it is affiliated does not assert the right to strike against any government, to assist or participate in any such strike, or to impose an obligation to conduct, assist or participate in such a strike; and\n(9) a clear and concise statement of any other relevant facts.\n(b) Petitions for decertification shall contain the following:", "No title found\n(2) the name or names of the employee organization(s) which have been certified or are currently recognized by the public employer and which claim to represent the employees in the unit involved, the expiration date of any contract covering such employees, and the date of the commencement of the fiscal year of the employer;", "No title found\n(4) whether the employee organization(s) which have been certified or are currently recognized by the public employer have engaged in a strike or have caused, instigated, encouraged or condoned a strike against any government;\n(5) the grounds upon which decertification or revocation of recognition is sought;\n(6) a description of the unit, including the number of employees;\n(c) Petitions filed pursuant to section 201.2(b) of this Part shall contain the following:", "No title found\n(1) the name, affiliation, if any, and address of the recognized or certified employee organization;\n(3) a description of any affected existing negotiating unit, a copy of any applicable certification or recognition, and the date thereof;\n(4) the number of employees in the existing unit and in the unit proposed in the petition;\n(5) the job description and classification of each position;\n(6) the name and address of any other employee organization which claims to represent the position;", "No title found\n(7) a copy of any contract affecting the position; and\n(8) a statement by the petitioner setting forth the details of the desired clarification or placement and the reasons therefor.", "No title found\n(d) Response. Except for the petitioner, all parties shall file either an original and four copies of a response to the petition, or, in electronically filed cases, a paper original in addition to the electronically filed copy, with the director within 10 working days after receipt of a copy of the petition from the director, with proof of service of a copy thereof upon all other parties", "No title found\nThe response shall include a specific admission, denial or explanation of each allegation made by the petitioner, a description of the unit claimed to be appropriate by the responding party for the purpose of collective negotiations and a clear and concise statement of any other facts which the responding party claims may affect the processing or disposition of the petition, along with a signed declaration of its truthfulness by an identified representative of the responding party.", "No title found\nIn any case in which the director determines that notice in accordance with this section may be reasonably given by a party filing a petition for certification or a petition under section 201.2(b) of this Part, which seeks a review of a managerial or confidential designation made pursuant to section 201.9 of this Part, that party shall mail or, in electronically filed cases, electronically mail, notice thereof in conformity with the director\u2019s determination to each managerial or confidential designee named in the petition and state in writing to the director that it has mailed or electronically mailed the notice of filing in accordance with this section", "No title found\nThe notice shall include the date the petitioner filed the petition with the director and a copy of the petition and such attachments thereto as pertain to the named designee.", "No title found\n(f) The director or designated administrative law judge may permit an amendment of a petition at any time prior to the issuance of a decision, for good cause shown and under such terms as may be deemed just and proper, filed and served consistently with the method of filing and service of the original petition, and proof of service on all other parties provided, however, that petitions filed pursuant to \u00a7 201.3 of this Part, or motions to intervene in such matters, may not be amended where such amendment is not supported by the showing of interest accompanying the original petition or motion to intervene.", "No title found\n201.6 Publication\n(a) A public employer must publish notice of recognition, which shall be accomplished in the following manner:\n(1) posting of a written notice in a conspicuous place at suitable offices of the public employer for not less than five working days;\n(2) publishing such notice in a newspaper of general circulation in the area of the public employer for not less than one day;", "No title found\n(3) notifying every employee organization that has, in a written communication within one year preceding the recognition, claimed to represent any of the employees in the unit; and\n(4) disseminating such notice to all employees by any electronic means of communication normally in use for communications between the public employer and its employees.\n(b) The information published shall include:\n(1) the name of the employee organization which has been recognized;", "No title found\n(2) the job titles included in the unit for which it has been recognized; and\n(3) the date of recognition.\n(c) If the public employer fails to publish notice of recognition promptly, the employee organization may do so.", "No title found\n(d) If notice of recognition has not been published, neither the recognition nor a contract entered into pursuant thereto will bar a petition for certification or decertification unless the petitioner has received written notice of such recognition more than 30 days prior to the filing of the petition.\n201.7 Notice of pending petitions", "No title found\nUpon the filing of a petition under this Part, notice thereof, including the date when such petition was filed, the name and address of the petitioner, the name and address of the public employer involved, and the unit claimed to be appropriate shall be maintained by an agent of the board on a public docket to be kept by the board at its principal office.\n201.8 Investigation and election\n(a) Initial review and processing.", "No title found\n(1) Investigation. After the filing of a petition, the director shall direct an investigation of all questions concerning representation, including, if applicable, whether the showing of interest requirement, as set forth in sections 201.3 and 201.4 of this Part, has been satisfied; whether more than one employee organization seeks to represent some or all of the employees in the allegedly appropriate unit; and whether there is agreement among the parties as to the appropriateness of the proposed unit.", "No title found\n(2) Pre-hearing Conference The director may direct all parties to attend a pre-hearing conference pursuant to the procedures specified in Part 212 of this Chapter.\n(3) Hearing The director may direct that a hearing be conducted by an administrative law judge, in which event a notice of hearing specifying the time and place of the hearing shall be served upon the parties. The conduct of the hearing shall be in accordance with the procedures specified in Part 212 of this Chapter.", "No title found\n(b) Determination of representatives on consent. Subject to the director\u2019s approval, the parties in a representation case may agree on a method by which the director may determine the question of representation.\n(c) Action by director. After completing the investigation or hearing, as the case may be, or upon the consent of the parties, the director shall dispose of the questions concerning representation.", "No title found\n(1) Certification without an election. If the choice available to the employees in a negotiating unit is limited to selecting or rejecting a single employee organization, that choice may be ascertained by the director on the basis of dues deduction authorizations and other evidence instead of by an election", "No title found\nIn such case, the employee organization involved will be certified without an election if a majority of the employees within the unit have executed a showing of interest pursuant to section 201.4 (b) of this Part which remains current as defined in that section. Any new or additional evidence of majority support shall be accompanied by a declaration of authenticity, as defined in section 201.4 (d) of this Part", "No title found\nThe determination by the director that the indications of employee support are not sufficient for certification without an election is a ministerial act and will not be reviewed by the board. The director shall inform all parties in writing if the director determines that the indications of employee support are sufficient for certification without an election", "No title found\nThe director\u2019s determination in this respect is reviewable by the board pursuant to a written objection to certification filed with the board by a party within five working days after its receipt of the director\u2019s notification. An objection to certification shall set forth all grounds for the objection with supporting facts and shall be served on all parties to the proceeding. A response to the objection may be filed within five working days after a party\u2019s receipt of the objection", "No title found\n(2) Direction of an election An election will be held whenever the choice available to the employees within a negotiating unit includes more than one employee organization, or when the only employee organization seeking certification does not produce indications of employee support sufficient for certification without an election", "No title found\nIf the director determines that an election shall be held, such election shall be conducted by an agent of the board at such time and place and upon such terms and conditions as the board, the director or the agent may specify.", "No title found\n(d) Election procedure. (1) Unless otherwise directed by the board, the director shall conduct and supervise all elections. All elections shall be by secret ballot. Absentee ballots will not be permitted. A motion to intervene in any such election may be filed pursuant to section 212.1 of this Chapter, as long as notification of such desire is given to the director within what the director deems to be a reasonable time prior to the scheduled date of the election", "No title found\nWhenever two or more employee organizations are included as choices in an election, any participant may, upon prompt request to and approval by the director, have its name removed from the ballot; provided, however, that with respect to a petition for decertification, the employee organization certified or currently recognized may not have its name removed from the ballot without giving due notice in writing to all parties and the director, disclaiming any representation interest among the public employees in the unit", "No title found\nAny party may be represented by observers of its own selection, subject to such limitations as the director may prescribe. Any party or the board\u2019s agent may challenge, for good cause, the eligibility of any person to participate in the election. The ballots of such challenged persons shall be impounded. Upon the conclusion of the election, the tally of ballots shall be provided to the parties.", "No title found\n(2) Any party may file with the director an original and four copies of objections to the conduct of the election or conduct affecting the results of the election within five working days after its receipt of a final tally of ballots. Such objections shall contain a clear and concise statement of the facts constituting the bases for the objection, including the names of the individuals involved and the time and place of occurrence of each particular act alleged", "No title found\nThe objections shall be in writing and be signed and sworn to before any person authorized to administer oaths. Copies of such objections shall simultaneously be served upon each of the other parties by the party filing them, and proof of service shall be filed with the director", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of objections, the filing of a paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(3) An original and four copies of an answer shall be filed with the director within five working days after receipt from the director of notice of processing of the objections, with proof of service on all other parties. The answer shall contain a specific admission, denial or explanation of each allegation of the objection and a clear and concise statement of any other relevant facts. The original shall be signed and sworn to before any person authorized to administer oaths", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of objections, the filing of a paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\nIf a party fails or refuses to file an answer, such failure or refusal may be deemed to constitute that party\u2019s admission of the material facts in the objections and a waiver by that party of a hearing.", "No title found\n(4) If objections are filed to the conduct of the election or conduct affecting the results of the election, or if challenged ballots are sufficient in number to affect the results of the election, the director shall investigate such objections or challenges, or both, and shall take the appropriate action which may include the direction of a hearing in accordance with the provisions of Part 212 of this Chapter and the issuance of a decision.", "No title found\n(e) Runoff election. (1) The director may conduct a runoff election without further order of the board when an election in which the ballot provides for not less than three choices (i.e., at least two employee organizations and \u201cneither\u201d) results in no choice receiving a majority of the valid ballots cast. Only one runoff shall be held pursuant to this section, unless the board directs otherwise.", "No title found\n(2) The ballot in the runoff election shall provide for a selection among the two or more choices receiving the largest number of votes, the sum of whose votes aggregate at least one more than half of the total votes cast. Upon the conclusion of the runoff election, the provisions of subdivision (d) of this section shall govern insofar as applicable.\n201.9 Employer applications for designation of persons as managerial or confidential\n(a) Application; parties.", "No title found\n(1) An application by a public employer seeking a designation by the board of certain persons as managerial or confidential as defined in section 201.7(a) of the act shall be on a form prescribed by the board for that purpose. Unless the board has mandated or permitted electronic filing with respect to such applications, an original and four copies of the application shall be filed with the director", "No title found\nPrior to the issuance of a decision by the administrative law judge pursuant to section 201.10 of this Part, an application may be withdrawn only with the consent of the director. After the issuance of a decision by the administrative law judge, the application may be withdrawn only with the consent of the board. Whenever the director or the board, as the case may, be approves withdrawal of any application, the case shall be closed", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of applications, the filing of a paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(2) The parties are the applicant and the persons who are within any of the job titles which the public employer is seeking to have designated as managerial or confidential; provided, however, that if any such persons are represented by a recognized or certified employee organization, such employee organization is a party in their stead.", "No title found\n(b) Time for filing of application. An application may be filed at any time; provided, however, that with respect to any persons who are in a unit for which an employee organization has been recognized or certified, only one application which has been processed to completion may be filed during a period of unchallenged representation status.", "No title found\n(c) Notice of filing of application Simultaneous with the filing of an application under this section, notice thereof, including the date when such application was filed with the director, shall be served by the public employer upon each of the persons who are within any of the job titles which the public employer is seeking to have designated as managerial or confidential, and upon any employee organization which has been recognized or certified to represent any of them.", "No title found\n(d) Contents of application An application shall contain the following:\n(1) the name and address of the public employer filing the application;\n(2) the name and address of the attorney or representative of the public employer;\n(3) each of the job titles that the public employer seeks to have designated as managerial or confidential, and the number of persons in each job title;", "No title found\n(4) a statement as to whether any of these job titles are within a unit presently represented by a recognized or certified employee organization or whether an employee organization is presently seeking to represent the persons occupying any of these job titles and the name of the employee organization;", "No title found\n(5) if there is any contract covering the persons within the job titles which it claims are managerial or confidential, the public employer shall specify the duration, the parties, and the unit involved in the contract;\n(6) a statement as to whether the employer has ever filed a previous application seeking the designation of any of these job titles as managerial or confidential;\n(7) a statement as to whether copies of the relevant job descriptions are attached;", "No title found\n(8) a statement that notice of the filing of an application has been mailed to each of the persons who are within any of the job titles which it is alleged are managerial or confidential, and to any employee organization which has been recognized or certified to represent any of them; and\n(9) a clear and concise factual statement in support of the application, which shall identify job duties performed which allegedly form the basis for the designation sought.", "No title found\n(e) Response. The parties, as defined by paragraph (a)(2) of this section, except the applicant, shall file with the director within 10 working days after receipt of a copy of the application from the director, an original and four copies of a response to the application containing a signed declaration of its truthfulness by an identified representative of the responding party, with proof of service of a copy thereof upon all other parties", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of applications, the filing of a paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained. The response shall include a specific admission, denial or explanation of each allegation made by the applicant and a clear and concise statement of any other facts which may bear on the application", "No title found\nIf a responding party objects to the processing of an application on the ground that it was filed earlier than the time provided in subdivision (b) of this section, the response shall include a specific, detailed statement of why the application is untimely. Such objection to the processing of the application, if not duly raised, may be deemed waived.", "No title found\n(f) Withdrawal of applications. Before the issuance of a decision by the administrative law judge pursuant to section 201.10 of this Part, an application may be withdrawn only with the consent of the director. After the issuance of a decision by the administrative law judge, the application may be withdrawn only with the consent of the board. Whenever the director or the board, as the case may be, approves withdrawal of any application, the case shall be closed.", "No title found\n(g) Investigation. After the filing of an application, the director shall direct an investigation of all questions raised by the application.\n(h) Pre-hearing Conference. The director may direct all parties to attend a pre-hearing conference pursuant to the procedures specified in Part 212 of this Chapter.", "No title found\n(i) Hearing. A hearing may be conducted by an administrative law judge, in which event a notice of hearing specifying the time and place for the hearing shall be served on the parties. The conduct of the hearing shall be in accordance with the procedures specified in Part 212 of this Chapter.\n201.10 Decision by administrative law judge", "No title found\nUpon completion of proceedings, the administrative law judge shall issue a decision and submit the record of the case to the board. The record shall include the petition or application, notice of hearing, motions, rulings, orders, stenographic report of the hearing, stipulations, exceptions, documentary evidence, any briefs or other documents submitted by the parties, objections to the conduct of an election or conduct affecting the results of an election, and the decision of the administrative law judge.", "No title found\n201.11 Exceptions to decision of administrative law judge; action by board\n(a) Exceptions to a decision by an administrative law judge may be filed pursuant to Part 213 of this chapter.\n202 PROCEDURE FOR THE REVIEW OF QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE CERTIFICATION OF EMPLOYEE ORGANIZATIONS UNDER SECTION 206.1 OF THE ACT", "No title found\nThe following relates to public employees of a local government which has acted through its legislative body pursuant to section 206.1 of the act and established an impartial agency to administer procedures not inconsistent with section 207 of the act and pertinent sections of this Chapter.\n202.2 Petitions; filing", "No title found\nA petition to review a question concerning the certification of an employee organization under procedures established by a local government pursuant to section 206.1 of the act (hereinafter called a petition for review), may be filed by one or more public employees within the affected negotiating unit or any employee organization acting in their behalf, or by a public employer; provided, however, that individual employees may not seek certification", "No title found\nPetitions under this section shall be in writing and signed. An original and four copies of the petition shall be filed with the director. Petition forms will be supplied by the board upon request, or will be available on the agency\u2019s website. Should the chairperson authorize electronic filing of petitions, the filing of a paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained", "No title found\nBefore the submission of a case to the board pursuant to section 202.8 of this Chapter, the petition may be withdrawn only with the consent of the director. After the submission of a case to the board, the petition may be withdrawn only with consent of the board. Whenever the director or the board, as the case may be, approves withdrawal of any petition, the case shall be closed.", "No title found\n(a) A petition for review may be filed within 30 days after an impartial agency designated by a local government pursuant to section 206.1 of the act has certified or decertified an employee organization, determined that no employee organization should be certified in an appropriate negotiating unit, or refused to decertify an employee organization.", "No title found\n(b) A petition for review which alleges that an impartial agency has not begun to process a petition expeditiously may be filed not less than 30 days after petitioner has filed a petition for certification or decertification with the impartial agency.\n202.4 Contents of petition for review\nA petition for review shall contain the following:\n(a) The name, affiliation, if any, and address of petitioner.\n(b) The name and address of the public employer involved.", "No title found\n(c) A summary of the proceedings, if any, before the impartial agency established under section 206.1 of the act, including copies of the petition and other documents filed in such proceedings or issued by the impartial agency.", "No title found\n(d) A clear and concise statement of the grounds for alleging that the procedures established by the local public employer are not consistent with the provisions of sections 206.1 and 207 of the act and pertinent sections of this Chapter, or that the decision of the impartial agency is repugnant to the act and pertinent sections of this Chapter.\n(e) A statement that the matter is not subject to section 212 of the act.\n(f) If petitioner is seeking certification:", "No title found\n(1) an affirmation that petitioner does not assert the right to strike against any government, to assist or participate in any such strike, or to impose an obligation to conduct, assist or participate in such a strike;\n(2) a description of the negotiating unit which petitioner claims to be appropriate;\n(4) whether the showing of interest requirement, as set forth in sections 201.3 and 201.4 of this Chapter, is met;\n(5) the date upon which petitioner asked the public employer for recognition; and", "No title found\n(6) the names and addresses of any other employee organizations which claim to represent any public employees within the allegedly appropriate unit. If there is any contract covering the public employees in such unit, petitioner shall specify the duration, the parties and the unit included in the contract, or attach a copy of the contract.\n(g) If the petitioner is seeking decertification:", "No title found\n(1) the name or names of the employee organization(s) which have been certified or are currently being recognized by the public employer and which claim to represent the employees in the unit involved, and the expiration date of any contract covering such employees;\n(3) a description of the unit including the number of employees;\n(4) if an employee organization, whether the showing of interest requirement, as set forth in sections 201.3 and 201.4 of this Chapter, is met; and", "No title found\n(5) whether the employee organization(s) which have been certified have engaged in a strike or have caused, instigated, encouraged or condoned a strike against any government.\n(h) A clear and concise statement of any other relevant facts.\n202.5 Intervention\nIntervention is permitted in accordance with the procedures specified in section 212.1 of this Chapter.\nNotice of pending petitions shall be provided in the manner specified in section 201.7 of this Chapter.\n202.7 Investigation and hearing", "No title found\n(a) The director shall direct an investigation of questions raised by the petition including, if applicable, whether the showing of interest requirement, as set forth in sections 201.3 and 201.4 of this Chapter, has been met", "No title found\nThe investigator shall also consider whether the procedures established by the local public employer are consistent with the provisions of sections 206.1 and 207 of the act and pertinent sections of this Chapter, and whether the decision of the impartial agency is repugnant to the act and pertinent sections of this Chapter.", "No title found\n(b) The director may direct that a hearing be conducted by an administrative law judge, in which event the procedures shall be those specified in Part 212 of this Chapter.\n202.8 Decision by administrative law judge\nUpon completion of the proceedings, the administrative law judge shall issue a decision and submit the record of the case to the board, as specified in Part 201.10 of this Chapter.\n202.9 Exceptions to decision of administrative law judge; action by the board", "No title found\nExceptions to a decision of the administrative law judge and final action by the board shall be as set forth in section 201.11(a) and Part 213 of this Chapter.\n203 PROCEDURES FOR THE APPROVAL OR REVIEW OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROCEDURES UNDER SECTION 212 OF THE ACT\n203.1 Application for approval; filing", "No title found\nAn original and four copies of an application may be filed by a local government which, acting through its legislative body, has adopted or amended by local law, ordinance or resolution its own provisions and procedures, for a determination by the board that such provisions and procedures are substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and these rules. Applications under this section shall be in writing and signed", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of applications, the filing of a paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained. Application forms will be supplied by the board upon request, and will be available on the agency\u2019s website", "No title found\nSuch an application may be filed at any time after the applicant has given public notice of its intention to so file, and may be withdrawn by the applicant at any time before disposition of it by the board and after giving public notice of such withdrawal", "No title found\nSuch public notice shall be by posting in a conspicuous place at suitable offices of the applicant for not less than five working days, and inclusion in a public advertisement in a newspaper of general circulation in the area of the applicant for not less than one day.", "No title found\n203.2 Contents of application\nAn application for determination that local provisions and procedures are substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and these rules shall contain the following:\n(a) name and address of the applicant;\n(b) a copy of the local law, ordinance or resolution adopted or amended by the legislative body of the applicant;", "No title found\n(c) if an amendment, a statement as to whether the local law, ordinance or resolution to be amended has been determined to be substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and these rules and, if so, whether the board has determined that the continuing implementation of such local law, ordinance or resolution was not substantially equivalent to such provisions and procedures;", "No title found\n(d) a copy of the public notice announcing the application and a description of the manner and date of its publication;\n(e) the names and addresses of any employee organizations which have been certified or recognized to represent any public employees of the applicant; and\n(f) the names and addresses of any other employee organizations which claim to represent any public employees of the applicant.\n203.3 Objections", "No title found\nAny objections to the granting of the application may be filed and served in the same manner as the application by any person or employee organization within 15 working days after receipt by the board of the application; provided, however, that the board may excuse the late filing of objections because of extraordinary circumstances.", "No title found\n(a) The board shall direct an investigation of any questions raised by the application and such objections to the application as may be filed with the board. In conducting such an investigation, the board or its agent may require affidavits or direct a hearing. If a hearing is directed, the board or its agent shall prepare and cause to be served upon the applicant and any party a notice of hearing before the board or its designated administrative law judge at a time and place fixed therein.", "No title found\n(b) In the event a hearing is directed, the provisions of Part 212 of this Chapter shall govern.\n203.5 Determination by the board\nAfter receipt of a report and recommendations from its agent and of the record of any hearing which may have been held, or upon the completion of its own investigation, and upon such exceptions as may have been filed pursuant to Part 213 of this Chapter, the board shall decide the issues and make such disposition of the matter as it deems appropriate.", "No title found\n(a) To be approved, the provisions and procedures established by a local government under section 212 of the act must provide, inter alia, that termination shall become effective no sooner than 60 days after the filing with the board of a duly certified copy of a local law, ordinance or resolution of such local government terminating the applicability of the local provisions and procedures, or on the date specified in the local law, ordinance or resolution, whichever is later", "No title found\nThe provisions and procedures must also provide that the local government will give public notice of the termination of the local procedures at least 45 days prior to the effective date thereof, by posting in a conspicuous place at suitable offices of its own for not less than five working days and inclusion in a public advertisement in a local newspaper of general circulation for not less than one day.", "No title found\n(b) To be approved, the provisions and procedures established by a local government under section 212 of the act must provide, inter alia, that no amendment shall be effective until the board finds that the provisions and procedures, as amended, are substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and these rules.\n203.7 Local regulations", "No title found\nUpon approval of the provisions and procedures established by a local government under section 212 of the act, the local agency shall perform the duties set forth in the local equivalent of sections 209 and 210.3 of the act. Within 45 days from the date of such approval, the local agency must adopt rules of procedure substantially equivalent to Part 201 of this Chapter", "No title found\nWithin such 45 days, it must also adopt rules of procedure substantially equivalent to Part 206 of this Chapter which shall be applicable if no proceeding is instituted under section 751.2 of the Judiciary Law to punish an employee organization which violates section 210.1 of the act.", "No title found\n(a) The fact that a local government has not adopted rules and regulations within 45 days after the board has determined that its provisions and procedures are substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and this Chapter shall be prima facie evidence that the local government has not implemented its provisions and procedures in a manner substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and this Chapter.", "No title found\n(b) Petitions: filing. A petition to review the question of whether provisions and procedures of a local government are being implemented in a manner substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and this Chapter (hereinafter called a petition for review) may be filed by any person. Petitions under this section shall be in writing and signed. An original and four copies of the petition shall be filed with the board", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of such petitions, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained. Petition forms will be supplied by the board upon request and will be available on the agency\u2019s website. The petition may be withdrawn only with the consent of the board", "No title found\n(c) Time for filing of petitions. A petition for review may be filed within 60 days after the act or inaction complained of occurred or failed to occur.\n(d) Contents of petitions for review. A petition for review shall contain the following:\n(1) The name, affiliation, if any, and address of petitioner.\n(2) The name of the local government involved.", "No title found\n(3) The names and addresses of any employee organizations which have been certified or recognized to represent any public employees under the local government provisions and procedures.\n(4) The names and addresses of any other employee organizations which claim to represent any public employees under the jurisdiction of the local government involved.", "No title found\n(5) A clear and concise statement of the grounds for alleging that the local government provisions and procedures, as implemented, are not substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and this Chapter.", "No title found\n(e) Notice of pending petitions. Upon the filing of a petition under this section, notice thereof, including the date when such petition was filed and the name and address of petitioner and the local government involved, shall be posted by an agent of the board on the public docket maintained by the board at its principal office.", "No title found\n(f) Investigation and hearing. The board shall direct an investigation of any questions raised by the petition. In conducting such an investigation, the board or its agent may require affidavits or direct a hearing. If a hearing is directed, the board or its agent shall prepare and cause to be served upon petitioner and all other parties a notice of hearing before the board or an administrative law judge at a time and place fixed therein", "No title found\n(g) Determination by the board. After receipt of a report and recommendations from its agent and of the record of proceedings of any hearing which may have been held, or upon the completion of its own investigation, and upon such exceptions as may have been filed pursuant to Part 213 of this Chapter, the board shall decide the issues and make such disposition of the matter as it deems appropriate.\n204 IMPROPER PRACTICES\n204.1 Charge\n(a) Filing of charge.", "No title found\n(1) An original and four copies of a charge that any public employer or its agents, or any employee organization or its agents, has engaged in, or is engaging in, an improper practice may be filed with the director by one or more public employees or any employee organization acting in their behalf, or by a public employer, within four months of when the charging party first knew, or reasonably should have known, of the alleged improper practice", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of such charge, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(2) If the facts constituting the alleged improper practice also are alleged to support a claim by an employee organization that a public employer or its representatives engaged in such acts of extreme provocation as to detract from the responsibility of the employee organization for a strike, then the charge may not be filed after the date on which the employee organization is required to file its answer to the strike charge pursuant to section 206.5 of this Chapter.", "No title found\n(3) The charge shall be in writing on a form provided by the director and shall be signed and sworn to before any person authorized to administer oaths.\n(b) Contents of charge. The charge shall include the following:\n(1) the name, address and affiliation, if any, of the charging party, and the title of any representative filing the charge;\n(2) the name and address of the respondent or respondents and any other party named therein;", "No title found\n(3) a clear and concise statement, preferably in numbered or lettered paragraphs, of the facts constituting the alleged improper practice, including the names, and, where known or relevant, the titles and work locations of the individuals involved in the alleged improper practice; the date and the place of the occurrence of each particular act alleged; and the subsections of section 209 a of the act alleged to have been violated", "No title found\nEvidentiary exhibits may be attached but will not relieve the charging party of the requirement to provide sufficient factual particulars as set forth herein;", "No title found\n(4) if the charge alleges a violation of section 209-a.1(d) or section 209-a.2(b) of the act, whether the charging party has notified the board in writing of the existence of an impasse pursuant to section 205.1 of this Chapter; and\n(5) a statement that the charging party is available to participate in the prehearing conference and the formal hearing immediately.", "No title found\n(c) Scope of negotiations cases. Where the primary basis of the dispute between the parties is alleged to be a disagreement as to the scope of negotiations under the act, either party may request of the director or an assigned administrative law judge that the matter be accorded expedited treatment.", "No title found\n(d) Amendments. The director or administrative law judge designated by the director may permit a charging party to amend the charge upon good cause shown before, during or after the conclusion of the hearing upon such terms as may be deemed just and consistent with due process.", "No title found\n(e) Withdrawals. A charge may be withdrawn by the charging party before issuance of a decision and recommended order based thereon upon approval by the director. Thereafter, a charge may be withdrawn only with the approval of the board. Requests to the director to withdraw a charge or to the board to withdraw a charge will be approved unless to do so would be inconsistent with the purposes and policies of the act or due process of law", "No title found\nWhenever the director approves the withdrawal of a charge, or the board approves the withdrawal of the charge, the case will be closed without consideration or review of any of the issues raised by the charge.", "No title found\n(a) (1) Initial review After a charge is filed, the director shall conduct a review of the charge to determine whether the facts as alleged may constitute an improper practice as set forth in section 209 a of the act", "No title found\nIf the director determines that the facts as alleged do not, as a matter of law, constitute a violation, or that the charge as pleaded is not timely, the director may dismiss it subject to review by the board under Part 213 of this Chapter; alternatively, the director may permit the party to amend the charge to cure such deficiency in the charge. If the deficiency is not cured, the director may dismiss the charge or deem the charge, or any part thereof, withdrawn.", "No title found\n(2) Notice of conference . Except where subdivision (b) of this section is applicable, a notice of conference pursuant to Part 212 of this Chapter shall be prepared by the director or a designated administrative law judge specifying the time and place for the conference and, together with a copy of the charge, shall be delivered to the charging party and each named respondent.", "No title found\n(b) Scope of negotiations cases. If, upon review of the charge, the director determines that it involves primarily a dispute between the parties as to the scope of negotiations under the act, the director or an assigned administrative law judge shall forthwith schedule a conference for the purpose of inquiring further into the matter. Such an administrative determination is a ministerial act and will not be reviewed by the board.\n204.3 Answer", "No title found\n(a) Filing. The respondent shall file with the director an original and four copies of an answer to the charge, with proof of service of a copy thereof on all other parties within 10 working days after receipt of a copy of the charge from the director", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of such answer, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained. The original shall be signed and sworn to before any person authorized to administer oaths.", "No title found\nIf the respondent believes that a charge is so vague and indefinite that it cannot reasonably be required to frame an answer, the respondent may, within 10 working days after receipt of a copy of the charge from the director, file, in the same manner as would be applicable to the filing of an answer, a motion with the administrative law judge, with proof of service on all other parties, for an order directing the charging party to file a verified statement supplying specified information", "No title found\nThe charging party may likewise file a response to the motion within seven working days after its receipt thereof, with proof of service of a copy of the response on all other parties. The filing of such motion will extend the time during which the respondent must file and serve its answer until 10 working days after receipt of the ruling of the administrative law judge on the motion, or until such later date as the administrative law judge may set", "No title found\nThe failure of a party to timely comply with an order of particularization may, in the discretion of the administrative law judge, constitute ground for precluding the party from offering any evidence as to the matters dealt with by the order.", "No title found\n(c) Contents. (1) The answer shall include a specific admission, denial or explanation of each allegation of the charge or, if the respondent is without knowledge thereof, the answer shall so state and such statement shall operate as a denial. Admissions or denials may be made to all or part of an allegation, but shall fairly meet the circumstances of the allegation.", "No title found\n(2) The answer shall include a specific, detailed statement of any affirmative defense, including but not limited to an allegation that the violation occurred more than four months before the filing of the charge. A clear and concise statement of the facts supporting any affirmative defense, including the names of the individuals involved and the date and place of the occurrence of each particular act alleged, shall be set forth", "No title found\nAn answer to an alleged violation of section 209-a.1(g) of the act shall identify the statute, interest arbitration award, collectively negotiated agreement, policy, or practice that forms the basis of the employer\u2019s affirmative defense, if any.", "No title found\nIf the charging party believes that the statement of facts supporting any affirmative defense is so vague and indefinite that such charging party cannot reasonably be expected to address them in an expeditious manner at a hearing, such charging party may, within 10 working days after receipt of the answer, file with the administrative law judge in the same manner applicable to the filing of the charge a motion for an order directing the respondent to file a verified statement supplying specified information", "No title found\nThe respondent may file a response to the motion within seven working days after its receipt thereof, with proof of service of a copy of the response on all other parties. The failure of a party to timely comply with an order of particularization may, in the discretion of the administrative law judge, constitute grounds for precluding the respondent from offering any evidence as to the matters dealt with by the order.", "No title found\n(e) Amendment. The administrative law judge may permit the respondent to amend the answer upon good cause shown at any time before or during the hearing, or at any time prior to the issuance of the administrative law judge\u2019s decision and recommended order, upon such terms as may be deemed just, consistent with due process.", "No title found\n(f) Admission by failure to answer. If the respondent fails to file a timely answer, the administrative law judge may deem such failure to constitute an admission of the material facts alleged in the charge and a waiver by the respondent of a hearing.", "No title found\n(g) A public employer which is made a party to an improper practice charge pursuant to section 209-a.3 of the act may file responsive pleadings in accordance with subdivisions (a)-(e) of this section. The administrative law judge may deem the public employer\u2019s failure to file any responsive pleading to constitute a waiver of the public employer\u2019s right to participate in any hearing held on the allegations of impropriety set forth in the charge.\n204.4 Expedited determinations", "No title found\n(a) Immediately after the conference referred to in section 212.2 of Part 212 of this Chapter, and if one or more of the parties has made a request that a dispute involving primarily a disagreement as to the scope of negotiations under the act be processed expeditiously, or if the director shall deem it appropriate to do so, the director shall so notify the board and transmit the papers to the board. The board shall then inform the parties as to whether it will accord expedited treatment to the matter", "No title found\nIf the board determines that the matter will be expedited, it will also notify the respondent of the due date for its answer, and the parties of the due date for briefs. The board may also direct that oral argument be held before it, or that a hearing be held before the full board, one of its members, or an administrative law judge", "No title found\nIf the board determines that expedited treatment will not be accorded, the matter will be handled in accordance with sections 204.2(b) and 204.3 of this Part and Parts 212 and 213 of this Chapter.", "No title found\n(b) At the request of any party, or if the director shall deem it appropriate to do so, the director shall, within a reasonable period of time after a conference, make a preliminary determination whether a dispute presents an issue or issues of law relating to the scope of any duty of fair representation allegedly owed by an employee organization to a non-member, or to any member seeking to terminate membership in an employee organization, or related question", "No title found\nAfter such preliminary determination, the director shall, upon determining that the matter warrants expedited treatment, so notify the board and transmit the papers to the board. A determination by the director that the matter does not warrant expedited treatment shall not be subject to review by the board pursuant to Part 213. If the board determines that expedited treatment of the matter is warranted, it will so inform the parties", "No title found\nThe board will notify the parties of the due date for briefs, and may also direct that oral argument be held before it, or that a hearing be held before the full board, one of its members, or an administrative law judge. If the board determines that expedited treatment will not be accorded, the matter will be remanded and processed in accordance with sections 204.2(b) and 204.3 of this Part and Parts 212 and 213 of this Chapter.", "No title found\n(c) If a hearing is held:\n(1) Any objections to the conduct of a hearing, including objections to the introduction of evidence, may be oral or written, must be accompanied by a short statement of the grounds for such objection, and shall be included in the record.", "No title found\n(2) There shall be no intermediate report from a board member or an administrative law judge who may be assigned to hold the hearing. Upon the completion of the hearing, such board member or administrative law judge shall transmit the record to the full board for a determination without making any recommendations.\n204.5 Hearing procedures\nHearings will be conducted in accordance with the procedures set forth in Part 212 of this Chapter.\n204.6 Decision and recommended order by administrative law judge", "No title found\nUpon closure of the record before an administrative law judge designated by the director, the administrative law judge shall issue a decision and recommended order and submit the record of the case to the board.\n204.7 Application for injunctive relief", "No title found\n(a) Filing of application. A party filing an improper practice charge pursuant to Part 204 of this Chapter may apply to the board for injunctive relief pursuant to section 209-a.4 of the act by filing with the office of counsel at the board\u2019s Albany office either by electronic mail, or by filing an original and two copies of a signed application for injunctive relief", "No title found\nAn application filed by mail or overnight delivery service shall be filed in an envelope or container prominently bearing the legend \u201cINJUNCTIVE RELIEF APPLICATION\u201d in capital letters on its front. An application that is filed by electronic mail at an address designated by the board for such purpose and published on the agency\u2019s website shall state in the subject line \u201cAPPLICATION FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.\u201d", "No title found\n(b) Application form. The application shall be filed on a form prescribed by the board which shall give notice of the right to respond pursuant to section 204.8 of this Part. The application form shall include the following:\n(1) the name, address, telephone number, electronic mail address, fax number, and affiliation, if any, of the charging party;", "No title found\n(2) the name, title, address, telephone number, electronic mail address, and fax number of any representative filing the application on behalf of the charging party;\n(3) the name, title, address, telephone number, electronic mail address, and fax number of any attorney or other representative who will represent the charging party during the processing of the application, if different from the representative named in response to paragraph (2) above;", "No title found\n(4) the name, address, electronic mail address if known, and telephone number of any public employer or employee organization named as a party to the improper practice charge;\n(5) the date when the improper practice charge was filed; and\n(6) the case number of the improper practice charge, if available.\n(c) Additional contents of application . The charging party shall attach to the application form the following documents:\n(1) a copy of the improper practice charge;", "No title found\n(2) an affidavit or affidavits stating, in a clear and concise manner: (i) those facts personally known to the deponent that constitute the alleged improper practice, the date of the alleged improper practice, the alleged injury, loss, or damage arising from it, and the date when the alleged injury, loss, or damage occurred or will occur; and (ii) why the alleged injury, loss, or damage is immediate, irreparable, and will render a resulting judgment on the merits of the improper practice charge ineffectual if injunctive relief is not granted by the court, and why there is a need to maintain or return to the status quo in order for the board to provide meaningful relief", "No title found\nIf filed electronically, the affidavit or affidavits shall be in searchable format and shall not be scanned copies of the original documents;", "No title found\n(4) proof that a copy of the completed application for injunctive relief and all supporting documents was delivered to the respondent\u2019s chief legal officer in an envelope bearing the legend \u201cATTENTION: CHIEF LEGAL OFFICER\u201d in capital letters on its front, and the method and date that such delivery was made, and proof of service on all other parties to the charge", "No title found\nIf delivery to the respondent\u2019s chief legal officer is not by electronic mail or personal service, proof of delivery must establish when the respondent\u2019s chief legal officer actually received the completed application and all supporting documents", "No title found\nDelivery by facsimile or by electronic mail will not be accepted, unless the charging party provides a written acknowledgment from the respondent\u2019s chief legal officer that such officer accepts delivery by that means, and when such officer received the completed application and all supporting documents; and", "No title found\n(5) charging party may file, at its option, a memorandum of law in support of the application for injunctive relief. If filed electronically, the application for injunctive relief shall be in searchable format and shall not be scanned copies of the original documents.\n204.8 Response to application for injunctive relief", "No title found\n(a) Filing of response. A party to whom an application for injunctive relief is delivered pursuant to section 204.7 of this Part may file with the office of counsel an original and two copies of a response to the application, with proof of service of a copy on all parties within five days after the application was actually delivered", "No title found\nAlternatively, an original and one copy of a response, with proof of service on all parties, may be filed with the office of counsel by either electronic mail at an electronic mail address designated by the board for that purpose, or by fax at a fax number designated by the board for that purpose within five days after delivery of the application", "No title found\nIf the response is filed by fax, the responding party shall mail or deliver an original and two copies of the response to the office of counsel by the next working day. Unless otherwise authorized by the office of counsel, copies of the response shall be served on all other parties in the same manner in which the application is filed with the office of counsel", "No title found\nThe response shall be signed and sworn to before any person authorized to administer oaths and shall be deemed filed when received by the office of counsel.", "No title found\n(b) Contents of response. (1) The response, if any, shall assert any defense that the responding party, at the time of filing, believes it could rightfully assert in an answer or responsive pleading to the improper practice charge, including any affirmative defenses pursuant to section 204.3(c)(2) of this Part", "No title found\nThe response shall not constitute an answer or responsive pleading to the improper practice charge pursuant to section 204.3 of this Part, and asserting or not asserting any affirmative defense or other defense in the response shall not prejudice any party with regard to defenses or affirmative defenses that party may plead or not plead in an answer or responsive pleading filed pursuant to that section.", "No title found\n(2) Any affidavit submitted in support of the response shall be made on the basis of personal knowledge of the relevant facts and documentary evidence attached to the affidavit. If filed electronically, the affidavit or affidavits shall be in searchable format and shall not be scanned copies of the original documents.", "No title found\n(3) The response may be accompanied by a memorandum of law in opposition to the application for injunctive relief. If filed electronically, the affidavit or affidavits shall be in searchable format and shall not be scanned copies of the original documents.", "No title found\n(c) Accelerated response. Upon presentation of clear evidence of a compelling need for determination of an application for injunctive relief in fewer than 10 days from its receipt by the board, and upon a determination by the office of counsel that such compelling need exists, the office of counsel may direct that a response, if any, be filed within a specified time earlier than otherwise required by this section.\n204.9 Review of application for injunctive relief", "No title found\nWithin 10 days after receipt by the office of counsel of a completed application for injunctive relief, the board, by its office of counsel, shall determine whether a sufficient showing has been made pursuant to section 209-a.4 of the act", "No title found\nIf a sufficient showing has been made, the board, by its office of counsel, shall petition supreme court for injunctive relief upon notice to all parties or shall issue an order, with notice to all parties, permitting the charging party to seek injunctive relief by petition to supreme court", "No title found\nWhere a sufficient showing has not been made, notice of that determination, stating the reasons for it, shall be issued by the board by its office of counsel to all parties within 10 days after receipt of the application by the board. Orders permitting the charging party to seek injunctive relief by petition to supreme court and notices to the parties that a sufficient showing has not been made may be issued by fax or electronic mail.", "No title found\nNotwithstanding the time limits stated in sections 204.2 and 204.3 of this Part, when injunctive relief is imposed by a court pursuant to section 209-a.4 of the act, after affording the parties an opportunity for consultation, the administrative law judge assigned to the proceeding shall issue a scheduling order or orders setting the dates and times for service and filing of answers, responsive pleadings, motions, responses, briefs, and proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, and for conduct of a pre-hearing conference and hearing", "No title found\nUnless the parties mutually agree to waive the time limit for concluding the hearing and issuing a decision pursuant to section 209-a.4(d) of the act, scheduling orders shall be fashioned in such a manner as to permit the administrative law judge to issue a decision on the improper practice charge within 60 days after the imposition of injunctive relief in accordance with section 209-a.4(d) of the act.", "No title found\n(a) Filing of declaration of impasse. In the event that a public employer and a certified or recognized employee organization have failed to achieve an agreement, either the public employer or the employee organization may notify the board in writing of the existence of an impasse by filing a declaration of impasse. An original and one copy of the declaration shall be filed with the director of conciliation, and another shall be served upon all other parties to the negotiations", "No title found\n(1) the name, affiliation, if any, and address, telephone number, fax number, and electronic mail address, if any, of the person issuing the declaration;\n(2) the name or names and address(es), telephone number, fax number, and electronic mail address, if known, of the other parties to the collective negotiations;\n(3) a statement that the employee organization involved is either certified or recognized;", "No title found\n(4) the number of employees in the negotiating unit, together with a list of the job titles represented in that unit;\n(5) the public employer\u2019s fiscal year and the expiration date of the present agreement;\n(6) a clear and concise history of negotiations leading to the impasse, including the number and dates of the negotiation sessions;\n(7) a list of all presently unresolved issues;\n(8) a statement that a copy of the declaration has been served upon the other parties to the collective negotiations;", "No title found\n(9) a statement that the individual filing the declaration has authority to do so on behalf of the filing party; and\n(10) a clear and concise statement of any other relevant facts.", "No title found\n(b) Assignment of mediator. Upon receipt of the declaration of impasse, the director of conciliation shall determine its sufficiency, and thereafter may appoint a mediator from a list of qualified persons maintained by the board to assist the parties to effect a voluntary resolution of the impasse. Nothing herein shall preclude an impasse from being deemed to exist on motion of the director of conciliation or the board.", "No title found\n(c) Assignment of fact finder. Except for those disputes that are eligible for compulsory public interest arbitration pursuant to sections 209.4 or 209.5 of the act, should the mediation process not achieve an agreement, either party to the negotiations may file with the director of conciliation an original and one copy of a request for appointment of a fact finder. The request for fact-finding shall specify:", "No title found\n(1) The name, affiliation, if any, address, telephone number, fax number and electronic mail address if any, of the person issuing the request;\n(2) The name(s), address(es), telephone number(s), fax number(s) and electronic mail address(es) if known, of the other party(ies) to the collective negotiations;\n(3) The name of the mediator and the number and dates of mediation sessions;\n(5) A statement that a copy of the request has been served upon the other party(ies) to the collective negotiations; and", "No title found\n(6) A clear and concise statement of any other relevant facts. Upon receipt of the request for fact-finding, the director of conciliation shall determine its sufficiency, and thereafter may make an assignment from a list of qualified persons maintained by the board to assist the parties to effect a voluntary resolution of the impasse. Nothing herein shall preclude fact-finding from being deemed appropriate on motion of the director of conciliation or the board.\n205.2 Voluntary interest arbitration", "No title found\n(a) In the event that a public employer and a certified or recognized employee organization agree to submit any unresolved issue in negotiations to arbitration, they may request the assistance of the board in providing for such arbitration by a letter directed to the director of conciliation.\n(b) The written request may be initiated by either party and shall be accompanied by a copy of the submission.", "No title found\n(c) An arbitrator shall be designated pursuant to the selection process established by the director of conciliation, which process will give the parties an opportunity to participate in the selection of the arbitrator.\n205.3 Compulsory interest arbitration pursurant to section 209.4 of the act", "No title found\nThe following relates to impasses in collective negotiations between a public employer and a recognized or certified employee organization as to the conditions of employment of employees covered by the provisions of section 209.4 of the act.\n205.4 Compulsory interest arbitration; petition", "No title found\n(a) Filing. An original and three copies of a petition requesting the director of conciliation to refer an impasse to a public arbitration panel may be filed by an employee organization or public employer after 15 days have elapsed following appointment of a mediator to such impasse by the director of conciliation. A copy of the petition shall also be served upon the other party to the impasse simultaneously", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of the petition, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(b) Contents. Such petition shall contain the following:\n(1) The name and address of the public employer and the employee organization involved in the impasse.\n(2) The name, title, address, telephone number, fax number and electronic mail address, if known, of the representative of each party to whom correspondence shall be directed.\n(3) A statement of each of the terms and conditions of employment raised during negotiations, as follows:", "No title found\n(i) terms and conditions of employment that have been agreed upon; and\n(ii) petitioner\u2019s position regarding terms and conditions of employment not agreed upon.\nProposed contract language presented during negotiations must be attached.\n(4) The name of the mediator and the number and dates of mediation sessions held.", "No title found\n(5) The name, address, telephone number, fax number and electronic mail address if any, of the individual that the petitioner is appointing to the public arbitration panel, and the same information for the individual who will be representing the petitioner before the public arbitration panel.\n(6) Proof of service upon the respondent party.\n205.5 Compulsory interest arbitration; response and cross-response", "No title found\n(a) Response. A response shall be filed in the same manner as was the petition within 10 working days of receipt of the petition requesting arbitration. A copy of the response shall also be served simultaneously upon the petitioning party.", "No title found\n(b) Contents of response. Such response shall contain respondent\u2019s position specifying the terms and conditions of employment that were resolved by agreement, and as to those that were not agreed upon, respondent shall set forth its position. Proposed contract language presented during negotiations shall be included", "No title found\nIf the respondent has filed an improper practice charge or a declaratory ruling petition related to compulsory interest arbitration under section 205.6 of this Part, the response shall contain a reference to such charge or petition", "No title found\nThe response must include the name, address, telephone number, fax number and electronic mail address if any, of the individual that the respondent is appointing to the public arbitration panel, the same information for the individual who will be representing the respondent in the interest arbitration, and proof of service upon the petitioning party.", "No title found\n(c) Cross-response. A petitioner filing an objection to arbitrability under Section 205.6(b) of this Part must file a cross-response notifying the director of conciliation of such filing. Such cross-response shall be filed within ten working days of receipt of the response.\n205.6 Objections to arbitrability", "No title found\n(a) Objections to arbitrability. Objections to the arbitrability of any matter set forth in the petition or response may only be raised by the filing of an improper practice charge or a declaratory ruling petition pursuant to the requirements of this section. Objections as to arbitrability may include, but not be limited to, the following circumstances:\n(1) a matter proposed is not a mandatory subject of negotiations;\n(2) a matter proposed was not the subject of negotiations prior to the petition;", "No title found\n(b) Improper practice charge. The proposed arbitration of any matter set forth in the petition or response may be objected to by either party as being violative of section 209 a.1(d) or section 209 a.2(b) of the act by filing an improper practice charge pursuant to section 204.1 of this Chapter. Section 204.1(b)(4) of this Chapter shall not apply. The matter shall be accorded expedited treatment", "No title found\nIf filed by the respondent, such a charge may not be filed after the date of the filing of the response filed in accordance with section 205.5 of this Part; if filed by the petitioner, such a charge may not be filed after the date of the filing of the cross-response filed in accordance with section 205.5(c) of this Part. A charge shall state the date when the petition or response was received.", "No title found\n(c) The proposed arbitration of any matter set forth in the petition or response may be objected to by either party as not being within the scope of mandatory negotiations by filing a declaratory ruling petition pursuant to Part 210 of this Chapter", "No title found\nIf filed by the respondent, such a petition may not be filed after the date of the filing of the response filed in accordance with section 205.5 of this Part; if filed by the petitioner, such a petition may not be filed more than 10 working days after its receipt of the response.", "No title found\n(d) The public arbitration panel shall not make any award on issues, the arbitrability of which is the subject of an improper practice charge or a declaratory ruling petition, until final determination thereof by the board or withdrawal of such charge or petition; the panel may make an award on other issues.\n205.7 Selection of the compulsory interest arbitration panel", "No title found\n(a) Within 10 days after receipt of the petition by the board, each party shall appoint its member to the arbitration panel and the two parties will jointly appoint the public member. The parties will immediately notify the director of conciliation of the identity of the three members of the panel selected by the parties. The director of conciliation shall forthwith designate such public arbitration panel and refer the dispute to such panel.", "No title found\n(b) If the parties are unable to agree upon the public member within 10 days of receipt of the petition, either party may request the board to submit a list of qualified persons for selection of the public member. Within seven days after receipt of such request, the director of conciliation shall submit to each party an identical list of nine arbitrators from its panel of arbitrators. A resume and billing disclosure statement of each arbitrator on such list shall be enclosed for the parties\u2019 review.", "No title found\n(c) Selection. Within ten working days after receipt of the list, the parties will notify the director of conciliation of the identity of a qualified public member they have mutually agreed upon, or, if unable to agree, shall be required to meet and make their selection in the following manner: Each party shall alternately strike from the list one of the names with the order of striking determined by lot until one person remains, who shall be designated as the public member", "No title found\nIf either party so desires, a representative of the board will be present during the name striking process. The name striking process must be completed within five days of receipt of the list from the director of conciliation. The director of conciliation must be immediately notified of the person selected as the public member", "No title found\nUpon the failure of one party to participate in the selection process, all names on the list shall be deemed acceptable to it, and the other party will be entitled to have its selection designated as the public member.", "No title found\n(c) Designation. Upon notification of the identity of the public member of the panel, the director of conciliation shall immediately designate such public member, along with the individuals named by the parties in sections 205.4(b)(5) and 205.5(b) of this Part, as the public arbitration panel and refer the dispute to such panel.\n205.8 Conduct of the arbitration proceeding", "No title found\nThe conduct of the arbitration proceedings shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction and control of the arbitration panel. The conduct of the arbitration panel shall conform to applicable law.\n205.9 Determination and award", "No title found\nThe determination and award of the arbitration panel shall be in writing, signed and acknowledged by each member of the arbitration panel, and shall be delivered to the parties either personally or by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. Within five working days of rendering the determination and award, the arbitration panel shall file two copies of the determination and award with the director of conciliation.\n205.10 Compulsory interest arbitration pursuant to section 209.5 of the act", "No title found\nSections 205.11 through 205.20 of this Part relate to impasses in collective negotiations between the New York City Transit Authority and Metropolitan Transportation Authority and their subsidiaries and recognized or certified employee organizations covered by the provisions of section 209.5 of the act.\n205.11 Joint petition", "No title found\n(a) In the event the covered parties have failed to achieve an agreement, they may jointly request the director of conciliation to refer their dispute to a public arbitration panel by filing a joint petition. In such event, the provisions of sections 205.12 through 205.17 of this Part shall not apply.\n(b) Such joint petition shall contain the following:\n(1) the name and address of the public employer and the employee organization involved in the impasse;", "No title found\n(2) the name, title, address, telephone number, fax number and electronic mail address if any, of the representative of each party to whom correspondence shall be directed;\n(3) a statement that the parties jointly request arbitration of their dispute and have agreed as to which issues should be submitted to the arbitration panel;\n(4) specification of the issues which the parties have agreed to submit to the arbitration panel; and", "No title found\n(5) the names, addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers and electronic mail addresses, if any, of the individuals that the parties are appointing to the public arbitration panel as their respective members, and the same information for the individuals who will be representing the parties before the public arbitration panel.\n205.12 Notification of impasse", "No title found\nIn the event the covered parties have failed to achieve an agreement, either party may notify the director of conciliation of the existence of an impasse. Such notice shall be filed with the director of conciliation in accordance with the provisions of section 205.1 of this Part.\n205.13 Assignment of mediator", "No title found\nUpon receipt of the notification of impasse, the direct of conciliation shall appoint a mediator from a list of qualified persons maintained by the board to assist the parties to effect a voluntary resolution of their collective negotiations.\n205.14 Petition", "No title found\n(a) Either party to the impasse may file an original and three copies of a petition requesting the director of conciliation to refer their dispute to a public arbitration panel after 15 days have elapsed following appointment by the director of conciliation of a mediator to such dispute", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of the petition, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(b) Such petition shall contain the following:\n(2) the name, title, address, telephone number, fax numbers and electronic mail addresses, if known, of the representative of each party to whom correspondence shall be directed;\n(3) the name of the mediator and the number and dates of all mediation sessions held;\n(4) a statement that a voluntary resolution of the contract negotiations between the parties cannot be effected; and", "No title found\n(5) the name, address, telephone number, fax number and electronic mail address, if any, of the individual that the petitioner is appointing to the public arbitration panel, and the same information for the individual who will be representing the petitioner before the public arbitration panel; and\n(6) a statement of each of the terms and conditions of employment raised in the negotiations, as follows:", "No title found\n(ii) petitioner\u2019s position regarding terms and conditions of employment not agreed upon. Proposed contract language presented during negotiations must be attached; and\n(7) proof of service upon respondent.\n205.15 Board certification", "No title found\n(a) Upon receipt of the petition requesting arbitration, the director of conciliation may conduct or cause to be conducted an investigation to ascertain if a voluntary resolution of the contract negotiations between the parties cannot be effected. In the course of such investigation, the director of conciliation may direct the parties to conduct further negotiations, with or without mediation. In such event, no new petition requesting arbitration need be filed.", "No title found\n(b) If the director of conciliation concludes that a voluntary resolution of the contract negotiations between the parties cannot be effected, the director of conciliation shall convey such conclusion to the board, together with a recommendation that the dispute be referred to a public arbitration panel. The parties shall be notified, in writing, of the recommendation of the director of conciliation", "No title found\nThe respondent shall have an opportunity to object to the recommendation, in writing, within three days after receipt of the notice of the recommendation.", "No title found\n(c) If the board so determines, it shall certify that a voluntary resolution of the contract negotiations between the parties cannot be effected and shall refer the dispute to the designated public arbitration panel, subject, however, to the conditions set forth in section 205.17(d) of this Part", "No title found\nIn reaching its determination, the board may conduct or direct such additional investigation, including hearings, as it deems advisable and proper, and may direct the parties to conduct further negotiations, with or without mediation.", "No title found\n205.16 Response\n(a) Response. An original and three copies of a response shall be filed within 10 working days of receipt of the petition requesting arbitration. A copy of the response shall be simultaneously served, by the same means as the petition was served, upon the petitioning party.", "No title found\n(b) Contents of response. Such response shall contain respondent\u2019s position specifying the terms and conditions of employment that were resolved by agreement and as to those that were not agreed upon, respondent shall set forth its position. Proposed contract language presented during negotiations shall be included", "No title found\nIf the respondent has filed an improper practice charge or a declaratory ruling petition relating to the petition for interest arbitration, the response shall contain a reference to such charge or petition", "No title found\nThe response must include the name, address, telephone number, fax number and electronic mail address if any, of the individual that the respondent is appointing to the public arbitration panel, the same information for the individual who will be representing the respondent in the interest arbitration, and proof of service upon the petitioning party.", "No title found\n(b) Cross-response. A petitioner filing an objection to arbitrability under Section 205.17(b) of this Part must file a cross-response notifying the director of conciliation of such filing. Such cross-response shall be filed within 10 working days of receipt of the response.\n205.17 Objections to arbitrability", "No title found\n(a) Objections to the arbitrability of any matter set forth in the petition or response may only be raised by the filing of an improper practice charge or a declaratory ruling petition pursuant to the requirements of this section. Objections as to arbitrability may include, but not be limited to, the following circumstances:\n(2) a matter proposed was not the subject of negotiations prior to the petition; or\n(3) a matter proposed has been resolved by agreement during the course of negotiations.", "No title found\n(b) Improper practice charge. The proposed arbitration of any matter set forth in the petition or response may be objected to by either party as being violative of section 209 a.1(d) or section 209 a.2(b) of the act by filing an improper practice charge pursuant to section 204.1 of this Chapter. Section 204.1(b)(4) of this Chapter shall not apply. The matter shall be accorded expedited treatment", "No title found\nIf filed by the respondent, such a charge may not be filed after the date of the filing of the response filed in accordance with section 205.16 of this Part; if filed by the petitioner, such a charge may not be filed after the date of the filing of the cross-response filed in accordance with section 205.5(c) of this Part. A charge shall state the date when the petition or response was received.", "No title found\n(c) Declaratory ruling petition. The proposed arbitration of any matter set forth in the petition or response may be objected to by either party as not being within the scope of mandatory negotiations by filing a declaratory ruling petition pursuant to Part 210 of this Chapter", "No title found\nIf filed by the respondent, such a petition may not be filed after the date of the filing of the response filed in accordance with section 205.16 of this Part; if filed by the petitioner, such a petition may not be filed after the date of the filing of the cross-response filed in accordance with section 205.5(c) of this Part.", "No title found\n(d) The public arbitration panel shall not make any award on issues, the arbitrability of which is the subject of an improper practice charge or a declaratory ruling petition, until final determination thereof by the board or withdrawal of such charge or petition. The panel may make an award on other issues.\n205.18 Selection of interest arbitration panel", "No title found\n(a) Within 10 days after receipt of the petition by the board, each party shall appoint its member to the arbitration panel and the two parties shall jointly appoint the public member. The parties shall immediately notify the board of the identity of the three members of the panel selected by the parties. If a joint petition was filed pursuant to section 205.11 of this Part, the director of conciliation shall forthwith designate such arbitration panel and shall refer the dispute to such panel", "No title found\nIf a petition was filed pursuant to section 205.14 of this Part, the director of conciliation shall forthwith designate such arbitration panel and shall refer the dispute to such panel upon the board\u2019s certification that a voluntary resolution of the contract negotiations between the parties cannot be effected.", "No title found\n(b) If the parties are unable to agree upon the public member within 10 days, either party may request the director of conciliation to submit a list of qualified persons for selection of the public member. Within seven days after receipt of such request, the director of conciliation shall submit to each party an identical list of nine arbitrators from its panel of arbitrators. A resume and billing disclosure statement of each arbitrator on such list shall be enclosed for the parties\u2019 review.", "No title found\n(c) Selection. Within ten working days after receipt of the list, the parties will notify the director of conciliation of the identity of a qualified public member they have mutually agreed upon, or, if unable to agree, shall be required to meet and make their selection in the following manner: Each party shall alternately strike from the list one of the names with the order of striking determined by lot until one person remains, who shall be designated as the public member", "No title found\nIf either party so desires, a representative of the board will be present during the name striking process. The name striking process must be completed within five days of receipt of the list from the director of conciliation. The parties shall immediately notify the director of conciliation of the identity of the person selected as the public member", "No title found\nUpon the failure of one party to participate in the selection process, all names on the list shall be deemed acceptable to it and the other party will be entitled to have its selection designated as the public member.", "No title found\n(d) Designation. If a joint petition was filed pursuant to section 205.11 of this Part, upon notification of the identity of the public member of the panel, the director of conciliation shall forthwith designate such public member, along with the individuals named by the parties in section 205.11(b)(5) of this Part, as the public arbitration panel and shall refer the dispute to such panel", "No title found\nIf a petition was filed pursuant to section 205.14 of this Part, upon notification of the identity of the public member of the panel, the director of conciliation shall forthwith designate such public member, along with the individuals named by the parties in sections 205.14(b)(5) and 205.16(b) of this Part, as the public arbitration panel and shall refer the dispute to such panel upon the board\u2019s certification that a voluntary resolution of the contract negotiations between the parties cannot be effected.", "No title found\n205.19 Conduct of the arbitration proceeding\n205.20 Determination and award\nThe determination and award of the arbitration panel shall be in writing, signed and acknowledged by each member of the arbitration panel and shall be delivered to the parties either personally or by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. Within five working days of rendering the determination and award, the arbitration panel shall file two copies of the determination and award with the director of conciliation.", "No title found\n206 STRIKES AGAINST PUBLIC EMPLOYERS\nThe following relates to all public employment except by a government that has adopted procedures by local law, ordinance or resolution pursuant to section 212 of the act and with respect to which there is in effect a determination that such provisions and procedures are substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and in pertinent rules with respect to the State.\n206.2 Filing of charge", "No title found\n(a) A charge that any employee organization or agent thereof is engaging in, causing, instigating, encouraging or condoning a strike may be made by the chief legal officer of the government involved or the counsel upon his or her own motion. Such a charge shall be in writing and signed", "No title found\nAn original and four copies of the charge, with proof of service upon the employee organization respondent, shall be filed with the board, and, if the charging party is the counsel, counsel shall simultaneously serve a copy of the charge on the chief legal officer of the government involved. Charge forms will be supplied by the counsel upon request, and/or will be available on the agency\u2019s website", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of the charge, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy to an address specified by the agency on its website shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(b) The chief legal officer of a government involved or counsel may intervene as a party in any proceeding initiated by the other pursuant to section 212.1 of this chapter.\n206.3 Contents of the charge\nA charge shall contain the following:\n(a) the full name and address of the party making the charge;\n(b) the name of the employee organization against whom the charge is made; and\n(c) a clear and concise statement of the facts constituting the alleged violation.\n206.4 Notice of hearing", "No title found\nAfter receipt of a charge filed by the chief legal officer of a government involved or the counsel, the board shall issue to the parties a notice setting forth the time and place of the hearing, which time shall be not less than eight working days after the receipt of the notice.", "No title found\n(a) The employee organization against whom the charge is issued shall file in the same manner as the petition an answer, with proof of service of a copy on all other parties, by such means as the petition was served, within eight days after receipt of a copy of the charge.\n(b) The answer shall be in writing and signed.", "No title found\n(c) The answer shall contain a specific denial of each allegation of the charge contravened by the public employee organization, or of any knowledge or information thereof sufficient to form a belief. An allegation of the charge not specifically denied in the answer, unless the party affirms that it is without knowledge or information thereof sufficient to form a belief, shall be deemed admitted and may be so found by the board", "No title found\nThe answer shall also contain a statement of the facts constituting the grounds of defense. Allegations of any facts in the answer shall be deemed denied without the necessity of a reply.", "No title found\n(d) If the party against whom the charge is issued fails to file an answer within the time or in compliance with the manner herein provided, such failure shall constitute an admission of the material facts alleged in the charge and an admission that the party violated subdivision (1) of section 210 of the act. Such failure shall also constitute a waiver of any claims which the party must raise by its answer under paragraph (f) of subdivision (3) of section 210 of the act", "No title found\n206.6 Hearing\n(a) The board may designate an administrative law judge to conduct a hearing pursuant to Part 212 of this Chapter.\n206.7 Submission to the board", "No title found\n(a) After completion of the hearing, or upon the consent of the parties, the administrative law judge shall submit the case, including his or her report and recommendations, to the board. The record shall include the charge, notice of hearing, motions, rulings, orders, stenographic report of the hearing, stipulations, exceptions, documentary evidence and any brief or other documents submitted by the parties", "No title found\nThe board shall cause the report and recommendations of the administrative law judge to be delivered to all parties to the proceeding. Exceptions to the report and recommendations may be filed pursuant to Part 213 of this Chapter.", "No title found\n(b) Upon completion of the case before it, the board shall decide the issues and make such disposition of the matter as it deems appropriate in accordance with section 210.3(f) of the act.\n207 VOLUNTARY GRIEVANCE ARBITRATION\n207.1 Policy regarding grievance arbitration", "No title found\nIt is the policy of the act to encourage public employers and recognized or certified employee organizations to enter into written agreements containing grievance procedures. In furtherance of this policy, the following voluntary arbitration rules of procedure are provided to (a) insure an efficient and orderly procedure for grievance arbitration, (b) assist the parties in remedying procedural deadlocks, and (c) effectuate the rapid adjudication of disputes and controversies.\n207.2 Panel of arbitrators", "No title found\n(a) The board shall maintain a panel of arbitrators, broadly representative of the public, who qualify and meet the board\u2019s standards and criteria of professional competence, impartiality and acceptability. All applicants requesting inclusion on the panel shall be reviewed by the board on the basis of their education, experience and expertise in the field of labor arbitration or its equivalent, and general reputation in the practice of labor-management relations", "No title found\nCareful evaluation, subject to the above standards and criteria, shall be made before an applicant is included on the panel of arbitrators.", "No title found\n(b) Inclusion in good standing on the panel shall be conditioned on the arbitrator assuming the responsibility of keeping the director of conciliation immediately informed of any changes in address, availability limitations, per diem rate, and occupation, especially where such occupational change results in financial return from, connection with, or of concern to, a public employer or employee organization", "No title found\nThe board shall periodically review the panel of arbitrators and shall at any time take appropriate action, including removal of the arbitrator from the panel, where the arbitrator has not adhered to the board\u2019s policies and this Part.", "No title found\n207.3 Agreement to arbitrate\nEither party or both parties to a written agreement may request the director of conciliation to commence the administration of these voluntary arbitration rules of procedure if, in their agreement, the parties have provided for arbitration pursuant to the provisions of this Part. The voluntary arbitration rules of procedure shall apply in the form obtaining at the time the arbitration is initiated.\n207.4 Demand for arbitration; submission to arbitrate", "No title found\n(a) Demand for arbitration (request made by one party to the other). Petitioner shall serve on the respondent a demand for arbitration which shall serve as notice of intention to arbitrate pursuant to CPLR section 7503. Such notice shall be served in the same manner as the summons or by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. In addition, two copies of the demand for arbitration shall be filed with the director of conciliation together with proof of service on the respondent", "No title found\nShould the board permit or mandate electronic filing of the petition, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(b) Contents of demand for arbitration. A demand for arbitration shall include the following:\n(1) date;\n(2) name of petitioner;\n(3) name of respondent;\n(4) name, title, address and telephone number of the representative of each party to whom correspondence from the director of conciliation shall be directed;\n(5) effective date and expiration date of agreement;\n(6) identification of the provision(s) in the agreement providing for arbitration, together with a copy thereof;", "No title found\n(7) identification of the provision(s) in the agreement claimed to be violated, together with a copy thereof;\n(8) a clear and concise description of the nature of the dispute(s) to be arbitrated and the remedy(ies) sought (include the name(s) of the grievant(s);\n(9) the following language, quoted verbatim, except that the board may, at its discretion, designate a different address than that provided below on the agency\u2019s website:", "No title found\n\u201cTHE UNDERSIGNED, A PARTY TO A WRITTEN AGREEMENT WHICH PROVIDES FOR ARBITRATION AS DESCRIBED HEREWITH, HEREBY DEMANDS ARBITRATION. YOU ARE HEREBY NOTIFIED THAT COPIES OF THIS DEMAND FOR ARBITRATION ARE BEING FILED WITH THE DIRECTOR OF CONCILIATION, NEW YORK STATE PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS BOARD, EMPIRE STATE PLAZA, AGENCY BUILDING 2, 20th FLOOR, ALBANY, NEW YORK 12220 WITH THE REQUEST THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE VOLUNTARY ARBITRATION RULES OF PROCEDURE BE COMMENCED.", "No title found\nPURSUANT TO THE NEW YORK ARBITRATION LAW, ARTICLE 75, SECTION 7503, CIVIL PRACTICE LAW AND RULES, YOU HAVE TWENTY (20) DAYS FROM DATE OF SERVICE OF THIS DEMAND TO APPLY TO STAY THE ARBITRATION OR BE PRECLUDED FROM SUCH APPLICATION.\u201d\n(10) signature and title of the representative serving the demand for arbitration.\n(c) Submission to arbitrate (joint request). Parties to an arbitration agreement may jointly request arbitration by forwarding a submission to arbitrate to the director of conciliation.", "No title found\n(d) Contents of submission to arbitrate. A submission to arbitrate shall include the following:\n(2) name of public employer and employee organization;\n(3) name, title, address, electronic mail address, and telephone number of the representative of each party to whom correspondence from the director of conciliation shall be directed;\n(4) the provision(s) in the agreement claimed to be violated, together with a copy thereof;\n(6) the following language, quoted verbatim:", "No title found\n\u201cTHE PARTIES NAMED HEREIN HEREBY JOINTLY REQUEST BINDING ARBITRATION OF THE DISPUTE DESCRIBED HEREIN UNDER THE VOLUNTARY ARBITRATION RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE NEW YORK STATE PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS BOARD.\u201d\n(7) signatures and titles of the representatives filing the submission to arbitrate.\n207.5 Determination of jurisdiction\n(a) Where this Part has been incorporated by reference into an agreement to arbitrate, it shall be deemed binding on the parties as a valid part of such agreement.", "No title found\n(b) Where no agency\u2019s rules of procedure for arbitration have been incorporated by reference into an agreement to arbitrate, the board\u2019s jurisdiction will not attach in the matter until a submission to arbitrate has been received by the director of conciliation or until the respondent has been served with a demand for arbitration and the time limit to apply for a stay of arbitration, as provided in CPLR section 7503, has expired", "No title found\nIn the event no application for a stay is made within the specified time limit, the board\u2019s jurisdiction shall attach and this Part shall be deemed binding on the parties as a valid part of their agreement to arbitrate.", "No title found\n207.6 Arbitrability\n(a) Should either party contest the arbitrability of a grievance, the director of conciliation shall make no determination whether the grievance is a proper subject for arbitration. The director of conciliation\u2019s sole responsibility throughout the application of this Part is administrative and, therefore, commencement of the administration of this Part shall be construed as compliance with a request.", "No title found\n(b) The board encourages parties to submit arbitrability questions to the arbitrator for determination. However, should the party served with a demand for arbitration pursue the legal remedies for a stay of arbitration in accordance with CPLR section 7503, a copy of the application to stay arbitration shall be filed with the director of conciliation within 20 days of service of the demand for arbitration.", "No title found\n(c) Upon timely receipt of a copy of the application to stay arbitration, the director of conciliation shall hold in abeyance the designation of the arbitrator pending final court determination of the arbitrability question. Absent timely receipt, the administrative responsibilities of the director of conciliation shall be carried out pursuant to this Part.\n207.7 Selection process", "No title found\nAfter receipt of a demand for arbitration or submission to arbitrate, the director of conciliation shall forward to the representatives named therein two copies of an identical panel list of seven arbitrators selected from the panel of arbitrators. A resume, including per diem fee and billing disclosure statement, of each arbitrator on such panel list shall be made available for the parties\u2019 review", "No title found\nEach party shall have 10 days from date of the letter containing the panel list in which to select, rank and return their selections to the director of conciliation.", "No title found\n(a) Selection and preferential ranking. Unless the parties have provided for their own method of selecting an arbitrator in their agreement to arbitrate, the following process for the selection of an arbitrator shall be employed: if more than four names on the panel list are acceptable, those names shall be ranked in order of the party\u2019s preference and the remaining name, if any, shall be stricken", "No title found\nOtherwise the party shall strike no more than three names from the panel list and indicate a preference among those names remaining by ranking them (1), (2), (3) and (4).", "No title found\n(b) Additional lists. If a party determines that more than three names on a panel list are unacceptable, a request by such party for an additional panel list shall be filed with the director of conciliation within the 10-day time period established for selection and preferential ranking. A copy of such request shall be sent to the other party simultaneously. Each party shall have the right to request one additional list, and consequently, no party shall receive more than three panel lists", "No title found\nPursuant to the selection process, if the parties fail to select an arbitrator after the submission of a third panel list, the director of conciliation shall take whatever steps are necessary to designate an arbitrator.", "No title found\n(c) Designation the arbitrator. (1) Timely receipt of selections. Upon timely receipt of each party\u2019s selections and consistent with their selected order of preference, the director of conciliation shall designate the arbitrator. If the designated arbitrator declines or is unable to serve, the director of conciliation shall reserve the right to designate an arbitrator without the submission of an additional panel list", "No title found\n(2) Failure to timely return selections. If a party fails to timely return its selections to the director of conciliation, all names submitted in the panel list shall be deemed acceptable to such party and the designation of the arbitrator shall be made according to the preferences of the party whose selections have been timely received.\n207.8 Notice of designation\n(a) The parties shall be notified forthwith by the director of conciliation of the name of the designated arbitrator.", "No title found\n(b) The arbitrator, upon notification of designation by the director of conciliation, shall immediately communicate directly with the parties to make arrangements for preliminary matters such as the date, time and place of the arbitration hearing. If the arbitrator cannot schedule a hearing and determine the issues promptly, the arbitrator shall notify the director of conciliation forthwith", "No title found\nThe director of conciliation shall take such action, consistent with this Part, as the director of conciliation deems appropriate.", "No title found\nAfter designation, the legal relationship of the arbitrator is with the parties, rather than the board. The designated arbitrator shall not be considered an agent or representative of the board. The conduct of the arbitration proceeding shall be under the arbitrator\u2019s exclusive jurisdiction and control, subject to such rules of procedure as the parties may jointly agree upon", "No title found\nThe arbitrator shall have all of the powers specified in CPLR sections 7505, 7506 and 7509 insofar as these sections may be applicable. The arbitrator\u2019s conduct shall conform to applicable laws.", "No title found\n207.10 Stenographic record and transcript\n(a) Either party or the arbitrator may request that a stenographic record of testimony be taken and that party shall be responsible for arrangements for such stenographic record.", "No title found\n(b) ) The party or parties requesting the record shall pay the cost thereof, including the cost of a transcript to be furnished to the arbitrator. If the arbitrator orders that testimony be recorded, the cost of recording the testimony shall be mutually shared by the parties, including the cost of a transcript to be furnished to the arbitrator. Any other party to the arbitration shall be entitled to obtain a transcript upon payment therefor", "No title found\n207.11 Award upon settlement\nThe commencement of the administration of this Part shall in no way preclude the parties from settling the dispute on their own at any time before or during an arbitration hearing. If the parties have settled, the arbitrator, upon joint request of the parties, may set forth the terms of the settlement in the form of an award.\n207.12 Expedited rendition of award", "No title found\n(a) Should the parties mutually agree to an expedited rendition of the arbitrator\u2019s award, notice in the form of a joint request in writing shall be received by the director of conciliation before the designation of the arbitrator.\n(b) The decision of the arbitrator shall be in the form of an award only, and shall be rendered within seven days after the arbitrator has declared the hearing closed.\n207.13 Form of award and time rendered", "No title found\nThe award shall be in writing, signed and affirmed by the arbitrator, and shall be delivered to the parties either personally or by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, or by other means as mutually agreed by all parties involved", "No title found\nIf no period of time for the rendition of an award has been specified in the agreement and the parties have not mutually agreed to an expedited rendition of the award, as provided in section 207.12 of this Part, an award shall be rendered within 30 days after the arbitrator has declared the hearing closed, unless this time period has been extended by the parties and so confirmed by them in writing.", "No title found\n207.14 Time extension\nExcept as prescribed by statute, upon request of any party, with notice to the other party, the director of conciliation, for good cause shown, may extend any time limit in this Part except the time limit for rendering an award.\n207.15 Expenses and fees", "No title found\n(a) An administrative fee established by the chairperson but no less than fifty dollars ($50) per party shall be charged by the board for its administrative services. The amount of this administrative fee may be changed by the board on a yearly basis after an annual review. The board must provide notice on the agency\u2019s website at least 60 (sixty) days in advance of any change.", "No title found\n(b) The arbitrator\u2019s per diem fee, certified in advance by the arbitrator to the board and listed on the arbitrator\u2019s resume, shall be the rate charged to the parties. Compensation for the services of an arbitrator, including required travel and other necessary and incidental expenses, shall be borne completely by the parties. Each party shall pay 50 percent of such fees and expenses, unless otherwise mutually agreed upon in writing by the parties.", "No title found\n(c) An arbitrator who requires the payment of an adjournment fee in the event of a postponement or cancellation of a scheduled hearing by either or both parties, shall give proper notice on his or her resume. Unless otherwise mutually agreed upon in writing by the parties, the party responsible for such adjournment shall pay the entire fee, and in the case where both parties require adjournment, each party shall pay 50 percent of such adjournment fee.", "No title found\n(d) Since the designated arbitrator is not an agent or representative of the board, all matters involving arbitrator payments and compensation are to be resolved between the parties and the arbitrator directly.\n207.16 Filing the arbitrator's invoice\nUpon completion of the assignment, the arbitrator shall submit to the director of conciliation a copy of the invoice submitted to the parties showing a detailed accounting of fees and expenses (if any).\n207.17 Publication of award", "No title found\nIn the absence of objection by either party, all awards shall be made available for publication.\n208 ACCESS TO RECORDS OF THE BOARD\n208.1 Records available for public inspection and copying\nThe records of the board available for public inspection and copying, in accordance with the procedures hereinafter set forth, are those described by section 87 of the Public Officers Law.\n208.2 Designation of records access officer and appeals officer", "No title found\n(a) A records access officer shall be designated by the board\u2019s executive director for purposes of this Part. The name, title, business address and business phone number of such designee will be posted on the agency\u2019s website.\n(b) An appeals officer shall be designated by the board\u2019s executive director for purposes of this Part. The name, title, business address and business phone number of such designee will be posted on the agency\u2019s website.\n208.3 Procedures for inspection and copying of records", "No title found\nBox 2074 Empire State Plaza, Agency Building 2, 18th Floor, Albany, NY 12220-0074, or at such other address the board shall designate on the agency\u2019s website, who will make suitable arrangements for such inspection during regular office hours at the offices of the board in Albany, New York City or Buffalo, unless the location of a particular record may require its inspection at a particular office, in which case inspection shall occur at such office. Office hours will be provided on the agency\u2019s website.", "No title found\nNote: Most records of the board available for inspection may also be found in the published volume entitled Official Decisions, Opinions and Related Matters of the Public Employment Relations Board, sets of which are kept in various libraries, including the library of the Court of Appeals, the four Appellate Divisions and the board\u2019s libraries.", "No title found\n(b) A fee of 25 cents per page will be charged for all print copies made upon request by anyone other than a member of a board panel, to whom one copy of a document may be given without charge. The board will make every effort to comply with requests for such copies as expeditiously as possible.", "No title found\n(c) Stenographic services at hearings held by the board are provided pursuant to arrangements under which the stenographer has exclusive right to reproduce and sell copies of minutes at hearings. While the minutes of hearings may be inspected at the offices of the board, any person desiring a copy of minutes must make arrangements directly with the stenographer. The name and address of the stenographer will be furnished by the executive director upon request.", "No title found\n(d) The records access officer may, in his or her discretion, waive all or any portion of the fees authorized by this section for any record or class of records.\n208.4 Denials and appeals\n(a) Denial of access to records shall be in writing stating the reason therefor and advising the requester of the right to appeal to the individual established to determine appeals, who shall be identified by name, title, business address and business phone number.", "No title found\n(b) Appeals may be taken in accordance with section 89 of the Public Officers Law.\n209 PRIVACY PROTECTION AND ACCURACY OF PERSONAL DATA\n209.1 Statement of purpose\nThe purpose of this Part is to set forth the methods and procedures governing the availability, location and nature of those records of the board subject to the provisions of article 6-A of the Public Officers Law, known as the Personal Privacy Protection Law.\n209.2 Definitions", "No title found\nAs used in this Part, the following words and terms shall have the indicated meanings:\nNote: The meaning of the words or term \u201cdata subject\u201d, \u201cdisclose\u201d,\u201dpersonal information\u201d, \u201crecord\u201d, \u201csystem of records\u201d, and \u201croutine use\u201d shall be as set forth in the Personal Privacy Protection Law article 6-A of the Public Officers Law.", "No title found\n(a) Privacy compliance officer means the board\u2019s executive director, whose business address is Public Employment Relations Board, PO Box 2074, Empire State Plaza, Agency Building 2, 18th Floor, Albany, NY 12220-0074, or such other address as the board may designate on the agency\u2019s website.", "No title found\n(b) Privacy compliance appeals officer the chairperson of the board whose business address is Public Employment Relations Board, PO Box 2074, Empire State Plaza, Agency Building 2, 20th Floor, Albany, NY 12220-0074, or such other address as the board may designate on the agency\u2019s website.\n209.3 Times, places for inspecting records and means for verifying the identity of a data subject", "No title found\n(a) Records shall be available for inspection and copying by data subjects or their authorized representatives on every day that the offices of the board are open for the transaction of business between the hours of 8:30 a.m. and 4:45 p.m.\n(b) Records may be inspected at the locations designated by the privacy compliance officer.\n(c) The identity of a data subject requesting access to his or her record may be verified as follows:", "No title found\n(1) Before being given access to personal information, an individual shall provide reasonable verification of his or her identity. No individual need verify his or her identity when seeking access to records which are otherwise available to any member of the public under the Freedom of Information Law.", "No title found\n(2) In the case of an individual who seeks in-person access to or amendment of record(s), an employee identification card, a driver\u2019s license, or other similar document shall constitute reasonable verification of identity.", "No title found\n(3) When access to or amendment of record(s) is requested by mail, the requirement for verification of identity shall be met if the individual provides minimum identifying data, such as date of birth and some item of information in the record that only the concerned individual would likely know.\n209.4 Requests for records\nAll requests to inspect and/or copy records, subject to disclosure as provided by this Part, are to be made to the privacy compliance officer.\n209.5 Fees for copying records", "No title found\n(a) Fees for certification of copies and supplying transcripts of all documents and records under the seal of the board shall be the fees as prescribed by the applicable regulation of the board.\n(b) Fees for photocopies or data printouts of records available pursuant to this Part shall be 25 cents per page.\n(c) Except where fees are established by law, rule or regulation, no fee shall be charged for:\n(1) inspection of a record;\n(2) record searches;\n(3) certification pursuant to this Part; and", "No title found\n(4) amendment or correction of an agency record found to be in error.\n(d) Fees shall be paid in full or a valid offer made to pay established fees prior to issuance of copies, transcripts or certification of records.\n(e) Payment shall be made in the form of a check, bank draft, or money order payable to Public Employment Relations Board.\n209.6 Inspection and copying records\nInspection and copying of records shall be subject to the following process:", "No title found\n(a) Request for access to records must be in writing, and shall identify or reasonably describe the records sought. Such a request may be submitted by electronic mail to an email address designated by the board, and posted on the agency\u2019s website. All responsive communications to such a request, when submitted by electronic mail, shall also be in electronic mail, provided that the request does not seek a response in another form.", "No title found\n(b) The privacy compliance officer shall, within five business days after receipt of a request:\n(1) make requested records available;\n(2) deny the request in writing and in such denial:\n(i) explain the reason for denial;\n(ii) set forth the right of appeal to the privacy compliance appeals officer;\n(iii) provide the name, title, business address and telephone number of the privacy compliance appeals officer; or", "No title found\n(3) furnish written acknowledgment of the request and the approximate date when the request will be granted or denied.\n(c) If access is approved, the privacy compliance officer shall cause a search for the records requested.\n(d) If the record cannot be found after diligent search, the privacy compliance officer shall so notify the requestor.\n(e) Upon request, the privacy compliance officer will certify that the record is a true copy.", "No title found\n(f) Confidentiality questions concerning records in the possession of the board which originated in any other state or federal agency shall be referred to such originating agency for resolution.\n(g) Persons inspecting a record shall be allowed to copy it by any means which will not damage the record.\n209.7 Appeals of denial of access to records", "No title found\n(a) Any person who has been denied access to records by the privacy compliance officer may appeal such denial within 30 days to the privacy compliance appeals officer, by submitting a written request, which shall set forth:\n(1) the date of the request for records;\n(2) the records to which the requestor was denied access;\n(3) the name and return address of the requestor; and", "No title found\n(4) the requestor\u2019s position, concisely stated, setting forth the reason why the decision of the privacy compliance officer should be changed.\n(b) The time for deciding on an appeal by the privacy compliance appeals officer shall commence upon receipt of the written appeal.\n(c) The privacy compliance appeals officer shall, within seven business days of the receipt of a written appeal, review the matter and affirm, modify or reverse the denial.", "No title found\n(d) If the privacy compliance appeals officer determines that the denial of access was erroneous, such officer shall instruct the privacy compliance officer to allow prompt inspection or copying of the record as requested.", "No title found\n(e) If the privacy compliance appeals officer affirms or modifies the denial, such officer shall communicate the reasons in writing by either first class mail or certified mail, return receipt requested, to the person making the appeal and inform such person of the right of judicial review.\n(f) The privacy compliance appeals officer shall immediately forward to the Committee on Open Government a copy of such appeal and the determination thereon.", "No title found\n209.8 Procedures governing the correction or amendment of records\nThe correction or amendment of records shall be subject to the following process:", "No title found\n(a) A request for the correction or amendment of a record shall be made in writing and shall identify or reasonably describe such record. Such a request may be submitted by electronic mail to an email address designated by the board, and posted on the agency\u2019s website. All responsive communications to such a request, when submitted by electronic mail, shall also be in electronic mail, provided that the request does not seek a response in another form.", "No title found\n(b) The privacy compliance officer shall within 30 business days after receipt of a request:\n(1) make requested correction or amendment in whole or part and advise the individual that upon request, parties to whom such data has been disclosed in accordance with section 94.3(c) of the Public Officers Law, will be advised of such correction or amendment;\n(2) deny the request in writing. Such denial shall:\n(i) explain the reason for the denial;", "No title found\n(ii) set forth the right of appeal to the privacy compliance appeals officer; and\n(iii) provide the name, title, business address and telephone number of the privacy compliance appeals officer.\n209.9 Appeals of denial of correction or amendment of records", "No title found\n(a) Any person whose request for correction or amendment of records has been denied by the privacy compliance officer may appeal such denial within 30 business days to the privacy compliance appeals officer. Such a request may be submitted by electronic mail to an email address designated by the board, and posted on the agency\u2019s website", "No title found\nAll responsive communications to such a request, when submitted by electronic mail, shall also be in electronic mail, provided that the request does not seek a response in another form. Such appeal shall be in writing and shall set forth:", "No title found\n(2) the records whose correction or amendment was denied and the requestor\u2019s justification for changes sought; and\n(3) the name and return address of the requestor.\n(c) The privacy compliance appeals officer shall, within 30 business days of the receipt of a written appeal, review the matter and affirm, modify or reverse the denial.", "No title found\n(d) If the privacy compliance appeals officer determines that the denial was erroneous, such officer shall instruct the privacy compliance officer to allow correction or amendment of the record as requested and notify appropriate parties, if requested, by the requestor.", "No title found\n(e) If the privacy compliance appeals officer affirms or modifies the denial, such officer shall communicate the reasons in writing by either first class mail or certified mail, return receipt requested, to the person making the appeal and inform such person of the right of judicial review", "No title found\nIn addition, the records appeals officer shall notify the requestor of its right to file with the board a statement of reasons for disagreement with its determination, and that the board will attach requestor\u2019s statement to the disputed record", "No title found\nUpon an individual\u2019s request, such statement will be provided to parties to whom such data has been disclosed in accordance with section 94.3(c) of the Public Officers Law together, if appropriate, with a concise statement of the board\u2019s reasons for not making the requested amendment.", "No title found\n(a) Filing of petition. Any person, employee organization or employer may file with the director an original and four copies of a petition for a declaratory ruling with respect to the applicability of the act to it or any other person, employee organization or employer, or with respect to the scope of negotiations under the act. The petition shall be in writing on a form provided by the director and shall be signed and sworn to before any person authorized to administer oaths", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of the petition, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(b) Contents of petition. The petition shall include the following:\n(1) the name, address and affiliation, if any, of the petitioner, and the title of any representative filing the petition;\n(2) a complete statement of the relevant facts and the grounds prompting the petition, including a full disclosure of the petitioner\u2019s interest;", "No title found\n(3) if the petition raises a question with respect to the scope of negotiations under the act, a statement whether such question is the subject of a charge brought under Part 204 of this Chapter;\n(4) the names and addresses of any other persons, employee organizations or employers whose interests are reasonably likely to be affected by the ruling; and\n(5) at the option of the petitioner, a proposed ruling.\n210.2 Processing by the director", "No title found\n(a) The director or an assigned administrative law judge will determine whether a declaratory ruling would be in the public interest as reflected by the policies underlying the act. If the director or administrative law judge determines that it would not, he or she shall dismiss the petition. Such dismissal shall merely constitute a refusal to issue a declaratory ruling, and not the denial of any position proposed by the petitioner", "No title found\n(b) The director or administrative law judge shall send a copy of the petition to any persons, employee organizations or public employers, in addition to those listed in the petition, whom the director or administrative law judge deems to have interests that are reasonably likely to be affected by the ruling, together with a notice that they may at their option, become parties to the proceeding by filing in the same manner as the petition was filed a response to the petition within 10 working days from their receipt thereof", "No title found\nSuch response may challenge any of the allegations in the petition and, whether or not petitioner has done so, it may propose a ruling.", "No title found\n(c) The matter shall be processed in accordance with the procedures set forth in section 204.4 and Part 212 of this Chapter, except that the director or administrative law judge shall issue a decision, which may be reviewed pursuant to part 213 of this Chapter.\n211 SUBPOENAS", "No title found\n(a) This Part applies to the agency\u2019s authority pursuant to section 205.5(k) of the act to issue subpoenas to compel the attendance of a person to testify at a hearing conducted by the board or a designee of the board on behalf of a party or subpoenas requiring the production of books, papers, documents or other objects on behalf of a party.\n(b) Nothing contained herein shall in any way affect the right of any person or entity to issue a subpoena pursuant to law.\n211.2 Issuance of subpoenas", "No title found\nAll agency subpoenas shall be issued at the discretion of the presiding administrative law judge or other presiding officer or agent of the board (hereafter referred to as the administrative law judge). The administrative law judge may grant or deny any subpoena request in whole or in part. Requests for a subpoena filed within ten working days of a scheduled hearing date will not be considered absent good cause shown by the party requesting the subpoena.\n211.3 Request for subpoena", "No title found\n(a) The administrative law judge may issue a subpoena only when the party applying for it files a written affidavit, with four copies, unless the chairperson has authorized electronic filing of such requests, conforming to the requirements of this Part, in which case the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(b) Contents of affidavit for a witness subpoena. Such affidavit must specify: (1) the name and address of each individual for whom the subpoena is sought; and (2) facts sufficient to establish the relevancy of the testimony to be adduced pursuant to the subpoena.", "No title found\n(c) Contents of affidavit for subpoena requiring the production of books, papers, documents or other objects; response. Such affidavit must specify: (1) the books, papers, documents or other objects to be produced pursuant to the subpoena; (2) facts sufficient to establish the relevancy of the materials to be produced; and (3) that a copy of the subpoena request and affidavit has been served upon all other parties", "No title found\nA party may file with the administrative law judge a response to the subpoena request, with copy to all other parties, within five working days after its receipt of the subpoena request.", "No title found\n(d) Nothing in this section shall in any way affect any rights of any person or entity under law.\n211.4 Service of subpoena\n(a) The administrative law judge shall notify all parties as to the disposition of any subpoena request and shall furnish the party requesting the subpoena a completed subpoena form if the request has been granted in any respect.", "No title found\n(b) Service of the subpoena and the payment of appropriate witness fees shall be the responsibility of the requesting party and shall be made as required by law.\n211.5 Time and place for production of documents", "No title found\nAny books, papers, documents or other objects ordered pursuant to this Part shall be produced at the date and time specified in the notice of hearing and/or at any adjourned dates as directed by the administrative law judge unless production of the subpoenaed material at a reasonable time before the scheduled hearing date is necessary in the judgment of the administrative law judge to avoid unreasonable delay in the commencement of the hearing due to the volume and/or the complexity of the material to be produced.", "No title found\n211.6 Motion to withdraw or modify\n(a) Any person, entity, or party served with a subpoena may file a motion with the administrative law judge on notice to all parties, to withdraw or modify any subpoena issued pursuant to this Part.\n(b) Any such motion must be made as soon as reasonably possible after the service of the subpoena so as not to interfere with the processing of the case.", "No title found\n(c) The administrative law judge upon motion or sua sponte may withdraw or modify a subpoena issued pursuant to this Part for good cause.\n211.7 Failure to honor a subpoena\n(a) If a party or witness fails without reasonable excuse to comply with a subpoena properly served, the default shall be noted in the record.", "No title found\n(b) The administrative law judge may, in his or her discretion, adjourn all or part of the hearing to allow the party who has requested the subpoena a reasonable opportunity to obtain compliance with the subpoena in accordance with applicable law.\n212 CONFERENCE AND HEARINGS", "No title found\n(a) One or more public employees, an employee organization acting in their behalf, or a public employer may be permitted to intervene in an improper practice charge or representation petition. The intervenor must file with the administrative law judge an original and four copies of a motion setting forth the grounds for the intervention, with proof of service of such motion on all other parties", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of motions, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained. Upon receipt of a motion to intervene, the administrative law judge shall set a schedule for the parties to respond to the motion.", "No title found\n(b) Unless filed by a public employer or by an employee organization that is the recognized or certified representative of employees in a unit claimed to be appropriate by one of the parties to the proceeding, a motion to intervene in a proceeding for certification and/or decertification shall be supported by a showing of interest of at least 30 percent of the employees in such a unit or in a unit alleged to be appropriate by the intervenor", "No title found\n(c) A motion to intervene filed by an employee organization which seeks certification shall be accompanied by the affirmation required by section 207.3(b) of the act.\n212.2 Conference\nPrior to the hearing, a designated administrative law judge shall conduct a conference on notice to all parties. The failure of a party to appear at the conference may, in the discretion of the administrative law judge, constitute grounds for dismissal of the absent party\u2019s pleading and a default determination.", "No title found\n212.3 Conduct of hearings\nHearings shall be open to the public unless otherwise ordered by the administrative law judge. It shall be the duty of the administrative law judge to inquire fully into all matters at issue and to obtain a full and complete record.\n212.4 Formal hearing", "No title found\n(a) A formal hearing for the purpose of taking evidence relevant to the proceeding before the agency shall be conducted as necessary by the administrative law judge designated by the director. At any time, an administrative law judge may be substituted by the director for the administrative law judge previously assigned.", "No title found\n(b) The hearing will not be adjourned unless good and sufficient grounds are established by the requesting party, who shall file, consistent with the manner in which the petition was filed, with the administrative law judge an application, on notice to all other parties, setting forth the factual circumstances of the application, and the previously ascertained position of the other parties", "No title found\nThe failure of a party to appear at the hearing may, in the discretion of the administrative law judge, constitute grounds for dismissal of the absent party\u2019s pleading and a default determination.", "No title found\n(c) Any party shall have the right to appear at any hearing in person, by counsel, or by other representative, and any party and the administrative law judge shall have the power to call and examine witnesses, and to introduce into the record documentary and other evidence. Witnesses shall be examined orally under oath.", "No title found\n(d) Stipulations of fact may be introduced into evidence with respect to any issue. The administrative law judge is authorized to administer oaths and affirmations, and to exercise discretion in regulating the course of the proceeding, including, but not limited to, sequestering witnesses, and controlling the order and method of presentation of relevant evidence", "No title found\nIn exercising this discretion, the administrative law judge may require oral or written offers of proof, and may direct the production of supporting documentary evidence as exhibits to such offers of proof. The administrative law judge may entertain motions based upon such offers of proof. Interlocutory appeal of a decision, ruling, or order of an administrative law judge that does not resolve the entirety of a case shall be permissible only as provided in section 213.4 of this Part", "No title found\nAll such non-dispositive decisions, rulings, or orders of an administrative law judge may be appealed to the board in exceptions pursuant to section 213.2 of this Part to a final decision rendered by the administrative law judge.", "No title found\n(e) Stipulations of undisputed facts or stipulations regarding the authenticity of documents to be admitted into evidence may be introduced with respect to any relevant issue.\n(f) Except as to the rules of privilege recognized by law, compliance with the technical rules of evidence shall not be required.\n(g) A party shall, upon offering an exhibit into evidence at the hearing, simultaneously furnish copies to all other parties, unless excused by the administrative law judge.", "No title found\n(h) (1) An administrative law judge may recuse himself/herself from a case whenever he/she believes it to be appropriate. (2) Any party to a proceeding may file a motion with the assigned administrative law judge requesting that the administrative law judge recuse himself/herself from further participation in that case. A motion for recusal shall be made as soon as reasonably possible after the basis for such motion becomes known to the party making it", "No title found\nUnless made at a hearing, such motion shall be filed with the administrative law judge in the same manner as was the petition, shall set forth all of the known grounds for the motion, and shall be accompanied by proof of service of a copy thereof upon all other parties", "No title found\nUnless such motion is made at a hearing, any party may file in the same manner with the administrative law judge a response to such motion within three working days of its receipt of a copy thereof, with proof of service of a copy of the response on all other parties, unless otherwise directed by the administrative law judge. Motions for recusal made at a hearing, and responses thereto, shall be made upon such terms as the administrative law judge shall direct", "No title found\nThe administrative law judge\u2019s ruling on the motion shall be made either in writing or on the record at the hearing and the ruling, the recusal motion and any response shall be part of the record of the proceeding.", "No title found\n(i) All motions and rulings made at the hearing shall be part of the record of the proceeding and, unless expressly authorized by the board, shall not be appealed directly to the board, but shall be considered by the board whenever the case is submitted to it for decision. Any objection to the conduct of a hearing, including an objection to the introduction of evidence, may be oral or written, must be accompanied by a short statement of the grounds for such objection, and shall be included in the record", "No title found\n(j) The refusal of a witness to answer any question which has been ruled to be proper shall, at the discretion of the administrative law judge, be grounds for striking all testimony previously given by such witness on related matters, or the basis of an adverse inference on the subject of the question.\n(k) At the discretion of the administrative law judge, the hearing may be continued from day to day or to a later day or another place, by announcement thereof at the hearing or by other appropriate notice.", "No title found\n(l) A motion may be made to dismiss an improper practice charge, or the administrative law judge may dismiss a charge, on the ground that the alleged violation occurred more than four months prior to the filing of the charge, but only if the failure of timeliness was first revealed during the hearing. An objection to the timeliness of the charge, if not duly raised, shall be deemed waived.\n212.5 Briefs and proposed findings", "No title found\nAny party shall be entitled upon request made before the close of the record to file as directed by the administrative law judge a brief or proposed findings and conclusions of fact and conclusions of law, or both, within such time as fixed by the administrative law judge. The administrative law judge may direct the filing of briefs when the submission of briefs is warranted by the nature of the proceeding or the particular issue therein", "No title found\nAny such brief or proposed findings and conclusions of fact and conclusions of law filed with the administrative law judge must be accompanied by proof of service of a copy thereof upon all other parties. Reply or supplemental briefs, however denominated, will not be permitted without prior request to and approval by the administrative law judge. Such requests will not be approved unless the opponent\u2019s brief properly raises issues for the first time which are material to the disposition of the matter.", "No title found\n212.6 Decision and order\nUpon completion of a proceeding, the administrative law judge shall issue a decision and order, ruling or report and recommendations as appropriate to the proceeding.\n213 EXCEPTIONS TO THE BOARD\nThis Part applies to exceptions and motions for leave to file exceptions to the board to decisions, reports, orders, rulings or other appealable findings or determinations of the director, the director of conciliation, an assistant director or an administrative law judge.\n213.2 Exceptions", "No title found\n(a) Within 15 working days after receipt of a final decision or report by the director, the director of conciliation, an assistant director or administrative law judge, a party may file with the board a statement in writing setting forth exceptions thereto or to any other part of the record or proceedings. An original and four copies shall be filed, to be accompanied with an original and four copies of a separate brief in support thereof, along with proof of service on all other parties", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of exceptions, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained. A copy of such exceptions and briefs shall be simultaneously served upon all other parties.", "No title found\n(b) The exceptions shall:\n(1) set forth specifically the questions or policy to which exceptions are taken;\n(2) identify that part of the decision, report, order, ruling or other findings or determinations to which exceptions are taken;\n(3) designate by page citation the portions of the record relied upon; and\n(4) state the grounds for exceptions. An exception which is not specifically urged is waived.", "No title found\n(c) the board shall not determine violations of the act and affirmative defenses that were not properly pled.\n213.3 Cross-exceptions; responses; replies", "No title found\nWithin seven working days after receipt of exceptions, any party may file in the same manner as the exceptions were filed, a response thereto, or cross exceptions and a brief in support thereof, together with proof of service of copies of these documents upon each party to the proceeding. Within seven working days after receipt of cross exceptions, any party may file in the same manner as the cross-exceptions were filed a response thereto, together with proof of service of a copy thereof upon each party", "No title found\nNo pleading other than exceptions, cross-exceptions or a response thereto and no brief other than that filed in support of such pleading will be accepted or considered by the board unless it is requested by the board or filed with the board\u2019s authorization. If any additional pleading or brief is requested or authorized by the board, the board shall notify the parties regarding the conditions under which that pleading will be permitted.", "No title found\n(a) Within ten working days after any interim decision, order or ruling, a party may, consistent with section 212.4(d) of this Chapter, file with the board an original and four copies of a motion seeking leave to file interlocutory exceptions to such interim decision, order or ruling. An original and four copies of a brief in support thereof shall be filed simultaneously as a separate document", "No title found\nA copy of the motion and briefs shall be served simultaneously upon all other parties and proof of such service shall be filed with the board. Should the chairperson authorize electronic filing of such motions and responses thereto, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(b)The motion for leave to file interlocutory exceptions shall:\n(1) identify the alleged extraordinary circumstances warranting the grant of leave to file exceptions which shall include the factual, legal and/or policy reasons why leave should be granted;\n(2) contain the proposed exceptions that shall meet the requirements of section 213.2 of this Part; and\n(3) attach copies of pleadings, the decision, order or ruling and relevant excerpts from the record.", "No title found\n(c) Initial review. After a motion for leave to file exceptions is filed, the deputy chair or agent of the board so designated shall review the motion to determine whether it complies with section 213.4(a) and (b) of this Part.\n213.5 Responses to motions for leave to file exceptions", "No title found\nWithin five working days after notification from the deputy chair or other agent of the board so designated that the motion for leave will be considered by the board, any other party may file an original and four copies of a response and brief in opposition as a separate document. A copy of the response and brief shall be served simultaneously upon all other parties and proof of such service shall be filed with the board", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of such motions and responses thereto, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n213.6 Board action on motion for leave to file exceptions\n(a) The board may grant or deny a motion for leave to file exceptions in a non-final decision. The denial of a motion for leave shall not preclude a party from filing an exception from a final determination by the director, the director of conciliation, an assistant director or administrative law judge.", "No title found\n(b) Upon the grant of a motion for leave to file exceptions, the board shall issue a schedule for the filing of exceptions, cross-exceptions, responses and briefs.\n213.7 Request for extension of time", "No title found\nA request for an extension of time within which to file exceptions, motions for leave to file exceptions, cross-exceptions, responses and briefs shall be in writing, and filed with the board before the expiration of the required time for filing them, provided that the time during which to request an extension of time may be extended because of extraordinary circumstances", "No title found\nA party requesting an extension of time shall notify all parties of its request and shall indicate to the board the position of each other party with regard to such request.", "No title found\n213.8 Oral argument\nIf a party desires to argue orally before the board, a written request with reasons therefor shall accompany the exceptions, the response thereto, or the cross exceptions and be prominently displayed on the first page of the party\u2019s papers. The board may grant such a request; it may also direct oral argument on its own motion.\n213.9 Amicus curiae procedure\n(a) Board Initiated Amicus Procedure", "No title found\n(1) The board on its own motion may issue a notice soliciting non-parties to file amici briefs on a legal and/or policy issue in a pending matter before the board. The notice shall set the schedule for the filing of such briefs as well as the filing of supplemental briefs by the parties.\n(b) Non-Party Initiated Amicus Procedure", "No title found\n(1) A non-party seeking to file an Amicus brief in a matter pending before the board may file an original and four copies of a motion for leave along with a proposed brief with proof of service of one copy on each party. Should the chairperson authorize electronic filing of such motions, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained.", "No title found\n(2) Criteria. A motion for amicus curiae relief shall demonstrate that the movant can identify legal or policy arguments under the act that might otherwise escape the board or that may provide assistance to the board in some other manner.\n(3) Positions of the Parties. The parties may file in the same manner as the motion papers in support or opposition to the motion with proof of service consistent with the schedule for the motion as set by the board.", "No title found\n(4) Upon receipt of a motion to file an amicus curiae brief, the board shall set a schedule for the parties to respond to the motion.\n(5) Should the board grant the motion to file briefs amicus curiae, such briefs will be in the manner and time frame set forth by the board in its order granting the motion.\n213.10 Final board action\n(a) Upon receipt of the case, the board may adopt, modify or reverse the decision, report, order, ruling, finding or determination to which exceptions have been filed.", "No title found\n(b) Unless a party files exceptions in accordance with this Part, the decision, report, order, ruling, finding or other determination, or any part thereof, other than that made in a proceeding under Parts 203 or 206 of this Chapter, will be final, except that the board may, on its own motion, decide to review the remedial action recommended under an improper practice charge within 20 working days after receipt by the parties of the decision and recommended order", "No title found\nA remedial order of an administrative law judge in an improper practice charge that is not, or is no longer, subject to review by the board as provided in this Part, shall be deemed to be a final order of the board for purposes of enforcement proceedings under section 213 of the act.", "No title found\n(c) Reconsideration of final board action. Final decisions and orders will be reconsidered by the board under the following circumstances:", "No title found\n(1) A party may, because of extraordinary circumstances, file a request for reconsideration with the board within five calendar days following the date of receipt of the final decision or order. The party shall state with specificity the grounds claimed and, where applicable, shall specify the page of the record relied upon. A copy of the request shall have been actually served upon each party of record prior to filing the request. Proof of actual service upon each party shall accompany the request", "No title found\nAny other party shall have three calendar days from actual service to file a response with the board. \u201cActual service\u201d as used in this Part, means actual receipt by the party or the party\u2019s agent.", "No title found\n(2) The filing of a request for reconsideration shall not operate to stay the finality and effectiveness of the decision or order of the board for any purpose including but not limited to those of section 213 of the act unless otherwise ordered by the board.\n213.11 Enforcement of board orders", "No title found\n(a) A party may ask the board to seek a judicial order enforcing the board\u2019s remedial order as provided by section 213 of the act if the party or parties against whom the order was issued refuses or has failed to comply with the board\u2019s order, provided that such order is not, or is no longer, subject to judicial review pursuant to section 213 of the act.", "No title found\n(b) Request for enforcement. A party seeking enforcement by the board must file with the office of counsel an original and four copies of a written request stating the reason(s) why a judicial order of enforcement is necessary, supported by an original and four copies of affidavits of persons with personal knowledge of the facts set forth therein, attesting to the alleged refusal or failure to comply with the remedial order", "No title found\nShould the chairperson authorize electronic filing of such requests, the filing of a signed paper original consistent with this section and electronic filing and service of a copy shall constitute compliance with the filing and service requirements herein contained. Said request and supporting affidavits shall be accompanied by proof of service on all other parties before the board.", "No title found\n(c) Response. Pursuant to a schedule set by the office of counsel, all other parties before the board may file in the same manner as the request was filed with the office of counsel an original and four copies of a written response to the request for enforcement stating why enforcement is not necessary, supported by affidavits of persons with personal knowledge of the facts set forth therein", "No title found\n(d) Action by the board. Following review of a request for enforcement and the response, the board, by its office of counsel, will determine whether a petition for a judicial order of enforcement pursuant to section 213 of the act should be commenced.\n214 MISCONDUCT BEFORE THE AGENCY\n214.1 Misconduct by any person", "No title found\nMisconduct by any person at any stage of a case before the board, an administrative law judge or other person designated by the board to conduct proceedings, may be grounds for summary exclusion by the board, administrative law judge, or other designee before whom the misconduct occurred.\n214.2 Suspension or other sanctions", "No title found\nMisconduct by an attorney or other representative before the agency, including but not limited to misconduct at a hearing, shall be grounds for discipline. Such misconduct, if of an aggravated character, may be grounds for suspension and for prohibiting the attorney or representative from practice before the agency and for other sanctions after due notice and a hearing before the board or its designee", "No title found\nAny order of an administrative law judge imposing discipline under this section will be appealable to the board as part of an appeal of the ultimate disposition of the underlying proceeding pursuant to section 212.4(d) of this Chapter, or, upon a showing of extraordinary circumstances, under \u00a7 213.4 of this Chapter.", "No title found\n215 ACCUMULATION OF REFERENCE MATERIAL UNDER SECTION 205.5(e) OF THE ACT\n215.1 Filing of contracts by public employers\nEvery public employer entering into a written collectively negotiated agreement pursuant to the act shall file a copy of such agreement with the board within 15 working days following the execution of such agreement. Electronic submissions of contracts are encouraged.\n215.2 Filing of reports by public employers", "No title found\nEvery public employer which recognizes an employee organization, including every local government that has obtained a determination by the board that its provisions and procedures are substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and this Chapter and public employee organizations that are recognized or certified, shall file with the board such reports as the board shall require.\n215.3 Filing of rules, regulations, orders and determinations issued by local agencies", "No title found\nA copy of every rule, regulation, order and determination that has been adopted or issued by a local agency of a government which the board has determined is substantially equivalent to the provisions and procedures set forth in the act and this Chapter, shall be filed with the board within 15 working days after adoption or issuance.\n216 MISCELLANEOUS\n216.1 Board employees\nPersons who hold positions by appointment or employment in the service of the board are excluded from the application of the act.", "No title found\nCommunications in collective negotiations between a party to such negotiations and its negotiator(s) shall be deemed confidential in cases before the board, a director or a director\u2019s designee to the same extent that such communications would be subject to an attorney client privilege if the negotiator(s) were an attorney", "No title found\nNo administrative law judge shall accept evidence regarding such communications during any proceeding subject to this Chapter except under circumstances where it would be admissible if the negotiator(s) were an attorney."]

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172824, 0.04545455], [172824, 172954, 0.00769231], [172954, 172987, 0.03030303], [172987, 173532, 0.00550459]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 173532, 0.78192985]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 173532, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 173532, 0.61350971]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 173532, -3227.28858673]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 173532, 878.64907774]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 173532, 2424.57508421]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 173532, 1064.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.chron.com/culture/celebrities/article/Actress-Maggie-Blye-Houston-native-dies-7215292.php

Actress Maggie Blye, Houston native, dies at 73

["Actress Maggie Blye, Houston native, dies at 73\nActress Maggie Blye, Houston native, dies\nCulture // Celebrities\nAndrew Dansby\nMaggie Blye made a striking entrance in \"The Italian Job,\" steering a silver Aston Martin convertible through a crowded street, coming to a stop, and hopping over the door in knee-high boots and a leather skirt suit. The crime caper also afforded the young actor the opportunity to assault Michael Caine with stuffed animals.", "Actress Maggie Blye, Houston native, dies at 73\nBlye \u2014 whose long list of credits includes appearances in \"Hombre\" with Paul Newman and TV's \"Gunsmoke\" \u2014 died of cancer on March 24 in West Hollywood. She was 73.\nMargaret Jane Blye was born in Houston in 1942. She attended the University of Texas for three years, before transferring to the University of California Los Angeles. She quickly found work \u2014 an uncredited part in \"Summer and Smoke,\" a 1961 film adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play that starred Laurence Harvey and Geraldine Page.", "Actress Maggie Blye, Houston native, dies at 73\nBy the mid-'60s, Blye found regular work on TV, with appearances on \"Perry Mason,\" \"The Virginian,\" \"Hazel,\" \"Gunsmoke\" and other shows.\nIn 1967, she played Doris, one half of a discontented couple on a stagecoach that also carried John Russell, a white man raised by Apaches, played by Paul Newman.\nBigger roles followed, including parts in \"Diamonds for Breakfast,\" \"Waterhole #3,\" \"Ash Wednesday\" and \"The Italian Job.\"", "Actress Maggie Blye, Houston native, dies at 73\nIn the '70s and '80s she split her time between the big and small screen. She appeared on \"The Rockford Files\" and in multiple episodes of \"In the Heat of the Night.\"\nBlye is survived by her sister, Judy Blye Wilson, a veteran casting director, and her brother, Richard Blye, as well as several nieces and nephews.\nFuneral services will be held on March 30 in Houston at the Forest Park Lawndale Funeral Home.\nIn lieu of flowers, please make contributions to The American Cancer Society.\nReach Andrew on", "Actress Maggie Blye, Houston native, dies at 73\nAndrew Dansby covers culture and entertainment, both local and national, for the Houston Chronicle. He came to the Chronicle in 2004 from Rolling Stone, where he spent five years writing about music. He'd previously spent five years in book publishing, working with George R.R. Martin's editor on the first two books in the series that would become TV's \"Game of Thrones. He misspent a year in the film industry, involved in three \"major\" motion pictures you've never seen"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.vice.com/en/article/kz9avv/in-photos-a-community-in-the-crosshairs-of-the-dominican-republics-naturalization-law

In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law

["In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nIn Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nIn the eastern outskirts of Santo Domingo, is a community of mostly Haitian descent. Founded as a camp for Haitian sugar cane workers, it is now marred in poverty and neglect.\nby Eric Fernandez\nJune 19, 2015, 10:00pm\nPhotos by Christopher Gregory", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nOn the far eastern edge of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic, lies a concentration of bateyes, or sugar cane cutting communities. But many of these communities no longer cut sugar cane, as the plantations, particularly those close to the capital, have been shut down, and the communities have effectively become dilapidated shantytowns", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nThe vast majority of these communities are made up of Haitian migrants or Dominican-Haitians, many who have found themselves in the crosshairs of the country's new naturalization law.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nA 2013 ruling by the Dominican Republic's top court rendered hundreds of thousands of Dominican-Haitians in the country effectively stateless by revoking their citizenship. After an outcry from the international community, the Dominican government passed a law allowing residents a pathway to naturalization. The deadline for those registering for naturalization at government bureaus around the country was Wednesday.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nThe day after the June 17 deadline, residents of Batey Naranjo, in the San Luis municipality of Santo Domingo, were confused, concerned, and sometimes confident over their status and future in the country.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nBatey Naranjo's 4,000 residents live in abject poverty, as Hurricane George in 1998 wiped much of the sugar cane fields and infrastructure, leaving many of the community's Haitian migrants without work. Some younger residents were born in the Dominican Republic to migrant parents, and it has never crossed their mind that they are not rightful citizens.\nRelated: Citizenship Limbo for Dominican Haitians: Dominican Deadlock (Dispatch 2)\nAbigail Polanco, 13.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nOne young man named Luis Miguel said that he was forced to stop going to school in 8th grade because he was born to migrant parents who did not secure his documents after his birth. Cases like Miguel's are among the most controversial under the country's new law.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nMiguel said that he is concerned over his future as a Dominican-Haitian, but that he plans on staying in or near his home. He told VICE News that he's well aware that if he does come into contact with immigration authorities, he will likely be detained and expelled to Haiti \u2014 a place he's never been and knows nothing about.\nAna, 8 years old.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nOther residents showed more confusion over the new law, rather then concern or fear of being deported. Lilena, a mother of seven, told VICE News with confidence that she will get around the new law by having her husband and other family members begin registering her children as if they were their own \u2014 seemingly unaware the deadline to do this has passed.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nThere is a long history of migrants traveling to the Dominican Republic to work in the sugar cane fields, sometimes voluntarily to seek a better way of life, but more often brought over by private Dominican companies as cheap labor.\nLuis Miguel, 18, who despite being a rightful citizen has not registered with the government and could face deportation.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nAs Celina Tolentino Torres, a community leader and migrant worker herself, led VICE News around the Batey for the afternoon, she made an analogy to the way sugar cane is prepared, which involves squeezing the juice from the crop, saying that's what the Dominican government is doing to Dominican-Haitian migrant workers, with both their pensions as well as their rights to citizenship", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nShe managed to acquire her residency card for herself and for her kids, but considers the country's new naturalization law to be racist.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nIt doesn't appear likely that mass roundups will occur immediately, and many say the Dominican authorities will be very careful about doing anything that could be perceived as drastic. Jose Ramon Fadul, the Minister of the Interior and Police, addressed the country on Thursday, saying he hopes that the law will be remembered as being about naturalization, not repatriation", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nStill, all necessary infrastructure is in place to carry out a campaign of mass deportation, including detention and repatriation camps, biometric technology, personnel from the Dominican armed forces, and passenger buses commissioned by the government.", "In Photos: A Community in the Crosshairs of the Dominican Republic's Naturalization Law\nFormer sugar cane fields. Sugar cane in the Dominican Republic suffered a steady decline over the 1980s and 90s, but the fields decimated during Hurricane Georges in 1998, and never replanted.\nThe smokestack of the former sugar refinery.\nRelated: Raw Coverage From the Dominican Republic\nThis story was produced with support from LG as part of the Photos from Beyond program-click to see more photos from this series. VICE News maintains all editorial independence in the production of this content."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://eaec.org/newsletters/2007/Jan-Mar/NL2007Jan-Mar1.htm

Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5

["Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nDANCING AROUND THE GOLDEN CALF - PART 5\nTHE GOLDEN CALF IS MATURING\nBy JOHN S. TORELL\nDO YOU KNOW WHY YOU BELIEVE WHAT YOU BELIEVE?", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAfter the two hurricanes, Rita and Katrina, had devastated Louisiana, Mississippi and part of Alabama, there were hundreds of thousands of cars and trucks that had been damaged by the flood and totaled out by the insurance companies. But that was not the end of these vehicles. Salvage buyers took the vehicles, cleaned them up and started to ship them to other states, selling them as used cars and not telling the buyers that these were flood damaged vehicles", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe people handling these vehicles not only cleaned up the cars and trucks, but through fraud and deception, had also been able to get new titles for them, making it very hard for a prospective buyer in another state to know where the vehicle came from. The only way to tell is to check under seats and covered compartments where there would by signs of flood damage.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nNow I want to ask you a question, if you are in the process of purchasing a used car or truck, isn\u2019t it important to know where the vehicle came from and its history? We all know the answer: VERY IMPORTANT!\nNow, my next question to you is this, \u201cWhy is it important?\u201d The answer is that if you buy a flood damaged vehicle, it is going to break down and cost a lot of money to repair. And the last thing you want and need are expensive repair bills.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nLet us now talk about your Christian life. Many of you use a Scofield Bible, and whatever is taught in the margins of this Bible has become part of your belief system. Others of you have become dispensationalists without knowing why. That happened to me.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAs Christians we feel pity for the Mormons, the Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses and the Muslims for following the teaching of men, who when they lived on this earth were dishonest, liars, thieves, etc. and we try through documentation to show these people that the leaders who developed their religions were evil men and deceivers. And all of us know how well people in false religions respond to us. They get angry and more or less tell us, \u201cDon\u2019t confuse us with facts.\u201d", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nYet, Christians are in the same predicament. We live on traditions and we never question where a particular doctrine I believe in came from, who developed it and what kind of person were they? So even if I am born again, I might believe many things that are not true.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nFalse doctrine will cause problems on this earth: sickness, loss of spiritual power, no anointing, no fruit, and when you die and stand before Jesus at His judgment seat, you will suffer great eternal losses of rewards, all because you did not check out the people who designed your belief system. What a shame.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nMy motivation for writing these newsletters is to expose fraud and bring people back to simple Bible truth, which is available to all of us if we read our King James Bibles with an uncluttered mind. Let\u2019s now continue our quest for truth.\nDARBY\u2019S MAN IN AMERICA", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe Jewish leaders living in the 1850\u2019s knew that the United States would be a power house of finance, manufacturing, education and military power in the future. They were also aware that the Christian church growth would eventually shift from England to the United States. Thus, they wanted to get in on the ground floor and have their people and doctrine in place in order to take control of the budding Christian church growth in the U.S", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nand make sure that from the very beginning they would have their doctrine anchored in dispensationalism with a strong support for the Zionist movement.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\n\u201cI know that ye are Abraham's seed; but ye seek to kill me, because my word hath no place in you. I speak that which I have seen with my Father: and ye do that which ye have seen with your father. They answered and said unto him, Abraham is our father. Jesus saith unto them, If ye were Abraham's children, ye would do the works of Abraham. But now ye seek to kill me, a man that hath told you the truth, which I have heard of God: this did not Abraham. Ye do the deeds of your father", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThen said they to him, We be not born of fornication; we have one Father, even God. Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me. Why do ye not understand my speech", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\n? even because ye cannot hear my word. Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.\u201d John 8:37-44", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThere is no doubt in my mind that the Devil knew that the United States in the future would become the world\u2019s most powerful nation and that it would dominate the world in all areas of human life. In order for the Devil to control the Christian faith, he needed to find a man of low character, greedy for money, power and fame, and willing to lie and cheat when it is needed", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nHe did find his men for false religions in Joseph Smith, Charles Taze Russell and a number of others, but the man to infiltrate the genuine Christian faith must be of a better quality, yet willing to compromise with the forces of evil. The Devil and the Jewish leadership found their man, Cyrus Ingerson Scofield. (1843-1921)", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nI am not going to spend a great amount of time on the details of the life of Cyrus Scofield, since there is an excellent biography which details the man\u2019s life and his achievements. We carry this book on our bookstore and I believe that every Christian in the world should read this book in order to understand the doctrine of the Baptist and Pentecostal churches. The book is written by Joseph M. Canfield and entitled, The Incredible Scofield and His Book", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nI also believe that we are currently the only ministry to have a written mini-biography of Mr. Canfield (left), furnished to us by Mr. Canfield. He and I have had a number of telephone conversations and I have been honored with the privilege to speak with a Christian who fought the good fight in the 20th century and had access to events, people and places long before my time in the United States.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nSCOFIELD\u2019S EARLY YEARS\nHe was born in Michigan on August 19, 1843. His mother never recovered from this childbirth and died in November of the same year. Cyrus (right) had four sisters who were 17, 15, 8 and 3 years of age at his birth. Some time later his father remarried. His parents were members in the Congregational Church. It is interesting to note, that the Anti-Masonic Movement was strong in this area during the early years of Cyrus and that he must have learned about this as a child.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAs his sisters married, they moved to different places. His sister Emeline settled in St. Louis, Missouri. Laura moved with her husband to the state of Tennessee. After the death of his stepmother, his father remarried a second time and Cyrus ended up living with his sister Laura and her husband. He had plans to enter college, but when the Civil War broke out in 1861, Cyrus decided to join the Confederate Army even though he was only between 17 and 18 years of age", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIt is noteworthy to observe that Cyrus was born and raised in the North, and had only lived a short time in the South, and yet without hesitation, he joined the South in its rebellion against the Union. He became a soldier of the 7th Regiment of Tennessee Infantry.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn July 1862, Cyrus sent a letter to the Confederate Secretary of War and requested to be given a discharge, stating the fact that he was born in Michigan, his father still lived there and that he had joined the army as a minor, while staying temporarily with his sister. He also stated that his health had deteriorated as his regiment had been in several battles", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIt was not until September 26, 1862, that after a series of bloody battles, Cyrus was discharged and given some money to make it back to Tennessee and his sister. However, all records are lost and Cyrus never publicly told where he spent the next four years before he showed up in St. Louis on September 21, 1866.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIt is interesting to note that the city of St. Louis was held by Union forces throughout the Civil War and served as a troop base for the Union. At the end of the Civil War, the city was the center for fur trade, an industry which was dominated by French traders, particularly by the Choteau family. France was ruled at this time by Napoleon III who had brought France back into high society living. France was also the center of the Rothschild banking dynasty and the base of the Illuminati lodges", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nParis had taken the lead role in women\u2019s fashion, and through the French connections, St. Louis had become the \u201cfashion city\u201d of the United States. Thus, the city was a bustling hub of fashion, politics, crime, prostitution, gambling and fast money. This was the city in which Cyrus began his civilian life after the war.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nCyrus' brother-in-law, Sylvester Papin, was president of the St. Louis Board of Assessors. Papin secured a position for Cyrus in his own office, where he could personally train him for the profession as a lawyer. Working in the assessor\u2019s office, Cyrus became familiar with grants, titles, deeds and conveyances.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAs Cyrus socialized with the French families in the city, attending dinners, dances etc. He met a young French woman by the name of Leontine Cerre. She was born in 1847 and was 18 years old when she met Cyrus. Her ancestors came from the Canadian city of Montreal. After a short time they were engaged and they married on September 21, 1866. Since Leontine was a Roman Catholic and Cyrus was not, the wedding ceremony took place before a Justice of the Peace.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn 1867 their first daughter, Abigail, was born and in 1869, a second daughter was born to them named Marie Helen. The same year, the Scofield family moved to Atchison, Kansas.\nTHE KANSAS YEARS\nAs I have studied the life of Cyrus Scofield, there is one thing that stands out, the guidance given to this man as he stumbled through life after the devastation of the Civil War. There is a satanic guidance and a human guidance.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe human guidance can be seen in the fact that the household Cyrus set up was that of a rich man. Records from the U.S. census in 1870 show that Cyrus, Leontine and their two daughters did not live alone in their house. Living with them was Henry Cerre, Leontine\u2019s 19 year old brother, an Irish maid by the name of Catharine McGuire, age 36, and Mary Brice, a ten year old black girl, listed as a servant.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn previous newsletters, I laid out how the American economy at this time was being contracted (reduced) by the banks and that these years were very hard on the American people, yet Cyrus was able to feed a brother-in-law, and maintain two female servants, a wife who was a homemaker and he himself as an attorney in training. The question that remains unanswered is from what source did Cyrus get his money", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nKansas was a battleground before and after the Civil War over property rights. Original land grants were challenged by squatters, who simply settled on unoccupied land and built homes and farms. One of the cases referred to Regis Loisel, who had a Spanish land grant of some 38,000 acres. In 1858, Congress confirmed this land grant. Cyrus became involved in this case, since his wife held certain rights to this property, and he selected John J", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIngalls (right), a Jewish New Englander attorney who had settled in Kansas to work with him on the case. Ingalls had become a State Senator in 1861. According to Mr. Canfield, it was Ingalls who sponsored Cyrus for admission to the Kansas Bar as an attorney, and later he became a law partner in the Ingalls\u2019 law firm. In 1871, Cyrus was elected as a representative to the Kansas Legislature for a term of one year. Scofield was assigned to the Committee on the Judiciary and became the chairman.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nDuring this time of wheeling and dealing in politics, Cyrus also ran a law office, which was also a \u201cland office.\u201d\nIn June 1872, Leontine gave birth to a son, Guy Sylvester, but he died two years later in 1874.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe political climate in Kansas during the 1872 election was heated and all parties were using \u201cdirty tricks\u201d to take control. At this time, U.S. Senators were elected by the legislators, not by public voting. Samuel C. Pomeroy (right) was up for re-election, after having served for twelve years. The leadership in the Republican Party did not want Pomeroy re-elected", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nScofield was in the middle of this fight, and Pomeroy used his power to block Scofield from being nominated from the 4th district he represented. Scofield decided to run from a different county, Nemaha County, using Seneca as his base. The fact that he was not a resident of Nemaha County did not bother Scofield, and when the election took place in 1872, he was elected as a Liberal Republican.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nWhen the legislature convened in January 1873, a terrific fight broke out since Pomeroy had many personal enemies. Scofield played a major role in the fight opposing Pomeroy. Scofield was instrumental in nominating his old lawyer friend Ingalls, who was then elected as Senator from the State of Kansas.\nNone of the politicians in the State Legislature were morally clean; bribes and trading of favors were rampant, and Cyrus Scofield was a master of it all.\nPAY BACK FROM INGALLS", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nPoliticians reward their friends and harm their enemies. John J. Ingalls served three terms in the United States Senate. Shortly after he had taken his seat in the Senate, Ingalls submitted a recommendation to President Grant recommending that Cyrus Scofield be appointed to the office of United States District Attorney for the district of Kansas. President Grant approved the request and appointed Scofield as the federal Attorney General for the State of Kansas.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAfter having resigned his position as a state representative, Cyrus took the oath of office on June 8, 1873. Cyrus lied without hesitation when he took the oath stating he had never born arms against the United States and that he had never aided in any way parties hostile to the United States. This was a blatant lie, since Cyrus had served as a soldier in the Confederate Army, and fought in combat against the United States.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIt is now becoming clear that the young 29 year old Cyrus was being pushed into higher positions by \u201chandlers,\u201d who had their own plans for the savvy lawyer turned politician. Thus, Scofield was not worried about perjury; he had friends in high places.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nScofield only lasted as a federal Attorney General for six months. A case was pending for trial for ex-Senator Pomeroy, who continued his bribing by giving money to Scofield in return for him to drop the case. But there was more smoke; newspaper reports of railroad companies and settlers in Southern Kansas had been blackmailed by these two \u201cbuddies,\u201d in order to be able to continue business and keep land. Suddenly on December 20, 1873, Scofield resigned from his federal position.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nNow something strange took place, Scofield disappeared for the next three years and there are no official records available of what he did or where he lived. According to information from newspapers from that time, he was sent to Canada by his political handlers in Kansas, until things had cooled down enough so that he could come back to the United States.\nScofield abandoned his family from that time on and left them destitute.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn 1877, legal records tell us that Scofield moved back to St. Louis. Cyrus was now borrowing money, by issuing notes, backed by his sister Emeline E. Papin and a C.F. Betts. Cyrus had issued a $200 note (approximately $10,000 in today\u2019s value) for 60 days, and when the note holder, Jephtha H. Simpson, tried to cash the note plus a 10% agreed interest, the bank refused to accept the note. Scofield\u2019s office was closed and there was no residence address for Cyrus", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nWhen the case went to court, it was determined that Cyrus was using his sister\u2019s name and forging her signatures. Consequently, Cyrus was sued in court on a number of occasions for using fraudulent notes to raise money for himself.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nChristian dispensationalists have tried to clean up the life of Cyrus during the years of 1877 and 1878, claiming that he was a successful lawyer when he \u201cgot saved\u201d in 1878. The truth is that Cyrus had abandoned his wife and two daughters and made a living through fraud and bogus notes. Mormon spin doctors have sanitized the life of Joseph Smith, and in much the same way, leaders in fundamental Christian circles are guilty of doing the same thing for Cyrus Scofield", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nCourt and newspaper records, including arrest records, show that Cyrus lived outside the law, using his skills as a former attorney to defraud people.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nBut Cyrus still had \u201chandlers\u201d who came to his aid. On November 6, 1879, a criminal case against Scofield was dismissed in an Appeals Court which could have sent Cyrus to prison had the case not been tossed out.\nAccording to observations of people who lived at this time and knew Scofield, he was classified as an alcoholic.\nIt was in 1879 that Cyrus Scofield \u201cgot religion.\u201d\nCYRUS SCOFIELD GETS SAVED IN A JAIL CELL", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nHe was now 36 years old and had fought as a soldier for the South during the Civil War, trained as a lawyer, served as an elected politician, had been a United States Attorney General for six months, was married with three children and for the last years lived as a white collar criminal. Now he claimed to have accepted Jesus Christ as his Saviour.\nTo understand the moral character of Cyrus, I quote a newspaper article published on August 27, 1881 in The Daily Capital, a Topeka, Kansas newspaper:", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\n\u201cCyrus I. Scofield, formerly of Kansas, late lawyer, politician and shyster generally, has come to the surface again, and promises once more to gather round himself that halo of notoriety that has made him so prominent in the past. The last personal knowledge that Kansans have had of this peer among scalawags, was when about four years ago, after a series of forgeries and confidence games he left the state and a destitute family and took refuge in Canada", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nFor a time he kept undercover, nothing being heard of him until within the past two years when he turned up in St. Louis, where he had a wealthy widowed sister living who has generally come to the front and squared up Cyrus\u2019 little follies and foibles by paying good round sums of money. Within the past year, however, Cyrus committed a series of St. Louis forgeries that could not be settled so easily, and the erratic young gentleman was compelled to linger in the St. Louis jail for a period of six months.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\n\u201cAmong the many malicious acts that characterized his career, was one peculiarly atrocious that has come under our personal notice. Shortly after he left Kansas, leaving his wife and two children dependent upon the bounty of his wife\u2019s mother, he wrote his wife that he could invest some $1,300 of her mother\u2019s money, all she had, in a manner that would return big interest. After some correspondence he forwarded them a mortgage, signed and executed by one Chas", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nBest, purporting to convey valuable property in St. Louis. Upon this, the money was sent to him. Afterwards the mortgages were found to be base forgeries, no such person as Charles Best being in existence, and the property conveyed in the mortgage fictitious.\u201d (End of quote)", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nWhile Cyrus was a jailbird, there was a group of Christian women who had a jail ministry. Cyrus was witnessed to and made a profession of faith in Christ. He then began to study the writings of John Darby (right), the founder of the Plymouth Brethren and embraced Darby\u2019s theology about the rapture and the need for Jews to resettle the land of Israel.\nA NEW PROFESSION", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nScofield entered Christian ministry upon his release from the jail and this was going to be his profession until his death. There is no doubt in my mind that Ingalls, the Jewish lawyer/senator, had informed his Jewish peers that Scofield would be the perfect candidate to develop and penetrate fundamental Christian churches and denominations. All it would take was the right \u201chandlers\u201d and cash.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nLeontine and her two daughters did not fit into the new life of Cyrus Scofield, since she was a Roman Catholic, and the two girls had been brought up in the Catholic faith. During this time, divorce was viewed as a gross sin, and not caring for one\u2019s family was considered extremely bad. Thus, the \u201cspin doctors\u201d handling Cyrus put a \u201cblanket\u201d over his wife and the official line was that Cyrus was a bachelor", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nFrom time to time, Cyrus would send small amounts of money to his wife and daughters, but it was sporadic, and Leontine worked in a store to make a living. When Leontine eventually filed for divorce and the truth came out, it was down-played by Scofield\u2019s handlers in their press (propaganda) releases.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nOnly one major biography of the life of Cyrus Scofield was written in 1920 by Charles G. Trumbull and entitled, \u201cThe Life Story of C.I. Scofield.\u201d This biography is the official \u201cwhite wash\u201d to clean up Scofield for future generations, who would not have access to historical facts, but believe this spin doctor.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe jail conversion of Scofield was not good enough, and a better version was concocted in Trumbull\u2019s book. In this version, Scofield was in his law office in St. Louis when Tom McPheeters entered, and during the business discussion, Tom asked Cyrus why he was not a Christian. After a pointed discussion, Cyrus agreed to accept Christ and the two men knelt in the office and prayed.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe fact that Scofield did not even have a law office at the time when this momentous event is supposed to have taken place did not slow down Trumbull, and thus the lie has been repeated long enough and often enough, that fundamental Christians believe that this is truth.\nIn his book, The Incredible Scofield and His Book, Joseph Canfield makes this statement on page 64:", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\n\u201cThe very sudden quashing of the criminal charges without proper adjudication suggests that Scofield\u2019s career was in the hands of someone who had clout never available to either Ingalls, Pomeroy, or anyone of the Choteau Clan. But, the career was to be of such a nature that Leontine, the Catholic wife, had to go.\u201d", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIt is important to note that Christians living after 1980 have become used to scandals in the Christian churches and their tolerance for sin has increased to the point, that as long as a person has been to a \u201crehab,\u201d it does not matter what they did before", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe immoral behavior of ministers like Rex Humbard, Morris Cerullu and Oral Roberts for financial misconduct, Jim Bakker and Jimmy Swaggart for sexual immorality, Ted Haggard, Roberts Liardon and Paul Crouch for homosexual misconduct, and the fleecing of the flock by Benny Hinn have made Christians so cynical that they do not care any longer", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThus the criminal background of charlatans like the prophet Mohammad, Joseph Smith and Cyrus Scofield do not face people living today, it happened too long ago and with the attitude, \u201cWho knows what the truth is anyway?\u201d That the writings of these men are used to lead millions of people astray and eventually to hell is not understood by the masses. Public schools and watered down preaching have dumbed down the masses of people so that they have no discernment.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIt was the Presbyterian pastor, James H. Brookes, of the Walnut Street Presbyterian Church in St. Louis, who became the \u201ctheological handler\u201d of Scofield. Brookes was born in 1830 and died in 1897. When he began the training of Scofield, he was 49 years old. Brookes had met Darby in person as Darby traveled in the United States until 1877 and he became a solid believer in the doctrine developed by the Jewish Jesuit priest Lacunza, and further developed by Darby", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThrough Canfield\u2019s book on Scofield, I had read about the Niagara Bible Conferences, but I had no historical knowledge of these conferences at all. When I began to research this subject, I became painfully aware of how shallow my education was at the seminary when I studied for some three years for a Master of Divinity degree", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nI now realize that as a student from 1969-73, I was taught what the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) wanted me to know, but they omitted vast areas of history that were not benevolent to the SBC for its pastors to know. To my utter dismay, I realize that there are vast gaps in my knowledge of history and the more I dig, the more I find out that I do not know", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nBefore I continue with the history of Scofield, we must now take a look at the Niagara Bible Conferences, since they played a major role in the development of the Lacunza doctrine.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAt the time these conferences were held, radio, television, audio recordings and videos did not exist. News and educational writings (including theology, doctrine) etc. were spread through newspapers, books, pamphlets and speakers. Hence, a conference was a very valuable asset to any person or group who wanted to promote products or new ideas", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nLeaders from around the nation and from other countries would come and discuss and exchange ideas, and then return to where they came from and pass on what they had just learned. It is also extremely important for the 21st century person to know that most people in the United States after the Civil War had good reading skills and that the common people would read and then discuss what they had read", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThis might seem strange to the generation living today, where people in general have been raised on television and do not have the vocabulary or the skill to read, think and understand what is presented to them. I am aware that my newsletters are read by only a few people who have the skill to read and understand.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nBack to the conferences; the location was at Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario, which was located some 14 miles below Niagara Falls. There was a hotel called, \u201cQueen\u2019s Royal Hotel\u201d in addition to boarding houses in the village. Brookes describes the place as very beautiful with the conference building facing Lake Ontario and the river Niagara, surrounded by green trees and secluded from the noise of the world.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAs I have described in prior newsletters, prophecy teaching had become very popular on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States and the flames had been fanned by William Miller (founder of the SDA churches), and later when he had predicted the coming of Christ and nothing happened, the torch was taken over by Ellen G. White. In this \u201csoup,\u201d it is necessary to also mention Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon Church, and after the Civil War, Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAdding strong spices to this soup was John Darby, who traveled in the United States and converted pastors to the Lacunza doctrine. Brookes had become a total disciple of Darby, and worked hard to spread the Lacunza doctrine. Cooking the soup were Jewish rabbis, Jewish Zionists and Jewish bankers and business men", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThey were working hard to lay the groundwork for a Jewish state in Palestine and knew that unless they could capture the Christians to support a Jewish state, it would be very difficult for them to continue.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nWilliam Miller Ellen G. White Joseph Smith Charles Taze Russell\nIn 1875, several prominent Christian leaders met to pray and discuss prophecy outside Chicago. Among them were Phillip P. Bliss (hymn writer, who died in 1876, right), N.W. West, James H. Brookes and Flemming H. Revell. Revell was a ship builder who had emigrated from England in 1849, whose daughter Emma had married D. L. Moody in 1862, and whose son Flemming Revell, Jr. became the owner of the biggest publishing house in the U.S.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nWe can see now that the men dedicated to spreading dispensationalism into the mainstream of Christianity were just like a parasite fungus, clinging to the most vibrant men of God at that time and infecting them with the Lacunza doctrine.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nBrookes expanded the meeting the following year, and in 1876, there were among others present, Pastor Adoniram Judson Gordon (right), a Baptist minister from Boston, H. M. Parsons and Pastor William J. Erdman (Presbyterian). This meeting was held at Swampscott, Massachusetts and called, \u201cBelievers Meeting.\u201d", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn 1877, the annual meeting was held at Watkins Cover, New York. From here it was held for three years at Clifton Springs, New York. Then the conference was moved to Old Orchard, Maine, and then to Mackinac Island in northern Michigan. The following year it was moved to Niagara-on-the-Lake, and renamed Niagara Bible Conference. The Niagara conferences were to last from 1883 to 1897.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe conferences attracted some of the most well known Christian leaders of the time. It was there that the Fundamental movement was born and solidified, which has shaped the Christian landscape in the United States and laid the foundation for Premillennialism, which is the foundation for Christian Zionists.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIt is important to point out that most of the men who came to speak at these conferences were genuine born again Christians with a zeal for the Lord. The sermons delivered dealt with the doctrine of Christ, the Holy Spirit, the Bible, missions and prophecy. The founder of China Inland Mission, J. Hudson Taylor (right), came and spoke and fellowshipped as did others", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nBut it was Brookes and Scofield who inserted the poison into the Christian doctrine, which today is deeply rooted, not only in Fundamentalist circles, but in Pentecostal and Evangelical churches.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nMAXIMUM EXPOSURE\nThe men taking part in these conferences built powerful ministries in the United States, augmenting them with Bible Schools and books and pamphlets. Just to mention a few: A.D. Gordon founded the Boston Missionary Training School, which later evolved into Gordon College and Divinity School. He helped compile two hymnals and wrote Gospel songs, the most well known being, \u201cMy Jesus I Love Thee.\u201d", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nD. L. Moody (right) was a world known evangelist, who came under the doctrinal control of Scofield, something which we are going to look into later. Moody organized the Northfield Conferences in Massachusetts. Prior to the Civil War, he founded the Young Men\u2019s Christian Association (YMCA); he started the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, Bible Institute of Los Angeles (BIOLA) and was responsible for getting the large Revell Publishing house going.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nScores of other pastors started Bible schools, colleges, seminaries, etc., and all these students and readers of the material became strong believers in the Lacunza doctrine and staunch Christian Zionists. In less than 65 years, the money which Jewish bankers had put into the Christian churches bore fruit and the State of Israel came into being in 1948.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAs of 2007, there are no major Christian publishing houses left in the United States, they have all been bought up by Jewish power brokers, and the same publishing houses that spew out pornography and other filthy trash books are also printing and distributing Christian books, hymnals and sheet music. No Christian writer is able to be published by a major Christian publishing house unless they are a certified Christian Zionist", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAnyone voicing opposition to the State of Israel is labeled \u201canti-Semitic\u201d and financially ruined, since no one will buy from a person with that label. The Jewish leadership is now openly in control, while in the 1880\u2019s they had to work in the shadows.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nRemember this, Jewish bankers and investors have no problems investing huge sums of money into Christian ministries as long as they toe the line and are useful to the Zionistic Movement. This also applies to politics: every major political candidate for the presidency of the United States is making a \u201cpilgrimage\u201d to Hollywood to look for a donation from the Jewish Hollywood moguls", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn order to qualify for a donation from the rich and famous, they have to make a confession that they support the State of Israel, regardless of what is happening. To be politically correct, the politician must take an oath that irregardless what Israel does, it is always right.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe majority of the pastors in 2007, who believe in pre-tribulation rapture and teach dispensationalism are good men, born again and strong in evangelism, except to the Jewish people. They are sincere but blinded to the error they are teaching. One such pastor is Joseph R. Chambers, a good friend of mine. Over the years we have talked quite often over the phone and we exchange material", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nPastor Chambers (left) is a former Assembly of G od minister, who left that denomination because he felt they had become too liberal in tolerating sin. Chambers preaches holiness and is very zealous for Jesus. He is the pastor of Paw Creek Ministries in Charlotte, North Carolina. Many years ago he bit into the Scofield teaching and I believe that he is the same as me, he never checked out who Scofield was and how dispensationalism came into being. Will Chambers change and see the truth", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\n? Absolutely not, but he will be corrected at the judgment seat of Christ and there will be loss of rewards for him, since he is responsible for sending Jews to hell by withholding the Gospel from them and for believing in a two-tier covenant. I believe that Pastor Chambers will shed many tears when he stands at the Great White Throne Judgment and hears the Jews wail as they are sentenced to the Lake of Fire.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAccording to Trumbull\u2019s biography, prior to 1879, Cyrus Scofield had no knowledge of the Bible, and when it came to Christian history, archeology, etc., he was totally uneducated. He had lived as a soldier, a politician, a crooked lawyer and a drunk. To think that this man would be known as a \u201cBible Scholar\u201d and produce a study Bible, which would guide most Christians in the United States for the next 125 years would have been unthinkable. But it did happen", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nWe make fun of the Mormons who follow a horse thief, liar, and bigamist; and we make fun of the Moslems who become suicide bombers and follow a thief, liar, and murderer. But why don\u2019t we make fun of ourselves for following a shyster, liar, and bigamist", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\n? After all, he gave himself the title \u201cdoctor of divinity,\u201d proclaimed himself to be a Greek scholar and portrayed himself as someone who was qualified to rightly divide the Word of God.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nBrookes became Scofield\u2019s handler and was able to bamboozle the top Christian leaders in 1883 and make them believe that Cyrus Scofield was a \u201cgift from God.\u201d Here is how it was done:", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nDwight L. Moody conducted an evangelistic campaign in St. Louis in 1879-80 and Cyrus was a volunteer worker in the meetings. The campaign ended in April of that year. The question arises, how was Cyrus able to make a living during these months? Trumbull in his biography tries to show that Cyrus still had a law practice but there is no evidence of it.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nPastor Brookes spent time tutoring Cyrus in the doctrine of dispensationalism and he learned it well. But instead of joining the church where Brookes was the pastor, Cyrus became a member of the Pilgrim Congregational Church of St. Louis in July 1880. The pastor of this church, Dr. C.C. Goodell, was a personal friend of Pastor Brookes and held the same views when it came to prophecy", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe Scofield family had for about 100 years had been members of this very liberal denomination, and Cyrus went back to his family roots.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nOne month later Cyrus became the acting secretary for the Y.M.C.A. of St. Louis, a strong fundamental Christian organization that was founded to reach men for Christ.\nCyrus was now building up his credentials in Christian work, and became involved in an outreach work for railroad crews, who exchanged trains in the city, and had lay-over time which was used by the men to drink, gamble and visit prostitutes. According to historical records, Cyrus did not win many men for Christ during this outreach.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nAfter having been \u201csaved\u201d less than two years, the St. Louis Association of the Congregational Church issued a \u201cLicense to Preach\u201d to Cyrus. He immediately organized and pastored the Hyde Park Congregational Church of St. Louis. After having served less than two years, the denominational leadership recommended him as pastor for a Congregational church in Dallas, Texas.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nUp until this time, Cyrus had no former theological training, just what he learned while he was on the job as a pastor. He was known for being a smooth talker as an attorney and thus he was able to present sermons to people who were members of the church, but were not born again.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn order to package and sell Cyrus to fundamental Christians, stories were released to the press that prior to his conversion to Christ he had been a hopeless drunk, but Christ had set him free and now he was sober and on fire for the Lord. These press releases served two purposes; any criminal wrongdoing prior to his conversion would be blamed on his drinking and by having gone straight, people would have great sympathy for this former drunk.\nTHE NEGLECTED WIFE AND CHILDREN", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nWhen Cyrus was forced to resign as a District Attorney in 1874, he stopped supporting his family. For the next seven years, Leontine had to work to support herself and the two daughters. She also received some support from her mother. In July 1881, she drew up divorce papers which were filed on July 23, 1881. Cyrus hired an attorney to fight the charges of abandonment and gross neglect, but the court sided with Leontine, a divorce was granted and she was given full custody", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nBut the divorce never became final and Leontine withdrew her request for divorce. There are no records of why she withdrew her request. The court granted the request and Cyrus and Leontine continued to be married on paper.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nDivorce proceedings at that time were totally different from the way current proceedings take place. In order to get a divorce, evidence had to be presented to the Court that there had been adultery, abandonment or severe spousal abuse. As a result, a divorce was not that easy to obtain, unlike today when divorce is granted because someone cites a weak excuse like \u201cirreconcilable differences.\u201d", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn 1882, Cyrus moved to Dallas to become a pastor in a church, and Leontine was able to obtain the post as librarian for the city of Atchison and quit her job as a store clerk for the Gignac store. On October 1, 1883, she filed a second petition for a divorce and the court granted it on October 8, 1883. In the court decree, it was stated that Cyrus was not a fit person to have custody of the children and forbade him to interfere with their upbringing.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIt is important to point out that the Christian community at this time did not have knowledge that Cyrus had a wife and two children and his divorce was kept a secret. Had it been common knowledge in the Christian Fundamental movement of these matters, Cyrus would have had great difficulty to continue as a minister of the Gospel. We continue to see the deception on the part of Cyrus and the spin control of his handlers.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIf Cyrus had been a true born again believer in Christ and a soul winner, he would have wanted to lead his wife and children to Christ. But historical records show that Cyrus was happy to be rid of his first family.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nLeontine lived to be 88 years old and died on November 6, 1936. The oldest daughter Abigail died at the age of 87 on December 10, 1957. Her younger sister Helen passed away on February 27, 1958. These three women died as Roman Catholics, and in \u201cgood standing\u201d with the church. Most likely they ended up in hell. Why didn\u2019t Cyrus evangelize his own family? This question will be answered at the Great White Throne Judgment.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIf the leadership in the Fundamental movement wanted to find out the truth, they had ample time, since the marriage between Cyrus and Leontine came to light early in the last century. But very little effort was made since the leadership wanted it to remain a secret.\nCYRUS MOVES TO DALLAS, TEXAS", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe First Congregational Church of Dallas, Texas was looking for a pastor and issued a call for Cyrus, which he accepted. He came to Dallas on August 19, 1882, three years after his \u201cconversion\u201d to Christianity. All his theological training had been under Pastor Brookes, including intensive studies of Darby\u2019s written material. Dallas at that time was more of a \u201ccow town\u201d and was considered a farming and ranching culture, with a population of 10,000", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe church had been formed in 1877 with a membership of 17 persons. In the beginning, the church was not well received in Dallas since the denomination came from the North and people in Texas were still hurting after the Civil War. Cyrus, being a polished politician, used his credentials as a soldier in the Confederate Army to have people accept him, even though he was pastoring a Yankee church.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nCyrus copied a technique used by D. L. Moody and had invitations after each sermon he preached. On October 22, 1882, Cyrus\u2019 official position in the church was settled in a business meeting, and he was hired retroactively for a one year term dated to August 11th of that year. Nine new members were received at this business meeting as the congregation had grown from 17 to 26 members in a short time. In June 1883, the church voted to set his salary to $1,500 per year", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn today\u2019s currency value it would amount to a salary of $40k to $50K. This was a lot of money at this time in history. Scofield now transferred his membership from the church in St. Louis to the church in Dallas.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nOrdination was important for the handlers of Scofield as they were building his public relations file. In Evangelical circles in the United States, a person is normally first licensed to the Gospel ministry, and after having served for a number of years and establishing himself as a moral Christian and well educated in the Bible, an ordination council is called consisting of ordained ministers from other churches (most of the time from within the denomination).", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nThe council convenes and the candidate is asked many questions covering subjects from theological understandings to morality. A candidate who had been divorced would in 1883 never passed for ordination. There were two persons present at the ordination examination who knew about Cyrus\u2019 family, Cyrus himself and Pastor C.C. Goodell from St. Louis. Neither of these two men divulged this knowledge of divorce to the council which ordained Cyrus on October 18, 1883.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nIn September of 1883, a family with two daughters moved to Dallas from the state of Michigan. The family joined the church which Cyrus was pastoring, however, it did not take long before Cyrus started dating one of the daughters named Hettie. The fact that he was still a married man did not bother Cyrus and they were married after a six month courtship on March 11, 1884.", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nCyrus brought a dual message to his church, he wanted to increase the membership (more money in the till) and at the same time preach the doom message that the Christian church was failing, the end of times were upon them and Jesus was coming back any moment. As he pushed this message he was also building for long term work on the earth. Despite the confusion, the church kept growing. In 1866, Cyrus brought D.L. Moody and his singer Ira D. Sankey (right) to Dallas", "Dancing Around the Golden Calf - Part 5\nOn May 1, 1886 the First Congregational Church in Dallas had reached a membership that could sustain the church and all support from the American Home Mission Board ceased.\nCONTINUED: Dancing Around The Golden Calf - Part 5\nPage 1 | 2 | 3\n[1] Joseph M. Canfield is the author of the book, The Incredible Scofield and His Book."]

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44266, 0.73271745]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 44266, 613.84626394]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 44266, 1188.47401692]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 44266, 672.94635945]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 44266, 423.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.patriots.com/news/vick-3-co-defendants-indicted-on-state-charges-101446

Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges

["Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nVick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nMichael Vick and three co-defendants were indicted by a grand jury Tuesday on state charges related to a dogfighting ring operated on Vick's Virginia property.\nSUSSEX, Va. -- Michael Vick and three co-defendants were indicted by a grand jury Tuesday on state charges related to a dogfighting ring operated on Vick's Virginia property.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nVick, who already pleaded guilty in federal court to a dogfighting conspiracy charge and is awaiting sentencing Dec. 10, was indicted on one count of beating or killing or causing dogs to fight other dogs and one count of engaging in or promoting dogfighting. Each count is a felony, punishable by up to five years in prison.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nThe grand jury declined to indict the Atlanta Falcons quarterback and two co-defendants on eight counts of animal cruelty, which would have exposed them to as many as 40 years in prison if convicted.\nSurry County Commonwealth's Attorney Gerald G. Poindexter asked that the four be arraigned Oct. 3 and requested that each be released on a $50,000 personal recognizance bond. None of the defendants nor their lawyers were in court.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nThe charges are the first leveled against Vick in the county where he built a home on 15 acres that was the base of the dogfighting operation.\nThe grand jury - made up of two black men, two black women and two white women - met for more than three hours.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\n\"These are serious charges, and we can assure you that this grand jury was not driven by racial prejudice, their affection or lack of affection for professional athletes, or the influence of animal rights activists and the attendant publicity,\" Sheriff Harold Brown and Poindexter said in a joint statement.\nPoindexter said he was not disappointed that the grand jury passed on the animal cruelty charges.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\n\"I'm just glad to get this to the position where it is now and one day in the not too distant future, we will be rid of these cases,\" he said.\nPressed on whether he presented evidence about Vick confessing to the killings, Poindexter said \"these are secret proceedings,\" adding he was sure it was put to the grand jury. However, Poindexter said he didn't know what testimony was given, because he was not present when witnesses testified.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nIn a written plea for the federal case, Vick admitted helping kill six to eight dogs at the property. Similarly, his three co-defendants have admitted their involvement and detailed what they claim was Vick's role.\nFor county law enforcement officials, who started the investigation with a raid on Vick's property in late April, those signed statements provided ample evidence to support further prosecution.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nAs was Vick, co-defendant Purnell Peace was indicted on one count of beating or killing or causing dogs to fight other dogs and one count of engaging in or promoting dogfighting. Quanis Phillips was indicted on one count of engaging in or promoting dogfighting. But Tony Taylor faces four counts - three counts of beating or killing or causing dogs to fight other dogs and one count of engaging in or promoting dogfighting.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nA defense attorney at the courthouse Tuesday said he was \"befuddled\" when he learned the grand jury had passed on the animal cruelty charges.\n\"There's something going on here that I don't understand,\" said Joe Pennington of Norfolk, who does not represent any of the parties. \"The grand jury is generally regarded by defense attorneys as a rubber stamp.\"", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nThe case began in late April when authorities conducting a drug investigation of Vick's cousin raided the former Virginia Tech star's property and seized dozens of dogs, most of them pit bulls, and equipment commonly associated with dogfighting.\nSix weeks later, with the local investigation perceived to be dragging and a search warrant allowed to expire, federal agents arrived with their own search warrants and started digging up dog carcasses buried days before the first raid.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nPoindexter, widely criticized for the pace of the investigation, reacted angrily when the feds moved in, suggesting that Vick's celebrity was a draw, or that their pursuit of the case could have racial overtones. He later eased off those comments, saying the sides would simply be pursuing parallel investigations.\nVick, who faces up to five years in federal prison, has been indefinitely suspended without pay by the NFL and been dropped by all his major sponsors, including Nike.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nCopyright 2007 by The Associated Press.\nThe New England Patriots (6-5) and the Buffalo Bills (8-3) announce the following player injuries and practice participation.\nThe New England Patriots rookie scored his first two NFL touchdowns while playing with a heavy heart. After the death of a close friend, he's using his My Cause My Cleats platform to help combat gun violence.", "Vick, 3 co-defendants indicted on state charges\nThe New England Patriots cornerback's non-profit, Next Step Foundation, collaborated with Play Like A Girl for the NFL's My Cause My Cleats initiative.\nComplete broadcast information for this week's regular season game between the New England Patriots and the Buffalo Bills."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://news.wfsu.org/2015-04-25/invisible-for-generations-hidden-armenians-emerge-in-turkey

"Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey"

["Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nInvisible For Generations, 'Hidden Armenians' Emerge In Turkey\nBy Peter Kenyon\nSertac Kayar\nAn Armenian deacon carries an incense burner during Easter mass at St. Giragos Church in Diyarbakir, in southeastern Turkey, in April. Some Armenians who survived a slaughter at the hands of the Ottomans a century ago were raised by Muslim families. Some descendants of those 'hidden Armenians' are now reclaiming their heritage.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nA century after Ottoman forces massacred an estimated 1 to 1.5 million Armenian Christians, some of the remaining Armenian Turks are taking tentative steps out into the open. They survived because their ancestors were taken in by Muslim families and raised as Muslims.\nNow, thanks in part to a somewhat more tolerant climate in Turkey, their descendants, known as \"hidden Armenians,\" are coming out of hiding.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nIn the ancient walled city of Diyarbakir in southeast Turkey, a visitor probing the twisting, cobblestoned alleys may come across a sound long unheard: the bells of the Armenian Church of St. Giragos, restored and reopened in 2011.\nIn the church's courtyard sits a congregation of people coming to terms with dual identities \u2014 their public face as Muslims, and an Armenian Christian identity that was long hidden.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nSt. Giragos has become a kind of second home for people of both faiths who are no longer afraid to know more about a dark period in their history.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nBy 1915, the Ottoman Empire had already lost its holdings in Europe and was determined to hang onto Anatolia, under threat from Russia. When some Ottoman Armenians signed up to fight on the Russian side, historians say officials in Constantinople decided that the best solution was to drastically reduce the Armenian population, through a series of deportations that often turned deadly.\nMany historians put the death toll at up to 1.5 million; Turks say it was a third of that.\nIlyas Akengin / AFP/Getty Images", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nPeople attend a concert by Armenian pianist Raffi Bedrosya at St. Grigaros Church in Diyarbakir on Thursday. The event marked the 100th anniversary of the massacre of an estimated 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman forces.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nAram Hacikyan is the bell ringer at St. Giragos. His grandfather fled the massacres as a child and was raised by a Kurdish Muslim family. Even his name is new to his acquaintances \u2013 previously he used the Turkish name on his identification card so as not to draw attention to his origins. Raised as a Muslim, Hacikyan says somehow everyone seemed to know he was different.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\n\"When we were kids in the village, other kids called us 'gavur,' infidel, and we were crying, we didn't know what it meant,\" he says. \"Our father explained it's because we're Armenians.\"\nHacikyan says his \"heart began to beat\" when he stepped inside the restored St. Giragos church, but some of his relatives aren't ready to embrace Christianity.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\n\"Now that the church is open again, only three of my family members have converted,\" he says. \"The rest do come to the church, but they're keeping their identity as Muslim.\"\nAram greets 54-year-old Armen Demerjian, who's just returned from Istanbul, carrying copies of Agos, a weekly newspaper with a section written in Armenian.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nDemerjian was raised by the conservative Muslim family that took in his relatives in 1915. His father married into the family, and Demerjian says he won't upset them by converting to Christianity now.\nBut he is tracking down his Armenian relatives. So far he's found records of five who perished in 1915, and five families of newly discovered kin, from New York to Marseilles.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\n\"The elders in my village knew my relatives who died in the genocide, and they helped me find other descendants,\" he says. \"They've promised to visit the church here \u2014 the relative in Marseilles promised to come this year. I'm going to take him to the village.\"\nBut for every Armenian Turk here at the church, there are many more keeping silent, either by preference or out of fear.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nRemzi Demir, an elderly Armenian Christian in a light brown suit, smiles as he tells a story that sounds like it's been embellished with the re-telling, but is revealing nonetheless.\nIt's about a Muslim couple, married 26 years, who learn that the Armenian church in Diyarbakir has reopened. The wife confesses to her husband that she's actually of Armenian descent. The husband's eyebrows shoot up and he says, \"Really? Me too!\"", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nUntangling the threads of a century of repressed history is very much a work in progress. Ottoman officials who planned the Armenian killings are still lionized in schools as heroes of Turkey's war of independence.", "Invisible For Generations, Hidden Armenians Emerge In Turkey\nBut here in heavily Kurdish Diyarbakir, there's an unexpected bright spot. Although Kurds participated in the attacks on Armenians a century ago, these days they encourage Armenians to connect with their culture. In part, it's because Kurds are also a minority in Turkey, pushing for their rights. And the solidarity is making Armenians here feel a little more at home.\nPeter Kenyon\nPeter Kenyon is NPR's international correspondent based in Istanbul, Turkey.\nSee stories by Peter Kenyon"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/patmore/eron8.html

Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions

["Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions\nPatmore's Religious Background and Conversions\nSarah Eron, Research Assistant, The Victorian Web\n[Victorian Web Home \u2014> Visual Arts \u2014> Authors \u2014>\nCoventry Patmore]", "Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions\nAs I have stated in the section on Patmore's early life, the poet's father was somewhat of an agnostic, if not at least an atheist, and although P. G. Patmore did not ascribe to any traditional faith he did lean towards the general principles and formalities of Christianity. Although Patmore was himself an Anglican, in his early life he still seemed to lean closer towards his father's religious beliefs rather than his mother's puritanical faith", "Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions\nThus from the outset, Patmore, the poetic advocate of the sanctity of marriage and religion, had ironically already found himself caught between two religious traditions. At the time of his marriage to Emily, Patmore was an Anglican with an inclination towards Rome. (His interest in Roman Catholicism seems to have begun early in his life as a reaction to his mother's puritanical beliefs)", "Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions\nNonetheless, Emily Augusta was a puritanical Protestant, and thus the two in search of a religious common ground settled for a compromise in which Emily converted to the High Anglican Church, and Coventry gave up his Roman Catholic tendencies. Despite this compromise, after Emily's death, Patmore wrote in retrospect in his autobiography: I believe that when I reached the age of thirty-five, what mainly held me back was the steady repugnance of my wife to the faith which I was gradually approaching", "Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions\nHer natural judgment was so good and her goodness so perfect that her opposition was in itself a very weighty argument. She had been terrified from her cradle with the hideous phantom which Protestantism conjures up when the Catholic religion is named .", "Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions\n.Only a few days before she died, she said to me with tears, \"When I am gone, they will get you; and then I shall see you no more!\" Whereas Reid makes note of this rift in faith between the husband and wife, Champneys makes a point of de-emphasizing it, stating that although Emily may have found Patmore's Roman tendencies somewhat unsettling, she understood his mystical bent and even encouraged his love for transcendental thought", "Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions\nNevertheless, whatever Patmore's sentiments were concerning his and his first wife's religious differences during and after her lifetime, Patmore still converted to Roman Catholicism for his second wife only four years after Emily's death (see section on Marianne Caroline Byles and the Heron Ghyll Estate) and remained a Roman Catholic for the remainder of his life.", "Patmore's Religious Background and Conversions\nPatmore's Youth, 1823-1847\nPatmore's Marriage to Emily Augusta Andrews, 1847-1860\nPatmore's Marriage to Marianne Caroline Byles, 1864-1880\nPatmore's Marriage to Harriet Robson, 1881-1896\nReferences\tChampneys, Basil. Memoirs and correspondence of Coventry Patmore. 2 vols.\nLondon, G. Bell & Sons, 1900.\nBio-\ngraphy\nLast updated 29 June 2004"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/legsregs/directives/notices/n4510658.cfm

FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration

["FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nHome / Resources / Legislation, Regulations and Guidance / Directives and Memorandum / Notices\nAPPORTIONMENT OF FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2008 COORDINATED BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM FUNDS\nClassification Code\nOffice of Primary Interest\nN 4510.658\nHCFB-1", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nWhat is the purpose of this Notice? This Notice transmits the certificate of apportionment of Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program funds authorized for FY 2008 pursuant to the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) Public Law (Pub. L. No.) 109-59.\nThe apportionment is effective immediately.", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nWhat is the availability of these funds? Pursuant to Section 1303(f) of the SAFETEA-LU, the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program funds resulting from this apportionment shall not be transferred and shall be available for obligation in the same manner as if the funds were apportioned under Chapter 1 of Title 23, United States Code (U.S.C.), except that the funds shall remain available until expended.", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nThe funds resulting from this apportionment are available for obligation immediately and will be subject to obligation controls in force at the time of obligation.\nThe Federal share will be in accordance with Section 120 of Title 23, U.S.C.\nThe program code to be used when obligating these funds is L1G0.\nWhat is the background information? Section 1101(a)(11) of the SAFETEA-LU authorizes a total of $190,000,000 in contract authority for the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program.", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nThe total contract authority available for distribution in FY 2008 for the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program $190,000,000.\nThis program replaces the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century Coordinated Border Infrastructure Discretionary Program that ended after 2005.\nWhat action is required? Division Administrators should ensure that copies of this Notice are provided to the State departments of transportation.\nJ. Richard Capka\nCERTIFICATE OF APPORTIONMENT FROM", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nTHE SUM OF $190,000,000 AUTHORIZED TO BE APPROPRIATED FOR THE COORDINATED BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM\nFOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 2008\nTO--\nThe Secretary of the Treasury of the United States and the State departments of transportation:", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nPursuant to Section 9503 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users, Title 23, United States Code, and the delegation of authority from the Secretary of Transportation to the Federal Highway Administrator, Section 1.48 of Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, I certify--", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nFirst, that the Secretary of the Treasury has made the estimate required by Section 9503(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and, based on that estimate, I have determined that the amount that can be apportioned for the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2008, pursuant to Section 1101(a)(11) of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users, is $190,000,000, which is 100 percent of the amount authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year.", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nSecond, that I have computed the apportionment for the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program funds for the purpose of carrying out Section 1303 of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users, among each border State in the manner provided by law in accordance with the formula set forth.\nThird, that the sums that are hereby apportioned to each border State, effective immediately, are respectively as follows:\nAPPORTIONMENT OF FUNDS FOR THE", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nCOORDINATED BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM\nAUTHORIZED FOR FISCAL YEAR 2008\n1,272,533 ARIZONA\n9,062,663 ARKANSAS\n24,649,800 COLORADO\n1,301,835 ILLINOIS\n11,591,774 MARYLAND\n26,582,655 MINNESOTA\n3,778,074 MISSISSIPPI\n6,614,159 NEBRASKA\n300,674 NEW JERSEY\n1,567,296 NEW YORK\n24,967,383 NORTH CAROLINA\n9,109,839 OHIO\n49,996,634 UTAH\n7,878,018 VIRGINIA\n11,326,663 WEST VIRGINIA\nAPPROVED EFFECTIVE October 1, 2007\nFEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATOR\nBest for printing: n4510658.pdf (124 KB)", "FHWA Notice N 4510.658 | Federal Highway Administration\nTo view PDF files, you can use the Acrobat\u00ae Reader\u00ae.\nPage last modified on October 19, 2015 Privacy Policy | Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) | Accessibility | Web Policies & Notices | No Fear Act | Report Waste, Fraud and Abuse U.S. DOT Home | USA.gov | WhiteHouse.gov"]

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["Login\nDog Brothers Public Forum Politics, Religion, Science, Culture and Humanities Science, Culture, & Humanities American History\nTopic: American History (Read 68137 times)", "Login\nFrom the WSJ, some book reviews:=====================================1.The Journals of Lewis and Clark1803-05There are hundreds of books on the Lewis and Clark expedition\ufffd scholarly treatises, narratives, biographies, collections of maps. Engrossing reading, sure, but why choose them when the original journals by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark exist", "Login\n? Even if the prose is rough, the journals are an American treasure, a first-hand account of the discovery of a nation. There is a hypnotic, galvanizing power in the daily descriptions of rivers forged, buffaloes seen, Indians met, meals eaten, illnesses suffered, plants examined, rainstorms weathered and dangers overcome", "Login\nNo matter the hardship experienced over the more than two years they spent in the wilds, the two explorers always managed to update their journals, as Lewis did one winter day: \ufffdThe ink f[r]iezes in my pen,\ufffd he complained, before continuing with his account. When Clark writes on Nov. 7, 1805, \ufffdOcian in view! O! the joy,\ufffd your heart, too, will leap.2", "Login\nThe Great BridgeBy David McCullough Simon & Schuster, 1972No other structure better represents American industriousness and ingenuity than the Brooklyn Bridge. In this magisterial account, David McCullough describes its design and construction with all the drama of an epic battle. John A. Roebling, the original engineer of what would be the longest suspension bridge in the world upon its opening in 1883, dies after being injured in a dockside accident as he scouted the construction site", "Login\nHis eldest son, \ufffdWashington Roebling, takes up the cause, but frequent journeys below the murky East River waters to set the foundations of the bridge\ufffds two massive stone towers leave him crippled with decompression sickness, or \ufffdthe bends.\ufffd His wife, Emily, all but assumes command of the \ufffdendeavor and sees the project through to its glorious completion.3", "Login\nPaul Revere\ufffds RideBy David Hackett Fischer Oxford, 1994David Hackett Fischer offers a bracing corrective to the \ufffdtraditional view of the lone silversmith named Revere on horseback alerting Massachusetts \ufffdpatriots with the cry: \ufffdThe British are coming!\ufffd Paul Revere, the author \ufffdobserves, would never have warned of the \ufffdBritish\ufffd approach; the colonists still considered themselves British, even if on the cusp of revolution. A minor point, perhaps, but evidence of how legend becomes accepted fact", "Login\nMore important, Fischer shows that though Revere\ufffda \ufffdgregarious man, a great joiner\ufffd\ufffdmight have led the alarm-sounding effort, he was far from alone. Dozens of other brave riders set about the countryside on the night of April 18, 1775.4. The Right StuffBy Tom Wolfe Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979In Tom Wolfe\ufffds chronicle of Project Mercury and America\ufffds first manned space flight in the early 1960s, we have the perfect marriage of writer and story", "Login\nWith his unblinking eye, Wolfe reveals what constituted the \ufffdright stuff\ufffd\ufffdfor test pilots like Chuck Yeager, and, despite the skepticism of some of those flyboys, the seven Mercury \ufffdastronauts who vied for the chance to perch atop a rocket filled with liquid \ufffdoxygen and go where no man had gone before", "Login\n\ufffdIt was not bravery in the simple sense of being willing to risk your life,\ufffd Wolfe writes, because \ufffdany fool could do that.\ufffd No, \ufffda man should have the ability to go up in a hurtling piece of machinery and put his hide on the line and then have the moxie, the reflexes, the \ufffdexperience, the coolness, to pull it back in the last yawning moment\ufffdand then to go up again the next day, and the next day, and every next day.\ufffd5", "Login\nThe ChildrenBy David Halberstam Random House, 1998In a Montgomery bus station on May 20, 1961, a young man got down on his knees and prayed for the strength to love the racist mob closing in on him", "Login\n\ufffdWhen he tried to get up, someone kicked him violently in the back, so viciously that three vertebrae on his spine were cracked.\ufffd This is one \ufffdvisceral scene among scores of others in David Halberstam\ufffds \ufffdThe Children,\ufffd a sweeping portrait of Nashville activists, most of them students, who brought courageous nonviolent protest to the civil-rights struggle in the Deep South", "Login\nHalberstam covered the movement as a young reporter for the \ufffdTennessean, and when he wrote this book four decades later, the memory of those students clearly still burned in his heart.\ufffdMr. Bascomb\ufffds latest book is \ufffd\ufffdHunting Eichmann: How a Band of Survivors and a Young Spy Agency Chased Down the World\ufffds Most \ufffdNotorious Nazi\ufffd (Houghton Mifflin).----------------------------------------------------------------By Michael B", "Login\nBallardThe idea is beguiling: a \ufffdregion in the South during the Civil War where the inhabitants, disgusted by slavery and unwilling to support the Confederate cause, take up arms as Union loyalists. Better still, for storytelling purposes, would be a charismatic leader who organizes the resistance.Such is the legend of what became known as the \ufffdFree State of Jones,\ufffd a county deep in Mississippi\ufffds piney woods", "Login\nThe area was one of many pockets in the state where dissatisfaction with the Confederacy boiled for much of the war, but only Jones County was elevated by folklore, \ufffdespecially in the decades after the war, into a scene of noble rebellion", "Login\nIt helped that the anti-Confederate \ufffdfaction there was led by a tall, stern backwoodsman named Newton Knight.View Full ImageThe New York Public Library/Art Resource NY The Tishomingo Hotel in Corinth, Miss., was used at different times as a hospital by both Union and Rebel troops.Book DetailsThe State of Jones By Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer Doubleday, 402 pages, $27.50 The operative words here are \ufffd\ufffdlegend\ufffd and \ufffdfolklore.\ufffd Although Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer labor mightily in \ufffdThe State of Jones\ufffd to make the case for Newt Knight and Jones County as emblems of \ufffdenlightened \ufffdinsurrection\ufffd within the Confederacy, the truth, alas, is hardly as inspiring as the authors suppose", "Login\nTheir hostility to being executed, \ufffdimprisoned or pressed back into the service of a lost cause was the men\ufffds animating principle.Even among Jones County \ufffdresidents who were noncombatants, an antipathy for the Confederate \ufffdgovernment did not automatically translate into pro-Union feelings: The Confederacy was so preoccupied with prosecuting the war, and its finances were so precarious, that the government was scarcely able to protect ordinary citizens, much less provide basic \ufffdservices", "Login\nAnger at one\ufffds own bureaucracy does not mean embracing the enemy\ufffds.Still, Ms. Jenkins, a journalist, and Mr. Stauffer, a historian, have brought fresh attention to a little-known and interesting sidebar of Civil War \ufffdhistory. They freely acknowledge their debt to Victoria Bynum\ufffds \ufffdThe Free State of Jones: Mississippi\ufffds Longest Civil War\ufffd (2001), which is the most scholarly treatment of the subject to date\ufffdthough, as the subtitle \ufffdindicates, Ms", "Login\nBynum was also rather taken with the romantic notion of the troubles in Jones County.Early on, Ms. Jenkins and Mr. Stauffer posit that Newt Knight and his neighbors were unusual \ufffdMississippians in that few of them owned slaves\ufffdand therefore had no reason to support the South\ufffds \ufffdsecession", "Login\nJones County, though, was not in a cotton-producing part of the state and, like other areas of \ufffdMississippi where plantations were rare and the economy not dependent on slave labor, the lack of robust \ufffdinterest in the Confederate war effort hardly signaled anti-slavery \ufffdsentiment; slavery simply wasn\ufffdt vital to life in these remote areas and didn\ufffdt seem worth fighting for", "Login\nCollection of Herman Welborn Newton Knight, a Confederate medic and deserter.Even if Newt Knight was \ufffdunenthused about fighting for the South, he still enlisted in May 1862 at age 24 rather than face conscription", "Login\nIt helped, the authors note, that he was joined by \ufffdtwenty-two of his \ufffdclosest relatives and friends, young men who hunted together, worshipped together, drank together, helped build one another\ufffds homes, and even \ufffdmarried one another\ufffds sisters.\ufffd The men of Jones County were an insular lot\ufffdand it is this insularity that Ms. Jenkins and Mr. Stauffer seem to \ufffdunderappreciate in their portrait", "Login\nThe clannishness of Knight, his family and neighbors made them prefer an \ufffdisolated life, and the war had \ufffddisturbed their seclusion", "Login\nThey blamed the Confederacy and readily abandoned the army when Union forces marched across the South.Knight told an interviewer in the 1920s: \ufffdI felt like if they had the right to conscript me when I didn\ufffdt want to fight the Union, I had the right to quit when I got ready.\ufffd It didn\ufffdt take long: Six months after enlisting and \ufffdbecoming a medic, Knight joined the thousands of Confederate soldiers who fled the war in Mississippi in the aftermath of the bloody fight at the important railroad-crossroads town of Corinth", "Login\nHe was captured and put back into action; Knight deserted again after the battle of Vicksburg in the summer of 1863. The Mississippi woods by then were teeming with Confederate deserters, and the roads were alive with soldiers sent to round them up. Knight made his way back to Jones County and vowed not to be forced back into service. He and fellow deserters organized to resist any such effort\ufffdand were soon fighting \ufffdskirmishes with Confederate soldiers", "Login\nIN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of Americahen in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness", "Login\n\ufffd That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, \ufffd That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness", "Login\nPrudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed", "Login\nBut when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. \ufffd Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government", "Login\nThe history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States", "Login\nTo prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby", "Login\nHouses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their", "Login\nalone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:For abolishing the free System of", "Login\nTaxes on us without our Consent:For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these ColoniesFor taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with", "Login\nburnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury", "Login\nA Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here", "Login\nWe have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity", "Login\nWe must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do", "Login\n\ufffd And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.\ufffd John HancockNew Hampshire:Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew ThorntonMassachusetts:John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge GerryRhode Island:Stephen Hopkins, William ElleryConnecticut:Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver WolcottNew York:William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis MorrisNew Jersey:Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham ClarkPennsylvania:Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George RossDelaware:Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKeanMaryland:Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of CarrolltonVirginia:George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot", "Login\nChase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of CarrolltonVirginia:George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter BraxtonNorth Carolina:William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John PennSouth Carolina:Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur MiddletonGeorgia:Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton", "Login\nMonday, July 1, was heavy and hot, and a full-scale summer storm passed through the city late in the morning. John Dickinson of Pennsylvania rose to speak", "Login\nHe knew he was endangering the respect in which he was broadly held, his \"popularity,\" but he once again counseled caution: Slow down, separation from Britain is \"premature,\" to declare independence now would be \"to brave the storm in a skiff made of paper.\" When he sat down, \"all was silent except for the rain that had begun spattering against the widows.\"Then John Adams rose", "Login\nHe wished he had the power of the ancient orators of Greece and Rome, he said; surely they had never faced a question of greater human import. Getty Images He made, again, the case for independence. Now is the time, the facts are inescapable, the people are for it, we are not so much declaring as acknowledging reality. \"Looking into the future [he] saw a new nation, a new time, all much in the spirit of lines he had written in a recent letter to a friend: '. .", "Login\nWe are in the very midst of revolution, the most complete, unexpected, and remarkable of any in the history of the world.' \" Outside the wind picked up and the storm struck hard with thunder and lightning. Storms had in the past unnerved Adams, but he spoke steadily, logically and compellingly for two hours.After nine hours of debate, the voting commenced. The yeses were in the majority, but there were more noes than expected. Someone moved a final vote be taken the next morning", "Login\nAdams and the rest hastily agreed.That night word reached Philadelphia that the British fleet, a hundred ships, had been sighted off New York.The next day, July 2, the final voting began. It went quickly. This was a pivotal moment in the political history of man. A creative, imaginative, historically conscious person in the middle of a thing so huge and full of consequence will try to notice things, to keep them forever in his eyes and pass them on", "Login\nHere is a thing John Adams would never forget:At 9 in the morning, just as the doors to the Congress were to be closed, \"Caesar Rodney, mud spattered, 'booted and spurred,' made his dramatic entrance. The tall, thin Rodney\ufffdthe 'oddest-looking man in the world,' Adams once described him\ufffdhad been made to appear stranger still, and more to be pitied, by a skin cancer on one side of his face that he kept hidden behind a scarf of green silk", "Login\nBut, as Adams had also recognized, Rodney was a man of spirit, of 'fire.' Almost unimaginably, he had ridden eighty miles through the night, changing horses several times, to be there in time to cast his vote.\"All of these quotes are from David McCullough's \"John Adams.\" More on Mr. McCullough in a moment.The vote was completed: 12 for independence, New York abstaining, no one opposing. \"The break was made, in words at least: on July 2, 1776, in Philadelphia, the American colonies declared independence", "Login\nIf not all 13 clocks had struck as one, twelve had, and with the others silent the effect was the same.\"On July 3, Congress argued over the wording and exact content of the formal Declaration. An indictment of the slave trade was dropped. In all, Thomas Jefferson saw roughly 25% of what he'd written wind up on the floor.On July 4, discussion ended, debate was closed, a vote on the final draft of the Declaration of Independence was called, and the results were as on July 2", "Login\nCongress ordered the document be printed. They'd sign it in a month. For now, John Hancock and one other, Charles Thompson, fixed their signatures.Those present thought the great day had been July 2\ufffdthe vote for independence itself", "Login\nJohn Adams, who'd emoted over the 2nd in letters to Abigail, didn't even mention the 4th , and Thomas Jefferson famously went shopping that afternoon for ladies' gloves.But on the morning of July 5, the people of Philadelphia started getting their hands on independently printed copies of the Declaration, and the impact was electric: My God, look what they said yesterday\ufffd\"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.\" And on the 6th, a local newspaper carried the text of what had been agreed upon on the 4th", "Login\nAnd so the celebration of the Fourth of July as one of the signal moments in the history of human freedom, was born. And so we mark it still.* * * Getty Images David McCullough.On David McCullough: Almost all the details in the above come from his \"John Adams\" and \"1776\". He is America's greatest living historian. He has often written about great men and the reason may be a certain law of similarity: He is one also", "Login\nHis work has been broadly influential, immensely popular, respected by his peers (Pulitzer Prizes for \"Truman\" and \"John Adams,\" National Book Awards for \"The Path Between the Seas\" and \"Mornings on Horseback\") and by the American public. It is not often\ufffdit is increasingly rare\ufffdthat the academy shares the views of the local dry cleaner, the student flying coach and the high school teacher, but all agree on Mr. McCullough, as they did half a century ago on, say, Robert Frost and Carl Sandburg", "Login\n? Here are a few reasons. He has the eye of a gifted reporter and the depth of a historian. He sees and explains the true size of an incident or endeavor, he factors in, always, the fact that we are human, and he captures the detail that is somehow so telling\ufffdit was a scarf of green silk, not soft muslin, that Rodney wore to the vote on American independence. He writes like a dream, of course. He is broad gauged and has range\ufffdthe Johnstown flood, the building of the Panama Canal, the founders.Mr", "Login\nMcCullough betrays no need to be contrarian but is only too happy to knock down history's clich\ufffds, to wit George III, the mad doofus, who was in fact \"tall and rather handsome\" and played both the violin and piano", "Login\n\"His favorite composer was Handel, but he adored also the music of Bach.\" He rendered \"quite beautiful architectural drawings,\" assembled a distinguished art collection, collected books that in time constituted \"one of the finest libraries in the world,\" loved astronomy, was nonetheless practical, and had a gift for putting people at their ease", "Login\nHe impressed even crusty old Samuel Johnson, who after meeting him called him \"the finest gentleman I have ever seen.\" As for the famous madness, he suffered not during the American Revolution but later in life from what appears to have been \"prophyria, a hereditary disease not diagnosed until the twentieth century.\"One can't know if Mr. McCullough is correct in his judgment here, or fully so. One can know he inspected the available data, pondered it, and attempted a fair-minded assessment. He is reliable", "Login\n(Of how many can that be said?) And he loves America. His work has gone to explaining it to itself, to telling its story.More Peggy NoonanRead Peggy Noonan's previous columns. And click here to order her new book, Patriotic Grace. Almost two years ago, I was lucky enough to tour Mount Vernon with a dozen people including him. (If I were David McCullough I would know the date and time", "Login\nBut I know the weather.) At the bottom of a stairway leading to the second floor, we chatted for a moment, and I asked him how he accounted in his imagination for the amazing fact of the genius cluster that founded our nation. How did so many gifted men, true geniuses, walk into history at the same time, in the same place, and come together to pursue so brilliantly a common endeavor", "Login\n? \"I think it was providential,\" he said, simply.Well, so do I. If you do too, it's part of what you're celebrating today.Later, after dusk, an unforgettable moment. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association, led by Gay Gaines, retiring after three years as one of its greatest regents\ufffdshe'd worked herself like a rented mule to solidify and expand the operation\ufffdgave us dinner on a long table on the piazza, the veranda overlooking the unchanged Potomac. It is where President and Mrs. Washington dined", "Login\nIt was hot, and now dark, and David McCullough rose to speak of Washington, of his courage and leadership. A storm had been gathering all day. Now it broke, and as he spoke of Valley Forge there was, literally, a sudden roar of thunder, and lightning lit the clouds over the river. Mr. McCullough continued, with his beautiful voice, and we all got a chill: What kind of moment is this", "Login\n? What could we possibly have done to deserve it? Nothing of course. Some gifts are just given.That's what Mr. McCullough's work has been, a gift, one big enough for a nation. So thanks today to the memory of John and Tom and George, and old Ben, and John Dickinson, and Caesar Rodney too. Good work, gentlemen. You too, David.", "Login\nsecond post of the morningBy WILLIAM J. BENNETT and JOHN CRIBB 'I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence.\" This statement from Abraham Lincoln in Philadelphia in 1861 was no staff-manufactured line", "Login\nIt was an expression from a man filled with deep emotion at finding himself standing in the hall where a courageous band of rebels pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor to a high and dangerous purpose -- American independence. We celebrate them on July Fourth.Lincoln revered the Declaration and its ideals of liberty and equality. In an 1858 speech in Chicago, he said it was \"the father of all moral principle\" in the American republic, and its spirit \"the electric cord . .", "Login\nthat links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving men together.\"He spent much time pondering the hardships endured by those who had fought for independence", "Login\nIn that speech he called them \"iron men.\" As a boy, he read accounts of the patriots' battlefield struggles in Parson Weems's \"Life of Washington\" and thought, as he told the New Jersey state Senate in 1861, that \"there must have been something more than common that those men struggled for.\"Yet in Lincoln's time, the Declaration and its spirit was under attack. Proponents of slavery insisted that the Founders did not intend for the God-given right to liberty in the Declaration to apply to all people", "Login\nThe notion that \"all men are created equal\" was belittled by John C. Calhoun in 1848 as \"the most false and dangerous of all political error.\"The Declaration had its detractors abroad as well. Across Europe, members of privileged classes sneered at the thought of people ruling themselves", "Login\nMany a nobleman viewed the Civil War as proof that the American democratic experiment would fail.British statesman John Bright took them to task: \"Privilege thinks it has a great interest in this contest, and every morning, with blatant voice, it . . . curses the American Republic. Privilege has beheld an afflicting spectacle for many years past. It has beheld thirty millions of men, happy and prosperous, without emperor, without king . .", "Login\nPrivilege has shuddered at what might happen to old Europe if this grand experiment should succeed.\"Lincoln understood that if the American experiment of self-government were to succeed, the country must be saved on the basis of the Declaration of Independence", "Login\nIt was no accident that in the first sentence of the Gettysburg Address, he quoted the Declaration, reminding Americans that from the beginning the nation had been dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Lincoln also understood that the struggle over the Declaration was part of an eternal struggle between two principles at the basis of all government", "Login\n\"They are the two principles that have stood face to face from the beginning of time, and will ever continue to struggle,\" as he put it in one of his famous debates with Stephen A. Douglas. \"The one is the common right of humanity and the other the divine right of kings.\"The struggle continues today. Terrorists and dictators hate the United States for its founding principles. They prefer to rob people of liberty, subjugate women, and spread their power by the sword", "Login\nYet America still has iron men and women who stand up to such tyrants. These iron men are now fighting on battlefields in Afghanistan and Iraq.The Declaration of Independence is not a legal document in the same sense as the Constitution. No one talks about a law being \"undeclarational,\" or opines about their \"declarational rights.\" Yet it remains the first and in some ways most universal of our great founding documents", "Login\nAs Lincoln said in Philadelphia in February 1861, there is \"something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time.\"As long as the United States stands fast for the moral principles of July 4, 1776, we will continue to be the bulwark of freedom, the last best hope of earth.Messrs. Bennett and Cribb are the authors of the \"American Patriot's Almanac\" (Thomas Nelson, 2008). Logged", "Login\nIn the debate over who deserves credit for causing the Berlin Wall to collapse on the night of November 9, 1989, many names come to mind, both great and small.There was G\ufffdnter Schabowski, the muddled East German politburo spokesman, who in a live press conference that evening accidentally announced that the country's travel restrictions were to be lifted \"immediately.\" There was Mikhail Gorbachev, who made it clear that the Soviet Union would not violently suppress people power in its satellite states, as it had decades earlier in Czechoslovakia and Hungary", "Login\nThere were the heroes of Poland's Solidarity movement, not least Pope John Paul II, who did so much to expose the moral bankruptcy of communism.And there was Ronald Reagan, who believed the job of Western statesmanship was to muster the moral, political, economic and military wherewithal not simply to contain the Soviet bloc, but to bury it", "Login\n\"What I am describing now is a plan and a hope for the long term\ufffdthe march of freedom and democracy which will leave Marxism-Leninism on the ash-heap of history,\" he said in 1982, to the astonishment and derision of his critics", "Login\nNow, there was the audacity of hope.All of these figures played their part, as did a previous generation of leaders who insisted that the West had a moral duty to defend the little enclave of freedom in Berlin.Fulfilling that duty came at a price\ufffd71 British and American servicemen lost their lives during the Berlin Airlift\ufffdthat more \"pragmatic\" politicians might have gladly forgone for the promise of better relations with the Soviets", "Login\nNot a few NATO generals thought the defense of Berlin needlessly exposed their forces in a militarily indefensible position while giving the Russians an opportunity to blackmail the West as they advanced on strategically more vital ground, particularly Cuba.Yet if the West's stand in Berlin demonstrates anything, it is that moral commitments have a way of reaping strategic dividends over time. By ordering the airlift in 1948, Harry Truman saved a starving city and defied Soviet bullying", "Login\nAs importantly, he showed that the U.S. would not abandon Europe to its furies, as it had after World War I, thus helping to pave the way for the creation of NATO in April 1949.By holding firm for 40 years, Truman and his successors transformed what was supposed to be the Atlantic alliance's weakest point into its strongest", "Login\nTo know what the West stood for during most of those years, one merely had to go to Berlin, see the Wall, consider its purpose, and observe the contrasts between the vibrant prosperity on one side of the city and the oppressive monotony on the other.Those contrasts were even more apparent to the Germans trapped on the wrong side of the Wall", "Login\nBarbed wire, closed military zones and the machinery of communist propaganda could keep the prosperity of the West out of sight of most people living east of the Iron Curtain", "Login\nBut that wasn't true for the people of East Berlin, many of whom merely had to look out their windows to understand how empty and cynical were the promises of socialism compared to the reality of a free-market system.Yet it bears recalling that even these obvious political facts were obscure to many people who lived in freedom and should have known better", "Login\n\"Despite what many Americans think, most Soviets do not yearn for capitalism or Western-style democracy,\" said CBS's Dan Rather just two years before the Wall fell. And when Reagan delivered his historic speech in Berlin calling on Mr", "Login\nGorbachev to \"tear down this wall,\" he did so after being warned by some of his senior advisers that the language was \"unpresidential,\" and after thousands of protesters had marched through West Berlin in opposition.It is a tribute to Reagan's moral and strategic determination, as it was to everyone else who played their part in bringing down the Wall, that they could see through the sophistries of Soviet propagandists, their Western fellow travelers, and the legions of moral equivocators and diplomatic finessers and simply look at the Wall.\"To see what is in front of one's nose needs a constant struggle,\" George Orwell once said", "Login\nThat is what the heroes of 1989 did with unblinking honesty and courage for years on end until, at last, the Wall came tumbling down.", "Login\nThank you Crafty for marking Reagan in particular for his leadership that led to the collapse of the wall. Much as Barack and Hillary think it is all about them and others think that everyone worked toward that goal, really most didn't. IIRC, Reagan stood up to a Democratic congress over defense spending, he stood up to massive protests in Europe for the deployment of Pershing II missiles, he stood up to the objections of both Gorbachev and his own advisers regarding SDI at Reykjavik", "Login\nAnd he stood up to his own speechwriters and diplomacy team regarding the command to tear down the wall.--------The quote: \"There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr", "Login\nGorbachev, tear down this wall!\"--------Keep in mind that the wall was in Berlin, East Germany and Mr. Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union. Reagan didn't even bother to call on East Germany to tear down the wall", "Login\nHe was calling it out for what it what it was - a puppet repressive machine controlled from a distance and he was calling out his counterpart to back up his talk about openness and reform, glasnost and perestroika, with action and deed.Here is an inside story written by the speech writer:http://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2009/11/024922.phpWatch the video again with the sad thought in mind that the current first family never found any reason to be proud of America before Barack was nominated. Logged", "Login\nSaw this piece in POTH (NYT) today. I have no idea whether it is leftist revisionist drivel or has merit.==================================Diplomacy That Will Live in Infamy By JAMES BRADLEYPublished: December 5, 2009 SIXTY-EIGHT years ago tomorrow, Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. In the brutal Pacific war that would follow, millions of soldiers and civilians were killed", "Login\nMy father \ufffd one of the famous flag raisers on Iwo Jima \ufffd was among the young men who went off to the Pacific to fight for his country. So the war naturally fascinated me. But I always wondered, why did we fight in the Pacific", "Login\n? In search of an answer, I read deeply into the diplomatic history of the 1930s, about President Franklin D. Roosevelt\ufffds policy on Asia, and his preparation \ufffd or lack thereof \ufffd for a major conflict there. But I discovered that I was studying the wrong President Roosevelt", "Login\nThe one who had the greater effect on Japan\ufffds behavior was Theodore Roosevelt \ufffd whose efforts to end the war between Japan and Russia earned him the Nobel Peace Prize.When Theodore Roosevelt was president, three decades before World War II, the world was focused on the bloody Russo-Japanese War, a contest for control of North Asia", "Login\nPresident Roosevelt was no fan of the Russians: \ufffdNo human beings, black, yellow or white, could be quite as untruthful, as insincere, as arrogant \ufffd in short, as untrustworthy in every way \ufffd as the Russians,\ufffd he wrote in August 1905, near the end of the Russo-Japanese War", "Login\nThe Japanese, on the other hand, were \ufffda wonderful and civilized people,\ufffd Roosevelt wrote, \ufffdentitled to stand on an absolute equality with all the other peoples of the civilized world.\ufffdRoosevelt knew that Japan coveted the Korean Peninsula as a springboard to its Asian expansion", "Login\nBack in 1900, when he was still vice president, Roosevelt had written, \ufffdI should like to see Japan have Korea.\ufffd When, in February 1904, Japan broke off relations with Russia, President Roosevelt said publicly that he would \ufffdmaintain the strictest neutrality,\ufffd but privately he wrote, \ufffdThe sympathies of the United States are entirely on Japan\ufffds side.\ufffd In June 1905, Roosevelt made world headlines when \ufffd apparently on his own initiative \ufffd he invited the two nations to negotiate an end to their war", "Login\nRoosevelt\ufffds private letter to his son told another story: \ufffdI have of course concealed from everyone \ufffd literally everyone \ufffd the fact that I acted in the first place on Japan\ufffds suggestion ...", "Login\nRemember that you are to let no one know that in this matter of the peace negotiations I have acted at the request of Japan and that each step has been taken with Japan\ufffds foreknowledge, and not merely with her approval but with her expressed desire.\ufffdYears later, a Japanese emissary to Roosevelt paraphrased the president\ufffds comments to him: \ufffdAll the Asiatic nations are now faced with the urgent necessity of adjusting themselves to the present age", "Login\nJapan should be their natural leader in that process, and their protector during the transition stage, much as the United States assumed the leadership of the American continent many years ago, and by means of the Monroe Doctrine, preserved the Latin American nations from European interference", "Login\nThe future policy of Japan towards Asiatic countries should be similar to that of the United States towards their neighbors on the American continent.\ufffdIn a secret presidential cable to Tokyo, in July 1905, Roosevelt approved the Japanese annexation of Korea and agreed to an \ufffdunderstanding or alliance\ufffd among Japan, the United States and Britain \ufffdas if the United States were under treaty obligations.\ufffd The \ufffdas if\ufffd was key: Congress was much less interested in North Asia than Roosevelt was, so he came to his agreement with Japan in secret, an unconstitutional act.To signal his commitment to Tokyo, Roosevelt cut off relations with Korea, turned the American legation in Seoul over to the Japanese military and deleted the word \ufffdKorea\ufffd from the State Department\ufffds Record of Foreign Relations and placed it under the heading of \ufffdJapan.\ufffd =============(Page 2 of 2) Roosevelt had assumed that the Japanese would stop at Korea and leave the rest of North Asia to the Americans and the British", "Login\nBut such a wish clashed with his notion that the Japanese should base their foreign policy on the American model of expansion across North America and, with the taking of Hawaii and the Philippines, into the Pacific. It did not take long for the Japanese to tire of the territorial restrictions placed upon them by their Anglo-American partners", "Login\nSkip to next paragraph RelatedTimes Topics: Pearl HarborJapan\ufffds declaration of war, in December 1941, explained its position quite clearly: \ufffdIt is a fact of history that the countries of East Asia for the past hundred years or more have been compelled to observe the status quo under the Anglo-American policy of imperialistic exploitation and to sacrifice themselves to the prosperity of the two nations", "Login\nThe Japanese government cannot tolerate the perpetuation of such a situation.\ufffdIn planning the attack on Pearl Harbor, Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto was specifically thinking of how, 37 years earlier, the Japanese had surprised the Russian Navy at Port Arthur in Manchuria and, as he wrote, \ufffdfavorable opportunities were gained by opening the war with a sudden attack on the main enemy fleet.\ufffd At the time, the indignant Russians called it a violation of international law", "Login\nBut Theodore Roosevelt, confident that he could influence events in North Asia from afar, wrote to his son, \ufffdI was thoroughly well pleased with the Japanese victory, for Japan is playing our game.\ufffdIt was for his efforts to broker the peace deal between Russia and Japan that a year and a half later Roosevelt became the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize \ufffd and one of only three presidents to do so while in office (the other two are Woodrow Wilson and President Obama, who will accept his prize this week)", "Login\nNo one in Oslo, or in the United States Congress, knew the truth then. But the Japanese did. And the American president\ufffds support emboldened them to increase their military might \ufffd and their imperial ambitions. In December 1941, the consequence of Theodore Roosevelt\ufffds recklessness would become clear to those few who knew of the secret dealings. No one else \ufffd including my dad on Iwo Jima \ufffd realized just how well Japan had indeed played \ufffdour game.\ufffd", "Login\nFrom the Glen Beck website:============The Revolutionary Debt Bomb - And How the Founders Fixed It!February 22, 2010 - 13:01 ETIs there anyone out there who doesn\ufffdt think our fiscal house is about to slide into the ocean?Whether one accepts the government\ufffds estimates of a national debt that nears $10 trillion, or whether one thinks the numbers provided by Richard Fisher of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, which includes all the \ufffdunfunded\ufffd parts of Medicare (A, B, and D) at another $85.6 trillion, for a total of $95.6 trillion, the United States faces a staggering level of debt", "Login\nAnd Fisher\ufffds numbers do not include Social Security, which now, for the first time, has seen its out-flows exceed its income, and which adds another $10 trillion (at least) to the totals. The Medicare debt alone would stick each American family of four with a bill of $1.3 million, or about 25 times the average household\ufffds income. Taken together, these levels of debt exceed the Gross National Product of probably half the nations in the world put together. But history offers some hope", "Login\nThe young republic of the United States of America faced an equally daunting debt bomb in 1788, and, perhaps given the new nation\ufffds utter lack of credit history, an even greater challenge than we face today. But the Founders dug their way out to the point of fiscal solvency fairly quickly, and within a decade the nation was viewed as a sterling credit risk", "Login\nHow was this possible?It began with Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton\ufffdoften a punching bag for some conservatives because of his big-government proclivities. But Hamilton knew that the only way to establish credit was to pay your bills", "Login\nThe situation confronting the United States, coming out of the Revolutionary War and the Articles of Confederation, was this: states had issued their own debt\ufffdsome more, some less than others\ufffdand the United States, through the Continental Congress had also accumulated debts", "Login\nHamilton insisted the nation had to pay them all, and that a policy of \ufffdassumption\ufffd was the only sure way to convince foreign investors that we were an honorable Republic and not a banana republic! Despite fierce battles, he carried the day in Congress: the U.S. would pay all debts accumulated by the national and state governments. But how", "Login\n? Hamilton\ufffds genius showed in his next maneuver, as he knew he needed to attract the \ufffdmonied men,\ufffd as he called them. He structured a \ufffdmenu\ufffd of new bond/debt options, in which longer-term debts received higher returns. Thus, if an investor had little confidence in the United States, he took short-term bonds which paid off less; and if an investor thought the nation would survive and prosper, he bought long-term bonds with their higher payoff", "Login\nThroughout it all, Hamilton, contrary to popular opinion, did not wish to see the country saddled with debt. He said debt \ufffdis perhaps the NATURAL DISEASE of all governments,\ufffd and his first actions as Treasury Secretary were designed to reduce the nation\ufffds indebtedness.[ii]Hamilton\ufffds restructuring of the debt on the surface may have resembled what Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger of \ufffdKoli-for-nya\ufffd did in 2004, but only on the surface", "Login\nHamilton ensured that payments on the debt went to the oldest debt first, and through a \ufffdsinking fund,\ufffd no new debt could be contracted until the old debt had been settled\ufffdin essence setting the United States up with an \ufffdAmerican Express\ufffd version of credit instead of a Mastercard/Visa \ufffdrevolving\ufffd credit line. So while the U.S", "Login\nindebtedness remained at about $83 million when Thomas Jefferson became president, the payments on interest remained at a minimum.In part, Hamilton also knew that he could count on those whom he knew well\ufffdPresident George Washington, plus John Adams, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson (two men quite likely to hold the office in the future)\ufffdto limit spending and to practice federal frugality. Indeed they did", "Login\nThey ran the government with a handful of secretaries and a few hundred public officials; they carefully watched expenditures, with the largest being the construction of four large frigates under Adams and Thomas Jefferson\ufffds purchase of Louisiana for $15 million. Yet despite the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson still managed to slice more than one-quarter off the national debt", "Login\nAll the Founders recognized that for the \ufffdmonied men\ufffd to ally with the new nation, it had to honor its contracts (which it did through assumption); it had to establish a sound currency (which it did by adopting a gold standard and coining money along the Spanish system of tens and fives); and by paying its debts, which it did. By the presidency of Andrew Jackson, the nation had a surplus, but more important, it had a sterling credit record, and investment money flowed into the new nation", "Login\nHamilton, Washington, Adams, Madison, and Jefferson had all adroitly kept the \ufffdRevolutionary Debt Bomb\ufffd from exploding, and instead leveraged it for the growth of future generations. The key was confidence\ufffdconfidence in the fiscal frugality and restraint of the leaders, confidence by the business sector in the government. Do either of those exist today", "Login\n? While the numbers are staggering, like all numbers they matter little compared to the \ufffdanimal spirits\ufffd of entrepreneurship, investment, and business growth. A sunny Ronald Reagan dug the U.S. out of deep straits just 30 years ago", "Login\nThe Founders, operating with even less, founded a nation on confidence and freedom, and the lessons of history tell us that such turnarounds can occur if the nation is determined to once again defuse its debt bomb.Larry Schweikart University of Dayton co-author, A Patriot\ufffds History of the United States--------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Richard W. Fisher, \ufffdStorms on the Horizon,\ufffd Remarks before the Commonwealth Club of California, May 28, 2008. [ii]", "Login\nOne of the best analyses of Hamilton\ufffds program is in Charles Calomiris, \ufffdAlexander Hamilton,\ufffd in Larry Schweikart, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance to 1913 (New York: Facts on File, 1990", "Login\nWith the passage of the Health Bill an apparent certainty, this is a tad ironic. Hat tip to Freki.On this day 1765 Great Britain Passes the Stamp Act (1765)Intended to help pay British debts from the French and Indian War, the Stamp Act established the first direct tax levied on the American colonies. It required all newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, commercial bills, advertisements, and other papers issued in the colonies to bear a tax stamp", "Login\nThe act was vehemently protested by the colonists, and the Stamp Act Congress\ufffdthe first significant joint colonial response to any British measure\ufffdpetitioned for its repeal.", "Login\nBy BURTON FOLSOM JR. AND ANITA FOLSOM 'He got us out of the Great Depression.\" That's probably the most frequent comment made about President Franklin Roosevelt, who died 65 years ago today. Every Democratic president from Truman to Obama has believed it, and each has used FDR's New Deal as a model for expanding the government.It's a myth. FDR did not get us out of the Great Depression\ufffdnot during the 1930s, and only in a limited sense during World War II. Let's start with the New Deal", "Login\nIts various alphabet-soup agencies\ufffdthe WPA, AAA, NRA and even the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)\ufffdfailed to create sustainable jobs. In May 1939, U.S. unemployment still exceeded 20%. European countries, according to a League of Nations survey, averaged only about 12% in 1938. The New Deal, by forcing taxes up and discouraging entrepreneurs from investing, probably did more harm than good. What about World War II", "Login\n? We need to understand that the near-full employment during the conflict was temporary. Ten million to 12 million soldiers overseas and another 10 million to 15 million people making tanks, bullets and war materiel do not a lasting recovery make. The country essentially traded temporary jobs for a skyrocketing national debt. Many of those jobs had little or no value after the war.No one knew this more than FDR himself", "Login\nHis key advisers were frantic at the possibility of the Great Depression's return when the war ended and the soldiers came home. The president believed a New Deal revival was the answer\ufffdand on Oct. 28, 1944, about six months before his death, he spelled out his vision for a postwar America", "Login\nIt included government-subsidized housing, federal involvement in health care, more TVA projects, and the \"right to a useful and remunerative job\" provided by the federal government if necessary.Roosevelt died before the war ended and before he could implement his New Deal revival. His successor, Harry Truman, in a 16,000 word message on Sept. 6, 1945, urged Congress to enact FDR's ideas as the best way to achieve full employment after the war", "Login\nCongress\ufffdboth chambers with Democratic majorities\ufffdresponded by just saying \"no.\" No to the whole New Deal revival: no federal program for health care, no full-employment act, only limited federal housing, and no increase in minimum wage or Social Security benefits. Instead, Congress reduced taxes. Income tax rates were cut across the board. FDR's top marginal rate, 94% on all income over $200,000, was cut to 86.45%", "Login\nThe lowest rate was cut to 19% from 23%, and with a change in the amount of income exempt from taxation an estimated 12 million Americans were eliminated from the tax rolls entirely. Corporate tax rates were trimmed and FDR's \"excess profits\" tax was repealed, which meant that top marginal corporate tax rates effectively went to 38% from 90% after 1945. Georgia Sen", "Login\nWalter George, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, defended the Revenue Act of 1945 with arguments that today we would call \"supply-side economics.\" If the tax bill \"has the effect which it is hoped it will have,\" George said, \"it will so stimulate the expansion of business as to bring in a greater total revenue.\" He was prophetic. By the late 1940s, a revived economy was generating more annual federal revenue than the U.S. had received during the war years, when tax rates were higher", "Login\nPrice controls from the war were also eliminated by the end of 1946. The U.S. began running budget surpluses.Congress substituted the tonic of freedom for FDR's New Deal revival and the American economy recovered well. Unemployment, which had been in double digits throughout the 1930s, was only 3.9% in 1946 and, except for a couple of short recessions, remained in that range for the next decade. The Great Depression was over, no thanks to FDR. Yet the myth of his New Deal lives on", "Login\nWith the current effort by President Obama to emulate some of FDR's programs to get us out of the recent deep recession, this myth should be laid to rest. Mr. Folsom, a professor of history at Hillsdale College, is the author of \"New Deal or Raw Deal?\" (Simon & Schuster, 2008). Mrs. Folsom is director of Hillsdale College's annual Free Market Forum. Logged", "Login\nBy GORDON S. WOODPublished: May 2, 2010 Providence, R.I.Skip to next paragraph Enlarge This Image Alex NabaumTHE American public is not pleased with Congress \ufffd one recent poll shows that less than a third of all voters are eager to support their representative in November. \ufffdI am not really happy right now with anybody,\ufffd a woman from Decatur, Ill., recently told a Washington Post reporter", "Login\nAs she considered the prospect of a government composed of fledgling lawmakers, she noted: \ufffdWhen the country was founded, those guys were all pretty new at it. How bad could it be?\ufffd Actually, our founders were not all that new at it: the men who led the revolution against the British crown and created our political institutions were very used to governing themselves", "Login\nGeorge Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams and John Adams were all members of their respective Colonial legislatures several years before the Declaration of Independence. In fact, these Revolutionaries drew upon a tradition of self-government that went back a century or more. Virginians ran their county courts and elected representatives to their House of Burgesses", "Login\nThe people of Massachusetts gathered in town meetings and selected members of the General Court, their Colonial legislature.Of course, women, slaves and men without property could not vote; nevertheless, by the mid-18th century roughly two out of three adult white male colonists could vote, the highest proportion of voters in the world. By contrast, only about one in six adult males in England could vote for members of Parliament", "Login\nIf one wanted to explain why the French Revolution spiraled out of control into violence and dictatorship and the American Revolution did not, there is no better answer than the fact that the Americans were used to governing themselves and the French were not. In 18th-century France no one voted; their Estates-General had not even met since 1614", "Login\nThe American Revolution occurred when it did because the British government in the 1760s and 1770s suddenly tried to interfere with this long tradition of American self-government.Of course, a deep distrust of political power, especially executive power, had always been a part of this tradition of self-government", "Login\nConsequently, when the newly independent Americans drew up their Revolutionary state constitutions in 1776, most states generally limited the number of years their annually elected governors could successively hold office. \ufffdA long continuance in the first executive departments of power or trust is dangerous to liberty,\ufffd declared the Maryland Constitution", "Login\n\ufffdA rotation, therefore, in those departments is one of the best securities of permanent freedom.\ufffd In addition to specifying term limits for its plural executive, the radical Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 required that after four annual terms even the assemblymen would have to give way to a new set of legislators so they would \ufffdreturn to mix with the mass of the people and feel at their leisure the effects of the laws which they have made.\ufffd At the same time, the Articles of Confederation also provided that no state delegate to the Congress could serve more than three years out of six", "Login\nIn the decade after the Declaration of Independence, however, many American leaders had second thoughts about what they had done amid the popular enthusiasm of 1776. Since many of the state legislatures were turning over roughly 50 percent of their membership annually and passing a flood of ill-drafted and unjust legislation, stability and experience seemed to be what was most needed", "Login\nAs a consequence, many leaders in the 1780s proposed major changes to their constitutional structures, including the abolition of term limits", "Login\nIn Pennsylvania, reformers eliminated rotation in office on the grounds that \ufffdthe privilege of the people in elections is so far infringed as they are thereby deprived of the right of choosing those persons whom they would prefer.\ufffd The new federal Constitution, itself a reaction to the excessive populism of 1776, also did away with any semblance of term limits, much to the chagrin of Thomas Jefferson and many others uneasy over the extraordinary power of the presidency", "Login\nWhen he became president he stepped down after two terms and thus affirmed the precedent that Washington had established \ufffd a precedent finally made part of the Constitution by the 22nd Amendment in 1951.Although federal term limits have been confined to the presidency, the fear of entrenched and far-removed political power, as the present anti-incumbency mood suggests, remains very much part of American popular culture", "Login\nYet precisely because we are such a rambunctious and democratic people, as the framers of 1787 appreciated, we have learned that a government made up of rotating amateurs cannot maintain the steadiness and continuity that our expansive Republic requires.Gordon S. Wood, a professor emeritus of history at Brown, is the author, most recently, of \ufffdEmpire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815.\ufffd", "Login\nThe tenderest words in American political history were cut from the document they were to have graced. It was July 1, 2 ,3 and 4, 1776, in the State House in Philadelphia. America was being born. The Continental Congress was reviewing and editing the language of the proposed Declaration of Independence and Thomas Jefferson, its primary author, was suffering the death of a thousand cuts", "Login\nThe tensions over slavery had been wrenching, terrible, and were resolved by brute calculation: to damn or outlaw it now would break fragile consensus, halt all momentum, and stop the creation of the United States", "Login\nReferences to the slave trade were omitted, but the founders were not stupid men, and surely they knew their young nation would have its date with destiny; surely they heard in their silence the guns of Fort Sumter.Still, in the end, the Congress would not produce only an act of the most enormous human and political significance, the creation of America, it would provide history with one of the few instances in which a work of true literary genius was produced, in essence, by committee", "Login\n(The writing of the King James Bible is another.) The beginning of the Declaration had a calm stateliness that signaled, subtly, that something huge is happening: \"When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to separate.\"This gave a tone of moral modesty to an act, revolution, that is not a modest one", "Login\nAnd it was an interesting modesty, expressing respect for the opinion of the world while assuming the whole world was watching. In time it would be. But that phrase, \"a decent respect to the opinions of mankind\" is still a marker, a reminder: We began with respect. America always gets in trouble when we forget that.The second paragraph will, literally, live forever in the history of man", "Login\nIt still catches the throat: \"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.\ufffdThat to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.\" What followed was a list of grievances that made the case for separation from the mother country, and this part was fiery", "Login\nJefferson was a cold man who wrote with great feeling. He trained his eyes on the depredations of King George III: \"He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns. . . . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compete the work of death, desolation and tyranny . . .\" Members of the Congress read and reread, and the cutting commenced. Sometimes they cooled Jefferson down", "Login\nHe wrote that the king \"suffered the administration of justice totally to cease in some of these states.\" They made it simpler: \"He has obstructed the Administration of Justice.\" \"For Thomas Jefferson it became a painful ordeal, as change after change was called for and approximately a quarter of what he had written was cut entirely.\" I quote from the historian David McCullough's \"John Adams,\" as I did last year at this time, because everything's there. Jefferson looked on in silence. Mr", "Login\nMcCullough notes that there is no record that he uttered a word in protest or in defense of what he'd written. Benjamin Franklin, sitting nearby, comforted him: Edits often reduce things to their essence, don't fret", "Login\nIt was similar to the wisdom Scott Fitzgerald shared with the promising young novelist Thomas Wolfe 150 years later: Writers bleed over every cut, but at the end they don't miss what was removed, don't worry.\"Of more than eighty changes in Jefferson's draft during the time Congress deliberated, most were minor and served to improve it,\" writes Mr. McCullough", "Login\nBut one cut near the end was substantial, and its removal wounded Jefferson, who was right to be wounded, for some of those words should have stayed.More Peggy NoonanRead Peggy Noonan's previous columns click here to order her new book, Patriotic Grace .Jefferson had, in his bill of particulars against the king, taken a moment to incriminate the English people themselves\ufffd\"our British brethren\"\ufffdfor allowing their king and Parliament to send over to America not only \"soldiers of our own blood\" but \"foreign Mercenaries to invade and destroy us.\" This, he said, was at the heart of the tragedy of separation", "Login\n\"These facts have given the last stab to agonizing affection, and manly spirit bids us renounce forever\" our old friends and brothers. \"We must endeavor to forget our former love for them.\"Well. Talk of love was a little much for the delegates. Love was not on their mind. The entire section was removed. And so were the words that came next. But they should not have been, for they are the tenderest words", "Login\nPoignantly, with a plaintive sound, Jefferson addresses and gives voice to the human pain of parting: \"We might have been a free and great people together.\"What loss there is in those words, what humanity, and what realism, too.\"To write is to think, and to write well is to think well,\" David McCullough once said in conversation. Jefferson was thinking of the abrupt end of old ties, of self-defining ties, and, I suspect, that the pain of this had to be acknowledged", "Login\nIt is one thing to declare the case for freedom, and to make a fiery denunciation of abusive, autocratic and high-handed governance. But it is another thing, and an equally important one, to acknowledge the human implications of the break. These were our friends, our old relations; we were leaving them, ending the particular facts of our long relationship forever. We would feel it. Seventeen seventy-six was the beginning of a dream. But it was the end of one too", "Login\n\"We might have been a free and great people together.\"It hurt Thomas Jefferson to see these words removed from his great document. And we know something about how he viewed his life, his own essence and meaning, from the words he directed that would, a half-century after 1776, be cut onto his tombstone", "Login\nThe first word after his name is \"Author.\" America and Britain did become great and free peoples together, and apart, bound by a special relationship our political leaders don't often speak of and should never let fade. You can't have enough old friends. There was the strange war of 1812, declared by America and waged here by England, which reinvaded, and burned our White House and Capitol. That was rude of them. But they got their heads handed to them in New Orleans and left, never to return as an army", "Login\nEven 1812 gave us something beautiful and tender. There was a bombardment at Fort McHenry. A young lawyer and writer was watching, Francis Scott Key. He knew his country was imperiled. He watched the long night in hopes the fort had not fallen. And he saw it\ufffdthe rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.And so to all writers (would-be, occasional and professional) and all editors too, down through our history: Happy 234th Independence Day", "Login\nInteresting piece. Granddaughter of the most senior surviving Titanic officer states he claimed two giant errors were made and covered up. First the person steering the boat turned the boat the wrong way after the iceberg was spotted - as though he was steering a sailing and not steam vessel. Then instead of stopping cold in the water they kept sailing effectively hastening the sinking of the vessel. Even then they were afriad of lawsuits and covered up the truth - (assuming this is true)", "Login\nI wonder if law firms have anyone they can sue now for the benefit of the descendants?****Wed Sep 22, 11:50 am ETLONDON (Reuters) \ufffd The Titanic hit an iceberg in 1912 because of a basic steering error, and only sank as fast as it did because an official persuaded the captain to continue sailing, an author said in an interview published on Wednesday.Louise Patten, a writer and granddaughter of Titanic second officer Charles Lightoller, said the truth about what happened nearly 100 years ago had been hidden for fear of tarnishing the reputation of her grandfather, who later became a war hero.[A brief history of the Titanic]Lightoller, the most senior officer to have survived the disaster, covered up the error in two inquiries on both sides of the Atlantic because he was worried it would bankrupt the ill-fated liner's owners and put his colleagues out of a job.\"They could easily have avoided the iceberg if it wasn't for the blunder,\" Patten told the Daily Telegraph.Click image to see recent Titanic expedition", "Login\nowners and put his colleagues out of a job.\"They could easily have avoided the iceberg if it wasn't for the blunder,\" Patten told the Daily Telegraph.Click image to see recent Titanic expedition photos AP/Premier Exhibitions, Inc.-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution \"Instead of steering Titanic safely round to the left of the iceberg, once it had been spotted dead ahead, the steersman, Robert Hitchins, had panicked and turned it the wrong way.\"Patten, who made the revelations to coincide with the publication of her new novel \"Good as Gold\" into which her account of events are woven, said that the conversion from sail ships to steam meant there were two different steering systems.[Video: A closer look at the Titanic disaster] Crucially, one system meant turning the wheel one way and the other in completely the opposite direction.Once the mistake had been made, Patten added, \"they only had four minutes to change course and by the time (first officer William) Murdoch spotted Hitchins' mistake and then tried to", "Login\ndirection.Once the mistake had been made, Patten added, \"they only had four minutes to change course and by the time (first officer William) Murdoch spotted Hitchins' mistake and then tried to rectify it, it was too late.\"Patten's grandfather was not on watch at the time of the collision, but he was present at a final meeting of the ship's officers before the Titanic went down.There he heard not only about the fatal mistake but also the fact that J", "Login\nBruce Ismay, chairman of Titanic's owner the White Star Line persuaded the captain to continue sailing, sinking the ship hours faster than would otherwise have happened.[The price of tickets, the case of the drunk survivor, and other fascinating Titanic facts]\"If Titanic had stood still, she would have survived at least until the rescue ship came and no one need have died,\" Patten said.The RMS Titanic was the world's biggest passenger liner when it left Southampton, England, for New York on its maiden voyage on April 10, 1912", "Login\nFour days into the trip, the ship hit an iceberg and sank, taking more than 1,500 passengers with it.(Reporting by Mike Collett-White, editing by Paul Casciato)**** Logged", "Login\nTitanic Shipwreck: New Revelations or Hype?According to my trusted source, chairman of marine forensics for SNAME, naval architects concur that the Titanic could not have continued \ufffdfull speed ahead\ufffd, as stated by writer Louise Patton\ufffdgrand-daughter of 2nd officer Lightoller. The following article reveals what Lightoller supposedly heard during the original hearings. Ms", "Login\nPatton is chosing to disclose this information to coincide with the release of her book\ufffdone which is based on family conversations.Although it may be true that the steersman panicked and ordered the fatal turn, it is scientifically refuted that the ship could continue to sail after encountering the massive iceberg.Titanic sunk by steering mistake, author saysTop of FormReuters \ufffd The RMS Titanic in what is thought to be the last known image of the ship as she sets sail from Queenstown \ufffdSlideshow:Titanic expedition provides new images \ufffd Wed Sep 22, 11:50 am ETLONDON (Reuters) \ufffd The Titanic hit an iceberg in 1912 because of a basic steering error, and only sank as fast as it did because an official persuaded the captain to continue sailing, an author said in an interview published on Wednesday.Louise Patten, a writer and granddaughter of Titanic second officer Charles Lightoller, said the truth about what happened nearly 100 years ago had been hidden for fear of tarnishing the reputation of her grandfather, who", "Login\nand granddaughter of Titanic second officer Charles Lightoller, said the truth about what happened nearly 100 years ago had been hidden for fear of tarnishing the reputation of her grandfather, who later became a war hero.[A brief history of the Titanic]Lightoller, the most senior officer to have survived the disaster, covered up the error in two inquiries on both sides of the Atlantic because he was worried it would bankrupt the ill-fated liner\ufffds owners and put his colleagues out of a job.\ufffdThey could easily have avoided the iceberg if it wasn\ufffdt for the blunder,\ufffd Patten told the Daily Telegraph.Click image to see recent Titanic expedition photos AP/Premier Exhibitions, Inc.-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\ufffdInstead of steering Titanic safely round to the left of the iceberg, once it had been spotted dead ahead, the steersman, Robert Hitchins, had panicked and turned it the wrong way.\ufffdPatten, who made the revelations to coincide with the publication of her new novel \ufffdGood as Gold\ufffd into which her account of", "Login\nthe steersman, Robert Hitchins, had panicked and turned it the wrong way.\ufffdPatten, who made the revelations to coincide with the publication of her new novel \ufffdGood as Gold\ufffd into which her account of events are woven, said that the conversion from sail ships to steam meant there were two different steering systems.[Video: A closer look at the Titanic disaster] Crucially, one system meant turning the wheel one way and the other in completely the opposite direction.Once the mistake had been made, Patten added, \ufffdthey only had four minutes to change course and by the time (first officer William) Murdoch spotted Hitchins\ufffd mistake and then tried to rectify it, it was too late.\ufffdPatten\ufffds grandfather was not on watch at the time of the collision, but he was present at a final meeting of the ship\ufffds officers before the Titanic went down.There he heard not only about the fatal mistake but also the fact that J", "Login\nBruce Ismay, chairman of Titanic\ufffds owner the White Star Line persuaded the captain to continue sailing, sinking the ship hours faster than would otherwise have happened.[The price of tickets, the case of the drunk survivor, and other fascinating Titanic facts]\ufffdIf Titanic had stood still, she would have survived at least until the rescue ship came and no one need have died,\ufffd Patten said.The RMS Titanic was the world\ufffds biggest passenger liner when it left Southampton, England, for New York on its maiden voyage on April 10, 1912", "Login\nBookshelf By JONATHAN KARL In 1936, Franklin Delano Roosevelt trounced Republican Alf Landon by 24 percentage points in the popular vote and won the biggest electoral landslide in American history. Equally impressive were the lopsided congressional victories that year: a 76-16 majority over the feeble Republicans in the Senate, a 334-88 majority in the House.With such a mandate, Roosevelt set out to expand the New Deal and to give himself the power to make it work", "Login\nHe pushed bills to establish a minimum wage and streamline his control over the executive branch. To fend off a Supreme Court that had struck down key aspects of the New Deal, he tried adding another six justices to the court. Yet the popular president soon found that all his political capital wasn't worth much in Congress", "Login\n\"Just nine months after Roosevelt's landslide election, opposition in his own party had grown assertive, militant, and confident\ufffdand the New Deal had come to a standstill,\" writes Susan Dunn in \"Roosevelt's Purge.\" Ms. Dunn, a professor at Williams College, delves into a fascinating and overlooked aspect of the FDR presidency: Roosevelt's brazen effort to assert control over his own party in the summer of 1938.Ms", "Login\nDunn has written an engaging story of bare - knuck led political treachery that pits a president at the peak of his popularity against entrenched congressional leaders who didn't like where he was taking the country and their party. FDR tried to use the power of the White House, and his personality, to run his opponents out of the Democratic Party. He failed miserably.When Roosevelt's second-term agenda hit a brick wall of Democratic opposition, he first tried a charm offensive", "Login\nIn June 1937, he invited every Democrat in the House and Senate to be his guest for a weekend getaway at the Jefferson Islands Club on the Chesapeake Bay. (Well, not quite every Democrat\ufffdthe six women in Congress were not on the list.) The president treated them to a weekend of skeet shooting, fishing, poker and skinny dipping. The New York Times reported he had done himself \"a world of good,\" easing tension with congressional Democrats", "Login\nView Full Image.Roosevelt's PurgeBy Susan Dunn (Belknap/Harvard, 361 pages, $27.95).Not really. When the skinny dipping and skeet shooting were over, his agenda was still stalled. Four weeks later, 70 senators again voted to block his court-packing bill. One of the few to support the president was Sen. Hattie Caraway of Arkansas, the only woman in the Senate and the only Democratic senator not invited to the president's weekend retreat. It was time to play hardball", "Login\nAs Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau put it: \"There has got to be a fight and there has got to be a purge.\" Roosevelt made a decision. He would drive the conservatives out of the party, beginning with those who faced competitive primaries in 1938. He had reason to believe that he could call the shots. He had won the South in 1936 by the kind of margins that would make a Soviet leader blush: 87% of the vote in Georgia, 96% in Mississippi, 98.6% in South Carolina", "Login\nOne of FDR's first targets was Georgia Sen. Walter George. The senator had opposed parts of FDR's agenda but eagerly sought his support in his Democratic primary, even writing him a letter apologizing for his political transgressions. \"I have never meant to be offensive to you,\" he wrote, adding that he had never \"at any time felt anything but deep affection for you.\"With much fanfare, FDR traveled to Barnesville, Ga., in August 1938 to dedicate a rural electrification project", "Login\nBefore a large crowd of enthusiastic FDR supporters and with George sitting a few feet behind him, Roosevelt went for the kill against \"my old friend, the senior senator from this state.\"\"On most public questions,\" Roosevelt said of George, \"he and I don't speak the same language.\" After lambasting the senator for standing in the way of progress, he told the crowd that if he could vote in the upcoming primary, he would \"most assuredly\" cast his ballot for George's opponent, Lawrence Camp", "Login\nTo reinforce FDR's popularity in Georgia, Ms. Dunn writes, \"federal money rained down on Georgia, including $53 million in WPA funds for building projects in Georgia that promised to create thirty-five thousand jobs.\"FDR did the same in state after state, endorsing liberal primary challengers against incumbent Democratic senators. The conservatives fought back hard", "Login\n\"Their attempt to pack the Court failed,\" one opponent said of Roosevelt and his team, \"and their attempt to pack the Senate will fail.\" In Maryland, Sen. Millard Tydings turned FDR's support for his primary opponent into a central campaign issue, condemning the president's \"invasion\" of Maryland and declaring: \"The Maryland free state shall remain free.\"Tydings was perhaps the most anti-New Deal Democrat in Congress and the one Roosevelt wanted defeated above all others", "Login\nHe instructed Harold Ickes to \"take Tydings' hide off and rub salt in it.\" But it was FDR who would be rubbed in salt. Tydings trounced his FDR-backed opponent in a 20-point landslide. A bitter Roosevelt refused to congratulate him.And it wasn't just Tydings. All of the Democratic senators targeted by FDR coasted to victory in their Democratic primaries. The voters may have liked their president, but they didn't want him picking their senator. In the general election, Roosevelt didn't fare any better", "Login\nRepublicans picked up eight Senate seats and nearly doubled their numbers in the House.For FDR, it may have been a blessing in disguise. As the focus of his presidency quickly changed to containing Nazi Germany, Roosevelt's closest allies would be the very conservatives he opposed in 1938. He would never again attempt to intervene in a party primary", "Login\nHe had learned a lesson that needs re-learning from time to time: Political purges are more effectively done by the voters, not by the power brokers in Washington.Mr. Karl is senior political correspondent for ABC News. Logged", "Login\nVicksburg, Miss., Nov. 3, 1860From \ufffdBallou\ufffds Pictorial,\ufffd 1855 Antebellum VicksburgDuring the last days of the campaign, while Lincoln stayed close to home and held his tongue, another man who would soon be president played somewhat less coy. For six full weeks, Senator Jefferson Davis had been barnstorming through Mississippi on behalf of the Southern Democrats. The state was ablaze with excitement, even though \ufffd or perhaps because \ufffd most knew that the party\ufffds candidate was bound for defeat", "Login\nAmid torchlight marches, barbecues and fireworks shows, orators were preaching less about what would happen on election day itself than on what might follow it. At Vicksburg on Nov. 3, Davis told a crowd:If Mississippi in her sovereign capacity decides to submit to the rule of an arrogant and sectional North, then I will sit me down as one upon whose brow the brand of degradation and infamy has been written, and bear my portion of the bitter trial", "Login\nBut if, on the other hand, Mississippi decides to resist the hands that would tarnish the bright star which represents her on the National Flag, then I will come at your bidding, whether by day or by night, and pluck that star from the galaxy and place it upon a banner of its own", "Login\nI will plant it upon the crest of battle, and gathering around me the nucleus of Mississippi\ufffds best and bravest, will welcome the invader to the harvest of death; and future generations will point to a small hillock upon our border, which will tell the reception with which the invader met upon our soil", "Login\nNot all of his state\ufffds \ufffdbest and bravest\ufffd shared Davis\ufffds apparent eagerness to welcome federal troops to \ufffdthe harvest of death.\ufffd The Vicksburg Whig\ufffds editor denounced the senator\ufffds oration as showing \ufffdhow inordinate vanity, operating upon a moderate intellect, flattered by past successes, may influence its possessor to the most inflated of self-laudation.\ufffdBut death would indeed reap its ample harvest at Vicksburg, less than three years later.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "Login\nHat tip to BBG for this very nice little piece which I paste here:Happy birthday, Stephen J. Field!Today is the birthday of one of the great figures in the history of American liberty\ufffdStephen Johnson Field, who was born on this day in 1816.Field was born into an illustrious family; his brother, Cyrus, laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable (and is mentioned in 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea), and his other brother, David Dudley Field, was perhaps the most famous and influential lawyer in his day", "Login\nBut unlike his brothers, Stephen came west to California in 1849, arriving in San Francisco, where he started a law firm. It failed quickly, and he moved to Marysville, where he was soon elected alcalde\ufffdsomething similar to mayor. After serving in the state legislature, Field was elected to the California Supreme Court in 1857, and soon achieved wide respect, although he clashed with his colleague, Chief Justice David S. Terry", "Login\nWhen Terry shot and killed California Senator David Broderick in a duel two years later, Field replaced him as Chief Justice of California.In 1863, needing a western Democrat for the Supreme Court, Abraham Lincoln appointed Stephen Field to the new 10th seat, making him the first Californian on the Supreme Court. Field soon distinguished himself as a defender of economic freedom and a friend to the Chinese immigrants who were so severely persecuted in California at the time", "Login\nWhile riding circuit in the state, for instance, Field struck down the San Francisco \ufffdqueue ordinance.\ufffd This was a law requiring any person who was thrown in jail to first have his head shaved", "Login\nAlthough the government claimed this was a health measure intended to prevent lice infestation, Field recognized that it was really an attempt to allow the cutting off of the Chinese workers\ufffd long hair braids, or queues, that they prized for traditional reasons: \ufffdwe cannot shut our eyes to matters of public notoriety and general cognizance,\ufffd Field wrote. \ufffdWhen we take our seats on the bench we are not struck with blindness, and forbidden to know as judges what we see as men.\ufffd Ho Ah Kow v. Nunan, 12 F. Cas", "Login\n252, 255 (C.C.D. Cal. 1879).Field was a champion of the individual\ufffds right to earn a living without unreasonble interference by the government. (Which is why I dedicated my book to him.) In a persuasive dissenting opinion in Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S", "Login\n(4 Otto.) 113 (1877), Field argued that a law limiting how much the owners of grain silos could charge for storing grain was a violation of the due process clause, because it violated the owners\ufffd right to do with their property as they pleased\ufffdnot to protect the general public, but simply to benefit a group that managed to exercise greater political influence than their rivals", "Login\nThe Court majority devised a new test, saying that any business \ufffdaffected with a public interest\ufffd could be regulated by the government in this way, but Field pointed out that the storage of grain was simply \ufffda private business,\ufffd and if the legislature could dictate the prices owners could charge simply by declaring that the business is \ufffdaffected with a public interest,\ufffd then \ufffdall property and all business in the State are held at the mercy of a majority of its legislature,\ufffd which might just as easilyfix the rent of all tenements used for residences, without reference to the cost...[or set prices for] cotton, woollen, and silken fabrics, in the construction of machinery, in the printing and publication of books and periodicals, and in the making of utensils of every variety, useful and ornamental; indeed, there is hardly an enterprise or business...in which the public has not an interest in the sense in which that term is used by the court...and the doctrine which allows the legislature to interfere with and", "Login\nis hardly an enterprise or business...in which the public has not an interest in the sense in which that term is used by the court...and the doctrine which allows the legislature to interfere with and regulate the charges which the owners of property thus employed shall make for its use...has never before been asserted, so far as I am aware, by any judicial tribunal in the United States.Field rightly saw that Munn would open the door to a flood of government control over businesses, and in the decade that followed (virtually every state held a constitutional convention in the 1870s) legislatures declared industries willy-nilly to be affected with a public interest so that bureaucrats could control large segments of industry", "Login\n(16 Wall.) 36 (1873)\ufffdField insisted that the privileges or immunities clause protected, among other rights, the right to engage in a business without unreasonable government interference\ufffda right protected by the common law for more than two and a half centuries at that time.It\ufffds ironic that Progressive legal theorists like Roscoe Pound later accused the pro-free market judges like Field of being \ufffdformalists.\ufffd Field was anything but a formalist, as the quote from the queue case suggests. In Cummings v", "Login\nMissouri, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 277 (1867), he struck down a Missouri law that required people to swear they\ufffdd never been a supporter of secession before they could take certain jobs. This scheme was just a clever attempt at double-punishment for the same offense, Field wrote, andwhat cannot be done directly cannot be done indirectly. The Constitution deals with substance, not shadows. Its inhibition was levelled at the thing, not the name", "Login\nIt intended that the rights of the citizen should be secure against deprivation for past conduct by legislative enactment, under any form, however disguised. If the inhibition can be evaded by the form of the enactment, its insertion in the fundamental law was a vain and futile proceeding.Field ended up serving on the Court longer than any other justice except John Marshall. (William O", "Login\nDouglas later surpassed him.) During that time, his influence on American law was profound\ufffdfar greater than is usually recognized by legal historians", "Login\nUpon his retirement from the bench, Field explained that in his view, the Supreme Court was actually the most democratic of the branches of the government, because while the legislature represents the will of temporary majorities that change over time, the Supreme Court\ufffds job is to preserve the Constitution\ufffdthe true will of the people\ufffdand protect it from legislatures that often abuse their constituents and ignore their constitutional limits.Field also had a very colorful personal life", "Login\nHe ran for President several times while serving on the Supreme Court, and he\ufffds the only Supreme Court justice ever arrested for murder. David Terry\ufffdthe Chief Justice of California who had resigned after killing Senator Broderick\ufffdthreatened Field\ufffds life after Field ruled against Terry\ufffds girlfriend in a divorce case. Field was then assigned a bodyguard, a U.S. Marshal named David Neagle", "Login\nNot long afterwards, when Field was traveling through Lathrop, California, on judicial business, he happened upon David Terry, who walked up to Field and slapped him in the face. Marshal Neagle immediately pulled out his revolver and shot Terry dead. Although the sheriff arrested both Field and Neagle on murder charges, Field was immediately released and never charged. Neagle, however, was charged, and appealed to the U.S", "Login\nSupreme Court, which held that the Marshal could not be tried under state law.For more on this remarkable figure, check out Paul Kens\ufffd book Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from The Gold Rush to The Gilded Age, or Carl Brent Swisher\ufffds book Stephen Field: Craftsman of The Law. Field also wrote a memoir of his early days in California. And not long ago I visited his gravesite.http://sandefur.typepad.com/freespace/2010/11/happy-birthday-stephen-j-field.html", "Login\nGeorgia to U.S.: \ufffdDon\ufffdt Tread on Me\ufffdBy ADAM GOODHEARTDisunion follows the Civil War as it unfolded.Nov. 9, 1860Across the country, the day\ufffds headlines blazed with reports of Southerners\ufffd response to Lincoln\ufffds election. Perhaps most disturbing to many Americans, though thrilling to others, was news of a mass meeting in Savannah, Ga., the previous afternoon", "Login\nThousands of citizens \ufffd the largest gathering that the city had ever seen, newspapers said \ufffd had filled Johnson Square at the heart of downtown, thronging around a monument to Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene to launch a revolution of their own", "Login\nThe crowd cheered wildly as a speaker declared that \ufffdthe election of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin to the Presidency and Vice Presidency of the United States, ought not and will not be submitted to.\ufffd The shouts and whoops redoubled as a flag was unfurled across the white marble obelisk: a banner with a coiled rattlesnake and the words \ufffdSOUTHERN RIGHTS. EQUALITY OF THE STATES. DON\ufffdT TREAD ON ME.\ufffdLibrary of Congress The first flag of Southern independence, raised in Savannah, Ga., on November 8, 1860", "Login\nCLICK TO SEE FLAG DETAILRelatedCivil War TimelineAn unfolding history of the Civil War with photos and articles from the Times archive and ongoing commentary from Disunion contributors.Probably no one mentioned the ironic fact that this Southern banner, one of the very first flags of secession, was raised atop a monument to a Northerner: General Greene had been born and raised in Rhode Island. Like many Americans of the founding generation, he had harbored mixed feelings about slavery \ufffd to say the least", "Login\n\ufffdOn the subject of slavery, nothing can be said in its defence,\ufffd he wrote to a Quaker acquaintance in 1783, while he was in the process of moving to Georgia to take possession of a large plantation and its hundreds of enslaved African Americans, a gift from the state of Georgia. Greene justified this acquisition by claiming that he planned to treat his new chattels kindly", "Login\nTwo years later, just before his early death, he still harbored vague plans to free his slaves and keep them in a system resembling medieval feudalism. Cleveland Plain Dealer headline, Nov. 9, 1860In 1860, however, Georgia\ufffds leaders felt no such ambivalence about human bondage. As the secessionists gathered in Savannah, Governor Joseph E", "Login\nBrown issued a proclamation vindicating Georgia\ufffds right to withdraw from the Union rather than submit to \ufffdproud and haughty Northern Abolitionists.\ufffd Brown, who came from a family of hardscrabble farmers in northern Georgia, struck a populist tone, as he often did, reminding the South\ufffds poor whites how much better off they were than Northern factory workers:Here the poor white laborer is respected as an equal. His family are treated with kindness, consideration and respect", "Login\nHe does not belong to the menial class. The negro is in no sense of the term his equal. Be feels and knows this. He belongs to the only true aristocracy, the race of white men. \ufffdThese [laborers] know that in the event of the abolition of Slavery, they would be greater sufferers than the rich, who would be able to protect themselves", "Login\nThey will, therefore, never permit the slaves of the South to be set free among them, come in competition with their labor, associate with them and their children as equals \ufffd be allowed to testify in our Courts against them \ufffd sit on juries with them, march to the ballot-box by their sides, and participate in the choice of their rulers \ufffd claim social equality with them \ufffd and ask the hands of their children in marriage", "Login\n\ufffd[T]he ultimate design of the Black Republican Party is to bring about this state of things in the Southern States.But the crowd in Savannah on Nov. 8 probably needed no reminder about the current state of race relations", "Login\nOne of the largest slave pens in Georgia \ufffd a business establishment where hundreds of people at a time were often imprisoned, awaiting sale \ufffd faced the Greene Monument across Johnson Square.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sources: New York Times, Nov. 9 and Nov. 12, 1860; Cleveland Plain Dealer, Nov. 9, 1860; Macon Daily Telegraph, Nov. 12, 1860; Terry Golway, \ufffdWashington\ufffds General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution\ufffd; Gerald M", "Login\nCarbone, \ufffdNathanael Greene: A Biography of the American Revolution\ufffd; George Washington Greene, \ufffdThe Life of Nathanael Greene, Major-General in the Army of the Revolution\ufffd; William W. Freehling and Craig M. Simpson, \ufffdSecession Debated: Georgia\ufffds Showdown in 1860\ufffd; Walter J", "Login\nFraser, \ufffdSavannah in the Old South\ufffd; Malcolm Bell Jr., \ufffdMajor Butler\ufffds Legacy: Five Generations of a Slaveholding Family.\ufffd--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Adam Goodheart is the author of the forthcoming book \ufffd1861: The Civil War Awakening.\ufffd He lives in Washington, D.C., and on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where he is the Hodson Trust-Griswold Director of Washington College\ufffds C.V. Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience..", "Login\nAs he stepped gingerly from a launch onto the wharf, few of those watching could have imagined that this man would, within a matter of weeks, become the most famous military officer in America. None, surely, could have guessed that women would soon beg for locks of that meticulously combed gray hair, or that woodcuts of that bland, impassive face would appear on the front pages of magazines around the nation and across the Atlantic.Everything about him seemed middling", "Login\nHe was in his fifties, of intermediate rank, medium height and moderate demeanor; circumspect in his political opinions; pleasant-mannered but lacking in charm; handsome without the slightest degree of magnetism. He was known in the service mainly \ufffd to the extent that he was known at all \ufffd for having translated certain French artillery textbooks into English. Even his name was nondescript, easily forgettable: Maj", "Login\nRobert Anderson.Library of Congress Robert AndersonAnd yet here was the person to whom the United States government had just entrusted one of the most delicate military and political assignments in American history: command of the federal garrison in Charleston Harbor, the very epicenter of the exploding secession crisis", "Login\nPerhaps more than any man except Abraham Lincoln himself, Anderson would set the course of events in the months ahead, and would make decisions that fixed the country on a path toward war or peace. Within a fortnight after Lincoln\ufffds election, everyone in America was aware that South Carolina would soon attempt to leave the Union; its legislature had already set a date for a \ufffdsecession convention\ufffd in less than a month\ufffds time", "Login\nAs soon as the formalities were complete, all federal property within the state\ufffds borders would be, at least to the seceders\ufffd eyes, subject to immediate confiscation. In particular, the three forts guarding Charleston Harbor \ufffd of which Anderson was about to take command on behalf of the United States \ufffd would immediately become foreign military bases within the sovereign Republic of South Carolina", "Login\nWould they surrender peacefully \ufffd or, by resisting, bring war?Luckily for the founding fathers of the nascent republic, those three citadels \ufffd Fort Moultrie, Castle Pinckney and Fort Sumter \ufffd \ufffdguarded\ufffd Charleston in only the most figurative sense. Waiting on Moultrie\ufffds parade ground to welcome Anderson was a tiny detachment of soldiers that could scarcely even be termed a garrison: just two companies of barely 30 men each, not counting a small brass band.And these were anything spit-and-polish troops", "Login\nTheir outgoing commander, Lt. Col. John Gardner, 67 years old, had been shunted off to Fort Moultrie as a none-too-demanding spot where he could wind down an army career that had begun in the hazy days before the War of 1812. Not surprisingly, Gardner was far from a martinet, and his men spent more time attending local cotillions and barbecues than they did taking artillery practice. Drifts of sand half-covered Fort Moultrie\ufffds outer walls; grazing cows sometimes wandered blithely across the battlements", "Login\nRelatedCivil War TimelineAn unfolding history of the Civil War with photos and articles from the Times archive and ongoing commentary from Disunion contributors.Visit the Timeline \ufffd.The two other two forts posed even less of a threat to the forces of secession. Fort Sumter, built on an artificial island in the harbor\ufffds mouth, sat unfinished after decades of start-and-stop construction, and it housed just a few military engineers supervising some civilian workmen", "Login\nCastle Pinckney, though its guns overlooked the town itself, was under the protection of but a single ordnance sergeant.The cautious, temporizing administration of James Buchanan, the lame-duck president, may have appointed Anderson because he seemed as unthreatening as the forts themselves. Born in the border state of Kentucky, he detested secessionists and abolitionists in equal measure", "Login\nThe major personally owned no slaves, but his Georgia-born wife had inherited quite a number, whom she later sold off; Anderson once quipped dryly that \ufffdthe increase of her darkies\ufffd had made him rich. He knew both sides of the Mason-Dixon Line well: his long career had seen him posted to Maine and Florida, New Jersey and Virginia", "Login\nWhen the War Department plucked him out of the middle ranks of the officer corps for the Charleston appointment, he was serving on a commission to revise the curriculum at West Point, where he had once been an instructor.Anderson had fought the Seminoles, led troops in the war with Mexico, and been brevetted for gallantry at Molino del Rey \ufffd but, as a devout Christian, he loved peace. Indeed, he loathed violence with the certitude of a man who had seen far too much of it already", "Login\nThe Buchanan administration believed it had found a soldier incapable of any rash act, one who would put no American lives at risk either to disrupt the Union or to defend it.But the officers and men who welcomed Major Anderson to Charleston inspected their quiet new commander with searching eyes. They knew that in a certain sense, he \ufffd and they \ufffd would hold more power in the months ahead than President Buchanan himself. \ufffdThe truth is we are the government at present,\ufffd one of them would soon write", "Login\n15, is the anniversary of the adoption of the Bill of Rights, the first 10 Amendments to our Constitution, as ratified in 1791.The Bill of Rights was inspired by three remarkable documents: John Locke's 1689 thesis, Two Treatises of Government, regarding the protection of \"property\" (in the Latin context, proprius, or one's own \"life, liberty and estate\"); in part from the Virginia Declaration of Rights authored by George Mason in 1776 as part of that state's Constitution; and, of course, in part from our Declaration of Independence authored by Thomas Jefferson.Read in context, the Bill of Rights is both an affirmation of innate individual rights and a clear delineation on constraints upon the central government", "Login\nNY TimesHENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW published his best-known poem, \ufffdPaul Revere\ufffds Ride,\ufffd 150 years ago tomorrow \ufffd the same day that South Carolina seceded from the United States. \ufffdListen, my children, and you shall hear/ Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere.\ufffd Before Longfellow published those lines, Revere was never known for his ride, and Longfellow got almost every detail of what happened in 1775 wrong", "Login\nBut Longfellow didn\ufffdt care: he was writing as much about the coming war as about the one that had come before. \ufffdPaul Revere\ufffds Ride\ufffd is less a poem about the Revolutionary War than about the impending Civil War \ufffd and about the conflict over slavery that caused it. That meaning, though, has been almost entirely forgotten. Longfellow, a passionately private man, was, just as passionately and privately, an abolitionist", "Login\nHis best friend was Charles Sumner, for whom he wrote, in 1842, a slim volume called \ufffdPoems on Slavery.\ufffd Sumner, a brash and aggressive politician, delivered stirring speeches attacking slave owners; Longfellow, a gentler soul, wrote verses mourning the plight of slaves, poems \ufffdso mild,\ufffd he wrote, \ufffdthat even a slaveholder might read them without losing his appetite for breakfast.\ufffd Still, publishing those poems cost Longfellow something: a piece of his privacy, with pressure from fellow abolitionists to enter politics", "Login\n\ufffdI should be found but a weak and unworthy champion in public debate,\ufffd he demurred. Asked to write once more about slavery, he refused: \ufffdI think no one who cares about the matter will be at any loss to discover my opinion on that subject.\ufffd Yet Longfellow\ufffds abolitionist zeal didn\ufffdt abate. He secretly spent money he earned from his best-selling poems, like \ufffdThe Song of Hiawatha,\ufffd to buy slaves their freedom", "Login\nIn 1856, when Sumner gave his famous \ufffdCrime Against Kansas\ufffd speech in the Senate, Longfellow congratulated him: \ufffdAt last the spirit of the North is aroused.\ufffd That speech nearly cost Sumner his life \ufffd it so incensed a South Carolina representative, Preston Brooks, that he beat Sumner with a cane on the Senate floor", "Login\nThe next year, Longfellow wrote to Sumner calling the Dred Scott decision heart-breaking, and wishing he could find a way to write about it: \ufffdI long to say some vibrant word, that should have vitality in it, and force. Be sure if it comes to me I will not be slow in uttering it.\ufffd On Dec", "Login\n2, 1859, the day John Brown was hanged, Longfellow wrote in his diary, \ufffdThis will be a great day in our history, the date of a new Revolution quite as much needed as the old one.\ufffd Pondering that new Revolution, Longfellow got to thinking about the old one. In April 1860, he began writing \ufffdPaul Revere\ufffds Ride.\ufffd While he worked on the poem, he worried about the fate of the nation", "Login\nAround the same time he went to see Frederick Douglass speak and read Sumner\ufffds latest speech, which predicted that \ufffdthe sacred animosity between Freedom and Slavery can end only with the triumph of Freedom.\ufffd In November, weeks after finishing \ufffdPaul Revere\ufffds Ride,\ufffd Longfellow rejoiced in his diary that Lincoln had won the presidency; echoing Sumner, he wrote: \ufffdFreedom is triumphant.\ufffd \ufffdPaul Revere\ufffds Ride\ufffd was published in the January 1861 issue of The Atlantic, which appeared on newsstands on Dec. 20", "Login\nIt was read as a rallying cry for the Union. It is a poem about waking the sleeping, and waking the dead: \ufffdBeneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead,/ In their night encampment on the hill.\ufffd The dead are Northerners, awakened, at last aroused", "Login\nBut the dead are also the enslaved, entombed in slavery \ufffd an image that was, at the time, a common conceit: Douglass called his escape \ufffda resurrection from the dark and pestiferous tomb of slavery.\ufffd Much of the poem echoes stanzas in Longfellow\ufffds earlier abolitionist verses, including \ufffdThe Witnesses\ufffd: These are the bones of Slaves; They gleam from the abyss; They cry, from yawning waves, \ufffdWe are the Witnesses!\ufffd Thanks to poems like \ufffdPaul Revere\ufffds Ride,\ufffd Longfellow was once the country\ufffds most respected and beloved poet", "Login\nBut, beginning with the rise of New Criticism in the early 20th century, literary scholars have dismissed his poetry as cloying, drippy and even childish. Generations of schoolchildren have memorized \ufffdPaul Revere\ufffds Ride\ufffd; critics have barely read it. Yet neglecting Longfellow, taking the politics out of Longfellow, thinking of Longfellow as childish, have both occluded the poem\ufffds meaning and made it exceptionally serviceable as a piece of political propaganda", "Login\nIt is, after all, a rousing call to action: In the hour of darkness and peril and need, The people will waken and listen to hear The hurrying hoofbeats of that steed, And the midnight message of Paul Revere. With the history of the poem forgotten, this became all-purpose stuff. \ufffdWe still need some Paul Revere of conscience to alert every hamlet and every village of America that revolution is still at hand,\ufffd the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said in 1967", "Login\nIn 1971, the Vietnam Veterans against the War marched Revere\ufffds ride in reverse; four years later, Gerald Ford quoted Longfellow to call for renewed pride in America. This year George Pataki came to Boston to unveil an organization called \ufffdRevere America\ufffd: \ufffdWe\ufffdre here today to tell the people of America,\ufffd he declared, \ufffdthat once again our freedom is in danger\ufffd ... from health care. A century and a half ago, there was quite a bit more at stake", "Login\n\ufffdThe dissolution of the Union goes slowly on,\ufffd Longfellow wrote in his diary in January 1861. \ufffdBehind it all I hear the low murmur of the slaves, like the chorus in a Greek tragedy.\ufffd They cry, from the abyss. Jill Lepore is a professor of history at Harvard and the author, most recently, of \ufffdThe Whites of Their Eyes: The Tea Party\ufffds Revolution and the Battle Over American History.\ufffd", "Login\nCharleston Harbor, Dec. 26, 1860The rowers strained at their oars, gasping with exertion, their breath visible in the chill night air. By good fortune, the water lay almost flat, with just the slightest rolling swell, and each pull drew them several lengths farther on.None of those men knew that their brief but perilous transit would end up changing American history. Their only thought was of swiftly and silently reaching their destination, barely a mile across the channel: Fort Sumter", "Login\nIn the second of the three longboats crouched Capt. Abner Doubleday, scanning the moonlit harbor around him. Ahead, in the lead boat, he could make out an unmistakable figure, hawk-like with its beaked nose and enshrouding cloak, clutching something tightly under one arm. This was the garrison\ufffds commander, Maj. Robert Anderson. For weeks, as hostile secessionists drew an ever-tighter cordon around their tiny Union force, Doubleday had speculated endlessly about his close-lipped superior\ufffds intentions", "Login\nDid Anderson plan to stay put in their pathetically indefensible little citadel at Fort Moultrie, docilely awaiting orders from Washington, until the enemy overwhelmed him", "Login\n? Or could he \ufffd as Doubleday fervently hoped \ufffd be plotting somehow to slip the trap and make a run for the far more secure position that Sumter offered?The moment of truth had arrived only an hour or so earlier, back at Moultrie. As the sun set over Charleston Harbor, the officers had gathered for their customary late-afternoon tea with the commander. Arriving slightly late, Doubleday greeted his comrades and was met with distracted silence", "Login\nThen Anderson rose and approached him.\ufffdI have determined to evacuate this post immediately, for the purpose of occupying Fort Sumter,\ufffd the major said quietly", "Login\n\ufffdI can only allow you 20 minutes to form your company and be in readiness to start.\ufffdRelatedCivil War TimelineAn unfolding history of the Civil War with photos and articles from the Times archive and ongoing commentary from Disunion contributors.Visit the Timeline \ufffd.Anderson had not previously confided his intentions even to Doubleday, the garrison\ufffds second-ranked officer", "Login\nHe had told only a couple of trusted staff members, whom he\ufffdd instructed to charter some vessels, ostensibly to carry the fort\ufffds women and children out of harm\ufffds way. (Many of the men, including Doubleday, still had their families living with them.) On Christmas Day, with Charlestonians distracted by the festivities, crates of essential supplies had been loaded aboard, on the pretext that these were only the noncombatants\ufffd personal effects", "Login\nA couple of local busybodies showed up at the wharf to supervise the preparations \ufffd barring them would have put the secessionist forces on alert \ufffd and became suspicious when they saw a crate marked \ufffd1,000 ball cartridges\ufffd among the cargo. They were quickly assured that this had just been an error, and left after seeing the box offloaded.As Doubleday realized, the major\ufffds stubborn sense of military honor had trumped his political sympathies", "Login\nTo save his force from ignominious surrender, he would defy the express wishes, if not the explicit commands, of his own superiors in Washington, who wished to do nothing that might offend the aggrieved South", "Login\n(Anderson, ever the careful West Point academic, had discovered a slight ambiguity of phrasing in the orders that could serve as a loophole.) He would also defy the local secessionist authorities, who had put Moultrie under round-the-clock watch, with armed steamers patrolling the channel between the two forts, under orders to stop or sink any vessel carrying Union soldiers to Sumter. So now Anderson and his little garrison \ufffd barely six dozen officers and men \ufffd were crossing just that stretch of water", "Login\nHe had left a small detachment back at Moultrie, manning six heavy cannons. These were loaded, primed and pointed at the channel, ready to fire at any rebel vessel intercepting the troops.Staying close together, the three boats crossed the broad belt of moonlight, hastening toward the deep shadows cast by Sumter\ufffds hulking walls", "Login\nAs Doubleday peered at the fortress, a strange thought came into his head, one that had occurred to him before: it looked like a prison.Then, off to one side, he saw a smaller black shape, drawing swiftly closer across the water. Doubleday recognized it: the rebel steamer Nina. An ordinary packet boat in peacetime \ufffd a decade earlier, she had borne the body of John C. Calhoun to Charleston \ufffd she had recently been pressed into patrol duty", "Login\nShe would be packed with armed militiamen, he knew.Anderson\ufffds boat and the other one were already veering away, making for the dark shoreline of nearby Sullivan\ufffds Island. Doubleday ordered his own rowers to turn sharply and follow, but the soldiers, inexpert at the oars, bungled the maneuver, leaving their boat flailing in the path of the oncoming steamer.The Nina drew closer and closer", "Login\nIn an urgent whisper, Doubleday told his men to take off their uniform coats and drape them over their muskets, lest the moonlight reveal the telltale glint of a brass button or polished bayonet. Perhaps, the captain hoped, the rebels might mistake their boat for a civilian vessel. It seemed a desperate, feeble improvisation, but it was now their only hope of escape.The anxious soldiers saw the Nina\ufffds paddlewheels slow, then stop. Someone aboard seemed to be scrutinizing, pondering", "Login\nDoubleday\ufffds men, for their part, did not pause; finding their rhythm once more, they pulled hard at the oars, passing within 100 yards of the enemy\ufffds bow. Then the Nina\ufffds engine let off a puff of steam and her wheels turned again, carrying the vessel placidly past. Minutes later, Doubleday\ufffds boat bumped against the wharf at Sumter. Here his party would have other opponents to contend with", "Login\nThough the fort was still federal property, not yet seized by the Carolinians, it was superintended by just a single military engineer who oversaw a large team of civilian laborers at work on the fortifications. Many of these men were known to be secessionist sympathizers. Library of CongressEntry of Maj. Anderson\ufffds command Into Fort Sumter, published in Harper\ufffds Weekly.And in fact, they were now crowding through the gate toward the wharf", "Login\nDoubleday saw that many wore blue ribbon cockades, badges of Southern radicalism. \ufffdWhat are these soldiers doing here?\ufffd someone shouted angrily.The captain ordered his small squad into formation. Before his antagonists knew what was happening, they were facing a bristling thicket of bayonets. The startled laborers stumbled back into the fort as Doubleday seized control of the guardhouse. Shortly thereafter, the two boats carrying Major Anderson and the other troops pulled up to the wharf", "Login\nThey placed the disloyal workmen under guard, to be sent ashore to Charleston in the morning. Anderson entered the fort, carrying the bundle he had been holding in the boat: a tightly folded flag. From the ramparts of Sumter a signal gun rang out, its sharp crack echoing across the water. The detachment back at Moultrie would know that its comrades had arrived at their destination.As for the secessionists over in Charleston, they would soon awaken to a very unpleasant surprise", "Login\n\ufffdThey must have looked upon us as a mouse to play with and eat up at leisure,\ufffd one of the Union officers gloated, \ufffdbut we gave the cat the slip however, and are now safe in our hole.\ufffdAt the two forts, men labored through the night, bracing for the fast-approaching moment when that startled cat would unsheath its claws. Midnight passed and dawn approached: one of the last days in a waning year.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "Login\nGiven the recent tendency to romanticize resistance, it may come as a surprise to learn that throughout history slave rebellions have been comparatively rare, especially in North America, where slaves constituted a minority of the total population", "Login\n(In Central and South America they were often a majority.) One reason for such rarity was the skill with which masters controlled their workers and suppressed revolt.Peter Charles Hoffer and Daniel Rasmussen separately tell the story of two of the largest slave revolts in North America\ufffdthe Stono Rebellion of 1739 in South Carolina and the Louisiana Slave Revolt of 1811", "Login\nNeither event plays as large a role in the popular imagination as Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, but each proved a major test for the power of slavery's supporters to enforce their regime and repel the threats to it.In \"Cry Liberty,\" Mr. Hoffer, a historian at the University of Georgia, offers a novel reinterpretation of the Stono Rebellion and challenges writers to rethink how they portray the resistance it displayed. The rebellion began soon after midnight on Sept", "Login\n9, 1739, when a group of some 20 slaves broke into a store along the Stono River near Charles Town (now Charleston), S.C.Two white men were in the store. The rebels killed them and displayed their heads on the store's front steps. Then they stole some guns and, after killing three more whites, turned south along the main road, beating drums, bearing a flag and crying for liberty. Presumably their destination was Spanish Florida, which had promised freedom to Carolinian slaves", "Login\nBy mid-morning they had recruited another 40 to 80 slaves and killed 18 more whites. They almost captured South Carolina's lieutenant governor. View Full Image.Cry LibertyBy Peter Charles Hoffer Oxford, 173 pages, $19.95.American UprisingBy Daniel Rasmussen Harper, 276 pages, $26.99Then whites sounded the alarm. A large Presbyterian church interrupted its Sunday service, and the men formed a militia. They found the rebels resting in a field and attacked, killing 14. \"The mortal wound had come,\" Mr", "Login\nHoffer writes. When order was finally restored, 23 whites and roughly 100 slaves had been killed, and some 30 slaves were \"rewarded for protecting their masters.\" There is no evidence that the slaves had planned to rebel before breaking into the store. Yet previous accounts have assumed that rebellion was the slaves' aim from the outset. For Mr. Hoffer this reasoning \"turns causation around\" and ignores the role of chance. Might the saga have begun not as rebellion but as a plan to steal food", "Login\n? Addressing such questions, Mr. Hoffer structures his book as an elegant and intricate detective story. Along the way, he neatly captures the texture of South Carolina's Low Country in 1739. It was a time when the slave population had almost doubled in a decade, owing to the influx of slaves from Angola. Blacks outnumbered whites by a 2-to-1 ratio. Masters got rich from slave-grown rice", "Login\nAnd \"death was everywhere.\" Slaves \"reckoned that old comrades and new friends would die before they could start families.\" In this environment, \"something had to give.\" It did. Mr. Rasmussen, a recent graduate from Harvard, has turned his senior thesis into \"American Uprising,\" a book on America's largest, and little known, slave revolt", "Login\nA crisp, confident writer, he tells the story with verve, though ultimately he overreaches by trying to connect his story to 200 years of American history, as if the Louisiana Slave Revolt of 1811 was somehow central to the Civil War, civil rights and national expansion. On the night of Jan. 8, 1811, 40 miles upriver from New Orleans, some 25 slaves entered the home of Manuel Andry, the parish's largest slaveowner. After wounding Andry, who managed to escape, they killed his son", "Login\nThe slaves' leader, Charles Deslonde, worked as a driver on Andry's plantation and knew it well. He and some comrades donned Andry's military uniforms \"to lend the revolt authority.\" Then they stole Andry's guns and horses and headed south. \"On to New Orleans!\" Deslonde yelled. The rebel army quickly grew to between 100 and 500 slaves, according to eyewitnesses. But Gov. William Claiborne called out the militia and federal troops, and within days the rebellion was crushed", "Login\nWhile only two whites died in the affair, some 100 slaves were killed and dismembered, their heads put on poles that dotted the roadside for 40 miles, a grim warning to other slaves. Even had the rebels reached New Orleans, it is unclear what they would have done. No doubt they had been inspired by slaves from St. Domingue, who a few years earlier had fought off colonial armies, abolished slavery and established the black republic of Haiti. Perhaps the Louisiana rebels hoped to create an American Haiti", "Login\nA few said that they wanted to \"kill all the whites.\" But whites were not their only enemy; many slaves and free blacks aligned themselves with the planters. In some ways the Louisiana rebels resembled those from South Carolina. A disproportionately large number were Angolan migrants, who beat drums and waved flags as they marched. To recruit adherents, both rebel groups threatened or killed slaves who refused to join them. Any chance of success hinged on the use of terror", "Login\nYet both books also dramatize why slave rebellions were almost always suicidal. The violence of the rebellion begat more violence. It is thus no wonder that so many slaves protected their masters and informed on fellow slaves; it was the easiest way to gain power and even freedom. Mr. Stauffer teaches history and literature at Harvard and is the author of \"Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln.\" Logged", "Login\nCharleston Harbor, Jan. 9, 1861Capt. Abner Doubleday rose early and went up to the parapet of Fort Sumter, scanning the surrounding waters with his telescope", "Login\nHe had seen something flashing out there the night before: a pilot boat signaling that a vessel was approaching Charleston Harbor in the darkness.Since their move into the fortress two weeks before, Doubleday and his comrades in the small Union garrison had been looking out over that harbor in despair, as the besieging Carolinians were joined by volunteer units from across the Deep South", "Login\n\ufffdIf we ascended to the parapet,\ufffd he later recalled, \ufffdwe saw nothing but uncouth State flags, representing palmettos, pelicans and other strange devices. No echo seemed to come back from the loyal North to encourage us", "Login\nOur glasses in vain swept the horizon; the one flag we longed to see was not there.\ufffdLibrary of CongressThe Star of the West enters Charleston Harbor, from Frank Leslie\ufffds Illustrated Newspaper.But now, in the morning sunlight, he suddenly saw that longed-for flag, the familiar Stars and Stripes. It was coming across the harbor, fluttering atop the mast of a large merchant steamer making her way up the channel. Doubleday quickly realized which vessel it was", "Login\nHe and the other officers had learned of this steamship and her top-secret mission to Fort Sumter the day before \ufffd from an article in a newspaper.A week earlier, President James Buchanan, prodded into action by the general-in-chief of the Army, Winfield Scott, had at last decided to send reinforcements and provisions to the beleaguered Sumter garrison. Scott had urged that every possible step be taken to keep news of the expedition from getting out", "Login\nInstead of using a Navy vessel, he chartered an ordinary steamship, the Star of the West. She was to clear New York Harbor as if bound on a regular voyage to New Orleans. Arms, ammunition and 200 federal troops were loaded by tugboats when the ship was discreetly out of sight of the city\ufffds wharves.Library of CongressHeadline in the New York Herald, Jan. 8, 1861.But the plan had sprung a leak. Actually, multiple leaks", "Login\nNew York longshoremen and tugboat pilots were not noted for their discretion, and by the evening of the Star\ufffds departure, word had reached the city\ufffds newspaper editors \ufffd for whom a scoop easily trumped any mere issues of national security. \ufffdSECRET MOVEMENTS OF UNITED STATES TROOPS,\ufffd blared a headline in the Herald, above a story describing the expedition down to its last detail", "Login\nSimilar reports appeared in papers from Massachusetts to Georgia (including The New York Times).By that point, however, the secessionist authorities in South Carolina were already fully informed. Buchanan\ufffds secretary of the interior, Jacob Thompson of Mississippi, had learned of the plan, resigned his post and promptly telegraphed Charleston.The mission\ufffds intended beneficiaries \ufffd the loyal troops at Fort Sumter and their commander, Maj. Robert Anderson \ufffd were among the last to learn of it", "Login\nWashington had no secure telegraph line to the garrison, and so the War Department had mailed Anderson a letter. It traveled more slowly than the Star did. When Sumter\ufffds officers saw a newspaper report of the expedition on Jan. 8, they \ufffdcould not credit the rumor,\ufffd Doubleday wrote", "Login\n\ufffdTo publish all the details of an expedition of this kind, which ought to be kept a profound secret, was virtually telling South Carolina to prepare her guns to sink the vessel.\ufffdNow the captain watched in astonishment as that very ship \ufffd the supposed journalistic figment \ufffd puffed laboriously up the channel. Then the crash of a rebel cannon split the morning air.Doubleday, without waiting to see where the shot hit, rushed headlong downstairs to alert Anderson, who was still in bed", "Login\nThe major ordered his men to their battle stations. They hurried to load and prime Sumter\ufffds cannons. The Star was still under fire. Solid shot hurtled toward her from a battery on Morris Island manned by teenage cadets from the Citadel, the local military academy. Luckily, the youths were far from expert artillerists, and their cannonballs mostly splashed harmlessly into the water; one or two struck the steamer but did little damage", "Login\nThe American flag on her foremast dipped and rose again, as if the captain were trying to signal the fort. Clearly he expected Sumter\ufffds guns to open upon the rebels and protect him.Almost at that moment, more cannon fire boomed out, from a different direction: Fort Moultrie, across the channel. The Carolinians were attacking from two directions now", "Login\nAnd still Sumter\ufffds gunners stood watching, immobile, awaiting orders; clutching the lanyards that they might pull at any moment to set their own cannons roaring in reply. The entire scene seemed surreal, almost unbelievable: a citadel that had very recently been their own fortress was now firing upon the American flag. One of the lieutenants \ufffd a Union officer who bore the improbable and unfortunate name Jefferson C. Davis \ufffd begged Major Anderson to unleash his guns on Moultrie", "Login\nAnderson hesitated and seemed about to give the order. But another lieutenant, the Virginian Richard K. Meade, began remonstrating with Anderson, reminding him that the first shot from Sumter would mean civil war. Just then, across the channel, the Star began to swing her bow around into a turn.\ufffdHold on; do not fire,\ufffd Anderson said. \ufffdI will wait.\ufffdAcross the harbor, from the Charleston waterfront, an anxious Carolinian was watching the drama unfold", "Login\nHe was William Henry Trescot, who until recently had been assistant secretary of state in the Buchanan administration, but had just returned home to cast his lot with the rebellion. Now he stood, shuddering, as he thought of Anderson\ufffds garrison and the fate that would befall them if a full-scale artillery battle began", "Login\nHis summer house was a few hundred yards from their former quarters at Fort Moultrie on Sullivan\ufffds Island; the Union soldiers had been his friends \ufffd occasionally his dinner guests \ufffd in peacetime.\ufffdAlmost every summer day after breakfast, I used to light my cigar, walk over to Fort Moultrie, sit down in the piazza, and talk away the long morning,\ufffd Trescot wrote soon afterward. \ufffdIt is mortifying to send a cannonball into bowels which have digested your hospitality gratefully and thoroughly", "Login\nTo kill them is almost as bad as to be killed ourselves.\ufffdBut the Star of the West was heading out again toward the open sea. The guns around the harbor fell silent, giving way once more to the cries of seagulls and the muted sigh of the waves. Trescot would have no reason to be mortified", "Login\nNot yet.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sources: Abner Doubleday, \ufffdReminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860-\ufffd61\ufffd; Samuel Wylie Crawford, \ufffdThe History of the Fall of Fort Sumpter\ufffd; New-York Tribune, Jan. 9, 10, and 14, 1861; New York Herald, Jan. 8, 1861; Macon Daily Telegraph, Jan. 7, 1861; Boston Evening Transcript, Jan. 8, 1861; New York Times, Jan", "Login\n7 and 10, 1861; Maury Klein, \ufffdDays of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War\ufffd; William W. Freehling, \ufffdThe Road to Disunion, Vol. 2: Secessionists Triumphant.\ufffd--------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "Login\nTHE announcement that Representatives Heath Shuler of North Carolina and Jason Chaffetz of Utah are planning to wear guns in their home districts has surprised many, but in fact the United States has had armed congressmen before. In the rough-and-tumble Congress of the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s, politicians regularly wore weapons on the House and Senate floors, and sometimes used them", "Login\nDuring one 1836 melee in the House, a witness observed representatives with \ufffdpistols in hand.\ufffd In a committee hearing that same year, one House member became so enraged at the testimony of a witness that he reached for his gun; when the terrified witness refused to return, he was brought before the House on a charge of contempt. Perhaps most dramatic of all, during a debate in 1850, Senator Henry Foote of Mississippi pulled a pistol on Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri", "Login\n(Someone eventually took it from his hand.) Foote had decided in advance that if he felt threatened, he would grab his gun and run for the aisle in the hope that stray shots wouldn\ufffdt hit bystanders. Most famously, in 1856, Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina caned Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts on the Senate floor so brutally that Sumner had to be virtually carried from the chamber \ufffd and did not retake his seat for three years", "Login\nClearly, wielded with brute force, a cane could be a potent weapon. By the 1850s, violence was common in Washington. Not long after Sumner\ufffds caning, a magazine told the story of a Michigan judge who traveled by train to the nation\ufffds capital: \ufffdAs he entered the main hall of the depot, he saw a man engaged in caning another ferociously, all over the room. \ufffdWhen I saw this,\ufffd says the judge, \ufffdI knew I was in Washington.\ufffd\ufffd In Congress, violence was often deployed strategically", "Login\nRepresentatives and senators who were willing to back up their words with their weapons had an advantage, particularly in the debate over slavery. Generally speaking, Northerners were least likely to be armed, and thus most likely to back down. Congressional bullies pressed their advantage, using threats and violence to steer debate, silence opposition and influence votes. In 1842, Representative Thomas Arnold of Tennessee, a member of the Whig Party, learned the hard way that these bullies meant business", "Login\nAfter he reprimanded a pro-slavery member of his own party, two Southern Democrats stalked toward him, at least one of whom was armed with a bowie knife \ufffd a 6- to 12-inch blade often worn strapped to the back. Calling Arnold a \ufffddamned coward,\ufffd his angry colleagues threatened to cut his throat \ufffdfrom ear to ear.\ufffd But Arnold wasn\ufffdt a man to back down. Ten years earlier, he had subdued an armed assassin on the Capitol steps", "Login\nAs alarming as these outbursts were, until the 1840s, reporters played them down, in part to avoid becoming embroiled in fights themselves. (A good many reporters received beatings from outraged congressmen; one nearly had his finger bitten off.) So Americans knew relatively little of congressional violence. That changed with the arrival of the telegraph. Congressmen suddenly had to confront the threat \ufffd or temptation \ufffd of \ufffdinstant\ufffd nationwide publicity", "Login\nAs Senator John Parker Hale of New Hampshire reminded his colleagues within minutes of the Foote-Benton clash, reports were \ufffdalready traveling with lightning speed over the telegraph wires to the remotest borders of the Republic.\ufffd He added, \ufffdIt is not impossible that even now it may have been rumored in the city of St. Louis that several senators are dead and weltering in their blood on the floor of the Senate.\ufffd Violence was news, and news could spawn violence. Something had to be done, but what", "Login\nAs one onlooker wrote to the speaker of the House shortly after Sumner\ufffds caning, \ufffdgentlemen\ufffd who took part in the debate over slavery should \ufffdscrupulously avoid the utterance of unnecessarily harsh language.\ufffd There was no other way to prevent the \ufffdalmost murderous feeling\ufffd that could lead to \ufffddemonstrations upon the floor, which in the present state of excitement, would almost certainly lead to a general melee and perhaps a dozen deaths in the twinkling of an eye.\ufffd Unfortunately, such admonitions had little effect", "Login\nThe violence in Congress continued to build until the outbreak of the Civil War. Today, in the wake of an episode of violence against a member of Congress, we\ufffdre again lamenting the state of political rhetoric, now spread faster than ever via Twitter, Web sites, text messaging and e-mail. Once again, politicians are considering bearing arms \ufffd not to use against one another, but potentially against an angry public. And once again we\ufffdre reminded that words matter", "Login\nCommunication is the heart and soul of American democratic governance, but there hasn\ufffdt been much fruitful discourse of late \ufffd among members of Congress, between the people and their representatives or in the public sphere. We need to get better at communicating not only quickly, but civilly. Joanne B. Freeman, a professor of history at Yale, is at work on a book about violence in Congress.", "Login\nIt was not quite a full-blown temper tantrum, but Mary Todd Lincoln\ufffds outburst during a mid-January shopping trip raised eyebrows at a time when her husband did not need any more problems. And it signaled that the president-elect would have his hands full governing his own household, on top of everything else. For him, the early weeks of 1861 were consumed with cabinet-making and the last remnants of the amiable politicking that had characterized so much of his time in Springfield", "Login\nHe still received many visitors, and the journalist Henry Villard marveled that \ufffdprobably no other President-elect was as approachable by everybody.\ufffd He greeted friends and neighbors, and told his jokes, and tried to act like the person they had known for years. (Villard records the unusual spectacle of Lincoln laughing at one of his better punchlines: \ufffdA high-pitched laughter lighted up his otherwise melancholy countenance with thorough merriment", "Login\nHis body shook all over with gleeful emotion, and when he felt particularly good over his performance, he followed his habit of drawing his knees, with his arms around them, up to his very face.\ufffd) Yet as March 4 drew closer, and secession loomed larger, it was becoming clear that his life had changed forever. He could not keep up with the huge volume of mail. Some of it was disturbing \ufffd crude drawings of skulls and bones, a sketch of Lincoln\ufffds head in a noose; an actual noose itself", "Login\nThe crowds of office-seekers and thrill-seekers were relentless, and he began to restrict their access to him. In many ways, he was already becoming the president, well before the March 4 transfer of power. On Jan. 19, a Mexican diplomat came all the way to Springfield to pay his respects, a sign that the rest of the world was not so far from the prairie. Lincoln\ufffds two assistants, John Hay and John Nicolay, were acting as the White House gatekeepers they would become", "Login\nAnd Lincoln was beginning to compile the thoughts that would cohere into his inaugural. The nearness of the White House was just as keenly felt by his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, only 42 years old. She had wanted this for as long as anyone could remember. When only a girl in Lexington, Kentucky, she rode her pony to the house of Henry Clay, and announced to his dinner party that she would enjoy living in the White House someday", "Login\nAs a young belle, freshly arrived in Springfield, she famously declared her intention to marry a president. Now, against all odds, that prediction was coming true, and she was determined to make the most of it. And to look as good as possible while doing so. Lincoln, a lifelong advocate of enlightened government, was reluctant to impose it at home (his law partner, William Herndon, complained, \ufffdHe was the most indulgent parent I have ever known\ufffd)", "Login\nIf Mary felt a growing urge to cut a national figure, he saw no reason to restrain her. And so, on Jan. 10, she left Springfield on a shopping trip to \ufffd where else", "Login\n? \ufffd New York City, where she intended to make purchases for the White House and, perhaps, one or two items for herself. She was accompanied by her brother-in-law, Clark Smith, purveyor of \ufffdThe Best Ladies Goods in Illinois,\ufffd and they did the town up in style. She visited New York\ufffds huge department stores, bought jewelry and dresses, mixed and mingled at tea parties and talked gaily to all within earshot", "Login\nThis was perfectly in character for a woman who had always loved society, and had been bred to it in a way that her husband most certainly was not. She was a gifted conversationalist, spoke French, and as a young lady had dazzled her suitors (including Stephen Douglas, a near-president). This side of her had never been able to flourish during a long and sometimes troubled marriage with a rusticated genius who liked to read books lying on the floor, and cared little for the social graces", "Login\nShe detested the comments that were already appearing in the press, insinuating that she and her husband were Western rubes, and she was determined to bring grace to the White House. The expected transformation would be all the more striking for the fact that James Buchanan\ufffds White House had no First Lady at all. (His niece, Harriet Lane, acted as hostess.) The problem, as is so often the case in politics, was the timing", "Login\nIt struck some observers as strange that she was shopping so conspicuously in the grave days of secession, and it was even worse that she talked so audibly", "Login\n\ufffdWithin earshot\ufffd turned out to be a wide arc indeed, and her casual remarks began to seep into the papers \ufffd one reporter called it \ufffdshocking\ufffd that she was \ufffdkiting about the country and holding levees in which she indulges in a multitude of silly speeches.\ufffd Her judgment was off, too \ufffd she was overheard commenting on the reasons that Lincoln had appointed Seward his secretary of state, and she visited a naval vessel when her husband wanted to avoid all talk of war", "Login\nPerhaps most ominously, she accepted the unlimited credit lines extended to the wife of a president-elect, with no urgent plan for repayment. In other words, she had not yet grasped that she lived inside a fishbowl. A few months later, a British journalist wrote, \ufffdIf she but drives down Pennsylvania Avenue, the electric wire trills the news to every hamlet in the Union.\ufffd It\ufffds an old lesson: be careful what you wish for", "Login\nTo make matters worse, she was never able to govern her famous temper, which led Hay and Nicolay to nickname her \ufffdThe Hellcat.\ufffd As she made her way back to Springfield, it erupted. Americans had to change trains more frequently then, and when she arrived at Buffalo, the State Line Railroad had the audacity to ask her to pay for her passage! Didn\ufffdt they know who she was", "Login\n? Fortunately, her son Robert was there to calm things down. With polished diplomacy (he would enjoy a long and successful career in the railroad business), he went to the superintendent and said, \ufffdMy name is Bob Lincoln; I\ufffdm a son of Old Abe \ufffd the old woman is in the cars raising h-ll about her passes \ufffd I wish you would attend to her.\ufffd The plea worked; both Lincolns were granted passes", "Login\nBut unfortunately, that account, hyphenated \ufffdh-ll\ufffd and all, appeared in The Baltimore Sun, and it was not helpful to Lincoln to have additional bad publicity in a city where a serious assassination plot was being hatched against him. Paradoxically, it might have helped if Mary\ufffds occasional propensity to utter pro-slavery sentiments had been conveyed there (she once said, \ufffdIf Mr. Lincoln should happen to die, his spirit will never find me living outside the boundaries of a slave State\ufffd)", "Login\nOne brother and three step-brothers would fight for the Confederacy. But she was a loyal wife, and like so many others, affirmed, \ufffdmy husband is my country.\ufffd For her, it was truer than most. Lincoln probably knew little of the train episode, and one suspects that he wanted to know even less than he did. He simply wanted her to come home, and for three nights in a row, he went to the train station in Springfield, standing in the rain and snow, hoping she would appear. Finally, on Jan", "Login\n25, she did, and all was right again. Villard wrote, \ufffdwhether she got a good scolding from Abraham for unexpectedly prolonging her absence, I am unable to say; but I know she found it rather difficult to part with the winter gayeties of New York.\ufffd With at least one union restored, their last days in Springfield dwindled down, and they savored the precious family time left to them, before the fates swept them up and took them away forever from all that had been normal in their lives", "Login\nSources: Henry Villard, \ufffdMemoirs of Henry Villard;\ufffd Harold G. and Oswald Garrison Villard, eds., \ufffdLincoln on the Eve of \ufffd61;\ufffd Jean H. Baker, \ufffdMary Todd Lincoln: A Biography;\ufffd Catherine Clinton, \ufffdMrs. Lincoln: A Life\ufffd; Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner, eds., \ufffdMary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters;\ufffd Daniel Mark Epstein, \ufffdThe Lincolns: Portrait of a Marriage;\ufffd William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, \ufffdHerndon\ufffds Life of Lincoln;\ufffd David Herbert Donald, \ufffdHerndon and Mrs. Lincoln;\ufffd Harry E", "Login\nDisunion follows the Civil War as it unfolded.The featureless flat plains of West Tennessee seemed an unlikely locale to harbor a \ufffdSouthern Black Republican.\ufffd But his political opponents routinely hung this epithet \ufffd and worse \ufffd on Rep. Emerson Etheridge. That\ufffds because, unlike many Southern antisecessionists in early 1861, Etheridge continued to proclaim unconditional loyalty to the Union. Even worse, he ridiculed the idea that the Republican Party intended to interfere with slavery", "Login\nSecessionists and Southern Rights supporters sputtered in frustration. Etheridge, they said, had fallen into \ufffdthe depths of disgrace and infamy.\ufffd He appealed only to the \ufffdignorant and blind lick-spittles\ufffd rather than to \ufffdthe slaveholding and enlightened portion of the people.\ufffdA 40-something widower with two young daughters, Etheridge had an easy charisma and a compelling speaking voice", "Login\nHis young colleague, Robert Hatton, newly elected to represent an adjacent district, quickly developed a fast friendship with Etheridge. \ufffdIf he was a woman,\ufffd Hatton gushed to his wife, Sophia Hatton, \ufffdyou would be certain we were dead in love with each other. . .", "Login\nWe eat together, walk to and from the Capitol together, sit in the House together, room by each other, [and] are alike in politics, in religion, and our feelings and sympathies.\ufffd Both stubbornly shunned alcohol and the other vices of Washington life. Library of Congress Rep", "Login\nEmerson Etheridge of TennesseeEtheridge\ufffds personality and oratorical power made him a natural leader of the close to two dozen members of the House of Representatives who called themselves the \ufffdSouthern Opposition.\ufffd All were former Whigs, almost all from the Upper South. The opposition bloc held the balance of power in the House, which was closely divided between Republicans and Democrats", "Login\nAnd they used that influence during the first few months of 1861 to keep the Upper South from seceding \ufffd a fact that explodes any notion of the white South as a unified region hellbent on leaving the Union.Etheridge made one of his most important speeches against secession on the floor of the House on Wednesday, Jan. 23", "Login\nHe charged that secessionists had fabricated a mass delusion: \ufffdThousands believe honestly that Lincoln and his cohorts are coming down to apply the torch and the knife to the dwellings and people of the South.\ufffd But that was just baseless hysteria, he said; Republicans had already renounced \ufffdany desire or any power to interfere with slavery in the States of this Union.\ufffd He scorned the idea that the South needed to expand slavery to the territories, or that the North had defaulted on its obligation to return fugitive slaves", "Login\nThe evils that secessionists pretended to fear were flimsy or imaginary.Just then a thin, reedy voice demanded, \ufffdI merely wish to know whether the gentleman is speaking on the side of the North or the South?\ufffd The interruption came from Shelton Leake, a Virginia disunionist. Etheridge shot back immediately: \ufffdI am speaking on a side that has few representatives on this floor", "Login\nI am speaking on the side of my country!\ufffd A reporter for the Cincinnati Commercial described Etheridge\ufffds retort as a \ufffdclincher\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThe noble, exalted tone and emphasis in which this was uttered, rang through the hall.\ufffd A resounding applause rang through the galleries. The speech struck people outside the Capitol as well: a groundswell of support soon developed in the free states to find a position in Lincoln\ufffds cabinet for Etheridge", "Login\nHis \ufffdunswerving patriotism\ufffd and his \ufffdsterling, practical qualities\ufffd stood out, said one such advocate. \ufffdNo better Southern man could be found.\ufffd Etheridge wasn\ufffdt alone. His address opened the floodgates to a torrent of Southern Unionist speeches in late January and early February. Few of his allies in Congress were quite so ready as he to give the Republican Party a clean bill of health, but they heartily agreed that secession was a virulent epidemic that would sicken or kill its host", "Login\nIt threatened to ignite a civil war that would destroy slavery. Rammed through with hot haste, it confronted the Upper South with an outrageous fait accompli", "Login\nJust as delegates from the Deep South were meeting in Montgomery, Ala., to organize the Confederate government, Robert Hatton charged that disunionists were \ufffdpractically our enemies, as truly as the most unprincipled fanatics of the North.\ufffdMembers of the Southern Opposition bloc pleaded with Republicans to take steps that might reassure nervous white Southerners", "Login\nMost wanted to see the Crittenden Compromise approved, which promised to protect slavery in territories south of 36\ufffd 30\ufffd, including those \ufffdhereafter acquired.\ufffd Rep. John A", "Login\nGilmer of North Carolina reasoned that secessionists clamored for protection not because it was \ufffdreally valuable to the South,\ufffd or injurious to the North, but rather in the hope that Republicans \ufffdwill refuse it, and by your refusal, they hope the South will be inflamed to the extent of breaking up this Government.\ufffd The most stringent protection for slavery in the territories would be no more likely to create additional slave states, Gilmer insisted, than \ufffdthe drying up of the Mississippi could be secured by act of Congress.\ufffdBut no Republican could countenance Kentucky Sen", "Login\nJohn J. Crittenden\ufffds insidious formula. To do so might open the door to a slave empire in the Caribbean and Central America \ufffd and much more immediately, they feared, it would tear apart the Republican party. Conciliatory Republicans instead offered to admit all existing territory south of 36\ufffd 30\ufffd into the Union as the slave state of New Mexico, and to amend the Constitution to forbid interference with slavery in the states where it already existed", "Login\nAbraham Lincoln passed word that he could live with these concessions \ufffd and so did some Southern Unionists. Forget about \ufffdhereafter acquired,\ufffd they suggested. Give us New Mexico and the constitutional amendment, and we can hold the Upper South.RelatedCivil War TimelineAn unfolding history of the Civil War with photos and articles from the Times archive and ongoing commentary from Disunion contributors.Visit the Timeline \ufffd.Voters in the Upper South had their say in February 1861", "Login\nIn state after state, starting with Virginia on February 4, emphatic popular majorities opposed secession. This outcome resulted in part from a massive mailing of pro-Union speeches. Night after night, Hatton reported to his wife, he and other Southern Unionists in Congress stayed up late franking thousands of copies of their oratory for free postal delivery. When given the opportunity to do so, voters in North Carolina and Tennessee even opposed letting a state convention meet", "Login\nBut Unionist victories were conditional, based on the assumption that Republicans would offer concessions and, most of all, that the incoming administration would not use armed force against the Deep South.When Lincoln took his oath of office on March 4, eight slave states, home to two-thirds of white Southerners, remained in the Union. An uneasy peace prevailed. Tennessee Congressman Horace Maynard beseeched Republicans to act cautiously", "Login\n\ufffdBelieve me,\ufffd he pleaded, \ufffdthe moment you wage war, you array the entire South, as one man, in behalf of the portion that is attacked. It is as when a brother is assailed, all his brethren rush to his rescue, not stopping to inquire whether, in the contest, he be right or wrong.\ufffd Maynard exaggerated. His home region of East Tennessee would not follow the secessionist lead once the war started, and Maynard himself ended up an unconditional Unionist and a Republican", "Login\nBut Maynard, on balance, knew much about how the future would unfold.Library of Congress Rep. Robert Hatton, in Confederate Army uniformOf course, when push came to shove in the Upper South, and its citizens no longer could avoid the dread matter of choosing sides in a war, slavery did much to determine the outcome. Though Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia all seceded, regions with few slaves resisted. Although Emerson Etheridge owned 10 slaves, most of the voters in his district owned none", "Login\nHe stayed loyal to the Union and many of his constituents volunteered for the Union Army. But regions with more substantial slaveholdings \ufffd even Whig-Opposition enclaves that had stoutly resisted secession before mid-April \ufffd suddenly gave way and embraced the Confederacy.On the other hand, Robert Hatton represented part of the fertile Cumberland Basin, where many families held slaves. Seventeen men, women and children were listed as his property on the slave schedule of the 1860 census", "Login\nNotwithstanding Hatton\ufffds pre-war Unionism, he volunteered to organize a regiment for the Confederate army and was promoted to command a brigade. On the last day of May 1862, at the battle of Seven Pines east of Richmond, Va., General Hatton was instantly killed by enemy fire while leading his troops across an open field.Join Disunion on Facebook \ufffd--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sources: Cincinnati Commercial, Jan. 26 and Jan", "Login\n28, 1861; Congressional Globe, 36th Congress, Second Session; James Vaulx Drake, \ufffdLife of General Robert Hatton, Including His Most Important Public Speeches; Together, with Much of his Washington and Army Correspondence\ufffd; Daniel W. Crofts, \ufffdReluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis.\ufffd--------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "Login\nIts POTH, so caveat lector.=================Americans have always obsessed over their nation\ufffds history, even when there wasn\ufffdt much to obsess over. The founding generation had barely passed on before politicians began scrambling to claim their legacy \ufffd and at no time was that more true than during the Secession Crisis", "Login\nSecessionists claimed to be emulating the revolutionaries\ufffd struggle for liberty against a tyrannical central government, while Northerners were determined not to let disloyal rebels tear down the noble republic the founders had created. But the dynamics of secession also drew attention to a more recent historical event \ufffd the Nullification Crisis of 1833 \ufffd and brought back to the center of debate that most controversial of early Americans, Andrew Jackson", "Login\nConflicting interpretations of his legacy tell a lot about how the North and South \ufffd and Democrats and Republicans within the North \ufffd saw the crisis.Library of Congress A portrait of President Andrew Jackson, along with his famous quotation from the Nullification Crisis, \ufffdThe Union must and shall be preserved.\ufffd CLICK TO ENLARGE.The tumult of the Jacksonian era was still fresh in America\ufffds collective mind", "Login\nHe was the last president to serve two terms, and much had changed during his 13 years on the national political scene. When he first ran for president in 1824, there was only one national party, and Americans, taught by the founders to distrust parties as the tools of ambitious demagogues, relished the absence of partisan conflict. By the time Jackson left office in 1837, national politics was dominated by a thriving two-party system", "Login\nThe underlying reasons for this change were numerous, but the immediate catalyst was the impulsive, provocative Indian- and British-fighter from Tennessee.To his supporters, \ufffdOld Hickory\ufffd was the quintessential Washington outsider: a tough, bold Westerner with patience for neither political maneuvering nor legalistic hairsplitting, a triumphant warrior who pursued corrupt politicians and elite bankers and industrialists with the same grim-faced resolve which had brought him victory over Indians, the Spanish and the British", "Login\nTo these \ufffdDemocrats,\ufffd as his new party was called, Jackson was the champion of the common man, and they followed him into battle against powerful centralized government and the would-be aristocrats who sought to profit from it.His enemies said Jackson was a loose cannon, a hot-tempered demagogue who shamelessly courted the masses with no thought to constitutional principles or the rule of law", "Login\nThey denounced him as an aspiring \ufffdKing Andrew I\ufffd and styled themselves \ufffdWhigs\ufffd in emulation of the American Revolutionaries, who in their own fight for liberty had labeled themselves after the British opponents of absolute monarchy.Muddying the Democratic purity of Jackson\ufffds memory was the Nullification Crisis of 1832 and \ufffd33, in which the explosive executive displayed the unyielding decisiveness that his followers admired but also revealed the limits of his support for state rights", "Login\nWhen the South Carolina legislature responded to a new protective tariff by \ufffdnullifying\ufffd it (that is, declaring it unconstitutional and therefore void), Jackson issued a blistering proclamation in which he condemned nullification as a treasonous attack on the Union", "Login\nPrivately vowing to lead an army into South Carolina himself and hang the nullifiers, he sent arms to local unionist military forces, reinforced the navy detachment at Charleston Harbor, made arrangements to collect import taxes at the harbor\ufffds forts and requested that Congress give him whatever authority he needed to make South Carolina back down.Jackson also worked behind the scenes for compromise (although in the end it was legislation negotiated by his rivals Henry Clay and John C", "Login\nCalhoun that enabled South Carolina to stand down without losing face). Nevertheless, it was his resolute public stance for the Union that frustrated, resentful Northerners seized upon during the Secession Crisis", "Login\nIronically, Republicans, most of them former Whigs, were vociferous in their call for a strong Jacksonian response to secession, while most Northern Democrats \ufffd citing Jacksonian ideals of respect for local government and condemnation of antislavery agitation \ufffd called for compromise.Northerners likewise summoned Jackson\ufffds memory as a standard which their own president was failing miserably to meet", "Login\nIn the wake of Major Robert Anderson\ufffds daring transfer to Fort Sumter, James Buchanan\ufffds comparative impotence led Northerners to moan, \ufffdOh, for an hour of Old Hickory!\ufffd On Jan. 8, the anniversary of Jackson\ufffds triumph at New Orleans, state and local leaders across the North ordered commemorations \ufffd a common practice, but one that took on thick political overtones in this climate", "Login\nIn Massachusetts the newly inaugurated governor, John Andrew, ordered 100 guns fired on Boston Common to honor both the Battle of New Orleans and Major Anderson. In Chicago, Mayor John Wentworth ordered business suspended so that people might gather to express their devotion to the Union, with cannons firing and bells tolling throughout the day. In Auburn, N.Y., home of procompromise leader William H", "Login\nSeward, a hundred guns were fired \ufffdin honor of the memory of General Jackson as the hero of the Battle of New Orleans, and as the defender of the Union against nullification and treason.\ufffdEven Jackson\ufffds bitterest opponents rallied around him. In the 1820s and \ufffd30s, General Winfield Scott had wrangled with Jackson both professionally and politically, their feud at one point nearly resulting in a duel", "Login\nBut in mid-December, with South Carolina\ufffds secession looming, Scott pointedly reminded Buchanan of Jackson\ufffds vigorous actions in 1833, emphasizing Jackson\ufffds view that he was merely defending the government, \ufffdbut that if So. Carolina attacked [federal officials] it would be So. C. that made war upon the U. States.\ufffdScott was far from alone: Despite the large number of former Whigs among their ranks, it was Republicans especially who embraced Jackson\ufffds legacy", "Login\nParty newspapers reprinted the Nullification Proclamation, praising its forceful response to South Carolina\ufffds treason. Over and again editors, speakers and correspondents urged their leaders to take \ufffda firm Jackson stand\ufffd against secession and hoped that Lincoln would be \ufffdanother Jackson.\ufffd The president-elect himself was closely examining Jackson\ufffds record", "Login\nIn the 1830s, echoing the warnings of arch-Whig Henry Clay that a \ufffdmilitary chieftain\ufffd like Jackson had no place in a republic, the young Lincoln had warned against the rise of \ufffdan Alexander, a Caesar, or a Napoleon.\ufffd But in composing his strategy against secession, Lincoln turned to the Old Hero\ufffds Nullification Proclamation", "Login\nIts ideas would be prominent in his Inaugural Address in March, including its claim that the Union predated the states, its insistence that no nation has within its fundamental law a provision for its own destruction, its emphasis on the obligations imposed by the president\ufffds oath of office, and its declaration that any use of federal force would represent not aggression but self-defense", "Login\nDemocrats, who blamed Republicans for the crisis and urged compromise with the South, struggled to maintain a claim on their party\ufffds founding father. Democratic newspapers pointed out that not only Jackson but Whig idol Henry Clay had sought to defuse the situation through concessions, and they tried to align Republicans, with their state-level resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law, with South Carolina\ufffds 1833 stand", "Login\n\ufffdIf nullification be odious in South Carolina,\ufffd demanded the Daily Ohio Statesman, \ufffdis it not equally so in Massachusetts, Michigan, and Ohio?\ufffdRelatedCivil War TimelineAn unfolding history of the Civil War with photos and articles from the Times archive and ongoing commentary from Disunion contributors.Visit the Timeline \ufffd.The entire debate bore little, of course, on the actual question of the Secession Crisis. Few Northerners considered how closely the new crisis actually paralleled the earlier one", "Login\nIndeed, there were a number of fundamental differences between the two, prominent among them three decades of mounting sectional tension, which had made Southern defensiveness stronger and more widespread while desensitizing Northerners to disunion threats. But the most important difference stemmed from the strategy of Southern radicals. The chief reason South Carolina nullifiers backed down in 1833 was their realization that none of the other slave states supported them", "Login\nBut they also saw how Jackson\ufffds forcefulness frightened and alienated those same moderate Southerners. In 1860 the radicals did not wait for cooperation among the slave states; rather, South Carolina\ufffds secession was calculated to generate momentum that would either carry the rest of the South out of the Union along with it or pressure the federal government to carry through on the forceful response that Jackson had only threatened, thereby winning over the less-committed slave states", "Login\nIt succeeded brilliantly in doing both. Over the next six weeks, despite varying levels of secession feeling, every other cotton state followed the Palmetto State\ufffds example. And when the tidal wave of disunion broke against Unionist majorities in the Upper South, the mere existence of the seven-state Deep South Confederacy would impel Lincoln\ufffds April decision to reinforce Fort Sumter, sparking open conflict", "Login\nOnce he called on the remaining states to help suppress the Deep South\ufffds rebellion, four more slave states, including all-important Virginia, seceded and joined the new Confederacy.In other words, it was neither Republicans nor Northern Democrats who had learned the most important lessons of Andrew Jackson and the Nullification Crisis: that honor belonged to the fire-eating radicals who controlled his erstwhile opponent, the South Carolina state government.Join Disunion on Facebook \ufffd--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Russell McClintock, a history teacher at St", "Login\nJohn\ufffds High School in Shrewsbury, Mass., is the author of \ufffdLincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession.\ufffd He is writing a biography of Stephen A. Douglas..", "Login\nLooking into the past in order to understand the present.....(link at the bottom) How to Think About the Tea Party \ufffd Commentary MagazinePaul A", "Login\nRahe is a professor of history at Hillsdale College and the author, most recently, of Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty and Soft Despotism, Democracy's Drift.\"On February 19, 2009, when the finance commentator Rick Santelli indulged in a rant against the newly unveiled \"stimulus\" bill on the CNBC cable network and called for a demonstration in Chicago modeled on the Boston Tea Party, he fired a shot heard round the country", "Login\nSantelli's diatribe was focused on the fact that Americans who had played by the rules, had saved much of what they had earned, and had paid their bills on time were being required to bail out fellow citizens who had gotten caught short in purchasing a domicile they could not afford or while speculating in real estate", "Login\nIn the weeks that followed, ordinary citizens spontaneously gathered in towns and cities across the continent to organize Tea Parties in protest against what they took to be an unjust redistribution of wealth from the industrious and the rational to the greedy and improvident. The mainstream media treated them with contempt, and most Republicans kept their distance. Leading Democrats denounced them as frauds and ignoramuses and sought to brand them as racists", "Login\nEven when the president of the United States used the obscene epithet \"teabaggers\" to refer to them, however, the adherents of what was coming to be a full-fledged movement\ufffdthe Tea Party movement\ufffdstood firm. And in the course of the summer of 2009, as Americans began to grow fearful of the scope and intrusiveness of the Obama administration's health-care proposal, that movement's numbers grew", "Login\nIn August 2009, when congressmen and senators held town halls to discuss the proposed bill, ordinary Americans showed up in droves; and, to the evident dismay of their representatives, they bluntly spoke their minds.By January 2010, when the unknown Republican Scott Brown defeated the well-known Democrat Martha Coakley in the Massachusetts race for the seat in the Senate once occupied by Ted Kennedy, it was clear that the Tea Party movement was destined to become a powerful force not only within the Republican Party but in the country as a whole, and patronage-minded Republican senators and congressmen who hoped to be re-elected in 2010 began to get with the program", "Login\nRepublican candidates who were not quick to do so soon came under fire. A three-term senator from Utah who failed to take note was denied his party's nomination for re-election at the state's Republican convention. A senator from Alaska, the scion of an entrenched political dynasty and a member of the Republican leadership, suffered the same fate in her party primary", "Login\nIn Delaware, a popular nine-term congressman who had served two terms as governor lost his party's senatorial primary to an insurgent who had never held political office. In Kentucky, the same fate met its secretary of state. In Florida, a former state senator came from nowhere (the first poll had him at three percent) to force a popular sitting governor to abandon his quest for the Republican senatorial nomination", "Login\nAnd in the Republican senatorial primaries in Colorado and Nevada, Tea Party\ufffdbacked insurgents defeated a lieutenant governor and a former party chairman.It is perfectly understandable that Republican regulars thwarted in the primaries, Democrats defeated in the midterm elections, and adherents of both parties who found themselves suddenly deprived of political influence should find these developments disconcerting", "Login\nIt is equally understandable that those who find unpalatable either the Tea Party's approach or some of the more colorful and/or questionable candidates to emerge victorious as a consequence of its rise might consider this leaderless and inchoate force's impact worrisome or even frightening. In point of fact, however, this sort of upheaval is nothing new", "Login\nSuch forces have risen periodically throughout the history of the United States and have their antecedents in 17th- and 18th-century England._____________In his 1748 Spirit of Laws, the great political philosopher Montesquieu attributed the recurring turmoil that had long beset England to the separation of powers between the executive and the legislature", "Login\nThe Tudors for the most part had been able to sidestep the problem in the 16th century because Henry VIII and his children had sufficient wealth in the lands he had seized from the Catholic Church to cover most of their needs", "Login\nBut their Stuart successors in the 17th century found that those resources had been largely exhausted; and to cover their expenses and those of the government they directed, they were compelled to have frequent recourse to Parliament for revenue.To their dismay and that of their ministers, what soon came to be called \"the Country\" rose up in high dudgeon time and time again to denounce on the floor of the House of Commons what was perceived as favoritism, corruption, arbitrary rule, conspiracy, and papist predilections on the part of a Court thought to be intent on encroaching on the rights of ordinary Englishmen and the prerogatives possessed by Parliament", "Login\nThese tensions produced the English civil war of the 1640s, the execution of Charles I in 1648, the rule of the Rump Parliament and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell in the 1640s and 1650s, followed by the Restoration of the monarchy in 1658, which was in turn followed 30 years later by the Glorious Revolution.By the time Montesquieu arrived in England, things had settled down", "Login\nThe political tensions that had periodically given rise to turbulence and bloodshed were now being resolved peacefully through electioneering and balloting, and monarchs now found themselves forced to appoint as ministers those who had the confidence of Parliament and were not simply tools of the Crown.Montesquieu found the dynamics of English politics both instructive and amusing. \"The hatred\" that had long existed between Court and Country he regarded as a permanent feature", "Login\nThis hatred \"would endure,\" he observed, \"because it would always be powerless,\" and it would be powerless because \"the parties\" inspired by the separation of powers would be \"composed of free men\" who would be inclined to switch sides if either the executive power or the legislative power appeared to have \"secured too much.\"The English were a commercial people who lived in what Montesquieu called \"a republic concealed under the form of a monarchy.\" The regime under which they were reared, being neither republican in the classical sense nor genuinely monarchical, did little to inculcate in them a spirit of self-sacrifice and even less to inspire in them a love of honor and glory", "Login\nInstead, it left Englishmen to their own devices; and in the absence of direction from above, they tended to succumb to the restlessness and anxiety that Montesquieu called inqui\ufffdtude", "Login\nIn such a nation, he remarked, the charges lodged by the party that stood in opposition to the executive branch \"would augment even more\" than usual \"the terrors\" to which a people so disposed were naturally prone, for they \"would never know really whether they were in danger or not.\"Ordinarily the legislature, which enjoyed the confidence of the people, would be in a position to moderate their fears", "Login\n\"In this fashion,\" Montesquieu noted, when \"the terrors impressed\" on the populace lacked \"a certain object, they would produce nothing but vain clamors & name-calling; & they would have this good effect: that they would stretch all the springs of government & render the citizens attentive.\"And if the terrors fanned by the party opposed to the English executive were ever \"to appear on the occasion of an overturning of the fundamental laws,\" he observed, \"they would be muted, lethal, excruciating & produce catastrophes: before long, one would see a frightful calm, during which the whole would unite itself against the power violating the laws.\"Moreover, he added, if such \"disputes took shape on the occasion of a violation of the fundamental laws, & if a foreign power appeared,\" as happened when the arrival of the Dutch political and military leader William of Orange in 1688 triggered the Glorious Revolution, \"there would be a revolution, which would change neither the form of the government nor its", "Login\nof the Dutch political and military leader William of Orange in 1688 triggered the Glorious Revolution, \"there would be a revolution, which would change neither the form of the government nor its constitution: for the revolutions to which liberty gives shape are nothing but a confirmation of liberty.\"Over the past generation, historians have tended to interpret the American Revolution similarly as a clash between Court and Country", "Login\nThe pattern described by Montesquieu was duplicated in colonies such as Virginia, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York in the 17th and 18th centuries", "Login\nMoreover, the charges leveled against King and Parliament by the American colonists in the period stretching from 1762 to 1776 were a compendium of those lodged long before by the critics of James I and Charles I; the opponents of the Long Parliament, the Rump Parliament, and Oliver Cromwell; the proponents of the Glorious Revolution; and those who subsequently became disgruntled under the rule of William of Orange following his installation as William III and those who followed him over the next century culminating in the reign of George III.The same pattern manifested itself also in the political disputes that followed the founding of the United States", "Login\nTo be sure, when Thomas Jefferson and James Madison organized the first American political party, they did not accuse Alexander Hamilton and those who came to be called the Federalists of papist predilections. But they did assert that the economic program proposed by Hamilton in his capacity as George Washington's secretary of the treasury amounted to a conspiracy to overthrow republicanism in America and consolidate power in the hands of an irresponsible executive indistinguishable from a monarch", "Login\nThat is why Jefferson spoke of the election of 1800 and his own ascendancy to the presidency as a second American revolution.Similar rhetoric was deployed by the movement that sprang up against the so-called \"Tariff of Abominations\" shortly after its passage in 1828", "Login\nAndrew Jackson articulated much the same argument in the battle he undertook in his second presidential term (1832-36) against Nicholas Biddle's proposal for a rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States, and so did Abraham Lincoln and his fellow Republicans in their quest in the late 1850s against what they called \"the slave-power conspiracy.\"One could hear echoes of these earlier controversies in the campaign mounted against the railroads and banks by the People's Party in 1892 (the force widely considered the originator of what has come to be called \"populism\"), in the presidential campaign undertaken by the insurgent Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896 against the tight-money fiscal policies that he said were crucifying America on a \"cross of gold,\" and in Franklin Delano Roosevelt's assertion at the Democratic Convention in 1936 that \"a small group\" of economic royalists was intent on concentrating \"into their own hands an almost complete control over other people's property, other people's", "Login\nthe Democratic Convention in 1936 that \"a small group\" of economic royalists was intent on concentrating \"into their own hands an almost complete control over other people's property, other people's money, other people's labor\ufffdother people's lives.\" And, of course, it is a similar suspicion that has given rise to the Tea Party movement.Consider what Barack Obama and the Democrats did over the past two years\ufffdwith their so-called stimulus, health-care reform, and reform of financial regulation", "Login\nEach initiative involved the passage of a bill more than a thousand pages in length that virtually no one voting on could have read, and no one but those who framed it could have understood. Each involved a massive expansion of the federal government and massive payoffs to favored constituencies", "Login\nAnd each was part of a much larger project openly pursued by self-styled progressives in the course of the last century and aimed at concentrating in the hands of \"a small group\" of putative experts \"an almost complete control over other people's property, other people's money, other people's labor\ufffdother people's lives.\" Without quite knowing whom they are evoking, Tea Partiers are inclined to say, as FDR said in 1936, that if they do not put a stop to what is going on, \"for too many of us life\" will be \"no longer free\" and \"liberty no longer real\"\ufffdfor otherwise the bureaucratic busybodies ensconced in Washington will deprive us of the means by which to \"follow the pursuit of happiness\" as we see fit.The only difference is that FDR's assertions demonizing the \"economic royalists\" were demonstrably false, and when the Tea Partiers make comparable claims today, they are, alas, telling the truth.", "Login\nAmerican liberty is more fragile than we are inclined to suppose. The Framers of the Constitution were well aware that the republics of ancient Greece and those of medieval and early modern Italy were situated on diminutive territories. They knew that Rome's expansion had eventuated in Rome's loss of liberty, and they understood why Montesquieu had initially argued that a republic could not be sustained on an extended territory", "Login\nA government set at a considerable distance from the people over whom it rules is apt to become a despotism, for it is out of sight and out of mind, beyond reach and beyond control. This the Framers understood. They took heart, however, from the French philosopher's suggestion that a federation of small republics could overcome this geographical imperative", "Login\nThey were reassured by his tacit acknowledgement that, by way of the separation of powers, the \"republic concealed under the form of a monarchy\" that had emerged in Great Britain had overcome this imperative as well", "Login\nAnd they themselves observed that the religious and economic diversity that had followed from America's territorial extension were successfully subverting the force of faction.In the early 1790s, however, when James Madison began thinking about the political consequences inherent in the ambitious program of economic development charted by Alexander Hamilton, he had occasion to reconsider Montesquieu's warning", "Login\nHe believed that \"a consolidation of the States into one government\" was implicit in Hamilton's assertion of federal prerogatives", "Login\nAnd he feared that such a consolidation would neutralize the expedients suggested by Montesquieu and instituted by the Framers and leave \"the whole government to that self directed course, which, it must be owned, is the natural propensity of every government.\"First, Madison thought, the separation of powers could give way to centralized administration of the sort that typified despotism", "Login\nIf federalism were subverted in this way and the national government by one means or another took over the prerogatives of the states and the localities, the legislature situated in the new nation's capital would quickly prove to be incompetent \"to regulate all the various objects belonging to the local governments,\" and this \"would evidently force a transfer of many of\" those objects \"to the executive department.\"Second, Madison contended, because the state and local governments are close to the people\ufffdin sight and in mind, within reach and control\ufffdthey and not the federal government are the natural instruments of civic agency", "Login\nIf, however, they were made to be dependent on and subject to the national government, they would cease to serve this function, and the sheer size of the country would stand in the way of concerted popular political action", "Login\nIt would prevent the exercise of \"that control\" on the national legislature \"which is essential to a faithful discharge of its trust, [since] neither the voice nor the sense of ten or twenty millions of people, spread through so many latitudes as are comprehended within the United States, could ever be combined or called into effect, if deprived of those local organs, through which both can now be conveyed.\" In such circumstances, Madison warned prophetically, \"the impossibility of acting together, might be succeeded by the inefficacy of partial expressions of the public mind, and this at length, by a universal silence and insensibility.\" It was the absence of effective popular checks that would leave the national government to a \"self directed course.\"Madison, Jefferson, and their heirs in the Jacksonian period were arguably wrong about the political consequences implicit in the program proposed by Hamilton in the 1790s and revived by Henry Clay in the late 1820s", "Login\nAbraham Lincoln and the Republicans implemented a policy indistinguishable from Hamilton's program and Clay's American System, and that policy did not have the consequences that Madison, his associates, and their heirs feared", "Login\nBut the prospect that Madison imagined is, in fact, the prospect the world's most venerable democratic republic now faces.Over almost a century, under the influence of the Progressives and their heirs\ufffdthe proponents of the New Deal, the Great Society, and Barack Obama's New Foundation we have experienced a gradual consolidation of power in the federal government", "Login\nLegislative responsibilities have been transferred to administrative agencies lodged within the executive\ufffdsuch as the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Communications Commission, and the vast array of bodies established under the recent health-care reform\ufffdand these have been delegated in an ever increasing number of spheres the authority to issue rules and regulations that have the force of law.In the process, the state and local governments have become dependent on federal largesse, which always comes with strings attached in the form of funded or unfunded \"mandates\" designed to make these governments fall in line with federal policy", "Login\nCivic agency, rooted as it normally is in locality, has withered as the localities have lost their leverage. The civic associations so admired by Alexis de Tocqueville have for the most part become lobbying operations with offices in Washington focused on influencing federal policy, and many of them have also become recipients of government grants and reliable instruments for the implementation of federal policy.The Tea Party movement is, however, testimony to the fact that all is not lost", "Login\nWhen confronted in a brazen fashion with the tyrannical impulse underpinning the administrative state, ordinary Americans from all walks of life are still capable of fighting back. It is easy enough to mock", "Login\nLike all spontaneous popular movements, the Tea Party has attracted its fair share of cranks: it would have been a miracle if it had not attracted those who are obsessed with the question of Barack Obama's birth certificate or the heavy-handed and ineffective procedures adopted by the Transportation Security Agency._____________But it should be reassuring rather than frightening to the American elite that at the dawn of the third millennium, Americans know to become nervous and watchful when a presidential candidate who has presented himself to the public as a moderate devotee of bipartisanship intent on eliminating waste in federal programs suddenly endorses \"spreading the wealth around\" and on the eve of his election speaks of \"fundamentally transforming America.\" It should be of comfort to them that a small-business owner in Nebraska believes he has reason to express public qualms when a prospective White House chief of staff, in the midst of an economic downturn, announces that the new administration is", "Login\nowner in Nebraska believes he has reason to express public qualms when a prospective White House chief of staff, in the midst of an economic downturn, announces that the new administration is not about to \"let a serious crisis go to waste\" and that it intends to exploit that crisis as \"an opportunity to do things you couldn't do before.\" And it should be a source of pride to elites that the philosophical superstructure of the United States demonstrated extraordinary durability when a significant number of their fellow citizens refused to sit silent after an administration implied the inadequacy of the founding by promoting itself as the New Foundation, and after the head of government specifically questioned the special place of the United States in the world by denying \"American exceptionalism.\"Most important, it should be humbling to those elites that ordinary American citizens choose spontaneously to enter the political arena in droves, concert opposition, speak up in a forthright manner, and oust a host", "Login\nit should be humbling to those elites that ordinary American citizens choose spontaneously to enter the political arena in droves, concert opposition, speak up in a forthright manner, and oust a host of entrenched office holders when they learn that a system of punitive taxation is in the offing, when they are repeatedly told what they know to be false\ufffdthat, under the new health-care system that the administration is intent on establishing, benefits will be extended and costs reduced and no one will lose the coverage he already has\ufffdand when they discover that Medicare is to be gutted, that medical care is to be rationed, and that citizens who have no desire to purchase health insurance are going to be forced to do so.In 1776, when George Mason drafted the Virginia Declaration of Rights, he included a provision reflecting what the revolutionaries had learned from the long period of struggle between Court and Country in England and in America: \"that no free government, or the blessings of liberty, can be", "Login\nreflecting what the revolutionaries had learned from the long period of struggle between Court and Country in England and in America: \"that no free government, or the blessings of liberty, can be preserved to any people but by a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality, and virtue and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles.\" What we are witnessing with the Tea Party movement is one of the periodic recurrences to fundamental principles that typify and revivify the American experiment in self-government.These developments are never exclusively salutary", "Login\nThe people sometimes err, as Montesquieu understood and as, I believe, has happened with considerable frequency in our nation's past. But as Thomas Jefferson observed in the wake of the rebellion mounted by Daniel Shays in 1786, if the \"turbulence\" to which popular government is \"subject\" is regrettable, \"even this evil is productive of good", "Login\nIt prevents the degeneracy of government, and nourishes a general attention to the public affairs.\" In Europe, Jefferson explained, \"under the pretence of government, they have divided their nations into two classes, wolves and sheep.\" He feared that the same would in time happen in America", "Login\nIf the people in the United States should ever \"become inattentive to the public affairs, you and I,\" he wrote to one correspondent, \"and Congress and Assemblies, judges and governors shall all become wolves.\"From the outset, Jefferson feared that in this country the government would eventually find its way to what his friend James Madison would later call a \"self directed course.\" It was with this unwelcome prospect in mind that he asked, \"What country can preserve its liberties if their rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve their spirit of resistance?\" In the end, then, one does not have to agree with the Tea Party movement in every particular to welcome its appearance.http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/how-to-think-about-the-tea-party/", "Login\nVery nice piece, it fleshed out my understanding. Thank you I had always heard of tory or whig but had not put it into country and court categories.", "Login\nIs Napolitano correct that the C. was formed by the States? Or was it formed by the American people? Is the claim that slavery in The South was susceptible to withering away as it did elsewhere correct? Was succession triggered by the entry of non-slave states into the Union, thus leading slave states to demand more slave states", "Login\n? What of the federalism principles in light of the Dred Scott decision's imposition of requiring northern states to enforce southern slave claims within their (northern) territories?Maybe BigDog will weigh in here , , ,===============================Judge Napolitano on Lincolnby Thomas J", "Login\nDiLorenzoThe recent discussions in the media about Ron Paul's comments regarding Lincoln and his political legacy got me to thinking, wouldn't it be great if Judge Andrew Napolitano, the Fox News Senior Judicial Analyst, would weigh in on the subject. I had this thought because Judge Napolitano included a chapter entitled \"Dishonest Abe\" in his brilliant book, The Constitution in Exile", "Login\nJudge Napolitano is a very busy man, hosting a radio show as well as appearing on television, making speeches all around the country, writing books, and practicing law \ufffd in addition to (hopefully) having a private family life", "Login\nSince I am a big fan of his writing I thought I would try to pique our readers' interest in what the judge has to say on this subject.The first two sentences of the \"Dishonest Abe\" chapter of The Constitution in Exile are hard hitting: \"The Abraham Lincoln of legend is an honest man who freed the slaves and saved the Union", "Login\nFew things could be more misleading.\" He then goes on to say exactly what Ron Paul told the Washington Post, and which seemed to mystify and confuse Tim Russert in his \"Meet the Press\" interview with Congressman Paul: \"In order to increase his federalist vision of centralized power, \ufffdHonest' Abe misled the nation into an unnecessary war. He claimed that the war was about emancipating slaves, but he could have simply paid slave owners to free their slaves . . .", "Login\nThe bloodiest war in American history could have been avoided.\" And, as Ron Paul would likely add, all the other countries of the world that ended slavery in the nineteenth century, including Britain, Spain, France, Denmark, the Dutch, did so without a war. This, by the way, included the Northern states in the U.S", "Login\nThere were no \"civil wars\" to free the slaves in Massachusetts, New York (where slavery existed for over 200 years), or Illinois.Lincoln's \"actions were unconstitutional and he knew it,\" writes Napolitano, for \"the rights of the states to secede from the Union . . . [are] clearly implicit in the Constitution, since it was the states that ratified the Constitution .", "Login\n.\" Lincoln's view \"was a far departure from the approach of Thomas Jefferson, who recognized states' rights above those of the Union.\" Judge Napolitano also reminds his readers that the issue of using force to keep a state in the union was in fact debated \ufffd and rejected \ufffd at the Constitutional Convention as part of the \"Virginia Plan.\" He also discusses Lincoln's Confiscation Act of 1862, under which \"any slaves behind the Union lines were captives of war who were to be freed and transported to countries in the tropics", "Login\nThis was in keeping with Dishonest Abe's lifelong position (his \"White Dream,\" according to Ebony magazine managing editor Lerone Bennett, Jr, author of Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream) of deporting all blacks from the U.S. \"Colonization\" was the euphemism that was used for this. \"The Confiscation Acts,\" writes Judge Napolitano, \"show that Lincoln did not have much concern for the slaves", "Login\nHe did not suggest to Congress that freed slaves should be granted civil rights or citizenship in Northern states. Once the freed slaves were transported out of the United States, they would no longer be Lincoln's problem.\" This is also why Lincoln tinkered with proposals for compensated emancipation in the border states while they were under U.S. military occupation during the war. These proposals included immediate deportation of any freed slaves", "Login\nHe saw the occupation of the border states during the war as an opportunity to begin ridding the country of \"The Africans,\" as he referred to black people, as though they were from another planet", "Login\nJudge Napolitano quotes Lincoln in one of his debates with Stephen Douglas as saying what he repeatedly said throughout his adult life: \"I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races \ufffd that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes.\" \"Lincoln was more concerned about the failure of [the seceding] states to collect tariffs than he was about slavery, \" says Napolitano.Unlike all those hopelessly miseducated neocon pundits who sneered at Ron Paul's statements regarding how Lincoln did tremendous damage to the principles of the American founders, Judge Napolitano is well schooled in constitutional history", "Login\nHe writes of Lincoln's complete trashing of the Constitution by \"murdering civilians, declaring martial law, suspending habeas corpus, seizing . . . private property without compensation (including railroads and telegraphs), conducting a war without the consent of Congress, imprisoning nearly thirty thousand Northern citizens without trial, shutting down . . . newspapers, and even deporting a congressman (Clement L", "Login\nVallandigham from Ohio) because he objected to the imposition of an income tax.\"\"Saying that Lincoln abolished slavery and calling him the \ufffdGreat Emancipator' are grossly inadequate mischaracterizations,\" writes the judge. \"Lincoln was interested in promoting his political agenda of centralizing government power, and freeing the slaves was only a means of advancement of that end.\" Lincoln destroyed the union of the founding fathers", "Login\nHe \"replaced a voluntary association of states with a strong centralized government. The president and his party eagerly lifted the floodgates to the modern thuggish style of ruling that the U.S. government now employs\" (emphasis added). This \"opened the door to more unconstitutional acts by the government in the 1900s through to today.\" The next time you see Lincoln's portrait on a five-dollar bill, the judge concludes, \"remember how many civil liberties he took away from you.\"", "Login\nNow, there is a pithy rejoinder! Anyway, posting this piece from POTH/NY Times, but the main subject presented on this thread at the moment should remain the Napolitano piece:=============MOUNT VERNON, George Washington\ufffds bucolic estate in Northern Virginia, has been an American shrine since his death in 1799. But after the Civil War, when its historic restoration began, the image of the first president began to be outshone by that of the 16th, Abraham Lincoln", "Login\nTrue, Washington\ufffds portrait still adorned classrooms from Maine to Mississippi, and his birthday remained an unofficial national holiday. But Washington seemed \ufffdformal, statue-like, a figure for exhibition,\ufffd wrote Representative Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, the future president, who visited Mount Vernon in 1866. Lincoln, on the other hand, appeared more human, a man who had paid with his life to reunify the country and free millions of slaves. \ufffdLincoln is overshadowing Washington,\ufffd Hayes declared", "Login\nToday, of course, Washington is again at the center of the presidential pantheon. For that he can thank an unlikely group of allies: former slaves who worked at Mount Vernon in the late 19th century and who helped shape our modern beliefs about him \ufffd but only by hiding his complicated views on slavery behind the illusion of an Old South plantation. Everything about the restored Mount Vernon was designed to render Washington a noble but approachable figure", "Login\nVisitors could wander through his dining room and peer into the second-story bedchamber where he died. Another floor up, they saw the room where Martha Washington supposedly spent the rest of her life after his death, gazing out the window at her beloved husband\ufffds gravesite. The estate was governed by the Mount Vernon Ladies\ufffd Association of the Union, but much of the daily work was performed by African-Americans who had been owned by Washington\ufffds descendants", "Login\nThey guarded the premises, sold souvenirs and refreshments and spoke with visitors about bygone days. Gray-haired Edmund Parker, who had been brought to Mount Vernon as a teenage slave in 1841, stood at the tomb, recounting Washington\ufffds last days and the history of his final resting place. At the old kitchen, Parker\ufffds niece Sarah Johnson sold glasses of milk", "Login\nParker, Johnson and others fostered an image of Mount Vernon as an antebellum Eden, complete with happy, welcoming slaves, an impression that sat well with post-Reconstruction America, where civil rights had taken a back seat to sectional reconciliation. Living links to the past, they held forth with visitors on a range of subjects \ufffd but not the painful realities of slavery. Parker never mentioned the grueling field labor he had once performed, or that he had run away to Union lines during the Civil War", "Login\nSarah Johnson didn\ufffdt explain that Washington\ufffds heirs had sold her and her 6-month-old child in the first year of the war. And they did not disclose that their ancestors had not belonged to Washington at all; rather, they had come to Mount Vernon after the president died, brought by Washington\ufffds nephew and great-nephews, who had inherited the place", "Login\nWhen asked about their origins, the former slaves would simply reply, \ufffdBelonged to the family.\ufffd These and other omissions helped paper over Washington\ufffds views on slavery, including his hope that the institution would one day disappear. Black employees sold copies of his last will and testament, but they never mentioned that Washington had used that will to free his own slaves", "Login\nHowever, if Parker and Johnson played down Washington\ufffds anti-slavery legacy for white visitors, they honored it privately by building new, financially secure lives for themselves. When Hayes returned as president for an overnight stay in 1878, Johnson served him a simple meal in Washington\ufffds small dining room. Earlier that day, she and her husband had managed the estate\ufffds crowded lunchroom, coordinating a team of waiters and collecting money", "Login\nA few miles off the historic grounds, the black employees of Mount Vernon sent their children to public school, attended a new church and shopped for staples in town. And they saved their earnings to purchase land of their own: when Johnson left Mount Vernon in 1892, she owned four acres just up the road. Washington probably would have appreciated the sight of freed slaves pursuing their own goals on his estate", "Login\nAs an innovative farmer and astute observer of human nature, he had no wish to make Mount Vernon a shrine to a bygone past. He might instead have challenged white tourists to question why, in an era of supposed racial equality, its black employees felt the need to mask their life stories and aspirations behind a veil of old-style servitude", "Login\nThe new Mount Vernon humanized Washington, but only by eclipsing the true meaning of him and his home for a changing nation: not a refuge from modernity but an incubator of it. Scott Casper, a professor of history at the University of Nevada, Reno, is the author of \ufffdSarah Johnson\ufffds Mount Vernon: The Forgotten History of an American Shrine.\ufffd", "Login\nQuote from: Crafty_Dog on February 21, 2011, 10:25:05 AMIs Napolitano correct that the C. was formed by the States? Or was it formed by the American people? Is the claim that slavery in The South was susceptible to withering away as it did elsewhere correct? Was succession triggered by the entry of non-slave states into the Union, thus leading slave states to demand more slave states", "Login\n? What of the federalism principles in light of the Dred Scott decision's imposition of requiring northern states to enforce southern slave claims within their (northern) territories?Maybe BigDog will weigh in here , , ,===============================Judge Napolitano on Lincolnby Thomas J", "Login\nDiLorenzoThe recent discussions in the media about Ron Paul's comments regarding Lincoln and his political legacy got me to thinking, wouldn't it be great if Judge Andrew Napolitano, the Fox News Senior Judicial Analyst, would weigh in on the subject. I had this thought because Judge Napolitano included a chapter entitled \"Dishonest Abe\" in his brilliant book, The Constitution in Exile", "Login\nJudge Napolitano is a very busy man, hosting a radio show as well as appearing on television, making speeches all around the country, writing books, and practicing law \ufffd in addition to (hopefully) having a private family life", "Login\nSince I am a big fan of his writing I thought I would try to pique our readers' interest in what the judge has to say on this subject.The first two sentences of the \"Dishonest Abe\" chapter of The Constitution in Exile are hard hitting: \"The Abraham Lincoln of legend is an honest man who freed the slaves and saved the Union", "Login\nFew things could be more misleading.\" He then goes on to say exactly what Ron Paul told the Washington Post, and which seemed to mystify and confuse Tim Russert in his \"Meet the Press\" interview with Congressman Paul: \"In order to increase his federalist vision of centralized power, \ufffdHonest' Abe misled the nation into an unnecessary war. He claimed that the war was about emancipating slaves, but he could have simply paid slave owners to free their slaves . . .", "Login\nThe bloodiest war in American history could have been avoided.\" And, as Ron Paul would likely add, all the other countries of the world that ended slavery in the nineteenth century, including Britain, Spain, France, Denmark, the Dutch, did so without a war. This, by the way, included the Northern states in the U.S", "Login\nThere were no \"civil wars\" to free the slaves in Massachusetts, New York (where slavery existed for over 200 years), or Illinois.Lincoln's \"actions were unconstitutional and he knew it,\" writes Napolitano, for \"the rights of the states to secede from the Union . . . [are] clearly implicit in the Constitution, since it was the states that ratified the Constitution .", "Login\n.\" Lincoln's view \"was a far departure from the approach of Thomas Jefferson, who recognized states' rights above those of the Union.\" Judge Napolitano also reminds his readers that the issue of using force to keep a state in the union was in fact debated \ufffd and rejected \ufffd at the Constitutional Convention as part of the \"Virginia Plan.\" He also discusses Lincoln's Confiscation Act of 1862, under which \"any slaves behind the Union lines were captives of war who were to be freed and transported to countries in the tropics", "Login\nThis was in keeping with Dishonest Abe's lifelong position (his \"White Dream,\" according to Ebony magazine managing editor Lerone Bennett, Jr, author of Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream) of deporting all blacks from the U.S. \"Colonization\" was the euphemism that was used for this. \"The Confiscation Acts,\" writes Judge Napolitano, \"show that Lincoln did not have much concern for the slaves", "Login\nHe did not suggest to Congress that freed slaves should be granted civil rights or citizenship in Northern states. Once the freed slaves were transported out of the United States, they would no longer be Lincoln's problem.\" This is also why Lincoln tinkered with proposals for compensated emancipation in the border states while they were under U.S. military occupation during the war. These proposals included immediate deportation of any freed slaves", "Login\nHe saw the occupation of the border states during the war as an opportunity to begin ridding the country of \"The Africans,\" as he referred to black people, as though they were from another planet", "Login\nJudge Napolitano quotes Lincoln in one of his debates with Stephen Douglas as saying what he repeatedly said throughout his adult life: \"I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races \ufffd that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes.\" \"Lincoln was more concerned about the failure of [the seceding] states to collect tariffs than he was about slavery, \" says Napolitano.Unlike all those hopelessly miseducated neocon pundits who sneered at Ron Paul's statements regarding how Lincoln did tremendous damage to the principles of the American founders, Judge Napolitano is well schooled in constitutional history", "Login\nHe writes of Lincoln's complete trashing of the Constitution by \"murdering civilians, declaring martial law, suspending habeas corpus, seizing . . . private property without compensation (including railroads and telegraphs), conducting a war without the consent of Congress, imprisoning nearly thirty thousand Northern citizens without trial, shutting down . . . newspapers, and even deporting a congressman (Clement L", "Login\nVallandigham from Ohio) because he objected to the imposition of an income tax.\"\"Saying that Lincoln abolished slavery and calling him the \ufffdGreat Emancipator' are grossly inadequate mischaracterizations,\" writes the judge. \"Lincoln was interested in promoting his political agenda of centralizing government power, and freeing the slaves was only a means of advancement of that end.\" Lincoln destroyed the union of the founding fathers", "Login\nHe \"replaced a voluntary association of states with a strong centralized government. The president and his party eagerly lifted the floodgates to the modern thuggish style of ruling that the U.S. government now employs\" (emphasis added)", "Login\nThis \"opened the door to more unconstitutional acts by the government in the 1900s through to today.\" The next time you see Lincoln's portrait on a five-dollar bill, the judge concludes, \"remember how many civil liberties he took away from you.\"The first half is largely nonsensical. Some sticking points: 1, South Carolina secceeded before Lincoln was sworn into the presidency, effectively limiting the possibility that President Lincoln could have freed the slaves by paying the owners", "Login\n2, Lincoln could not have paid the owners to free the slaves. Congress is responsible for outlays, and the idea that the president would take a unilateral action of the type described here did not really occur until several decades later, even with the powers Lincoln used during the CW. 3, the states did not ratify the Constitution. The people of the states did.That said, much of the discussion is right on point. Lincoln did, at the very least, wage a war of questionable constitutionality", "Login\nJudge Napolitano is right in saying that the actions of Lincoln did lay some groundwork for future presidential actions and national centralization. This is not to say, as GM points out, that the holding of slaves was right, with or without the permission of the Constitution. In the end, was the freeing of slaves, whether intentional or otherwaise, worth the cost of the war", "Login\n? I think many, myself included, would say yes. In much the same way, I would argue that WWII was worth the fight no matter what the consequences of, for example, the United Nations (even if you disagree with the organization its roles globally). Logged", "Login\nQuote from: Crafty_Dog on February 21, 2011, 04:18:19 PMThank you BD.May I ask you please to expand upon the basis for thinking Lincoln's waging of the war unconstitutional?Yes sir.1. President Lincoln did, in fact, wage a war without congressional approval for months. Congress was in recess, back when that meant something, and despite the presidential power to recall it to Washington (U.S. Constitution Art II, section 3), he did not", "Login\nThat said, the majority opinion in the USSC's The Prize Cases, penned by Justice Grier, makes a very fine statement (one which was used by the Bush (II) adminstration to defend its powers in the war on terror, with the caveat that civil war not present): \"As a civil war is never publicly proclaimed... against insurgents, its actual existence is a fact in out domestic history which the Court is bound to notice and to know.\" However, note that Congress is given the power to suppress insurrection (Art", "Login\nI, section 8, clause 15).2. Lincoln did suspend the right of habeus corpus, which is allowable in a time of \"rebellion or invasion.\" However, as that power is present in Article I, section 9, the intention was that only Congress could suspend this right. The power of the president to suspend habeus corpus was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Ex parte Milligan (1866). Is this discussion the type of thing you desired, Guro", "Login\nVery much so. An imperfect student in these things that I value so highly, I am grateful for your extensive knowledge and perspective in these matters and your integrity in how you present the various POVs.\nQuote from: Crafty_Dog on February 21, 2011, 11:49:39 PMVery much so. An imperfect student in these things that I value so highly, I am grateful for your extensive knowledge and perspective in these matters and your integrity in how you present the various POVs.Thank you, sir. Logged", "Login\nhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/opinion/article_854e3070-45b9-11e0-800c-0017a4a78c22.htmlSixty-five years ago, Winston Churchill gave a landmark speech here in Missouri about the Iron Curtain that had descended in Europe, and the long history and future of the strategic partnership between the United States and the United Kingdom", "Login\nHis speech at Westminster College in Fulton focused on an alliance that delivered jobs, security and economic growth - the very same issues that tie together our two nations today.I'm coming to Missouri to mark the anniversary of Churchill's address on March 5, 1946, and to visit businesses and universities with strong links to Britain. Throughout my time here, I'll be making a modern version of the case Churchill made on the lasting importance of the U.K.-U.S. relationship.", "Login\nThe First TrickBy JAMIE MALANOWSKIMarch 2\ufffd9, 1861The Old Public Functionary attended his last public function this week. Delayed a bit by a rash of last-minute bills that needed his signature, President Buchanan arrived at Willard\ufffds Hotel a little past noon on Monday in order to escort his successor, as tradition demanded, to his inauguration", "Login\nTogether they were an incongruous pair: the outgoing president, short and round, wore a swallow-tailed coat and broad-brimmed silk hat, while the new president, long and lean, wore a black cashmere suit and his trademark black stovepipe. Mrs. Lincoln and her children had been escorted on ahead.Traveling in the presidential barouche, they were followed by a long parade: bands, floats full of pretty girls, mounted marshals, color guards, honored veterans and a phalanx of cavalrymen", "Login\nAt the head of a similar parade four years before, he began his presidency as one of the best-prepared political leaders ever to have assumed the office; he exits, after an economic panic and mounting sectional strife, with the country teetering on the brink of civil war so precariously that the rooftops of the buildings lining the route of this procession are crowned with sharpshooters, and artillery pieces command the avenues", "Login\nBuchanan\ufffds reputation is in ruins: almost daily he suffers to see the words imbecilic, moronic and traitorous affixed to his name. \ufffdMy dear sir,\ufffd\ufffd he at one point addressed Mr. Lincoln, \ufffdif you are as happy in entering the White House as I shall feel on returning to Wheatland, you are a happy man indeed.\ufffd\ufffd \ufffdMr. President, I cannot say that I shall enter it with much pleasure,\ufffd Mr", "Login\nLincoln graciously replied, \ufffdbut I assure you that I shall do what I can to maintain the high standards set by my illustrious predecessors who have occupied it.\ufffd\ufffd Few of the other remarks that President Buchanan happened to utter prior to the ceremonies has been shared; no doubt his comments would be full of the punctilious pleasantries the former ambassador perfected at the palace of St. Petersburg and the Court of St. James\ufffds", "Login\nBut it would be what he was thinking as he sat on that exalted rostrum and listened to his successor\ufffds address that one would dearly love to know. He, after all, has been scorned, and Mr. Lincoln celebrated, by the very same editorialists. And yet a number of their key statements have been nearly identical.For example, when Mr. Lincoln said, \ufffdThe Union of these states is perpetual. . . no government proper ever had provision in its organic law for its own termination,\ufffd\ufffd Mr", "Login\nBuchanan no doubt recalled his annual message that he sent to Congress last December, where he said, \ufffdThe Union of these states was designed to be perpetual. . . .Its framers never intended the absurdity of providing for its own destruction.\ufffd\ufffd There are other parallels. Where Lincoln said, \ufffdNo state upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union,\ufffd\ufffd Buchanan said, \ufffdNo state has a right upon its own to secede from the Union.\ufffd Where Lincoln said, \ufffdI shall take care that the laws. .", "Login\nbe faithfully executed,\ufffd\ufffd Buchanan said, \ufffdMy province is to execute the laws,\ufffd\ufffd and while Lincoln said that the would use his power \ufffdto hold, occupy, and possess the property belonging to the government,\ufffd\ufffd Buchanan offered a bit more flourish in saying, \ufffdIt is my duty at all times to defend and protect the public property.\ufffd\ufffd Of course, the parallels did not continue all the way through. Mr. Buchanan may have been waiting for Mr", "Login\nLincoln to imitate him, and offer an explanation of the origins of the conflict that would prominently feature a sharp and lengthy condemnation of a quarter century\ufffds worth of abolitionist provocations. Instead Mr. Lincoln was succinct. \ufffdOne section of our country believes slavery is right and out to be extended,\ufffd\ufffd he tartly summarized, \ufffdwhile the other believes it is wrong, and ought not to be extended. That is the only substantial dispute.\ufffd\ufffd His tone left no doubt which opinion he held. And while Mr", "Login\nBuchanan may have expected something similar to his long, lawyerly explanation of why the Constitution left him powerless to prevent states from seceding, Mr. Lincoln, though not overtly threatening, was nonetheless clear that he felt far from impotent : \ufffdIn your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict, without being yourselves the aggressors", "Login\nYou have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to `preserve, protect and defend\ufffd it.\ufffd\ufffd Mr. Buchanan found no authorization for action in the Constitution; Mr. Lincoln sees one in his constitutionally mandated oath. Reaction to Mr. Lincoln\ufffds address has run the gamut, not only among political views, but within them", "Login\nThe abolitionist Frederick Douglass was disappointed, telling friends that the speech, in which Lincoln \ufffdprostrated himself before the foul and withering curse of slavery,\ufffd\ufffd was \ufffdlittle better than our worst fears.\ufffd\ufffd The equally ardent abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner, however, approved of the way the speech showed \ufffda hand of iron in a velvet glove.\ufffd\ufffd Most of the voices in the seceded states, predictably enough, condemned the speech, with the Atlanta Confederacy calling it \ufffda medley of ignorance, sanctimonious cant and tender-footed bullyism\ufffd\ufffd and the Charleston Mercury saying that a \ufffdmore lamentable display of feeble inability to grasp the circumstances of this momentous emergency could scarcely have been exhibited.\ufffd\ufffd And yet Alexander Stephens, the newly minted vice president of the Confederacy, is reported to have privately admired the address as \ufffdthe most adroit state paper ever published on this continent.\ufffd\ufffd The smirking secessionist Senator Wigfall, the fire-eating Edmund Ruffin and the legalistic", "Login\nto have privately admired the address as \ufffdthe most adroit state paper ever published on this continent.\ufffd\ufffd The smirking secessionist Senator Wigfall, the fire-eating Edmund Ruffin and the legalistic disunionist Thomas Cobb have all concluded that Lincoln\ufffds words mean war", "Login\nBut Lincoln\ufffds old adversary, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, disagrees. \ufffdHe does not mean coercion; he says nothing about retaking the forts, or Federal property,\ufffd\ufffd said Douglas in response to queries. \ufffdEvery point in the address is susceptible of a double construction, but I think he does not mean coercion.\ufffd\ufffd And there are many editorialists, not from northern cities but from Chattanooga and Raleigh and Lexington, all in slaveholding states that have yet to secede, who agree", "Login\nIt is to these men, the pro-unionists of the upper south, and especially to the delegates of the Virginia Secession Convention, to whom Lincoln was speaking when he said in the address, \ufffdMy countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time", "Login\nIf there be an object to hurry any of you in hot haste to a step which you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking time; but no good object can be frustrated by it.\ufffd\ufffd Call it coincidence, but when Mr. Lincoln faced a different conflict this week, he took the same approach. Consider: Senator Seward, the man long-designated as Mr", "Login\nLincoln\ufffds secretary of state, at the last moment withdrew his name from selection, apparently in protest that the new Cabinet would include Senator Chase of Ohio and other ironbacks who advocate taking a tougher, less conciliatory approach to the South than Mr. Seward prefers. Was it principle", "Login\n? Regardless \ufffd rather than confront Seward\ufffds demand directly, Mr. Lincoln responded with a two-prong approach. He made it clear to a group of Seward\ufffds friends that even though it would be regrettable to lose Seward, he was prepared to name to the State Department William Dayton, the attorney general of New Jersey; and of course he would keep Chase. At the same time, Lincoln wrote to Seward, requesting that he reconsider his withdrawal", "Login\nIn other words, he took a position, and waited for Seward to make the next move; and Seward, of course, acquiesced. \ufffdI can\ufffdt let Seward take the first trick,\ufffd\ufffd Lincoln told a confidant.Lincoln hoped to do something similar with the seceded states: take a strong position, and then wait until they either came to him on terms he found acceptable or took responsibility for starting the conflict. Shockingly, Lincoln\ufffds plan was dead before he could articulate it", "Login\nTwo hours before the swearing in, President Buchanan received an urgent message from Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, informing his superiors that he was running out of supplies. If not relieved \ufffd and Anderson estimated that because of the Confederate forces massed on the shore, it would take 20,000 men to accomplish that mission \ufffd he would have to surrender the fort in six weeks. Lincoln had devised a strategy that could be expressed in one phrase: Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time", "Login\nNow, suddenly, time was running out.This news did not reach President Lincoln until the afternoon following the inauguration, when the outgoing secretary of war, Joseph Holt, gave him a complete report \ufffd complete, that is, with explanations and assurances that the previous administration knew nothing of Major Anderson\ufffds difficulties, that he had submitted no request for supplies, nor for reinforcements, nor had he warned about the construction of the rebels\ufffd works", "Login\nBy that point, Buchanan was on a train, on his way back to his beloved Wheatland.He had spoken to Lincoln since receiving the news; at the reception at the White House after the inauguration, the two men had a tete a tete. Buchanan was observed to be doing nearly all the talking, holding forth with urgent animation. Was the outgoing president imparting some final advice, sharing some guidance that would prove vital in the days ahead", "Login\n? Indeed. \ufffdI think you will find the water of the right hand well of the White House better than that at the left,\ufffd\ufffd an eavesdropper overheard Buchanan say. Insights about the pantry and kitchen followed. The state of Sumter was never a topic.Sources: To learn more about these events, please see \ufffdPresident Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman,\ufffd\ufffd by William Lee Miller (Alfred A. Knopf, 2008); \ufffdLincoln President-Elect,\ufffd\ufffd by Harold Holzer (Simon and Schuster, 2008); and \ufffdDays of Defiance,\ufffd by Maury Klein (Alfred A", "Login\nThe presidential election of 1800:\nNice find Logged\nQuote from: Freki on March 10, 2011, 08:50:47 AMNice find Thank you, Freki. And let me say that I thoroughly enjoy your contributions on the Founding Fathers/American Creed. Logged", "Login\nIf only Sally Hemings saved her dress with the stain for 200 years: ****Y-chromosome studies indicate that Thomas Jefferson may very well have had children by the slave Sally Hemings", "Login\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Did Thomas Jefferson Father Slave Children?Back to Build a Family TreeThe first American presidential sex scandal never went on trial, but rumors have persisted to this day that President and founding father Thomas Jefferson had an illicit relationship with his slave mistress, Sally Hemings, that bore him children. Jefferson never responded publicly to this attack on his character nor denied the accusations", "Login\nThe circumstantial evidence is suggestive. Jefferson, who traveled extensively for long periods, always happened to be in residence nine months before the birth of each of Sally Hemings's seven children. Some of Hemings's children were said to bear a striking resemblance to Jefferson. And in an 1873 interview, Sally's fourth son Madison stated that his mother had been Jefferson's \"concubine,\" and that he and his siblings were the president's children", "Login\nThe Y chromosome keeps its family secrets and now, nearly two centuries later, DNA evidence has unequivocally linked a male descendant of Sally Hemings to the house of Thomas Jefferson.To a geneticist, the obvious solution to resolve questions of paternity going back generations is to compare Y chromosomes from living descendants of the father in question", "Login\nBecause the Y chromosome is passed virtually intact from father to son to grandson and so on down the line, it traces the father's male side of the family tree. Jefferson's slave records listing the names of Sally Hemings and her sons. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- If Jefferson fathered a child with Hemings, all his male descendants should carry a nearly identical copy of his Y chromosome", "Login\nInvestigators tracked down living male descendants of Hemings's sons and compared their Y-chromosome DNA to that from male descendants of the president's paternal uncle, Field Jefferson. (Thomas Jefferson's only legitimate son by his wife Martha died in infancy.)The story the DNA told was that the descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally's youngest son, had the same genetic signature as the male descendants of Field Jefferson", "Login\nBut the descendants of Thomas Woodward, Sally's first son, did not share a genetic signature in common with Thomas Jefferson. The DNA data clearly shows that one of Sally's sons, Eston, born during the president's second term in office, was a Jefferson offspring. What the data cannot resolve definitively is whether Thomas Jefferson or another male relative on his father's side of the family was Eston Hemings's father", "Login\nIt is noteworthy that the same Y chromosome type existed just 20 miles away with Thomas Jefferson's brother Randolph and his five sons. The historical records indicate that Randolph and his sons occasionally spent time at Monticello, the presidential residence, but the trail of evidence disappears there, leaving Thomas Jefferson as still the most likely father of Eston Hemings Jefferson.", "Login\nwas in Wisconsin:***The Origins of the Republican PartyTrying times spawn new forces. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 divided the country at the 36\ufffd 30' parallel between the pro-slavery, agrarian South and anti-slavery, industrial North, creating an uneasy peace which lasted for three decades. This peace was shattered in 1854 by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Settlers would decide if their state would be free or slave", "Login\nNorthern leaders such as Horace Greeley, Salmon Chase and Charles Sumner could not sit back and watch the flood of pro-slavery settlers cross the parallel. A new party was needed.Where was the party born", "Login\n? Following the publication of the \"Appeal of Independent Democrats\" in major newspapers, spontaneous demonstrations occurred. In early 1854, the first proto-Republican Party meeting took place in Ripon, Wisconsin", "Login\nOn June 6, 1854 on the outskirts of Jackson, Michigan upwards of 10,000 people turned out for a mass meeting \"Under the Oaks.\" This led to the first organizing convention in Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856.The gavel fell to open the Party's first nominating convention, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 17, 1856, announcing the birth of the Republican Party as a unified political force.Horace GreeleyThe Republican Party name was christened in an editorial written by New York newspaper magnate Horace Greeley", "Login\nGreeley printed in June 1854: \"We should not care much whether those thus united (against slavery) were designated 'Whig,' 'Free Democrat' or something else; though we think some simple name like 'Republican' would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery.\"The elections of 1854 saw the Republicans take Michigan and make advances in many states, but this election was dominated by the emergence of the short-lived American (or 'Know-Nothing') Party", "Login\nBy 1855, the Republican Party controlled a majority in the House of Representatives. The new Party decided to hold an organizing convention in Pittsburgh in early 1856, leading up to the Philadelphia convention. As the convention approached, things came to a head \ufffd and to blows", "Login\nOn the floor of the Senate Democratic representatives Preston Brooks and Lawrence Keitt (South Carolina) brutally attacked Charles Sumner with a cane after Sumner gave a passionate anti-slavery speech which Brooks took offense (he was related to the main antagonist of Sumner's speech, South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler). Both representatives resigned from Congress with severe indignation over their ouster, but were returned to Congress by South Carolina voters in the next year", "Login\nSumner was not able to return to the Congressional halls for four years after the attack. Brooks was heard boasting \"Next time I will have to kill him,\" as he left the Senate floor after the attack.On the same day as the attack came the news of the armed attack in Lawrence, Kansas. As a direct outgrowth of the \"settler sovereignty\" of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, an armed band of men from Missouri and Nebraska sacked the town of Lawrence and arrested the leaders of the free state", "Login\nThe anti-abolitionists had made it clear that \"settler sovereignty\" meant pro-slavery. Labeled only as \"ruffians\" by Southern politicians, Horace Greeley was quick to decry both events as plots of the pro-slavery South. \"Failing to silence the North by threats. . .the South now resorts to actual violence.\" The first rumblings of the Civil War had begun", "Login\nThe stage was set for the 1856 election, one which held the future of the Union in its grasp.Read the Republican Platform of 1856And what of the nickname \"Grand Old Party\"?The nickname of the Republican Party didn't get attached to it until 1888. Previously, the nickname had been used by Southern Democrats", "Login\nAfter the Republicans won back the Presidency and Congress for the first time since the Grant administration, the Chicago Tribune proclaimed: \"Let us be thankful that under the rule of the Grand Old Party ... these United States will resume the onward and upward march which the election of Grover Cleveland in 1884 partially arrested.\" Copyright \ufffd1999-2010 by the Independence Hall Association, a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1942.", "Login\nCCP wrote: \"first republican party meeting was in Wisconsin\"Very surprising that would be the center of action then, much less now. Besides the State Capital crisis, today the new national R party leader is out of Wisconsin, it is home of the biggest senate seat shift, a fiscally sound businessman Ron Johnson in for Russ Feingold. And one of the only conservative influential members of Washington media is from Green Bay, Wisc, WSJ Editorial Page Editor: Paul Gigot"]

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221301, 0.0], [221301, 225603, 0.04021385], [225603, 226180, 0.05372617]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 226180, 0.94938552]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 226180, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 226180, 0.82284081]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 226180, 3292.40695716]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 226180, 4302.20697794]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 226180, 2567.6223846]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 226180, 1853.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/804/

"G98-1364 Feeding Children Ages 2 to 5" by H. Darlene Martin

["G98-1364 Feeding Children Ages 2 to 5 by H. Darlene Martin\nDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln\n> Extension\n> Extension Historical Materials\nHistorical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension\nG98-1364 Feeding Children Ages 2 to 5\nH. Darlene Martin, University of Nebraska - Lincoln\n\u00a9 1998, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln Extension. All rights reserved.\nThis NebGuide defines nutritional needs and healthy eating patterns for children ages 2 to 5.", "G98-1364 Feeding Children Ages 2 to 5 by H. Darlene Martin\nChildren move though growth spurts throughout childhood. Usually, a child will grow about 2 1/2 inches and gain about four or five pounds each year between the ages of 2 and 5. By 15 months old, most children have developed enough fine motor skills to feed themselves without help, if allowed to do so. Appetites vary with young children as well as adults", "G98-1364 Feeding Children Ages 2 to 5 by H. Darlene Martin\nParents and caregivers need to help promote a healthy pattern of eating rather than using controlling techniques such as restricting food intake of heavier children or pressuring smaller children to eat more. Attitudes and habits formed during the early childhood years can help establish lifelong health habits."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://eprints.utas.edu.au/493/

Characterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework

["Characterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework\nCharacterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework\nRidley, G\nCharacterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework.\nAustralasian Journal of Information Systems, 14 (1).\nAJISTheoryAsPub...pdf\nOfficial URL: http://dl.acs.org.au/index.php/ajis", "Characterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework\nThe study reported in this volume aims to investigate the state of the Information Systems academic discipline in Australia from a historical and current perspective, collecting evidence across a range of dimensions. To maximise the strategic potential of the study, the results need to be capable of integration, so that the relationships within and across the dimensions and geographical units are understood", "Characterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework\nA meaningful theoretical framework will help relate the results of the different dimensions of the study to characterise the discipline in the region, and assist in empowering the Australian IS research community. This paper reviewed literature on the development of disciplines, before deriving a theoretical framework for the broader study reported in this volume. The framework considered the current and past state of IS in Australian universities from the perspective of the development of a discipline", "Characterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework\nThe components of the framework were derived and validated through a thematic analysis of both the IS and non-IS literature. This paper also presents brief vignettes of the development of two other related disciplines. The framework developed in this paper, which has been partly guided by Whitley's Theory of Scientific Change, has been used to analyse data collated from the Australian states and the Australian Capital Territory", "Characterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework\nThe degree of variation in Australian IS as an indication of its professionalisation, the nature of its body of knowledge and its mechanisms of control, will be used to frame the analysis. Research reported in several of the papers that follow in this volume has drawn upon the theoretical framework presented below.", "Characterising Information Systems in Australia: a theoretical framework\nInformation Systems, theory, Australia, framework, discipline, development, professionalisation, Theory of Scientific Change\nAustralasian Journal of Information Systems\nThe theoretical framework set out in this paper has been drawn upon by other papers on the Information Systems Discipline in Australian Universities, published in the Volume 14, Number 1, 2006, edition of the \"Australasian Journal of Information Systems\"."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://codelist.biz/2021/12/09/years-do-not-pass-this-is-how-sofia-vergara-looked-in-a-bikini-at-the-beginning-of-the-2000s/

Years do not pass: this is how Sofía Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s

["Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nYears do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nSofia Vergara is the only Latina on the list of the highest paid actresses (Photo: AFP)", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nSof\u00eda Vergara is, without a doubt, the most successful Colombian in Hollywood. Her talent, sense of humor and beauty have made Barranquilla climb to the top of the American television industry. As a memory of her beginnings, through her Instagram account, who played Gloria in Modern Family showed a photo of a photo shoot she had in Los Angeles in the early 2000s.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nBefore her more than 21 million followers, the actress showed her figure in a bikini while she was still in her twenties. The now 48-year-old woman, equally beautiful, caused reactions among her followers for her slim body.\nSof\u00eda Vergara in a bikini. Photo: Instagram", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nIn the dynamics of throwback thursday, That is, Thursday of memories, the Barranquilla said that the photo session dates from the beginning of the millennium and was held in Los Angeles, California. Before the revealing image, his followers admired the toned abdomen of the woman in the brown bikini she was wearing.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nIn the other image, Vergara can be seen looking young at the beginning of his career in the United States. In the photo, the woman wears a purple shirt and several necklaces accompanying the wardrobe in the best style of Barranquilla.\nPhoto of Sof\u00eda Vergara in 2000. Instagram.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nVergara began her career in the United States by moving to Miami and signing an exclusive contract with the Spanish-speaking channel Univisi\u00f3n. While there, she served as the host of various game shows. Later, she acted in Mexican novels and later she went to Los Angeles to try her luck as a film and television actress in the North American country.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nSince 2009, she worked as an actress for the humorous series Modern Family, which made her take off to fame and become for a time the highest paid actress on television in that country. The last broadcast of the successful program, which had 11 seasons, aired on April 8, 2020.\nThe battle with her ex over the embryos", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nAnother chapter begins in the battle of Vergara with his ex Nick Loeb for the custody of his frozen embryos, since A judge of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, United States, granted a permanent court order indicating that the businessman cannot use the embryos without the consent of the Colombian.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nSomething that is undoubtedly a victory for the actress, since the American businessman went as far as wanting to establish their rights, naming the embryos, and in fact, according to information from the Daily Mail portal, tried to open trusts for the embryos.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nOther media such as TMZ claim that, he did it in his fight \u201cTooth and nail for permission to carry the embryos to term\u201d, and it is that just last month, Loeb lost another legal battle for his legal custody, after a Louisiana appeals court ruled in favor of the Modern Family star.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nOn that occasion, as Daily Mail points out, the Louisiana Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit \u201cConfirmed the dismissal of a lawsuit that Loeb had filed in an attempt to claim custody of two embryos that were frozen seven years ago \u201d.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\nIt all started when in 2013, Vergara and Loeb, while still together, decided to freeze their embryos. What they did not imagine is that a dispute would begin the following year, when the businessman sued the Colombian for custody of the embryos, with the alleged intention of implanting them in the uterus of another woman in order to fulfill his desire to become a father. The actress and businesswoman wants to destroy them.", "Years do not pass: this is how Sof\u00eda Vergara looked in a bikini at the beginning of the 2000s\n\u201cI have two daughters. When you have embryos 50% are hers and 50% mine \u201csaid Loeb, who also explained that, with current technology, he knows the sex of the embryos, which, he assured, both decided to call Isabella and Emma.\n\u201cI don\u2019t need to steal to live well\u201d: Esperanza G\u00f3mez refuses to enter politics and reveals her future in the adult industry\n\u201cI\u2019m not selling vice\u201d: the journey of \u2018Epa Colombia\u2019 to keep its keratin company afloat\nThis is what will happen to your accounts, credits, debts and Afores"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.willemwitteveen.com/knights-templar/

The Knights Templar – Part 1. History

["The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nTemplar, also called Knight Templar, member of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, a religious military order of knighthood established at the time of the Crusades that became a model and inspiration for other military orders. Originally founded to protect Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land, the order assumed greater military duties during the 12th century. Its prominence and growing wealth, however, provoked opposition from rival orders", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nFalsely accused of blasphemy and blamed for Crusader failures in the Holy Land, the order was destroyed by King Philip IV of France.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nFollowing the success of the First Crusade (1095-1099), a number of Crusader states were established in the Holy Land, but these kingdoms lacked the necessary military force to maintain more than a tenuous hold over their territories. Most Crusaders returned home after fulfilling their vows, and Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem suffered attacks from Muslim raiders", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nPitying the plight of these Christians, eight or nine French knights led by Hugh de Payns vowed in late 1119 or early 1120 to devote themselves to the pilgrims\u2019 protection and to form a religious community for that purpose. Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem, gave them quarters in a wing of the royal palace in the area of the former Temple of Solomon, and from this they derived their name.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nAlthough the Templars were opposed by those who rejected the idea of a religious military order and later by those who criticized their wealth and influence, they were supported by many secular and religious leaders. Beginning in 1127, Hugh undertook a tour of Europe and was well received by many nobles, who made significant donations to the knights. The Templars obtained further sanction at the Council of Troyes in 1128, which may have requested that Bernard of Clairvaux compose the new rule", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nBernard also wrote In Praise of the New Knighthood (c. 1136), which defended the order against its critics and contributed to its growth. In 1139, Pope Innocent II issued a bull that granted the order special privileges: the Templars were allowed to build their own oratories and were not required to pay the tithe; they were also exempt from episcopal jurisdiction, being subject to the pope alone.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThe rule of the order was modelled after the Benedictine Rule, especially as understood and implemented by the Cistercians. The Knights Templar swore an oath of poverty, chastity, and obedience and renounced the world, just as the Cistercians and other monks did. Like the monks, the Templars heard the divine office during each of the canonical hours of the day and were expected to honour the fasts and vigils of the monastic calendar", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThey were frequently found in prayer and expressed particular veneration to the Virgin Mary. They were not allowed to gamble, swear, or become drunk and were required to live in community, sleeping in a common dormitory and eating meals together. They were not, however, strictly cloistered, as were the monks, nor were they expected to perform devotional reading (most Templars were uneducated and unable to read Latin). The knights\u2019 primary duty was to fight", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThe Templars gradually expanded their duties from protecting pilgrims to mounting a broader defence of the Crusader states in the Holy Land. They built castles, garrisoned important towns, and participated in battles, fielding significant contingents against Muslim armies until the fall of Acre, the last remaining Crusader stronghold in the Holy Land, in 1291", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nTheir great effectiveness was attested by the sultan Saladin following the devastating defeat of Crusader forces at the Battle of \u1e24a\u1e6d\u1e6d\u012bn; he bought the Templars who were taken prisoner and later had each of them executed.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nBy the mid-12th century the constitution of the order and its basic structure were established. It was headed by a grand master, who was elected for life and served in Jerusalem. Templar territories were divided into provinces, which were governed by provincial commanders, and each individual house, called a preceptory, was headed by a preceptor. General chapter meetings of all members of the order were held to address important matters affecting the Templars and to elect a new master when necessary", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThe Templars were originally divided into two classes: knights and sergeants. The knight-brothers came from the military aristocracy and were trained in the arts of war. They assumed elite leadership positions in the order and served at royal and papal courts. Only the knights wore the Templars\u2019 distinctive regalia, a white surcoat marked with a red cross. The sergeants, or serving-brothers, who were usually from lower social classes, made up the majority of members", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThey dressed in black habits and served as both warriors and servants. The Templars eventually added a third class, the chaplains, who were responsible for holding religious services, administering the sacraments, and addressing the spiritual needs of the other members. Although women were not allowed to join the order, there seems to have been at least one Templar nunnery.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThe Templars eventually acquired great wealth. The kings and great nobles of Spain, France, and England gave lordships, castles, seigniories, and estates to the order, so that by the mid-12th century the Templars owned properties scattered throughout western Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Holy Land", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThe Templars\u2019 military strength enabled them to safely collect, store, and transport bullion to and from Europe and the Holy Land, and their network of treasure storehouses and their efficient transport organization made them attractive as bankers to kings as well as to pilgrims to the Holy Land.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThe Templars were not without enemies, however. They had long engaged in a bitter rivalry with the other great military order of Europe, the Hospitallers, and, by the late 13th century, proposals were being made to merge the two contentious orders into one. The fall of Acre to the Muslims in 1291 removed much of the Templars\u2019 reason for being, and their great wealth, extensive landholdings in Europe, and power inspired resentment toward them", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nAlthough an ex-Templar had accused the order of blasphemy and immorality as early as 1304 (though more likely 1305), it was only later \u2013 after Philip IV ordered the arrest on October 13, 1307, of every Templar in France and sequestered all the Templars\u2019 property in the country \u2013 that most of the people of Europe became aware of the extent of the alleged crimes of the order", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nPhilip accused the Templars of heresy and immorality; specific charges against them included idol worship (of a bearded male head said to have great powers), worship of a cat, homosexuality, and numerous other errors of belief and practice. At the order\u2019s secret initiation rite, it was claimed, the new member denied Christ three times, spat on the crucifix, and was kissed on the base of the spine, on the navel, and on the mouth by the knight presiding over the ceremony", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThe charges, now recognized to be without foundation, were calculated to stoke contemporary fears of heretics, witches, and demons and were similar to allegations Philip had used against Pope Boniface VIII.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nThe reasons why Philip sought to destroy the Templars are unclear; he may have genuinely feared their power and been motivated by his own piety to destroy a heretical group, or he may have simply seen an opportunity to seize their immense wealth, being chronically short of money himself. At any rate, Philip mercilessly pursued the order and had many of its members tortured to secure false confessions", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nAlthough Pope Clement V, himself a Frenchman, ordered the arrest of all the Templars in November 1307, a church council in 1311 voted overwhelmingly against suppression, and Templars in countries other than France were found innocent of the charges.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nCouncil of Vienne 1311/1312 \u2013 Its principal act was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar on the instigation of Philip IV of France", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nClement, however, under strong pressure from Philip, suppressed the order on March 22, 1312, and the Templars\u2019 property throughout Europe was transferred to the Hospitallers or confiscated by secular rulers. Knights who confessed and were reconciled to the church were sent into retirement in the order\u2019s former houses or in monasteries, but those who failed to confess or who relapsed were put on trial. Among those judged guilty was the order\u2019s last grand master, Jacques de Molay", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nBrought before a commission established by the pope, de Molay and other leaders were judged relapsed heretics and sentenced to life in prison. The master protested and repudiated his confession and was burned at the stake, the last victim of a highly unjust and opportunistic persecution.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nAt the time of its destruction, the order was an important institution in both Europe and the Holy Land and already an object of myth and legend. The Templars were associated with the Grail legend and were identified as defenders of the Grail castle through the remainder of the Middle Ages. In the 18th century the Freemasons claimed to have received in a secret line of succession esoteric knowledge that the Templars had possessed", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nLater fraternal orders similarly invoked the Templar name to bolster claims of ancient or revealed wisdom. The Templars were also identified as Gnostics and were accused of involvement in a number of conspiracies, including one that was allegedly behind the French Revolution. One often cited but likely apocryphal account relates that, after the execution of Louis XVI, a French Freemason dipped a cloth in the slain king\u2019s blood and cried out, \u201cJacques de Molay, you are avenged!\u201d", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nIn the 20th century the image of Christ on the Shroud of Turin was identified as the head allegedly worshipped by the Templars. Resurrecting a vein of pseudohistory and Grail legends, authors in the 20th century, claiming to assert historical fact but writing what most scholars regard as fantasy, implicated the Templars in a vast conspiracy dedicated to preserving the bloodline of Jesus. Similar occult conspiracy theories were also used by writers of fiction in the 20th and 21st centuries.", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nWritten by the Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nPart 2. The Knights Templar \u2013 Life and Death\n\u2018Buried\u2019: Knights Templar and the Holy Grail\n(TV series 2018 -)\nThe Knights Templar build a 4,000-mile network from Paris to Jerusalem; Mikey Kay and Garth Baldwin investigate the knights\u2019 underground movements to discover if they escaped being destroyed in 1307 and took the Holy Grail with them.\n1. Holy City Holy Grail\n2. Last Stand in the Holy Land\n3. Surviving the End\n4. Land of Secrets", "The Knights Templar \u2013 Part 1. History\nBy Willem Witteveen|2020-01-19T11:30:08+01:00August 15th, 2018|\nAbout the Author: Willem Witteveen\nThe Venus-Pleiades conjunction \u2013 The Myth of the Seven Sisters\nThe Ankh \u2013 Tool of the Gods\nWerethekau \u2013 Goddess of Healing\nThe Major Arcana of the Tarot \u2013 Greater Secrets\nThe Mystery of the Holy Grail \u2013 Part 1. Sacred Water\n\u201cMelissa\u201d \u2013 \u201cBee\u201d"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://leonlive.com/ob-scu-ri-tys-and-mys-ter-y-s-aka-nothing-else-to-do/blog/6510199/folk-magic

Ob·scu·ri·tys and Mys·ter·y's / AKA Nothing Else To Do

["Ob\u00b7scu\u00b7ri\u00b7tys and Mys\u00b7ter\u00b7y's / AKA Nothing Else To Do\nOb\u00b7scu\u00b7ri\u00b7tys and Mys\u00b7ter\u00b7y's / AKA Nothing Else To Do\nWillie West\nLoLa Cherry\nBeggars Dance\nLeon Laudenbach\nFolk Magic\nIn Scandinavia the klok gumma (\"wise woman\") or klok gubbe (\"wise man\"), and collectively De kloka (\"The Wise ones\"), as they were known in Swedish, were usually elder members of the community who acted as folk healers and midwives.", "Ob\u00b7scu\u00b7ri\u00b7tys and Mys\u00b7ter\u00b7y's / AKA Nothing Else To Do\nMany Norwegian and Danish practitioners of folk magic and medicine would have a copy of the \"Svartebok\" (or \"black book\"), a tome that, according to some, was written by Cyprianus, that is, the Saint of Necromancers, Cyprian of Antioch, and by others to have been the Sixth and Seventh books of the Bible (or \"Books of Moses\" as the Pentateuch is known in Denmark and Norway) that were left out of the official Old Testament by the learned so that the common folk would not learn the knowledge held within the text.", "Ob\u00b7scu\u00b7ri\u00b7tys and Mys\u00b7ter\u00b7y's / AKA Nothing Else To Do\n(A formulary found in a \"black book\" recovered from a farm near Elverum contains many formulas such as one for a toothache that commands the user of the charm to write the words \"Agerin, Nagerin, Vagerin, Jagerin, Ipagerin, Sipia\" on a piece of paper using a new pen, cut the paper into three small pieces, place the first piece onto the tooth in the evening and in the morning spit the piece into the fire. This should then be repeated with the other pieces)."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.thecontroversialfiles.net/the-bizarre-tale-of-the-astronaut-who-vanished-in-space-and-reappeared-decades-later/

The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later

["The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThere are countless tales of the strange lurking about all about the Internet, many of them in the dark corners where many do not think to even look for them. Occasionally one will come across and incredible story that is at once completely outlandish and eyebrow raising, seeming to be surely the stuff of tall tales, and this is certainly one of those", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThe somewhat dubious tale we are looking at here begins with a man named John Smith, who was supposedly born in 1941 into a military family, going on in his young adult years to enroll in the military college of the US Air Force in 1960, from where he allegedly graduated with flying colors. He would go on to fight as a pilot in the Vietnam War, earning a \u201cMedal for Service in Vietnam\u201d and quite the reputation as a respected ace pilot, after which he set his sights on becoming an astronaut", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nIn this endeavor he apparently succeeded, and he was assigned as what is referred to as a \u201ccleaner,\u201d part of a space mission to clear Earth\u2019s orbit of various space junk including pieces of rockets, out of service satellites, and other random detritus and trash to make the void safe for space travel. This is where his life would apparently get weird, and become a very strange tale of a man lost in space, only to reappear alive decades later under some very mysterious circumstances.", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nIn the 1970s, the U.S. government was fully engaged in an anti-satellite program in order to monitor and possibly engage enemy spy satellites. This had been going on since the early 1960s, with the creation of Program 505 in 1962, based at the Kwajalein Missile Range, about halfway between Hawaii and the Philippine islands, and using the Nike Zeus anti-ballistic missile to intercept satellites", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThis went on to form the foundation of Program 437, which was the second anti-satellite weapons program of the U.S. military, this time using PGM-17 Thor ballistic missile to intercept low Earth orbiting satellites, and which had its facilities on Johnston Island, an isolated island in the north central Pacific Ocean. Both programs carried out a series of tests of high-altitude nuclear explosions and both were very real, but the program that Smith would supposedly become involved in was a bit different", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nEven when official anti-satellite programs and development were ended in 1975, anti-satellite technology continued, and Smith would become involved one such plan, using astronauts to supposedly act as a security patrol in space against enemy satellites.", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nIn this case, the idea was apparently to use a top-secret network of manned space vehicles designed to detect, hunt down, and destroy enemy ballistic missiles as well as satellites. The story goes that in October of 1973, Smith was launched up into space on a mission aboard a vessel disguised as a satellite in order to remain undetected as he went about his mysterious, top-secret work", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThree days apparently went by without incident, but then his ship entered an area of anomalous heightened radiation and his maneuvering and orientation systems inexplicably went haywire. At the time there were also purportedly several unexplained bursts of unexplained radio noise that could not be tracked. NASA apparently tried to save the stricken astronaut, but were unable to do so, and his communications equipment then shut down entirely to leave him lost to space.", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nSoon after the strange incident, NASA purportedly went about covering it all up, noting the failed mission as simply the result of an accident during a training flight, making no mention of the radiation or the radio interference, and highly classifying the whole thing", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThere it would remain, in the files of tragedies in space, Smith relegated to the files of lost astronauts and space mysteries, but then in 2000, the lost spaceship that had been carrying Smith was allegedly discovered quite by accident when an amateur astronomer in the Fiji Islands observed an anomalous orbiting object at an altitude of 470 kilometers and reported it to the proper authorities, who became convinced that it was Smith\u2019s spacecraft based on its trajectory and appearance", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThey then went about trying to retrieve the craft, and as it had fallen into a stable and low orbit it was able to be collected during the next flight of the shuttle Endeavor in 2001. This is where things get really weird.", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nWhen the spacecraft was brought to earth, it was apparently opened and much to the utter shock of all present, Smith was not only found inside, but he was still alive even after decades of being lost in space. He was unconscious and seemed to be in some sort of state of suspended animation, but no one could figure out how this could be. Efforts were made to revive him, and a medical examination would soon turn up some strange anomalies", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nFor one, although Smith\u2019s heart was in the right location, the thing was that before the flight he had been one of those rare people whose heart lies to the right rather than the more common left, yet now it was where it should be. There was also the fact that there were no signs of the fracture the ribs he had sustained as a young boy and several large moles that he had had were gone, as well as some scars that he was known to have had", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nIt was as if his body had been somehow \u201cfixed.\u201d This would only be the beginning of the strangeness, as his personal notebook was found with him in the compartment, which happened to be missing 50 pages and supposedly had 24 pages full of cryptic symbols that resembled hieroglyphics and which no one could decipher.", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nWhen Smith was lucid enough to talk, he would turn out to have no memory of what had happened to him and no awareness that he had been lost in space for nearly three decades, no sense that any time had passed at all, and he was quite the conundrum. As authorities tried to figure out what was going on, Smith would allegedly pull off one last mystery, when he one day just suddenly vanished from the facility where he was being kept without a trace", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThere was no sign as to how he could have escaped the secured area undetected, no trace of him on CCTV footage, nothing. It was as if he had just evaporated into thin air.", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThat is where this bizarre tale apparently ends. The government came in and had the whole thing classified and buried, and that was that", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nSeeing as the case only seems to be talked about on a few conspiracy sites and Reddit, with no sources really given and the whole \u201cgovernment top-secret cover-up\u201d angle played to the hilt, there is a very likely chance that this is nothing but the stuff of Internet legends and creepypasta stories, the result of some people getting a little creative and starting up \u201cunsolved mysteries\u201d that have never really existed outside of the imagination", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nTake it all with a grain of salt, but the story has made the rounds, and true or not, tall tale or otherwise, it is all pretty bonkers and eye-brow raising all the same.", "The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later\nThe post The Bizarre Tale of the Astronaut Who Vanished in Space and Reappeared Decades Later first appeared on Mysterious Universe.\nTime Traveler is Offering Trips to 2714 and Predicts Human-Chimp Hybrid in 2022\nFlying Bent Spoon, Smell of Happiness, Pig Brain Therapy and More Mysterious News Briefly \u2014 January 6, 2022"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://epbookspot.com/chapter-10/

The Railways of India.

["The Railways of India.\nEverybody knows that the great reversed triangle of land, with its base in the north and its apex in the south, which is called India, embraces fourteen hundred thousand square miles, upon which is spread unequally a population of one hundred and eighty millions of souls. The British Crown exercises a real and despotic dominion over the larger portion of this vast country, and has a governor\u2013general stationed at Calcutta, governors at Madras, Bombay, and in Bengal, and a lieutenant\u2013governor at Agra.", "The Railways of India.\nBut British India, properly so called, only embraces seven hundred thousand square miles, and a population of from one hundred to one hundred and ten millions of inhabitants. A considerable portion of India is still free from British authority; and there are certain ferocious rajahs in the interior who are absolutely independent", "The Railways of India.\nThe celebrated East India Company was all\u2013powerful from 1756, when the English first gained a foothold on the spot where now stands the city of Madras, down to the time of the great Sepoy insurrection. It gradually annexed province after province, purchasing them of the native chiefs, whom it seldom paid, and appointed the governor\u2013general and his subordinates, civil and military", "The Railways of India.\nBut the East India Company has now passed away, leaving the British possessions in India directly under the control of the Crown. The aspect of the country, as well as the manners and distinctions of race, is daily changing.", "The Railways of India.\nFormerly one was obliged to travel in India by the old cumbrous methods of going on foot or on horseback, in palanquins or unwieldy coaches; now fast steamboats ply on the Indus and the Ganges, and a great railway, with branch lines joining the main line at many points on its route, traverses the peninsula from Bombay to Calcutta in three days. This railway does not run in a direct line across India", "The Railways of India.\nThe distance between Bombay and Calcutta, as the bird flies, is only from one thousand to eleven hundred miles; but the deflections of the road increase this distance by more than a third.", "The Railways of India.\nThe general route of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway is as follows: Leaving Bombay, it passes through Salcette, crossing to the continent opposite Tannah, goes over the chain of the Western Ghauts, runs thence north\u2013east as far as Burhampoor, skirts the nearly independent territory of Bundelcund, ascends to Allahabad, turns thence eastwardly, meeting the Ganges at Benares, then departs from the river a little, and, descending south\u2013eastward by Burdivan and the French town of Chandernagor, has its terminus at Calcutta.", "The Railways of India.\nMr. Fogg, after bidding good\u2013bye to his whist partners, left the steamer, gave his servant several errands to do, urged it upon him to be at the station promptly at eight, and, with his regular step, which beat to the second, like an astronomical clock, directed his steps to the passport office", "The Railways of India.\nAs for the wonders of Bombay its famous city hall, its splendid library, its forts and docks, its bazaars, mosques, synagogues, its Armenian churches, and the noble pagoda on Malabar Hill, with its two polygonal towers\u2014he cared not a straw to see them. He would not deign to examine even the masterpieces of Elephanta, or the mysterious hypogea, concealed south\u2013east from the docks, or those fine remains of Buddhist architecture, the Kanherian grottoes of the island of Salcette.", "The Railways of India.\nHaving transacted his business at the passport office, Phileas Fogg repaired quietly to the railway station, where he ordered dinner. Among the dishes served up to him, the landlord especially recommended a certain giblet of \u201cnative rabbit,\u201d on which he prided himself.\nMr. Fogg accordingly tasted the dish, but, despite its spiced sauce, found it far from palatable. He rang for the landlord, and, on his appearance, said, fixing his clear eyes upon him, \u201cIs this rabbit, sir?\u201d", "The Railways of India.\n\u201cYes, my lord,\u201d the rogue boldly replied, \u201crabbit from the jungles.\u201d\n\u201cAnd this rabbit did not mew when he was killed?\u201d\n\u201cMew, my lord! What, a rabbit mew! I swear to you\u2014\u201d\n\u201cBe so good, landlord, as not to swear, but remember this: cats were formerly considered, in India, as sacred animals. That was a good time.\u201d\n\u201cFor the cats, my lord?\u201d\n\u201cPerhaps for the travellers as well!\u201d", "The Railways of India.\nAfter which Mr. Fogg quietly continued his dinner. Fix had gone on shore shortly after Mr. Fogg, and his first destination was the headquarters of the Bombay police. He made himself known as a London detective, told his business at Bombay, and the position of affairs relative to the supposed robber, and nervously asked if a warrant had arrived from London. It had not reached the office; indeed, there had not yet been time for it to arrive", "The Railways of India.\nFix was sorely disappointed, and tried to obtain an order of arrest from the director of the Bombay police. This the director refused, as the matter concerned the London office, which alone could legally deliver the warrant. Fix did not insist, and was fain to resign himself to await the arrival of the important document; but he was determined not to lose sight of the mysterious rogue as long as he stayed in Bombay", "The Railways of India.\nHe did not doubt for a moment, any more than Passepartout, that Phileas Fogg would remain there, at least until it was time for the warrant to arrive.", "The Railways of India.\nPassepartout, however, had no sooner heard his master\u2019s orders on leaving the Mongolia than he saw at once that they were to leave Bombay as they had done Suez and Paris, and that the journey would be extended at least as far as Calcutta, and perhaps beyond that place. He began to ask himself if this bet that Mr. Fogg talked about was not really in good earnest, and whether his fate was not in truth forcing him, despite his love of repose, around the world in eighty days!", "The Railways of India.\nHaving purchased the usual quota of shirts and shoes, he took a leisurely promenade about the streets, where crowds of people of many nationalities\u2014Europeans, Persians with pointed caps, Banyas with round turbans, Sindes with square bonnets, Parsees with black mitres, and long\u2013robed Armenians\u2014were collected. It happened to be the day of a Parsee festival", "The Railways of India.\nThese descendants of the sect of Zoroaster\u2014the most thrifty, civilised, intelligent, and austere of the East Indians, among whom are counted the richest native merchants of Bombay\u2014were celebrating a sort of religious carnival, with processions and shows, in the midst of which Indian dancing\u2013girls, clothed in rose\u2013coloured gauze, looped up with gold and silver, danced airily, but with perfect modesty, to the sound of viols and the clanging of tambourines", "The Railways of India.\nIt is needless to say that Passepartout watched these curious ceremonies with staring eyes and gaping mouth, and that his countenance was that of the greenest booby imaginable.", "The Railways of India.\nUnhappily for his master, as well as himself, his curiosity drew him unconsciously farther off than he intended to go. At last, having seen the Parsee carnival wind away in the distance, he was turning his steps towards the station, when he happened to espy the splendid pagoda on Malabar Hill, and was seized with an irresistible desire to see its interior", "The Railways of India.\nHe was quite ignorant that it is forbidden to Christians to enter certain Indian temples, and that even the faithful must not go in without first leaving their shoes outside the door. It may be said here that the wise policy of the British Government severely punishes a disregard of the practices of the native religions.", "The Railways of India.\nPassepartout, however, thinking no harm, went in like a simple tourist, and was soon lost in admiration of the splendid Brahmin ornamentation which everywhere met his eyes, when of a sudden he found himself sprawling on the sacred flagging. He looked up to behold three enraged priests, who forthwith fell upon him; tore off his shoes, and began to beat him with loud, savage exclamations", "The Railways of India.\nThe agile Frenchman was soon upon his feet again, and lost no time in knocking down two of his long\u2013gowned adversaries with his fists and a vigorous application of his toes; then, rushing out of the pagoda as fast as his legs could carry him, he soon escaped the third priest by mingling with the crowd in the streets.", "The Railways of India.\nAt five minutes before eight, Passepartout, hatless, shoeless, and having in the squabble lost his package of shirts and shoes, rushed breathlessly into the station.", "The Railways of India.\nFix, who had followed Mr. Fogg to the station, and saw that he was really going to leave Bombay, was there, upon the platform. He had resolved to follow the supposed robber to Calcutta, and farther, if necessary. Passepartout did not observe the detective, who stood in an obscure corner; but Fix heard him relate his adventures in a few words to Mr. Fogg.", "The Railways of India.\n\u201cI hope that this will not happen again,\u201d said Phileas Fogg coldly, as he got into the train. Poor Passepartout, quite crestfallen, followed his master without a word. Fix was on the point of entering another carriage, when an idea struck him which induced him to alter his plan.\n\u201cNo, I\u2019ll stay,\u201d muttered he. \u201cAn offence has been committed on Indian soil. I\u2019ve got my man.\u201d\nJust then the locomotive gave a sharp screech, and the train passed out into the darkness of the night."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://chestofbooks.com/reference/American-Cyclopaedia-1/Alexander-Campbell.html

Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), Founder of the Disciples of Christ

["Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), Founder of the Disciples of Christ\nAlexander Campbell, founder of the religious sect calling themselves \" Disciples of Christ,\" but commonly known as Campbellites, born in county Antrim, Ireland, in June, 1786, died at Bethany, W. Va., March 4, 1866. His father, Thomas Campbell, a relative and classmate of Thomas Campbell the poet, was a Presbyterian clergyman, who emigrated to America in 1807, followed two years afterward by his son Alexander, who had been educated at the university of Glasgow", "Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), Founder of the Disciples of Christ\nHe took up his residence in \"Washington co., Penn., near Bethany, in western Virginia, which afterward became his home. For a short time he was pastor of a Presbyterian church, from which order he soon separated on the ground that the Bible should be the sole creed of the church. In 1810 he and his father organized a new society at Brush Run, Penn. In 1812 he became convinced that immersion was the only mode of baptism; and he and his congregation were immersed", "Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), Founder of the Disciples of Christ\nThey united with a Baptist association, but still protested against all human creeds as a bond of union in the churches. lie and his followers in time were excluded from fellowship with the Baptist churches, and in 1827 began to form themselves into a separate organization, which extended in the states of \"Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. In 1864 they numbered 350,000 members.", "Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), Founder of the Disciples of Christ\nIn 1823 Mr. Campbell commenced the publication of the \" Christian Baptist,\" afterward merged in the \"Millennial Harbinger,\" which became the recognized organ of the sect. In 1840 he founded Bethany college, of which he continued to be president to the close of his life. Besides his numerous articles in the \"Harbinger,\" he was the author of several books, among which are \"The Christian System,\" \"Remission of Sin,\" and \"Memoirs of Thomas Campbell,\" his father", "Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), Founder of the Disciples of Christ\nHe was also engaged in several public discussions, which have been printed. Among these are: with the Rev. John Walker, a Presbyterian (1820); with the Rev. William McCalla on \" Christian Baptism \" (1823); with Robert Owen on \"The Truth of Christianity\" (1828); with Archbishop Pur-cell on the \"Infallibility of the Church of Rome\" (1836); and with the Rev. N\". L. Rice on \" Christian Baptism, the Expediency of Creeds,\" etc. (1843). On the subject of slavery Mr", "Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), Founder of the Disciples of Christ\nCampbell maintained that the institution was sanctioned, or at least tolerated, in the Bible, and that therefore the relation of a holder of slaves should not be made a test question for communion in the church.", "Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), Founder of the Disciples of Christ\nHis life has been written by Robert Richardson (2 vols., Boston, 1868). (See Disciples).\nprev: Alexander Bryan Johnson\nnext: Alexander Chalmers"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://healthyton.com/war-machine/

War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family

["War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nHealthyton > Celeb Bio & Health > War Machine\nWar Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nJonathan Paul Koppenhaver is a famous and talented personality who is an American martial artist and former expert pornographic actor. His professional name is \u201cWar Machine,\u201d by which people knows him. Currently, he is convicted of sexual assault and multiple burglaries. He has battled in the MMA for the welterweight division.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nHe is also popularly known for his fighting skills and experience. He was a wrestler and a member of Serra\u2019s team in The Ultimate Fighter, which has two teams christened as Team Serra and Team Hughes. Later, he has contended for the Xtreme Fighting Championship, Bellator MMA, BAMMA, and Tachi Palace Fights.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nWell, how well do you know about War Machine? If not much, we have compiled all you need to know about War Machine\u2019s net worth in 2021, his age, height, weight, wife, kids, biography and complete details about his life. Well, if you\u2019re all set, here is what we know about War Machine to date.\n5 Is War Machine Gay?\n8 Net Worth, Salary & Earnings of Jonathan War Machine in 2021", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nWar Machiner was born on the 30th of November in the year 1981 in Simi Valley, California, United States of America. His dad was a police officer for the Los Angeles Police Department. His father belongs the German-American descent. His mum was from Mexico and served as a nurse and later became a homemaker.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nHe was responsible for taking care of his beloved siblings as his mother was a drug addict. He once performed CPR on his father when he was just 13. However, that CPR was not successful, and his dad died due to a heart attack; this was the time when he suffered a horrific trauma.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nSo, how old is War Machine in 2021 and what is his height and weight? Well, War Machine\u2019s age is 39 years old as of today\u2019s date 2nd August 2021 having been born on 30 November 1981. Though, he is 5\u2032 11\u2033 in feet and inches and 180 cm in Centimetres tall, he weighs about 170 lbs in Pound and 77 kg in Kilograms.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nHe was enrolled in the Citadel which is located in Charleston, South Caroline. He was there for only two years as later, he was banned due to his misconduct. He was performing well in the school and got very high marks at The Citadel and from there, he has specialized in biology.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nCurrently, he is serving life imprisonment in jail. This punishment was given to him because he has beaten his ex-girlfriend brutally, and he was found guilty for 29 charges. While he was still serving in prison, he got married to his long-time prison girlfriend named Ashley Farrington.\nIs War Machine Gay?\nCurrently, he is married to his prison pal named Ashley Farrington. Hence, he isn\u2019t homosexual or gay and has never shown any sexual interest towards men.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nWar Machine was a great fighter on The Ultimate Fighter and was a member of the Serra team. He got the opportunity to fight after Roman Mitichyan broke his elbow during evaluation. Later, he lost by unanimous decision to Tom Speer. Afterward, he got the chance to fight in the Bellator fighting Championship. In the year 2009, he was sent to the Roger Bowling to fight.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nHe has done great in his martial career, and he is very skilled in his profession. To count his statistics in MMA, he has played a total of 19 matches and won 14 out of them. He won 8 games out of knockout and six by submission. He represented his university, named The Citadel, as an MMA fighter.\nJonathan Koppenhaver is undoubtedly was one of the most challenging and strongest fighters, and he has recorded so many different achievements in his career. Here are some of his gatherings.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nHe has fought a total of 18 matches in which he won 15 games. On the 20th of September in the year 2013, he bravely fought against Vaughn Anderson in one of the Bellator events called 100 Phoenix in the United States of America and was finally announced as the winner in the end.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nLater, he fought against Blas Avena in the year 2013 in Thackerville, Oklahoma, United States of America, and ultimately became the winner. He also fought against Roger Huerta in UWF 1 in the year 2011 and was announced as the winner of the match.\nOn the 15th of May in 2010, he wrestled with Zach Light in Birmingham, UK, and was announced as the winner. He has achieved many successful milestones in his career as a martial artist.\nNet Worth, Salary & Earnings of Jonathan War Machine in 2021", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nAs of 2021, War Machine has an estimated net worth of $200 thousand. He earns this amount of wealth from his martial art career as well as from his role as a pornography star. In late 2007, he gained US$ 25,000 after fighting with Jared Rollins in his debut in UFC. Apart from his wrongdoings, he can be considered a wealthy personality.\nFollowing are some facts about War Machine:\nHe married his prison pal named Ashley Farrington.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nApart from being a great martial artist and pornography star, he is also a convicted felon.\nHe has appeared in 12 adult films till date.\nHe did a nude photoshoot with Christine Mackinday, who is an American pornographic actress.", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nWar Machine had a tough time during his childhood as he lost his father to a heart attack and his mother was also a drug addict. Due to his mother\u2019s addictions, he has to take care of his siblings. These struggles made him a great fighter personally and as well as professionally. However, he has also made some mistakes for which he is paying till now, and this made his fame and name tarnished in many ways. He was found guilty of sexual assaults and wrongdoings", "War Machine - Bio, Net Worth, Salary Age, Height, Weight, Wiki, Health, Facts and Family\nFacts of Jonathan Paul Koppenhaver\nfull nameJonathan Paul Koppenhaver\nbirthplaceSimi Valley, California, United States\nHoroscope Sagittarius\nLucky Stone Turquoise\nLucky Color Orange\nBest Match for Marriage Leo, Aquarius\nnet worth$200 Thousand\nprofessionProfessional mixed martial artist, former pornographic actor, and convicted felon\nweightIn Kilograms \u2013 77 kg, In Pounds \u2013170 lbs\nheightIn Centimetres \u2013180 cm, In Feet and Inches \u2013 5\u2019 11\u2019\u2019\nhigh schoolThe Citadel\nKid Capri"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/religion/christian/general-bios/challoner-richard

Richard Challoner - Roman Catholic prelate - Fact Monster

["Richard Challoner - Roman Catholic prelate - Fact Monster\nChalloner, Richard ch\u0103l\u00b4\u0259n\u0259r [key], 1691\u20131781, English Roman Catholic prelate. Brought up a Protestant, he became a Roman Catholic in his teens and was ordained in 1716. In 1730 he returned from Douai to England, where he was widely known for the number of conversions he made. In 1738 he was forced to leave England because he published an open reply to an anti-Catholic pamphlet by an Anglican. In 1739, Challoner was appointed coadjutor of the vicar apostolic in London", "Richard Challoner - Roman Catholic prelate - Fact Monster\nHe was consecrated titular bishop of Debra in 1741. The rest of his life he spent working among his people (after 1758 as vicar apostolic) in the face of great difficulties. From 1765 to 1780 a series of efforts were instigated to molest English Catholics, and Bishop Challoner was involved; in the Gordon riots (1780) he had to flee London for his life. He was an indefatigable writer", "Richard Challoner - Roman Catholic prelate - Fact Monster\nHe revised the Douay version of the Bible, his revision becoming the standard one chiefly used by English-speaking Catholics. His chief learned works are on English Catholicism since the Reformation; they did much to preserve the memory of English Catholics. He wrote a number of devotional works; The Garden of the Soul (1740) was especially popular. Bishop Challoner's translations of the Imitation of Christ were standard."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://blog.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v03/n12/paul-addison/jingo-joe

Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay

["Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nJingo JoePaul Addison\nVol. 3 No. 12 \u00b7 2 July 1981\nJingo Joe\nJoseph Chamberlain: A Political Study\nby Richard Jay.\nOxford, 383 pp., \u00a316.95, March 1981, 0 19 822623 3Show More", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nA century ago Joseph Chamberlain was the Tony Benn of his time, the bogeyman of moderate and conservative opinion. The point is familiar to historians of the period, but never easy to convey. Why, after all, should the upper classes have been scared of a Liberal? Were the Liberals not a party of property and wealth", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\n? Indeed they were, and from the gallery of the House of Commons one could observe a multitude of well-fed, broad-bottomed types on the Liberal benches. But seen through the eyes of a true Tory, bred to the Church and the Land, these gentlemen appeared to be a pretty suspect crowd. Welshmen, Scots, Dissenters, tradesmen \u2013 there was something wrong with all of them. Many were in league with Irish agitators and the whole party was nothing but a confederacy directed against the traditional ruling class", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nTheir leader, Mr Gladstone, was a dangerous old man and a firebrand at heart, and after him worse would surely follow. On the left of the Party, where the real crackpots and doctrinaires gathered, stood the lean, arrogant and transparently ambitious figure of Joseph Chamberlain.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nChamberlain had made a fortune in Birmingham from the manufacture of screws. His political position he owed to the support of Liberal Party constituency activists. A born agitator and organiser, he had welded the radical caucuses of the cities into a party machine, the National Liberal Federation. This he employed as a battering-ram to impose more radical policies, and of course his own claims to leadership, on the Parliamentary Party", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nChamberlain\u2019s doctrine was the Victorian version of the class war: not labour versus capital, but the productive classes against a parasitical aristocracy. Lord Salisbury, the Conservative leader, he attacked as the chief representative of a class \u2018who toil not, neither do they spin\u2019. \u2018What ransom,\u2019 he asked, \u2018will property pay for the security it enjoys?\u2019 \u2013 and his words were intended as a threat", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nPerhaps this was rhetoric only, but no one could be sure, and in the meantime Chamberlain was caricatured as the English Robespierre.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nA second comparison with Tony Benn also presents itself. Chamberlain, too, abandoned in middle age the politics of his youth. But where Benn was born again as a socialist, Chamberlain was a convert to imperialism. That \u2018Radical Joe\u2019 would transform himself, in the words of Winston Churchill, from Fiery Red to True Blue was a change beyond the wit of political pundits to predict. But then, no one could possibly have predicted the explosive impact of the Irish question on political alignments", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nIn 1886, Gladstone declared in favour of Home Rule and introduced into the House of Commons the first Home Rule Bill. The Liberal Party split. A radical section led by Chamberlain and a Whig section led by Hartington combined to defeat the Bill and broke away to form an independent group, the Liberal Unionists. Chamberlain was launched in a new direction.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nA minor party, the Liberal Unionists were nevertheless a decisive force in their day. Claiming at first to be independent, they quickly developed an electoral alliance with the Conservatives which guaranteed a 20-year period of Tory supremacy. In 1895, they entered a coalition under Salisbury, with Chamberlain claiming the Colonial Office as his reward. At first sight, it was an eccentric choice: a ministerial backwater far removed from the mainstream of domestic affairs", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nBut Chamberlain was now a new man, bitten by the bug of imperialism, and longing to put into practice his recently-proclaimed faith in the expansion and development of the Empire. It was he rather than Salisbury who led the Cabinet into the Boer War; and when the war was over it was Chamberlain, breaking with old orthodoxies, who sought to achieve through tariff reform Sir John Seeley\u2019s vision of a Greater Britain equipped for the struggles of the 20th century.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nMany efforts have been made to interpret Chamberlain and the great U-turn he performed in mid-career. Inevitably, the supporters of Mr Gladstone regarded him as a traitor who had sold out his friends for the proverbial mess of pottage. The weakness of this explanation is its failure to account for Chamberlain\u2019s lifelong communion with the electorate of the West Midlands. Whether he was Radical Joe or the Jingo of the Boer War, no politician commanded greater loyalty at the grass roots", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nIn the end he suffered for it: the celebrations laid on in Birmingham to mark his 70th birthday in 1906 brought on the stroke that ended his active career.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nThe fact that Chamberlain was a quintessential Brummy has encouraged historians to seek a unifying theme or purpose in his career. One theory is that his politics mirrored the changing role of the middle classes. In the mid-Victorian period, the argument runs, the middle classes were still to some degree hostile to the aristocracy, and closer in spirit to the artisans: hence Cobden, Bright and Chamberlain Mach I", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nBut with the rise of organised labour threatening the middle classes from below, and the British Empire beginning to bring in dividends for investors, a merger of interests produced a new political alliance: hence Chamberlain Mach II. Another view is that Chamberlain\u2019s career demonstrated an intellectual commitment to collectivism, a revolt against laissez-faire", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nBy a logical progression, Chamberlain began with municipal socialism in Birmingham, moved on to social reform for Britain as a whole, and finally transferred his ambitions to the development of the entire British Empire.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nIn many ways Chamberlain\u2019s career embodied the restless, forward movements of his era, \u2018the spirit of the age\u2019. In his new book Richard Jay has explained how and why this happened. There have been several biographies and studies of Chamberlain, but this is the best analysis of the public man, finely wrought and exact, and undoubtedly demanding of the reader. Old politics can be very stale and many dead controversies have to be exhumed, but at any rate Chamberlain himself slowly comes back to life", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nMr Jay is too good a historian to neglect the larger trends of the time, but too shrewd a biographer to imagine that Chamberlain represented them in a straightforward or systematic way. The ground-rule of his book is that the activities of a politician have always to be located first in the context of the political game. His pages are redolent of smoke-filled rooms and the constant jostling for position of sharp and highly polished operators", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nThe atmosphere is perfectly captured in Lord Randolph Churchill\u2019s verdict on the contest between Chamberlain and Gladstone: \u2018diamond cut diamond.\u2019", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nQuestions of policy were necessarily enmeshed with strategies of ambition, and Chamberlain himself revelled in the arts of manipulation", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nQuick to recognise the electoral dividends of gunboat diplomacy, he advised his fellow radical, Sir Charles Dilke: \u2018Be a little jingo if you can.\u2019 Searching in vain for an issue on which to break with Gladstone, he confided: \u2018I cannot find a satisfactory boat to leave the ship in.\u2019 As Colonial Secretary, he was deeply implicated in the abortive Jameson Raid on the Transvaal, and threatened with exposure by a committee of inquiry", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nHis reaction was to rig the evidence and gerrymander the committee in what Mr Jay terms \u2018a superb, if disgraceful, exercise in political survival\u2019.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nAnother parameter of the political game was the foreshortening of time. In a world where reputations fluctuated like stock-exchange quotations, and the next Parliament was the undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveller had ever returned, long views were at a discount", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\n\u2018In politics,\u2019 Chamberlain remarked, \u2018there is no use looking beyond the next fortnight.\u2019 But even the next fortnight was hazardous, and it was through miscalculating the short-term situation that Chamberlain bungled the Home Rule crisis. Chamberlain had always posed as Gladstone\u2019s lieutenant, while actually working for the day when the Grand Old Man would be shunted aside. The Grand Old Man knew this full well and kept Chamberlain at arm\u2019s length", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nIn the Home Rule crisis \u2013 a complex episode splendidly elucidated by Mr Jay \u2013 the government of Ireland was never the decisive issue for Chamberlain. But he calculated that Home Rule would prove unpopular and Gladstone be forced to delay or retreat. Instead, Gladstone bore down relentlessly on his critics like a juggernaut, sweeping them into the ditch in a great party smash. When Chamberlain recovered consciousness he was wounded, bewildered and disorientated", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nToad was fundamentally a lovable character, caddish but weak, and affords an excuse for noting that Chamberlain was caddish but strong, an unlovable mix. Many biographers strain to communicate a deep humanity in their subject, but Mr Jay flatly admits that Chamberlain was not very nice. He exploited people, expected everyone to do his bidding, and upheld old-fashioned male supremacy", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nOf his third marriage (his first two wives died), Mr Jay remarks waspishly that, while in North America, \u2018he took his pick of the choice American marriage market.\u2019 But from another angle Mr Jay finds Chamberlain sympathetic and admirable. He applies to him a phrase of Hegel on the subject of great historical figures: \u2018They were practical, political men", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nBut at the same time they were thinking men, who had an insight into the requirement of the time \u2013 into what was ripe for development.\u2019 This is high praise, and Chamberlain was worthy of it.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nChamberlain took from the ethos of Birmingham the idea that getting to the top meant getting something practical done. He was creative in the classic Victorian sense, glorifying the works of industry and the improvement of material standards. As Lord Mayor of Birmingham he took a straightforward pride in schemes of lighting and sewage, and the piping of gas and water into every citizen\u2019s home", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nNever an original thinker or a political philosopher, he excelled at picking up the ideas of the day and converting them into a plan of action. If one of his projects failed or ran out of steam he would simply abandon it and start on something else. In 1885, his \u2018unauthorised programme\u2019 of old-fashioned radical measures turned out to be an electoral liability. By 1895, he had replaced it with a modernised scheme of social policy that anticipated the welfare state", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nChamberlain resembled one of the inventors of the early Industrial Revolution, attempting by trial and error to find a technology that worked.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nThe greatest of his innovations was the Tariff Reform campaign. It may be that Chamberlain\u2019s imperialism developed out of his alliance with the Conservative Party, but it was also a genuine exercise in statecraft. At the close of the 19th century Chamberlain represented a new school of thought, conscious of the growing vulnerability of Great Britain. Her diplomatic isolation, economic decline and impoverished Armed Forces all rendered her a soft target", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nOn the diplomatic front Chamberlain worked for an alliance with the other \u2018Anglo-Saxon\u2019 powers, Germany and the United States: a far-sighted scheme frustrated by the stupidity of Germany\u2019s rulers. But the Tariff Reform campaign was the great panacea, or intended to be. Four great objectives would be achieved by a single master-stroke: Imperial unity, economic recovery, revenue for the Armed Forces and social reform for the working classes.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nChamberlain\u2019s last great enterprise was, on balance, a failure, like so many of his other projects. Only as Lord Mayor of Birmingham did he achieve undiluted success. \u2018Of course I shall be Prime Minister,\u2019 he boasted in 1887. But he never was, nor did he reach the Home Office, the Treasury or the Foreign Office. At every turn he met his match in a formidable prime minister determined to keep him under control: first Gladstone, then Salisbury, then Balfour. But resistance to Chamberlain ran deeper than this", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nChamberlain was always temperamentally a moderniser, but the natural modernising class of the 19th century, the middle class, was fragmented and compromised. Chamberlain\u2019s whole life was a discovery of this fact. In his youth he burnt his fingers over republicanism. As Radical Joe he found that the middle classes were much less angry than he wanted them to be. Finally he took on the huge vested interests of free trade and lost", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nThe genius of Chamberlain lay in his capacity to tap and mobilise hitherto unexploited sources of energy and enthusiasm. But the restless forces were never as strong in Britain as the laws of inertia and the politics of Sleepy Hollow. Contemplating the fate of Joseph Chamberlain, we can only speculate whether the working classes will let down Citizen Benn as badly as the middle classes let down Radical Joe.", "Jingo Joe: Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study by Richard Jay\nPaul Addison is a lecturer in history at the University of Edinburgh, and author of The Road to 1945.\nSixtysomethings\nHow Left was he?\nWar within wars\nMore by Paul Addison"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.catpaisatge.net/dossiers/pedra_seca/cat/premsa2.php?idReg=4351

Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored

["Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\nDry stone wall 'built by Napoleon PoWs' is restored\nNEIL PRIOR\nBBC (Regne Unit) [Cr\u00f2nica]\nNo-one quite knows if Napoleonic French PoWs built this remote wall\nSnowdonia legend has long had it that Wales' highest wall was built around 200 years ago by French prisoners of war taken from Napoleon's army.", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\nThe dry stone construction, over 3,000 ft (900m) above sea level amid the barrenness of Foel Fras mountain in the Carneddau, has now been restored - some 216 years after the last invasion of Britain by a foreign power.\nOn 22 February 1797, around 1,400 French and Irish troops landed in Fishguard in Pembrokeshire but three days later they had been quickly overcome by defenders.\nMany were held in Wales as prisoners of war throughout the rest of the 21-year Napoleonic wars.", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\nYet historians disagree as to whether it is likely that the Foel Fras wall could have been built by the French prisoners taken during this and subsequent battles.\nPaul Chamberlain, author of 'Hell Upon Water: Prisoners of War in Britain 1793-1815' said: \"The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars represented something of a watershed for European combat, as they were the first major conflicts during which large numbers of surrendering troops were taken prisoner rather than slaughtered.", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\n\"From 1793 until 1814, over 200,000 French and French allies were held as PoWs, and whilst it's impossible to put a definite figure on it, several thousand of them would have been held in Wales.\n\"But the story that they built some of the walls in the area is a local myth, as PoWs were not used on construction projects as it took work away from the civilian workforce.\"", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\nHe also explained that while many of the irregular French and Irish were imprisoned in Pembrokeshire, those held further north in Montgomeryshire and parts of Meirionnydd were mainly officers paroled to live freely amongst the local population, lessening the likelihood that they would have been forced into hard labour.", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\nHowever, Dr Cassie Hadwin, a linguistic historian who has researched French influences on Wales, says that while there is no conclusive proof either way, it is by no means out of the question that the Foel Fras walls could have been built by French PoWs.\n\"It's certainly true to say that there are vast differences in the experiences of the French PoWs held in north and south Wales,\" said Dr Hadwin.", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\n\"In the south - partly because it was closer to the invasion, and partly because of the lower rank of the prisoners held there - conditions were dreadful. An inspection of the Pembroke PoW depot in 1797 found 56 prisoners held in a single room, with no toilets, no fresh straw for seven weeks, and no drinking water for three days.", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\n\"But in Montgomeryshire and Meirionnydd there are numerous accounts of paroled French and German officers having blended seamlessly into Welsh society, and remaining there long after the peace of 1814.\n\"You can see evidence of it to this day, where there are clusters of names like Beauchamp and Hubbard in the towns in which they were held.\"", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\nDr Hadwin points to a newspaper report in The Cambrian in December 1813 detailing how French officers were foremost in the rescue attempts after a wild-fire engulfed the town of Welshpool.\nSimilarly, a letter sent to the people of Llanfyllin by the freed French PoWs on 17 June, 1817 states how \"the esteemed inhabitants of Llanfyllin will ever remain in their thankful remembrance\".", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\nDr Hadwin said: \"In these happier and more comfortable surroundings, Napoleon's PoWs in mid and north Wales were able to indulge in creating some breathtaking pieces of art, much of which is displayed at Powis Castle.\n'ARTISAN SKILLS'\n\"There are written accounts of murals painted by French PoWs billeted in Newtown, in appreciation of the hospitality they received there.", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\n\"Also there are numerous examples of fine miniatures of French and British ships carved from bone and an exquisitely detailed straw collage of Powis Castle.\n\"The truth is that we'll never know for certain who built the Foel Fras walls, but given the artisan skills the PoWs displayed elsewhere, coupled with the difficult and inaccessible location of the walls, I'd argue that they were a labour of love rather than forced labour.", "Snowdonia wall 'built by Napoleon's prisoners' is restored\n\"As such, who's to say that the local legend isn't true, and that the wall isn't the gift of a group of now long-forgotten Frenchmen who fell in love with Wales?\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.indiawilds.com/forums/showthread.php?19973-Air-breathing-process-of-Asian-Swamp-Eel&s=d1af9978d60596c5aad95212c649990a&goto=nextnewest

The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos

["The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThread: The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nSamrat Sarkar\nMajdia, Madanpur, Nadia, West Bengal\n\"I think I could turn and live with animals, they are so placid and self-contained\nI stand and look at them long and long.\nThey do not sweat and whine about their condition,\nThey do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins,\nThey do not make me sick discussing their duty to God,", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nI read this poem in the foreword of the book named \u201cBeast and man in India\u201d. And it is a fact that they all are living peacefully in a self-sufficient manner. They never have any grudge over the uncertainty in their daily lives and the day to day competitions in their lives. They never start lying after they get up in the morning. Neither they shed any tears for the sin they commit in their lives. They don\u2019t show any bits of extravaganza for any Gods. None of them are dissatisfied with their lives", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThey don\u2019t run after the material wealth as we do. But this pursuit of material wealth is what keeps our true peace of mind and happiness at bay.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nEvery time I see the Rhinos this poem comes to my mind. They seem to be very similar to the \u201cSages\u201d who are elaborately described and depicted in the scriptures; mostly, if not all. He has no Gods and does not pursue to find one either. The vast expansion of the existence and its complicacies are mostly outside the boundaries of his mind. His life which is guided and dictated by his mind is very much like what poet WHITMAN has described in his poem", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThey seem to have attained the life of a sage who have renounced all the wealthy possessions even though they are living earthly lives. On the other hand the humans are immersed their lives in sensual enjoyment, hoarding material wealth, in vice and virtue and in physical comforts. But the destiny of the lives of all the wild animals now are laying in the hands of this humankind only. Was this thing inevitable", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe history of the one horned Rhinos in the Indian sub-continent is a glorious one. In the fourteenth century A.D. their approximate population was more than 0.45 million. Timur Lung was known to have hunted Rhinos in Kashmiri regions. These Rhinos lived along the foothills of the Himalayas from the present day Pakistan in the west to the present day Myanmar in the east. There were vast riverine grasslands in the basins of all the rivers of this sub-continent except for those in the south India", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThey lived in those areas. Their number have been fast dwindling in the past five hundred years. Except in the north eastern part of India and some north Indian states these One Horned Rhinos are not to be found anywhere in the world. Their present day population stands at approximately 3500. Since the last seventy to eighty years after a lot of efforts and implementation of different wildlife conservation laws this number was prevented from coming down. Should it have happened like this?", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nIn my opinion, the manner in which we spearheaded the attack on them in the last five hundred years, it is a wonder that they have not yet become extinct by now. Starting from the Mughal Empire there have come an onset of the agricultural revolutions from the Punjab in the west to the Gangetic river basins in the north. Even the river basins of the central India was not outside the purview of this agricultural revolutions", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nMost of the alluvial grasslands by the banks of the rivers which were meant for the grazing fields of these one horned Rhinos were categorically converted into agricultural lands. As a result, the whole population of them were wiped out from the western, central and northern part of India. Then came the British Raj. During the last one hundred years of the British Raj the remaining part of the north eastern India where still some Rhinos lived were ransacked.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nSometimes, on the pretext of constructing new roads, for constructing new residential areas to cater for the growing human populations, for agricultural needs or sometimes just for the fun of killing playfully, the One Horned Rhinos were mercilessly attacked and killed. Along with this the climatic changes worked as a catalytic action against the struggle for survival of these Rhinos. That consisted sometimes of draught or of unprecedented inundations, changes of weather temperature and such other things", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nIn spite of so many adversities it is a wonder that there some number of them are still alive at present in our country. A startling revelation came out from the \u201cIndian Rhino Vision 2020\u201d where it was admitted that the most eminent danger for the survival of the one horned Rhinos in India are the poachers.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe history of the Rhinos in the Manas National Park of Assam is full of ups and downs. Manas has time and again been badly affected by fierce tussles among different political groups. In 1987 a mass agitation started demanding a separate \u201cBodoland\u201d in the areas adjoining Manas National Park. That turned into a violent shape within a very short period of time. That time there were still a considerable number of Rhinos living there and the number would be 80, if not more", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe situation there deteriorated very fast. Within two years these areas went haywire. The Bodo insurgents resorted to arson on various camps one after another from Kokrajhar in the west to Udalguri on the east. Rifles were snatched. Hundreds of Bodo insurgents infiltrated into the forest areas and illegally occupied lands there. They could not be evicted by the government afterwards. Thereby, the core areas of the Manas National Park turned into a safe hiding place for those Bodo insurgents", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nSome of us may remember the Range officer named Ibrahim Ali Khan. He was the one who played an instrumental role for upholding the interest of the wildlife of Manas during that period. But ultimately he was abducted and was murdered two months after his abduction in the Bangtol forest. The Bangtol forest does not exist anymore. Many people died during the bloody fight for a separate Bodoland which continued for about one and half decades", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nNo Bodoland formed at the end, but the Rhino population were almost wiped out from the region. Though there should not have been any link between the Bodo insurgency and the wiping out of the Rhino population in the forest, but in this case the fierce political battle took a heavy toll on the Rhinos inhabiting there. The Rhino horns are and were very precious then and fetched a lot of money to the insurgents if they could manage to get one", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nIn the month of September 1993 a princes of Bhutan was caught and arrested in Chiang Kai-shek International airport as she was travelling with 22 Rhino horns. The total weight of the horns was 14.9 Kg. As she was questioned she disclosed that she had purchased those horns from a businessman who collected those horns possibly from Assam. It took two years for her to collect all those 22 horns from him. The investigators came across some more astonishing facts during the questioning sessions", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe princes had many trade setups and some of which were in Phuentsholing of Bhutan which is not very far from Assam. Therefore the source of these horns being the Kaziranga and Manas National Parks could not be dismissed right away. And the relation between the illegal hunting and some Bhutanese influential persons being involved with it could not be stroked out completely. That princes was Cambridge educated", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nShe had a diplomatic passport though she should not have one because the Bhutanese government did not even approve Taiwan as a sovereign state till then. We all know that one can evade security checks easily at the airports when one possesses a diplomatic passport. The princes tried to misuse this law for her crooked benefit. It must have taken her great courage and strong connection with other traffickers to collect all these 22 horns and to travel with these horn to some foreign country", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nWhen an educated and influential person like her performs this type of actions against some endangered species like the One Horned Rhinos it becomes very difficult for the species to survive. But, things should not have happened in this manner.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe main reason for which the Rhinos have been killed so far is for the preparation of aphrodisiacs, the main ingredients of which are believed to be collected from the Rhino horns. The medicine manufactured with ingredients from Rhino horns, mainly Indian one horned Rhino horns are sold in hefty prices in China, Myanmar, Thailand, Taiwan and Vietnam. In the present day traffickers\u2019 market each kilograms of the Rhino horns is priced anywhere between rupees forty to seventy Lakh", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThat is why the traffickers risk their lives to go and grab Rhino horns by any means. People say that two male Rhinos survived near the Banshbari Range only due to their unusual behaviours. It is a habit of the Rhinos to repeatedly come to the same spot to defecate. So if these spots are correctly identified it becomes very easy to locate them. In eastern India most of the poaching of Rhinos are perpetrated in this way", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe temperament, the body language of the Rhinos and their relation with other living animals around them have always aroused tremendous interest and curiosity among us. In Manas, I have noticed that as a Rhino walks in the grassland, the Mynas become very active close to the legs of the Rhino. As the heavy legs of the Rhino fall on the ground the small flies and small insects lurking inside the grass start moving here and there and it gives the Mynas some easy chances to feed on them.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nSmall flies and other insects live on the skin or in the crease of thick skin or in earholes of the Rhinos; they lay eggs there. The Egrets and the Mynas feed on these. The Rhinos also become very happy due to this. They can get rid of these parasitic flies and insects for free!\nHere frogs are waiting to catch flies that are stuck on Rhino\u2019s skin when the Rhino submerges its body into a pond in a hot day at Manas.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nVery recently, in an investigation in South Africa it has been known that the Black Rhinos eavesdrop on the chirping of the oxpecker birds sitting on their heads or on their backs. The vision of the Rhinos is very weak. They can hardly see when and how an imminent danger (read poacher) will pounce on them. But the birds sitting on their backs can do that very easily and, in that case their voice changes", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe Rhinos can decipher the meanings of the slight changes of the voice of the birds and can take precautions beforehand. They move away to some safer places.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nIn Manas I used to see a Rhino almost every day. He fiercely fought with another male to win the heart of his female mate. During that fight the other male Rhino badly wound from the bottom of its belly to the mid portion of its hind legs. It was a life threatening matter to it. The forest officials tried heart and soul to save the Rhino from dying. They tranquilized it and dressed the wound periodically. As the Rhino recovered to some extent it frequently came back to the camp areas near the fencing.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe Mynas pecked and feed on the parasites from the spot of the wound. The Rhino must have felt tremendous pain when the Mynas pecked on the wound. But I have never seen it to prevent the Mynas from doing this great favour to it.\nPerhaps it felt very close with the forest officials. It came near the camp in early morning, looked here and there as if enquiring, have anyone got up from bed so early in the morning? The forest people came out in the veranda and had a look on the Rhino.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nAt times it came to drink water at the well of the desolate camp in the late afternoons.\nAnd in another camp I saw a Rhino grazing on grass with its cub carelessly while a forest official was happily taking a bath with the well water. There were no barbed wires separating the Rhinos and the forest person.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThis is an example of relation between a human and the rhinos. These forest officials are human beings and the Bhutanese princes is also a human being. Another human being was The Maharaja of Coochbehar, who proudly declared that in between 1870 to 1907, within thirty seven years he killed a total number of two hundred and seven rhinos from the greater areas of Manas.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe process of translocation of Rhinos in Manas started on 2006. Translocation is a process of relocating Rhinos from one place of a forest to another place or to some other forest which is suitable for their living. In this method a total eighteen number of Rhinos have been relocated so far from Kaziranga and Pobitora National Park to Manas National Park. Starting almost from zero the number of Rhinos in Manas at present is forty eight including those two male rhinos of the Bansbari Range", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe WWF has made a commendable effort in this translocating process. We must also mention the great contribution of our forest officials making in this matter. The translocation of the Rhinos is really a time taking and complicated process. It is especially very difficult to succeed in collecting orphan Rhino cubs or collecting cubs from flooded areas and raising and looking after them properly until they become fully grown-ups and then translocating them", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nIn many Parks around the world such type of translocation efforts have not borne any fruit. But Manas has done that and the world knows it. But there are miles to go still now. The present day Manas can be the home to at least 100 Rhinos. And, of course, if and only if we really want that to happen.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nWe are now worried about the geographic and climatic changes of the Manas National Park. The main reason of this is certainly the endless greed and recklessness of the humankind. A huge number of River Dams are proposed to be constructed with an intention to produce hydroelectric power. You will be frightened to see the list:-", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\n1. Kuri chhu of Mongar district. (Chhu means river in Djonkha Language). The Dam became operational in 2001. Height 55 mtrs. Production capacity 60 MW. Kuri chhu has merged with Manas river at it right hand side\n2. Mangde chhu Dam of Trongsa district has become operational recently. Production capacity 720 MW. Height 101.50 mtrs. Mangde chhu has merged with Manas river at it right hand side", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\n3. Kulong chhu Dam. Construction work has started in 2014. The project is expected to complete very soon height 95 mtrs. Production capacity 600 MW. Kulong chhu has merged with Manas river at it right hand side\nThe list does not end here. The proposed plan of the Bhutan government in the next five years are like this:-\n1. Chamkhar chhu Dam. It is a plan for joint construction of two large Dams having production capacities of 1397 MW and of 857 MW respectively. Height 108 mtrs.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nIn 2004 there was a terrible flood in Manas only due to the excessive water released from the Kuri Chhu Dam. Since then the topography of Manas has undergone many unwanted changes. The river has shifted towards the Banshbari Range by about four kilometres", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nIn the near future during a full rainy season, if water from all the river dams are released simultaneously it is easily predictable that it will just wreak havoc in the Manas region and what will happen to the lives of these Rhinos can be easily imagined. The different names of the rivers are actually names of the same river at different locations. All the rivers have originated in the Bhutan Hill and have flown through the Manas Biosphere Reserve", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nAll these rivers together have given rise to a river system. Restricting the natural flow of water of any one of the river of this river system at upstream will certainly have an adverse effect on the river downstream basins in the plains. This river system is the lifeline of the Manas and is the key factor of the ecosystem of the flora and fauna of Manas. The grassland of Manas which nourishes and feed the Rhinos can be washed away at any moment", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nDue to the construction of dams the rivers may change the course their route very fast. The erosion of banks of the rivers are by itself a matter of great concern. The construction of river dams will greatly increase the chances of this erosion of river banks", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nOnce this happens, what will remain in Manas for these poor creatures that will save them from being extinct! If every year the fringe villages of the forest start being inundated what will happen to the villagers! In that case it will not be surprising that the some helpless, desperate villagers will then resort to their old habit of poaching the Rhinos to make a living. What will be the consequences then?", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nToday most of the large river dams in all over the world are a flop. The benefits that the river dams have brought to us are in most cases much less than the damages that they have inflicted to the Mother Nature. Still people go on constructing river dams. They construct higher and higher dams in the hope of getting more and more electricity", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nOn one fine morning a man who has immersed himself in vice, virtue, hoarding of material wealth, physical comfort, stands at that height and looks down upon a \u201cSage\u201d who has stooped down its head over a small patch of clean water to have a sip from it.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nOriginally written in Bengali by Samrat Sarkar\nTranslation into English by Bishwajit Debnath\nPhotography - Samrat Sarkar\nEquipment used - Canon EOS 7D + Canon 500mm f4 + Monopod and Olympus OMD EM1 + Zuiko PRO 12-40mm\nWonderful article and photographs detailing the history and behaviour of Rhinos in Manas. The images showing the behaviour of birds (Mynas) and frogs is really interesting.", "The legend of Manas- Indian One-horned Rhinos\nThe construction of so many dams has already caused many environmental issues, but not sure if the government will take any steps to stop that. That is always considered as helping economic development .\nManas is still on top of my 'To Go' list, hopefully next year .\nThanks for sharing this wonderful article.\nQuick Navigation Natural History Top\nmanas national park, one horned rhino, rhino poaching, samrat sarkar"]

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https://almostchosenpeople.wordpress.com/2021/11/23/november-23-1863-the-battle-of-chattanooga-begins/

November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins

["November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nThe Chattanooga Boy\u2019s Choir singing The Battle Cry of Freedom. 158 years ago the battle of Chattanooga began which resulted in a complete Union victory. Actually three battles: Orchard Knob, November 23; Lookout Mountain, November 24; and Missionary Ridge, November 25; these engagements were the culmination of the Chattanooga campaign that began when Bragg and his Army of Tennessee, put the Army of the Cumberland under siege in Chattanooga in the aftermath of the Confederate victory at Chickamauga.", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nWith strong Union reinforcements, and with Grant placed in overall command, the siege was effectively broken on October 28, 1863 with the Union establishing the \u201ccracker line\u201d to bring supplies into Chattanooga. With the lifting of the siege and with the Union forces opposing him growing ever stronger, Bragg made the strategic blunder of keeping his main force in place confronting Chattanooga and sent Longstreet\u2019s Corps, 11,000 men, on an ultimately futile campaign to capture Knoxville.", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nBragg doubled down on this error by ordering two divisions to withdraw from the lines around Chattanooga and march to the rail head to be transported to reinforce Longstreet on November 22. Seeing the movement of the Confederate forces, Grant decided to launch the long planned offensive against the Confederate positions around Chattanooga, partially to prevent Bragg from reinforcing Longstreet.", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nGrant ordered 14,000 Union soldiers to seize Orchard Knob, a position held by 600 Confederates in front of the main Confederate defensive lines along Missionary Ridge. The position was taken with light casualties, and it did cause Bragg to cancel the movement of one of the divisions he had intended to send to Longstreet.\nHere is Grant\u2019s description of the engagement in his Memoirs:", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nOn the 22d, however, a deserter came in who informed me that Bragg was leaving our front, and on that day Buckner\u2019s division was sent to reinforce Longstreet at Knoxville, and another division started to follow but was recalled. The object of Bragg\u2019s letter, no doubt, was in some way to detain me until Knoxville could be captured, and his troops there be returned to Chattanooga.", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nDuring the night of the 21st the rest of the pontoon boats, completed, one hundred and sixteen in all, were carried up to and placed in North Chickamauga. The material for the roadway over these was deposited out of view of the enemy within a few hundred yards of the bank of the Tennessee, where the north end of the bridge was to rest.", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nHearing nothing from Burnside, and hearing much of the distress in Washington on his account, I could no longer defer operations for his relief. I determined, therefore, to do on the 23d, with the Army of the Cumberland, what had been intended to be done on the 24th.", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nThe position occupied by the Army of the Cumberland had been made very strong for defence during the months it had been besieged. The line was about a mile from the town, and extended from Citico Creek, a small stream running near the base of Missionary Ridge and emptying into the Tennessee about two miles below the mouth of the South Chickamauga, on the left, to Chattanooga Creek on the right. All commanding points on the line were well fortified and well equipped with artillery", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nThe important elevations within the line had all been carefully fortified and supplied with a proper armament. Among the elevations so fortified was one to the east of the town, named Fort Wood. It owed its importance chiefly to the fact that it lay between the town and Missionary Ridge, where most of the strength of the enemy was. Fort Wood had in it twenty-two pieces of artillery, most of which would reach the nearer points of the enemy\u2019s line", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nOn the morning of the 23d Thomas, according to instructions, moved Granger\u2019s corps of two divisions, Sheridan and T. J. Wood commanding, to the foot of Fort Wood, and formed them into line as if going on parade, Sheridan on the right, Wood to the left, extending to or near Citico Creek. Palmer, commanding the 14th corps, held that part of our line facing south and southwest", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nHe supported Sheridan with one division (Baird\u2019s), while his other division under Johnson remained in the trenches, under arms, ready to be moved to any point. Howard\u2019s corps was moved in rear of the centre. The picket lines were within a few hundred yards of each other. At two o\u2019clock in the afternoon all were ready to advance. By this time the clouds had lifted so that the enemy could see from his elevated position all that was going on", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nThe signal for advance was given by a booming of cannon from Fort Wood and other points on the line. The rebel pickets were soon driven back upon the main guards, which occupied minor and detached heights between the main ridge and our lines. These too were carried before halting, and before the enemy had time to reinforce their advance guards. But it was not without loss on both sides", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nThis movement secured to us a line fully a mile in advance of the one we occupied in the morning, and the one which the enemy had occupied up to this time. The fortifications were rapidly turned to face the other way. During the following night they were made strong. We lost in this preliminary action about eleven hundred killed and wounded, while the enemy probably lost quite as heavily, including the prisoners that were captured", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nWith the exception of the firing of artillery, kept up from Missionary Ridge and Fort Wood until night closed in, this ended the fighting for the first day.", "November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\non November 23, 2021 at 5:30 am Comments Off on November 23, 1863: The Battle of Chattanooga Begins\nTags: Battle of Orchard Knob, Chattanooga Campaign, Civil War"]

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https://www.dogyn.com/2020/07/mini-golden-retriever-adoption.html

Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet

["Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nMini Golden Retriever Adoption\nMini golden retriever adoption - If there is a known and loved breed of dog around the world, it is undoubtedly the Golden Retriever. It is one of the youngest breeds in terms of its origin, and also one of the best prepared for collecting waterfowl. Currently, his hunting skills are not as developed, but instead he has become a favorite family pet in homes all over the world.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nThe Golden Retriever was originally bred as a hunting dog, defining its characteristics from other breeds with hunting skills, mini golden retriever adoption. However, its characteristics did not focus solely on hunting, but on jobs of all kinds for humans, as well as a temperament that made it very soon a perfect but with which to share family life.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIts development took place in the United Kingdom, specifically in Scotland, around the year 1850. During this time, and in previous years, hunting was one of the favorite sports of the upper classes of society, and to develop it they needed dogs to help them in the tasks of hunting and collecting prey, especially those that fell into the water or onto the ground in areas of difficult access", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nInitially, they used retrievers and water dogs, which were crossed to obtain the qualities of both in a single copy, mini golden retriever adoption. These early crossings would lay the foundation for the Golden Retriever as we know it.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nHunting ways changed over time, making it difficult for regular hunting breeds to collect prey, such as setters and pointers. That is why a new dog with specific characteristics was sought, which could succeed where others failed, a specialist in collecting the pieces in difficult terrain and over long distances, something that was very necessary for hunters, since during a time they lost a good part of what they hunted easily.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nThe beginning of the breed occurred by crossing a yellow retriever and a tweed water spaniel, an already extinct breed. From this crossing four cubs were born, which would be the basis of the breed, and which would improve their characteristics through crosses with an Irish setter, bloodhound, the Saint John's spaniel and some rather long-haired retrievers, mini golden retriever adoption.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nAll this mix of hunting dogs resulted in a strong and powerful animal, much more than the first retrievers, and also had a friendly character and easy to train. His perseverance in the search, his superior sense of smell and his temperament, were the characteristics that most attracted other people, gradually making him an object of desire for hunters, mini golden retriever adoption", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nOn the other hand, and although the color of the hair was not the most important thing at the time, while most dogs bred had dark cloaks, the first breeder of the breed, Twee mouth, opted for a line of yellow dogs, which also powerfully attracted attention.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nThe breed was registered around 1870 by the Earl of Chi Chester, but would not be recognized until years later, mini golden retriever adoption. Specifically, it was in 1903 when the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom accepted the registration of the breed, which at that time was known as Flat Coats Golden, and was first exhibited in 1908. Three years later, the word was added to its name Retriever, which recognized the breed as a collector of hunting pieces, and was then named Golden and Yellow.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nAt this time, the breed quickly gained popularity in the UK, but it would still take more years to make the leap to other countries. It was not until 1925 when it was recognized in the United States, when it was registered with the American Kennel Club, and a couple of years later it would also be registered in Canada.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIn the early 1900s, the breed was fairly defined, but retrievers of all colors could still be found competing in field trials and beauty trials, winning on many occasions, so their fame increased day after day. They were also able to display their aquatic skills, impressive obedience, and pleasant temperament, mini golden retriever adoption. All these characteristics have remained strong in the breed until today, one of the reasons why the breed continues to be so valued throughout the world.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nGolden Retriever Features\nThe Golden Retriever is arguably one of those dogs that inspires confidence just by looking at his face. It is one of the most popular dogs as a pet, but also as a guide dog, as a drug and explosives detector dog, etc. What is clear is that the Golden is more than capable to perform any task, and that is why it is such a valuable and well valued animal.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nOnce the breed spread throughout the world, two Golden Retriever lines were defined, the British type and the American and Canadian type, although the official is still the British, as this is where the breed comes from. As for the characteristics of the American Golden Retriever, it stands out that it is a type of dog taller and more lanky than the other variety, with a denser coat and in different shades, which also has long fringes, mini golden retriever adoption.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nThe British Golden Retriever is a large dog with a square head, a wide muzzle and not excessively long. It is a fairly heavy dog, yet it is agile on the move, and fast when it needs to be. Its legs are long and slender, quite strong, its chest is deep and its tail is medium in length, which is generally dropped or at medium height when in motion. Round and dark eyes and a large truffle stand out on his face, which can be presented in black or pink.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIt is a very energetic and well proportioned dog, muscular and trained for all kinds of sports activities. It is a dog with great capacity to adapt to the environment in which it lives, however it will need large doses of exercise to give out all its energy.\nGolden Retriever Size", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nThe size of the Golden Retriever is kept between 56 and 61 centimeters at the withers in the case of males, being between 51 and 56 centimeters in the case of females, which is one of the most recognizable Golden Retriever characteristics. . It is a large dog, but it is not one of the largest known either, mini golden retriever adoption. Their weight remains between 30 and 34 kilos, somewhat lower in females, which usually ranges between 25 and 32 kilos", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nGolden Retriever fur\nThe Golden Retriever's coat is one of its most distinctive features, hence it is known as the Golden Retriever. In two layers, and of medium length, it is a silky and shiny coat, slightly wavy and very resistant to water. The inner layer is cut and smooth, and sheds twice a year, generally in spring and autumn, mini golden retriever adoption. The outer layer is strong and long, although not too long so as not to interfere with carrying out its tasks.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nAccording to the breed standard, the color is in brilliant gold, of different shades. It can also be cream, although too light or too dark shades are rejected. Red or mahogany color, pure white and black are not allowed in exhibitions. Beyond official contests, the coat color or mix of hues have no effect on the dog as a pet or for a job.\nIs the Golden Retriever the same breed as the Labrador Retriever?", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nSometimes these two races create some confusion because of the similarity they possess at various levels. However, they are two very different races as well, both physically and behaviorally. The fact that they are both retrievers, means that they share some characteristics, but that does not mean that they are the same breed, mini golden retriever adoption", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nTo begin with, among the characteristics of the Golden Retriever on a physical level, the fact that it has a long coat, something that never occurs in the Labrador Retriever, stands out.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIn addition, the colors in both are quite different, with only the cream-colored specimens of both breeds being similar. On the other hand, the Golden Retriever has a friendly temperament with everyone, which also tends to appear in the Labrador, but this second can be more timid if not socialized correctly as a puppy, mini golden retriever adoption", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nWhat is clear is that both breeds are more than recommended as a family pet, so if you go for any of them, you just have to make sure you get as much information as possible. And in a matter of the Golden Retriever, the most complete information can be found here.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nGolden Retriever behavior\nThe Golden Retriever can be defined as a breed full of energy and very intelligent. In addition, it is a sociable race by nature, affectionate and affectionate with human beings, very attached to its family, and seeks its constant company. As a contrary point, they can be territorial, so it is important to influence a good socialization from puppies, mini golden retriever adoption. However, the Golden Retriever's character is perfect for family living, with people of all ages.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nThey are not suitable as watchdogs, as even the Golden Puppy dog \u200b\u200bwill tend to get along with everyone, whether known or unknown. It is a confident and friendly breed, always ready to play or receive a caress. It is extremely strange for a Golden Retriever to be aggressive, and it is an intolerable characteristic towards an example of the breed, since in the definition of its character is found the kindness and sympathy", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIt is an easy dog \u200b\u200bto train and educate if it is done well, since it has great intelligence and a natural tendency to obedience. Not surprisingly, it ranks fourth in Stanley Coren's ranking on the intelligence of dogs, which mainly studied their level of obedience and ease for learning new orders, only behind the Border Collie, the Poodle and the German Shepherd .", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nOne of the characteristics of the Golden Retriever's temperament is that they are very patient, which is why they are easy to train and get along especially well with children, mini golden retriever adoption. They also have a high ability to concentrate at work, which is why they are perfect dogs to perform various tasks.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nThey require a high level of exercise due to their high energy, and sports such as Agility can be a great idea. Plus, they love water and swimming, and will be happy if they get a chance to do it often. A specimen of this breed that does not meet their exercise needs and spends too much time alone can develop destructive behaviors indoors to relieve their frustration. Long walks and family games will also be appropriate activities to let your energy out and to strengthen your relationship.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nThe Golden retriever, also called a golden retriever, is a dog that is generally in good health, mini golden retriever adoption. However, they are prone to certain diseases, such as hip dysplasia, Von Willebrand disease, heart problems, skin allergies, eye defects, or cancer. This breed also has a tendency to gain weight easily, so it is very important to pay attention to its diet, control rations and prizes, and always offer it the highest quality food", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nBasic care of the Golden Retriever\nTaking care of a Golden Retriever is generally very easy. It adapts easily to your family and to any lifestyle, so it does not require as much care as other breeds. It is a balanced and calm dog, yes it will only take some guidelines and habits on a daily basis to keep it in perfect condition, mini golden retriever adoption.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIt is necessary to go to the vet frequently, to keep up to date with your vaccines and internal and external deworming. You will also have to go whenever you notice any strange behavior or symptoms in your pet, to rule out any possible disease or act as soon as possible on it.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nAs it is a long-haired dog, brushing will have to be very common to avoid tangles or that it gets too dirty. The ideal is to brush it at least three times a week, always using a brush suitable for your hair type, so that dead hair is removed from both the outer and inner layers.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nBathing in any dog \u200b\u200bshould be done with adequate frequency to keep the coat clean without damaging the animal's skin, mini golden retriever adoption. A bath every six to eight weeks will be enough to achieve this. Keep in mind, that the Golden is an animal with a high sensitivity to the skin, and can present allergies, so baths should only be done with a suitable and mild shampoo.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nDue to the breed's tendency to put on weight, it is advisable to control the amount of food they eat, and it is always better to keep it limited. Everything will also depend on the amount of exercise you do and the lifestyle you lead, but in general you should avoid products with empty calories and always bet on high-quality food.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nEducating a Golden Retriever is very simple if done correctly and as a puppy, mini golden retriever adoption. It is enough to carry out a positive and firm education to get the best response from the dog, since it is an intelligent animal that by its nature will always be predisposed to please its owner.\nGolden Retriever trivia\nIn addition to knowing all the details about the breed, there are some curiosities to keep in mind for those who aspire to be owners of a Golden retriever.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nCurrently, the Golden Retriever is the third most popular breed in the United States, the fifth in Australia, and the eighth in the United Kingdom. These data have been obtained by accessing the records of the new cubs born each year, which follow an ascending line.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nBefore the breed's provenance records were discovered, its creator, Lord Tweedmouth of Guisachan, was believed to have obtained the breed from a group of circus sheepdogs, mini golden retriever adoption. However, in its files development through hunting dog crossbreeds was exclusively evident, thus dispelling any doubts.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIn 2006, a meeting of Golden Retriever dog breed enthusiasts was organized in Scotland, with the intention of bringing together all possible specimens at their place of origin, mini golden retriever adoption. In the photographs taken, up to 188 dogs were captured together, breaking the record for the largest number of Golden Retriever dogs in the same image.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIt is one of the breeds with a greater developed sense of smell. You can learn to search for objects of all kinds and in any circumstance. This ability makes it ideal as a dog for searching for explosives, narcotics, or any other product.\nAlthough all dogs need to bite, the Golden Retriever needs it with much more intensity. It requires toys or specific items where you can download part of your energy and needs.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nAlthough hunting instincts are marked in his genetics, it is not something that he develops on his own if he is not trained, just as he will not tend to make the so-called soft bite if he is not educated for it.\nThey are also dogs that love water, swimming and being in contact with it. They are excellent swimmers, so whenever they have the chance, they will appreciate a good dip anywhere.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nIf you are thinking of sharing your life with a dog of this breed, the first thing you should do is go to an experienced breeder with good references. Pet shops or individuals offer puppies of dubious origin and without any guarantee, which can make you favor indiscriminate breeding with animals in poor condition, mini golden retriever adoption", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nOnly a breeder specialized in the breed will be able to offer you all the information you need, in addition to knowledge about your puppy's parents, which will rule out some of the hereditary diseases associated with the breed.", "Mini Golden Retriever Adoption: The Perfect Family Pet\nA Golden retriever can be an excellent travel companion throughout his life, you just have to understand his needs and try to satisfy them at all times. Thus, your relationship will be unbeatable, and you will have a balanced, loving and eager pet to be with you and make you happy. The Golden Retriever is one of the most beloved breeds in the world, something that has been earned thanks to its temperament. If you want to enjoy a great dog, go for the Golden Retriever, you will not regret it"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://library.ltu.edu/news/?_from=/architecture_and_design/architecture/detroitstudio_missionstatement.asp&_opt=detail&_cid=174e0de0-fc79-47a0-b52e-159c5752e8ef

/ Department of Architecture... Architecture alumna wins Challenge Detroit fellowship Samantha Szeszulski

["", "\nChallenge Detroit, an urban revitalization program focused on attracting and retaining talent in Detroit, has selected recent Lawrence Tech graduate Samantha Szeszulski as one of 33 fellows who will live in Detroit and work in the metro area for a year. She received her bachelor\u2019s degree in architecture in May.The second-year class has members from Canada and nine other states besides Michigan", "\nEach fellow is assigned to a participating company for a set salary of $30,000 and also receives a monthly living stipend of $500 from Challenge Detroit.\u201cIn collaboration with our host companies, non-profit and cultural partners, our first year fellows have made an incredible impact on the city and region during our inaugural year, and we know our year-two fellows will continue the positive momentum,\u201d said Challenge Detroit Executive Director Deirdre Greene Groves", "\nThe 33 fellows will work with non-profits throughout the year to address regional challenges and opportunities, including multi-modal transportation, homelessness, and community development. They will also work with and learn from one of 33 Challenge Detroit host companies, including the United Way for Southeastern Michigan, the Detroit Lions, Macro Connect and General Motors.Challenge Detroit assigned Szeszulski to Victor Saroki & Associates Architects PC in Birmingham", "\nSaroki is an LTU alumnus and a member of the University\u2019s board of trustees.A native of the Bay City area, Szeszulski is looking forward to the opportunity to explore and investigate Detroit and hopes to help in any way that she can.\u201cI\u2019m always hearing about small start-ups and entrepreneurial companies with new ideas,\u201d she said", "\n\u201cDetroit seems to have a good atmosphere for entrepreneurs and creative people.\u201dShe picked an apartment in the New Center area of Detroit where rents aren\u2019t as high as they are downtown. As an architecture major she enjoys living next to the famed Fisher Building designed by Albert Kahn. She expects to be commuting up Woodward Avenue when her job starts on Aug. 26.She also likes the idea of being part of a group of peers and an organization like Challenge Detroit during her first year after college", "\n\u201cIt\u2019s a good transition since I just graduated. [It doesn\u2019t feel like] going to work every day for the rest of my life just yet,\u201d she said.She said that her architecture degree has prepared her well for a wide variety of jobs. \u201cYou learn so much more than architecture. You learn to market yourself, brand yourself, and how to deal with clients and do presentations. It touches on many aspects of business,\u201d she said", "\nDuring their year in Detroit, Challenge Detroit participants will share their stories through regular blogging, video logging and social media updates. For more information and to meet all of the year-two fellows, visit www.ChallengeDetroit.org.The Collaborative Group, a Michigan-based non-profit dedicated to fostering entrepreneurship, launched Challenge Detroit last year. It is a new model for attracting and retaining talent to reinvigorate the city", "\nChallenge Detroit engages in the community through team challenges, in partnership with area non-profits, designed to positively impact the city and region. Challenge Detroit has received a two-year grant from the Michigan Economic Development Corporation as part of its LiveWorkDetroit! initiative. The goal is to build awareness of the momentum in Detroit to support the economy, culture and innovation."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol33/iss1/27/

"Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood" by Roshan P. Rai

["Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood by Roshan P. Rai\nHIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies\nReview of 'Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood' by Romit Bagchi\nRoshan P. Rai\nRoshan P. Rai is a development worker with a Darjeeling based NGO, DLR Prerna, working with marginal communities on issues of environmental sustainability and social equity since 1996 in the Darjeeling Himalaya.", "Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood by Roshan P. Rai\nRai, Roshan P. (2014) \"Review of 'Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood' by Romit Bagchi,\" HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: Vol. 33 : No. 1 , Article 27.\nAvailable at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol33/iss1/27\nExplore Himalaya's Readership", "Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood by Roshan P. Rai\nAll Issues Vol. 38, No. 1 Vol. 37, No. 2 Vol. 37, No. 1 Vol. 36, No. 2 Vol. 36, No. 1 Vol. 35, No. 2 Vol. 35, No. 1 Vol. 34, No. 2 Vol. 34, No. 1 Vol. 33, No. 1 Vol. 32, No. 1 Vol. 31, No. 1 Vol. 30, No. 1 Vol. 29, No. 1 Vol. 28, No. 1 Vol. 27, No. 1 Vol. 26, No. 1 Vol. 25, No. 1 Vol. 24, No. 1 Vol. 23, No. 2 Vol. 23, No. 1 Vol. 22, No. 1 Vol. 21, No. 2 Vol. 21, No. 1 Vol. 20, No. 1 Vol. 19, No. 2 Vol. 19, No. 1 Vol. 18, No. 2 Vol. 18, No. 1 Vol. 17, No. 2 Vol. 17, No. 1 Vol. 16, No. 1 Vol. 15, No. 2 Vol", "Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood by Roshan P. Rai\n15, No. 1 Vol. 14, No. 1 Vol. 13, No. 1 Vol. 12, No. 1 Vol. 11, No. 1 Vol. 10, No. 2 Vol. 10, No. 1 Vol. 9, No. 3 Vol. 9, No. 2 Vol. 9, No. 1 Vol. 8, No. 3 Vol. 8, No. 2 Vol. 8, No. 1 Vol. 7, No. 2 Vol. 7, No. 1 Vol. 6, No. 3 Vol. 6, No. 2 Vol. 6, No. 1 Vol. 5, No. 2 Vol. 5, No. 1 Vol. 4, No. 3 Vol. 4, No. 2 Vol. 4, No. 1 Vol. 3, No. 3 Vol. 3, No. 2 Vol. 3, No. 1 Vol. 2, No. 3 Vol. 2, No. 2 Vol. 2, No. 1 Vol. 1, No. 3 Vol. 1, No. 2 Vol. 1, No. 1"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.kmuw.org/2015-04-30/uprising-or-riot-depends-whos-watching

Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching

["Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nIs It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nBy Karen Grigsby Bates\nWhat do you see in this image? An \"uprising\" or a \"riot\"?\nIt's no surprise that people can't agree on a label for what's happening in Baltimore. There was little agreement about what to call Ferguson, too: The action in both has been described as \"riots,\" \"uprisings\" and \"civil unrest.\" People use different terms in different contexts for different reasons.", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nIn Los Angeles in 1992, fires blossomed after four LAPD officers were acquitted of the assault on Rodney King \u2014 even though half the world had seen what's now known as the \"Rodney King Video,\" captured by an appalled onlooker.\nTwo years ago, University of Southern California sociologist Karen Sternheimer wrote \"Civil Unrest, Riots and Rebellions: What's the Difference?\" for the Everyday Sociology Blog.", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nWhile the 1992 crisis was often called a riot, Sternheimer wrote that it had elements of all three terms: \"Civil unrest often occurs when a group strives to gain attention for something they feel is unjust.\" When the jury declared \"not guilty\" for the officers on trial, there was disbelief.\n\"People felt angry enough to disrupt the social order,\" Steinheimer continued, \"because many felt like the justice system had severely let them down.\"", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nOver time, black communities in LA and Ferguson, Mo., had come to believe they were occupied by hostile police departments that didn't resemble their civilian populations and focused their policing on containment and suppression, rather than protecting and serving. In LA, the last straw was the exoneration of the officers despite clear video evidence of the abuse: Parts of the city burned in a matter of hours. Fifty-five people died and property damage reached $1 billion.", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nJack Schneider, an assistant professor in the education department at the College of the Holy Cross, noted at the Huffington Post last year that throughout American history, white citizens were lauded when they rose up against perceived tyranny. Actions that came to be known as Shay's Rebellion and Bacon's Rebellion were called rebellions; participants were considered patriots. \"When blacks become involved, however,\" Schneider wrote, an uprising isn't a rebellion. It's a riot", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nThese have been characterized as \"resistance to authority or control,\" Schneider added. The assumption by those in power is those instances of civil unrest were hooliganism, not \"simmering resentment and honest anger\" to oppressive conditions.\nNeed a clear example of how perspective can cloud the media mirror? Here's this, from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, after a student riot in 2011 that left windows smashed and cars flipped:", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\n\"More than 10,000 students rallied Wednesday night in anger after Penn State University trustees announced that longtime football coach Joe Paterno had been fired.\"\nWhat was a riot became a rally.\nRiots can also start out as one thing and morph into something else. Ferguson protests were largely peaceful until an aggressive police response infuriated many marchers. What started as a demonstration against police brutality and racism became, some said, a demonstration of police brutality.", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\n\"There can be resistance to oppression,\" said Marc Lamont Hill, a political commentator and Morehouse College professor, in a conversation with CNN anchor Don Lemon.", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nResistance, Hill said, \"looks different ways to different people.\" And, he added, it's not something that can be neatly contained or scheduled. \"You can't tell people where to die-in, where to resist, how to protest.\" While many in and on the media were referring to the Baltimore demonstrators as rioters, Hill refused. \"I'm calling these uprisings,\" he insisted, \"and I think it's an important distinction to make.\"", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nBaltimore, Hill said, is one in a series of cities where people pushed back against \"the state violence that's been waged against black female and male bodies forever.\" Just as the media are covering the flames when cities are burning, Hill told Lemon, they should also be looking at root causes behind the fires. Riot, unrest, rebellion, uprising \u2014 what we call them is not a to-may-to, to-mah-to argument. The words may describe the same event, but they mean very different things.", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nTell us what you call what's going on in Baltimore \u2014 and why you believe your word or term is the right one. Do it below or on Twitter, at #whatdoyoucallbaltimore.\nKaren Grigsby Bates", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nKaren Grigsby Bates is the Senior Correspondent for Code Switch, a podcast that reports on race and ethnicity. A veteran NPR reporter, Bates covered race for the network for several years before becoming a founding member of the Code Switch team. She is especially interested in stories about the hidden history of race in America\u2014and in the intersection of race and culture. She oversees much of Code Switch's coverage of books by and about people of color, as well as issues of race in the publishing industry", "Is It An 'Uprising' Or A 'Riot'? Depends On Who's Watching\nBates is the co-author of a best-selling etiquette book (Basic Black: Home Training for Modern Times) and two mystery novels; she is also a contributor to several anthologies of essays. She lives in Los Angeles and reports from NPR West."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/20/border-agency-split-vine-report?newsfeed=true

UK Border Agency to be split in two

["UK Border Agency to be split in two\nUK Border Agency to be split in two\nTheresa May announces division in response to report on border checks fiasco that prompted dismissal of Brodie Clark\nAlan Travis, home affairs editor\nMon 20 Feb 2012 13.53 EST\nTheresa May announces that the UK border force is to be separated from the UK Border Agency Reuters", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nThe UK Border Agency is to be split in two after an official inquiry report found that poor communication, poor oversight and confusion among ministers and senior officials lay at the heart of last summer's border checks fiasco.\nThe report into the Brodie Clark affair finds that the immigration minister, Damian Green, gave the go-ahead for the suspension of the key checks on overseas passengers with biometric visas from outside the European Union before last year's Easter holiday.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nBut the inquiry by John Vine, the chief inspector of the UKBA, also finds that the border force, then headed by Clark, continued with the regular suspension of these passport checks even after the home secretary had specifically excluded them from being lifted to cope with massive queues at Heathrow and other ports.\nThe report reveals that other passport checks have been relaxed without ministerial authorisation on a far wider scale in recent years than had previously been made public.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nVine says it is \"of considerable concern\" that checks against the warning index of potential terrorists and illegal migrants have not been carried out on more than half a million low-risk European economic area nationals who have travelled to the UK on Eurostar services from Disneyland and other French resorts since 2007.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nHe also discloses a \"potentially unlawful\" measure known as Operation Savant to manage student numbers at peak times, under which overseas students were admitted to the UK even though they did not have necessary entrance clearance documents.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nThe report also reveals that a pilot scheme for a risk-based approach to passport checks which had been authorised by ministers has not been the success that was claimed by David Cameron in the Commons. Instead, Vine says it is not possible to quantify whether it has been a success or a failure.\nThe report follows the dismissal of Clark last November after being accused of being a \"rogue civil servant\" for lifting passport checks without ministerial authority to cope with passenger numbers.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nThe home secretary, Theresa May, reacted to the highly-critical report by announcing a decision to split the UK border force from the UK border agency from next month. She said it needed a new management culture and to become a \"disciplined law enforcement organisation,\" led by a director general reporting directly to ministers. Brian Moore, chief constable of Wiltshire, is to be its interim head.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nShe told MPs that suspensions such as the Eurostar or student checks were unauthorised by ministers and said that such decisions went back to 2007, when Labour was in power.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nBut the shadow home secretary, Yvette Cooper, said the report showed that passport checks had been downgraded more than 2,000 times after it was decided to weaken border controls. \"The report shows that instructions from the home secretary's office were unclear, whilst the immigration minister authorised relaxed checks in January 2011 without asking the home secretary which were then implemented in by the UKBA,\" Cooper said.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\n\"The home secretary is trying to claim that the problems at the UKBA have nothing to do with her, the immigration minister or her so called pilots. Yet the report shows the opposite.\n\"It makes clear that controls were downgraded far more often in 2011 than in any previous year, and that the immigration minister licensed repeated weakening of border controls.\"", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nClark said that he welcomed the recognition of the complexity of the business in the report and hoped its recommendations would serve to remove some of the barriers to success that currently exist:\n\"The home secretary's statement gives only a partial picture of the report's contents and does not acknowledge its full findings, including the criticisms of ministers,\" he said.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nHis union, the First Division Association, said: \"Despite attempts by the Home Office at the start of these events to lay the blame for perceived border control irregularities solely at Mr Clark's door, the Vine report is clear that blame is to be shared between officials and ministers. As a consequence, it is clear that the description that Clark was a 'rogue civil servant' is disingenuous and wrong.\"", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nThe Vine report says there is now an urgent need for a new framework for border security checks, which allows for their suspension where necessary based on risk or health and safety to cope with passenger numbers.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nHe says communication between the UKBA and ministers was poor. Green thought he had only given \"provisional\" approval to the decision to relax secure identity checks on overseas visa nationals arriving at Heathrow, but the inquiry found it was reasonable for the agency to assume the go-ahead had been given.", "UK Border Agency to be split in two\nVine says he found it was a lack of clarity about roles and responsibilities and a lack of clarity about language by ministers and senior officials that led to widespread confusion among frontline staff.\nIt also highlights a \"summer pressures\" submission by Clark to the home secretary asking to relax border checks, which was linked a cut of 600 staff with the problems of handling last summer's holiday surge in passengers through UK airports.\nBrodie Clark\nUK security and counter-terrorism\nYvette Cooper"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=37FBaN9vgt8C&pg=PA165&focus=viewport&vq=interest&dq=editions:UOM39015030159795&lr=&output=html_text

The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa

["The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nthe country except by the narrow paths made by the natives. Of the people Mr. Baker gives a rather favourable account. They never asked for presents. The Chief maintained his authority principally by his hold upon the superstition of his subjects", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nHe professed to be a great rain doctor, and pretended to apportion the supply according to the liberality of the people ; his maxim being 'No goats no rain.' He had one hundred and sixteen children living, and each of his villages was governed by one of his sons, thus the entire government was quite a family affair. Although devoid even of the conception of a Supreme Being, the whole people were under the dominion of the most abject superstition. \u00c0r. Baker, nevertheless, ventured to leave Mrs", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nBaker at the capital while he made an excursion to the River Assuva, which he would be obliged to cross on his route to Unyoro. The King pledged himself to watch over her safety, placed a spell upon the door of her hut that nothing evil might enter it during her husband's absence, and ordered his sons to mount guard before it by turns, night and day.\"", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nHaving lost all his camels and horses, and the only means of transport left being eight donkeys, Mr. Baker, weakened by repeated attacks of fever, prepared once more for his journey south. He and his wife had both suffered greatly from the climate of Obbo, where they were detained far longer than was pleasant. The last donkey having died, and travelling on foot being impossible in his weak state, Mr. Baker purchased and trained three oxen for riding instead of horses. The Turkish party, over which Mr", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nBaker had now acquired great influence, consented to accompany him to Unyoro, the country of King Kamrasi, on the promise that he would obtain from him a quantity of ivory that would make his fortune.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nIn passing through the country of the Shooa, which Mr. Baker describes as a land flowing with milk and honey, fowls, butter, and goats were abundant and cheap. Beads to purchase them were of great value, few having before been seen in the country. The people were gentle in their manners and obliging. The cultivation was superior to any that had been previously seen on our journey", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nIn January, 1864, the party left Shooa, invigorated by the fine air and abundant food of the country, and entered on a wide expanse of prairie country, then a wooded district, but so choked with tall grass that it was impossible to proceed without burning it before them. From an elevated position Mr", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nBaker saw on the morning of the fourth day after leaving Shooa, at sunrise, a bank of fog hanging over a distant valley, and in the evening he reached the \u201cSomerset River' (Speke's Nile), which he found about 150 yards in width, and", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nrinning\nrunning in a succession of falls and rapids between high cliffs clothed with groves of palm and banana. Ascending the right bank of the stream be at length approached the Karuma Falls, the termination of Speke's discoveries and the place at which he quitted the river in his march to Gondokoro. We quote the account of his reception by the people there :", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n\u2022 The heights were crowded with natives, and a canoe was sent across to within parleying distance of our side, as the roar of the rapids prevented our voices from being heard except at a short distance. Bacheeta now explained, that \u201c Speke's brother had arrived from his country to pay Kamrasi a visit, and had brought him valuable presents.\"\n\u201cWhy has he brought so many men with him ?\u201d inquired the people from the canoe.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n\u201c Let us look at him,\u201d cried the headman in the boat. Having prepared for the introduction by changing my clothes in a grovo of plantains for my dressing-room, and altering my costume to a tweed suit, something similar to that worn by Speke, I climbed up a high and almost perpendicular rock that formed a natural pinnacle on the face of the cliff, and, waving my cap to the crowd on the opposite side, I looked almost as imposing as Nelson in Trafalgar Square.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n* I instructed Bacheeta, who climbed up the giddy height after me, to shout to the people that an English lady, my wife, had also arrived, and that we wished immediately to be presented to the king and his family, as we had come to thank him for his kind treatment of Speke and Grant, who had arrived safe in their own country. Upon this being explained and repeated several times, the canoe approached the shore.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n* I ordered all our people to retire, and to conceal themselves among the plantains, that the natives might not be startled by so imposing i force, while Mrs. Baker and I advanced alone to meet Kamrasis people, who were men of some importance", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nUpon landing through the high reeds, they immediately recognised the similarity of my bcard and general complexion to that of Speke; and their welcome was at once displayed by the most extravagant dancing and gesticulating with lances and shields, as though intending to attack, rushing at me with the points of their lances thrust close to my face, and shouting and singing in great excitement.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nThe Karuma Falls are not imposing, being only five feet in height, but descend regularly over a ledge of rock, extending like a wall across the river. The party were ferried across the stream and entered the territory of King Kamrasi. It is remarkable that in proportion as the equatorial region of Africa is approached there is an evident advance in civilisation, as indicated, at least, by the partial adoption of clothing. In the country of the Unyoro", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nthe people prepare goat-skins with great skill, making them up into mantles with a neatness and finish that would not discredit an European tailor. Articles of dress would be taken to any extent in exchange for ivory in Unyoro; beads also are valuable, being extremely scarce.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nThe journey in the direction of the great lake of which Mr. Baker was in search now became very exciting ; its position was well known to the natives with whom he communicated, and it was always described as being much larger than the Victoria Nyanza. The capital of Kamrasi is merely a large village of grass-huts. The king's character is described as being a compound of avarice, duplicity, and cowardice", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nIn his abject terror at the arrival of a Turkish party in his dominions he ordered his brother to personate him. The representative was as false and treacherous as his august relative, informing Mr. Baker that the Lake M'wootan N\u2019zig\u00e9' was a full six months' journey from the capital. On hearing this all the porters deserted. One of the officers of the court, however, told the truth, under the influence of a bribe, informing Mr", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nBaker that the lake was only a ten days' journey from the capital, and that he had himself reached it in that time. Arrangements were at length made for the journey to the lake, and a sufficient supply of native porters having been obtained, not, however, until the king by his deputy had extorted everything of value from Mr. Baker but his watch. He had coolly requested that Mrs. Baker might be left behind at court while the party proceeded to the lake, offering Mr", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nBaker as many wives as he chose to select. In this short journey to the lake Mr. Baker was subject to the greatest trial to which he had yet been exposed. His gentle but heroic wife was struck down by a coup de soleil ; brain fever and delirium ensued, and so hopeless was the prospect of her recovery, that in the crisis of her illness one of the escort put a new handle to his pickaxe and sought for a suitable place to dig her grave. Mrs", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nBaker nevertheless recovered, after every ray of hope had disappeared, to partake of her husband's triumph, now on the point of being achieved :", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n' For several days past our guides had told us that we were very near the lake, and we were now assured that we should reach it on the morrow. I had noticed a lofty range of mountains at an immense distance west, and I had imagined that the lake lay on the other side of this chain; but I was now informed that those mountains formed the western frontier of the M'wootan N\u2019zig\u00e9, and that the lake was actually within a march of Park\u0101ni", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nThat night I hardly slept. For years I had striven to reach the sources of the Nile.\u201d In my nightly dreams during that arduous voyage I had always failed, but after so much hard work and perseverance the cup was at my very lips, and I was to drink at the mysterious fountain before another sun should set-at that great reservoir of Nature that ever since creation had baffled all discovery.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n'I had hoped, and prayed, and striven through all kinds of difficulties, in sickness, starvation, and fatigue, to reach that hidden source; and when it had appeared impossible, we had both determined to die upon the road rather than return defeated. Was it possible that it was so near, and that to-morrow we could say \u201cthe work is accomplished \"?", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n\u2022 14th March. The sun had not risen when I was spurring my ox after the guide, who, having been promised a double handful of beads on arrival at the lake, had caught the enthusiasm of the moment. The day broke beautifully clear, and baving crossed a deep valley between the hills, we toiled up the opposite slope. I hurried to the summit", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nThe glory of our prize burst suddenly upon me! There, like a sea of quicksilver, lay far beneath the grand expanse of water,- -a boundless sea horizon on the south and southwest, glittering in the noon-day sun ; and on the west, at fifty or sixty miles' distance, blue mountains rose from the bosom of the lake to a height of about 7000 feet above its level.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nIt is impossible to describe the triumph of that moment; here was the reward for all our labour-for the years of tenacity with which we had toiled through Africa", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n! Long before I reached this spot, I had arranged to give three cheers with all our men in English style in honour of the discovery, but now that I looked down upon the great inland sea lying nestled in the very heart of Africa, and thought how vainly mankind had sought these sources throughout so many ages, and reflected that I had been the humble instrument permitted to unravel this portion of the great mystery when so many greater than I had failed, I felt too serious to vent my feelings in vain cheers for victory, and I sincerely thanked God for having guided and supported us through all dangers to the good end", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nI was about 1500 feet above the lake, and looked down from the steep granite cliff upon those welcome waters-upon that vast reservoir which nourished Egypt and brought fertility where all was wilderness\u2014-upon that great source so long hidden from mankind; that source of bounty and of blessings to millions of human beings; and as one of the greatest objects in nature, I determined to honour it with a great name", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nAs an imperishable memorial of one loved and mourned by our gracious Queen and deplored by every Englishman, I called this great lake the Albert Nyanza.\" The Victoria and the Albert lakes are the two sources of the Nile.", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\n*The zigzag path to descend to the lake was so steep and dangerous that we were forced to leave our oxen with a guide, who was to take them to Magungo and wait for our arrival. We commenced the descent of the steep pass on foot. I led the way, grasping a stout bamboo. My wife in extreme weakness tottered down the pass, supporting herself upon my shoulder, and stopping to rest every twenty paces", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nAfter a toilsome descent of about two hours, weak with years of fever, but for the moment strengthened by success, we gained the level plain below the cliff. A walk of about a mile through flat sandy meadows of fine turf interspersed with trees and bush, brought us to the water's edge. The waves were rolling upon a white pebbly beach : I rushed into the lake, and thirsty with heat and fatigue, with a heart full of gratitude, I drank deeply from, the Sources of the Nile.'", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nWe have in the number of the Quarterly Review,' to which we have before referred, freely expressed our sense of the importance of this great geographical discovery, together with our view of its bearings on the great problem of the source of the Nile. That much remains yet to be accomplished before the honour of having discovered the sources of the Nile can be unhesitatingly assigned to any explorer is unquestionable", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nCaptain Speke was as positive that he had discovered the of the Nile' in the Victoria Nyanza as Mr. Baker is that the Albert Nyanza is the fountain head; or rather, to use his own language, the great basin of the Nile, that receives every drop of water, even from the passing shower to the roaring mountain torrent, that drains from Central Africa towards the North,' 'the one great reservoir into which everything must drain,' and which monopolises the head-waters of the Nile' (vol. ii. pp. 103, 104)", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nHe denominates the river which flows into the Albert Nyanza from the Victoria Nyanza the \u201cSomerset River,' and it is so marked on the map of his route which Captain Speke put into the hands of Mr. Baker at Gondokoro, which certainly seems to indicate that Captain Speke did not himself believe that river to be the Nile. He alone, it has been said, discovers who proves; and the proof of the discovery of the source of the Nile is as yet far from complete", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nWe do not know the extent of the Albert Nyanza to the north-west, nor are we in possession of any precise information with respect to its effluent, which, in conformity with physical laws, we should naturally expect to find at one of its extremities rather than at its side. The lake at Magungo, the furthest northerly point reached by Mr", "The Explorer: An Account of Travels in Eastern Africa\nBaker, contracts to about seventeen miles in width, and further north appeared a \u201ctail-like continuation of the water and a valley of high reeds, and through this valley Mr."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB842827302807449000

False Choice in Bosnia: The West's Cynical Stance

["False Choice in Bosnia: The West's Cynical Stance\nFinal results of Saturday's balloting in Bosnia aren't scheduled to be released until Tuesday, but the important facts concerning the vote seem already well-established. Everyone acknowledges that there was widespread voter registration fraud. There were, at best, only half as many international observers as polling stations", "False Choice in Bosnia: The West's Cynical Stance\nAnd if the elections passed with a minimum of violence, it was only because displaced citizens didn't feel that they could travel safely to their former homes to exercise their right to vote. Come Tuesday, it is likely that the three main nationalist parties -- the Croatian Democratic Union, the Muslim's Party of Democratic Action, and the Serbian Democratic Party -- will have emerged with a \"democratic\" mandate to pursue their separatist visions of the future of Bosnia.", "False Choice in Bosnia: The West's Cynical Stance\nWestern officials declared themselves satisfied with the vote. But the hollowness of such sentiment was revealed by a Clinton spokesman, who responded to Bob Dole's allegation that the process had sold out hopes for Bosnia's return to a multiethnic society, by saying: \"It's a crusade by a high-minded handful of people, who, fortunately for us, turn out not to have any followers in the U.S. public.\" This smug, cynical tone is becoming the norm among the Clintonites."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://casetext.com/case/people-of-the-state-of-ny-v-pennock

People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock

["People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nAll State & Fed.JX\nSign UpGet a DemoGet a Demo\nOpinionCase details\nPeople of the State of N.Y. v. Pennock\nCiting Cases\nTown of Whitestown v. Title Guaranty S. Co.\nWrench was a mere volunteer. He was not entitled to receive it as supervisor or otherwise, and the bondsman\u2026\nThayer v. Erie County Savings Bank\nThe liability of sureties is strictissimi juris and cannot be extended by construction. ( People v. Pennock,\u2026\n16 Citing Cases", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nFull title:THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, Respondents, v . EBENEZER PENNOCK\u2026\nCourt:Court of Appeals of the State of New York\nDate published: Apr 13, 1875\n60 N.Y. 421 (N.Y. 1875)\nFrom Casetext: Smarter Legal Research\nCourt of Appeals of the State of New York\nArgued April 2, 1875\nDecided April 13, 1875\nD. Pratt for the appellant. Charles Mason for the respondents.\nALLEN, J.", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nWhile the answer of the appellant admits, in the terms averred in the complaint, that, during the term of office of the principal, as supervisor of the town of Sullivan, large sums of money, raised and collected according to law, in and belonging to the town, came to his hands as such supervisor, it denies each and every other allegation of the complaint.", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nIssue is thus taken upon the averment that the principal in the bond, as supervisor, received the sums alleged to have been collected for the temporary relief of the poor, and for the improvement of the roads and bridges of the town; and the exception to the conclusion of law of the referee presents the question as to the liability of the sureties for these moneys upon the facts agreed upon, and as found by the referee", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nEvidently, the only matter in issue was as to the legal liability of the sureties for these specific sums of money, and the form of the issue, and of the exception to the report, fairly raises the question actually tried and decided. No point is made in this court upon the form of the bond", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe condition is in strict conformity with the act pursuant to which it was given, and is for the faithful discharge by the principal of his duties as supervisor; and that \"he will well and truly keep and pay over and account for all moneys belonging to his town, and coming into his hands as such supervisor.\" (Laws of 1868, chap. 721, \u00a7 2.) The validity of the bond is conceded. The question is as to its interpretation", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe only objection to the recovery is, that the moneys for which a recovery was had are not within the condition of the bond. The bond is conditioned to account for and pay over all moneys belonging to the town, and coming into the hands of the principal \"as supervisor.\" Other statutes have been enacted, from time to time, requiring security from supervisors for moneys coming to them in their official capacity for specific purposes. The act passed in 1866 (chap", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\n534), of which the act of 1868 is an amendment, requiring security for all moneys belonging to the town, that should come to the hands of supervisors, as such, probably superceded the special acts, as it requires security for all moneys paid to supervisors, pursuant to law, for any public use within the town.", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nOverseers of the poor and commissioners of highways who, by law, are charged with the disbursement of the two sums of money for which a recovery has been had, are required, by statute, to give bonds, with sureties, with like conditions as that required by law of supervisors. (Laws of 1855, chap. 269; id., 1845, chap", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\n180, \u00a7 3.) By law, boards of supervisors are required to cause to be raised by tax and paid to the overseers of the poor all moneys for the temporary relief of the poor of towns, and this was the purpose for which one of the specific sums mentioned in the complaint was collected. (Laws of 1845, chap. 334, \u00a7 7.) A like direction is given to the supervisors in respect to moneys raised by tax for highway purposes, or the construction and improvement of the roads and bridges", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThey are to cause them to be collected and paid to the commissioners of highways. (1 R.S., 511, \u00a7 50; Laws of 1865, chap. 522) This embraces the other of the specific sums of money mentioned. The officers named are charged with the receipt and disbursement of moneys raised for purposes within their respective official duties, and they and their sureties are liable to the public for the safe keeping and proper disbursement of all such moneys", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe supervisor has no authority, under the law, to receive moneys, even in transit, raised by tax for the support of highways and bridges, or of the poor. Moneys raised for such purposes are expressly excluded from those which he is authorized to receive or pay over", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\n(1 R.S., 349, \u00a7 1.) The board of supervisors are required, in the warrant annexed to the assessment roll for the collection of taxes, to direct the collector to pay to the commissioners of highways such sums as shall have been raised for the support of highways and bridges; and to the overseer of the poor such sum as shall have been raised for the support of the poor; and to the supervisor all moneys other than those raised for those purposes, and for the support of common schools, and which shall have been raised to defray any other town expenses", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\n(1 R.S., 396, \u00a7 37.) A disregard of the law by the board of supervisors, and a direction by them, in violation of law, in the tax warrant, to pay the moneys to the supervisor did not abrogate or change the law, or in any way extend or enlarge the powers, duties or responsibilities of the supervisor", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe collector would have been authorized to, and should have disregarded the misdirection of the warrant; and as the law is superior to the warrant, and the authority of the legislature paramount to that of the board of supervisors, the overseers of the poor and the commissioners of highways were respectively entitled to demand and receive from the collector the sums collected for their several departments, and to be disbursed by them", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe board might, with the same propriety and color of authority, have directed the portion of the State tax collected in the town to be paid to the supervisor instead of the county treasurer; or the moneys collected for the general expenses of the town to be paid to the commissioners of common schools instead of the supervisor.", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe principal in the bond received, officially and as supervisor, precisely what the law authorized him to receive, and no more. The appellant, in becoming surety upon the official bond of the supervisor, must be supposed to have known the law and the limit and extent of the liability which was assumed", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nHe undertook for the accounting for and paying over of the moneys which his principal was authorized to receive in his official capacity, and of which he was the disbursing agent for the town, and not for that of which he might become the voluntary custodian for others, or which might be ordered to be paid to him without authority of law. The condition of the bond must be construed, and the liability of the sureties limited in reference to the statutes making the supervisor a custodian of public moneys", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nWhen he undertook that his principal should account for and pay over all moneys that should come to his hands as supervisor, the intendment is that such moneys as should, pursuant to law, be received by him in his official capacity and in virtue of his office, were referred to, and not such as he might receive by color of office, or because he was supervisor, but without right, and of which some other official was the legal recipient and disbursing agent, having the right to receive them directly from the collector", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe principal of the appellant was an intruder in respect to the moneys collected for the support of the poor and of the roads and bridges, and acted, in taking them into his hands, officiously and not officially.", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nLiabilities of sureties are strictissimi juris, and cannot be extended by construction or enlarged by the acts of others. ( McCluskey v. Cromwell, 1 Ker., 593; Supervisors of Rensselaer County v", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nBates, 17 N.Y., 242.) The surety might well undertake for the proper disbursement by the supervisor of the moneys collected for the general expenses of the town, but not be willing to assume an unlimited liability for moneys legally payable to the other officials of the town, and which could only come to the hands of the supervisor without authority of law, and with the keeping and disbursement of which he had no official connection", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe voluntary assumption of new duties and additional responsibilities by the principal, with the assent and through the action of the board of supervisors, essentially changed the risk and contract of the sureties from that contemplated by law, and by them when they became sureties, if they are to be charged for the non-performance of those duties. This can not be done without the assent of the sureties. ( Brown v. Macdonald, 3 Hof. L", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nCases, 226.) Had the law been changed after the giving of the bond, and the road, school and poor moneys directed to be paid to the supervisor, the question then would have been whether this enlargement of the responsibilities of the principal did not discharge the sureties, which may be regarded as an open question with us. ( Pybus v. Gibb, 6 El. Bl., 902; People v", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nBiles, 36 N.Y., 459.) But that the liability of the sureties upon the bond in suit is and should be restricted to the moneys which by law the supervisor was authorized and bound to receive and disburse pursuant to law, cannot be doubted. Contracts of sureties are always construed strictly. ( U.S. v. Kirkpatrick, 9 Wheaton, 720.) A surety is only bound to the extent, in the manner and under the circumstances pointed out in his obligation. (Per STORY, J., Miller v", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nStewart, 9 Wheaton, 680.) The cases cited by the learned counsel for the respondents, in which sureties of executive officers have been held liable for the tortious acts of their principals while in the performance of official duty, are not applicable to the case in hand. The only question here is, what moneys, within the true meaning of the bond, have come to the hands of the principal, as supervisor", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\n? We think that in respect to the liability of the sureties only such are within the terms as the law has made payable to him, and made it his duty to receive.", "People of the State of New York v. Ebenezar Pennock\nThe judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.\nAll concur; MILLER, J., not sitting.\nJudgment reversed.\nSummaries of\nCase details for\nMake your practice more effective and efficient with Casetext\u2019s legal research suite.\nCasetext research\nParallel Search\nBig firm\nSmartCite\nLaw school access\n\u00a9 2021 Casetext Inc.\nCasetext, Inc. and Casetext are not a law firm and do not provide legal advice."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.essaysinhistory.com/the-pamphleteers-protestant-champion-viewing-oliver-cromwell-through-the-media-of-his-day/

Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com™ Blog

["Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe years between 1640 and 1660 witnessed in England a greater outpouring of printed material than the country had seen since the first printing press had begun operating in the 1470s.1 The breakdown of government and Church censorship in the early 1640s was almost total until the mid-1650s when Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector reimposed some controls. Not until the return of the Stuarts and their royal censors did the flow of pamphlets cease", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThis tumultuous period of English history therefore became a crowded arena for free expression of radical religious, social, and political ideas. This fact, coupled with the euphoria surrounding the victories of the New Model Army, the uninhibited exchange of ideas, and the general millennial atmosphere, especially following Charles Is execution, led many Englishman to see their nation as the emerging leader of the Protestant world.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nA recurring theme among these pamphlets, sermons, and broadsides was the idea that Oliver Cromwell was the man to lead England into this new age. Like the second coming of the Swedish soldier-king Gustavus Adolphus, Cromwell would champion the Protestant cause wherever it was in need. As a Civil War hero, conqueror of the Irish and Scots, and later as Lord Protector, the devoutly religious Cromwell certainly had the background to fit the role", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nYet in practical terms, England of the 1640s and 1650s was not the military juggernaut that many writers pictured it to be. The nation was not capable of wiping out the Turkish menace, unseating the Pope, and defending persecuted Protestants on the Continent all in one fell swoop. Thefinancial difficulties of the Stuarts did not disappear with the execution of Charles, and though the navy was strong, it was not logistically feasible for the army to get involved in a large Continental war.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nDespite this, even Cromwell himself had some occasional delusions of religious and military grandeur. A well known quote has him saying that, were he ten years younger, \u201cthere was not a king in Europe I would not make to tremble.\u201d2 In moments of religious fervor Cromwell might have seen himself and England in a millenial light, yet he was first and foremost a pragmatic politician", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHis genuine belief in the need to aid and protect his co-religionists took a secondary position to the day-to-day realities of English society and politics. His alliance with the Catholic French against the Spanish and his acquiescence to the war agaist the Protestant Dutch provide ample evidence of his heeding realpolitik considerations over any Pan-Protestant ideology.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\n? The answer lies in the fact that the world view of the average Englishman was limited to either what he read or what was read to him, either at informal gatherings or in church. Thus, the power of the printed word is hard to exaggerate in this time of upheaval and millennial anticipation. How and why Oliver Cromwell was cast in the role of English savior is directly related to the outlook of his contemporaries as shaped by the literature of the era.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAfter distinguished service in the early years of the Civil War, Cromwell was firmly thrust into the limelight following his participation in the Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645, the conflicts decisive engagement. Having only recently rejoined the army following his exemption from the Self Denying Ordinance, he was to play a major role in this Parliamentary victory. Despite an overwhelming numerical advantage (14,000 vs", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\n7,500), the Parliamentary forces were on the verge of collapse following a Royalist charge against one end of their line. Cromwell, however, led the better disciplined Parliamentary horse on a charge against the opposite flank and succeeded in getting behind the Royalist infantry and thus swinging the victory toward Parliament. Though the King held out for another year, Naseby effectively crushed the Royalist cause.3", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nCromwells letter to the Speaker of the House William Lenthall following the battle set the tone for future Cromwellian victory announcements. In its two paragraphs, the letter, which was read to Parliament as well as in the Churches in and around London,4 credited the victory to God no less than six times", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHe wrote, \u201cThis [victory] is none other but the hand of God; and to him alone belongs the glory, wherein none are to share with him.\u201d5 Cromwells giving credit for his triumphs to divine providence is a recurring theme throughout his life.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nTwo months later, from the town of Bristol, Cromwell sent more good tidings to Parliament. Having just concluded a storming of the town, Cromwell wrote, \u201cThis is none other than the work of God. He must be a very atheist that doth not acknowledge it.\u201d After thanking God several more times, Cromwell described his soldiers joy as being in the knowledge \u201cthat they are instruments of Gods glory and their countrys good.\u201d6", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nFollowing Naseby, the New Model Army ran off a string of victories. An atmosphere of invincibility and a sense of divine backing began to permeate the army and its supporters. Hugh Peter, an army chaplain and Independent minister, preached a sermon before Parliament in April 1645 (which was revised and printed in 1646) in which he spoke of seeing \u201cGods hand\u201d in Parliaments victory. Peter made special mention of Cromwell as a decisive player in the victory at Naseby", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHe also saw an expanded role for England, saying that \u201cthe Lord hath made us warlike, awaked us thoroughly out of our effeminacy and we are becom[ing] formidable to our neighbors.\u201d Going even further, Peter saw the Palatinate, Germany, France, Ireland, and the Netherlands all looking to England fr leadership.7", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAlong with the growing pubic praise for the New Model Army as it continued its dominance over the Royalist forces was the increased stature enjoyed by Cromwell following Naseby. A Parliamentary newspaper in 1646 was full of praise for the \u201cactive and gallant commander Lieutenant General Cromewell\u201d when he visited London", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIt described his great willingness \u201cto advance the Great Cause in hand for the Reformation of Religion, and the resettling of the peace and government of the kingdom.\u201d The article goes on to describe the awe in which the other MPs viewed him as well as to state, \u201c[Cromwell] had never brought his colors from the field but he did wind up victory within them.\u201d8", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIt should be recalled that Europe was still embroiled in the Thirty Years War, which the Stuarts had avoided despite the fact that James Is daughter (Charles Is sister) was married to the Elector of the Palatinate. England remained neutral due to the financial crisis at home, as well as to allow James to play the role of mediator in the conflict. For many Englishmen, the refusal to aid the Protestant cause on the Continent was an embarrassment", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHugh Peters reference to England getting over her \u201ceffeminacy\u201d and becoming warlike is an example of Puritan disappointment with Stuart foreign policy. As Christopher Hill writes, \u201cIt was with burning shame that such patriots saw the supine or hostile attitude of their government whilst these great issues were at stake.\u201d9", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIn May 1646, the King fled to the Scottish army and with the surrender of the Royalist capital of Oxford in July, the Civil War seemed over. Cromwell returned to his home following the signing of the terms of capitulation. In the succeeding months the army became increasingly radicalized by Parliaments refusal to address the soldiers material grievances and its rejection of the armys right to petition.10 Negotiations with the King had become fruitless and the chances for a settlement with him looked bleak", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nWith the outbreak of the second Civil War in March 1648, Cromwell again was in the field at the head of an army. After easily suppressing a Royalist uprising in Wales, Cromwell hurried to help repel the invading Scottish army from the North. In a series of battles from 17-19 August Cromwell shattered the dispirited and divided Scots at Preston. In his dispatch to Parliament, General Cromwell again credited the victory to the Lords providence", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\n\u201cSurely, Sir,\u201d he wrote, \u201cthis is nothing but the hand of God.\u201d The victory did on the surface seem miraculous considering the Scots superiority in numbers. As Cromwell wrote, \u201cOnly give me leave to add one word, showing the disparity of forces (21,000 Scots vs. 8,600 English) . .", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nthat you may see and all the world acknowledge the hand of God in this business.12 In truth, the English victory was much more dependent on Scottish ineptitude than divine intervention, but the effect on public opinion of a success against such a numerically superior force was undoubtedly tremendous.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe defeat of the Royalist threat in the Second Civil war was followed by the well known events of the Army entering London on 2 December 1648 and Colonel Prides purge of the Parliament on 5 December. The Army was now in control of the government and ready to push through its own agenda. No solution involving the king now seemed possible and talk of his being put on trial and removed was circulating the capital", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIt read, \u201cFor (say the Saints) shall not we be happy when we ourselves make choice of a good and upright man to be king over us?\u201d The article described an elected king as one who \u201cesteemeth of Religion and Virtue, [more] than of all other worldly things.\u201d Two men who were deemed to possess the necessary traits were \u201chonorable and victorious Fairfax or Cromwell, in whom God hath miraculously manifesed his presence.\u201d13 This article was important not only because its author considered Cromwell suitable material for kingship, but also because it demonstrated the view of Cromwell as a \u201cgodly man\u201d and one whose actions God had blessed.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nA sermon preached before the House of Commons on 22 December 1648 by Hugh Peter is another example of the extreme views which had emerged. Comparing the Army leaders (of whom Cromwell was one) to Moses, Peter urged that the army \u201cmust root up monarchy, not only here, but in France and other kingdoms round about.\u201d By doing so, he asserted that the army would lead the English people out of their \u201cEgyptian\u201d religious and ideological enslavement", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nMonarchy was seen as a demonstrated evil and the eradication of it elsewhere would be a \u201cgodly\u201d cause. Drawing from the Book of Daniel, Peter also saw the army as \u201cthat corner stone cut out of the mountain which must dash the earth to pieces.\u201d14", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe actions of the radicals, who on 30 January 1649 executed Charles I, horrified the rest of Europe (and much of England). As Cromwellian biographer Charles Firth wrote, \u201cThere was indeed no prospect of the general league of European potentates to punish regicide, for which Royalists hoped, but both governments and people were hostile.\u201d15 While the real threat of foreign invasion may not have been great, the ominous possibility of it created a siege mentality among the English people", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nA declaration in the name of Louis XIV published in Paris on 2 January and republished in England in translation, warned the Rump Parliament against any action towards the person of the King. Louis considered it his \u201cChristian duty\u201d to either \u201credeem from bondage the injured person of our neighbor King\u201d or \u201cto revenge all outrages already done or hereafter which may happen to be done\u201d against Charles. Louis vowed vengeance not only against the perpetrators of the crimes but also their wives and children", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe French Kings diatribe concluded by urging all other \u201cKings, Princes, and States\u201d to make similar proclamations and to join together for the safety of their brother sovereign.16", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIn the event that official proclamations against England were not effective enough in creating an air of paranoia, Royalist propagandists were also willing to contribute. In April 1649 Ralph Clare published a fabricated declaration by several monarchs, real and imaginary, condemning Englands regicidal actions", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe pamphlets stated purpose was \u201c[a] detestation of the present proceedings of the Parliament and Army, and of their [the monarchs] intentions of coming over into England in behalf of King Charles II.\u201d17", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nUp to this point one can see the background developing for identifying Cromwell as Englands religious and martial defender. His popularity with the general population, and especially with the army, coupled with the nations growing sense of isolation, pushed him further into the role of bulwark against the enemies of England. Yet it was his acceptance of his next military assignment which would propel him into the image of English and Protestant champion\u2013the suppression of Ireland.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe Irish rebellion which broke out in October 1641 initially was directed against Protestant English settlers and landholders, large numbers of whom were murdered and abused. The reporting in England of the massacres brought the normal disdain for the \u201cuncivilized\u201d Irish to a fever pitch of hatred. Streams of pamphlets, some highly fictionalized, concerning the revolt poured forth and it is obvious that many people accepted them wholly as truth. In London the pamphlets were absorbed with fascinated horror", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\n\u201cAll the news and speech is here of the rebellion,\u201d wrote one city resident.18 In the Commons, Speaker of the House Pym inflamed fears of an Irish invasion and Catholic uprising in England. Pyms fears were real and he took every revelation of a plot, no matter how far fetched, with equal seriousness", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\ne honestly believed that there had been \u201ccommon counsel at Rome and in Spain to reduce us to popery.\u201d19 With a leader of the nation so paranoid and frightened, it is no wonder that the people at large were able to believe so easily any story they heard.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nWitcame, a merchant in Kingsdale to a brother of his here: showing how cruelly they [the Irish] put them to the sword, ravished religious women, and put their children upon red hot spits before their parents eyes: threw them in the fire and burned them to ashes: cut off their ears and nose, put out their eyes, cut off their arms and legs, broiled them at the fire, cut out their tongues, and thrust hot irons down their throats, drown them, dash out their brains and such like other cruelty not heard of among Christians.20 And this is only the introduction to the pamphlet.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAnother illustrated broadside of the same month by Anthony Rouse told of drunken Irish soldiers killing each other to celebrate the birthday of a rebel leader. \u201cEach man slew his friend to the number of three thousand,\u201d wrote the author.21 To the English mind the Irishman seemed capable of any atrocity.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nWhile the gross exaggerations of Irish ruthlessness seem almost comical today, this sort of propaganda was common and its effects on naive readers should not be discounted. It was especially easy to swallow when the perpetrators were Catholics and the victims Protestant. News accounts from the Continent during the Thirty Years War were full of detailed accounts of the torture and barbarities practiced by the Catholic soldiers of Tilly and Wallenstein against Protestants in Germany", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nBecause of the Civil War in England and the subsequent unrest in the army, no troops could be sent to put down the insurrection in Ireland until 1649. The delay in sending forces did not diminish the flow of pamphlets concerning the plight of the Protestants in Ireland", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nA Royalist newspaper in 1644 printed a story entitled \u201cThe Clergys Lamentation\u201d which was a martyrology of dozens of \u201cgodly\u201d Protestants killed through the \u201cunparalleled cruelties and murders exercised by the inhumane Popish rebels.\u201d23 In June of the same year Morely Gent published A Remonstrance of the Barbarous Cruelties and Bloody Murders in which he decried the feeding of newborns to dogs and the burning of a fat Scotsman, whose grease was used to make candles.24 Other titles of these inflammatory pamphlets include The Impudence of the Romish Whore and A New Remonstrance from Ireland,25 both of which are replete with shocking stories of Irish depravity.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nQuite obviously these stories stirred up passions in England and brought about calls for a rapid suppression of the \u201cbarbarous rebels.\u201d There were also practical reasons in 1649 for desiring a quick re-establishment of English authority over the Irish. Charles II had made known his intentions of soon traveling to Ireland and using it as the staging area for an eventual invasion of England", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThere was a Royalist Army in the field there and several of the rebel armies were negotiating with Charles to assist in restoring him to the throne in exchange for various concessions.26", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThis is the situation Cromwell faced as he accepted the command of the 12,000 man expedition to Ireland. It was not only the political and military importance of his mission which motivated Cromwell. He had a fierce prejudice against the Catholic Irish and seems to have accepted every tale of atrocity", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHe once wrote, \u201cI had rather be overrun by a Cavalierish interest than a Scotch interest, I had rather be overrun by a Scotch interest than an Irish interest, and I think that of all, this the most dangerous . . . for all the world knows their barbarism.\u201d27 Cromwell meticulously planned the strategy and provisioning of the campaign, arriving in Dublin on August 15, 1649.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe brutality of Cromwells first two victories all but decided the outcome of the war. The Duke of Ormonde, commander of the royalist army in Ireland, wrote, \u201cIt is not to be imagined how great the terror is that those successes . . . have struck into this people. They are so stupefied, that it is with great difficulty that I can persuade them to act anything like men towards their own preservation.\u201d28", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nOn 11 September 1649 Cromwells forces stormed the town of Drogheda and slaughtered the nearly 3,500 soldiers and civilians inside. Cromwell himself personally ordered his men to \u201cput all to the sword.\u201d In his victory announcement to Parliament he spoke proudly of the massacre", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\n\u201cI am persuaded that this is a righteous judgement of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands in so much innocent blood.\u201d Cromwell went on to add that he believed all but two of the Friars in the town were killed by blows to the skull, or as he wrote, \u201cknocked on the head promiscuously.\u201d29", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nA month later Cromwell took the stronghold of Wexford by assault as well, killing more than 2,000 Irish soldiers. Though Cromwell did not order that the whole garrison be put to the sword, his soldiers got out of hand and did so on their own initiative. Cromwell expressed no regret over the episode, but rather said that \u201cGod in his righteous justice, brought a just judgement upon them.\u201d His message of triumph to England asserted that the Irish had gotten their just desserts", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\n\u201c[Gods will] causing them to become a prey to the soldier who in their piracies had made preys of so many families, and with their bloods to answer the cruelties which they had exercised upon the lives of poor Protestants.\u201d30", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThese two victories broke the back of the Irish rebellion. By the time Cromwell returned to England in May of 1650 to deal with another Scottish threat, the success of the English conquest was assured. It is hard to understate the impact of Cromwells victories on the Irish people. W. C", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAbbot writes that the \u201cconditions of the Cromwellian conquest and settlement left a heritage of hate among the defeated people `scarcely equalled and seldom, if ever, surpassed in history.\u201d31 Several times in the months following Wexford Cromwell was rumored to have been killed. Against these false hopes a contemporary Irish poet wrote:", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nCromwell is dead, and risen; and dead again\nand risen the third time after he was slain:\nNo wonder! For hes a messenger of hell:\nAnd now he buffets us, now posts to tell\nWhats past: and for more game new counsel takes\nOf his good friend the devil, who keeps the stakes.32", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIf for the Irish Cromwell was a \u201cmessenger of hell,\u201d for the English he wasa savior. The Poet Andrew Marvell published a tribute to Cromwell in June 1650 entitled An Horatian Ode Upon Cromwells Return from Ireland. The poem, though it subtly chasted Cromwell for his inability to be satisfied by the \u201cinglorious arts of war,\u201d was full of praise for Cromwells exploits", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAnd despite a doubting attitude by Marvell towards Charles Is execution, he declared that much to Cromwell \u201cis due.\u201d He stepped out of obscurity to \u201ccast the kingdoms of old into another mold.\u201d In what battle of the Civil War were \u201c[Cromwells] not the deepest scars?\u201d asked the poet, who also admonished the Irish who \u201csee themselves in one year tamed\u201d by Cromwell. Marvell honored Cromwell for selflessly giving his victories to England:", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\n[He] forbears his fame to make it theirs:\nAnd has his sword and spoils ungirt,\nTo lay them at the publics skirt.\nFinally, the author denigrated the rebellious Scots valor, as he unabashedly compared Cromwell to Caesar and predicted that the Scots will \u201cShrink underneath the plaid [their kilts]\u201d in reaction to Cromwells coming invasion.33", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe victories in Ireland were only the beginning of what some thought Cromwell might accomplish. The Fifth Monarchist movement had viewed the execution of Charles I as making way for the earthly reign of Jesus Christ Himself. One member of the sect, New Model Army veteran John Spittlehouse, published a pamphlet in 1650 which attacked the aristocracy and endorsed the Kings execution. Spittlehouse warned the Papacy to \u201cbeware of Nol Cromwells army, lest Hugh Peter come to preach in St", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nPeters chair.\u201d34 To him and other Fifth Monarchists, England (and the Revolution) represented a precedent of what God intended to do elsewhere.35 Cromwell had originally been recalled from Ireland in order to assist General Fairfax in defeating the Scottish revolt. Fairfax, however, refused to involve himself in a war against the Presbyterian Scots, so the command was given to Cromwell alone", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe Scots had been appalled by the execution of Charles, a Scottish King, and they conditionally proclaimed Charles II king six days after the execution. The young king arrived in Scotland in the Spring of 1650 and raised an army.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIn the last week of July Cromwell led an English force into Scotland. The Lord Generals approach to the quelling of the Scottish revolt was thoroughly different from the course taken in Ireland. Cromwell published in Scotland A Declaration of the Army of England upon his march into that country. He appealed to the Scots as fellow Covenanters to realize the error of their ways", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHe justified the invasion as a self defense \u201cof English religion and liberty.\u201d36 This policy of moderation by Cromwell stands in stark contrast to his behavior in Ireland where he was bent on the destruction of \u201cpopish interests.\u201d", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIn his report to Parliament he described the battle in detail and related the English armys dramatic battle cry, \u201cthe Lord of Hosts!\u201d The Lord General saw the army as comparable to the \u201cchariots and horsemen of Israel.\u201d The victory would not only be a benefit to England but also an example which \u201cshall shine forth to other nations who shall emulate such a pattern.\u201d37 The 12 September issue of the government newspaper Mercurius Politicus described the Stuarts as being asdespotic as the Roman Tarquin, and it praised Cromwell not only for his triumph but for his mercy towards Scottish wounded, whom the Lord General had ordered to be treated kindly.38", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe Scottish forces never fully recovered from the rout at Dunbar; however, they were still strong enough to create problems for the English. On 3 September 1651, the one year anniversary of Dunbar, Cromwell won a decisive victory at Worcester, deep in English territory. Charles II himself led the Scots into the battle and only barely escaped capture. The Scottish-Royalist movement was thus exterminated for the near future", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIn bulletins sent to England in the days following the battle, which were read \u201cfrom all London pulpits,\u201d Cromwell thanked the Lord for what \u201cHe hath wrought for this Commonwealth and for his people.\u201d He viewed the victory as divine approval for the \u201c[English] Nation and the change of government\u201d brought about by the revolution.39 A published account by an English eyewitness to the battle saw things in the same light as the Lord General", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHe said that the the \u201cLord hath clothed us in white garments, our enemies in bloody garments.\u201d To him, the victory was the \u201cbeginning of their fall [Englands] before appearance of the Lord Jesus [i.e. the millennium].\u201d40", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHis Scottish victories earned Cromwell still more glory from pamphleteers. In 1652, Payne Fisher published a tiresomely long poem dedicated to Cromwell entitled appropriately enoughVeni, Vidi, Vici. It declared the Lord General to be an \u201cInstrument of God used to destroy the Scots.\u201d In endless comparisons Fisher set Cromwell alongside virtually every noted military figure in Greek and Roman antiquity. He was the equal of Ulysses and Aeneas, as well as Priam and Agamemnon in the poets eyes", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nBecause he fought for \u201cliberty and religion,\u201d God was on his side. The idea that the Lord Generals conquests had brought Gods blessings upon the English people was the main thrust of the work.41", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIn one of them he claimed to have seen himself carried from France to Rome and heard \u201ca voice come to me saying, `So far as thou art come, so far shall Cromwell come.\u201d42 Considered insane by the authorities, Evans had been a court prophet to Charles I and was to be one later for Cromwell, despite the fact that he continually predicted the restoration of the Stuarts.43 The respect accorded to Evans is attested to by the tolerance given him, and his predictions, by both the Kings and Protectors courts.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe forcible dissolution of the Long Parliament (the Rump) in April 1653 by Cromwell and the army, and the establishment of a nominated (Barebones) parliament was seen by many religious extremists as a step towards a \u201cnew age.\u201d This was especially true for the Fifth Monarchists with whom Cromwell was associated closely at this time", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThis association was the result of Cromwells friendship with General Harrison, a known Fifth Monarchist, as well as the Lord Generals appointing of several members of the sect to the Barebones. His speech on 4 July 1653 to the first assembly of the Barebones Parliament gave encouragement to beliefs of the coming of a new age of \u201cgodly rule.\u201d Cromwell had \u201csurrendered himself to millenarian enthusiasm\u201d according to Barry Coward, as he told the Barebones,", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nTruly you are called by God to rule with Him and for Him, I confess I never looked to see such a day as this when Jesus Christ should be so owned as He is, at this day\u2026 this may be the door to usher in the things that God has promised; which have been prophesied of . . . we have some of us thouht, that it is our duty to endeavor this way; not vainly to look at that prophesy in Daniel.44", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nCromwells euphoria soon dissipated as the Barebones Parliament became a thorn in his side just as the previous parliaments had been to the Stuarts. A conservative backlash, joined by Cromwell himself, also swelled up against some of the more radical ideas espoused by the Parliament, especially those concerning property. As Cromwell later told his officers, \u201cMinistry and property were like to be destroyed . . . Who could have said anything was their own if they [the barebones] had gone on?\u201d45", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nOn 12 December 1653 the moderate majority of the Barebones resigned and four days later Cromwell accepted the Instrument of Government and was installed as Lord Protector. To most radicals, Cromwell was seen as a traitor to the Revolution. Some however held on to the hope that he would use his new power to enact reforms and pursue the crusading pro-Protestant policies which the Barebones had been unable to do", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAmong these men was John Rogers, an Independent minister and Fifth Monarchist who still believed Cromwell to be a champion of reform.46 In 1654 he published Doomsday Drawing Nigh, a book he dedicated to Cromwell, \u201cthe Peoples Victorious Champion.\u201d He wrote, \u201cHis Excellency the Lord Jesus hath sent out his summons to other nations also, and the blade of the sword (whose handle is held in England) will reach to the very gates of Rome.\u201d Rogers called upon England to help her Protestant neighbors in Bordeaux and Germany", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\n\u201cThe peoples eyes and cries are directed to the Lord General,\u201d according to Rogers, \u201cas the interest by whom they are [to be] recovered out of the Norman tyranny.\u201d The characterization of the \u201cNorman Tyranny\u201d as a \u201cyoke\u201d was a reference to the equal rights and privileges believed to have been lost by the average Englishman through the Norman conquest.47 Oliver Cromwell was the peoples champion in Rogers eyes because he conquered \u201cnot for himself but for the people,\u201d in contrast to the selfish William the Conqueror", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe author finished out his work by quoting and interpreting numerous prophesies of his own and others. One prophecy, which he credited to the French astrologer Nostradamus, had England beginning a Reformation by destroying Rome with her armies. The Turk too would be vanquished by the English, in league with the Venetians according to the predictions.48 Like others, Rogers picked up upon the theme of England emerging as a power to be reckoned with, led by Cromwell.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAndrew Marvell wrote a poem in 1655 to the Protector to commemorate the first anniversary of Cromwellian rule. Marvell, a protege of Milton, was not only unperturbed by Cromwells assumption of one man rule, he rather seemed to grow in his fondness for the Protector. The poem opened with almost fifty lines praising the vigor of the Lord Protector as a ruler. The next sixty lines were a testament to his construction of such a harmonious state", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nMarvell then bemoaned the fact that mans sins had delayed the millennium. He decried those who still worshiped \u201cthe whore\u201d (Rome) and those who subjugated the Indian and burned the Jew (Spain), when instead they should have been trying to convert them in anticipation of the millennium. The poet pictures Cromwell rooting out Catholicism by using the image of the scarlet beast of the Apocalypse.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nTill then my muse shall hollo far behind\nAngelic Cromwell who outwings the wind,\nAnd in dark nights, and in cold days alone\nPursues the monster thorough every throne:\nWhich shrinking to her Roman den impure,\nGnashes her gory teeth; nor there secure.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nMarvell demonstrated his desire for Cromwell to become king by comparing him favorably to Gideon and Noah. He was critical of the Fifth Monarchists, whose prophesies were \u201cfit to be [put in the] Koran.\u201d Marvells final plea to Cromwell, \u201cthe angel of our Commonwealth,\u201d was to continue healing yearly the \u201ctroubling water\u201d around England as he had done thus far.49", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nSome of the literature of this period which applauded Cromwell or cast him in the role of religious crusader was either outright government-sponsored propaganda or, at the least, encouraged by the government. An example of this is in the 1656 translation of Bartolomeo De La Casas book The Tears of the Indians", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe translator, John Phillips, wrote the books dedication to \u201cOliver, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth,\u201d asking the Protector to avenge the Spanish slaughter of the twenty million Indians of whom De La Casas wrote", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nPhillips suggested that the Indians cries would cease \u201cat the noise of Your [Cromwell] great transactions, while you arm for their revenge.\u201d The translator saw divine virtues in Cromwell which would rightfully allow him to punish \u201cthe bloody and popish nation of the Spaniards,\u201d whose crimes were \u201cfar surpassing the popish cruelties in Ireland.\u201d Phillips timely translation and dedication were used to help rouse up support for the coming war with Spain", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAs Phillips was the nephew of John Milton (Cromwells first official censor and propaganda minister), Phillips work was surely encouraged, if not authorized, by the government.50", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAnother example of Cromwellian propaganda can be seen in the governments response to the public outcry to help the persecuted Protestants in the French regions under the Duke of Savoy. News sheets from the Continent had described in depth the persecution suffered by the Protestants in that area. An account of the atrocities against Protestants in Savoy was printed in April of 1655", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIt described people being nailed to trees, babies being eaten, and \u201cabuses upon women as are not to be named, so that it was a favor to be cut into pieces.\u201d The account was accompanied by pictures \u201cso that the eye may affect the heart.\u201d51 Another 1655 pamphlet by a Frenchman recounted the history of one hundred and fifty years of suffering endured by Savoy Protestants. His narrative reportedly was \u201csent to his highness the Lord Protector\u201d and \u201cpublished by his command.\u201d52", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe government of the Protector published a series of letters in 1656 from Cromwell to Foreign princes and states \u201cfor the strengthening and preserving of the Protestant religion.\u201d The letters asked the rulers of Sweden, United Provinces, Denmark, and Transylvania to pressure France and join England in a Protestant league.53 It is obvious the letters were a government-backed public relations ploy to drum up support for the regime", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nWhile it is certain that Cromwell did sympathize with his Protestant brethren, the Anglo-French alliance signed in March 1657 casts doubt on his sincerity in proposing a Protestant league against France.54", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nOn the whole, Cromwells reversion to one-man rule disillusioned most radicals. Tracts concerning Cromwell now tended to dwell on betrayal and missed opportunities. Quakers James Nayler and George Fox in 1655 wrote a piece critical of Cromwell for not carrying out the reforms which they felt he had promised, denouncing any move towards the abolition of lay preaching. To them Cromwll had surrounded himself with less \u201cgodly\u201d men than previously", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThey wrote that the \u201cLord has set the army above all your enemies,\u201d on the one hand, but, \u201c[you must] choose men of God to bear the Sword of God\u201d on the other.55", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nSome writers even went farther in their solutions to the Protectors problems. Walter Gostello in his pamphlet Charles Stuart and Oliver Cromwell United urged Cromwell to ask Charles IIs forgiveness and restore him. Claiming his message to be \u201cdeclared from God Almighty to the publisher,\u201d Gostello predicted Romes downfall", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nHis message to Cromwell was to \u201cstay the Sword,\u201d convert the Jew and the Irish, and restore Charles II along with the peers.56 While he is obviously a prophet with Royalist leanings, Gostellos pleas to Cromwell to change his course are typical of this period.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe most impassioned admonition to Cromwell was written by George Fox. The Protector had always been friendly to the Quakers on a personal level and they had felt he was on their side. But by 1657 it was apparent that the desired changes were not forthcoming. But Fox still believed it was Cromwells sinfulness, not his intentions, which had ruined Englands chance for greatness.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nO Oliver, hadst thou been faithful and thundered down the deceit, the Hollander [could] had been thy subject and tributary, Germany had given up to have done thy will, and the Spaniard had quivered like a dry leaf wanting the virtue of God, the King of France should have bowed his neck under thee, the Pope should have withered as in winter, the Turk in all his fatness should have smoked, thou shouldst not have stood trifling about small things, but minded the work of the Lord as He began with thee first.57", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nEnding with Fox is appropriate in more ways than one. First, he summed up the wide range of expectations concerning Cromwell and England. Secondly, and more importantly, the quote is full of irony: Fox was bitter towards Cromwell for not living up to the very image which pamphleteers like himself helped to create", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe facade of Protestant Champion was a result of many factors\u2013international events, the millennial atmosphere created by the Revolutions upheaval, and the martial skill of the New Model Army and Cromwell. However, the key to the pamphleteers motivation lay in the utterances and writings of Cromwell himself. His deep religious convictions and belief in Gods hand as the controlling force in his own life were transferred into his public character", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nOliver Cromwell unintentionally projected the image of a millenial crusader, though he was not above exploiting this reputation for political benefit. The explosion of pamphlets fostered and encouraged this image, but by the mid-1650s it was clear that Cromwell was unfit for the role. The fatal flaw for Cromwell was that his military and political pragmatism made him both unsuitable and unwilling to fulfill the wilder aspirations of the popular media.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nKevin A. Creed received a B.A. degree in History, with a minor in Foreign Affairs, from the University of Virginia in 1992. This essay is based on his undergraduate thesis for Michael Graham\u2019s seminar on apocalypticism in early modern Europe.\nG. E. Aylmer, Rebellion or Revolution (Oxford, 1986), 65.\nChristopher Hill,Gods Englishman(New York, 1970), 155.\nBarry Coward,The Stuart Age (London, 1980), 188-190.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nIn Stows 1603 survey of the city, he counts 123 parish churches, along with St. Pauls and St. Peters, in London and the immediate suburbs. John Stow, A Survey of London (Oxford, 1908), 2:143.\nThomas Carlyle, ed., Oliver Cromwells Letters and Speeches (London, 1857), 1:173.\nIbid., 1:187.\nHugh Peter, Gods Doings and Mans Duty (London, 1646), 14-23.\nMercurius Civicus (London, 30 April 1646), 1-2.\nChristopher Hill, Puritanism and Revolution(New York, 1958), 126.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nMark Kishlansky, The Rise of the New Model Army (Cambridge, 1979), 180.\nCharles Firth,Oliver Cromwell (New York, 1908), 163.\nCarlyle, Letters and Speeches, 1:295.\nMercurius Elenctius (London, 6 December 1648).\nClement Walker, The History of Independency(London, 1649), 49.\nFirth, Oliver Cromwell,238.\nLouis XIV, The Declaration of the Most Christian King of France and Navarre (Paris, 2 January 1649).\nSir Ralph Clare, A Declaration to the English Nation (London, 28 April 1649), 1-7.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nAnthony Fletcher, The Outbreak of the English Civil War (New York, 1981), 136.\nIbid., 138-139.\nW. R. The Rebels Turkish Tyranny (London, 1641).\nAnthony Rouse, Gods Vengeance Upon the Rebels(London, 14 December 1641).\nBarbarous and Inhumane Proceedings(London, 1655), 24-46.\nDaniel Harcourt, \u201cThe Clergys Lamentation,\u201d Mercurius Aulicus (London, 1644).\nMorely Gent, A Remonstrance of the Barbarous Cruelties and Bloody Murders (London, 1644).", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe Impudence of the Romish Whore (London, 1644). Thomas Emitie, A New Remonstrance From Ireland (London, 1642).\nD. M. R. Esson, The Curse of Cromwell(London, 1971), 38-62.\nIbid., 267.\nCarlyle, Letters and Speeches,2:49-55.\nIbid., 70.\nW. C. Abbot,Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell(New York, 1937).\nCarlyle, Letters and Speeches,2:71.\nElizabeth Donno, ed., Andrew Marvell: Complete Poems (England, 1985), 55-58, 238-241.\nJohn Spittlehouse, Rome Ruind by Whitehall (London, 1650).", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nB. S. Capp, The Fifth Monarch Men (London, 1972), 151.\nOliver Cromwell, A Declaration of the Army of England(Newcastle, 1650).\nCarlyle, Letters and Speeches,2:193.\nMercurius Politicus (London, 12 September 1650).\nRobert Stapylton, Letter To Parliament (London, September 1651), 1, 6-7.\nPayne Fisher, Veni, Vidi, Vici (London, 1652), 8-26, 85-89.\nArise Evans, An Echo to the Voice from Heaven (London, 1652).\nChristopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (London, 1972), 278-279.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nBarry Coward, The Stuart Age, 222.\nHill, Gods Englishman, 140-43.\nRobert Zaller and Richard Greaves, Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century (Sussex, 1982), 76.\nHill, Puritanism and Revolution, 50-55.\nJohn Rogers, Sagir, or Doomsday Drawing Nigh (London, 1654), 14-17, 89, 132.\nDonno, Andrew Marvell, 126-137, 268-273.\nBartolomeo De La Casas, The Tears of the Indians (London, John Phillips, trans., 1656), intro. Hill, Gods Englishman, 164.", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nBarbarous and Inhumane Proceedings,46-48.\nJean Paul Perrin, History of the Vaudois (London, 1655), 1.\nOliver Cromwells Letters to Foreign Princes (London, 1656).\nAylmer, Rebellion or Revolution, 239-240.\nJaes Nayler and George Fox, To Thee Oliver Cromwell (London, 1655), 2-3.\nWalter Gostello, Charles Stuart and Oliver Cromwell United(London, 1655).\nWilliam Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Qu\nCulture, England, Religion", "Best Essays of All Time for Inspiration and Mastery | CustomWritings.com\u2122 Blog\nThe Maintenance of Ducal Authority in Gascony: The Career of Sir Guy Ferre the Younger 1298-1320\nCharisma and History: The Case of M\u00fcnster, Westphalia, 1534-1535"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://rsarchive.org/Books/GA013/English/RSP1969/GA013_c05-10.html

Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)

["Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nHaving come thus far in his experience, the aspirant is now able to make distinction in the surrounding world of soul and spirit between what is himself and what is outside him. He will now be in a position to appreciate how necessary it was to study the evolution of the world as described in this book, in order to arrive at a true understanding of man and of his life. For we can only understand man's physical body if we know how it has been built up right through the Saturn, Sun, Moon and Earth evolutions", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nSo too for the other members of man's being. To understand the ether-body, we need to follow its development through Sun, Moon and Earth evolutions. And if we are to understand all that has to do with the Earth's own evolution at the present time, we shall need to know how it has gradually unfolded, stage by stage. One who has undergone spiritual training will be in a position to recognize the relationship between what is contained in man and the corresponding facts and beings of the world around him", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nFor it is so indeed: there is no member or part of man that does not stand in some relation to the rest of the world \u2014 the world in its entirety. In this book it has hardly been possible to do more than give indications in barest outline of this universal correspondence. But we must not forget that the physical body, for example, was, during Saturn evolution, only in its very first beginnings", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nIts organs \u2014 heart, lung, brain and so on \u2014 developed out of these first beginnings, during the Sun, Moon and Earth periods. They therefore are connected with Sun, Moon and Earth evolution. The like must be said of man's other members \u2014 the ether-body, the sentient body, the sentient soul and so on. The whole of the immediately surrounding world has gone to the forming of man; no single part or feature of him that has not its corresponding process or being in the world without", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nAnd when he has reached the above-described stage in his development, the pupil of the Spirit learns to recognize this relationship of his own being to the great world. Such is the characteristic experience at this stage: he becomes conscious of the correspondence that exists between the \u201clittle world,\u201d the Microcosm \u2014 the world, that is, of man himself \u2014 and the \u201cgreat world,\u201d the Macrocosm.", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nWhen the pupil has worked his way through to this perception, a new experience awaits him. He begins to feel as though he has grown together with the whole vast structure of the Universe, retaining, however, at the same time the consciousness of himself as a fully independent being. A feeling nevertheless comes over him, as if he were being merged into the whole vast Universe, were becoming one with it \u2014 yet without losing his individuality", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nThis stage of development may be described as the \u201cbecoming one with the Macrocosm.\u201d It is essential not to think of it as though implying that separate consciousness should cease and the human individuality be poured out into the All. Such an idea could arise only from an inexact and untrained way of thinking.", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nWe may now set down in order the stages on the way to higher powers of cognition, attained in the training for Initiation that has here been described:\nStudy of spiritual science. To begin with, the pupil applies himself to this study with the powers of thought and sound judgment acquired in the physical world.\nAttainment of Imaginative Cognition.\nReading of the Hidden Script. (This stage is equivalent to Inspiration.)\nLiving one's way into the Spiritual World that is around one (equivalent to Intuition.)", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nKnowledge of the relationships between Microcosm and Macrocosm.\nBecoming one with the Macrocosm.\nA fundamental mood of soul determined by the simultaneous and integral experience of the foregoing stages.", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nThe reader is not however to imagine that the seven stages necessarily follow one another in precise order. Much will depend on the individual character of the pupil. If can be that an earlier stage has only partially been reached when a pupil begins to undertake exercises belonging to the next", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nFor example, it may be perfectly right, when he has had but a few genuine Imaginations, for him already to be doing exercises designed to bring Inspiration or Intuition, or even knowledge of the relationship of Microcosm to Macrocosm, within the reach of his own personal experience.", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nWhen the pupil has got so far as to have an experience of Intuition, then in addition to having knowledge of the pictures that belong to the world of soul and spirit, and being able to read from the Hidden Script how these pictures are interrelated, he also comes to know the Beings through whose co-operation the world to which man belongs has been called into existence. Then too he learns to know himself in his own archetypal form as a soul-and-spirit being in the world of soul and spirit", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nHe has wrestled his way through to a perception of his Higher Self, and now sees clearly what he has still to achieve in order to gain control over his Double, the \u201cGuardian of the Threshold\u201d who stands there before him, continually calling upon him to work on further at his development. This \u201cGreater Guardian of the Threshold\u201d now becomes for him the Ideal, the Example that he will do his utmost to follow", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nHaving once come to this resolve, the pupil will be enabled to recognize who it is that is there before him as the \u201cGreater Guardian of the Threshold.\u201d For now this Greater Guardian changes for the eyes of the pupil into the figure of Christ, whose nature and whose part in the evolution of Earth have been explained in the earlier chapters of this book. Through this experience the pupil is initiated into the sublime Mystery that is connected with the name of Christ", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nHaving thus come through Intuition to a knowledge of Christ in the spiritual world, the aspirant will find that he is able also to understand what took place historically on Earth in the fourth post-Atlantean period \u2014 the time of the Greek and Roman civilization. How the great Sun Being, even the Christ, intervened in Earth evolution, and how He is still working in it now and on into the future, the pupil of the Spirit knows henceforth from his own experience", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nThe path to knowledge of the supersensible worlds that has here been described is one that everyone can tread, no matter what his situation or circumstances in life. When speaking of such a path, we must not forget that the goal of knowledge and truth has been and is the same throughout all epochs of Earth evolution, but that the starting-point has been different in different epochs. Man cannot set out today from the same starting-point as did, for example, the candidate for Initiation in ancient Egypt", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nNeither can the exercises that were given to a pupil in ancient Egypt be simply taken over by a man of the present age. Since that epoch men's souls have been through sundry incarnations, and this moving on from incarnation to incarnation is not without meaning and purpose. The capabilities and qualities of the soul change from one incarnation to the next", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nEven a superficial study of history will convince us that since the twelfth and thirteenth centuries of our era the conditions of life have been very different from what they were before; men's opinions and feelings, even their capacities, have quite altered from what they were in earlier times. The path to higher knowledge that has here been described is one that is adopted for souls who are incarnated in the immediate present", "Chapter V: Knowledge of the Higher Worlds - Concerning Initiation (Part 10)\nIt takes for its starting-point the situation of a human being of today, living under any of the typical conditions of the present age. As evolution progresses, the outer forms of man's life on Earth undergo change; so too in the paths of higher development every succeeding epoch calls for new ways and new methods. It is of vital importance that at every stage harmony should reign between man's life in the world at large and the Way of Initiation."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2842/the-story-of-three-loves

The Story of Three Loves

["The Story of Three Loves\nThe Story of Three Loves\n2h 2m 1953\nPassengers on an ocean liner recall their greatest loves.\nJames Mason\nCharles Coudray\nMoira Shearer\nPaula Woodward\nAgnes Moorehead\nAunt Lydia\nJakob Gimpel\nMiklos Rozsa\nJohn Lupton\nStudious young man\nThe Story of Three Loves - Lobby Card\nAlicia Malone Intro -- The Story Of Three Loves (1953)\nBen Mankiewicz Intro -- The Story Of Three Loves (1953)\nStory Of Three Loves, The (1953) -- (Movie Clip) Jealous Lover\nThree Love Stories\nClassic Hollywood\nNew York opening: 5 Mar 1953", "The Story of Three Loves\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp.\nLoew's Inc.\nMono (Western Electric Sound System)\nColor (Technicolor)\nTheatrical Aspect Ratio\n10,942ft (13 reels)", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe Jealous Lover : On an ocean liner, ballet impresario Charles Coudray solemnly reflects on the events leading up to his London company's one and only performance of a new ballet: At a dance audition, ballerina Paula Woodward suddenly collapses. Her aunt Lydia consults a doctor, who says that Paula has a heart condition and will endanger her life if she continues to dance", "The Story of Three Loves\nPaula retires from dancing, but one evening, after watching a performance by Charles' company, she hesitantly approaches the empty stage and begins to move, gradually losing herself in a slow, expressive dance. Paula is interrupted by the imperious Charles, who has been watching from the shadows. Inspired by her artistry, Charles asks Paula to accompany him to his studio, and when she reluctantly declines, offers to take her home", "The Story of Three Loves\nIn the car, Charles recognizes Paula from the audition, and as they discuss their love of the dance, she impulsively agrees to work with him. They return to Charles' elegant home and, setting aside her fears, Paula recreates her earlier performance. The effort leaves her weak, alarming Charles, who has fallen in love with her. Paula assures him that she will be with him always, and they kiss. Paula returns home, radiant, and tells her aunt what has happened", "The Story of Three Loves\nMademoiselle : Another passenger on the ship, a pretty young French woman, overhears a governess talking to her young charges and thinks back on her own experience as a governess the previous summer: In a lavish hotel in Rome, eleven-year-old Thomas Clayton Campbell, Jr. chafes under the tutelage of his governess, Mademoiselle, who insists on teaching him French and reading him \"mushy\" poetry", "The Story of Three Loves\nOne night, in the park, Tommy meets an older boy, Terry, who tells him that old Hazel Pennicott, who lives in the hotel's annex, is a witch. Although he is skeptical, Tommy goes with Terry to spy on the old woman. Provoked by the older boy's teasing, Tommy timidly approaches Mrs. Pennicott and asks her to change him into a grown man so he will not have to have a governess. Mrs", "The Story of Three Loves\nPennicott agrees to effect the transformation on a temporary basis, and gives Tommy an enchanted ribbon, along with instructions to recite her name at 8:00 p.m. and be back in bed by midnight. That evening, following an ugly quarrel with Mademoiselle, Tommy gets into bed and performs the incantation, and is transformed into a handsome young man. After donning a tuxedo and emptying his piggy bank, Tommy goes to the hotel bar, where he is disappointed by his first drink", "The Story of Three Loves\nHe then goes for a walk at the Colosseum, where he encounters Mademoiselle. Now able to speak French beautifully--and endowed with both an appreciation for poetry and a sense of shame for his earlier bad conduct toward her--Tommy engages his governess in conversation. There is a strong attraction between them, and as they spend the rest of the evening strolling through the Colosseum and kissing, Tommy realizes that youth passes all too quickly", "The Story of Three Loves\nAs the clock begins to strike twelve, Tommy flees, hastily promising to bid farewell to Mademoiselle at the train station the following morning. The next day, Tommy, a child once again, is reunited with his parents at the train station, and Mademoiselle suddenly informs the family that she will stay behind. Tommy rushes off the train and expresses his affection for Mademoiselle in French. After the train leaves, Mademoiselle encounters Mrs", "The Story of Three Loves\nPennicott, who assures the young woman that love will find her and gives her the other half of the enchanted ribbon. Back on the ship, Mademoiselle meets a handsome man who tells her that he saw her at the train station in Rome and has thought of her ever since.", "The Story of Three Loves\nEquilibrium : Pierre Narval leans over the ship's railing and thinks about the recent changes in his life: In Paris, Pierre rescues a young Italian woman, Nina Burkhart, who has jumped off a bridge. Unable to get her out of his mind, Pierre visits the despondent Nina in the hospital and gives her his address", "The Story of Three Loves\nOne day, Pierre announces to his friends that he intends to resume his career as a trapeze artist, and they remind him that his passion for taking dangerous risks led to the death of his partner two years earlier. Nina calls on Pierre when she gets out of the hospital and, believing her detachment from life to be a professional asset, he asks her to be his partner", "The Story of Three Loves\nUnder Pierre's supervision, Nina begins an arduous training program, and eventually reveals that she and her late husband Walter were in a concentration camp. Nina was released first, and Walter was killed when a letter she wrote urging him not to attempt an escape was given to the Germans by a collaborator. One day, Nina comes home to find a man from the concentration camp waiting for her", "The Story of Three Loves\nShe falls into a deep depression after the visit, and shows Pierre the box the man gave her, which contains chess pieces that Walter carved in the camp. Nina says that the man was tortured into betraying Walter, who forgave him before he died. Pierre, who still blames himself for his former partner's death, urges Nina to forgive herself as well, and swears he will do anything for her", "The Story of Three Loves\nLater, at an important audition held by American circus owner William Cyrus, Pierre and Nina perform their routine flawlessly, but are apprehensive when it comes to the finale, a risky maneuver called the \"death dive.\" Just before they are to perform the move, Cyrus demands that the safety net be removed. Pierre refuses, but Nina insists that they go on. Pierre and Nina perform the perilous maneuver successfully and then, with nothing left to prove, silently walk out with their arms around each other", "The Story of Three Loves\nJack Raine\nLysa Baugher\nOttola Nesmith\nReginald Sheffield\nAnne Howard\nChorus girl\nPaula Allen\nIvan Hayes\nChorus boy\nBruce Lansbury\nBruce Edwards\nFlo Wix\nTowyna Dally\nColin Kenny\nMajor Sam Harris\nMrs. Hazel Pennicott\nFarley Granger\nThomas Clayton Campbell, Jr.\nThomas Clayton Campbell, Jr. as a boy\nZsa Zsa Gabor\nPaula Raymond\nMrs. Campbell\nHayden Rorke\nMr. Campbell\nLarry Olsen\nYoung man on boat\nManuel Paris\nMr. Carlos\nAlberto Morin\nMr. Sendes\nAndre Simeon\nZ. Yacconelli\nPeter Brocco\nPhyllis Graffeo\nJean Dante", "The Story of Three Loves\nEstelle Etterre\nNick Thompson\nTom Quinn\nAmerican in bar\nVictor Desny\nItalian air force officer\nEd Agresti\nRailroad conductor\nErnesto Morelli\nRailroad porter\nCelia Lovsky\nGoverness on boat\nRudy Lee\nNoreen Corcoran\nPier Angeli\nNina Burkhart\nPierre Narval\nSteven Geray\nAlix Talton\nKaren Verne\nMadame Legay\nKen Anderson\nRudolph Kramer\nJack Tesler\nWoman on bridge\nPaul Bryar\nRiver policeman\nKay English\nElizabeth Slifer\nChristopher Appel\nBertha Feducha\nFrank Scannell\nPaul Maxey\nWilliam Cyrus\nLeo Mostovoy", "The Story of Three Loves\nStranger in cafe\nFrank Wilcox\nShip officer\nJohn Pickard\nTorben Meyer\nPreston Ames\nArt Director for \"Equilibrium\"\nFrederick Ashton\nRidgeway Callow\nAssistant Director of \"Mademoiselle\"\nScreenplay for \"The Jealous Lover\" and \"Equilibrium\"\nGeorge Froeschel\nScreenplay for \"Mademoiselle\"\nAdapted for \"Equilibrium\"\nCedric Gibbons\nKeogh Gleason\nJames Gooch\nTechnicolor Color Consultant\nJack Greenwood\nAssistant Director of \"The Jealous Lover\"\nSydney Guilaroff\nHenri Jaffa\nArthur Krams\nStan Lambert\nJan Lustig", "The Story of Three Loves\nJacques Maret\n\"Equilibrium\" based on a story by\nVincente Minnelli\nDirector of \"Mademoiselle\"\nJack D. Moore\nWarren Newcombe\nArnold Phillips\n\"Mademoiselle\" based on a story by\nSergei Rachmaninoff\nGottfried Reinhardt\nDirector of \"The Jealous Lover\" and \"Equilibrium\"\nGeorge Rhein\nAssistant Director of \"Equilibrium\"\nHelen Rose\nCharles Rosher\nDirector of Photographer for \"The Jealous Lover\" and \"Equilibrium\"\nHarold Rosson\nDirector of Photographer for \"Mademoiselle\"\nGabriel Scognamillo", "The Story of Three Loves\nArt Director for \"The Jealous Lover\"\nDouglas Shearer\nRecording Supervisor\nWilliam Tuttle\nLadislas Vajda\nHarold Voyse\nTrainer for trapeze seq\nEdwin B. Willis\nRalph E. Winters\nHere is a Lobby Card from the MGM anthology film The Story of Three Loves (1953). This card depicts the segment starring Kirk Douglas and Pier Angeli. Lobby Cards were 11\" x 14\" posters that came in sets of 8. As the name implies, they were most often displayed in movie theater lobbies, to advertise current or coming attractions.", "The Story of Three Loves\nMovie Clip\nStory Of Three Loves, The (1953) -- (Movie Clip) Equilibrium In the Equilibrium piece directed by Gottfried Reinhardt from a story by Jacques Maret, resurgent aerialist Pierre (Kirk Douglas) explains to Nina (Pier Angeli), whom he rescued from suicide, why he wants her to be his new partner, in the anthology The Story Of Three Loves, 1953.", "The Story of Three Loves\nStory Of Three Loves, The (1953) -- (Movie Clip) Jealous Lover In The Jealous Lover segment directed by Gottfried Reinhardt, ballet director Coudray (James Mason) finds afflicted would-be dancer Paula (Moira Shearer) in reverie on stage after his show, in MGM's The Story Of Three Loves, 1953.", "The Story of Three Loves\nStory Of Three Loves, The (1953) -- (Movie Clip) Mademoiselle In Vincente Minnelli's segment Mademoiselle, Farley Granger as Tommy, magically transformed into adulthood, declines interest from Zsa Zsa Gabor as he pursues his beloved one-time governess (Leslie Caron), in MGM's The Story Of Three Loves, 1953.\nStory Of Three Loves, The - (Original Trailer) A all-star cast on an ocean liner finding and remembering love in The Story Of Three Loves (1953).\nHosted Intro\nIntro Aired: Dec 2019", "The Story of Three Loves\nAlicia Malone Intro -- The Story Of Three Loves (1953) TCM\u2019s Alicia Malone introduces The Story Of Three Loves, 1953.\nIntro Aired: Sep 2018\nIntro Aired: Apr 2017\nBen Mankiewicz Intro -- The Story Of Three Loves (1953) Ben Mankiewicz introduces The Story Of Three Loves, 1953.", "The Story of Three Loves\nOmnibus films, made up of several unrelated stories tangentially linked by a common element, are a good excuse for an all-star cast. In American films, they come along about once a decade. And in the early 1950s, MGM, inspired by the success of several European omnibus films, tackled a couple of its own: an elegant drama, The Story of Three Loves (1953), and the flag-waving It's a Big County (1951).", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe Story of Three Loves aspired to the European model, with its international casts, art-film pretensions, and the most sumptuous London, Rome, and Paris that could be created on the MGM back lot. That it manages to be so entertaining in spite of itself is due in large part to the charm and talent in front of and behind the camera.", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe connection among the three stories is that characters from each of them are aboard a ship bound for the United States, looking back on what brought them there. In the first story, \"The Jealous Lover,\" James Mason plays a choreographer who meets a talented dancer, played by Moira Shearer, and creates a ballet with her, unaware that she is forbidden to dance because of a heart condition. Shearer, a Scottish-born ballerina, had created a worldwide sensation with her first film, The Red Shoes (1948)", "The Story of Three Loves\nMost critics felt that \"The Jealous Lover\" was a not-very-good rehash of The Red Shoes, with Mason as the demanding taskmaster. But they also were enchanted by Shearer's dancing, choreographed by the illustrious British choreographer Frederick Ashton, to Rachmaninoff's haunting \"Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.\" This would be Shearer's only American film. Gottfried Reinhardt, who had worked primarily as a producer, directed this episode, as well as the third one, \"Equilibrium.\"", "The Story of Three Loves\nLeslie Caron, who had made a spectacular film debut in Vincente Minnelli's An American in Paris (1951), is the eponymous \"Mademoiselle\" of the second story, directed by Minnelli. A governess for an American family in Rome, in charge of an 11-year old boy (played by Ricky Nelson) Mademoiselle is a yearning romantic, trying in vain to interest her irrepressible ward in poetry. The boy has an encounter with a whimsical fairy godmother, with surprising consequences for both him and his governess.", "The Story of Three Loves\n1953 was an important year for Caron. She had followed An American in Paris with a couple of lackluster films that did little to showcase her gamine appeal. In 1953, she had two films in release at the same time that showcased her very well - The Story of Three Loves, and Lili, which won her an Academy Award nomination as Best Actress, and is one of her most memorable performances.", "The Story of Three Loves\nNelson, the younger son of TV's Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, was a charmer, who had emerged as the star of his family's television program. His scenes in The Story of Three Loves with the equally charming Ethel Barrymore as the elderly sorceress are a delight. Director Vincente Minnelli recalled in his memoirs that \"working with Miss Barrymore was the joy I expected it to be", "The Story of Three Loves\nShe had a personal charm which was complemented by her extreme professionalism....She knew the comparatively short part cold, and it took only a couple of days to put her performance on film. It took no great effort to show her the enormous respect to which she was entitled.\" This was Barrymore's final appearance in an MGM film.", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe third episode, \"Equilibrium,\" starred Kirk Douglas as a guilt-ridden trapeze artist whose partner has been killed, and Pier Angeli as a suicidal war widow who becomes his new partner. Most critics thought this was the best of the three episodes, because of the emotional complexity of the story, the exciting acrobatics, and excellent performances by the stars", "The Story of Three Loves\nRicardo Montalban had been set to play the trapeze artist, but MGM replaced him with Douglas, who actually learned routines on the trapeze and did some of his own stunts. Douglas was intrigued by the fearlessness of Pier Angeli, who also learned some routines, and before long, he had fallen in love with her. \"Our romance started thirty feet above the earth,\" he recalled in his memoirs. They became engaged, but were often separated by their careers and by Angeli's domineering mother, and the romance ended.", "The Story of Three Loves\nIn spite of its all-star gloss, The Story of Three Loves may have been too arty for the general public, and it was not a success at the box office. But it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Color Art Direction. And it provides a fascinating look at a transitional period, during the last gasp of the old studio system, and the increasing influence of international filmmaking.\nDirector: Gottfried Reinhardt, Vincente Minnelli\nProducer: Sidney Franklin", "The Story of Three Loves\nScreenplay: John Collier, Jan Lustig, George Froeschel, based on stories by Arnold Phillips, Ladislas Vajda, Jacques Maret\nCinematography: Charles Rosher, Harold Rosson\nEditor: Ralph E. Winters\nCostume Design: Helen Rose\nArt Direction: Cedric Gibbons, Preston Ames, Edward Carfagno, Gabriel Scognamillo\nMusic: Miklos Rozsa", "The Story of Three Loves\nPrincipal Cast: Moira Shearer (Paula Woodward), James Mason (Charles Coudray), Agnes Moorehead (Aunt Lydia), Leslie Caron (Mademoiselle), Ethel Barrymore (Mrs. Pennicott), Farley Granger (Thomas Campbell), Ricky Nelson (Tommy), Zsa Zsa Gabor (Flirt at Bar), Kirk Douglas (Pierre Narval), Pier Angeli (Nina), Richard Anderson (Marcel), Steven Geray (Legay).\nC-122m. Closed captioning.\nby Margarita Landazuri", "The Story of Three Loves\nOmnibus films, made up of several unrelated stories tangentially linked by a common element, are a good excuse for an all-star cast. In American films, they come along about once a decade. And in the early 1950s, MGM, inspired by the success of several European omnibus films, tackled a couple of its own: an elegant drama, The Story of Three Loves (1953), and the flag-waving It's a Big County (1951)", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe Story of Three Loves aspired to the European model, with its international casts, art-film pretensions, and the most sumptuous London, Rome, and Paris that could be created on the MGM back lot. That it manages to be so entertaining in spite of itself is due in large part to the charm and talent in front of and behind the camera. The connection among the three stories is that characters from each of them are aboard a ship bound for the United States, looking back on what brought them there", "The Story of Three Loves\nIn the first story, \"The Jealous Lover,\" James Mason plays a choreographer who meets a talented dancer, played by Moira Shearer, and creates a ballet with her, unaware that she is forbidden to dance because of a heart condition. Shearer, a Scottish-born ballerina, had created a worldwide sensation with her first film, The Red Shoes (1948). Most critics felt that \"The Jealous Lover\" was a not-very-good rehash of The Red Shoes, with Mason as the demanding taskmaster", "The Story of Three Loves\nBut they also were enchanted by Shearer's dancing, choreographed by the illustrious British choreographer Frederick Ashton, to Rachmaninoff's haunting \"Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.\" This would be Shearer's only American film", "The Story of Three Loves\nGottfried Reinhardt, who had worked primarily as a producer, directed this episode, as well as the third one, \"Equilibrium.\" Leslie Caron, who had made a spectacular film debut in Vincente Minnelli's An American in Paris (1951), is the eponymous \"Mademoiselle\" of the second story, directed by Minnelli. A governess for an American family in Rome, in charge of an 11-year old boy (played by Ricky Nelson) Mademoiselle is a yearning romantic, trying in vain to interest her irrepressible ward in poetry", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe boy has an encounter with a whimsical fairy godmother, with surprising consequences for both him and his governess. 1953 was an important year for Caron. She had followed An American in Paris with a couple of lackluster films that did little to showcase her gamine appeal. In 1953, she had two films in release at the same time that showcased her very well - The Story of Three Loves, and Lili, which won her an Academy Award nomination as Best Actress, and is one of her most memorable performances", "The Story of Three Loves\nNelson, the younger son of TV's Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, was a charmer, who had emerged as the star of his family's television program. His scenes in The Story of Three Loves with the equally charming Ethel Barrymore as the elderly sorceress are a delight. Director Vincente Minnelli recalled in his memoirs that \"working with Miss Barrymore was the joy I expected it to be", "The Story of Three Loves\nShe had a personal charm which was complemented by her extreme professionalism....She knew the comparatively short part cold, and it took only a couple of days to put her performance on film. It took no great effort to show her the enormous respect to which she was entitled.\" This was Barrymore's final appearance in an MGM film", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe third episode, \"Equilibrium,\" starred Kirk Douglas as a guilt-ridden trapeze artist whose partner has been killed, and Pier Angeli as a suicidal war widow who becomes his new partner. Most critics thought this was the best of the three episodes, because of the emotional complexity of the story, the exciting acrobatics, and excellent performances by the stars", "The Story of Three Loves\nRicardo Montalban had been set to play the trapeze artist, but MGM replaced him with Douglas, who actually learned routines on the trapeze and did some of his own stunts. Douglas was intrigued by the fearlessness of Pier Angeli, who also learned some routines, and before long, he had fallen in love with her. \"Our romance started thirty feet above the earth,\" he recalled in his memoirs. They became engaged, but were often separated by their careers and by Angeli's domineering mother, and the romance ended", "The Story of Three Loves\nIn spite of its all-star gloss, The Story of Three Loves may have been too arty for the general public, and it was not a success at the box office. But it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Color Art Direction. And it provides a fascinating look at a transitional period, during the last gasp of the old studio system, and the increasing influence of international filmmaking", "The Story of Three Loves\nDirector: Gottfried Reinhardt, Vincente Minnelli Producer: Sidney Franklin Screenplay: John Collier, Jan Lustig, George Froeschel, based on stories by Arnold Phillips, Ladislas Vajda, Jacques Maret Cinematography: Charles Rosher, Harold Rosson Editor: Ralph E", "The Story of Three Loves\nWinters Costume Design: Helen Rose Art Direction: Cedric Gibbons, Preston Ames, Edward Carfagno, Gabriel Scognamillo Music: Miklos Rozsa Principal Cast: Moira Shearer (Paula Woodward), James Mason (Charles Coudray), Agnes Moorehead (Aunt Lydia), Leslie Caron (Mademoiselle), Ethel Barrymore (Mrs. Pennicott), Farley Granger (Thomas Campbell), Ricky Nelson (Tommy), Zsa Zsa Gabor (Flirt at Bar), Kirk Douglas (Pierre Narval), Pier Angeli (Nina), Richard Anderson (Marcel), Steven Geray (Legay). C-122m", "The Story of Three Loves\nMoira Shearer (1926-2006)\nHer contributions to film may have been brief, but for at least one film, Michael Powell's dance opus The Red Shoes (1948), this elegant, gorgeous redhead became a film icon for her balletic performance. Sadly, that actress, Moira Shearer, died on January 31 in Oxford, England of natural causes. She was 80.", "The Story of Three Loves\nBorn Moira Shearer King on January 17, 1926 in Dunfermline, Scotland. Her father, an engineer, moved the family to Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), where she was pushed into dance lessons by her mother. After the family returned to Scotland, she received lessons from the legendary Russian dance teacher Nikolai Legat. When she was just 16 she joined the Sadler's Wells Ballet and made her big national debut at 20 as Sleeping Beauty at the Royal Opera House in London.", "The Story of Three Loves\nIn 1948, Powell and co-director Emeric Pressburger cast Shearer in the title role of Victoria Page, the young ballerina who sacrifices all for her career. The plot might have been a touch old fashioned, but the glorious technicolor and Robert Helpmann's florid, dazzling choreography, made this film as exciting on both sides of the Atlantic; and Shearer, complete with lucid beauty and captivating movements, a star.", "The Story of Three Loves\nAfter the film, Shearer returned to ballet, and following a brief U.S. tour in 1950, she made her second film, again for Powell in The Tales of Hoffmann (1951). A few more movies followed, The Story of Three Loves (1953), The Man Who Loved Redheads (1955), and a third film for Powell, the notorious Peeping Tom (1960), where she meets a grisly death at the hands of a psychotic photographer (Karl Boehm). Shearer concentrated on stage work afterwards before retiring to raise a family", "The Story of Three Loves\nHer contributions to film may have been brief, but for at least one film, Michael Powell's dance opus The Red Shoes (1948), this elegant, gorgeous redhead became a film icon for her balletic performance. Sadly, that actress, Moira Shearer, died on January 31 in Oxford, England of natural causes. She was 80. Born Moira Shearer King on January 17, 1926 in Dunfermline, Scotland. Her father, an engineer, moved the family to Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), where she was pushed into dance lessons by her mother", "The Story of Three Loves\nAfter the family returned to Scotland, she received lessons from the legendary Russian dance teacher Nikolai Legat. When she was just 16 she joined the Sadler's Wells Ballet and made her big national debut at 20 as Sleeping Beauty at the Royal Opera House in London. In 1948, Powell and co-director Emeric Pressburger cast Shearer in the title role of Victoria Page, the young ballerina who sacrifices all for her career", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe plot might have been a touch old fashioned, but the glorious technicolor and Robert Helpmann's florid, dazzling choreography, made this film as exciting on both sides of the Atlantic; and Shearer, complete with lucid beauty and captivating movements, a star. After the film, Shearer returned to ballet, and following a brief U.S. tour in 1950, she made her second film, again for Powell in The Tales of Hoffmann (1951)", "The Story of Three Loves\nA few more movies followed, The Story of Three Loves (1953), The Man Who Loved Redheads (1955), and a third film for Powell, the notorious Peeping Tom (1960), where she meets a grisly death at the hands of a psychotic photographer (Karl Boehm). Shearer concentrated on stage work afterwards before retiring to raise a family. She is survived by her husband of 56 years, Ludovic Kennedy; a son, Alastair; and daughters, Ailsa, Rachel, and Fiona. by Michael T. Toole", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe working title of this film was Three Love Stories. The order of the cast credits listed above differs from the onscreen credits. In the opening credits, the cast was listed in the following order: Pier Angeli, Ethel Barrymore, Leslie Caron, Kirk Douglas, Farley Granger, James Mason, Moira Shearer, Agnes Moorehead, Ricky Nelson, Zsa Zsa Gabor and Richard Anderson. According to 1951 news items in Daily Variety and Hollywood Reporter, Vincente Minnelli was to direct an I. A. R", "The Story of Three Loves\nWylie story titled \"Why Should I Cry?\" as one of the sequences, but the story was replaced with \"Equilibrium.\" \"Why Should I Cry?\" was later adapted for the feature film Torch Song .", "The Story of Three Loves\nAccording to pre-production news items in Hollywood Reporter, Ricardo Montalban was originally cast as \"Pierre Narval\" in \"Equilibrium,\" and spent several months training for the role with trapeze artist Harold Voyse. In his autobiography, Kirk Douglas wrote that he sought Montalban's permission before accepting the role. Douglas also wrote that he became engaged for a brief period to his young co-star, Pier Angeli, while working on the film, but they never married.", "The Story of Three Loves\nA March 5, 1952 Hollywood Reporter news item stated that Gottfried Reinhardt, who directed both \"The Jealous Lover\" and \"Equilibrium\" segments, would play the role of a concierge, but his appearance in the final film has not been confirmed. Hollywood Reporter news items also add Fritz Warnecke, Thomas Herman, Lou Nova and Arnold Newton to the cast, but their appearance in the final film has not been confirmed", "The Story of Three Loves\nThe Story of Three Loves was Moira Shearer's only American film, and Ricky Nelson's first screen appearance without his parents, Ozzie and Harriet Nelson. The film received an Academy Award nomination in the Art Direction (Color) category."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://health.eac.int/south-sudan

Republic of South Sudan - Health - East African Community

["Republic of South Sudan - Health - East African Community\nWelcome to Juba\nKey Health Institutions\nCountry Experts\nAbout the Republic of South Sudan\nSouth Sudan officially known as the Republic of South Sudan is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa. The country gained its independence from the Republic of the Sudan in 2011, making it the newest country with widespread recognition. Its capital and largest city is Juba.", "Republic of South Sudan - Health - East African Community\nSouth Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest and the Central African Republic to the west. It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal, meaning \"Mountain Sea\". Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956.\nWhat's Latest"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.oldberwick.org/history-articles/humphrey-chadbourne-16151667-pioneer-of-old-berwick.html

Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick

["Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nHumphrey Chadbourne\u2019s substantial homestead and merchant complex in Berwick (present-day South Berwick, Maine) was an archaeological \u201ctime capsule\u201d \u2013 rapidly abandoned after being destroyed by the Wabanaki and their French allies in King William\u2019s War (1688-1697). Escaping the Salmon Falls raid of 1690, the Chadbournes were forced to leave almost all of their possessions behind. Dr", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nEmerson \u201cTad\u201d Baker, Professor of History at Salem State University, directed volunteers of the Old Berwick Historical Society and the Chadbourne Family Association in 13 seasons of excavation at the site between 1995 and 2007. The project uncovered a substantial array of finds - over 40,000 artifacts, from fancy door hardware to silver spoons and brass spurs, are now stored in the Counting House Museum, in South Berwick.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nThe Chadbournes belonged to the rising merchant elite of early New England. Humphrey Chadbourne Sr. migrated from Tamworth, Warwickshire, in 1634. He initially worked with his father to build and operate a saw mill for Captain John Mason on the present-day Great Works River, a tributary of the Piscataqua/Salmon Falls River. The mill soon ceased operations, but in 1643 Humphrey purchased a large tract of land from the local Wabanaki sachem, Mr. Rowls, and established himself as a merchant and fur trader", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nThe construction of Chadbourne\u2019s saw mill in 1652 at the confluence of the Great Works and Salmon Falls River greatly expanded his merchant operations and his wealth.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nHis growing prosperity was aided by a very favorable marriage. About the time he constructed his mill, Humphrey married Lucy Treworgy, a member of one of the leading merchant families of Devon, England, as well as the Piscataqua. The town of Kittery, Maine is named after the home, wharf and warehouses of Lucy\u2019s grandfather, Alexander Shapleigh, located on Kittery Quay, in Kingsweare, Devon. Kittery Quay lies across the river Dart from the busy West Country port of Dartmouth.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nLucy\u2019s uncle Nicholas Shapleigh, a prominent royalist, controlled the family merchant and saw mill interests in the Piscataqua. Living a few miles downriver from the Chadbournes on a large estate in present-day Eliot, Maine, Nicholas was a sometimes business partner of Humphrey Chadbourne. Numerous artifacts from the West Country are found on the Chadbourne site, suggesting the family maintained these important trade ties to home", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nPottery finds include North Devon gravel tempered wares and sgraffittos, as well as Totnes ware \u2013 a rare find on early New England sites. Its presence at the Chadbourne site is explained by its manufacture in Totnes, just a few miles up the Dart from Kittery Quay.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nChadbourne raised the core of his mansion house in 1664, three years before his death, when he left an estate of over \u00a31,700, making him one of the wealthiest men in northern New England. His probate inventory confirms the archaeological evidence of a two-story hall and parlor house with rear lean-to. The structure was large and impressive, adorned with many windows, and fancy imported hardware, such as cocks head hinges", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nGreat expense went into the windows, and hundreds of bricks were used to make two substantial chimneys. The plastered parlor must have been one of the earliest in New England, a real rarity on the Maine frontier. Sometime later, another room was added off the parlor, making for a dwelling measuring 42\u2019x 60.\u2019", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nRemarkably the Chadbourne\u2019s substantial home was largely earthfast. The front wall of the house cellar was stoned, but the other three walls were made of wood, held in place by earth-fast posts, with some of these posts serving as structural posts for the house. While part of the lean-to had a stone footing, the rest was built with a sill laid on grade, and the lean-to chamber was constructed with wooden posts anchored directly into the ground, just like a fence post.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nThis house was connected to another domestic unit by a palisade and fencing, creating an enclosed compound, with central court yard. A barn and dairy were located to the north of the compound. A second domestic unit was perhaps occupied by servants, for when Humphrey died in 1667 his probate inventory includes five indentured servants. The homestead, barn and outbuildings sat on 400 acres and were valued at \u00a3350. Chadbourne\u2019s saw mill, appraised at \u00a3300, stood on a waterfall nearby to the south.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nExcavations at the Chadbourne site recovered a silver spoon as well as a silver spoon handle. The complete specimen was made by the first American silversmiths, John Hull and Robert Sanderson, who engraved it with the monogram \u201cHLC\u201d so there would be no mistaking that it belonged to Humphrey and Lucy Chadbourne. Silver objects show up in only a handful of other Maine estates of the era.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nA considerable quantity of fine imported ceramics complimented the silver on the Chadbournes\u2019 table. Excavations recovered fragments of a minimum of 20 tin-enameled vessels, as well as combed-wares, and several nice German stonewares. Tin-enameled wares were the finest European ceramics of the day. Hand-painted in a variety of colors and finished with a shiny white glaze, they were manufactured across Europe and called delft, faience, or majolica", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nThe Chadbournes had fancy lobed plate; Bleu Persan plate, striking and quite rare in its day, and in the height of fashion in the 1690s; and English delft plate, decorated in the Chinese Scholar pattern.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nAs merchants who sold lumber in the Caribbean and participated in the wider Atlantic trade, the Chadbournes also owned many non-English tablewares, including at least three different patterns of Portuguese majolica, or Lisbonware. And while other residents of Maine owned an occasional piece of Lisbonware, no one could match the Chadbournes\u2019 set of at least four hand-painted platas (or plates) made of Aucilla polychrome ware, manufactured in Mexico City", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nThese are the first confirmed seventeenth-century Spanish colonial tablewares found north of the Chesapeake. Presumably acquired through the Chadbournes\u2019 Caribbean lumber trade, the platas must have been purchased clandestinely, for it was illegal for the English to trade with the Spanish.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nThe Chadbournes showed their rank in their dress and adornment, in such objects as a hand mirror with an ivory handle. Excavations found three passmenterie buttons \u2013 two made with silver wound thread. Two spurs have been found, and a horse harness was decorated with a large brass Tudor rose boss, a badge of loyalty to the royalist cause of the Stuart monarchy. At the time when streets were rare in Maine and oxen pulled plows, horses were a true luxury item.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nAfter Humphrey's death, the house and 400 surrounding acres passed to his wife Lucy and his eldest son, Lieutenant Humphrey Chadbourne Jr., and he also inherited his father\u2019s fine stallion.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nThe Tudor symbolism of the horse harness certainly would not have been missed by Lt. Chadbourne\u2019s wife, Sarah Bolles Chadbourne, who was a descendant of King Edward I (1272-1307). Sarah\u2019s father, Joseph, was a gentleman, born at his parent\u2019s estate of Oberton Manor, in Nottinghamshire, and one of the few gentlemen to take up residence in Maine. Joseph had been an early immigrant, a high office holder and a leading citizen of Wells", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nBolles\u2019s daughters were probably the only young ladies in Maine of known royal descent. Humphrey Jr.\u2019s marriage to one of the Bolles girls bolstered the claim of gentle status for himself and his descendants. The marriage also allied him with another prominent merchant family, for Sarah\u2019s oldest sister was married to Major Charles Frost, another of the leading magistrates and merchants in southern Maine.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nBut the Wabanaki burned the entire complex in March of 1690 during the Salmon Falls raid. In some ways, the Chadbourne house is symbolic of the young society that was evolving in Maine during the seventeenth century. It was a house and a culture built upon the rapidly acquired wealth of the frontier, with a promise of more to come, along with growing status and power. Yet, not enough care had gone into the construction of this society", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\nBy early 1692, almost all the English settlements of Maine had been abandoned with just a few hundred settlers clinging to hope in the southernmost settlements. Not until a generation of warfare ended in 1713 would people be able to return to Maine and build society anew.", "Humphrey Chadbourne, 1615-1667: Pioneer of Old Berwick\n(Adapted from \"The Archaeology of 1690: Status and Material Life on New England\u2019s Northern Frontier\" by Emerson W. Baker, Ph.D, Salem State University, 2007.)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://capelino.com/alexey-nilov-quit-drinking-for-third-wife/

Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife

["Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\nAlexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\nStar of the TV series \u201cStreets of broken lamps\u201d reported that to deal with alcohol dependence he helped the woman. Without her support and care, it would be extremely difficult to get over himself and start living completely differently.", "Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\nIn the broadcast of \u201cSecret million dollar\u201d Alexey Nilov, best known for the role of captain Larin in a serial \u201cStreets of the broken lanterns\u201d admitted that several years could not recover from alcoholism. According to the actor, to overcome addiction helped him a third wife. For her sake he refused to drink alcohol, and for the past seven years, almost never touched alcohol. As Neal says, even at the wedding with Elena, he drank only water and refused to drink", "Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\nA chance meeting with the third wife forever changed the life of Alexei. New darling nil not immediately found out about his habit.", "Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\nThe star of \u201cStreets of broken lamps\u201d complained about the lack of money\nAlex says that his wife was not trying consciously to save him from bad habits. She just always stayed with and supported that previously, the artist often sought in alcohol. Since 2004, the couple never parted for long. And all this time, Niles was struggling with addiction that has haunted him all his life.", "Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\n\u201cElena didn\u2019t go for me and not re-educated. She, as a very wise woman, experienced man, was pausing all the time, all the time accepted and endured,\u201d said Alex.\nBecoming the guest of the program \u201cthe Secret to a million,\u201d Elena Nilova said that was very upset that time when her husband was in the hospital after serious problems because of alcohol. Then Alex almost said goodbye to life.", "Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\n\u201cI was very scared for him, really scary. Imagine a clinical death. I prayed sitting next to him. To his room even guests came, it was a great New year, even the kids came,\u201d shared life together Elena.", "Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\nIn 12 years of marriage, spouses have been through a lot. Nilov Coomber that stopped drinking because I felt a greater responsibility for the person selected. Moreover, it was not easy to pay off debt, pay alimony to ex-wives and nil to support his family. Once the actor came to the rescue of his close friend, a colleague on the series \u201cStreets of broken lamps\u201d Anastasia Melnikova", "Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\nAlexei and Elena burned down the apartment because of a gas explosion in the bathroom, and what time the couple had to spend the night in the room of the artist.", "Alexey Nilov quit drinking for third wife\nNote that in the program Alexey Nilov was found with his second wife, actress Irina Klimova. Ex-fiancee said that he could not forgive her husband that he went to another. She was very upset by the breakup, but soon forgot all grievances. The woman made the man pay child support for their son Nikita. Despite all the differences, the former elected officials are trying to maintain friendly relations, although met with Irina and heir only a couple of times after the divorce."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ecuadortimes.net/two-miners-left-in-casa-negra-found-dead/

Two Miners Left In Casa Negra Found Dead

["Two Miners Left In Casa Negra Found Dead\nTwo Miners Left In Casa Negra Found Dead\nAfter 138 hours of intense rescue labors in the Casa Negra deposit at Portovelo, El oro; the two miners who had not been rescued yet were found dead yesterday. The bodies of \u00c1ngel Vera (29) and Pedro Mendoza (28) were found 150 meters deep in the same place where they were supposed to be 5 days ago.", "Two Miners Left In Casa Negra Found Dead\nAt 19:00 (Ecuadorian Time) the rescue team reported they found the first body, and then, at 20:30, the death of both miners was confirmed. Three members of the rescue team suffered from asphyxia due to the effort and the depth where they were working. Personnel from the Civil Defense and several ambulances provided the three men with first aid kits.", "Two Miners Left In Casa Negra Found Dead\nOne of the two miners was found without his clothes and sticked to one of the walls, according to EFE, while the other one was half-buried under the wreckage. According to El Universo newspaper, the dead bodies did not have much time since they lost their lives. \u201cThey were \u2018fresh\u2019. They must have died at the morning or noon, because [\u2026] they did not even smell. Everything was extremely hot in there, there was no air, that is the reason why they must have died", "Two Miners Left In Casa Negra Found Dead\nLater on, at 21:00, the two bodies could finally be taken to the surface and then carried to the morgue in Zaruma. \u00c1ngel Vera\u2019s wife fainted while the truck left the place.\nApparently, the landslide that hit the deposit on Wednesday at 5:00 was the cause for the two men to die because of being buried with even less oxygen, and it also delayed the work of the rescue team.\nRescue Team Finds A Boot and Two Lamps in Portovelo, Correa Visits\nColombian Refugees are Victims of Abuse in Ecuador"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.thedailybeast.com/off-duty-us-troops-stop-a-terrorist-in-france

Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France

["Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nOff-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nWhatever his politics, there\u2019s no question the man with the AK-47 wrestled to the ground onboard a high-speed train was out to commit a terrorist act.\nDana Kennedy\nUpdated Apr. 14, 2017 9:49AM ET / Published Aug. 21, 2015 9:25PM ET\nPascal Rossignol/Reuters", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nThree heroic American men, two of them unarmed servicemen in civilian clothing, helped overpower a 26-year-old gunman armed with an automatic rifle, handgun, knife and razor blades who brazenly opened fire in a high-speed train traveling from Amsterdam to Paris on Friday evening.", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nOne of the Americans, Alek Skarlatos, is a member of the National Guard, the other, is Spencer Stone, a member of the Air Force. Stone ended up injured in the terrifying and chaotic scene aboard the train as it sped through the Belgian countryside on Friday evening at the height of the tourist season in Europe. Stone is currently being treated at a French hospital for serious wounds inflicted when the attacker slashed him with a blade. The third American is named Anthony Sadler", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nTwitter erupted with news of the two soldiers shutting down the gunman as more than one person tweeted that it was right out of a real-life \u201cMission Impossible\u201d movie.", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nFrench actor Jean-Hugues Anglade, suffered minor injuries when he broke the glass to sound the alarm. It could have been far worse had it not been for the quick-thinking passengers, French officials said.\n\u201cWithout their courage this would have surely been a terrible tragedy,\u201d Bernard Cazeneuve, the French interior minister, said Friday.", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nThe two men were near a bathroom when they heard a familiar and frightening sound: the bolt being thrown on a Kalashnikov rifle as someone prepared to fire. After they confronted the suspect, a wild melee broke out on the train and passengers finally helped subdue him.", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\n\"Spencer got to the guy first and grabbed the guy by the neck,\" Skarlatos told Sky News. \"I grabbed the handgun, got that away from the guy and threw it. Then I grabbed the AK-47, which was at his feet, and started muzzle-bumping him in the head with it.\n\"Everybody just started beating the guy while Spencer held the chokehold until he went unconscious.\"", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\n\u201cI heard a noise and I thought it was an argument between two people,\u201d a passenger identified as Damien told the French newspaper Lib\u00e9ration. \u201cI saw a guy run through with a black shirt in the hallway. One man, who was shirtless, was pointing a gun at him. I heard click, click. I thought it was a toy gun. There were a few seconds of face-to-face combat between the two men, and the passenger jumped on him and tackled him to the ground. That guy, he had balls, I didn\u2019t move from where I was standing", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\n\u201cThis could have been a monumental catastrophe with great loss of life,\u201d a high-ranking Paris police source told The Daily Beast. He said the facts were not in yet but said the passengers were \u201cvery lucky\u201d the soldiers were aboard the train.", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nAnti-terror police are investigating the background of the suspect, who Spanish authorities claim is of Moroccan origin and known to them as a terrorism suspect. He was taken into custody by French police near the town of Arras, France, and the train was evacuated, according to Pierre-Henri Brandet, a spokesman for the French Interior Ministry.", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nThe incident, which occurred around 6 p.m. local time, took place as the train was traveling through southern Belgium, a spokesman for SNCF, the French national rail system said.\nA British consultant, Chris Norman, was also injured trying to subdue the attacker. According to an interview Anthony Sadler gave, even after being gravely injured, Stone, \"went to go help the other man who was bleeding also. Without his help, he would have died.\"", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nFrench President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande thanked the men on Saturday, and awarded them with medals for their bravery. He also said in a statement that \u201ceverything is being done to shed light\u201d on the shooting.\nMarine Le Pen, head of France\u2019s right-wing National Front party, said France was now a constant target of \u201cbarbaric attacks\u201d and praised the heroism of the two Americans.", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\n\u201cTerrible carnage was avoided thanks to the courageous intervention of these two Americans who fortunately happened to be on board the train,\u201d Le Pen said.\nFrance has been on edge since the Charlie Hebdo and kosher supermarket massacres in January. High-speed trains such as the Thalys are supposed to have heightened security as part of an ongoing nationwide alert, but there are no baggage checks except on the Eurostar that runs beneath the English Channel.", "Off-Duty U.S. Troops Stop a Terrorist in France\nUPDATE 8/22/2015 8:44 a.m. The story was updated with the names of the two Americans, and the news that they were in the Air Force and National Guard, not the Marines."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://pratyeka.org/schopenhauer/

Eisel Mazard, "Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas"

["Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIntroductory Note. {Or, click here to skip to the main text} I had no intention of publishing (or posting) this essay on Schopenhauer, but as I now see others (in various articles on the internet) wrestling with the same flawed secondary sources that I once struggled with, and bemoaning that there are no clear answers to be found on some very preliminary (and very fundamental) questions as to Schopenhauer's place in the history of philosophy, I have decided to make the paper available", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe main advantage for the reader (in giving a few hours to this little tract) is that the essay draws together quotations from numerous diverse sources that demonstrate the main points of its argument directly from Schopenhauer's own pen", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nAlthough the essay is not easy to read, it is indeed much easier than undertaking the huge volume of primary-source reading that it was based upon; and while it was more intended as an antidote to the secondary source material that already exists (in English), it can also serve as a kind of introduction to Schopenhauer's work for those who have not yet become familiar with (i.e., exasperated by) that small literature. Apart from mere philosophy, the text comprises:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nA very clear set of conclusions as to what Schopenhauer's relationship is (and is not) to the philosophies of Kant, Leibniz, Fichte, Schelling, etc., drawing on the neglected/ignored sources of Schopenhauer's own writing on these questions;\nSome useful indications as to the importance of certain influences from schools of thought outside of (and sometimes opposed to) the tradition of \"German Idealism\" in understanding the origins and meaning of Schopenhauer's philosophy;", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nA practical explanation of Schopenhauer's own understanding of the primary importance of his philosophy in the history of European thought, being, in his terms, \"A solution to the problem of the ideal and the real\"; and whereas it is indeed important for criticism to diverge wildly from an author's own evaluation of any work, most of the secondary sources have undertaken this without understanding the basic premise of what Schopenhauer was (and was not) attempting to accomplish in his writing", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWe thus (very frequently) find Schopenhauer reproached for failing to prove things that he was not, in fact, attempting to prove, etc.", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIt must finally be complained that very few English-language secondary sources on Schopenhauer (including, or perhaps especially, the work of B", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nRussell) demonstrate any detailed knowledge of the primary sources, or even any broad reading of the oeuvre; and I think it rather inexcusable when published authorities issue their opinions from simple ignorance of the texts they pretend to judge, especially given that Schopenhauer's work is not terribly voluminous, that it is well organized (and indexed, etc.), and readily available in English translation", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nI will here note in passing that, in all cases, I have preferred the more recent translations of E.F.J. Payne, to whom a debt of gratitude is owed.", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBy way of an excuse for the defects of the paper, I must say this: although it may seem very lengthy, this was in fact composed merely to serve as chapter 2 of a much longer essay. I have thus tried to parse the text and eliminate references to earlier or later portions of the original composition, but there remain some thematic concerns that reflect the \"broader\" thesis that belonged to the original tract as a whole, and may here seem out of place", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIt is also to be noted that this was written many years ago, while I was an undergraduate student struggling with the distractions of a full course load, and thus had little time for such luxuries as correct spelling or thoughtful prose; however, it was the product of about a year and a half of very disciplined reading, and I think its basic value as the \"output\" of that research still remains significant --for the small number of persons who are presently working with/through Schopenhauer's philosophy.", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchopenhauer's indebtedness to his antecedents in European philosophy is a subject so much confused by poor scholarship and outright lies that, were we to pause to review the errors made on the matter, we should not have enough ink left over to scribble out the truth thereafter", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFor the correct assessment of Schopenhauer's place \"In the History of Ideas\" I have had no special method, nor any rare, newly uncovered document, but rather have taken advantage of the most obvious and pertinent source on this matter, which Schopenhauer has seemingly left to us for no other purpose than precisely this: the two sections opening the Parerga and Paralipomena, being the \"Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\" and the \"Fragments for the History of Philosophy\"", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nOnly by flagrantly ignoring the evidence of these essays have the published authorities been able to manufacture their kaleidoscope of garbled historical interpretations, i.e., to suppose and infer the most variegated of possible influences, and to proffer their arbitrary judgments on the origins, intent, and content of Schopenhauer's philosophy as if these were the best available substitute for fact", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n[From the] reports [of the secondary sources] one would think the subject were as obscure to history as Solon or Lycurgus, but it's only the professors' playing Plutarch that has made the matter so indistinct -- that has kicked up the dust of a millennium worth of dead-ended controversy and confusion between the nineteenth century and our own.", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe story of \"German Idealism\", as it is shall be familiar to anyone who has come through a typical, Western university education in philosophy, is told as a constant development from Spinoza to Hegel, the latter being presented as a great crescendo, followed by a multiplicity of admirers and dissenters whose works are considered to have shaped every subsequent movement in continental philosophy:\nSpinoza \u27fc Leibniz, Wolff \u27fc Kant \u27fc Fichte, Schelling \u27fc Hegel", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe importance Marxism assumed in departments of philosophy through the political events of the twentieth century has formed this habit whereby we are presently taught the philosophy of the nineteenth; but the enduring cold-war formula of reducing \"German Idealism\" to the above sequence concluded by \"Hegel and his critics\" has never really served an understanding of Marx any better than it does our present interest in Schopenhauer", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nRather, this lens has warped the reading of the continental philosophers, rendering Marx as incomprehensible as it does Nietzsche and Kierkegaard -- presenting the former in isolation from the influences which were so much more pertinent to his mature work than Hegel ever was (namely, liberal political economists){1}, and the latter two, without any reference to Schopenhauer, as very strange \"critics of Hegel\" in that their works seem predominantly concerned with commenting on, emending, or reacting to an ethical system of another origin entirely", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe basic conceit that the influences of the period may be schematized into the above sequence (followed by \"Left Hegelians\" and \"Right Hegelians\") is wrong, and ought to be forsaken as a relic of an aging generation that set up this simplified narrative only to serve as a mere prologue to Marxism and Existentialism -- the significance of both of which have since diminished on the horizon", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nHowever, the model remains so prevalent to this day, that Schopenhauer's place in the history of ideas continues to be approached with the prior assumption that he must be squeezed somewhere into the sequence of \"German Idealists\" and \"Hegelians\"; but the pieces can never be made to fit", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nAiken [in The Age of Ideology] is typical of his generation, finding himself compelled to fudge the facts considerably to make Schopenhauer sit next to Fichte in this linear development from Spinoza to Hegel, ignoring Schopenhauer's refutations of each and every thinker in that sequence, while lacking any conscious motive thus to lie", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe false first step, which even this error must presuppose, is a simple confusion of meanings with words: the historian first assumes that Schopenhauer is, by definition, an Idealist, and upon the common sound of this word when it is spoken in reference to Spinoza, to Hegel, or to Fichte, he then supposes that Schopenhauer's role in the established story of German Idealism must in fact render him as a cumulative part of a single development with the very thinkers his works repudiate", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchopenhauer's philosophy is thus turned against its own purpose [in Aiken's history], only because it is equally to be labeled as \"Idealist\" along with its worst enemies -- without anyone worrying themselves for a moment as to what Idealism is, what it means, or in what sense it must be applied differently to Kant, Hegel, and Schopenhauer", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe popularization of the Marxist usage (wherein \"Idealism\" became, like \"Reactionary\", an almost meaningless polemical watchword in debates) has no doubt compounded the error: no single definition of Idealism could be granted that would satisfy the requirements of both Hegel and Schopenhauer's usage --or else it would be so broad as to be meaningless", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n\"Idealist\", where it is not meant simply as a materialist's reproach to something insufficiently Marxist, tends to be used by these historians in the same capacity as \"transcendental\" in reference to the period -- suggesting Kant's influence, but nothing more.{2}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe first questions that might present themselves to us, in describing Schopenhauer's historical situation [...], therefore could be, \"What exactly was Schopenhauer's relation to Kant, and in what sense and to what extent may he be called an idealist?\" Conversely, if we preferred to begin with a positive rather than a negative description, we should ask \"To what tradition does Schopenhauer belong?\" which (as I shall demonstrate shortly) equates to the question, \"In what sense and to what extent may he be called an empiricist?\"", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIt is the skeptical and exacting empiricism of The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and the first three books of the WWR that firsts alert the student to the radically different brand of idealism he has discovered in Schopenhauer: the hypothetical-deductive method, so foreign to the soaring metaphysical speculations and Romantic claims of his contemporaries, informs and delimits Schopenhauer's work in both form and content; and this is no less evident in his ethics than in his epistemological, or psychological, or any other part of his writing, with no special exception left over to religion, metaphysics, nor any other matter.{3} What confronts us in the WWR is a systematic idealism discovered, discussed and proven, not through myth (as in Plato) nor through theological sophisms, nor bald speculation, but with the relentless empiricism of a Hobbes, a Locke, or a Hume, and predicated upon a critique of that empirical base in the tradition of Berkeley and Kant -- which is precisely the", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nspeculation, but with the relentless empiricism of a Hobbes, a Locke, or a Hume, and predicated upon a critique of that empirical base in the tradition of Berkeley and Kant -- which is precisely the critical tradition to which list Schopenhauer adds his own name in the historical essays of the P&P", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWhile, as I shall discuss presently, Schopenhauer is accurately called an idealist (if we understand by that term a tradition dating back to Plato's problem of eidos and idea) he is more precisely a critical idealist, and with this distinction must be understood as diametrically opposed to the speculative idealism which earned his life-long rancor and rebuff", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThis is no merely academic dichotomy, nor an easily overlooked difference of philosophical method: it describes a unifying characteristic of Schopenhauer's work, upon which a political expression follows as necessarily as Hegel's statism follows upon his historicism", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nJust as for Hobbes one and the same empiricist method leads inexorably from a study of human nature, to a critique of scripture, to an understanding of the state, Schopenhauer's empiricism remains the constant criterion in his political philosophy as much as through every step prior to it; Schopenhauer's empiricism could no more tolerate an Hegelian political philosophy (an apotheosis of the state based on theological speculations and historical abstractions) than it could allow of a Kantian ethics, or a Leibnizian metaphysics, or any other theory based on sheer speculative construction (abstraction stacked on abstraction, affirmed with \"passion over reason\") lacking verification in this world (and its human condition) as it may be empirically observed:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIt is a characteristic fault of the Germans to look in the clouds for that which lies at their feet. An outstanding example of this is furnished by the way in which the professors of philosophy deal with the Law of Nature", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIn order to explain the simple relations of human life which constitute the material and substance of this, and hence right and wrong, possession, State, criminal law, and so on, the most extravagant, abstract, and consequently the vaguest and emptiest concepts are produced, and from them first one tower of Babel and then another are built into the clouds according to the special whim of the particular professor", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIn this way, the clearest and simplest relations of life that directly concern us are rendered unintelligible, to the great detriment of the young men who are educated in such a school. These things are extremely simple, and of this the reader may convince himself from my discussion of them in the \"Basis of Ethics\", \u00a717, and in my chief work, The World as Will and Representation, volume I, \u00a762", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBut with certain words, such as right, freedom, the good, to be, (this meaningless infinitive of the copula), and others, the German becomes quite giddy, falls at once into a kind of delirium, and begins to indulge in futile, high-flown phrases. He takes the vaguest and thus the hollowest concepts and artificially strings them together. Instead of this, he should keep his eye on reality..", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nperceive things and relations as they really are from which those concepts are abstracted and which, therefore, constitute their only true substance. [P&P, vol. ii, \u00a7120]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchopenhauer's situation in the history of ideas is thus at the intersection of idealism and critical-empiricism, or, more specifically, his role was the solution of the fundamental problem of idealism with the critical-empiricist method; this singular event in the history of philosophy, much overlooked in the histories of both traditions (for the scholarship of \"Continental Idealism\" and that of \"British Empiricism\" have been mutually antagonistic), can not be reduced to a chapter in the familiar story of German Idealism, but rather (drawing from influences utterly unrealted to Enlightenment pantheism and the speculative idealism which followed thereupon) ought to be considered in the train of Hobbes, Locke, Hume and Berkeley (in that it is a critical-empiricist philosophy), and, in its other aspect (in so far as it addresses the ideal) as a chapter in the broader history of the problem of the ideal and the real, dating back at least to Plotinus, and to Descartes in the modern era.{4}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSo what is the problem of the ideal and the real? In what sense, by addressing it, does Schopenhauer mark himself as an idealist? What is this \"problem\" which relates Plato to Kant, and Kant to Schopenhauer across the ages of man? It is the problem to which the WWR as a whole is posed as the solution, but its most clear restatement is to be found in Schopenhauer's first historical study in the P&P, where it is discussed simply as a problem, and not treated in passing as related to its solution:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIt is the problem concerning what in our knowledge is objective and what subjective, and hence what eventually is to be ascribed by us to things different from us and what is to be attributed to ourselves. Thus in our head images arise not arbitrarily, as it were, from within, nor do they proceed from the connection of concepts; consequently, they arise from an external cause. But such images alone are what is immediately known to us, what is given", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nNow what relation may they have to things which exist quite separately from and independently of us and which would somehow become the cause of those images", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n? Are we certain that such things generally exist at all, and in this case do the images generally give us any information as to their nature", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n? This is the problem and in consequence thereof the main endeavour of philosophers for the last two hundred years has been clearly to separate by a line of cleavage correctly drawn the ideal, in other words, what belongs to our knowledge solely and as such, from the real, that is to say, what exists independently of our knowledge, and thus to determine the relation of the two to each other. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 3]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe problem of idealism is that of understanding what is phenomenon (meaning appearance, or the representation of the mind as informed by the senses) and what is left over by this broad category (which exhausts all possible knowledge predicated on experience, on sensation) to act as the necessary basis of the phenomenon outside of our apprehension (the thing-in-itself);{5} to this the supplementary question of what is object and what subject is necessarily conjoined, but the two should not be confused as a single matter, as the latter question is addressed only to knowledge (of phenomena) and therefore neither subjective nor objective knowledge can be in any way identified with the thing-in-itself", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nTo call a philosophy \"Idealist\", in the proper understanding of the term, would only be to identify it as attempting to make this distinction between the ideal and the real, and thus attempting to condition all philosophy with epistemology by qualifying knowledge as phenomenological in its basis", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe obverse of this is \"Realism\", which, in its philosophical usage (and as it appears throughout Schopenhauer's works), describes any system which denies the dichotomy of the ideal and the real, asserting the absolute and unconditioned reality of the world of representations (or any part thereof): realism argues that the appearance of the thing as apprehended by the knowing subject is absolutely actual prior to and independent of that knowing subject, and thus that an absolute knowledge (in some metaphysical or theological capacity) precedes our merely conditional and subjective knowledge of the world through experience (and thus the condition of epistemology is lifted from knowledge, but the elucidation of the simplest functions of apprehension becomes reliant on religious and metaphysical principles as their medium)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBy this usage, Locke is more properly described as an idealist, and Hegel as a realist, though one shall more likely read the opposite through the common abuse of the terms", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nEmpiricism and idealism are thus in no way mutually exclusive (rather, for Schopenhauer, they are compatible), but nor do they appear (in the history of philosophy at large) as necessarily interdependent; on the contrary, the association of idealism with anti-empiricism (manifested variously as theories of \"Innate Knowledge\" {e.g., Plato}, or of an \"Absolute Knowledge\" existing independently of the mind of man [but interfering with it]) {e.g., Hegel and (less consistently) Aristotle} is so strong in the minds of academics, that many automatically assume that any dichotomy established between appearance and being-in-itself must be a contrivance leading to the dismissal of all empirical measurement of the appearance from further philosophical consideration", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThis is not the case for Schopenhauer, and any confusion of his method with Kant's (of rejecting all proof based on experience from philosophy to address the latter with arguments \"purely a priori\") will lead the student very far astray", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nPlato is thus correctly called an idealist in that he separates the world into one of \"being but never becoming\" and one of \"forever becoming but never being\", explaining the being-in-itself of the latter as having its basis in the former (which is outside of the phenomenon, and thus has itself no appearance, yet is its root, and is the kernel of the nature of the appearance); additionally, Plato makes the ideal the primary, and the real the secondary or conditional reality; but what leads to endless confusion in the classroom, and what differs fundamentally from Schopenhauer, is that Plato makes the \"Immortal soul\" and its mythical world the seat of the ideal, rather than the mere organs of the human brain (no professor relishes the task of differentiating Plato's sense of Idea from the usage of \"idea\" in common parlance, wherein it means only \"concept in the mind\"), and on this basis Plato denies the empirical basis of knowledge, referring instead to an innate knowledge of an other-worldly source whereof", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nparlance, wherein it means only \"concept in the mind\"), and on this basis Plato denies the empirical basis of knowledge, referring instead to an innate knowledge of an other-worldly source whereof phenomenological reality merely \"reminds\" us", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThere is no justification for calling Hegel an idealist in the strictest sense of the term; rather, his historicism relies on an obtuse realism (I leave my reader to investigate Schopenhauer's comment on this point: WWR, vol. ii, pg. 442-4)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nAgainst the presumptions following from idealism's popular association with Plato and anti-empiricism in the Platonic mould (not to mention the confusion fomented by the Marxian usage of the term), we must insist that idealism does not preclude empiricism, but rather, in so far as an epistemology ought to precede and condition every science (i.e", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nif it be granted that an understanding of what knowledge is, and what are its limits, ought to guide us in our evaluation and application of that knowledge), a solution to the problem of the ideal and the real stands in relation to every thoroughgoing empiricism as its indispensable proviso.", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThis \"estrangement\", however, does not amount to an unqualified mutual antagonism; the anti-empiricism which sets the above sequence of speculative Idealists apart from Schopenhauer's critical Idealism has its most significant exception in certain aspects of Kant's work, which, to an extent we shall later define, was a requisite influence upon the empiricistic development", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFurther, without emending our statement of the disassociation of the critical and the speculative movements in general, we could make a considerable digression to explain Schopenhauer's relation to each of these thinkers in particular; for instance, while Schopenhauer's philosophy differs very fundamentally from Spinoza's, he holds Spinoza's work in much higher regard than any of the subsequent, derivative pantheists, often describing it as an advance over previous misconceptions in philosophy in certain specific elements, and characterizing the whole in a more balanced way than his attacks on Fichte, Schelling or Hegel ever allow", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIn the following passages Schopenhauer describes the opposition of anti-empiricists to the development of the critical tradition's approach to the problem of the ideal and the real (an approach which Schopenhauer considers himself to have put to its final purpose, solving the problem for all time), and in so doing describes his own philosophy's place in relation to both the critical and the speculative traditions", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIn the first excerpt following, the distinction I proposed earlier is demonstrated as Schopenhauer identifies Malebranche as an Idealist (on the basis of his effort to tackle the problem I have definitively paired to that term in general), but must differ from him in the same respect with which I have described Schopenhauer's disparity with Plato,{7} for Malebranche is an anti-empirical Idealist (explaining knowledge not as qualified by experience [as phenomenological in its basis, and thus referring the problem to an epistemological solution] but as an absolute, explicable only through a metaphysical speculative construction):", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nTo dispose of [the problem of the ideal and the real], Malebranche first devised the system of occasional causes. He grasped the problem itself in its whole range more clearly, seriously, and deeply than did Descartes", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe latter had assumed the reality of the external world on the credit of God; and here, of course, it seems strange that, whereas the other theistic philosophers endeavour to demonstrate the existence of God from that of the world, Descartes, on the contrary, proves the existence of the world first from the existence and trustworthiness of God; it is the cosmological proof the other way around. Here too Malebranche goes a step farther and teaches that we see all things immediately in God himself", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThis certainly is equivalent to explaining something unknown by something even more unknown. Moreover, according to him, we not only see all things in God, but God is also the sole activity therein, so that physical causes are so only apparently; there are mere causes occasionnelles. (Recherches de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, Livre vi, pt. 2, ch. 3) And so here we have essentially the pantheism of Spinoza, who appears to have learnt more from Malebranche than from Descartes. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 5]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIn the pages following the passage above, the same criticism is applied to Leibniz and Spinoza, who, deriving their treatment from Malebranche, demonstrate an awareness, if only a very partial and inadequate one, of the same problem; but again Schopenhauer rejects their posited solutions as anti-empirical; he rejects their establishment of the perception of the world on the presumed medium of God, and thus the posit of a mystical (rather than epistemological) correlation between object and subject, and between the representation and the thing-in-itself:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n[T]he harmonia praestabilita of Leibniz [appears again with Spinoza,] only here the represented world and the objectively existing world do not remain wholly separated, as with Leibniz, corresponding to each other merely by virtue of a harmonia, regulated in advance and from without, but actually they are [posited as] one and the same", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nTherefore we have [with Spinoza, ultimately] a complete and absolute realism, in so far as the existence of things corresponds exactly to their representation in us, since indeed [he claims that] both are one. Accordingly... the things-in-themselves [are claimed to] manifest themselves as extensa, in so far as they appear as cogitata, that is to say, in our representation of them", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n(Incidentally, here is the origin of Schelling's identity of the real and the ideal.) Now all this, properly speaking, is based only on mere assertion. The exposition is difficult to understand through the ambiguity of the word Deus that is used in a wholly improper sense; and so it loses itself in obscurity... The obscurity... in Spinoza's doctrine arises from his not proceeding impartially from the nature of things as he finds them [i.e", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nempirically], but from Cartesianism, and accordingly from all kinds of traditional concepts such as Deus, substantia, perfectio, and so on, which he attempted in roundabout ways to bring into harmony with his notion of truth. Very often he expresses the best things only indirectly... and almost allegorically", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n[For] on the other hand, Spinoza [occasionally] evinces an unmistakable transcendental idealism, namely a knowledge, although only general, of the truths expounded by Locke and particularly by Kant, hence [of] a real distinction between the phenomenon and the thing-in-itself, and a recognition that only the phenomenon is accessible to us. [(A list of specific passages from Spinoza follows) P&P, vol. i, pg. 10-12]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFirstly it shows, against Schopenhauer's reputation as an uncompromising curmudgeon, that he is more than willing to extend praise and recognition even to those philosophies that he considers thoroughly wrong as a systemic whole for whatever correct advances they have posited, if only as isolated and unsupported claims;{8} thus, while Spinoza only occasionally and inconsistently recognises the Idealist problem at the root of knowledge, and is doubly estranged from Schopenhauer as being both a realist (in his final conclusions) and an anti-empiricist, the scattered passages more in tune with Locke's critical Idealism (and, to some extent, Kant's -- as we shall discuss subsequently) are granted both praise and thoughtful, balanced criticism in the pages which follow the quote above.{9} Secondly, we find above the affirmation of the compatibility of Idealism with empiricism, illustrated with the prominent example of Locke; Schopenhauer's concord with Locke is again expressed below, in opposition to the various", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\naffirmation of the compatibility of Idealism with empiricism, illustrated with the prominent example of Locke; Schopenhauer's concord with Locke is again expressed below, in opposition to the various anti-empirical Idealists; but we also begin to see the one respect in which Schopenhauer diverges from Locke, which shall draw our attention to the importance of Berkeley and Kant:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe closest affinity between Malebranche, Spinoza, and Berkeley is unmistakable. We see them all start from Descartes in so far as they retain and try to solve the fundamental problem that is presented by him in the form of a doubt concerning the existence of the external world. For they are concerned to investigate the separation and connection of the ideal and subjective world, given solely in our representation, and the real objective world, existing independently and thus in itself", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nTherefore this problem is, as I have said, the axis on which the whole of modern philosophy turns. Now Locke differs from those philosophers in that, probably because he is under the influence of Hobbes and Bacon, he attaches himself as closely as possible to experience and common sense, avoiding as far as possible hyperphysical hypotheses. For him the real is matter... with him the real, i.e. matter, generates in the knower representations or the ideal through \"impusle\", i.e. through a push or thrust", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThus we have a thoroughly massive realism which by its very exorbitance called forth contradiction and gave rise to Berkeley's idealism. [...] However, even Locke does not overlook that fundamental problem, namely the gulf between the representations within us and the things existing independently of us and thus the distinction between the ideal and the real", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBut speaking generally, he disposes of it with arguments of sound but rough common sense, and by reference to the adequacy of our knowledge of things for practical purposes, which obviously has nothing to do with the case and only shows how very inadequate to the problem empiricism remains", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBut now it is just his realism that leads him to restrict what corresponds to the real in our knowledge to qualities inherent in things, as they are in themselves, and to distinguish these qualities from those that are connected merely with our knowledge of them, and thus only with the ideal. Accordingly, he calls the latter secondary qualities, but the former primary", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThis is the origin of the distinction between the thing-in-itself and phenomenon, which later on in the Kantian philosophy becomes so very important. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 16-17]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n...Spinoza had already opposed to the whole Cartesian dualism his doctrine [that the thinking substance and the extended substance are one and the same,] thereby showing his great superiority. Leibniz, on the other hand, remained astutely on the path of Descartes and othodoxy", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBut then this evoked the endeavour of the admirable Locke which was so thoroughly wholesome for philosophy; he finally insisted on investigating the origin of concepts and made the sentence \"no innate ideas\" the basis of his philosophy, after he had discussed it at length. The French, for whom his philosophy was elaborated by Condillac, soon went too far in the matter, although for the same reason, since they put forward and urged the sentence penser est sentir", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nTaken absolutely, this is false; yet in it is to be found the truth that all thinking partly presupposes feeling, as an ingredient of the intuitive perception that furnishes it with its material, and that thinking, like feeling, is itself partly conditioned by bodily organs. And thus just as feeling is conditioned by the nerves of sense, so is thinking by the brain, and the two are nervous activity", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nNow even the French school did not stick so firmly to this sentence [penser est sentir, \"to think is to perceive\"] for its own sake, but again with a metaphysical, and indeed a materialistic purpose [in mind]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIn the same way [that] the Platonic, Cartesian, Leibnizian opponents had stuck to the false proposition that the only correct knowledge of things consists in pure thinking [without any reference to experience], likewise with a metaphysical intention, namely to prove with it the immateriality of the soul. Kant alone leads us to the truth from these two false paths{10} and from a dispute wherein both parties do not really go to work honestly", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n...Kant says: \"Certainly there is a pure knowledge of reason, that is, cognitions a priori that precede all experience and consequently a thinking that does not owe its material to any knowledge that is produced by means of the senses.\" But although not drawn from experience, this very knowledge a priori has value and validity only for the purpose of experience", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFor it is nothing but the awareness of our own knowledge-apparatus and of the structure and mechanism thereof (brain-function) or, as Kant expresses it, the form of the knowing consciousness itself. [...] Now through this, all that metaphysical psychology [the anti-empiricism of innate ideas, etc.] falls down, and with it all Plato's [theories of knowledge as] pure activity of the soul", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFor we see that knowledge without the intuitive perception that is brought about by the body has no material, and consequently that the knower as such, without the presupposition of the body, is nothing but an empty form; not to mention that all thinking is a physiological function of the brain, just as digestion is of the stomach. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 45-6]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThus while Schopenhauer agrees with Locke's fundamental standpoint in the main, he diverges from him in conditioning his empiricism with the Kantian notion of a priori forms of knowledge preceding and shaping human understanding (which is, as the quote above makes abundantly clear, as much a \"biological\" as a \"transcendental\" condition of the understanding);{11} we should note, however, that Schopenhauer's understanding of the a priori is more strictly limited to this empirical purpose than Kant's, which (most obviously in Kant's ethical construction of \"a priori aphorisms\") extends well beyond this into metaphysical speculation, and forever hints at a spiritual rather than biological basis for the \"transcendental\" forms of knowing.{12} Schopenhauer likewise regards Berkeley as an advance from the fundamental standpoint established by Locke, but Berkeley's investigations, as much as they extended our understanding of the ideal, remaindered the explanation of the real wholly to theology, and thus in another", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nstandpoint established by Locke, but Berkeley's investigations, as much as they extended our understanding of the ideal, remaindered the explanation of the real wholly to theology, and thus in another sense were a regression to an older anti-empiricist doctrine rendering God as the medium of knowledge:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nAlthough coming later and already with the knowledge of Locke, Berkeley consistently went farther on this path [opened by Descartes in the modern era], and thus became the originator of the proper and true Idealism [i.e", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nthe beginning of the proper and true solution to the problem of the ideal and the real], that is, of the knowledge that what is extended in and fills space, and thus the world of intuitive perception generally, can have its existence as such absolutely only in our representation, and that it is absurd and even contradictory to attribute to it, as such, another existence outside all representation and independently of the knowing subject, and accordingly to assume a matter existing in itself", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThis is a very true and deep insight, but his whole philosophy consists in nothing but this. He had hit upon and clearly separated the ideal; but he did not know how to find the real, about which he did not trouble himself very much and expressed himself only occasionally, piecemeal, and incompletely. With him God's will and omnipotence are directly the cause of all the phenomena in the world of intuitive perception, that is to say, of all our representations", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nReal existence belongs only to knowing and willing beings, such as we ourselves are: hence these, together with God, constitute the real. [...] Also in common with his predecessors, he regards God as better known than the actual world before us; and he therefore regards a reduction to him as an explanation. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 14]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n67-78], where the same historical development is recounted, but this time in reference to the problem of substance and essence,{13} rather than that of the ideal and the real; if the reader should investigate, they would find there again the affirmation of my reading of Schopenhauer's relation to Leibniz, Spinoza, Locke, Berkeley and Kant, with only a slightly different vocabulary revealing Schopenhauer's partial affinity or total disaffection with each respectively (determined by the same requirements of [1] approaching the problem of idealism [2] on the empiricist path)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe section speaks of \"starting from the subjective standpoint\" in an equivalent sense to what we described earlier as \"conditioning knowledge with its phenomenological basis\" --because, in the problem of substance and essence, to begin with the subject is to admit that the problem is first and foremost one of epistemology, just as the empirical conditionality of representation referred us to empistemology in the formerly treated problem--{14} and then the section works through roughly the same schedule of advances and setbacks (from the vantage of a closely related but separate problem) to which Schopenhauer considers the creation of his own work beholden (in its presumed importance as the final solution)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nI reproduce here only a few words from the section's conclusion, from which my reader shall see at once that the whole is in agreement with all that has been said to this point:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBerkeley was, therefore, the first to treat the subjective starting-point really seriously and to demonstrate irrefutably its absolute necessity. He is the father of idealism... Thus even Locke started from the subjective in that he conceded a great part of the properties of bodies to our sense-impression", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n[...] [T]hrough this preliminary distinction of the subjective element from the objective in intuitive perception [Locke] led directly up to Kant who, following his direction and track in a much higher sense, managed clearly to separate the subjective side from the objective. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 77]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nMy reading is again affirmed in \u00a713 of the same essay, where the historical development of the understanding of the mutual opposition and interdependence of the ideal and the real is treated once more, but this time organized thematically (instead of chronologically) as it relates to Kant's philosophy", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe same points are reprised, but with greater emphasis and a longer discussion granted to the a priori conditioning of empirical knowledge, and with the first positive statement (in the P&P) of what the often mentioned dichotomy of ideal and real actually is (along with various reflections on the ideality of time and other themes central to the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the WWR)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nAs I cannot possibly reproduce the argument here, I can only encourage my reader to seek it out if he would dissent from my reading of Schopenhauer's place in the history of ideas, which in the following passage we have the better part of stated in brief, and by Schopenhauer's own pen:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n...it will be seen that Locke, Kant, and I are closely connected since in the interval of almost two hundred years we present the gradual development of a coherent, consistent, and uniform train of thought. David Hume may also be considered as a connecting link in this chain although, properly speaking, only with regard to the law of causality. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 88]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nAn important passage follows the above excerpt, describing the common thread (of what I call critical idealism) running through Hume, Locke, and select aspects of Kant{15} (to which list Schopenhauer would, again, add his name in conclusion) [ibid., 88-90]; Hume is here credited with expounding the ideality of causality (the necessary consequence of the ideality of space and time), and thus with advancing (in one aspect) the problem of the ideal and the real; Hume's importance to Schopenhauer is considerably greater than merely this, however, as his critique of the causality of concepts (of certainty) prefigured Schopenhauer's resolution of the criterion of truth (for which Hume is appropriately praised in the respective sections of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the WWR)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nOf the names I have included in critical Idealism's \"gradual development of a coherent, consistent, and uniform train of thought\", only one remains who was not treated at length nor added explicitly to this list in the P&P; this is Thomas Hobbes, who is mentioned in these essays only in passing as a requisite antecedent to Locke [reproduced above]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nHobbes was in several respects an important influence, however, prefiguring elements of Schopenhauer's epistemology, psychology and being quoted and alluded to many times over in Schopenhauer's ethical and political writings; his brief treatment in the sections to which I have thus far referred follows necessarily upon their organizing principle, the presentation of the problem of Idealism as \"the axis on which the whole of modern philosophy turns\" -- whereby Hobbes may be fairly represented as little more than a necessary prequel to Locke, but certainly as nothing less", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWe shall return to Hobbes on consideration of Schopenhauer's ethics and politics; what remains to be addressed in this section (with the positive statement of Schopenhauer's relation to these critical Idealists complete) is some negative statement as to his relation to the later proponents of \"German Idealism\", and a reckoning of Kant's double role in touching off new developments in both traditions.", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIt was for the specific purpose of precluding the confusion of his philosophy with the speculative idealism of Fichte, Schelling and Hegel that Schopenhauer wrote the appendix to the \"Sketch of a history of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\" (his estrangement from Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza, and the other, earlier Idealists being demonstrated in the essay before it, and again, on a broader time-line, in that which follows)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWhile there is not an inch of ambiguity left for the historians to exploit by Schopenhauer's repeated attacks on the neo-Kantians throughout the WWR and its auxiliary essays (On the Will in Nature, Die Beide Grundprobleme der Ethik, etc.{16}), the authorities have everywhere attempted to sympathetically associate Schopenhauer with Fichte and/or Schelling, often enough reducing him to a mere digression in the \"German Idealist\" development culminating in Hegel -- ignoring the principles of the very philosophy they pretend to eulogize", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nH\u00f6ffding and Aiken seem to have pioneered (or at any rate have popularized) the former trend, which the authors of the English language in more recent times have taken to its utmost extreme, in defiance of the evidence of which every page of Schopenhauer's philosophy is a part", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFortunately, Schopenhauer has left us a ready instrument to shame all these rationalizing professors and biographers, in that we can refer with great convenience to this appendix, which sets the matter forth in all its simplicity, and debunks any and every such effort to subsume his works in those of his adversaries; I recommend this brief passage in its entirety [P&P, vol. i, pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n21-8] as an antidote to the mistakes and misrepresentations which have become the rule in the literature, and would make this the required reading of any student before they should consult a secondary source on our subject", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIn the following excerpt we find Schopenhauer's double enmity for the neo-Kantians expressed by the same paired criteria by which he qualified his estrangement from Spinoza, and conditioned his praise for Locke and so on for the others (namely, the requirement that philosophy [1] approach the problem of Idealism [2] on the empiricist path): Fichte, Schelling and Hegel are rejected as anti-Idealist (in that they deny the dichotomy of ideal and the real) as well as anti-empirical (each with their own colourful theory of an absolute knowledge, a \"knowledge unconditioned by experience or the brain\" as compared to a \"digestion without food or a stomach\" above{17}); but to this is added the charge of intellectual dishonesty [pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n21-24], as all these thinkers begin from a knowledge of the problem inherited from Kant, only to deny its existence, or to pretend that such authoritative denials constitute its solution:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThus after Kant had more than ever accentuated the great problem of the relation between what exists in-itself and our representations, and so had brought it a great deal nearer to solution, Fichte came forward with the assertion that there is nothing more behind the representations and that these are simply products of the knowing subject, of the ego. While attempting in this way to outdo Kant, he produced merely a caricature of that philosopher's system..", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nhe entirely abolished the real and left over nothing but the ideal.{18} Then came Schelling who, in his system of the absolute identity of the real and the ideal, declared that whole difference to be of no account and maintained that the ideal is also the real and that the two are identical. In this way, he attempted again to throw into confusion that which had been so laboriously separated by means of a slow and gradually developing process of reflection, and to mix up everything", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe distinction of the ideal and the real is... boldly denied in imitation of the above-censured errors of Spinoza. At the same time, even the monads of Leibniz, that monstrous identification of two absurdities, thus of the atoms and of the indivisible, originally and essentially knowing individuals called souls, are again fetched out, solemnly apotheosized, and made use of", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchelling's philosophy bears the name of the philosophy of identity because, following in Spinoza's footsteps, it abolishes three distinctions which he too had abolished, namely that between God and the world, that between body and soul, and finally also that between the ideal and the real in the intuitively perceived world", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n[...] In keeping with all this, metaphysics was by Schelling identified with physics and accordingly the lofty title of Von der Weltseele was given to a merely physico-chemical diatribe. All really metaphysical problems that untiringly force themselves on human consciousness were to be silenced through a flat denial by means of peremptory assertions", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nNature is here just because it is, out of itself and though itself; we bestow on it the title of God, and with this it is disposed of; [as with Spinoza, reduction of a problem to the name of God is passed off for an explanation] ... The distinction between subjective and objective is [thus made out to be] a mere trick of the schools, like the whole Kantian philosophy, and this philosophy's distinction of a priori and a posteriori is [treated as if it were] of no account", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThrough his doctrine of the identity of the real and the ideal, Schelling had accordingly tried to solve the problem that was started [in the modern era] by Descartes, dealt with by all great thinkers, and finally brought to a head by Kant... [but he only] attempted to solve this problem by cutting the knot, in that he denied the antithesis between the real and the ideal. In this way he came into direct contradiction with Kant, from whom he professed to start. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 25-26]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n...Schelling... followed in Fichte's footsteps which, however, he forsook in order to proclaim his own invention, the absolute identity of the subjective and the objective, or of the ideal and the real. This implies that everything that rare minds like Locke and Kant had separated after an incredible amount of reflection and judgement, was to be again poured into the pap of that absolute identity", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFor the teaching of these two thinkers may be very appropriately described as the doctrine of the absolute diversity of the ideal and the real, or of the subjective and the objective. When once incomprehensibility of speech was introduced by Fichte and the semblance of profundity was put in place of thought, the seeds were scattered which were to result in one corruption after another and finally in the complete demoralization of philosophy and thus of the whole of literature, which has arisen in our day", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchelling was followed by a philosophical ministerial creature, to wit Hegel, who for political and indeed mistaken purposes was from above dubbed a great philosopher --a commonplace, inane, loathsome, repulsive, and ignorant charlatan, who with unparalleled effrontery compiled a system of crazy nonsense that was trumpeted abroad by mercenary followers, and was actually regarded as such by blockheads, whereby such a complete chorus of admiration arose as had never before been known. [ibid. pg. 95-6]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nNow the inaccurate expression [of using the terms \"thinking\" and \"being\" in such a way as to exclude \"perceiving\" from epistemological concerns] borrowed by Schelling from Spinoza, was later used by that insipid and inane charlatan Hegel, who in this respect appears as Schelling's buffoon, and it was so distorted that thinking in itself in the proper sense and hence concepts were to be identical with the essence-in-itself of things", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nTherefore what is thought in abstracto, as such and directly, was to be identical with what is objectively present in itself, and accordingly logic was to be the true metaphysics. ...[T]his absurdity was supported by a second, namely that we did not think, but the concepts, alone and without our assistance, completed the thought process, which was, therefore, called the dialectical self-movement of the concept, and was now to be a revelation of all things in et extra naturam", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n[...] After the manner of Spinoza, Schelling had given the world the title of God. Hegel took this in the literal sense. Now as the word really signifies a personal being who, together with other qualities absolutely incompatible with the world, has also that of omniscience, this too was now transferred by Hegel to the world", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nNaturally it could not find any other place than the simple mind of man, whereupon he needed only to give free play to his thoughts (dialectical self-movement) in order to reveal all the mysteries of heaven and earth, namely in the absolute gibberish of the Hegelian dialectic. There is one art that Hegel has really understood, and that is how to lead Germans by the nose. [ibid. pg. 27-28]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nI say again that Schopenhauer stands in unmitigated, diametric opposition to the \"three sophists\" castigated above, precisely because they belong to the other pole of \"the axis on which the whole of modern philosophy turns\": Schopenhauer regards as his adversary any who would deny the \"absolute diversity of the ideal and the real\", or would proffer a theory of \"absolute knowledge\", \"innate ideas\" or what-have-you in place of the empiricist epistemology established by Hobbes and Locke (and, Schopenhauer would argue, developed further by Kant) -- the sheer repetition of this point throughout the P&P and in several parts of the WWR [e.g", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWWR, vol. ii, ch. i and ch. xviii; and vol. i, pg. 417-21] should leave us in no doubt as to its essential importance. In addition to this, one can easily enough come up with a great number of secondary, normative differences distinguishing the sprit of critical idealism from that of its speculative counterpart (e.g., individualism vs. statism, hypothetical-deductive method vs", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nteleological claims, etc.) following upon their essential distinction; but, significantly, this does not equate to any one, simple political dichotomy.", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n[...] [we have thus far discussed] only a single historical development (the paramount importance of which was Schopenhauer's own contention) and [have not attempted an] exhaustive schematization of Schopenhauer's influences; certainly a great many of Schopenhauer's sources may be named who did not contribute to the problem of the ideal and the real, and thus have not been addressed in this \"history of ideas\" (Giordano Bruno, Rousseau, Pascal, etc.)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFurther, our discussion has been restricted to modern Europe (aside from a brief mention of Plato), and has thus omitted Schopenhauer's many comments on the related arguments among the ancients,{19} but more importantly, we have excluded the stunning analogue to Schopenhauer's solution to the problem of the ideal and the real which is to be found in the epistemology of the Hindu Upanishads", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIt would be wholly extraneous to treat this at length here, but, of the three sources to which Schopenhauer directs our attention in the preface to the WWR [pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nxv-xvi], both Plato and (as I shall discuss presently) Kant may for the most part be reduced to inspirations rather than influences, whereas the Upanishadic and Buddhist philosophies alone share in Schopenhauer's solutions to the problems of epistemology and metaphysics; despite Schopenhauer's repeated gratitude to Plato and Kant's works for having prepared the way for his own, only a very limited common ground may ever be found between them, and Schopenhauer rather less appeals to the authority of either figure (as it appears in their writings) than to his own interpretation thereof, relying in both cases on a substantial body of criticism; thus, the grano salis with which all his praise for Plato is to be taken is to be found in the historical essays of the P&P{20} and the WWR \u00a749,{21} and that for Kant in the WWR's appendix, making the congruencies with the eastern religions all the more important by comparison.{22} We now return to a question I had formerly deferred, and ask [...] \"What was Kant's", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nin the WWR's appendix, making the congruencies with the eastern religions all the more important by comparison.{22} We now return to a question I had formerly deferred, and ask [...] \"What was Kant's relation to Schopenhauer, and why is he [so often] depicted as a stage in the progression of the speculative idealists toward Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel?\"", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchopenhauer's relation to Kant is treated exhaustively in the appendix to the WWR's first volume, and the same question is answered with greater brevity in the same pair of historical essays from which we have already quoted so extensively", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nCertainly the best pretext for associating Schopenhauer with \"the three sophists\" of the opposite tendency has been to point out their common appeals to Kant's authority, which in each case is conditioned by a common conceit as to the importance of their own works over and against it ([i.e.,] emending or superseding it); however, this can never be more than a pretext: that Fichte, as much as Schopenhauer, claimed to have completed the work that Kant began is hardly a firm measure of association; if anyone were to bother to look beyond words to meanings they would soon find that the two have a mutually opposed understanding of what Kant's significance is, and that they draw almost exclusively from different aspects thereof; likewise, the bare similarity of words which is used to compare Schopenhauer to Schelling could as well be extended to all Germans of the period, as philosophy had in those times a limited vocabulary in the living languages, and owed most of its German terms to the recent coinage of either", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\ncould as well be extended to all Germans of the period, as philosophy had in those times a limited vocabulary in the living languages, and owed most of its German terms to the recent coinage of either Wolff or Kant", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nMy works had scarcely excited the attention of a few, when the dispute as to priority arose with regard to my fundamental idea, and it was stated that Schelling had once said \"willing is original and primary being\", and anything else of this kind that could be adduced", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWith regard to the matter itself, it may be observed that the root of my philosophy is to be found already in the Kantian, especially in Kant's doctrine of the empirical and intelligible characters, but especially in the fact that, whenever Kant brings the thing-in-itself somewhat nearer to the light, it always appears through its veil as will.{23} `...[A]ccordingly I have said that my philosophy is only his thought out to the end", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nTherefore we need not wonder if the philosophemes of Fichte and Schelling, which also start from Kant, show traces of the same fundamental idea, although they there appear without sequence, continuity, or development... it may be said on this point that, before every great truth has been discovered, a previous feeling, a presentiment, a faint outline thereof, as in a fog, is proclaimed, and there is a vain attempt to grasp it..", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nAccordingly, it is preluded by isolated utterances; but he alone is the author of a truth who has recognized it from its grounds and has thought it out to its consequents. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 132-3]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nA straightforward description of Schopenhauer's derivation from Kant (presenting Kant's significance as building upon the development through Locke, Hume, etc.) in contradistinction to that of Fichte, Schelling and Hegel runs through pg. 88-97 of our familiar sourcebook, the P&P, vol. i; this begins with another segment of the historical argument with which my reader has, by now, become thoroughly acquainted:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nLocke, as well as Condillac and his disciples ... argue and indicate that a sensation ... must correspond to its cause outside our body, and also that the differences of such effects (sense-impressions) must correspond to those of the causes, whatever these may ultimately be; from this results the distinction between primary and secondary qualities previously alluded to", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWith this they end, and for them an objective world now stands out in space, a world consisting of nothing but things-in-themselves which are indeed colourless, odourless, noiseless, neither warm nor cold, and so on, but which are nevertheless extended, formed, impenetrable, movable, and countable", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBut the axiom itself, by virtue whereof that transition from the inner to the outer and that whole derivation and installation of things-in-themselves have taken place, thus the law of causality, has been assumed by them, as by all previous philosophers, to be self-evident, and its validity has been subjected to no investigation. Now Hume directed on to this his skeptical attack by doubting the validity of that law", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFor he stated that experience whence, according to that very philosophy, all our cognitions were said to be derived, could never furnish us with the causal connection itself but always only with the mere succession of states in time ... which, precisely as such, would always prove to be either contingent or accidental and never necessary. Now this argument, so opposed to common sense yet not easy to refute, induced Kant to investigate the true origin of the concept of causality", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nHe found this to reside in the essential and innate form of our understanding itself and hence in the subject, not the object, for it was not first brought to us from without", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nNow in this way, the whole of the objective world [left over as \"primary qualities\" by] Locke and Condillac was drawn back again into the subject [...] Locke's objective world of things-in-themsleves had been changed by Kant into a world of mere phenomena in our cognitive apparatus, and this the more completely in that the space in which they present themselves and also the time in which they pass were shown by him to be undeniably of subjective origin. [P&P. vol. i, pg. 88-9]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nHowever, Kant's conclusion that the thing-in-itself remains outside of representation to act as its basis did not follow on his principles; he was correct that \"behind the representation there lies something represented\" [ibid, 89], but he attempted to prove the nature of both by expounding a system of imperative a priori 'truths' (or 'laws'):", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nBut just because these are a priori, they cannot lead to something independent of, and different from, the phenomenon or representation [P&P, vol. i, pg. 90; compare WWR, vol. i, pg. 502]\nOn this the endless inconsistencies and absurdities of the Kantian epistemology soon follow:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFor the whole essential nature of the given phenomena, that is, of the corporeal world, is by no means a priori determinable by us; on the contrary, [the a priori] is merely the universal form of its phenomenal appearance, and this may be reduced to space, time, and causality, together with the entire conformity to law of those three forms. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 90-1]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThus we find in these excerpts the affirmation of what I had posited earlier in regard to Schopehauer's derivation from Locke: Schopenhauer considers empiricist epistemology incomplete without a \"transcendental critique\", or, in other words, an understanding of the a priori forms conditioning our understanding (but, although Schopenhauer is certainly beholden to Kant for opening this path to philosophy, he restricts the a priori more strictly to this purpose, and does not dismiss the philosophical significance of knowledge-from-experience thereby)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWhile Schopenhauer maintains that Kant's fundamental standpoint (in the Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics) is correct, and that it indicates the correct route to the solution of the problem of the ideal and the real, the \"neo-Kantians\" addressed only its argumentation, and:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n...instead of pursuing this course, [they] confused Kant's presentation with the essence of the matter; they believed that with the former the latter was refuted... and accordingly, with Schultze's attacks, they declared Kant's philosophy to be untenable, Thus the field was now free for sophists and humbugs. The first of this class to appear on the scene was Fichte, who, because the thing-in-itself had just been discredited, at once prepared a system without any thing-in-itself", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nConsequently, he rejected the assumption of anything that was not through and through representation, and therefore let the knowing subject be all in all or at any rate produce everything from its own resources", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nFor this purpose, he at once did away with the essential and most meritorious part of the Kantian doctrine, the distinction between a priori and a posteriori and thus that [dichotomy] between the phenomenon and the thing-in-itself [, while adopting and exaggerating the worst mistake of Kant's doctrine: its marginalization (or exclusion) of empirical data (of all knowledge based in perception) through the proliferated role of the a priori forms of knowledge]{24}. [P&P, vol. i, pg. 94-5]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchopenhauer's debt to Kant may be reduced to (1) the distinction of the phenomenon from the thing in itself, (2) the introduction of the a priori to the consideration of the problem of the ideal and the real, and (3) the separation of the empirical from the intelligible character in ethics;{25} but while these presented themselves as great inspirations, and set Schopenhauer on the path to his resolution of the dichotomies of subject-to-object and ideal-to-real (as well as anchoring his ethics -- in total opposition to Kant's), they appeared only very inconsistently and were poorly argued in Kant's works, where the real implications of his epistemology were rarely borne out through the rest of his philosophy, if they were even understood by Kant at all:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nPrecisely the same thing happened to Kant with the demonstration of the thing-in-itself as with the demonstration of the a priori nature of the law of causality; both doctrines are correct, but their proof is false. They belong to correct conclusions from false premises. I have retained both [conclusions], yet I have established them in an entirely different way and with certainty. [WWR, vol. i, pg. 503]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThus we find in the WWR's appendix, after a compressed treatment of the same historical development of the ideal and the real we have described above [WWR vol. i, pg. 417-21], that while \"Kant's greatest merit is the distinction of the phenomenon from the thing-in-itself\" (an advance over Locke in so many ways), nonetheless:", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nKant did not arrive at the knowledge that the phenomenon is the world as representation and that the thing-in-itself is will. [...] [Nor did he] deduce the thing in itself in the right way as I shall soon show, but [only] by means of an inconsistency; [...] [Nor did he] recognise the thing-in-itself directly in the will, but made a great and original step towards this knowledge [in his separation of the empirical from the intelligible character]. [WWR, vol. i, pg. 421-2 (underscore added)]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nTo the surprise of the first time reader of the WWR, on reaching the appendix we at last discover that this fellow Kant to whom Schopenhauer's praises have all been addressed in the foregoing pages was not at all the well-known historical personage, but merely a composite character to whom the authorship of the first section of the Prolegomena and a scant few passages of the Critique of Pure Reason{26} had been attributed (to the exclusion of all else); the skeptical spirit of the Kantian philosophy, which Schopenhauer has so rigorously propounded over and against that of speculative idealism, is to be found only in a few scattered lines, and is contradicted everywhere else", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchopenhauer's image of Kant as the demolisher of scholastic dogmatism (dealing \"speculative theology and the rational psychology connected with it... their death blow\") [Ibid., pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n422-423] is conditioned by his total rejection of Kant's later writings, and the willing oversight of many sections even within the Critique of Pure Reason{27}, wherein the very conception of the a priori that Schopenhauer praises for prying open the old metaphysics (and laying it bare for empirical skepticism) is made a means for the erection of a new speculative dogmatism, and indeed cloaks it in a veil of inscrutability no less repugnant than the pseudo-theology of the dark ages", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchopenhauer comments that the Critique of Pure Reason's chapter on the Transcendental Ideal \"at once takes us back to the rigid scholasticism of the middle ages. We think we are listening to Anselm himself.\" [WWR vol. i, pg. 507] but a few pages later he congratulates Kant for \"the complete overthrow of that philosophy\":", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n[Kant] eliminated theism from philosophy; for in philosophy, as a science and not a doctrine of faith, only that can find a place which either is empirically given or is established through tenable and solid proofs. [Ibid., pg. 510]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThis lionized vision of Kant is contradicted once again in the essay On the Basis of Morality, wherein Schopenhauer attacks Kant's \"imperative\" system of ethics as theistic, disparaging it as no more philosophically tenable (beneath its veil of circumlocutions) than the bald commands of a Moses or a bloodthirsty Mesoamerican idol, and goes further to explicitly identify it with the worst elements of philosophy in the dark ages [\u00a74, \u00a76, especially the \"note\" ending \u00a76] -- descrying in Kant's ethics the very obscurantist rational psychology whereof the same author is elsewhere supposed to be the great extirpator!{28} There is an obvious conflict between the Kantian philosophy as it exists on the page and the inspiring muse which Schopenhauer found in it; the simplest and truest statement which Schopenhauer made on Kant's use and abuse of the a priori may be easily extended to Kant's other \"most brilliant and potent discoveries\" (distinguishing the empirical from the intelligible character, and the phenomenon", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\non Kant's use and abuse of the a priori may be easily extended to Kant's other \"most brilliant and potent discoveries\" (distinguishing the empirical from the intelligible character, and the phenomenon from the thing in itself):", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWe sometimes see a doctor who has applied a remedy with brilliant success henceforth prescribe it for almost all diseases; I liken Kant to such a man. By separating the a priori from the a posteriori in human knowledge, he made the most brilliant and potent discovery of which metaphysics can boast.{29} Is there any wonder when he now tries everywhere to apply this method, this separation? [On the Basis of Morality, (6, pg. 61]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nUnfortunately, \"this method\" of Kant's does not consist merely in a separation of a priori from a posteriori, but also in the rejection of the latter for the former; it is a doctrine of \"pure reason\" as the \"source\" of philosophical principles to the exclusion of any empirical basis. While the world as representation may be one of merephenomena (i.e", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nwhile we may never see the sun, but only the light cast by the sun) Kant inferred from this that philosophy should address itself not to those phenomena (the limited nature of which merely exhausts the entire world of experience, the basis of all knowledge, and the substance of every material and moral concern in every practical human endeavour) but instead to their ultimate basis outside of all perception, the things-in-themselves -- the \"laws\" concerning which should likewise be established without the uncertain study of those mere phenomena, but rather from the \"pure\" contemplation of our \"a priori judgements\"", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThus Kant struck the whole world of human experience and emotion from the record of ethics like perjured testimony, and referred questions of human nature, of justice, of the rights of states and citizens respectively, not to the unkind (empirical) realities which occupied the minds of men like Hobbes, but rather to systems of imperative laws (laws describing not what is, but what ought to be) invented by pure speculation -- from which whole systems of political philosophy and jurisprudence were then spun out, first to suit the interests of the \"liberal\" bourgeoisie, and later those of the nation-state and the Prussian reactionaries", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nIt is in Kant's own philosophy that we find the origin of \"that characteristic fault of the Germans to look in the clouds for that which lies at their feet\", which Schopenhauer so despised among the political philosophies of his own generation. It is therefore something of an irony that Schopenhauer exempts Kant from much of the criticism delivered to the Neo-Kantians, but is equally applicable to Kant's own written works, for the sake of the three \"brilliant and potent discoveries\"{namely..", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nfor it is not merely the proofs of these three concepts which were inadequate to Schopenhauer, but their entire application is incompatible with his philosophy -- leaving over only the barest germ of inspiration which may be attributed to both Kant and Schopenhauer in common. With the exception of these three points [listed above], and Schopenhauer's general sympathy for Kant's polemics against religion and teleology (largely derived from Hume) [WWR, vol", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\ni, 510, 532-4], there is nothing to associate the two; but on the contrary, their views are mutually exclusive often enough, and in ethical and political matters Schopenhauer vigorously attacks Kant as an opponent", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nHowever, these are hardly the only subjects on which Schopenhauer could have vocally opposed Kant on this basis of his own theories, but, as if at pains to repay a debt of gratitude, he rather suspends his judgement; for instance, most of Schopenhauer's critique of the argumentation for Kant's ethics applies equally to Kant's aesthetic theory,{31} which instead Schopenhauer merely \"damns with faint praise\" [Ibid. pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n529-32] despite its real incompatibility with his own philosophy of art; likewise, Schopenhauer goes to great lengths to depict himself as compliant with Kant's claim of the \"impossibility of metaphysics\" [P&P, vol. i, pg. 80-1], though this plainly contradicts the sprit of his great thesis \"On Man's Need for Metaphysics\" [WWR, vol. ii, ch. xvii], even if part of this inconsistency may be explained away by a technicality. Against his declaration at the opening of the appendix [pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n416-7], we must observe that Schopenhauer is too gracious to Kant by far; Kant's transcendental Idealism, as it is presented in Kant's writings as a whole, is as anti-empirical as Berkeley's, and while it certainly advanced the problem of the ideal and the real, its rationalist solution thereto is utterly incompatible with Schopenhauer's voluntarism, and is proven (by Schopenhauer's admission) only \"by means of an inconsistency\" and never \"thought out to its consequents\"", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWere the same criteria applied fairly to Kant as we saw them formerly applied to Spinoza, Plato, and the others in the history of ideas, the mere debt of inspiration Schopenhauer owed to Kant would not have been presented by him as such a thorough-going influence -- for if Schopenhauer rejects both Kant's argumentation and the purpose to which he put his conclusions, in what sense may Kant be described as his \"influence\" at all", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n? Thus, to state the matter only negatively, Kant's relationship to Schopenhauer is wholly different and unrelated to that which he bears upon the speculative idealists; Schopenhauer found three isolated principles in a few select passages of Kant's oeuvre from which he was inspired to pursue a radically new solution to the problem of Idealism -- which problem Fichte, Schelling and Hegel either failed to recognise or dismissed summarily for the reasons Schopenhauer has described above", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe speculative idealists, from Schopenhauer's perspective, had missed the essential and most important element of Kant's work (which he understood as an advance over Locke and Berkeley, as we have seen above), but this does not constitute a reasonable ground to disinherit them from the broad sweep of Kant's influence; on the contrary, any balanced reading of the Neo-Kantians will probably reveal more of Kant's doctrine (\"essential\" or otherwise) than can be found in Schopenhauer; in particular, as we shall see in our political discussion to follow, Kant's philosophies of ethics, of law, and of man and state (all categorically rejected by Schopenhauer) had an important effect upon the speculative idealists, who did not share Schopenhauer's reservations about writing with \"the needs of the state\" and \"particular political tendencies\" in mind; further, the basic conceit of the \"synthetic a priori judgement\" rejected by Schopenhauer [see WWR, vol", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n480], formed an important part of the speculative (or \"romantic\") method of \"passion over reason\" (preferring abstract, imperative claims to empirical reflection and hypothetical-deductive proofs -- beginning the trend away from contemplative, analytical philosophy and toward towering systems of \"pure\" speculations raised above scrutiny by an elaborated anti-empirical doctrine [the terms of which have thereby kept their currency from Kant's time unto the present day, though their meanings have many times been twisted: dialectic, category, synthesis, etc.]{32}).", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWhat we have thus far stated negatively about the relation of Kant to Schopenhauer and the train of \"German Idealism\" respectively, and presented only as an implication of Schopenhauer's understanding of his own significance (relative to Kant and these others) in the history of ideas, we shall now present positively as we proceed through the political history of the same period [i.e., in the following chapters of the original essay --not part of this electronic document]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWhile, as I have already suggested, neither Schopenhauer nor Hegel could be called an \"heir\" to Kant's politics, various political considerations we have thus far passed over as extraneous to the question of Idealism (rationalism vs. voluntarism, statism vs. individualism, etc.) strongly associate Kant with the speculative rather than the critical tradition.", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{1} I invite anyone to weigh the ratio of Marx\u2019s positive references to Mandeville and Ferguson in Capital to the one, disparaging mention Hegel earns in its introduction -- and then they may explain to me why Marx is taught as \u201ca critic of Hegel\u201d rather than as \u201ca critic of liberal political economy\u201d in the departments of philosophy. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{2} For the briefest statement of Schopenhauer\u2019s opinion on the use and abuse of the term (by the scholastics, Kant, and Hegel variously), see the P&P, vol. ii, pg. 279 {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{3} \u201cPhilosophy... is a science, and as such has no articles of faith; accordingly, in it nothing can be assumed as existing except what is either positively given empirically, or demonstrated through indubitable conclusions.\u201d Schopenhauer, P&P, vol. i, pg. 106. \u201cThis actual world of what is knowable, in which we are and which is in us, remains both the material and the limit of our consideration.\u201d WWR, vol. i, pg. 273 [\u00a753 may be cited as a whole in this regard]. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{4} I omit mention of its analogue in Hindu philosophy in this place only because I shall discuss it at sufficient length elsewhere. {Back to the text}\n{5} This is a simplification, as the same problem must also be described in relation to the understanding of the understander (in upanishadic terms), [i.e.,] to the analysis of the knowing subject -- [i.e.,] to what is ideal and what real in the self [and/or/as knowledge of the self]. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{6} And by this word I mean only a proponent of the dichotomy between absolute reality [being-in-itself] and the world of phenomena (the representations predicated upon that absolute reality, but conditioned by the knowing subject) [being object-for-subject, object-to-object, or subject-to-object]", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nI capitalize the terms \u201cIdealist\u201d and \u201cIdealism\u201d henceforth to indicate that I am using this strictly limited definition ([i.e.,] not in reference to [any or all of the views held by the] school of \u201cGerman Idealism\u201d [in general]). {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{7} For the affirmation of which I may direct my reader\u2019s attention to \u00a74 and 5 of the \u201cFragments for the History of Philosophy\u201d in the P&P. {Back to the text}\n{8} e.g. WWR, vol. i, \u00a755, pg. 292-8, Spinoza is praised for an ethical principle \u201cthough it appears as a true conclusion from false premisses.\u201d {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{9} See P&P, vol. i, pg. 73, \u201c...Spinoza\u2019s Ethica is throughout a mixture of the false and the true, the admirable and the bad,\u201d etc", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWhile Schopenhauer is vicious to his opponents, the recognition he extends to any and all who hold even a single isolated principle in common with him (as we shall see in the case of both Kant and Rousseau) is out of all proportion to the reputation he has earned on the former score; in fact, from an excess of good manners, Schopenhauer will often understate his differences with such a thinker within the confines of a given section or essay", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThis has led to some confusion among those who read his works only piecemeal as to what extent Schopenhauer may be said to have written in agreement with Kant and others. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{10} The two false paths being (1) an empiricism totally unconditioned by the \u201ca priori\u201d forms of knowing, and (2) an anti-empiricist doctrine of innate ideas (or of knowledge through the medium of God, or etc.) totally unconditioned by experience. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{11} For some clarification in brief, see: P&P, vol. i, pg. 84, \u201c...transcendental idealism does not by any means question the empirical reality of the world actually before us. On the contrary, it states merely that it is not unconditioned, since it has as its condition our brain functions, whence the forms of intuitive perception, time, space, causality, arise; consequently, it states that empirical reality itself is only that of a phenomenal appearance.\u201d etc. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{12} As regards the biological rather than mystical basis of Schopenhauer\u2019s \u201cworld as representation\u201d (his \u201cempiricist idealism\u201d), clarification may be found in brief in the MSR\u2019s Adversaria (in vol. iii) No. 23 (pg. 450), \u201cWe are justified in saying that the entire objective world, extended in space and flowing along in time, is a mere affectation of the pulpy mass in the skull (a sensation of it on stimulus)", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nAnd in just the same way, this pulpy mass is an organic formation, like every vegetable or animal substance, only by nature is it finally produced, for it presupposes all the rest of nature as its condition, and hence without this cannot exist; and also, in itself like everything else, it is will. For to exist for another is to be represented; to exist in itself is to will,\u201d etc. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{13} I could instead write here \u201cthe problem of subject and object\u201d, which would be somewhat less confusing for our purposes, but to do so would be to employ the terminology of Schopenhauer\u2019s solution, not that of the problem as it has been posed in the history he is discussing in the essay. {Back to the text}\n{14} i.e. \u201cTo begin with the subject\u201d is opposed to presuming the validity of the objective world as a given. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{15} That Schopenhauer only addresses a select few aspects of Kant when praising that name is to be found abundantly demonstrated in the appendix to the WWR\u2019s first volume. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{16} The reader may also wish to investigate the Spicilegia of the MSR, where Schopenhauer exercises his animosity in numerous drafts to the introduction to On The Basis of Morality\u2019s first publication; e.g. No. 94 & 96 [pg. 310-11 of Payne\u2019s translation]: \u201cIn the time between Kant and me no philosophy has befallen us, but mere university charlatanry..", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nWhilst the German philosophical public has for more than twenty-five years been seriously preoccupied with the vaporings of Fichte and Schelling and finally the downright nonsense of Hegel the charlatan, I alone and privately have actually cultivated philosophy. [...] The source of all this mischief is of course the making of money from philosophy at the universities", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nThe Sophists of Plato and Socrates were nothing but philosophy-professors.\u201d Incidentally, this last point exhausts everything that Nietzsche learned and actually understood from Schopenhauer, as his first work Schopenhauer as Educator makes evident (being a tract of the most whimsical nonsense aside from its obsessive lionization of Schopenhauer in the role of an extirpator of scholasticism and academic sophistry.) {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{17} The same image is to be found again in the MSR, vol. iv, pg. 132 (Pandectae I, No. 4), \u201cthinking, like digestion, is physical and not metaphysical.\u201d This may well be compared to Hegel, who began from the opposite assumption and ended up treating logic as metaphysics and metaphysics as logic. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{18} For a lengthier consideration of Fichte, ending in a repudiation no less certain, see WWR, vol. i, \u00a77, especially pg. 32-33; and in the first chapter of the WWR\u2019s second volume he is dismissed again in the context of an argument on the history of Idealism that shall be thoroughly familiar to my reader by now. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{19} I\u2019m referring primarily to what is to be found in the historical essays of the P&P, but there is additional material elsewhere, e.g. a fine, concise statement on the ancients and their continuity with the moderns in the denial of the problem is to be found at the opening of the Adversaria, MSR vol. iii [No. 1, pg. 437-8]. {Back to the text}\n{20} \u00a74 and \u00a75 of the \u201cFragments for the History of Philosophy\u201d. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{21} WWR vol. i, \u00a749, pg. 233: on the critical issue of distinguishing between what Schopenhauer calls \u201cthe Platonic Idea\u201d and mere concepts, he finally must admit that Plato really is no authority at all: \u201cI certainly do not mean to assert that Plato grasped this difference clearly; indeed many of his examples of Ideas and his discussions of them are only applicable to concepts", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nHowever, we leave this aside, and go our way, glad whenever we come across traces of a great and noble mind, yet pursuing not his footsteps, but our own aim.\u201d This despite having eponymously paired Plato to the notion! Despite having made use of Plato as an authority when introducing it in book 2", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n! The experienced student of Schopenhauer reads the whole of the WWR with this grano salis in mind, but, for the first time reader, the early chapters of the WWR seem intentionally devised to exaggerate what Schopenhauer has in common with Plato, or even to pass off some of Schopenhauer\u2019s most original conceptions as if they had existed in germ in eidos and idea; I do not think this is true in the later chapters, nor in the P&P", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{22} We may say, in reference to the quote reproduced in the footnote above, that while Schopenhauer shares many \u201cfootsteps\u201d with Kant and Plato, it is only with the Upanishads that he pursues a common aim (and obviously this may be extended to a definite (although differing) extent to include the philosophies of the Buddha, Nagarjuna, and the train of their influence down to Lao Tsu and the Ch\u2019an school). {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{23} That Kant ever intentionally did this, or at any rate grasped at the implications of his hints at such an identity, is doubtful at best, as we discuss below (see text to quote from WWR pg. 421-2). {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{24} Further to this see P&P, vol. i, pg. 93: \u201c[According to Kant\u2019s system] the whole of our empirical knowledge is now resolved into two components both of which have their origin in ourselves; namely, the sense-impression and the forms time, space, causality that are given a priori and hence are embedded in the functions of our intellect or brain", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nKant, however, had added to these forms eleven other categories of the understanding which were shown by me to be superfluous and inadmissable [in the appendix to the WWR].\u201d etc. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{25} For the significance of pt. 3, which I do not describe here as it is largely unrelated to our argument at this point, see WWR, vol. i, \u00a755, and of course the section of the Appendix to vol. i beginning on pg. 501. {Back to the text}\n{26} The most important of which Kant had removed from the second edition himself; See WWR, vol. i, pg 434-7 {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{27} Thus throughout the appendix Schopenhauer excuses many sections from serious consideration with the blandishment that they were mere products of Kant\u2019s predilection for \u201csymmetry\u201d (i.e. Kant often lets the form dictate the content of his writing, producing redundant categories, etc. for mere \u201carchetectonic\u201d effect) -- but why this should excuse rather than further indemnify these patches of the Critique we are never told", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\nSchopenhauer\u2019s other favoured excuse is to suggest that Kant feared religious persecution, and he therefore allows great tracts of Kant\u2019s writings to be passed over without too much censure, as if they were no more to be counted than the retractions of Copernicus. Finally, there are comments such as that of WWR, vol. i, pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n528, wherein a whole work will spared criticism simply because it is considered too bad to deserve the effort; here Schopenhauer dismisses the Jurisprudence as if it were by some other author, and thus need not have any bearing on the Kant to whom the appendix is addressed (\u201cjust as if it were not the work of this great man, but the production of [some other,] ordinary mortal\u201d); clearly Schopenhauer was himself aware that the mythified Kant he presented as a great man was a fictional entity separate from the historical author", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{28} e.g. WWR, vol. i, 510, 532-4, or see the quote above from pg. 422-423; see also the bizarre apologetics of P&P, vol. i, pg. 81, where Schopenhauer tries to excuse this contradiction within Kant\u2019s work as reflecting the separation of his theoretical from his practical philosophy -- admitting that the latter, in Kant\u2019s case, is no better than a kind of \u201cmoral faith\u201d dreamed up as a substitute for theology (or, one might say, as a perversion and vulgarization of theology). {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{29} I should note that attempts at this distinction did not begin with Kant, but rather, like the terms themselves, seem to have been well established when Aristotle wrote his Posterior Analytics, and certainly have their counterparts in the most ancient Hindu traditions (where, unlike in Aristotle, the importance of epistemology to metaphysics is clearly understood); unlike Schopenhauer, I would no more credit Kant with \u201cdiscovering\u201d the a priori than I would name Meissen the \u201cinventor\u201d of porcelain -- both deserve the much lesser distinction of introducing what was, for Asia, ancient knowledge, to an ignorant continent, and for the edification of barbarian kings", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{30} (1) The distinction of the phenomenon from the thing in itself, (2) the introduction of the a priori to the consideration of t he problem of the ideal and the real, and (3) the separation of the empirical from the intelligible character in ethics -- all of which appear in Kant\u2019s writings only as conclusions without sound arguments (by Schopenhauer\u2019s admission, as we have seen [e.g. quote given above to WWR, vol. i, pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n503]), to be subsequently passed over by Kant in the blindest ignorance of their implications [the most obvious examples of this being the \u201ccausal\u201d proof of the thing in itself, to which no concept of causality (Kant has avowed) may be applied (see WWR, vol. i, pg. 500), and the whole mess of the Kantian ethics (criticism of which begins Ibid. pg", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n514, and is one of the main themes of Die Beide Grundprobleme der Ethik): it is not at all clear why Kant should escape the criticism Schopenhauer offered Schelling in our quotation above, for \u201che alone is the author of a truth who has recognized it from its grounds and has thought it out to its consequents.\u201d {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{31} i.e., the whole business of \u201cought to will\u201d is to be found rehashed in the analytic of the beautiful in the familiar notion of \u201cthe laws of freedom\u201d -- whereby caprice and and an absolute (though inscrutable) schedule of values are supposed to be reconciled. This conflict is really rooted in Schopenhauer\u2019s rejection of the Kantian notion of \u201csynthetical a priori principles\u201d [see WWR, vol. i, p", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n480] without which the entire edifice of \u201cthe compatibility of freedom with compulsion\u201d (a crude juridical concept, which Kant applied to aesthetics without too much thought) must fall. {Back to the text}", "Eisel Mazard, Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas\n{32} I do mean to imply that \u201cpassion over reason\u201d has its origins in \u201cpure reason over [empirically based] reason\u201d in the German tradition; but this is a thesis unto itself, and I can say no more of it in this place. {Back to the text}\nHosted at pratyeka."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.albionpublishing.co.uk/blog/the-late-antonio-bolivar-salvador-saw-that-a-great-profound-spiritual-truth

"The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things"

["The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nTHE LATE ANTONIO BOLIVAR SALVADOR SAW THAT A GREAT & PROFOUND SPIRITUAL TRUTH WAS DYING WITH THE DYING OF THE OLD WAYS. THIS WAS THAT NATURE WAS THE INTERCONNECTED LIFE OF ALL THINGS, FROM THE SOIL TO THE PLANTS, AND TO ALL THE CREATURES, INCLUDING US. HE SAW THAT HARM DONE TO THE NATURAL WORLD DID GREATER HARM TO ALL BEINGS. THIS WAS THE GREAT SPIRITUAL TRUTH THAT HE HAD BEEN DESPERATE TO PASS ON.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nA metaphor for the spiritual and thereby religious calamity that is engulfing our Earth, our Gaia. The film also focussed on the perennial search for wisdom that so many of us encounter when immersing ourselves deeply in the natural world; especially when we see the natural world in danger of being despoiled. Rightly, the film sees all life as sacred, and all of creation, all of our planet as being an holistic ONE, the fracturing of which fractures each and every one of us", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nThe environment is the clue to what we have become and what we should try to be. That clue is our path back to meaning, that clue is the embodiment of our spiritual quest, if we would but attempt it. That clue, if embraced, offers us spiritual healing.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nAntonio Bolivar Salvador (Tiapuyama to his tribe) was an actor and a storyteller of all but mystic dimension. He died of covid-19 back in April 2020. He was aged 75.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nIn the film \u2018The Embrace of the Serpent\u2019 he played Old Karamakate, a shaman who was guiding a white explorer through the Amazon rainforest in search of the magic yakruma flower. Years before, as a young man, he had led another white explorer on the same quest. That journey, and the 2015 film, highlighted how the rainforest was being defiled by outsiders. A metaphor for the spiritual and thereby religious calamity that is engulfing our Earth, our Gaia", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nThe film also focussed on the perennial search for wisdom that so many of us encounter when immersing ourselves deeply in the natural world; especially when we see the natural world in danger of being despoiled. Rightly, the film sees all life as sacred, and all of creation, all of our planet as being an holistic ONE, the fracturing of which fractures each and every one of us. The environment is the clue to what we have become and what we should try to be", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nThat clue is our path back to meaning, that clue is the embodiment of our spiritual quest, if we would but attempt it. That clue, if embraced, offers us spiritual healing.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nWikipedia describes the film in the following way: Embrace of the Serpent (Spanish: El abrazo de la serpiente) is a 2015 Colombian internationally co-produced adventure drama film directed by Ciro Guerra, and written by Guerra and Jacques Toulemonde Vidal", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nShot almost entirely in black and white, the film follows two journeys made thirty years apart by the indigenous shaman Karamakate in the Colombian Amazonian jungle, one with Theo, a German ethnographer, and the other with Evan, an American botanist, both of whom are searching for the rare plant yakruna. It was inspired by the travel diaries of Theodor Koch-Gr\u00fcnberg and Richard Evans Schultes, and dedicated to lost Amazonian cultures.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nEmbrace of the Serpent was premiered on 15 May 2015 during the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Art Cinema Award. The film was released in Colombia on 21 May 2015, and worldwide over the course of the following twelve months. It has received universal acclaim from critics, who praised the cinematography and the story's theme, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and way of life by white colonialism. It has won numerous awards, including the Alfred P", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nSloan Prize at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival, the Grand Jury Prize for Best Picture at the 2017 Riviera International Film Festival, and seven awards at the 3rd Platino Awards to recognise the best Ibero-American films of 2015, including the Platino Award for Best Ibero-American Film", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nIn 2016 the film was submitted as Colombia's entry for the category of Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards and was included among the final five nominees, becoming the first Colombian film ever to receive a nomination for an Academy Award.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nThe film tells two stories thirty years apart, both featuring Karamakate, an Amazonian shaman and last survivor of his tribe. He travels with two scientists, firstly with the German Theo von Martius in 1909 and then with an American named Evan in 1940, to look for the rare yakruna, a (fictional) sacred plant.[4]", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nTheo, an ethnographer from T\u00fcbingen who has already been residing in the Amazon for several years, is very sick and is travelling by canoe with his field notes and a westernised local named Manduca whom he had saved from enslavement on a rubber plantation. Karamakate prolongs his life, blasting white powder called \"the sun's semen\" (possibly a hallucinogenic made from virola[5]) up his nose, but is reluctant to become involved with a westerner and refuses his money", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nMany years later an American botanist, Evan, paddles up to a much older Karamakate who has apparently forgotten the customs of his own people. Evan says he is hoping to complete Theo's quest and Karamakate does assist, again reluctantly, saying his knowledge is spent. Evan has a book of Theo's final trek, which his aide had sent back to Europe, as he did not survive the jungle. The book includes an image of Karamakate, which he refers to as his chullachaqui, a native term for hollow spirit", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nKaramakate agrees to help him only when Evan describes himself as someone who has devoted himself to plants, although Evan's real purpose is actually to secure disease-free rubber trees, since the United States's supplies of rubber from South East Asia had dwindled due to the Japanese wartime advance.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nBoth expeditions feature a Spanish Catholic Mission by the side of an Amazon tributary, run in 1909 by a sadistic, lone Spanish priest who beats orphan boys for any \"pagan\" behaviour, and in 1940 by a delusional Brazilian figure who believes he is the Messiah. He only trusts the visitors when he believes they are the Biblical Magi, but Karamakate wins his respect when he heals his wife. By now the children of 1909 have grown into disturbed and violent acolytes.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nIn 1909, we are left with Theo, sick and having fled the Mission, arriving at a frontier post just about to be invaded by Colombian soldiers during the Amazon rubber boom, where the sacred yakruna is being abused by drunken men, and cultivated, against local traditions. Karamakate is furious and destroys it. In 1940, Karamakate does show Evan the origin of the plant in striking denuded dome-shaped mountains (Cerros de Mavecure), allegedly the home of yakruna", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nHe reveals one yakruna flower that is on the last plant \u2013 he has destroyed all the others \u2013 and prepares it for Evan. The preparation, being hallucinogenic, aids Evan in undergoing a superconscious experience. While most of the film is in black-and-white, a part of this experience is shown in colour to signify its intensity. The film ends with a transformed Evan remaining enamoured by a group of butterflies.", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nThe film explores the representation of the first people nations of the Amazon. In the film multiple languages are spoken: Ocaina (which is most frequently spoken), Ticuna, Bora, Andoque, Yucuna (Jukuna), and Muinane.[citation needed] The indigenous peoples are shown to have suffered at the hands of colonizers, and Colombian film critic and author Pedro Adri\u00e1n Zuluaga states that Guerra highlights this by \"shooting peripheric geographies..", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nand bringing to the centre of the narrative an unavoidable contradiction between progress and tradition\".[7] Daniela Berghahn, a professor of film studies at the University of London, notes how through time-lapse, Guerra highlights the pillaging of the Amazon rain forest by conquistadors, missionaries and rubber barons, and also the enslavement and degradation of the indigenous peoples, who were converted to Christianity \u2014 the character Manduca is both enslaved and Westernised \u2014 at the cost of their traditions and beliefs", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nThe black and white cinematography bears similarity to the daguerreotype photography of early twentieth century explorers who initially documented the Amazon and inspired the film.[8]", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nNot only was the forest dying, Antonio Biolivar Salvador\u2019s tribe was also dying. He was one of the last, and one of the last to live and breathe the ancient wisdom of his people. He did accept that people yearned for progress and more comfortable lifestyles, but at the same time he saw that a great truth was dying with the dying of the old ways. This was that Nature was the interconnected life of all things, from the soil to the plants and to the creatures", "The Late Antonio Bolivar Salvador: A Spiritual Truth About the Interconnected Life of All Things\nHe saw that harm done to the natural world did greater harm to all beings. This was a Great Truth that he had been desperate to pass on."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://spyguysandgals.com/sgShowChar.aspx?id=1861

Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds

["Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds\nFull Name: Jeff Bradley\nOrganization: None\nOccupation Adventurer\nCreator: Ryan Thomas\nJeff Bradley is a vineyard owner.\nHe is not a particularly avid one but when he was left the vineyard in New Zealand by a grandparent, he has promised the elderly lady he would maintain it and so even though it was in poor condition when he got it, he put his back into restoring it and he had been successful at it.", "Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds\nHis determination at the task came from not only a fondness for the lady but also for something to do now that he had retired from his former career with the British SAS. Bradley was a man of action for all his adult life, action that seemed to constantly put his life in danger and test his resolve. Now that those days were over, he needed something to occupy his time and his mind and the hard work came in handy.", "Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds\nBradley's new life with the West Auckland vineyard is not, of course, the reason for his adventures being mentioned here. That comes because of his service at the end of his former life in the war-torn region of Kosovo. Enemies made while trying to keep the peace in that unpeaceful land have returned to strike back at him and even after some of that gets resolved, other things rise up to pull him from the vines.\n1 The Field of Blackbirds\nWritten by Ryan Thomas", "Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds\nJeff Bradley had no desire to go back to Kosovo now that he was retired but his old friend, Arben, who he had brought from there to run his vineyard was missing while visiting the old country. Bradley knew he was needed to find and rescue his friend but the warlords in that country were angry so his life was in danger every minute. And a mysterious group was waging a terror campaign from there with bombs going off over Europe. To get his friend, he had to stop the violence.\n2 The Mark of Halam", "Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds\nWhen Jeff Bradley's friend from the USAID is almost killed in an assassination attempt, Bradley was certain that it had to do with an old enemy from his time fighting in Kosovo. Looking into the matter, he finds there is a lot more going on than just revenge on him and it involves a terror group going after a state-of-the-art American nuclear submarine.\n3 The Ottoman Conspiracy", "Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds\nDetermined to put an end to the vendetta that the warlord in Kosovo is waging on him, Jeff Bradley is dealing with the Italian mob for leads when he gets word that an old friend is on a tour bus that was hijacked by terrorists and is heading across Turkey enroute the borders with Syria and Iraq and Iran. The government of Turkey will not negotiate and the hijackers are willing to die if they cannot cross the border when they arrive. Bradley decides to step in.\n4 The Bomb Maker's Daughter", "Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds\nThe 11-year-old girl was picked up in a raid on a massage parlor. She was not working there but she was hiding there and she was definitely afraid. Some very nasty people were after her, bad men who were in possession of some of Saddam Hussein's hidden WMDs and she had unfortunately learned of it. She had made her way to New Zealand when she was grabbed in the parlor raid", "Jeff Bradley - The Field of Blackbirds\nJeff Bradley was brought in not because he knew the girl but because she had a note from an old friend telling her that for safely, she could always trust Bradley. That would get Bradley mixed up in a fight with some very nasty terrorists and their even nastier plans."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/somaliland-16-year-old-girl-jailed-grossly-unfair-espionage-trial-should-be-released

Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated

["Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nZamzam Ahmed Dualeh, aged 16, was arrested on 15 August at the Vice-President\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s house and has been on trial since 4 October with several adjournments. She was alleged to be obtaining secret information about the Vice-President\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s house on her visit to Hargeisa from Puntland, which is almost at war with Somaliland over disputed border regions. She denied the charge before the regional court in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland.", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nShe was sentenced to four years\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 imprisonment on the main charge and an additional one year\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s imprisonment for making a false statement to police about her identity, making a total of five years\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 imprisonment. An appeal is being submitted. Her co-defendant, Omar Jama Warsame, a taxi-driver who was arrested and charged with her, was acquitted.", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nZamzam Ahmed Dualeh was left to represent herself at both the start and the end of her trial. Local human rights defenders arranged for four lawyers to defend her but after they asked the judge to withdraw from the case as a result of alleged bias, the judge jailed all four defence lawyers for four years for \u00e2\u20ac\u0153insulting the judge\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. They were freed on appeal on 11 December, when their sentences were reduced to one year\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s imprisonment or a fine, which they paid.", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nDuring her trial, she complained that she had been raped and tortured by police. She denied prosecution allegations that she was involved in a conspiracy with a clandestine Islamist \u00e2\u20ac\u0153terrorist\u00e2\u20ac\u009d group from the neighbouring Puntland Regional State of Somalia.\nUnfair trial", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nAmnesty International considers that her trial was grossly unfair and produced no evidence to substantiate the serious charge of espionage affecting the security of the state. The judge summarily dismissed her allegations that she had been raped by six police officers from the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) officers and tortured.", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nShe was tried as an adult, even though her identity card specifies her age as 16 years, thus a child under the internationally-recognised limit of 18 years. The court claims she is 17. The judge reportedly said that the maximum sentence of ten years\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 imprisonment was reduced on account of her age. After the first weeks of being held incommunicado in police custody, she has been detained in Hargeisa Central Prison (a prison for adults), where she is allowed visits", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nTwo reports and testimony by government doctors, said to have assessed Zamzam Ahmed Dualeh\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s rape allegations, were provided to the court but not made available to defence counsel. She was reportedly pressured by various government officials and others visiting her in prison to withdraw her rape and torture allegations, on promise of release, which she refused to do", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nIn court, she identified one of the alleged police rapists, a senior Criminal Investigation Department officer, who was giving evidence for the prosecution and claimed she had \u00e2\u20ac\u0153confessed\u00e2\u20ac\u009d to the alleged conspiracy.", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nNo reply from the government Amnesty International has received no reply to its letter to the Minister of Justice asking for urgent action on concerns about Zamzam Ahmed Dualeh\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s rights as a child, the judge\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s failure to institute formal investigations into the rape and torture allegations, and several fair trial issues, including the imprisonment of her defence lawyers.", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nIn order to uphold the principles of child rights protection, and also to ensure that she has all necessary medical treatment, Amnesty International on 30 November, publicly requested that Zamzam Ahmed Dualeh be provisionally released, rather than detained in an adult prison for a prolonged and indefinite period.", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nAmnesty International requested that a fully independent and impartial inquiry be established during the trial into the rape allegations, in particular, including one or more medical professionals experienced in rape investigations, bringing in international expertise as needed", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nIt requested that, in accordance with international standards, the findings of the inquiry be provided to the court, including defence counsel; and, if the allegations were substantiated, those alleged to be responsible for this serious crime be tried in accordance with procedures which meet international standards of fair trial, and Zamzam Ahmed Dualeh adequately compensated.", "Somaliland: 16-year-old girl jailed in grossly unfair espionage trial should be released and rape allegations investigated\nAmnesty International also expressed concerns about the failure of the court to respect international standards of fair trial, particularly the non-admissibility of statements obtained as a result of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment; the right to legal defence representation; the right of lawyers to perform all of their professional functions without intimidation, hindrance, harassment or improper interference; and the right to trial by a competent and impartial court."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ncronline.org/sex-abuse-victim-questions-seattle-archdiocese-transparency

Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency

["Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nSex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nby Dan Morris-Young\nA woman who won a $950,000 judgment against the Seattle archdiocese last month for negligence related to her 1983 rape by a janitor at a Seattle Catholic grade school, has issued a public rebuke of how the settlement was portrayed to parishioners.\nReferred to as \"A.W.\" to protect her identity, the woman was a 10-year-old fifth grader at the time of the attack at St. John the Evangelist School.", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nIn a Dec. 14 statement released through her attorneys, the victim charges that a message to St. John parishioners and school families was misleading and \"makes it sound like my claim had no merit.\"\nA Nov. 17 \"message to the parish and the school\" signed by Fr. Crispin Okoth, pastor, and Bernadette O'Leary, principal, expressed regret for the incident, hope for the victim's healing, and assurance that the school is committed to \"a safe environment for all children in our care.\"", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nThe pastor and principal also synthesized the case: \"The former employee, Charles Siddons, was hired as a custodian for the parish and school. He was immediately terminated from his position when the incident was reported. He was arrested, charged and plead guilty to the crime.\"\n\"There is nothing in personnel records that indicates information was available at the time of his hiring suggesting that he was a potential threat to children,\" they added. Siddons died in 1997.", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nIn the Dec. 14 statement, however, A.W. and her attorneys Jason P. Amala and Michael T. Pfau claim that the narrative for parishioners \"failed to disclose the testimony of the [former] vice principal and others that suggests the school knew for years that Siddons posed a danger to children.\"", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\n\"The Seattle Archdiocese should have acknowledged mistakes were made and used this settlement as an opportunity to explain why it is so important that people report suspected abuse,\" Amala states in the release. \"By failing to acknowledge complaints were made and warning signs were ignored, the archdiocese is perpetuating a false sense of safety and undermining the policies and procedures that are now in place to prevent abuse.\"", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nIn their message, Okoth and O'Leary urged persons to report any \"knowledge of sexual abuse or misconduct by a member of the clergy, an employee or volunteer\" to the archdiocese's \"hotline.\"\nThey introduced the letter by asking that any inquiries \"by the media regarding this communication\" be directed to Greg Magnoni, archdiocesan director of communications.", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nMagnoni had not responded to NCR emails for comment as of Dec. 16, but a KING-TV report quoted Magnoni as saying the open letter to parishioners and school families spoke for itself and \"was an effort to be as transparent as possible and in a way that would be helpful to the school and the parishioners.\"", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nIn a rebuttal to an Oct. 7 archdiocesan motion to dismiss the case, attorneys Pfau and Amala outline what they argue was extensive awareness of Siddons' \"well-known history of fondling students' breasts, slapping their butts, and looking up their skirts.\"\nOn Dec. 14, the St. Louis-based Survivors Network of Those Abused by Priests issued a statement in support of A.W. and critical of what it called \"the continuing secrecy of church officials with predators.\"", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nThe complaint against the archdiocese was filed in King County Superior Court on Aug. 11, 2015.\nIn March the Seattle archdiocese reached a $9.1 million settlement with a group of eight women abused by a former priest, Michael Cody, while working in four parishes from 1968 to 1974.", "Sex abuse victim questions Seattle archdiocese transparency\nIn a March 23 statement, Seattle Archbishop Peter Sartain said he regretted the abuse the women experienced and hoped the settlement and the counseling provided by the archdiocese would \"bring healing and give them a measure of closure so they can move forward.\"\nSartain also said he had invited the women to meet with him so he could \"offer them my personal apology.\"\n[Dan Morris-Young is NCR West Coast correspondent.]"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter266/Section139

Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests

["Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nSection 139 Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nSection 139: Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nSection 139. (a) Whoever intentionally and maliciously removes, defaces, alters, changes, destroys, obliterates or mutilates or causes to be removed or destroyed or in any way defaced, altered, changed, obliterated or mutilated, the identifying number or numbers of a motor vehicle or trailer shall be punished by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars or by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than three years, or both", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nThe possession of any motor vehicle or trailer by a person who knows, should know, or has reason to know that the identifying number or numbers of such vehicle has been removed, defaced, altered, changed, destroyed, obliterated or mutilated shall be a prima facie evidence of a violation of this paragraph.", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\n(b) Whoever sells, transfers, distributes, dispenses or otherwise disposes of or attempts to sell, transfer, distribute, dispense or otherwise dispose of any motor vehicle or trailer or motor vehicle part knowing or having reason to believe that the identifying number or numbers to said motor vehicle, trailer, or vehicle part have been so removed, defaced, altered, changed, destroyed, obliterated, or mutilated, unless authorized by law to do so, shall be punished by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars or by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than three years, or both.", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\n(c) Whoever buys, receives, possesses, or obtains control of a motor vehicle, trailer, or motor vehicle part knowing or having reason to believe that an identifying number to said vehicle, trailer, or vehicle part has been removed, obliterated, tampered with, or altered, unless authorized by law to do so, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment in a house of correction for not more than two years, or both.", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nThe phrase ''identifying number or numbers'', as used in this section, shall mean the manufacturer's number or numbers identifying the motor vehicle, trailer or motor vehicle part as required to be contained in an application for registration by section two of chapter ninety, including the identifying number or numbers as restored or substituted under authority of section thirty-two A of said chapter ninety or similar law of another state.", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nAn officer authorized to make arrests may arrest without warrant any person who he has probable cause to believe has committed or is committing a violation of the provisions of this section.", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nA conviction of a violation of this section or any adjudication that a person is a delinquent child by reason thereof shall be reported forthwith by the court or magistrate to the registrar of motor vehicles who shall revoke immediately the license to operate motor vehicles or the right to operate motor vehicles of the person so convicted or adjudged, and no appeal, motion for new trial or exceptions shall operate to stay the revocation of such license or right to operate", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nThe registrar of motor vehicles after having revoked the license or right to operate of any such person so convicted or adjudged shall issue a new license or reinstate such right to operate, if the prosecution of such person is finally terminated in his favor; otherwise, no new license shall be issued nor shall such right to operate be reinstated until sixty days after the date of revocation following his original conviction or adjudication if for a first offense, or until one year after the date of revocation following any subsequent conviction or adjudication.", "Motor vehicles or trailers; defacement, etc., of identifying numbers; penalties; arrests\nWhoever takes and carries away the registration plate that is attached to the vehicle of another or is assigned by the registry of motor vehicles to another shall be punished by a fine of not less than $500 nor more than $1,000 or imprisonment in the house of correction for not more than 21/2 years, or both."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/1st-degree-murder-suspect-who-prompted-shelter-order-in-northern-alta-found-rcmp-1.6086158?cache=yes

1st-degree murder suspect who prompted shelter order in northern Alta. found

["1st-degree murder suspect who prompted shelter order in northern Alta. found\n1st-degree murder suspect who prompted shelter order in northern Alta. found: RCMP\nThe man wanted for first-degree murder and who prompted a recent shelter-in-place order in a northern Alberta community was found on Monday.\nMounties say they arrested him Monday evening in the Little Buffalo community, east of Cadotte Lake where community members were told to stay inside their homes on Saturday.\nThe communities are nearly 400 kilometres north of Edmonton.", "1st-degree murder suspect who prompted shelter order in northern Alta. found\nThe order was issued when the man, who had been wanted on the first-degree murder charge since July, was spotted in the Cadotte Lake area.\nRCMP rescinded the order that same day, despite not having found the man. Community members were told to be \"diligent,\" as he was still believed to be nearby.\nThe arrest three days later in Little Buffalo happened without incident, police said.\nThe man is accused of shooting and killing a 35-year-old man from Cadotte Lake."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=146

Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon’s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel

["Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nAriel Sharon\u2019s stroke in early January shocked and dismayed an Israeli public that saw its prime minister as the embodiment of strength and resilience\u2014even invincibility. At a high point of popularity and commanding an almost unprecedented political mandate, a victory for Sharon and his new Kadima party in the upcoming national elections was all but certain. His sudden departure left a huge leadership vacuum and a public apprehensive about Israel\u2019s future.", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nThe support and admiration which Sharon enjoyed during the past few years has been the subject of much speculation and analysis. That someone who was vilified, both at home and abroad, by so many people for so long could turn into a media and voter favorite is still a mystery to many pundits", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nAfter the prime minister\u2019s collapse, many commentators noted that the only thing Sharon ever changed about his trademark steamroller tactics was their targets; by strong-arming the Gaza disengagement, he won the praise of the political Left and Center. Even the more cynical of Israeli columnists were enchanted by his new public image. Yaron London wrote in Yediot Aharonot that \u201cLosing him is like losing a father\u2026 Expected, but always frightening and depressing", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nIn this case, it was made tenfold more frightening by the fact that only weeks before his departure, he began a bold process that he did not have a chance to finish", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nThe sheep he so loved to surround himself with when being photographed on his ranch\u2026 are us.\u201d Yoel Marcus, in his Haaretz column, compared Sharon to Charles de Gaulle and noted that by the end of his journey, \u201cthe prime minister had achieved the status of \u2018father of the nation.\u2019\u201d Journalist and historian Tom Segev\u2019s tone was a bit more circumspect as he attempted to define Sharon\u2019s legacy: \u201cNo prime minister since Ben-Gurion\u2014including Golda Meir, Menachem Begin, and Yitzhak Rabin\u2014enjoyed Sharon\u2019s popularity\u2026", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nSharon managed to prevent himself from being identified with politics; like Ben-Gurion, he was identified with the state itself. Sharon was and remains a military man, and even as prime minister tended to run the country as a general, not as a citizen among equals.\u201d", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nOne need not endorse everything Sharon did during his career to recognize the enormity of his contribution to the State of Israel over the course of six decades. And yet, there is something disquieting about the public sentiment that elevated him to the status of \u201cfather of the nation,\u201d as Marcus put it\u2014a status he achieved because of, and not despite, his being seen as an authoritative leader who could be aggressive and relentless.", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nSharon may have ended his career on a tragic note. But the hopes which the public placed in him will continue to shape the political discourse in Israel for years to come. It is a good time, therefore, to take stock of these trends, and to sound a warning about the dangers they pose for Israeli democracy.", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nA few days prior to Sharon\u2019s hospitalization, Israeli TV began broadcasting the acclaimed BBC/HBO co-production Rome, a Julius Caesar biopic. The series follows the general and statesman from his 49 B.C.E. military triumph in Gaul, through the civil war that left him as the supreme ruler of the Roman Republic, and ends with his death in 44 B.C.E. at the hands of conspirators. Some critics chose to see in Rome an implicit critique of American \u201cimperialist\u201d tendencies in our own time", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nWe should watch out for facile comparisons between ancient history and current events, and the comparison here is a bit forced, all things considered. Yet in one respect, at least, there is something all Israelis\u2014and democratic citizens more broadly\u2014can learn from the story of the Republic\u2019s demise.", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nCaesar was, by all accounts, a colossal figure: One of history\u2019s finest generals, emerging victorious time and again, even when pitted against far greater armies. He was a gifted historian and writer, and a diligent, visionary statesman. His vision, however, was seriously at odds with the traditional ideals of the Republic. Ruling as a dictator after the Roman civil war, Caesar systematically weakened the Republic\u2019s institutions, most notably the Senate, for which he showed unrestrained contempt", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nHe offended political elites by courting public adoration through a series of populist initiatives, such as the free distribution of grain, gift giving, debt amnesty, and gladiator contests. Though he was never crowned as a king, he wielded absolute authority, and enjoyed the honorary title pater patriae\u2014\u201cfather of the nation.\u201d", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nThough Caesar had many enemies, his most consistent and determined adversary was Marcus Porcius Cato\u2014also known as Cato the Younger, to distinguish him from his great-grandfather, Cato the Elder. During his career Cato occupied a number of leadership positions in Rome and was renowned for his humility, unimpeachable honesty, intolerance of corruption, and unyielding devotion to republican virtues", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nAs Plutarch wrote of him, it was \u201cnot in the hope of gaining honor or riches, nor out of mere impulse, or by chance that he engaged himself in politics, but he undertook the service of the state as the proper business of an honest man, and therefore he thought himself obliged to be as constant to his public duty as the bee to the honeycomb.\u201d", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nCaesar and Cato were destined to collide. At a very early stage, Cato sensed Caesar\u2019s far-reaching ambition, and he undertook to thwart him at every turn. He was thoroughly dedicated to the sacred republican ideal: That true freedom does not mean having a just ruler, but having no single ruler at all. Cato\u2019s absolute commitment to principle alienated him from many of his peers and cost him in terms of popularity\u2014but he was determined to save Rome from Caesar. His efforts were in vain", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nAfter a long political crusade, which ultimately played out on the battlefield, Cato, realizing defeat, took his own life at Utica in 46 B.C.E. to avoid capture. As Plutarch reports, when Caesar learned of Cato\u2019s suicide, he said, \u201cCato, I grudge you your death, as you have grudged me the preservation of your life.\u201d", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nCato\u2019s campaign to stop Caesar was therefore much more than a conflict between two political opponents. It was a clash between two models of political leadership and the political values they represent. Cato\u2019s emphasis on political liberty, the distribution of power, and the rule of law were irreconcilable with Caesar\u2019s cult of charisma, populism, and authoritarianism", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nIn the end, Caesar\u2019s megalomaniacal flamboyance and autocratic leadership fanned so much hostility among his rivals that a group of Senators stabbed him to death. And yet, his assassination did not restore the Republic as the conspirators had hoped. Rome was on the threshold of a new era, the Age of the Caesars, a period that gave us corrupt despots like Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero, and saw the decline of the very virtues that had been the glory of the classical world.", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nDemocracies sometimes find themselves faced with a tenuous political situation, in which they must choose between the paths of Cato and Caesar. The temptation of Caesarism, particularly during times of crisis, is enormous: The masses grow weary of endless deliberations and look to a strong, determined leader to carry them through the storm to safety. And indeed, in extreme cases, this may be the right choice. But it comes at a heavy price", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nA strong leader, whose forceful methods may be indispensable for dealing with imminent danger, can threaten democracy if he continues to employ them once the crisis has ended. And yet, a more profound threat to freedom may come from the citizens themselves, when a perception of national or personal insecurity leads them to long for a charismatic \u201cshepherd,\u201d and to this end they are willing to play the sheep.", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nOf course, Ariel Sharon is no Julius Caesar, much the same way that Israel is no Roman Republic. Sharon never acted on imperialist fantasies and did not seize authority as a self-styled dictator. He operated as a politician and a leader\u2014some would say a great leader\u2014within the democratic framework. Still, it is hard to avoid the feeling that the unprecedented public support he received during the past year reflected more than just the endorsement of his policies", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nHis popularity suggests that Caesarism is alive and well in the Jewish state. This is hardly news\u2014Israel\u2019s political tradition has known its Caesars before, most notably the country\u2019s first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion. Public figures in the mold of Cato, however, distinguished by a deep moral commitment and an impeccable personal record, are disappointingly hard to find in Israeli politics today.", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nFor a nation accustomed to a more or less permanent sense of crisis, Sharon\u2019s departure raises profound questions. True, the continuous threats to national security and the need for wise, strong men and women at the helm are not to be underestimated. At the same, the Israeli predilection for authoritarian-style leaders is a sign of civic immaturity and a lack of trust in the ability of the people to govern their own affairs wisely", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nIf Israeli democracy is to flourish, it must encourage a different kind of politics and a different kind of politician\u2014less charismatic, perhaps, but stable, trustworthy, mature, and steeped in civic virtue. A nation fighting for its life needs a Caesar now and again, but every republic waving the flag of freedom must always keep its eyes on Cato.", "Cato and Caesar - Ariel Sharon\u2019s stroke and the leadership vacuum it left in Israel\nRammstein\u2019s Rage\nClaire Berlinski\nHeavy metal and the return of the Teutonic spirit.\n\ufeffCruel Britannia\nRobert S. Wistrich\nA\ufeffnti-Semitism in Britain has gone mainstream.\nThe Jews\u2019 Right To Statehood: A Defense\nRuth Gavison\nA new look at Zionism from the perspective of universal rights."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter266/Section91

Untrue and Misleading Advertisements; Prohibitions

["Untrue and Misleading Advertisements; Prohibitions\nAny person who, with intent to sell or in any way dispose of merchandise, securities, service, or anything offered by such person, directly or indirectly, to the public for sale or distribution, or who, with intent to increase the consumption of or demand for such merchandise, securities, service or other thing, or to induce the public in any manner to enter into any obligation relating thereto, or to acquire title thereto, or an interest therein, makes, publishes, disseminates, circulates or places before the public, or causes, directly or indirectly, to be made, published, disseminated, circulated or placed before the public within the commonwealth, in a newspaper or other publication, or in the form of a book, notice, handbill, poster, bill, circular, pamphlet or letter, or in any other way, an advertisement of any sort regarding merchandise, securities, service or anything so offered to the public, which advertisement contains any assertion, representation or statement of fact which is untrue, deceptive", "Untrue and Misleading Advertisements; Prohibitions\nof any sort regarding merchandise, securities, service or anything so offered to the public, which advertisement contains any assertion, representation or statement of fact which is untrue, deceptive or misleading, and which such person knew, or might on reasonable investigation have ascertained to be untrue, deceptive or misleading, shall be punished by a fine of not less than one thousand nor more than two thousand dollars; provided, that this section shall not apply to any owner, publisher, printer, agent or employee of a newspaper or other publication, periodical or circular, or to any agent of the advertiser who in good faith and without knowledge of the falsity or deceptive character thereof publishes, causes to be published, or participates in the publication of such advertisement.", "Untrue and Misleading Advertisements; Prohibitions\nWhoever violates the provisions of this section may be enjoined therefrom by a petition in equity brought by the attorney general or any aggrieved party."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.discoveringireland.com/the-protestant-ascendency/

Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland.

["Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland.\nHoping to recover their lands and political dominance in Ireland, Catholics took the side of the Catholic king James II in England's Glorious Revolution of 1688 and thus shared in his defeat by William III at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. The Irish Protestant elite consolidated its victory over what was left of a Catholic elite by enacting a number of Penal Laws designed to exclude the latter from property and power", "Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland.\nProtestants had not, however, won for their parliament the powers that the landed elite of England had won for theirs in the Glorious Revolution", "Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland.\nFurthermore, British trade policies discriminated against Ireland, and many of the Scottish Presbyterians in Ulster began to emigrate to America, where their descendants became known as the \"Scotch-Irish.\" In 1782 a \"Patriot\" party led by Henry Grattan and backed by an army of Protestant volunteers persuaded the British government to amend Poynings's Law to give the Irish Parliament legislative independence, including the right to establish Ireland's own tariff policy.", "Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland.\nThe reforms of 1782 did not extend far enough in a democratic direction to satisfy such intellectuals as Wolfe Tone and many of the Presbyterian merchants and farmers of the north, who were prompted by the French Revolution to form the Society of United Irishmen. The United Irishmen allied themselves with the Catholic \"Defender\" cells that had recently originated out of sectarian conflict in County Armagh and spread throughout the south", "Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland.\nA rebellion in 1798 was quickly put down, but it convinced the British government to end Ireland's separate political institutions. Members of the Irish Parliament were cajoled and bribed into passing the Act of Union (1800), which provided for a single Parliament for the British Isles. Catholics, who had been granted the right to vote in 1793, were encouraged to believe that the united Parliament would grant them the right to hold parliamentary seats", "Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland.\nNot until 1829, however, when faced by a menacing agitation for Catholic Emancipation led by Daniel O'Connell, did Parliament grant this right."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://updatednews.com/nikola-tesla-birth-anniversary-be-alone-that-is-the-secret-of-invention-be-alone-that-is-when-ideas-are-born/

Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life

["Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nNikola Tesla birth anniversary: Be alone, that is the secret of invention; be alone, that is when ideas are born\nNikola Milutinov Tesla was born in the small rural village of Smiljan in what is modern-day Croatia. He was born at the stroke of midnight on July 10, 1856, during an electrical storm\u2014a prophetic beginning for the child who was to become known as the Father of Electricity.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nTesla\u2019s father, Milutin Tesla (1819-1879), was an Eastern Orthodox priest as well as a teacher and poet. He served in Smiljan, the village where Nikola was born, before moving the family to Gospic, Lika, where he was parish priest until his death at age 60. In his autobiography, Tesla described his father\u2019s keen mental abilities and training exercises: \u201cThese daily lessons were intended to strengthen memory and reason and especially to develop the critical sense, and were undoubtedly very beneficial.\u201d", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nTesla\u2019s mother Georgina-Djuka (Mandic) Tesla (1822-1892) descended from one of the oldest families in Lika, known for their inventiveness and intelligence. Although she was illiterate, Djuka could memorize lengthy works of literature. She was also a master bead worker and toolmaker who encouraged her son to invent. Tesla wrote of Djuka: \u201cMy mother was an inventor of the first order\u2026 She invented and constructed all kinds of tools and devices and wove the finest designs from thread which was spun by her.\u201d", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nNikola Tesla had four siblings: older brother Dane, older sisters Milka and Angelina, and younger sister Marica. Dane was born first in 1848 and was considered extremely gifted with a genius level intellect. Tragically, Dane died at age 15 from injuries inflicted by the family\u2019s horse, an accident that young Nikola witnessed. His older sister Milka, born about 1850, married Vukasin Glumicic and they had one daughter, Gina. Milka\u2019s date of death is uncertain.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nTesla\u2019s sister Angelina lived a long and active life. Born about 1853, Angelina married Jovo Trbojevic and had five children. Her grandson William Terbo was an accomplished engineer, author and lecturer who lived in the US and was dedicated to preserving his granduncle\u2019s legacy until his recent death in August 2018.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nMarica Tesla (1858-1938) is often remembered as being one of Nikola\u2019s favorite relatives. Marica married Nikola Kosanovic and had five children. Their son Sava Kosanovic was a Yugoslavian diplomat and one of the few family members who was able to spend time with Tesla in his later years.\nIn the autumn of 1937, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the Cathedral and library. Whilst crossing the street he was hit by a taxicab and thrown to the ground.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nThe incident severely damaged his back and broke three of his ribs. But, as he never consulted a doctor, the full extent of his injuries are, to this day, unknown.\nGiven his age, 81, at the time, he never really recovered and the accident must have affected his psychology and confidence.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nTesla was already a very solitary individual who spent most of his life shying away from society. He was much happier with his own company rather than large crowds and spent most of his time in his workshop or his own imagination.\nFollowing the accident, Nikola Tesla spent more and more time on his own in his room, Room 3327, 33rd Floor, at the Hotel New Yorker. According to the staff at the hotel, he rarely received guests and had special vegetarian-style meals prepared for him daily by the chef.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nWhen he did permit staff into his room he always asked them to remain at least three feet away (91 centimeters) from him. His fate, it seemed, was in his own hands.\nThe great Nikola Tesla, perfector of AC, inventor of the Tesla coil and all-around visionary inventor and futurist, would die just as he had chosen to live his life \u2013 alone.\nNikola Tesla was found dead in his hotel room bed by hotel staff on January the 8th 1943. It was later established that he\u2019d died at approximately 10:45 pm on the 7th.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nThe maid in question, Alice Monaghan, immediately called a physician who examined Nikola and pronounced him dead shortly after. It was quickly discovered that the cause of death was most likely coronary thrombosis.\nThis is caused by a blood clot in the blood vessels of the heart restricting blood flow and ultimately leading to heart failure. It is usually associated with atherosclerosis, or build up of cholesterol and fats on blood vessel walls.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nCoronary thrombosis is usually the result of a high LDL cholesterol diet, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and hypertension. Tesla rarely drank tea or coffee, stopped smoking in his 20s, and clearly had low cholesterol and fatty diet towards the end of his life.\nHe also had an interesting dietary strategy, as revealed in a fascinating 1935 interview during his life. Within it, he also reveals his love for exercise and its importance on a healthy body and mind.", "Nikola Tesla - The Father of Electricity - Birth Anniversary and Early Life\nClearly, the earlier taxi accident had a profound impact on the old man\u2019s last years. A sad and ignoble end to one of the world\u2019s greatest visionaries.\nRelated Topics:Angelina TeslaFather of ElectricityGeorgina Mandic TeslaJovo TrbojevicMarica TeslaMilutin TeslaNikola KosanovicNikola Milutinov TeslaNikola TeslaSava KosanovicWilliam Terbo\nMiners in Angola unearth pink diamond believed to be largest found in 300 years\nItaly creates new museum for trafficked ancient artifacts"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wmky.org/npr-news/npr-news/2022-08-04/the-driver-in-a-hit-and-run-that-killed-nicki-minajs-father-is-sentenced-to-one-year

Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year

["Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year\nThe driver in a hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father is sentenced to one year\nHoward Schnapp\nCharles Polevich at the Nassau County Courthouse for sentencing on Wednesday in Mineola, N.Y. Polevich, the driver in a hit-and-run crash that killed the father of rapper Nicki Minaj last year has been sentenced to a year in jail.", "Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year\nMINEOLA, N.Y. \u2014 The driver in a hit-and-run crash that killed the father of rapper Nicki Minaj last year was sentenced Wednesday to a year in jail, in keeping with a promise the judge made when the man pleaded guilty in May.\nCharles Polevich, who pleaded guilty to leaving the scene and tampering with evidence in the crash on New York's Long Island that killed Robert Maraj, was also ordered to pay a $5,000 fine and had his driver's license suspended for six months.", "Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year\nPolevich's lawyer, Marc Gann, suggested his client may have had a medical issue at the time of the crash and that he wasn't fully aware of what had happened when he fled.\nPolevich, 72, said in court that he's \"been heartsick since realizing the extent of the tragedy\" and that there was \"no excuse\" for his behavior.", "Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year\nMaraj's widow, Carol Maraj, said in court that Polevich had left her husband \"like a dog on the street\" and that sparing him a longer jail sentence was a \"slap in the face for the family,\" Newsday reported.\nPolevich struck Maraj, 64, while Maraj was walking along Roslyn Road in Mineola in February 2021. Polevich stopped briefly to ask Maraj if he was OK, but didn't call for help, prosecutors said.", "Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year\nInstead, Polevich went home, parked the car \u2014 a white, 1992 Volvo station wagon \u2014 in his garage and covered it with a tarp, prosecutors said. Maraj was taken to a hospital and pronounced dead the next day.\nProsecutors sought a sentence of one to three years behind bars, but Nassau County Judge Howard Sturim said in May, when Polevich pleaded guilty, that he would get \"no more than one year in jail.\"", "Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year\nBrendan Brosh, a spokesperson for the Nassau County district attorney's office, said that \"given the severity of the defendant's conduct,\" prosecutors felt a stiffer sentence was warranted.\n\"We continue to express our condolences to the family of Robert Maraj,\" Brosh said.\nGann asked for a 90-day jail sentence, arguing that other factors outside of Polevich's control were partially to blame for the crash, including road construction, street lights that weren't working and Maraj's physical condition.", "Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year\nMaraj's widow, Carol Maraj, is suing Polevich over the crash.\nPolevich, who had been splitting time between Long Island and Guam, where he runs a drilling and water purification business, surrendered to police a few days after the crash.\nDetectives said they used pieces of surveillance video to track the Volvo involved in the crash to Polevich's Mineola home.", "Driver in hit-and-run that killed Nicki Minaj's father sentenced to one year\nNicki Minaj, the platinum-selling, Grammy-nominated rapper of \"Anaconda,\" \"Super Bass\" and other hits, was born Onika Tanya Maraj in Trinidad and was raised in Queens.\nIn a post on her website, Minaj, 39, called her father's death \"the most devastating loss of my life.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.theage.com.au/world/africa/deadly-explosion-at-ethiopia-rally-a-well-orchestrated-attack-pm-says-20180623-p4znby.html

Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says

["Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nDeadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nAddis Ababa: A deadly explosion struck a huge rally for Ethiopia's reformist new Prime Minister on Saturday shortly after he spoke and was waving to the crowd that had turned out in numbers unseen in recent years in the East African nation.", "Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nAddressing the country minutes after he was hurried to safety, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed said \"a few people\" had been killed and others injured. He called the blast a \"well-orchestrated attack\" but one that failed. He did not lay blame but said police were investigating.\nAn Associated Press reporter saw more than a dozen injured people.", "Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nThe attack was \"cheap and unacceptable,\" the Prime Minister said, and added: \"Love always wins. Killing others is a defeat. To those who tried to divide us, I want to tell you that you have not succeeded.\"\nThe explosion in the packed Meskel Square in the capital, Addis Ababa, came after weeks of sweeping reforms that had shocked many in Africa's second most populous nation after years of anti-government tensions, states of emergency, thousands of arrests and long internet shutdowns.", "Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nThe 42-year-old Abiy took office in April and quickly announced the release of tens of thousands of prisoners, the opening of state-owned companies to private investment and the unconditional embrace of a peace deal with rival Eritrea. Websites were unblocked and opposition figures were invited to dinner. Ethiopians said they could hardly keep up with the pace of change.", "Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nSaturday's rally began as a show of exuberance, with supporters wearing clothes displaying Abiy's image and carrying signs saying \"One Love, One Ethiopia.\"\nIn a cowboy hat and T-shirt, Abiy told the tens of thousands of supporters that change was coming and there was no turning back.\n\"For the past 100 years hate has done a great deal of damage to us,\" he said, stressing the need for even more reforms.", "Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nAfter the explosion the state broadcaster quickly cut away from coverage of the rally, which broke up with people singing, chanting and going back to their homes.\n\"I've never thought this day will come in Ethiopia. I'm very emotional right now,\" said Mulugeta Sema, a supporter of Abiy who wore a T-shirt with the new leader's image and spoke before the blast. \"We should never get back to dictatorship. This is time for change.\"", "Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nThe United States is among those in the international community expressing support for the changes in Ethiopia, a key security ally in a turbulent region with neighbours including Somalia and South Sudan.", "Deadly explosion at Ethiopia rally a 'well-orchestrated attack', PM says\nNot everyone has cheered the reforms. Some Ethiopians near the border with Eritrea have protested the embrace of the peace deal. And the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front, a party in Ethiopia's ruling coalition that has been the dominant force in government for most of the past 27 years, said the announcement on the peace deal had been made before the ruling coalition's congress met to discuss it: \"We see this as a flaw.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.dontwastemichigan.org/In-Loving-Memory.html

In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan

["In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan\nMary Sinclair- PhD. and founder. Mary was a great communicator and helped save Michigan from becoming a nuclear dump site for five other states. This was called \"The Midwest Compact\". Mary effectively met with the press, state legislature and environmentalists to change history. Without people like Mary, Michigan would have become a nuclear wasteland", "In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan\nMary also fought for safety standards in nuclear reactors, and for the air and water quality of her hometown, Midland Michigan against the problems with contamination from Dow Chemical.", "In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan\nEunice Hendricks- Educator and steadfast activist who attended many meetings and protests, tirelessly writing letters to end the problems caused by nuclear and chemical contamination. She also got legislation to provide environmental education and 'green spaces' in the public schools. Eunice was a gentle soul who could fight endlessly to make a better world.", "In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan\nWilliam 'Bill' Hirt- Bill and his wife Alice were on the Board of Directors of Don't Waste Michigan and helped organize and join in many campaigns to draw attention to the problems associated with nuclear waste, and to work to protect the Great Lakes. They lived on the beautiful shore of Lake Michigan, on a bluff where you could see the beautiful blue lake span out into the distance. This was a constant reminder of what great treasure was at stake", "In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan\nFor decades, the Hirts contributed greatly and generously to the environmental movement, including getting an injunction from a Federal Judge to stop the shipment of deadly plutonium through Michigan.", "In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan\nCorinne Carey-life long educator and TV producer for the Grand Rapids public access station. Corinne was also on the Board of Directors for decades, and was involved in all aspects of the peace movement and to end nuclear proliferation and war. Her show was called \"It is my World\" and her work will be added to the historical archives of the University of Michigan", "In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan\nCorinne filmed and attended many peace and anti-nuclear protests through the years, and her cheerful, indomitable presence will long be missed by everyone who knew her", "In Loving Memory: Honoring the Founder and Other Champions of Don't Waste Michigan\nIt is with sincere gratitude that the group of Don't Waste Michigan remembers our beloved comrades who have helped to protect the beautiful state and great lakes that we so treasure and call our home.\nYou are not forgotten."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/nato-believes-baltic-sea-gas-leaks-were-sabotage-1.6088978?cache=yes%3FclipId%3D89750

NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage

["NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\nNATO believes Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\nSTOCKHOLM -\nNATO said Thursday it would retaliate for any attacks on the critical infrastructure of its 30 member countries as it suggested that damage to two gas pipelines off Denmark and would-be member Sweden in international waters in the Baltic Sea is the result of sabotage.", "NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\n\"Any deliberate attack against Allies' critical infrastructure would be met with a united and determined response,\" NATO ambassadors said in a statement. They said that the damage to the pipelines between Russia and Germany \"is of deep concern.\"\nThe alliance also said that \"all currently available information indicates that this is the result of deliberate, reckless, and irresponsible acts of sabotage. These leaks are causing risks to shipping and substantial environmental damage.\"", "NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\nDanish Defence Minister Morten Bodskov on Twitter called it a \"joint condemnation and very strong signal from the alliance.\"\nThe Swedish coast guard on Thursday confirmed a fourth leak on the Nord Stream pipelines off southern Sweden.\n\"We have leakage at two positions\" off Sweden, coast guard spokesperson Mattias Lindholm. There are two more off Denmark, he said.", "NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\nTwo of the leaks are on the Nord Stream 1 pipeline that recently stopped supplying gas, while the other two are on Nord Stream 2 that never started operating. Although they weren't running, both pipelines were filled with gas, which has escaped and bubbled to the surface.\nThe Nord Stream pipelines run through the Baltic to transport gas from Russia to Germany. The Danish and Swedish governments believe that the leaks off their countries were \"deliberate actions.\"", "NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\nBefore the leaks were reported, explosions were recorded. A first explosion was recorded by seismologists early Monday southeast of the Danish island of Bornholm. A second, stronger blast northeast of the island that night was equivalent to a magnitude-2.3 earthquake. Seismic stations in Denmark, Norway and Finland also registered the explosions.", "NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\nSome European officials and energy experts have said Russia is likely to blame for any sabotage -- it directly benefits from higher energy prices and economic anxiety across Europe -- although others cautioned against pointing fingers until investigators are able to determine what happened.\nSpeaking Wednesday before the fourth leak was reported, Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson said it would have taken a large explosive device to cause the damage.", "NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\nIn Moscow, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Thursday that the Nord Stream pipeline incident would have been impossible without a state actor's involvement.\n\"It looks like a terror attack, probably conducted on a state level,\" Peskov said in a conference call with reporters.\n\"Judging by the amount of destruction of the Nord Stream, it's hard to imagine that such action could have been taken without a state involvement,\" Peskov said. \"It's a very dangerous situation that requires a quick investigation.\"", "NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\nHe dismissed media reports about Russian warships spotted in the area as \"stupid and biased,\" adding that \"many more aircraft and vessels belonging to NATO countries have been spotted in the area.\"\nTorben Mikkelsen, a former admiral with the Danish navy, told The Associated Press that it was \"not so demanding\" to carry out an operation either by using a remotely operated underwater vehicle or sending divers from a submarine or a surface vessel.", "NATO says Baltic Sea gas leaks were sabotage\n\"Those who carried out the operation knew they wouldn't get caught,\" Mikkelsen said. \"Who would have thought of an operation against pipelines in the Baltic Sea?\"\nMatt Hancock, the U.K's scandal-prone former health secretary, is seeking an unlikely form of redemption Sunday: attempting to win 'I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!' -- a gruelling, often gruesome reality show set in the Australian jungle."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/122/611/

Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)

["Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nJustia \u203a US Law \u203a US Case Law \u203a US Supreme Court \u203a Volume 122 \u203a Rice v. United States\nRice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nRice v. United States\nSubmitted January 3, 1887\nDecided March 7, 1887", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nThe appellant, on the 17th February, 1886, filed his petition in the Court of Claims setting forth his appointment as assignee in bankruptcy of one Robert Erwin and of Hardee, his partner in business in Savannah; that Erwin in 1864 and in 1865 was the owner of a quantity of cotton in the State of Georgia which was seized and captured and the proceeds of which passed into the Treasury of the United States; that Congress, on the 5th February, 1877, passed an act to permit the Court of Claims to take jurisdiction of the claims of Erwin for this cotton, his right of action therefor being then barred; that at the time of the passage of that act, Erwin's said claims had passed into the hands of his assignee, and were a part of his assets in bankruptcy, and that this suit was brought in pursuance of the special act, and he prayed judgment for the amount in the Treasury", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nThe United States demurred to this and also moved to dismiss the petition. The Court of Claims dismissed the petition. On appeal, that judgment is affirmed by a divided Court.", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nThis was an appeal from a judgment of the Court of Claims dismissing the petition of the appellant.\nBy the Act of February 5, 1877, entitled \"An act for the relief of Robert Erwin,\" 19 Stat. 509, Congress enacted:", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"That the Court of Claims may take jurisdiction under the provisions of the Act of March 12, 1863, entitled 'An act to provide for the collection of abandoned property and for the prevention of frauds in insurrectionary districts within the United States,' of the claims of Robert Erwin, of Savannah, Ga., for property alleged to have been taken from him, which claims were by accident or mistake of his agent or attorney, and without fault or neglect on his part, as is claimed, not filed within the time limited by said act.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nUnder this Act, Erwin, who had become a bankrupt after his property was seized by the military forces of the United States, brought suit in his own name in the Court of Claims. His petition was dismissed there on the ground that the title to the property was in the assignee, and this judgment was affirmed on appeal. 97 U. S. 97 U.S. 392.\nHis assignee in bankruptcy then brought this suit. The petition was filed on the 17th February, 1886, and was as follows:\n\"To the Honorable, the Court of Claims:\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"The claimant, Lepine C. Rice, a citizen of the United States, resident in the City of Savannah, in the State of Georgia, respectfully represents:\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"1. Under the provisions of the Revised Statutes of the United States, title 'Bankruptcy,' he is the duly appointed and qualified assignee of Robert Erwin and Charles S. Hardee, late partners trading as Erwin & Hardee, in the said City of Savannah, as appears more fully from certified copies of the adjudication of bankruptcy, and of the order making his appointment, herewith filed, marked, respectively, 'Claimant's Exhibit L.C.R. No. 1,' and 'L.C.R. No", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nThe said Robert Erwin, then a citizen of the State of Georgia, on the 21st day of December, 1864, was the exclusive owner, in his own right, of two hundred and eighty-three (283) bales of upland cotton stored in the said City of Savannah, which on or about that day was seized and captured by persons duly authorized and acting in behalf of the United States, and the proceeds of the sale made thereof, amounting, as is believed and it is here charged, to the net sum of forty-nine thousand six hundred and eighteen dollars and thirty-nine cents ($49,618.39,) were paid into the Treasury of the United States, pursuant to the provisions of the Act of Congress approved March 12, 1863, c", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"And on or about the 1st day of July, 1865, he was also the owner, exclusively and in his own right, of another lot of two hundred and sixty-one (261) bales of sea island cotton then stored at and in the warehouse of Evans & Parnell in the Town of Thomasville in said State of Georgia, which on or about that day was also so seized and captured by persons duly authorized and acting in behalf of the United States,", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nwas removed to and stored at the government cotton press in the City of Savannah, where it remained in the custody of said agents of the United States until in the month of August following, when it was by them forwarded upon the schooner Enchantress to Simeon Draper, the United States treasury agent in the City of New York, by whom it was subsequently sold for the account of the United States, and the proceeds thereof, amounting, as is believed, and it is here charged, to the net sum of one hundred and nineteen thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven dollars and thirty-four cents ($119,857.34) were duly accounted for by said Simeon Draper, and were paid into the Treasury of the United States in conformity with the said Captured and Abandoned Property Act.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"3. On the 31st day of December, 1868, the firm of Erwin & Hardee, of which said Robert Erwin was a member, filed their petition in bankruptcy under the provisions of the acts of Congress relating thereto, in pursuance of which, on the 15th day of January, 1869, they were duly adjudged bankrupts, as more fully appears in Exhibit L.C.R. No. 1. And in the proceedings had in such bankruptcy, one Robert H", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nFootman was appointed and qualified as assignee of said Erwin & Hardee, and proceeded in the administration of the trust until February 23, 1877, when, upon his resignation thereof, your petitioner, the claimant, as appears more fully from Exhibit L.C.R. No", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n2, was appointed to succeed him, and was duly qualified as assignee of said bankrupts; and the claimant now avers that under and in virtue of the assignment in bankruptcy of the property and estates of said Erwin & Hardee, and each of them, and of the proceedings had in the court in that regard, the claims of said Erwin, hereinbefore mentioned, against the United States, and for which this suit is prosecuted, became and now are vested in the claimant, who is now duly qualified and acting as assignee of said bankrupt, as is hereinbefore alleged.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"4. Inasmuch as the right of said Erwin to maintain the action provided in the said Captured and Abandoned Property Act for and upon the said claims was barred by the limitation of suits under said statute, a special act of Congress was passed\nand became a law as of and on the 5th day of February, 1877, the same being entitled 'An act for the relief of Robert Erwin,' being found in 19 Stat. 509, which enacts and reads as follows:\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\" Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled that the Court of Claims may take jurisdiction under the provisions of the Act of March 12, 1863, entitled 'An act to provide for the collection of abandoned property, and for the prevention of frauds in insurrectionary districts within the United States,' of the claims of Robert Erwin, of Savannah, Georgia, for property alleged to have been taken from him, which claims were by accident or mistake of his agent or attorney, and without fault or neglect on his part, as is claimed, not filed within the time limited by said act.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"5. The claimant now avers that under and because of said last-recited act of Congress, jurisdiction was given anew to this court to hear and determine the said claims of the said Erwin in the manner and by the proceedings provided in the Captured and Abandoned Property Act", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nBut at the time of the enactment of said law, all the property and rights of said Erwin which existed on the 31st day of December, 1868, had vested as aforesaid in his assignee in bankruptcy, and the said claims, then and now, were and are assets of the estate of said Erwin in bankruptcy, for which the claimant alone as such assignee could or now can maintain the proceedings prescribed by said Captured and Abandoned Property Act, and under and in virtue of the said special and enabling act hereinbefore recited", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"6. He further avers and charges that the said cotton was never abandoned nor condemned as forfeited to the United States, but that the said United States retain the net proceeds thereof only as trustees for the owner thereof, and in and by the said private act, as herein recited, it has recognized the claimant's right to the proceeds thereof, upon the preferment of his claim in conformity with the provisions of the said Captured and Abandoned Property Act. \"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nHe further avers that, except the assignment made as required by the bankrupt act, no assignment has been made at any time of the said claims, or either of them, or of any part of them, or either of them, but the same remain as assets of the said bankrupt estate; and he now claims payment thereof for the benefit of the said estate; and as such assignee he charges that he is justly entitled to have and receive the amounts herein claimed from the moneys in the treasury of the United States, so held in trust for the benefit of those who shall establish their claim to it under the provisions of the Captured and Abandoned Property Act.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"He therefore prays for judgment against the United States for the proceeds of the said cotton so as aforesaid seized for and under the authority of the said United States, of which, at the time of its seizure, the said Robert Erwin was sole owner, and which was so sold, and the net proceeds of which, amounting in the aggregate to the sum of one hundred and sixty-nine thousand four hundred and seventy-five dollars and seventy-three cents ($169,475.73) have been paid into the Treasury, and now remain there as a part of the fund arising under said act.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"ALBERT SMALL\"\n\"Attorney and Solicitor for Claimant\"\n\"SHELLABARGER & WILSON\"\n\"of Counsel\"\nThe United States, by its assistant attorney general, on the 19th April, 1866, moved to dismiss this petition and also at the same time demurred to it on the ground that it did not allege facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.\nArgument was heard on the motion and the demurrer together, and judgment was entered for the dismissal of the petition.", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nRichardson, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which, among other things, it was said:\n\"The defendants file a motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction, and also a general demurrer, under each of which three objections are raised against the claimant's petition: \"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"(1) It is argued that the act under which the suit is brought was, in the words of the title, 'for the relief of Robert Erwin,' and not for his creditors through the assignee in bankruptcy previously appointed, and that the latter acquired no rights thereby, both because the act was not intended for him, Ogden v. Strong, 2 Paine 584, and because the right to sue was a valuable right or privilege acquired after the appointment of the assignee, and did not pass by the assignment.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"(2) It is also argued that an assignee in bankruptcy has no right to keep the estate open and bring actions nine years after his appointment. Rev.Stat. \u00a7 5057; Bailey v. Glover, 21 Wall. 342, 88 U. S. 346; Walker v. Towner, 4 Dill. 165.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"We express no final opinion on these two points, although we are inclined to think that one of them, at least, is well taken. They merit serious consideration, and could not be passed by did we not prefer to rest our decision upon the third objection, which concerns more particularly the jurisdiction of this court. But they will be open to the defendants in the Supreme Court on appeal, if the case should go there.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"(3) The third objection is that the claim, under the act of 1877, accrued more than six years before the filing of the petition, and so is forever barred by the following section of the Revised Statutes, which was held by the Supreme Court, in Haycraft's Case, 22 Wall. 81, to be jurisdictional:\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nEvery claim against the United States cognizable by the Court of Claims shall be forever barred unless the petition setting forth a statement thereof is filed in the court, or transmitted to it by the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House of Representatives, as provided by law, within six years after the first claim accrues, provided that the claims of married women first accrued during marriage, of persons under the age of twenty-one years first accrued during minority, and of idiots, lunatics, insane persons, and persons beyond the seas at the time the claim accrued, entitled to the claim, shall not be barred if the petition be filed in the court, or transmitted as aforesaid, within three years after the disability has ceased; but no other disability than those enumerated shall prevent any claim", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"A claim first accrues within the meaning of the statute when a suit may first be brought upon it, and from that day, the six-years limitation begins to run. Any suit under the Act of February 5, 1877, might have been instituted by filing a petition within six years after that date", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nThat time has long since passed, and the present claimant has lost his rights thereunder, if he ever had any, unless his case is taken out of the operation of \u00a7 1069 of the Revised Statutes in either of two ways which his counsel present.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"In his behalf it is insisted that the section applies only to claims which came under the general jurisdiction of the court before its enactment, and not to claims founded upon special acts subsequently passed. We do not concur in this view. A similar doctrine in relation to the right of appeal under \u00a7 707 of the Revised Statutes was considered by the Supreme Court in Zellner's Case, 9 Wall. 244, 7 Ct.Cl. 137. The Court said:\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\" We cannot agree to the view that the general provision in the fifth section of the Act of March 3, 1863, reorganizing the Court and conferring what may be called its general jurisdiction, cannot be invoked in this case. We cannot agree to this view. The language of the section is general: 'Either party may appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States from any final judgment or decree which may hereafter be rendered in any case by said court.'\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"This court was organized as a special judicial tribunal to hear and render judgment in cases between the citizen and the government; the subjects of its jurisdiction were defined in the act, and generally the mode of conducting its proceedings, subject, of course, to such alterations and changes as Congress from time to time might see fit to make. The subjects of its jurisdiction could be enlarged or diminished, but this would not disturb in any way or affect the general plan or system of its organization", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nIf new or additional subjects of jurisdiction were conferred, the effect would be simply to increase the labors of the court, the case to be heard and determined under the existing organization.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"In McKee's Case, 10 Ct.Cl. 208, the Supreme Court held expressly\nthat\"\n\"Section 707 of the Revised Statutes gives to the United States the right of appeal from the adverse judgments of the Court of Claims in all cases where that court is required by any general or special law to take jurisdiction of a claim made against the United States, and act judicially in its determination.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"91 U. S. 91 U.S. 442. And the Supreme Court took jurisdiction of an appeal from this court upon a judgment rendered against Robert Erwin under this very act of 1877, although the only authority for it was found in section 707 of the Revised Statutes. Erwin v. United States, 97 U. S. 392.\"\n\"There is no distinction in principle between the application of the right of appeal, under \u00a7 707, to special acts of legislation subsequently passed, and the application of the limitation of \u00a7 1069 to such cases.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"The act of 1877 created a new and additional subject of jurisdiction and a new cause of action by reviving an expired one, and, in our opinion, the general statute of limitation, as well as the general right of appeal, attaches and applies to it, just as when part payment on a promissory note takes a right of action thereon out of the statute, such right is not forever after relieved from all limitation, but the statute begins to run anew from the date of such payment.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"It is now more than nine years since this court was opened anew to the rightful claimant, whoever he may be, under the act of 1877, and, according to the construction urged by the present claimant, it is never to be closed until he be found, and of his own motion comes in and files his petition, a construction which, in our opinion, is unreasonable, and not to be adopted.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"While Congress has declared a general limitation of six years for 'every claim cognizable by the Court of Claims,' and a still shorter one of two years for claims under the Captured or Abandoned Property Act, it is unreasonable to infer that it intended to confer upon every claimant under the act of 1877 -- and the present one is the second who has appeared, Erwin's Case, 13 Ct.Cl. 49, affirmed on appeal, 97 U. S. 97 U.S", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n392 -- the unusual and extraordinary privilege accorded to no other citizen of bringing suit against the government at any future", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\ntime without limitation. Such a construction would be in conflict with all idea of repose, which is said to be the object of statutes of limitation, and to the general policy of Congress in all other cases.\"\n\"It was said in Clark's Case, 11 Ct.Cl. 702, decided a year before the passage of the act of 1877 now under consideration:\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"It is not to be doubted that subsequent subjects of jurisdiction would be subject to the provisions of the statute of limitation if they were in the nature of money demands against the government.\"\n\"This was then, and has ever since been, the settled doctrine of this court, and we have no doubt Congress so understood it when the act of 1877 was passed.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"That the present claim, under that act, is a money demand against the government, and nothing else, we shall demonstrate beyond question, we are quite confident.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"But the claimant argues that the property received and sold, and the proceeds thereof in the Treasury, under the peculiar legislation of the Captured or Abandoned Act of March 12, 1863, 12 Stat. 820, are trust funds of which the defendants are merely trustees, and are subject to the rules and practice of courts of equity in relation to equitable trusts, one of which is that statutes of limitation do not run as between trustee and cestui que trust.\"\n\"* * * * \"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"A trust in which the so-called trustee may legally mingle the trust money with his own, employ it for his own use, and himself determine whether he will forever retain it or will give it to others is a singular trust, unknown to law or equity and to which no principles of equity jurisprudence can be found to apply.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"It is a universal rule of equity that if a trustee mingles trust money with his own and uses it for his own benefit, he shall account for or pay interest thereon to the cestui que trust. Story's Equity, \u00a7\u00a7 1277, 1277a; Perry on Trusts \u00a7 468. But it is provided in Revised Statutes as follows: \"\n\" SEC. 1091. No interest shall be allowed on any claim up to the time of the rendition of judgment thereon by the\nCourt of Claims unless upon a contract expressly stipulating for the payment of interest.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"This court has always applied that section to cases under subsequently enacted special acts, and to those under the Captured or Abandoned Property Act.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"In Taylor's Case, 104 U. S. 216, 104 U. S. 222, the Supreme Court called the United States trustees of the surplus money paid into the Treasury from the sales of lands for taxes under the direct tax acts, 12 Stat. 292, 422, 640; 14 Stat. 568, over and above that which was required to pay the tax, interest and costs. That court did not treat the case as one in equity, and upon findings of fact by this court, as in cases at law, they held, as to the statute of limitations, that\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"the right of the owner of the land to recover the money which the government held for him as his trustee did not become a claim on which suit could be brought, and such as was cognizable by the Court of Claims, until demand therefor had been made at the treasury. Upon such demand, the claim first accrued,\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"and the statute of limitations began to run. So, in the present case, a suit cognizable by the Court of Claims could not have been brought after the limitation of the captured or abandoned property act had expired until the passage of the act of 1877 specially authorizing it, and from that time the statute of limitations began to run, and had run out long before the claimant came into court.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nNott, J., delivered the following dissenting opinion, and filed a dissenting opinion. The following is an extract from it:\n\"The plain and simple question in this case is whether the statute of limitations, Rev.Stat. \u00a7 1069, applies to the subject of jurisdiction known as the 'Captured Property Cases.'\"\n\"In Haycraft's Case, 22 Wall. 81, the counsel for the claimant asked the same question, and the Supreme Court answered that it did not.\"\n\"What, then, is the condition of the claimant's case?\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nowner of a fund in the Treasury, of which the equitable title had never been divested from himself, being then held by the government as his trustee. On that day, he might have instituted a suit for the fund, but on that day the jurisdictional period for instituting such suits expired. A provision of law confining jurisdiction to a certain period no more affects the party or the cause of action than a provision of law confining jurisdiction to a certain territory", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nTherefore, Erwin's right to the fund did not expire with the right of the court to entertain his case. The effect of the statute was simply that on that day, as to such cases, the door of the court was shut.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"On the 5th February, 1877, Congress reopened the door by passing the private act, 19 Stat. 509. The original abandoned or captured property act said that the door should stand open for two years; the private act set no limitation of that kind, but leaves it open still, and still continues to declare that 'the Court of Claims may take jurisdiction' of the claim", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nThe private act does not recreate the claim; it does not validate it; it does not remove the presumption of payment from it; it simply opens the doors of the court, and allows whoever may be entitled to do so to bring the claim in.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"Why then should not the claim be heard? The grant of jurisdiction has not expired; the private act has not been repealed; it still continues to say: 'The Court of Claims may take jurisdiction under the provisions of the act of March 12, 1863,' 'of the claims of Robert Erwin;' why then should not the Court of Claims take jurisdiction and adjudge the case?\"\n\"The counsel for the government answers that the general statute of limitations applies to this demand, and bars the suit.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"If the statute of limitations applies so as to preclude a trial upon the merits, it must apply not to the door of jurisdiction, but to the claim itself. Statutes of limitation are statutes of repose, which do not extend to courts nor affect jurisdiction, but which attach to a debt or demand a presumption of payment, and operate to extinguish the thing itself as completely as if payment had been made. Therefore, if the statute of limitations applies to this claim, neither Robert Erwin nor his", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nassignee nor any other person can ever assert a right to the fund derived from his cotton. All other claimants can; but this claim must be considered in law as actually paid and extinguished. It is conceded that the claim was not so extinguished when the private law was passed. It is conceded that none of the thousands of other claims which are still outstanding upon the captured property fund is presumptively or legally extinguished by the statute of limitations. Why, then, is this", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n? How is it possible that Congress, by passing an act, without the solicitation of the legal owner of the claim, the present claimant, authorizing a court to take jurisdiction of a case, and nothing more, can have attached to the claim itself another statute not previously applicable to it, which should in time work out a legal presumption of payment and an absolute extinguishment of the claimant's rights?\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"If it be asked whether this thing can go on forever, the answer seems a very plain one. Congress did not here pass a general act, nor an act affecting a class of claims, but a grant of special jurisdiction for the benefit of a single isolated case. The acts of grace and favor did not confer a right, but provided a remedy. Congress can take away the remedy at any time without trenching upon the claimant's rights.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"The counsel for the claimant has supposed that in the administration of the abandoned or captured property act, the fund in the treasury was treated by this court as a fund in equity, and the counsel is right in his supposition. Considering that it dealt with millions, and must involve some of the most perplexing questions that could possibly be brought before a court, that act was in one particular probably the most extraordinary statute that was ever enacted", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nAll that relates to the jurisdiction and duties of the court, and to the rights and disabilities of the parties, is to be found in nine lines which are thrust into a section primarily relating to the bonds and books of account of agents of the treasury", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nThe judges who had to bear the heat and burden of that day in determining principles, in devising remedies, in framing a system which should be commensurate with the necessities of the situation -- that is to say, the judges who administered the statute from the", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\ncase of Tibbetts, 1 Ct.Cl. 169, to the case of Boyd, 9 Ct.Cl. 419 -- had an absolutely novel subject of jurisprudence assigned to them, without one word of statutory guidance to direct them and without a precedent to be gathered from all the courts in the world.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"Whatever may be thought of the wisdom of their conclusion, one thing is incontrovertible, and that is that they eventually believed the fund in the Treasury to be a fund in equity, and that they exercised in regard to it whatever power of a court of equity might be necessary to protect the fund. The interlocutory proceedings, 4 Ct.Cl. 486; 5 Ct.Cl. 645, and the final decree, 7 Ct.Cl. 605, in the Elgee Cotton Case and the decree in the Case of Rothschild, 6 Ct.Cl", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n220, will illustrate to any lawyer with any knowledge of equity jurisdiction that the court was dealing with rights and remedies which belong to the discretionary powers of a court of equity, and which are not the rights and remedies that come within the inflexible jurisdiction of a court of law", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\nSome attempts have been made to show that courts of law have dealt with implied trusts in some such way, but the only authorities that could be found were Bacon's Abridgement and Reeve's History of the Common Law, and they, unhappily, related to a time when the court of chancery did not exist as a court of equity, and when the system of equity jurisprudence was not yet devised.\"", "Rice v. United States, 122 U.S. 611 (1887)\n\"But I do not regard the statute of limitation as necessarily exclusive of equity cases. I place my conclusion here entirely upon the ground that the private act granted a remedy; that the remedy was not limited as to time; and that there is no law which attaches to this claim a presumption of payment.\"\nAPPEAL FROM THE COURT OF CLAIMS\nMR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE announced that the judgment of the Court of Claims was affirmed by a divided court.\nAffirmed by a divided Court."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.essaydaily.org/2013/11/brian-doyle-it-is-shaggy-world-studded.html

Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens

["Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nNo man ever yearned more for a \u201chard & active life out-of-doors\u201d than the great Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894), and few men ever faced such an endless litany of ills keeping him, generally, from the wild world he loved so", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\n(\u201cMy body which my dungeon is\u2026,\u201d as he wrote.) Yet the frail Stevenson, the most popular writer of his time, was able to catch and celebrate the vigorous natural world in work that ranged freely in genre (novels, essays, letters, stories, poems, fables, tracts, and prayers) and in setting\u2014capturing the flavor variously of Scottish highlands, French countryside and mountains, Swiss alpine valleys, dense North American wilderness and plains, and the lush islands of the South Seas, where he spent the last six years of his brief and exuberant life.", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nDespite his spotty health, he spent much time in his adolescent years among the Scottish mountains and islands\u2014hiking, sailing boats with friends, and working outdoors, one memorably strenuous summer, with his engineer father Thomas, the most talented in a family of engineers still famous for building lighthouses along the Scottish coast", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nAfter college he began to write, and his first books were Thoreauvian accounts of his travels through wild country \u2013 a canoe trip through rural France, which became An Inland Voyage, and then a long hike in the French mountains, which became Travels with a Donkey", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nThe wild Scottish Highlands and coat he loved starred in his novels Kidnapped and The Merry Men, and the deep forests of New York\u2019s Adirondack Mountains, where he spent one bitterly cold winter, are the setting for much of The Master of Ballantrae.", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\n\u201cThe earthy savour of the bog-plants, the rude disorder of the boulders, the inimitable seaside brightness of the air, the brine and the iodine, the lap of the billows among the weedy reefs, the sudden springing up of a great run of dashing surf along the sea-front of the isle, all that I saw and felt my predecessors must have seen and felt with scarce a difference,\u201d he wrote of the Scottish coast; and \u201cit is a shaggy world, and yet studded with gardens; where the salt and tumbling sea receives clear rivers running from among reeds and lilies; fruitful and austere; a rustic world; sunshiny, lewd, and cruel,\u201d of his native land as a whole.", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nOf the great plains of Nebraska, which he crossed by train, he wrote with amazement, \u201cWe were at sea\u2014there is no other adequate expression. It was a world almost without a feature; an empty sky, an empty earth; front and back, the line of railway stretched from horizon to horizon, like a cue across a billiard-board; on either hand, the green plain ran till it touched the skirts of heaven", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nAlong the track innumerable wild sunflowers, no bigger than a crown-piece, bloomed in a continuous flower-bed; grazing beasts were seen upon the prairie at all degrees of distance and diminution\u2026Day and night, above the roar of the train, our ears were kept busy with the incessant chirp of grasshoppers\u2014a noise like the winding up of countless clocks and watches, which began after a while to seem proper to that land", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nTo one hurrying through by steam there was a certain exhilaration in this spacious vacancy, this greatness of the air, this discovery of the whole arch of heaven, this straight, unbroken, prison-line of the horizon\u2026\u201d", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nOf the Marquesas: \u201cThe land heaved up in peaks and rising vales; it fell in cliffs and buttresses; its colour ran through fifty modulations in a scale of pearl and rose and olive; and it was crowned above by opalescent clouds", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nThe suffusion of vague hues deceived the eye; the shadows of clouds were confounded with the articulations of the mountains; and the isle and its unsubstantial canopy rose and shimmered before us like a single mass\u2026The cocoa-palm, that giraffe of vegetables, so graceful, so ungainly, to the European eye so foreign, was to be seen crowding on the beach, and climbing and fringing the steep sides of mountains", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nIn every crevice of that barrier the forest harboured, roosting and nestling there like birds about a ruin; and far above, it greened and roughened the razor edges of the summit.\u201d", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nHe was a student of the linguistics of the natural world: \u201cThe Scotch dialect is singularly rich in terms of reproach against the winter wind. Snell, blae, nirly, and scowthering are four of these significant vocables; they are all words that carry a shiver with them\u2026the inclemency of heaven has thus endowed the language of Scotland with words\u2026\u201d", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nAnd he was eerily prescient of the future of the wild, too: \u201cCalifornia has been a land of promise in its time, like Palestine; but if the woods continue so swiftly to perish, it may become, like Palestine, a land of desolation,\u201d he wrote while living in Monterey. \u201cWe may look forward to a time when there will not be [a tree] left standing in that land\u2026 man in his short-sighted greed robs the country of the noble redwood", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nFor nearly three years Stevenson wandered the Pacific, visiting the Marquesas, the Paumotus, the Hawaiian islands, the Gilberts, the Marshalls, the Society islands, New Zealand, Australia, and the Navigator islands, better known collectively as Samoa", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nAt each landfall he would wander briskly and joyfully into the forest and along the beaches, and spend many hours with residents; he was by all accounts an indefatigable walker and talker, no respecter of position or privilege, and so a man who explored nature and natives to a degree unusual among writers of his time. He and his wife finally settled in Samoa, on the main island of Upolu, where the Stevensons bought 300 acres of land, built a house in the hills three miles from the harbor, and settled in.", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nTheir land was so veined with creeks and rivers, or \u201cburns,\u201d as Stevenson called them, that he named the property Vailima, Samoan for Five Waters. It was the first wild land he\u2019d ever owned, and he reveled in it, partly for the stunning variety of its flora and fauna, but partly too because finally he had enough health and strength to work his land", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\n\u201cIt is like a fairy story that I should have recovered health and strength, and should go round again among my fellow-men, boating, riding, bathing, toiling hard with a wood-knife in the forest,\u201d he wrote. And in a letter to a friend: \u201cWent crazy over outdoor work, and had at last to confine myself to the house, or literature must have gone by the board. Nothing is so interesting as weeding, clearing, and path-making\u2026it does make you feel so well", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nTo come down covered with mud and drenched with sweat and rain after some hours in the bush, change, rub down, and take a chair in the verandah, is to taste a quiet conscience. And the strange thing that I mark is this: If I go out and make sixpence, plying the cutlass or the spade, idiot conscience applauds me; if I sit in the house and make twenty pounds, idiot conscience wails over my neglect and the day wasted.\u201d", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nFor three years he worked his woods and farmed the soil, hosted an endless stream of visitors (among them Henry Adams, who was peeved that Stevenson didn\u2019t know who he was), became deeply involved in the chaotic political life of Samoa, and wrote furiously\u2014most notably half of a Highlands novel called Weir of Hermiston that, had it been finished, might have been among his very best books.", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nOn December 3, 1894, he \u201cwrote hard all morning\u201d on Weir, spent the afternoon writing letters to friends, and came down from his study at sunset. He opened an old bottle of burgundy, set to making a salad for dinner, and was cheerfully chaffing his wife when he suddenly clapped his hands to his head, cried out in pain, and fell to his knees. Within minutes the massive stroke sent him into a coma; and at ten minutes past eight o\u2019clock he died.", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nAt dawn, forty local men cut a path through the woods to the flat summit of Mount Vaea, \u201cno bigger than a room,\u201d where they dug a grave for the man they called Tusitala, the teller of tales. In the afternoon his hand-carved coffin was carried to the summit and laid to rest. Among the prayers said over his body was one he had written himself: \u201cLord, Thou sendest down rain upon the uncounted millions of the forest, and givest the trees to drink exceedingly. Teach us the lesson of the trees", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nThe sea around us, which this rain recruits, teems with the race of fish; teach us, Lord, the meaning of the fishes. Let us see ourselves for what we are, one out of the countless number of the clans of thy handiwork. When we would despair, let us remember that these also please and serve Thee.\u201d", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nNext day the chiefs of Samoa forbade the use of firearms on Mount Vaea, so that the birds and animals \u201cmight live undisturbed, and raise about his grave the songs he knew so well.\u201d Some years later a large tomb was raised over his grave. On the tomb there are bronze plates with bas reliefs of a thistle and a hibiscus flower, the characteristic plants of Scotland and Samoa, and Stevenson\u2019s poem, \u201cRequiem\u201d:\nUnder the wide and starry sky\nDig the grave and let me lie.\nGlad did I live and gladly die", "Brian Doyle: It is a Shaggy World, Studded with Gardens\nAnd I laid me down with a will.\nThis be the verse you grave for me:\nHere he lies where he longed to be;\nHome is the sailor, home from sea,\nAnd the hunter home from the hill.\nBrian Doyle is the editor of Portland Magazine at the University of Portland, in Oregon. His most recent books are the spiritual essay collections The Thorny Grace of It and Leaping (in a new and expanded edition), both from Loyola Press."]

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http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?HistoryID=aa42&paragraphid=dne

The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period

["The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nHISTORY OF JUDAISM\nIsrael and Judah\nJudah and the Greeks\nSadducees and Pharisees\nZeus in the Temple\nThe dynasty of the Maccabees\nJudaea and the Romans\nHerod and his successors\nVespasian and Titus\nThe rabbi at Jamnia\nThe last Jewish rebellion\n15th - 19th century\nTo be completed\nJudah and the Greeks: 4th - 3rd century BC\nJudah remains a province of the Persian empire until 332 BC when a new conqueror, Alexander the Great, passes by. The high priest of Jerusalem makes him welcome.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nJerusalem suffers a certain amount of turmoil during the warfare which follows the death of Alexander in 323, but by 301 it is firmly under the rule of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. The Ptolemies prove benevolent - so much so that a thriving community of Jews develops in their capital city, Alexandria.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe Jews of Alexandria demonstrate the ability of a Jewish community to flourish in a new context without losing its identity. They integrate so fully with the secular life of the city that their own first language becomes Greek. It is they who first use the word diaspora (Greek for 'dispersion') to describe Jewish communities living outside Israel.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nSoon many of them no longer understand Hebrew. But they refuse to let this diminish their strong sense of a shared identity as God's special people, according to the covenant revealed in a book which they now cannot read. They commission, with Ptolemy's support and approval, the first translation of the Bible, the famous Greek version known as the Septuagint. And their synagogue is the earliest of which there is evidence.\nSadducees and Pharisees: 200 BC - AD 70", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nAfter the return from exile in Babylon, in the late 6th century BC, the Jewish community in Jerusalem is ruled by the Temple priests. Control of the Temple has remained with the descendants of Zadok, high priest in the time of David and Solomon. This priestly family is the central element of the party of the Sadducees, formed in about 200 BC and deriving its name from Zadok.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nLinked with the priests are the aristocratic families and leading merchants of Jerusalem. Priests, aristocrats and the rich often form an alliance of this kind, conservative in mentality and intolerant of opposition. But from 141 BC the Sadducees find themselves confronted by an opposing party in the new Sanhedrin.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe members of the Sanhedrin include scholars and teachers who are learned in the Jewish law but are not themselves priests. They tend to be more flexible than the Sadducees in their understanding of the Torah, arguing that the Mosaic law must be interpreted in a way relevant to contemporary life. They also give much greater weight than their rivals to the large body of oral law and custom which has developed over the centuries.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe Sadducees, who insist on a literal reading of the Torah, describe their opponents dismissively as Pharisees - a word meaning 'dissenters'. As often with religious dissent (the Methodists among Christians, for example), the reformers proudly adopt the abusive name.\nThe Pharisees become associated with the piety of the Synagogue (where words are central, in the reading of holy texts or in prayer) as opposed to the rituals of Temple worship (blood and sacrifice).", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe pattern of development in other religions suggests that the future must eventually lie with the Pharisees and with their new form of priest - the rabbi (meaning 'master' or 'teacher'), a man distinguished by his learning rather than his caste. Rabbinical schools will later become the heart of Judaism.\nZeus in the Temple: 2nd century BC", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nJudah benefits during the 3rd century from the religious tolerance of the Ptolemies. But it suffers, subsequently, from the aggressively Greek attitude of the other great Hellenistic power in this region - the Seleucid empire in Persia. The Seleucid rulers attempt on several occasions to dislodge the Ptolemies from the whole region of Palestine. They finally succeed in doing so in about 200 BC.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nAt first the priests in Jerusalem may not notice the difference. But a king who comes to the Persian throne in 175 makes it very plain what he thinks of their religion. Antiochus IV gives himself the Greek title Ephiphanes - meaning 'god revealed'. In this he identifies himself with Zeus.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nIn 168 Antiochus sets up a statue of Zeus above the great altar in the Temple in Jerusalem, and sacrifices are made to the idol. He employs an Athenian philosopher to supervise the temple worship, and (a necessary precaution in view of all this) he instals a Greek garrison in a new fortress in Jerusalem, on the site of the citadel of David.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nSimilar Greek rituals are organized in provincial centres. One of them provokes violent resistance. An elderly priest, Mattathias, refuses to sacrifice to the idol and kills a colleague who is willing to do so. Mattathias has five sons, three of whom play leading roles in the resulting revolution.\nThe dynasty of the Maccabees: 2nd - 1st century BC", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nOne of the sons of Mattathias is Judas, who has the surname Maccabaeus or the Maccabee (it is thought to mean either the 'hammer' of the Seleucids, or the 'appointed one' of God). After a rapid series of victories over Seleucid armies, Judas is able in 165 BC to cleanse the Temple in Jerusalem of Greek abominations. He then rededicates it to the one God - an event celebrated each year in the Jewish festival of Hannukah.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nJudas is killed in battle in 160. His brother Jonathan picks up the torch. He is succeeded, after his death in 143, by a third brother, Simon. In 142, after twenty-five years of warfare against the Seleucids, Simon secures a treaty which gives Judah political independence as well as religious freedom.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe people of Judah (or Judaea as the Romans will call it) appoint Simon Maccabaeus political leader and high priest. Both positions are declared hereditary within his family. He therefore becomes the founder of a ruling house sometimes known as the Maccabees but more often called by historians the Hasmonaean dynasty (from Hasmon, a distant ancestor).", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe Hasmonaean rulers bring prosperity to Judah, though not without a considerable amount of internal strife and drama. Opposition to them appears to have driven the Essenes into the desert. And an innovation of 141, the Sanhedrin, becomes the forum for hostility between two religious sects, Sadducees and Pharisees.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe Jews and their former persecutors, the Seleucids, fall in successive years to a far greater power - the Romans. In 64 BC Pompey annexes Syria, the last remaining territory of the once great Seleucid empire. In 63 he takes Jerusalem.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nRoman rule starts brutally, with priests slain at the altar of the Temple. For the next two decades the Hasmonaean family try to lead a new rebellion, fired by the same sense of outrage as prompted their ancestors a century earlier, but in 40 BC Mark Antony captures and executes the last of the dynasty. Their line does nevertheless continue in the next Judaean dynasty - that of Herod, who marries the Hasmonaean princess Mariamne.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nHerod's position is anomalous. He is a Jew, but he has been appointed king of Judaea by the conquering Romans. His reign involves a constant balancing act between Jewish religious sensibilities (a Roman eagle above the Temple gate is taken as inflammatory evidence of idolatry) and Rome's demand that he control this troublesome region.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nOn the whole Herod balances well. The Jews are free to practise the religion which he shares with them. The Romans are grateful for peace in the region. Step by step they extend Herod's kingdom until it includes all of Palestine together with modern Jordan and much of Lebanon.\nHerod and his successors: 37 BC - AD 66", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nHerod proves a great builder. He founds new Roman cities, in particular Caesarea (now Qesari, on the coast south of Haifa), which later becomes the capital of Roman Palestine. And he creates a spectacular new Temple on the holy mount in Jerusalem (see the Temple in Jerusalem).", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nBut many of his actions are violent. In an outburst of jealousy he kills not only a favourite wife, Mariamne, but also her grandfather, mother, brother and two sons. He could well have been capable of the massacre of the infants of Bethlehem (if so in about 4 BC, the last year of his life), but the gospel account of this incident is inherently improbable as history - and no mention is made of the atrocity until Christian documents of a century later.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nIn his will Herod divides his large kingdom between three of his sons. Their inability to control an increasingly turbulent Palestine prompts Rome to give more power to its provincial governors, or procurators. But they have no greater success in pacifying the Jewish people, resentful of Roman rule and horrified by any encroachment of Roman religious symbolism (which by now includes the idolatrous theme of a divine emperor).", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThis is the period when the Zealots emerge - a radical political group committed to the ending of Roman rule in Palestine, using terrorism as one of its main forms of argument.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe impossibility of a working relationship between the Jewish and Roman authorities is well suggested in the New Testament account of the last days of Jesus Christ. The Jews of the Sanhedrin are determined that he shall die for blasphemy, but they want the Roman governor of Judaea (Pontius Pilate) to condemn him", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nJerusalem is in Pilate's province, but he tries to shift the responsibility on to Herod Antipas, a son of Herod the Great who is ruling Galilee - on the grounds that Galilee is where Jesus comes from.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe lack of effective government implicit in this story is now typical of Palestine, apart from a brief period starting in AD 41. In that year Herod Agrippa is appointed king of Judaea.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nHerod Agrippa is a grandson of Herod the Great and of the Hasmonaean princess Mariamne. He therefore has a direct link with a great Jewish dynasty. He also, like Herod the Great, has valuable contacts in Rome. He has been friendly since childhood with the family of Claudius, and Claudius - in his first year as emperor - appoints Agrippa to the kingdom of Judaea.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nFor a while, under the rule of this devout Jew who has the confidence of Rome, Palestine seems set to enjoy again the stability associated with the long reign of Herod the Great. But Agrippa dies after only three years, in AD 44. The region returns to Roman governors and revolutionary ferment.\nCivil unrest: AD 44-66", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe violent creed of the Zealots now acquires growing support, reinforced by their assassination of Jews who collaborate with the Romans. The Zealots have an alarming habit of wandering among the crowd on public occasions, with short daggers under their garments, and stabbing opponents before melting away unseen among a populace increasingly supportive of their aims (or else plain terrified).", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nZealots are prominent in a popular uprising which in AD 66 expels the Romans from Jerusalem, and in the revolutionary government which then briefly rules Palestine. Their violent behaviour in power outrages many of their previous supporters. But they remain at the heart of resistance to the Romans.\nVespasian and Titus: AD 67-70", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nNero sends a veteran general, Vespasian, to put down the rebellion in Judaea; and Vespasian involves his own son, Titus, in the campaign. Together father and son make steady progress in recovering Palestine, until the suicide of Nero in Rome prompts the crisis which has caused AD 69 to become known as the 'year of the four emperors'.\nThe last of the four candidates, and the only survivor of that year, is Vespasian. Marching back to Rome, he leaves Titus in command of the campaign in Judaea.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nBy the year 70 Titus is besieging Jerusalem. With an impressive array of battering rams and catapults, he succeeds in demolishing parts of the city wall against strong resistance from the Jews. The siege lasts six months. Josephus, a Jewish historian who is with the Roman forces, provides vivid details of famine and cannibalism within the beleaguered city.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThose who attempt to escape, as refugees, fare little better. Appalling horrors follow the discovery that one such fugitive has swallowed his wealth in the form of gold coins.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nJosephus claims that Titus, no doubt aware of the Temple's contents, attempts to save it from harm. He says that Jewish partisans first set fire to the Temple colonnade after enticing Roman soldiers into a trap. Whatever the truth, the great building with its golden trimmings is soon destroyed by fire and by looting Romans. The best loot, taken by Titus himself, later features prominently on Titus's triumphal arch in Rome.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nSo ends the central shrine of Judaism. In the words of Josephus, 'neither its long history, nor its vast wealth, nor its people dispersed through the whole world, nor the unparalleled renown of its worship could avert its ruin'. The destruction of the Temple is another turning point in Jewish history (see the Temple in Jerusalem).\nThe rabbi at Jamnia: AD 70", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe end of the Temple is also a beginning, dramatically captured in a story from the siege. It is said that the learned rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai has himself smuggled out of the city in a coffin. Coming into the presence of Titus, he prophesies that the young man will become emperor and asks for a favour - to be allowed to establish a rabbinical school at Jamnia (modern name Yavne).", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nHe is granted what seems like a small concession. But the resulting college (which soon moves elsewhere, and prompts the founding of other similar establishments) is of great importance in the history of Judaism. In such institutions, known as yeshiva, the Jewish sense of identity is nourished by intense scholarship.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThe tradition of the yeshiva spreads round the world and through the centuries. In yeshivoth (the plural of the word) Jewish scholars compile the Talmud, an encyclopedic collection of oral traditions and customs. Ranging over the wide fields of law, history, religion, legend, folklore and philosophy, these texts encapsulate the Jewish experience.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nFor a people scattered and persecuted, as the Jews are after the destruction of the Temple, the Talmud - along with the Torah and the synagogue - makes it possible to put down roots no matter how alien the soil.\nMasada: AD 73\nFor three years groups of Zealots hold out against Roman domination in a few rocky fortresses in Palestine. The last to fall, Masada, is the most dramatic site of all.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nStanding high and sheer on the western shore of the Dead Sea, Masada is a natural stronghold. Its top forms a large flat area of some 20 acres. Herod the Great has recently added to the defences of the summit, providing powerful walls, an administrative building, storehouses for grain and massive reservoirs for natural water. A Roman garrison here is massacred in the Jewish rebellion of AD 66. The Zealots, occupying the fortress, build a synagogue, ritual baths and family houses.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nAfter the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70, the Jews of Masada - under an inspirational leader, Eleazar ben Jair - prepare for a siege by the Romans. In 72 the tenth legion arrives in the plain below, armed with elaborate siege engines. For several months they make little impact on the stone defences. But eventually flaming torches, catapulted against a temporary wall, succeed in starting a fire.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nEleazar decides that the time has come to make a dramatic end. In the words of Josephus, 'he had a clear picture of what the Romans would do to men, women and children if they won the day; and death seemed to him the right choice for them all'.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nWithout any sense of irony, Josephus - who has himself escaped deceitfully from a suicide pact urged upon his followers - describes with admiration the oratory by which Eleazar persuades the Jews of Masada to die, and the courageous discipline with which the deed is carried out.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nEach man, after final caresses and tears, kills his wife and children. He then lies down beside them, for his own throat to be cut by one of the ten men selected by lot for this task. Then the ten draw lots as to who among them shall die first. The final survivor kills himself - the only case of suicide in the death of 960 men, women and children. Two women, who escape by hiding, live to tell the tale.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nIt is a matter of controversy, particularly in Israel, how much reliance can be placed on Josephus' account of these events. Archaeological excavations in 1963-5 were at first assumed to provide evidence of his heroic version, though the findings of human remains or artefacts were relatively scanty. Thirty years later doubt is cast by some on the reliability of the first archaeological assumptions.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nUnderlying the controversy is the debate about Israel today. Was Eleazar ben Jair a heroic nationalist or a bigoted extremist preferring death to compromise? The question of whether peace was possible with Rome becomes transferred to opposing ideas of the peace process in Israel in the 1990s.\nThe last Jewish rebellion: AD 132-135", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nFor two generations an uneasy truce prevails between the Jews and their Roman conquerors. Although there is no Temple in Jerusalem and the city has been largely destroyed, the Jews continue to worship freely in their synagogues.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nBut any suggestion of calm is shattered after the emperor Hadrian, visiting Jerusalem in AD 130, decides to rebuild it as a Roman city. It is to be called Aelia Capitolina, echoing the Capitoline Hill in Rome. Most offensive of all is the emperor's plan for Jerusalem's most prominent hill, the Temple mount.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nOn the ruined Temple mount there is to be a shrine to Jupiter, in which Hadrian himself will be honoured. Jewish opposition to this sacrilege is led by Simon Bar-Cochba, calling himself the prince of Israel. Simon's prestige increases dramatically when a leading rabbi recognizes him as the Messiah. In 132 his Jewish forces defeat a Roman legion and capture Jerusalem.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nNot till 135, after a large army has been sent to regain control, is Jerusalem recovered by the Romans. In a bitter campaign, fought village by village throughout the region, half a million lives are lost. The whole area of Palestine is devastated. Aelia Capitolina becomes, for the moment, an unimportant provincial town.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nIn the reprisals after Simon Bar-Cochba's revolt, the Jews are forbidden to set foot in Jerusalem. They even seem to have been expelled from the surrounding region of Judaea. Only further north, in Galilee, do they retain a presence within their ancient kingdom of Israel.", "The History of Judaism: From the Persian Empire to the Roman Period\nThere is by now another significant community in Jerusalem - the Christians, who have played no part in the recent rebellion. They survive within the Roman city of Aelia Capitolina. Two centuries later these Christians in Jerusalem, and the city, benefit from a change of religious policy in the Roman empire."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://saintjohnswarren.org/article/Holy+Matrimony

Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church

["Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nIn the theology of the Orthodox Church man is made in the Image of the Most-holy Trinity, and, except in certain special cases (such as monasticism, for example), he is not intended by God to live alone, but in a family situation. Just as God blessed the first humans, Adam and Eve, to live as a family, to be fruitful and multiply, so too the Church blesses the union of a man and a woman", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nMarriage, however, is not a state of nature, but is rather a state of grace, and married life is a special vocation (no less than the special calling of monasticism), requiring a gift or charism from the Holy Spirit this gift being conferred in the Sacrament of Holy Matrimony.", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nThat Holy Matrimony has divine sanction comes no less from the words of the Lord Himself, Who says: Have you not read that He Who made them from the beginning made them male and female, and said, 'For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh' [Gen. 2:24]. So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let not man put asunder (Matt. 19:5-6).", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nThe Holy Apostle Paul sees this mystical union of husband and wife as reflecting the mystical union of Christ with His Church: Wives, be subject to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the Church, His body.... Husbands, love your wives, as Christ loved the Church and gave Himself up for her.... Even so husbands should love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nFor no man ever hates his own flesh, but nourishes and cherishes it, as Christ does the Church, because we are members of His body.... This mystery is a profound one, and I am saying that it refers to Christ and the Church... (Eph. 5:22-25, 28-30, 32).", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nThe Sacrament of Holy Matrimony consists of two parts: Betrothal and Crowning. The Betrothal is, in some way, the civil act, sanctified by the blessing of the Church. It sanctifies the intention of two persons to enter into the martial union and reflects Old Testament customs, when on those who had expressed their intentions to marry, rings were placed", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nThis exchange of rings in the Office of Betrothal is an outward token that the two partners join in marriage of their own free will and consent, for without free consent on both sides there can be no Sacrament of Christian marriage.", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nThe Office of Crowning also contains an Old Testament element in the crowning itself, which reflects the ancient practice of placing crowns on the heads of the betrothed. This is the outward and visible sign of the Sacrament, signifying the special grace of the Holy Spirit received by the couple. These crowns are crowns of joy and martyrdom joy for the new union and martyrdom since every true marriage involves immeasurable self-sacrifice on both sides.", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nIn the Greek Churches, the crowns are usually made of leaves and flowers, while in the Russian Church they are usually made of silver or gold. Customarily in the Russian Church the crowns are held over the couples' heads by the best man and maid of honor, but in many places (as in Romania, for example) they are actually worn by the bride and groom.", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nThe Gospel for the day contains the account of the Wedding in Cana in Galilee (John 2:1-11). The blessing, given by God to man in Paradise was renewed by Christ in the New Testament, when, at the beginning of His ministry, He performed the miracle of changing water into wine. Thus, at the end of the Marriage Service the newly-married couple drink from the same cup of wine, which recalls this miracle of Our Lord", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nDivorce and Remarriage.\nThe Holy Orthodox Church does, however, permit divorce and remarriage, quoting as her authority the words of the Savior: For your hardness of heart Moses allowed you to divorce your wives, but from the beginning it was not so. And I say to you: Whoever divorces his wife, except for unchastity, and marries another, commits adultery (Matt. 19:8-9). Here Our Lord allows an exception to the indissolubility of marriage, and so, too, the Church is willing to allow an exception.", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nWhile in principle the church regards the marriage bond as lifelong and indissoluble, and condemns the breakdown of marriage as a sin and an evil, she still desires to help the sinners and to allow them a second chance. Thus, when a marriage has ceased to be a reality, the Church does not insist on the preservation of a legal fiction. Divorce, therefore, is seen as an exceptional, but necessary concession to human weakness", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nYet, while helping men and women to rise again after a fall, the Church does not view a second or third union as being the same as the first and thus, in the ceremony for a second or third marriage, several joyful ceremonies are omitted and replaced by penitential prayers. Orthodox Canon Law permits a second or third marriage, but more than that is strictly forbidden.", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\nWhen Weddings are Not to be Celebrated.\nThere are certain times during the year when the Sacrament of Holy Matrimony may not be celebrated. These are:\n1. On the Eves of Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year.\n2. On the Eves of Sundays throughout the year.\n3. On the Eves of the Twelve Great Feasts, patronal feasts of the parish or monastery, and other great feasts.\n4. In all of the Fasts (Great Lent, Apostles' Fast, Dormition Fast and Nativity Fast).", "Holy Matrimony: The Sacrament of Marriage in the Orthodox Church\n5. From the Nativity of Christ (Dec. 25) through the Synaxis of the Baptist (Jan. 7).\n6. During the course of Cheesefare Week (from Sunday of Meatfare through the Sunday of Cheesefare).\n7. During the course of Bright Week.\n8. On the Day and the Eve of the Beheading of the Baptist (Aug. 29) and the Elevation of the Cross (Sept. 14)."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.startrek.com/database_article/jefferies

Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise

["Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nJefferies\nIt could easily be argued that there is no more identifiable and evocative icon of modern American pop culture than the Starship Enterprise. Its unique and scientifically sound design has stimulated the imaginations of millions, and endured as a symbol of optimism for the future. That design is the work of Walter Matthews Jefferies, the art director of the original Star Trek who worked closely with Gene Roddenberry to define the look of the classic show.", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nBorn August 12, 1921, in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, Matt Jefferies had an interest in airplanes and flight from an early age. He fought in World War II as a B-17 co-pilot, serving in England, Africa and Italy, and was awarded the Bronze Star and Air Medal. After the war he worked for an aircraft firm in Maryland, then joined the graphics department of the Library of Congress in 1949", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nHe quit four years later to become a freelance aviation illustrator for magazines, and migrated to the West Coast where most of the work was. Once he got to California, it didn't take long to figure out that the movie studios were paying more than the magazines.", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nHis first film job came in 1957 as something of a fluke. His brother Philip was already working in Hollywood, as an illustrator for Warner Bros. Philip was working on \"Bombers B-52,\" and the art director on that film needed a set designer who knew aircraft, but all the designers in the guild were working. He asked Philip if he knew anyone who fit the bill, and he did \u2014 Matthew. With all the union designers busy, the production could turn to someone on the outside", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nLater Phil and Matt worked together on \"The Old Man and the Sea,\" Matt doing the technical illustrations for a mechanical shark, and Phil handling the sketches and storyboards. Eventually, Matt began a long career in television when he became set designer on The Untouchables. That was followed by Ben Casey. During that show Matt took a month-long trip back to the East Coast to visit family, and when he got back to Ben Casey, he found out he didn't have a job there anymore", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nHowever, he had been set up to meet with a fellow named Gene Roddenberry, who was producing a \"space show\" and needed an aviation expert to design the spaceship.", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nRoddenberry and Jefferies had something in common: they both flew B-17's in WWII \u2014 Matt in Europe, Gene in the Pacific. \"So when he came in, why, we re-fought WWII for about 20 minutes,\" Jefferies related in a 2001 video interview (link on left of page), \"and then he told me what he wanted.\" Actually, his main requirements were several \"don'ts\": \"No flames, no fins, no rockets.\" And only one \"do\": \"Make it look like it's got power. And he walked out.\"", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nWell, the rest is history, as they say. After struggling through a variety of concepts for several weeks, Jefferies settled on the saucer-and-nacelle shape that he knew was unique and instantly recognizable to an audience, and proceeded to sell that concept to Roddenberry and the network. Jefferies also designed the bridge, and in fact, for six months before the show launched, he and Roddenberry were the only ones on the staff. \"Gene was the dreamer, I was more of a nuts-and-bolts type,\" Matt recounted", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nJefferies had such a big hand in defining the look of Star Trek that, as a gag among the production staff, the access crawlway where Scotty was often seen fixing the ship was referred to off-screen as the \"Jefferies Tube.\" By Star Trek: The Next Generation, however, \"Jefferies Tube\" was spoken in dialog, thus making the term \"canon.\" In the Enterprise episode \"First Flight,\" the leader of an engineering team designing early warp engines was named \"Captain Jefferies,\" an homage to the man who played such a huge role in defining the Star Trek universe.", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nThough Star Trek is what Jefferies will be remembered for, he spent many more years on numerous other TV shows including Mission: Impossible (which was shot right next door to Star Trek), Riptide, Love American Style, Little House on the Prairie and Dallas. In the late 1970's Jefferies returned to the Star Trek world with \"Star Trek: The Motion Picture\" to design the updated and refitted Enterprise", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nHe also continued to be an avid flyer, spending as much time in the air as he could, until health problems in his latter years sadly grounded him.", "Matt Jefferies: The Man Who Designed the Starship Enterprise\nJefferies died on July 21, 2003, of congestive heart failure after overcoming a battle with cancer. He was just three weeks short of his 82nd birthday.\nThe program for his funeral mass held August 2, 2003, included a poem written by Janice Dickenson on the occasion of his 80th birthday. That poem read in part:\nAnd with gifted hand and vision\ncame what all the world does recognize,\nas the most famous spacecraft ever built ...\nthe Starship U.S.S. Enterprise\nThat along with other planets"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://schradershistoricalfiction.blogspot.com/2010/09/leonidas-trilogy.html

The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero

["The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nLeonidas is arguably the most famous of all Spartans. There have been numerous works of art which depict him. He has been made the hero of a recent, popular film. There is even an entire line of chocolate confectionary named after him! But no serious biography has even been written, and what is best known about him and most often portrayed is his death", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nLeonidas is remembered for the commanding the Greek forces, which defended the Pass at Thermopylae against an invading Persian army that vastly outnumbered them. Because Persia was then an autocratic empire headed by a King, while the Greek forces at Thermopylae were sent by a coalition of democratic Greek city-states, Leonidas became the incarnation of Freedom fighting Tyranny. Leonidas is particularly remembered for refusing to surrender despite betrayal that made defeat absolutely certain", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nThus he also came to symbolize the noblest form of military courage and self-sacrifice. Consequently, the events leading up to the three day battle and the death of Leonidas with 300 other Spartans at Thermopylae have been the focus of historians and artists of all media from Herodotus onward.", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nBut Leonidas had lived perhaps as long as sixty years before that battle took place, and he had reigned for ten. It was those years preceding the final confrontation with Persia that made him the man he would be at Thermopylae. To the extent that we admire his defiant stand, learning more about his early life and tracing the development of his character is important. Arguably, understanding what made Leonidas the hero he was is a useful lesson for future generations.", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nYet so very little is actually known about his early life, that historians have been discouraged from attempting a biography. Novelists, fortunately, enjoy more freedom, and what we do know about Leonidas\u2019 early life is enticing. Leonidas was born into the senior of Sparta\u2019s ruling families, but he was born to his mother late in her life and had two elder brothers", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nAs a result, unlike most of Sparta\u2019s kings, he attended the Spartan public school or agoge and underwent the harsh training of ordinary Spartans that has been the subject of so much fascinated \u2013 and often appalled - commentary. He married the daughter of his half-brother and predecessor, a sharp \u2013 not to say sharp-tongued \u2013 woman, who epitomized everything other Greeks abhorred and condemned about Spartan women. Most important, he was elected to lead a coalition of Greek forces against the Persians.", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nThis latter fact has far too often been undervalued by historians. It is usually interpreted simply as a tribute to Sparta\u2019s military reputation or her political position as the leading power of the age. This all too glibly overlooks the fact that Sparta had two kings and his co-monarch Leotychidas could have represented Sparta just as completely", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nEven more important, it ignores the fact that just two years after Leonidas\u2019 death, the same coalition of forces preferred Athenian leadership to submitting to command by Leonidas\u2019 successor Pausanias \u2013 and Pausanias had won the battle of Plataea! Sparta was not less powerful in 478 than she had been in 480, and her reputation at arms had never been greater", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nIf simply being Spartan was all that mattered to the allies, the coalition would have asked Sparta to send King Leotychidas or another Spartan general to replace Pausanias, but they did not. In short, Leonidas was elected to lead the coalition, not simply because he was Spartan but because he enjoyed the trust of the coalition partners.", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nCombining the few known facts we have about Leonidas and his wife Gorgo, listening to the sayings attributed to them both, and knowing how Leonidas met his destiny at Thermopylae, I have written the Leonidas Trilogy. The three part biographical novel incorporates all that is known about Leonidas and Gorgo and their society. It interprets these facts and then interpolates from these facts to a reasonable hypothesis of what Leonidas and Gorgo\u2019s CVs could have been", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nThe characters that emerge are far greater than the historical input. Leonidas is consciously portrayed as the quintessential Spartan because that is what he has become in legend. Gorgo, likewise, epitomizes that which set Spartan women apart from their contemporaries \u2013 without robbing her of individual traits and personality. The two principals are surrounded by a large cast of secondary characters, each of which is unique and complex", "The Leonidas Trilogy: A Historical Fiction Exploration of the Life and Legacy of a Spartan Hero\nThe resulting tapestry is a seamless mixture of plot, character development and historical events against the backdrop of a fascinating and unique society."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://rorotoko.com/interview/20201118_bartlett_robert_on_book_blood_royal_dynastic_politics_medieval/?page=1

"The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World"

["The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World\nMost countries in medieval Europe were monarchies, ruled by a royal or imperial family, a dynasty, so politics at the top level was shaped by the births, marriages, and deaths of the members of that family, and by competition and cooperation within the dynasty. This is no surprise to anyone who knows a little bit about the history of the period and any account of a medieval reign will discuss such things", "The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World\nHowever, I had never come across a book that analyzed this fundamental feature of the medieval world in a systematic and thematic way, although there are such studies for other periods, notably Jeroen Duindam, Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300-1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2016). A distinctive feature of the book is its wide scope, since it covers the whole medieval period (500-1500) and deals with most of Europe, namely Latin Christendom and the Byzantine empire", "The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World\nBy the year 1100 Latin Christendom, that part of the world recognizing the authority of the pope, covered western, northern, and central Europe (I exclude the East Slavs because of my own linguistic limitations).", "The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World\nThe dynasty was not only a biological unit but also a political or ideological one. Family structures varied across time and place, most notably between systems such as that of the Merovingian kings of the Franks (c", "The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World\n500-751) or the Irish royal dynasties, where kings had many sexual partners and all the children were eligible for rule, and the system that, with the backing of the Church, came to predominate in most parts of Europe, where kings were expected to have one wife at a time, could dissolve the marriage only in very specific circumstances and a sharper line was drawn between legitimate and illegitimate children", "The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World\nSuccession practices were very different in the two systems and the former tended to produce high levels of competition and violence within the dynasty but meant that dynasties rarely died out biologically, the latter having less intra-dynastic violence but being more vulnerable to biological extinction.", "The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World\nMy book concentrates on the second, predominant system, and does so in two ways, which give the book its two-part structure. In part one, \u201cThe Life Cycle,\u201d I investigate the whole process of family reproduction, starting with \u201cChoosing a Bride\u201d, then pursuing such themes as \u201cWaiting for Sons to be Born\u201d and \u201cWaiting for Fathers to Die\u201d, ending, naturally enough, with \u201cRoyal Mortality\u201d: life expectancy, the frequency of violent death, choice of burial place and forms of commemoration", "The Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in the Medieval World\nPart two is titled \u201cA Sense of Dynasty\u201d and discusses ways that ruling families expressed their identity, through such visual cues as heraldry, newly invented in the twelfth century, choice of personal names, or the graphic family tree, and how they shored themselves up in this unstable political world through the supposed guidance of astrology and prophecy."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wglt.org/2022-10-10/for-chileans-blinded-in-police-violence-making-music-has-become-one-path-to-healing

"For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing"

["For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nThe band Hac\u00eda la Victoria, Spanish for \"Onward to Victory,\" after rehearsal in Santiago, Chile, on Aug. 31. All of the musicians in the band sustained serious eye injuries during clashes with police who used tear gas and shotguns against anti-government protesters in 2019. From left: Camilo Galvez, Vicente Pascal, Sergio Concha, Gustavo Gatica, Cesar Galloso, Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez, Miles Camus.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nSANTIAGO, Chile \u2014 At a recording studio in downtown Santiago, musicians are noodling on guitars and adjusting the drum kit as they set up for a jam session that's part rehearsal, part therapy.\nAll 10 members of the band, called Hac\u00eda la Victoria, Spanish for \"Onward to Victory,\" sustained serious eye injuries during clashes with police who used tear gas and shotguns against anti-government protesters in 2019.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nThe band's lyrics focus on police brutality as well as the musicians' pain, confusion and frustration over what happened to them. In one song, \"As\u00ed fue,\" or \"That's what happened,\" guitarist Sergio Concha recalls the day the demonstrations broke out, when he was hit in the left eye with a shotgun pellet while taking part in the protests.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nWhile playing the song, he says, \"It feels like going back to that moment, when all of Santiago was on fire, when there were barricades in the streets, when masked protesters fought the police, and when I was in the hospital with my eye patched.\"\n/ Paz Olivares Droguett for NPR\nSergio Concha, also known as Tot\u00f3, rehearses in Santiago on Aug. 31.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nDuring five months of demonstrations, about 30 people were killed while more than 450 protesters were left partially blind when they were hit in the face with shotgun pellets or tear gas canisters fired by the police to control the crowds, according to Chile's National Human Rights Institute.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nC\u00e9sar Mu\u00f1oz, a senior researcher in South America for Human Rights Watch, says the police lacked training in crowd control. Their shotgun shells usually contained metal rather than less damaging rubber pellets. And instead of firing from a safer distance and pointing toward the lower extremities of protesters, he says, agents often fired their shotguns straight at them from short range.\n\"It was kind of shocking to me,\" Mu\u00f1oz tells NPR.\nJavier Torres / AFP via Getty Images", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nLeft: Demonstrators during the fifth day of protests against a hike in metro ticket prices in Valparaiso, Chile, on Oct. 22, 2019. The demonstrations against metro ticket prices exploded into violence on Oct. 18, unleashing widening protests over living costs and social inequality. Right: A riot policeman shoots at demonstrators during protests in Valparaiso on Oct. 20, 2019.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nMeanwhile, the victims of eye injuries became high-profile symbols of the protest movement, which was triggered by an increase in subway fares but expanded to include calls for more affordable housing, health care and education and better access to decent jobs and pensions. One of the victims, Fabiola Campillai \u2014 who lost sight permanently in both eyes after being hit in the face with a tear gas canister \u2014 was elected to the Chilean Senate last year.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nBut instead of denouncing the police brutality, some Chileans labeled the injured protesters \"troublemakers\" who got what they deserved, says Diego Leppez, who was hit in the face with a tear gas canister that fractured his nose and left his right eye blind.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nDiego Leppez at work in a home improvement store in Santiago on Aug. 30. Leppez lost the vision in his right eye after he was hit with a tear gas canister fired by police during a protest. Protesting for a better Chile \"turned into a really big sacrifice,\" he says.\nSurvivors of eye injuries are easily identifiable because it's hard to hide their injuries. Some wear black eye patches or, as in the case of Sen. Campillai, their appearance is altered.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nLeppez says he has been jeered at in the supermarket and on the streets of Santiago and has been treated for depression. Protesting for a better Chile \"turned into a really big sacrifice,\" he says. \"In my case, it cost me an eye.\"\nThe members of Hac\u00eda la Victoria have found a path to recovery through music.\nThe idea for the band was hatched during Zoom meetings between eye-injury victims during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several were musicians and once the quarantines ended, they started jamming together.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nHac\u00eda la Victoria band members rehearse in Santiago on Aug. 31. From left: Cesar Galloso, Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez, Miles Camus, Sergio Concha, Vicente Pascal.\nThe band's rhythmic and emotional foundation is 23-year-old Gustavo Gatica. He was studying psychology at a Santiago university when the protests broke out. He joined in, but during one of the marches, Gatica was hit in the face with shotgun pellets, leaving him totally blind.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nTo take out his own frustrations, Gatica took up drumming and then joined Hac\u00eda la Victoria. Remembering that another protester who sustained an eye injury took his own life last year, Gatica says: \"It's really important to have a circle of support.\"\nGustavo Gatica rehearses in Santiago on Aug. 31. He was a psychology student at a Santiago university when he was hit in the face with shotgun pellets at a protest, leaving him totally blind.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nAndr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez, a filmmaker and one of the band's vocalists, feels the same way. With most people, he finds it awkward to talk about the shotgun pellet that left him blind in his right eye. But with his bandmates, he can open up.\n\"With these guys, it's very easy,\" L\u00f3pez says during a break in the rehearsal.\nAndr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez rehearses in Santiago on Aug. 31.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nSongwriter and vocalist C\u00e9sar Galloso adds: \"There have been a lot of ups and downs, mentally and physically. But this musical project has helped a lot. We understand each other because we all went through the same thing.\"\nC\u00e9sar Galloso, second from right, rehearses in Santiago on Aug. 31.\nThe band plays a mix of genres, from hip hop to reggae to heavy metal. As it gains more attention, Hac\u00eda la Victoria has been playing in public nearly every week and has recorded several songs.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nBut its members are most proud of the fact that their protests helped change Chile.\nFor one thing, the country now has a left-wing government headed by President Gabriel Boric, a former student leader who is trying to address some of the protesters' demands.\n\"That's an important first step,\" says Gatica, the drummer.\nBut there have also been disappointments. On Sept. 4, a progressive new draft constitution \u2014 strongly supported by the protest movement \u2014 was overwhelmingly rejected by Chilean voters.", "For Chileans Blinded in Police Violence, Making Music Has Become One Path to Healing\nThat's why, in spite of their injuries, Gatica and the other band members insist they will remain active \u2014 both on stage and on the streets.\nJohn Otis\nSee stories by John Otis"]

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https://www.mfa.gov.tr/vii_-agreement-between-greece-and-turkey-respecting-the-reciprocal-restitution-of-interned-civilians-and-the-exchange-of.en.mfa

Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War

["Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nMultilateral Conventions\nLausanne Peace Treaty\nVII. Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nTreaty with Turkey and other Instruments signed at Lausanne Lausanne Peace Treaty - Preamble Lausanne Peace Treaty Lausanne Peace Treaty Part II. Financial Clauses Lausanne Peace Treaty Part III Economic Clauses Lausanne Peace Treaty Part IV Communications and Sanitary Questions Lausanne Peace Treaty Part V Miscellaneous Provisions 1.Prisoners of War II. Convention Relating to the R\u00e9gime of the Straits III. Convention Respecting the Thracian Frontier IV", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nConvention Respecting Conditions of Residence and Business and Jurisdiction V. Commercial Convention VI. Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Signed at Lausanne, January 30, 1923. VII. Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War VIII. Declaration of Amnesty IX. Declaration Relating to Moslem Properties in Greece X. Declaration Relating to Sanitary Matters XI", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nDeclaration Relating to the Administration of Justice XII. Protocol Relating to Certain Concessions Granted in the Ottoman Empire XIII. Protocol Relating to the Accession of Belgium and Portugal to Certain Provisions of Instruments Signed at Lausanne XIV. Protocol Relating to the Evacuation of the Turkish Territory Occupied by the British, French and Italian Forces XV", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nProtocol Relating to the Karagatch Territory and the Islands of Imbros and Tenedos, Signed by the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece and Turkey XVI. Protocol Relating to the Treaty Concluded at S\u00e8vres Between the Principal Allied Powers and Greece on the 10th August, 1920, Concerning the Protection of Minorities on Greece, and to the Treaty Concluded on the Same Day Between the Same Powers Relating to Thrace XVII. Protocol Relating to Signature by the Serb-Croat-Slovene State", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nThe undersigned Turkish and Greek Plenipotentiaries, acting in accordance with their respective full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows, with a view to ensuring the reciprocal restitution of interned civilians at present detained in Greece and in Turkey, and for the exchange of prisoners of war.\nInterned Civilians", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nTurkish hostages and civilian prisoners at present detained in Greece will be repatriated by the Greek Government. The latter will in principle cause persons emanating from Anatolia to be transported to Smyrna and those emanating from Thrace to Constantinople.\nThe restitution of these persons, who shall be checked on their embarkation in Greece, shall in principle begin seven days after the signature of the present Agreement. The restitution will be completed as follows:", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\na)Within not more than two weeks, in so far as persons figuring on lists furnished by the Greek Government are concerned.\nb)With the least possible delay, in so far as persons who have to be sought and who figure on lists furnished by the Turkish Government are concerned.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nGreek hostages and civilian prisoners, who may be detained by the Turks, shall be collected at Smyrna or Constantinople by the Turkish Government, in such a manner that their repatriation may take place immediately after that of the Turkish civilian hostages mentioned in paragraph (a) of Article 1, and in such a manner that the repatriation of persons who have to be sought may take place with the least possible delay.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nThe lists of persons to be repatriated, which have been furnished by the Turkish and Greek Governments respectively, shall be completed later.\nCHAPTER II.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nAs soon as possible after the date on which the Greek Government shall have restored to the Turkish Government the Turkish civilian hostages mentioned in paragraph (a) of Article 1, and within a period not exceeding 15 days from that date, Greece shall restore to Turkey and shall transport to Smyrna simultaneously all the Turkish prisoners of war detained by her.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nTurkey shall thereupon restore to Greece an equivalent number of Greek prisoners of war, officer for officer, soldier for soldier. These prisoners of war will be collected by the Turkish Government at such time and in such places, that they may be repatriated on the return voyage of the Greek vessels which brought the Turkish prisoners of war.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nThe remainder of the Greek prisoners of war shall be repatriated by the Turkish Government immediately after the signature of Peace and within three weeks from the date of that signature.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nWith the object of allaying animosity, the Greek and Turkish amnesty to all prisoners of war and interned civilians detained by them, both those who are awaiting trial or undergoing sentence for crimes or offences against the ordinary law, and those who are awaiting trial or undergoing sentence for offences against discipline; the two Governments agree to repatriate such persons without distinction and irrespective of the completion of their sentence, or of the proceedings pending against them.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nAn International Commission comprising three representatives of the Red Cross Societies, nationals of States not having taken part in the war of 1914-18, and a representative of the Greek and Turkish Governments respectively, shall be entrusted with the task of directing the operations connected with the restitution of the hostages and civilian prisoners and the exchange of prisoners of war, under the conditions prescribed in Chapters I and II above", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nThis Commission shall settle the methods by which these operations shall be effected, and shall supervise the execution thereof. The commission shall be in particular entrusted with the duty of,", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\na)Receiving from the Greek and Turkish Authorities at the ports of embarkation the hostages and prisoners to be repatriated, verifying their number and identity, effecting the surrender of those hostages and prisoners to the Turkish and Greek Authorities at the points of disembarkment.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nb)Settling in accordance with the Greek and Turkish Governments the transport from the points of embarkation of the Turkish and Greek hostages and prisoners to be repatriated. The Greek Government shall furnish with this object the necessary means of maritime transport.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nc)Proceeding with the collaboration of the Greek and Turkish Governments and Authorities with all researches and enquires necessary to establish the fate of civilian hostages and of prisoners of war claimed by one or other Government and not handed over.\nThe Governments concerned undertake to furnish with this object all assistance to the Commission and to grant it all facilities.", "Agreement Between Greece and Turkey Respecting the Reciprocal Restitution of Interned Civilians and the Exchange of Prisoners of War\nThe expenses of the maintenance and of the work of the Commission shall be borne in equal parts by the Greek and Turkish Governments.\nThe present Agreement will enter into force at once.\nDone in triplicate at Lausanne, the 30th day of January, 1923.\n(L.S.) E.K.Veniselos\n(L.S.) D.Caclamanos\n(L.S.) Ismet\n(L.S.) Dr.Ryza Nour\n(L.S.) Hassan"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://en.paranormaldaybook.com/11749070-an-unusual-psychiatric-patient-with-tales-of-the-galactic-empire-and-the-dwarf-civilization

An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization

["An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nAn Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nEmperor of a distant galaxy\nTrapped in the imagination\nWaldbruchter of the underworld\nValery NIKOLAEV, \"Secrets of the XX century\" magazine, July 2016\nVideo: An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nVideo: Galactic Empire - Battle of the Heroes 2023, March", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nAn unusual psychiatrist with tales of the galactic empire and the civilization of the gnomes - psychiatrist, psychotherapist, psyche", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nSince ancient times, people who had any deviations in the psyche were avoided by those around them. Ordinary people may have instinctively felt that many mentally ill people have very strong energies. They, so to speak, are spontaneous hypnotists, capable of inspiring the interlocutor with their distorted perception of the world, captivating with bizarre fantasies", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nIt is not for nothing that they say that a hundred normal people will not convince one mentally ill person, but one mentally ill person will convince a hundred normal people.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nMany psychiatrists have experienced similar effects on the part of their patients. Among them is an American psychotherapist Robert Lindner (1914-1956).\nOne summer day in 1953, an unusual patient entered the office of Dr. Lindner, who was practicing in Baltimore - an employee of one of the secret government research centers, which was based in New Mexico.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nHe was referred for examination to a well-known psychotherapist with an excellent reputation in the medical world, since the head of the laboratory where this person worked noticed some oddities in his behavior. However, in the first minutes of communication, the visitor impressed the doctor as a completely normal person. He had a pretty face with a high forehead, an intelligent look.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nHere is what Robert Lindner writes in his book, An Hour of 50 Minutes: A Collection of True Stories from the Practice of Psychoanalysis, published in 1955:\n\u201cThe thought of him as a mad scientist vanished when I saw him in my office. An energetic-looking man of average height with clear and light eyes in a suit made of Indian striped fabric, not wrinkled, despite the long journey and the humidity.\"", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nBut the first impression vanished as soon as Kirk Allen(under such a pseudonym the doctor introduced him in the book) began to explain the reason for his visit to a psychotherapist. He stated that he has the ability to travel to cosmic worlds, visited many of them and even ruled an empire in a galaxy hundreds of light years distant from Earth.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nAs proof, he presented several puffy folders with typewritten text - a report on his space odyssey - 200 chapters on 12 thousand pages. These memoirs were accompanied by an impressive dictionary of alien terms and names, 82 color maps of the continents located on them unknown to the planet, 61 sketches of architectural landmarks erected by the inhabitants of these planets, genealogical tables of the rulers of those countries where he visited, and many star maps with unfamiliar constellations.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nAnd on top of that - a 200-page monograph in which Kirk Allen described his rule of the galactic empire. At the end of this work, a table was placed with the dates of the main events, in particular, the battles won by the valiant troops under his wise leadership.\nFinally, the doctors were \"finished off\" by 44 thematic folders presented by Allen, containing detailed information about the various planets that make up his galactic empire.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nEach was neatly labeled with labels such as \"Fauna on Srom Olma I,\" \"Transport of the Seraneb System,\" or \"Application of Unified Field Theory and Celestial Mechanics to Space Flight.\"Allen also presented 306 drawings of alien animals, plants, insects, clothing, vehicles, weapons, musical instruments and furniture.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nIn short, all of these materials provided such a vivid and detailed, detailed traced picture of fictional reality that the creators of the epoch-making space saga \"Star Wars\" would have looked pale in comparison with Allen. If Kirk Allen had guessed to take this work to the publisher, he would certainly have become a millionaire.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nThere is just one catch. John Ronald Ruel Tolkien, George Martin and other classics of the fantasy genre, creating their worlds, were perfectly aware that Middle-earth and the Seven Kingdoms were just a game of their imaginations. And Kirk Allen played so hard that he believed in the absolute reality of the world created by his fantasy. He literally lived in it, moving away from earthly reality.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nRobert Lindner found himself in a quandary. How to deal with such an unusual patient? How to return him from the world of dreams to earthly reality, help him again become a full-fledged useful member of society? He realized that he was faced with a very difficult case of mental disorder, in the treatment of which the utmost delicacy should be shown.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nTherefore, the doctor refused from shock therapy as a too extreme method, and from hypnosis, because he feared that these procedures could only worsen the patient's condition. Instead, the doctor decided to enter Allen's fantasy world, carefully study the documents presented and, discovering inconsistencies and absurdities in them, point out to the patient and thereby dissuade him in the reality of this cosmic epic.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nBut then something unexpected happened. Plunging deeper into Allen's fantasies, every day learning new details about the structure of these fictional worlds, Lindner himself almost fell into the trap of someone else's imagination. He more and more often caught himself on the fact that he was beginning to perceive this invented galaxy as a real one. That is, the patient's illness practically struck the doctor himself.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nThe behavior of the patient himself helped Robert to get out of this trap. Allen eventually got tired of the doctor's endless meticulous questions about his empire. He absolutely did not like someone else's unceremonious intrusion into the reality he created. It\u2019s just his world, and Allen didn\u2019t want to share his fantasies with anyone else.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nAnd once Kirk told Lindner that this entire cosmic world, his travels in space and time, are just stupid inventions. Thus, the patient was cured. But he still had to leave the laboratory in New Mexico, as the authorities continued to treat him with some distrust. He moved to another city, and his traces were lost. And for many years, Dr. Lindner was under the influence of Kirk Allen's fantasies.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nIt is likely that the relapse of the patient's illness, known under the pseudonym Kirk Allen, happened 10 years after the above events. Californian psychotherapist Richard Brenner told about the same difficult from a medical point of view case in his book \"Beyond Reality\".\nThe verbal portrait of the patient and the manner of his behavior almost completely coincide with the personality of Kirk Allen, who is only a little older.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nAnd he also worked in a secret laboratory associated with the development of thermonuclear weapons. And he also displeased the chief with the strangeness of his behavior.\nOnly this time, Allen traveled to the underworld. He told the doctor many interesting details about Krentirmeria - the empire of the dwarves, where he was a waldbruchter - something like the first minister, a person close to the emperor.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nAllen described his adventures in the underworld, its geography, flora and fauna, social structure, manners and customs of the inhabitants, etc. in a solid work, though less voluminous than the \"space\" one - only 3600 pages. But the volume and quality of the attached maps, tables and figures are also impressive and speak of the author's extraordinary talent.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nAllen claimed that he entered the underworld by delving into the labyrinth of caves passing under the Rocky Mountains. Gnomes live deep underground, hiding from human eyes in time immemorial. This world is very similar to the earthly one, there are also plains, mountains, rivers, forests \u2026 Only the skies are light green, and the sun is dark red, like on Earth at sunset. The underground sun is supposedly the earth's core.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nThe social structure of the underworld is an absolute monarchy. The emperor's power over the life and fate of his subjects is unlimited, but he does not abuse it, he rules wisely and mercifully, taking care of the welfare of the people and the state.\nThe dwarf civilization, unlike the earthly one, did not follow the technocratic path. They know how to mine metals", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nfrom ores, to make tools, decorations and things necessary in everyday life from them. But, for example, there are no planes, steam locomotives or cars. The inhabitants of the underworld prefer to ride and fly tamed dinosaurs. In general, the climate of Krentirmeria, its flora and fauna correspond to what was on Earth in the Cretaceous.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nThe gnomes have no natural enemies, the era of wars ended many thousands of years ago, and eternal peace was established, which allows the empire to use all means to increase the well-being of the population and the development of science and art.\nThe underground inhabitants treat the upper world with great caution and in every possible way avoid contact with people.", "An Unusual Psychiatric Patient With Tales Of The Galactic Empire And The Dwarf Civilization\nUnfortunately, Richard Brenner was not as wise as Robert Lindner. He applied medication to the patient. Shock doses of psychotropic drugs killed the patient's fantasy, and he became a \"normal\" person. The further fate of the recovered Kirk Allen (if it was him) is unknown. The fruits of his fantasies have sunk into obscurity. It's a pity."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.businessinsider.com/witness-supports-claim-matt-gaetz-told-sex-with-minor-report-2022-1

Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017

["Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\nA witness corroborated the claim that Rep. Matt Gaetz was told in 2017 he'd had sex with a minor, report says\nKelsey Vlamis and Sonam Sheth\nRep. Matt Gaetz.\nA witness told prosecutors that Matt Gaetz was aware he'd had sex with a minor, per The Daily Beast.\nJoe Ellicott said he was in the room when Joel Greenberg informed Gaetz in a phone call in 2017.\nEllicott struck a plea deal and is among several people cooperating in the sex-crimes probe into Gaetz.", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\nA witness has confirmed to federal prosecutors that Rep. Matt Gaetz was informed in 2017 that he'd had sex with a minor, sources told The Daily Beast.\nIn a letter obtained by The Daily Beast in April 2021, Gaetz's associate Joel Greenberg said he discovered a girl he and the congressman had engaged in \"sexual activities\" with was 17 at the time.", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\n\"Immediately I called the congressman and warned him to stay clear of this person and informed him she was underage,\" Greenberg wrote, according to the outlet. He added Gaetz was \"equally shocked and disturbed by this revelation\" and that \"there was no further contact with this individual until after her 18th birthday.\"", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\nAccording to The Daily Beast, someone else was in the room when Greenberg called Gaetz to convey that information: Joe Ellicott, Greenberg's close friend and a former employee at the Seminole County tax office. Both men are now cooperating with federal investigators in the sex-crimes probe into Gaetz.\nEllicott's decision to cooperate is likely bad news for the embattled Florida congressman, who has repeatedly denied any wrongdoing in connection to the sex-trafficking probe.", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\n\"After nearly a year of false rumors, not a shred of evidence has implicated Congressman Gaetz in wrongdoing,\" his chief of staff told Insider on Thursday. \"We remain focused on our work representing Floridians.\"\nAmong other things, Ellicott and Greenberg reportedly exchanged text messages via the encrypted messaging app Signal, in which Ellicott disclosed that a woman they both were associated with \"knew [the minor] was underage the whole time, had sex with her, and they both went to see other guys.\"", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\nGreenberg pleaded guilty to sex trafficking in May and agreed to cooperate fully with the government on other investigations. Ellicott agreed to cooperate this week and will plead guilty to two federal crimes \u2014 conspiracy to commit wire fraud and distribution of a controlled substance \u2014 in a case separate from the Gaetz investigation, ABC News reported.", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\nNo charges have been brought against Gaetz, but several recent developments indicate the investigation is heating up. Among other things, Gaetz's ex-girlfriend testified before a federal grand jury earlier this month. NBC News reported that the ex, whose name Insider is withholding to protect her privacy, has been talking to prosecutors for months and was granted immunity in exchange for her testimony.", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\nNBC also said prosecutors are investigating whether Gaetz sex-trafficked the 17-year-old; if he violated the Mann Act, which prohibits the transportation of \"any woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose\" across state lines; or if he obstructed justice. Gaetz has denied all three claims.", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\nWith respect to the obstruction probe, investigators are said to be scrutinizing a three-way call after the investigation started between Gaetz, his ex, and another woman who was cooperating with federal authorities and who was reportedly recording the phone call. NBC reported that authorities suspect Gaetz of obstructing justice during that conversation; he's denied the allegation.", "Witness confirms Gaetz was told he had sex with a minor in 2017\nAn attorney for Ellicott declined to comment on reporting about his client's cooperation deal. A spokesperson for Gaetz and a lawyer representing Greenberg did not immediately respond to requests for comment.\nMore: Matt Gaetz Joe Ellicott Joel Greenberg Sex Trafficking"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/opinion/columnists/2016/11/28/fidel-castros-socialism-turned-cuba-into-gray-museum/94561258/

Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post

["Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nWASHINGTON \u2014 With the end of Fidel Castro's nasty life Friday night, we can hope, if not reasonably expect, to have seen the last of charismatic totalitarians worshiped by political pilgrims from open societies. Experience suggests there will always be tyranny tourists in flight from what they consider the boring banality of bourgeois society and eager for the excitement of sojourns in \"progressive\" despotisms that they are free to admire and then leave.", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nDuring the 1930s, there were many apologists for Josef Stalin's brutalities, which he committed in the name of building a workers' paradise fit for an improved humanity. The apologists complacently said, \"You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs.\" To which George Orwell acidly replied: \"Where's the omelet?\" With Castro, the problem was lemonade.", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nSoon after Castro seized power in 1959, Jean-Paul Sartre, the French intellectual whose Stalinist politics were as grotesque as his philosophy was opaque, left Les Deux Magots cafe in Paris to visit Cuba. During a drive, he and Castro stopped at a roadside stand. They were served warm lemonade, which Castro heatedly said \"reveals a lack of revolutionary consciousness.\" The waitress shrugged, saying the refrigerator was broken", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nCastro \"growled\" (Sartre's approving description): \"Tell your people in charge that if they don't take care of their problems, they will have problems with me.\" Sartre swooned:", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\n\"This was the first time I understood \u2014 still quite vaguely \u2014 what I called 'direct democracy.' Between the waitress and Castro, an immediate secret understanding was established. She let it be seen by her tone, her smiles, by a shrug of the shoulders, that she was without illusion. And the prime minister ... in expressing himself before her without circumlocution, calmly invited her to join the rebellion.\"", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nAnother political innovator, Benito Mussolini, called his regime \"ennobled democracy,\" and as the American columnist Murray Kempton mordantly noted in 1982, photographs of Castro \"cutting sugar cane evoke the bare-chested Mussolini plunged into the battle for wheat.\" Castro's direct democracy was parsimonious regarding elections but permissive of shrugs. It did, however, forbid \"acts of public destruction,\" meaning criticism of communism.", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nStalin's terror was too high a price to pay for a great novel, but at least the world got from it Arthur Koestler's \"Darkness at Noon.\" And although Castro's regime, saturated with sadism, should never have existed, because of it the world got Valladares's testament to human endurance, his prison memoir \"Against All Hope.\" Prison food was watery soup laced with glass, or dead rats, or cows' intestines filled with feces, and Castro's agents had special uses for the ditch filled with the sewage from 8,000 people.", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nOn April 15, 1959, 15 weeks after capturing Havana, Castro, then 32, landed in Washington at what is now Reagan National Airport. He had been in America in 1948, when he studied English and bought a Lincoln. This time, on April 16, in a concession to bourgeois expectations, he dispatched an aide to buy a comb and toothbrush. His connections to communism", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\n? \"None,\" he said. He endorsed a free press as \"the first enemy of dictatorship,\" and said free elections were coming soon. Then he was off to a Princeton seminar and a lecture in the chapel at Lawrenceville prep school, well received at both places.", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nBy July red stars were being painted on Cuban military vehicles. Three years later, Soviet ballistic missiles were arriving. A year after that, a Castro admirer murdered the U.S. president whose administration had been interested in, indeed almost obsessed with, removing Castro.", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nU.S. flings at \"regime change\" in distant lands have had, to say no more, uneven results, but the most spectacular futility has been 90 miles from Florida. Castro was the object of various and sometimes unhinged U.S. attempts to remove him. After the Bay of Pigs debacle, the Kennedy administration doubled down with Operation Mongoose, which included harebrained assassination plots and a plan skeptics called \"elimination by illumination\" \u2014 having a U.S", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nsubmarine surface in Havana harbor and fire star shells into the night sky to convince Catholic Cubans that the Second Coming had come, causing them to rebel against Castro the anti-Christ. Nevertheless, Castro ruled Cuba during 11 U.S. presidencies and longer than the Soviet Union ruled Eastern Europe.", "Fidel Castro's socialism turned Cuba into a gray museum - The Washington Post\nSocialism is bountiful only of slogans, and a Castro favorite was \"socialism or death.\" The latter came to him decades after the former had made Cuba into a gray museum for a dead utopianism.\nGeorge Will's email address is [email protected]."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://store.hammer.ucla.edu/products/gothic-an-illustrated-history

Gothic: An Illustrated History

["Gothic: An Illustrated History\nThe word Gothic conjures associations with the dark and melancholy, the weird and feared, and haunted places and people. In Gothic, Roger Luckhurst offers readers an unprecedented look at the ways this uncanny style has manifested itself through architecture, literature, film, art, video games, and more. From the works of Victor Hugo and E. T. A", "Gothic: An Illustrated History\nHoffmann to Southern Gothic, ancient folklore, and classic horror movies, Luckhurst explores how an aesthetic that began in the margins has been reinvented through the centuries to become part of mainstream global culture.", "Gothic: An Illustrated History\nOrganizing his wide-ranging history by theme, Luckhurst begins with Gothic architecture and form, including such elements as the arch, the house, and ruins. He considers how the Gothic is depicted in rural and urban settings, as well as in the wilderness and borderlands", "Gothic: An Illustrated History\nAnd he delves into Gothic traditions and settings around the world, from the sublime Alps and Australian outback to the Arctic wasteland, from the dark folkloric realm of the forest to the postindustrial landscapes of abandoned hospitals and asylums, and then beyond the bounds of the planet to unknowable cosmic horror", "Gothic: An Illustrated History\nLuckhurst investigates the monsters that mirror ourselves and society, and demonstrates that as the Gothic has traveled across the globe and through time, it has morphed according to the shape of our changing fears and anxieties.", "Gothic: An Illustrated History\nFilled with a wealth of color illustrations, Gothic will enthrall anyone yearning to lift the veil on our fascination with the eerie, morbid, and supernatural.\nProfessor Roger Luckhurst\nPrinceton UniversityPress\nHardcover/ 288 pages"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://check-iq.com/the-life-of-princess-alexandra-of-denmark/

The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark

["The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nAs soon as, when Edward was staying as a guest at a country house, there was a dinner of just nine courses, soon after which most of the guests were groaning, but Edward asked, plaintively, \u201cIs there to be no cheese", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\n? \u201d Even in the last days of his life, when he was seriously quite ill, his biographer says that he was \u201c\u2026seen to do full justice to turtle soup, salmon steak, grilled chicken, saddle of mutton, various snipes stuffed with fois gras, asparagus, a fruit dish, an enormous iced concoction, and a savoury\u201d. It had to be stated that, with all their virtues, Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort have been not fantastic parents. They proposed for Edward a rigorous educational regime with which he could not cope", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nHe tried tough to realize the unrealistic expectations of his parents, but he had tiny interest in literature or intellectual matters, although he did love classical music, and in specific opera. Maybe surprisingly, he was gripped by Parsifal, an opera lasting close to six hours, which he later saw at Bayreuth, the Festival of Wagner opera.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nIf you continue to expertise troubles, you can get in touch with JSTOR help. The Ernestine line was left with a lot decreased territories, primarily in Thuringia \u2013 Weimar, Gotha, Coburg, Eienach, Altenburg, Meiningen. Nonetheless in the 19th century members of the Ernestine house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha became kings of Belgium and Portugal, as properly as Bulgaria in the early 20th century .", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nOn the following day and at several instances and locations in the succeeding weeks the Queen entertained thousands of young servants at tea. Mayors and other officials or prominent persons presided, and every single guest, immediately after listening to a musical programme, was sent away content with a box of chocolate bearing Queen Alexandra\u2019s portrait in colours. A function of a diverse character was the terrific state dinner given by the Prince and Princess of Wales at St", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nJames\u2019s Palace on July 8th in honour of the Colonial guests and guests. During this week the Countess of Jersey gave 3 garden parties at Osterley Park in honour of the guests, and Lady Howard de Walden entertained the Colonial and Indian dignitaries at a reception and concert on July 7th. 3 days later the Queen opened the Imperial Coronation Bazaar which was held on behalf of the Ormonde St. Hospital for Sick Young children", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nHer Majesty was accompanied by Princess Victoria, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the Princess Christian and other members of the Royal household, and the occasion was successful regardless of a storm of wind and rain.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nHis sister Victoria married Prince Frederick William of Prussia, generating Bertie the uncle of the German Kaiser, Willhelm II. In Johannesburg in 1902, the Johannesburg High College for Boys was established by the Milner administration. This college later relocated to Barnato Park and in 1911 new college buildings had been erected in Upper Houghton on the edge of Yeoville", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nFollowing the death of Edward VII in 1910 and to commemorate his memory, it was decided to name the college navigate to this web-site King Edward VII college. It was a boys college designed to promote and cultivate manly Anglo saxon values, a military mien, provided an sophisticated education and moulded the characters of quite a few young man who readily volunteered to fight for King and Country in both the First and Second World Wars.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nThis also meant relatives that had German titles were made British Peers and relinquished all their German titles. Her loved ones had been descendents of Duke of Teck and now were designed Marquess of Cambridge, a title recreated in the name Duke of Cambridge, made use of by Prince William, the son of the Prince of Wales. When she met Prince Edward, then heir apparent, she was currently divorced and in the course of action of divorcing her second husband", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nBut none the less there lay in his hand a vast and developing power\u2014the private influence wielded by a preferred and experienced Monarch more than his Ministry, his Court, his Diplomatic Employees throughout the globe, and his higher officers in the Army and Navy. The images of public events in which the king played the chief part are quite several, including his baptism in Painted by Sir George Hayter, Louis Haghe, George Baxter, and other folks his marriage in 1863, painted by W", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nThrough the Indian tour of 1875 a quantity of incidents have been recorded in drawings by Sydney P. Hall, W. Simpson, and other artists. A precious collection of original drawings for illustrated periodicals, depicting scenes in his majesty\u2019s reign, is in possession of Queen Alexandra", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nThe presence in the second sentence of the phrase \u2018 in the opinion of my advisers \u2018 gave rise to the misconception that the words had been the king\u2019s interpolation, and had been intended to express his personal unwillingness to determine himself with his ministers\u2019 policy. As a matter of truth the phrase was, like the rest of the paragraph, from the prime minister\u2019s pen, and the king made no comment on it when the draft was submitted to him.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nBut the effect was to set on foot an agitation, not amongst the Mohammedans but amongst the Hindus of Bengal, which offered the Indian government with very grave issues of administration for at least 5 years to come. In South Africa following the treaty of 1902 British supremacy was no longer in query. Nonetheless the war appeared to have been only the culminating phase of a long period of racial antagonism.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nThe Rothschild family have extended been amongst His Majesty\u2019s personal mates, each in England and on the Continent, and amongst his intimates was the late Baron Hirsch, with whom he stayed in Austria, notwithstanding the intense anti-Semitic prejudices of the Austrian Court. The King has thoroughly studied the query of the Russian Jews, and has interested himself on their behalf in such a way as really should earn for him the gratitude of each and every Jew in Europe and America", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nNonetheless His Majesty\u2019s liking for the Selected Folks has been sometimes misinterpreted, and ascribed to not really creditable motives. Accordingly, the young Princes started in the Bacchante cruiser, Captain Lord Charles Scott, becoming once again entrusted to the care of Mr. Dalton, who was afterwards made a Canon of Windsor", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nCanon Dalton, it is interesting to note, attended Prince George when, as Duke of Cornwall and York, and accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall and York, he visited Australia to inaugurate the Federal Parliament, coming home by New Zealand and Canada", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nThe year 1892 opened auspiciously both for the Royal loved ones and the nation, inasmuch as, straight away on the convalescence of Prince George, the engagement of his elder brother, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck was announced.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nThey enjoyed seclusion at their new residences of Osborne Residence, on the Isle of Wight, and Balmoral in the Scottish Highlands, exactly where they could reside a private life not all that unique from their subjects. Queen Victoria succeeded to the throne at age 18, following the death of her uncle, William IV, in 1837. She was an ardent imperialist and took an intense interest in her colonial subjects. Queen Victoria favoured Confederation and acted as a unifying influence for Canada\u2019s provinces.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nTo the Czar, the north from the Oural to the far Sagahlien to the other, the south from the Straits of Babel Mandeb to Hong Kong. No two males on this planet ever represented so vast a range of Imperial power as the initial mourners at the bier of Alexander the Third. Throughout the final Jubilee the Prince presided, on June 18th, as President of the Imperial Institute, at a banquet offered to the Colonial Premiers and other representatives in London", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nUpon his ideal sat Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Premier of Canada, and upon his left Mr. Whitelaw Reid, the special Envoy of the United States. In one of his tactful speeches on this occasion, His Royal Highness referred to the massive development of the Colonies in the course of the Queen\u2019s record reign and expressed the hope that present peaceful situations could possibly extended continue", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\n\u201cGod grant it,\u201d he added, \u201cbut if the national flag is threatened I am convinced that all the Colonies will unite to sustain what exists and to preserve the unity of the Empire.\u201d In little a lot more than a year these words have been completely borne out by events.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nIndependently even so of ministerial authority and very irresponsibly, the prince with growing freedom discussed foreign affairs with mates at property and abroad. At Biarritz, exactly where he stayed in 1879, at Cannes, or at Paris he emphatically declared in all circles his appreciate of France, his hope of a perpetual peace among her and England, and his dread of another Franco-German war. He showed his open-mindedness as to the Channel tunnel scheme by inspecting the performs at Dover", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nIn the spring of 1887 he was at Cannes throughout an alarming earthquake, and his cool and courageous behaviour in the course of the peril enhanced his reputation in southern France. Taine, the historian, attached value to a rumour which credited the prince with meddling in internal French politics hi order to keep the peace in between France and Germany.", "The Life of Princess Alexandra of Denmark\nTags: germantranslation\nNext The Four Very Best Sony Tvs Of 2022: Reviews And Clever Attributes\nPrevious Travel Icons: The Taj Mahal\nForget Achieving This together with your \ubc14\uad6c\uc778, Do This\nTesla Cybertruck: This Is It"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wvxu.org/news-from-npr/2005-07-14/london-investigation-centers-on-conspirators

London Investigation Centers on Conspirators

["London Investigation Centers on Conspirators\nLondon Investigation Centers on Conspirators\nScotland Yard releases photos of Hasib Hussain, who it says blew up a bus in last week's attacks in London. Police say three of the bombers are thought to have attended the same mosque; the fourth is thought to be a Jamaican-born convert to Islam. All are now believed to have died in the attacks.", "London Investigation Centers on Conspirators\nIn releasing passport and CCTV images of Hussain, 18, Scotland Yard made a plea for information about his motions in the days before the attack. The most recent image of Hussain was taken at the Luton station on the morning of the attacks.", "London Investigation Centers on Conspirators\nIn addition to Hussain, police also released the name of another of the four men they believe carried out the attacks: Shahzad Tanweer, 22, who died in the Aldgate explosion. Reports have also named Mohammed Sidique Khan, 30, as another bomber, along with Lindsey Germaine, a British citizen born in Jamaica.\nHear Robert Siegel and Duncan Campbell of the London Guardian."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/246497/report-cardinal-gregory-thought-usccb-statement-on-biden-inauguration-ill-timed

Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration ‘ill-timed’

["Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nReport: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nThen-Archbishop Wilton Gregory at the 2020 Youth Rally and Mass for Life Credit: Peter Zelasko/CNA\nWashington D.C., Feb 15, 2021 / 11:30 am\nThe Archbishop of Washington thought the U.S. bishops' statement for President Biden's inauguration \"ill-timed,\" according to NBC's \"Today\" co-host Al Roker on Monday.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nAt the end of an interview segment with Cardinal Wilton Gregory of Washington, D.C. that aired Monday morning on NBC's \"Today,\" Roker noted \"areas of disagreement\" between the Catholic Church and the new Biden administration, including on the issue of abortion.\nRoker cited the Jan. 20 statement of the U.S. bishops' conference (USCCB) on Biden's inauguration, which had warned that some of Biden's proposed policies would \"advance moral evils.\" Roker then reported Gregory's take on the USCCB statement.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\n\"Cardinal Gregory told me he felt the statement was quote 'ill-timed,' and reiterated that the Church and the President agree on many other things,\" Roker said, emphasizing Gregory's message of \"dialogue\" with the new administration.\nThe Archdiocese of Washington did not immediately respond to CNA's request for comment on Roker's report.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nCardinal Gregory's NBC interview aired on Monday as part of Today's \"Changemakers\" series, and in honor of Black History Month. The cardinal discussed facing racism as an archbishop, and outlined how he would dialogue with the new Biden administration.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nPresident Biden is only the second Catholic president in U.S. history. Cardinal Gregory has previously said he would dialogue directly with the Biden administration, and would not deny Communion to Biden despite the president's support for legal abortion and same-sex marriage.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nThe Jan. 20 USCCB statement on Biden's inauguration was initially withheld by the conference on the morning of the inauguration. The USCCB then released it around the same time that Pope Francis issued his statement on the inauguration.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nIn the USCCB statement, conference president Archbishop Jose Gomez of Los Angeles offered prayers for Biden and said the bishops spoke not as partisans but with the aim of guiding consciences. Gomez noted the unusual circumstance of a Catholic occupying the White House for only the second time in U.S. history, and outlined policy areas of agreement and disagreement between Biden and the bishops.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nOn the \"preeminent\" issue of abortion and on other matters such as marriage and gender ideology, Biden has proposed policies \"that would advance moral evils,\" Gomez' statement read.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nIn an unprecedented move later that day, Cardinal Blas\u00e9 Cupich of Chicago tweeted his criticism of the USCCB statement. He called it \"ill-considered\" and claimed it circumvented the normal administrative procedure of the conference on issuing statements. Other U.S. bishops stated their support for Archbishop Gomez in their statements on Biden's inauguration.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nDuring his NBC interview on Monday, Cardinal Gregory said he would actively dialogue with President Biden on his policies that both align with and contradict Church teaching. The cardinal said he would do so respectfully.\n\"But there will be moments when I will be able to speak to him about faith, about the works that he's trying to accomplish that we can be supportive of, but also areas where we're not going to agree,\" Gregory said.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nIn November, Cardinal Gregory said that in dialogue with the Biden administration, he hoped he wouldn't \"highlight\" one issue \"over the other.\" While he did not appear alongside Biden as the president was sworn into office on Jan. 20, the cardinal stood near Biden on the evening before while offering a prayer for COVID-19 victims at the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool.", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nCardinal Gregory also addressed the topic of racism in his interview with Roker. Gregory was the first African-American president of the USCCB in 2001, and became the first African-American cardinal in 2020.\nWhen asked why it took so long for an African-American bishop to be made a cardinal, Gregory responded that \"we're still grappling with racism and with exclusion. That's still a part of the world in which we live.\"", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\n\"I don't know of any African-American who hasn't tasted the bitter cup of discrimination,\" he said, noting that he and other African-American priests have had to deal with racism firsthand.\nGregory said that while he is treated with respect in his clerical garb, \"if I take off my clerics to go out, I'm in the pool of every other African-American man in Washington.\"\nCardinal Wilton Gregory,\nAnalysis: Will Gregory\u2019s \u2018dialogue\u2019 with Biden undermine USCCB?", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nArchbishop Wilton Gregory has committed himself to working with the president-elect\u2019s administration. But the soon-to-be cardinal\u2019s pledge could put him in tension with the work of the U.S. bishops\u2019 conference, as it tries to speak to the White House with a unified voice.\nUPDATED: US bishops release prepared statement on Biden inauguration", "Report: Cardinal Gregory thought USCCB statement on Biden inauguration \u2018ill-timed\u2019\nAs Joe Biden is inaugurated Wednesday as president of the United States, the U.S. bishops had prepared a statement saying they planned to engage the new administration on issues including abortion, religious freedom, racism, and poverty.\nIn unprecedented move, Cardinal Cupich criticizes USCCB statement on Biden\nCardinal Blase Cupich, archbishop of Chicago, used Twitter to issue a scathing criticism of the USCCB\u2019s official statement on the inauguration of President Joe Biden."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://gseart.com/exhibitions-essay/1031

From Brücke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933

["From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nIn the last decades of the nineteenth century, Germany, like much of Europe and the United States, underwent an extensive process of industrialization", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nEverywhere, industrialization produced enormous social and economic changes: a shift from a predominantly rural to an urban-oriented society, resulting in a displacement of peasants and farmers by factory workers, handicraft by mechanization; the advent of mass production, mass communications and mass culture; the rise of a new capitalist class that threatened traditional power hierarchies", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nGermany industrialized somewhat later and more rapidly than other countries, and the German people arguably were therefore more shaken by the concomitant social upheaval. The stresses of industrialization were further exacerbated in Germany by the fact that the nation, formerly an agglomeration of independent kingdoms, duchies and city-states, was only first unified in 1871. Reactions to modernity were therefore inexorably infused with a yearning for national identity.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThis peculiar combination of circumstances in Germany created a distinctive, widespread ambivalence toward modernity. To the extent that the concept of nationhood depended on the identification of intrinsically German qualities that predated unification, Germans were inclined to look backward, rather than forward, for role models. To the extent that modern innovations came from abroad, they were denounced as un-deutsch (un-German)", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nNevertheless, by the early twentieth century Germany was one of the world's leading industrial powers. Capitalism was permeating every aspect of the economy, undermining the old system of aristocratic patronage, forcing fine artists to confront the market in unfamiliar ways, and generating previously unknown outlets for more commercially-minded artists in areas like graphic design, typography and advertising", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nModernity was inescapable, but it set a paradoxical agenda: invent new yet entirely German forms of visual expression; create a new world while reconstituting the values of an idealized past.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nGerman Expressionism was never a coherent style in the sense that Impressionism and Cubism were. In a myriad manifesti and polemics, artists put forth earnest theoretical programs, yet they for the most part left the visual specifics open to individual interpretation. Style followed intent, and artists tended to approach modernism as an intellectual problem. In so doing, they naturally assimilated various philosophical ideas that were then circulating in Germany at large", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe belief in artists as spiritual emissaries, a grounding principle of the Romantic movement in the early nineteenth century, had been expanded by Friedrich Nietzsche into the concept of the \u00dcbermensch: an artistic \"superman\" who would liberate humankind from the materialistic strictures of bourgeois society", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nRevolutionary (not to say nihilistic) fervor, willful defiance of convention and a profound commitment to the spiritual in art were among the disparate facets of Expressionism that derived from Nietzsche\u2019s writings. But perhaps the most important aspect of the Romantic/Nietzschean legacy was the belief that artistic leadership can transform society; that art is capable of saving the world.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nIn the concept of artistic salvation, however, lay an implicit contempt for things-as-they-are. Not only was it possible for a modern artist to reject modern society, in Germany this was almost a prerequisite for membership in the avant-garde", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nValidating a distinction first articulated by the influential sociologist Ferdinand T\u00f6nnies in 1887, many Germans associated Gesellschaft (society) with the dehumanizing influence of the contemporary metropolis, and Gemeinschaft (community) with the intimate bonds of kinship fostered by rural folkways. The two principal Expressionist groups, the Br\u00fccke (1905-1913) and the Blauer Reiter (1911-1914), incorporated the idea of Gemeinschaft in communal working arrangements and regular jaunts to countryside", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe natural environment was an important touchstone for the German avant-garde, as it was for many ordinary citizens, who joined preservation societies and hiking groups in order to connect with the rural Heimat (homeland). Outdoor activities were central to the German youth movement, and the valorization of youth, which was identified with modernity and the new nation, was another element that the Expressionists culled from the Zeitgeist. \"With a belief in continuing evolution, . .", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nwe call together all youth,\" declared the Br\u00fccke artists in their Programme. \"We intend to obtain freedom of movement and of life for ourselves in opposition to older, well-established powers.\"", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe Br\u00fccke group was founded by four architecture students, Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, in Dresden in 1905. Aside from the fact that there are many bridges in Dresden, the name Br\u00fccke (bridge) suggests several potent interpretations", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nMost often cited is a quote from Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra: \"What is great in man is that he is a bridge not a goal.\" The Br\u00fccke artists saw themselves simultaneously as a bridge to the future and a bridge between Germany and the rest of the world. During the eight years of its existence, the Br\u00fccke group was extremely energetic, promoting itself by organizing no fewer than 70 exhibitions and publishing an annual print portfolio, paid for by \"passive\" members who contributed twelve Marks", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe founding artists also solicited \"active\" members from Germany and abroad, the best known of whom are Emil Nolde and Max Pechstein (who both joined in 1906) and Otto Mueller (who joined in 1910). Nolde, a loner more than ten years older than most of the other members, resigned in 1907, as did Bleyl, who married that year.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe Br\u00fccke 's K\u00fcnstlergemeinschaft (artists' community) was an attempt, in Kirchner's words, \"to bring art and life into harmony with each other.\" The artists' work was from the outset ideologically inflected and endowed with double or triple metaphorical meanings. A landscape could evoke, simultaneously or separately, an Edenic state of nature, a healthful outdoor life or an antidote to urban decadence", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe \"primitivism\" favored by both the Br\u00fccke and the Blauer Reiter likewise offered an escape from the taint of civilization, as well as an \"authentic,\" non-Western formal vocabulary. Nudity connoted primeval innocence, health, youth and shameless pleasure. The revival of woodcut, an art form central to the Br\u00fccke enterprise, was a deliberate attempt to reference Germany's medieval past, thereby giving modernism a Germanic foundation", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nAlthough it is clear that the Br\u00fccke artists were influenced by Cezanne and the French Fauves, the Germans took pains to distance themselves from such foreign sources, preferring instead to cite role models like D\u00fcrer and Cranach. While \"Expressionism\" was a label used mostly by critics and dealers, and accepted uneasily or not at all by many artists, it was nonetheless the first distinctly German art movement.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nIn 1908, Pechstein moved to Berlin, but he rejoined his Br\u00fccke comrades for their summer excursions to the Moritzburg lake district outside Dresden and hosted them when they visited the German capital. There was no question that Berlin was quickly becoming the center of the nation's art market, and in 1911 Heckel, Kirchner and Schmidt-Rottluff moved there too. However, in this more competitive commercial environment, discord soon developed among the artists", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nIn 1912, Pechstein left the Br\u00fccke after agreeing to exhibit at the Berlin Secession, which two years earlier had refused to show the rest of the group. In 1913, Kirchner resigned after penning a history of the Br\u00fccke that the others found self-serving. Shortly thereafter, the organization officially disbanded. It is ironic and perhaps fitting that the Br\u00fccke, with its fervent desire to take contemporary society back to its primordial roots, should have been done in by the modern metropolis.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nCreators active in the applied arts had, of necessity, a more practical and therefore a more positive attitude toward industrialization than did their colleagues in the fine arts", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nRecognizing that industrialization had severed the link between design and production that existed in traditional workshops and had simultaneously destroyed the guild system that previously educated artisans, Germans established Kunstgwerbemuseen (arts and crafts museums) and loosely affiliated Kunstgwerbesch\u00fclen (arts and crafts schools) to showcase exemplary products and train young designers", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nDesign collectives such as the Vereinigte Werkst\u00e4tten f\u00fcr Kunst im Handwerk (United Workshops for Art in Handicraft), founded in Munich in 1897, connected artists and craftsmen with sympathetic consumers. Under the patronage of the Grand Duke of Hesse, a design-oriented artists' colony, replete with its own state-of-the art housing, was established in 1899 at Mathildenh\u00f6he in Darmstadt", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nKarl Ernst Osthaus, the son of a wealthy banker, likewise used his hometown of Hagen as a site for architectural experimentation and sent his design collection traveling cross-country to educate businessmen in matters of taste. Perhaps the key organization uniting designers and industry, however, was the Deutsche Werkbund (German Work Federation), founded in 1907 with official government support.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nWhile some of the aforementioned ventures incorporated aspects of the utopian K\u00fcnstlergemeinschaft, they all shared a commercial core, united in the belief that good design was central to the competitive success of German industry. Like their counterparts in the fine arts, designers felt charged with the task of creating forms that were both modern and distinctly German", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nEven typefaces had nationalistic implications: Fraktur, thought to emulate the flow of the ancient quill, was considered the ur-German letterform, whereas the more geometrical Roman fonts used throughout the rest of Europe were branded un-deutsch. Bowing to the necessity of international legibility, Lucian Bernhard invented a typeface, Antiqua, that combined aspects of both styles", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe Deutsche Werkbund, as the first national organization of its kind, was especially conscious of issues pertaining to German identity. Hermann Muthesius, the Werkbund\u2019s chairman from 1910 to 1916, believed that shoddy goods were contributing to the degeneration of German society, and he proposed uniform design standards to safeguard quality and to promote German brand recognition abroad.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe concept of branding--the creation of a comprehensive identity for a product or company--resonated deeply for many Germans. Branding became the corporate face of the Gesamtkunstwerk (total artwork), an idea first mooted by the composer Richard Wagner in the nineteenth century. For Wagner, opera--melding music, acting, literature and the visual arts--was the quintessential Gesamtkunstwerk", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nFor designers, a Gesamtkunstwerk could be any coordinated environment or object: as large as a city, as small as a beautifully crafted book. The community at Mathildenh\u00f6he, which the contemporary art historian Julius Meier-Graefe likened to \"a fairy-tale in the ideal kingdom,\" was such a Gesamtkunstwerk, a place where creators in all branches of the arts were invited to live and work together in harmony", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nIt is surprising how easily this idealistic conception, with its implicit promise of enlightenment through art, could be turned to commercial ends. Peter Behrens, one of the principal architects at Mathildenh\u00f6he, later created a visual identity for the electrical company A.E.G. that included factories, showrooms, product design, typography and advertising.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nInsofar as graphic design was a denominator common to diverse branches of the applied arts, it functioned as the glue that held the Gesamtkunstwerk together. Graphics, the foundation of advertising, also constituted the public face of German design. To compete with Paris, the leader in modern poster production, a Verein der Plakatfreunde (Society of Friends of the Poster) was established in Berlin in 1905, followed by an ancillary magazine, Das Plakat, in 1910", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nGermany, the birthplace of lithography, had a particularly well developed printing industry, and printers, rather than ad agencies, usually intermediated between clients and artists. Although they were sometimes collected as art objects, posters served a fundamentally commercial purpose. They had to conform to the format suggested by specially constructed advertising pillars and to compete visually with other posters as well as with the general bustle of urban life", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nLucian Bernhard, artistic advisor to both the Verein der Plakatfreunde and the prestigious art printers Hollerbaum und Schmidt, pioneered the distinctive Sachplakat (object poster): a bold, bright sheet featuring a single image. Using up to sixteen separate lithographic stones to achieve complex, intensely saturated colors, the Sachplakat transformed products into desirable commodities that spoke for themselves.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nModernity\u2019s inexorable ascendancy continued apace in the difficult years following World War I. It was clear that economic survival demanded success in the international marketplace, and German efforts could not be compromised by archaic forms of nationalism, escapism or ambivalence toward industrialization. Given the privations induced by the war, people of all political persuasions looked to technology to provide them with a better life", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe idea of art-for-art's-sake and the introspective musings of the Expressionists, too, were pass\u00e9. In place of impractical idealism, Germans lauded Sachlichkeit: a term usually translated as \"objectivity\" that also, however, connotes rationality and realism. Putting their faith in the ostensibly socialist government of the fledgling Weimar Republic, most artists, fine and applied, saw social engagement as an urgent priority", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe masses, rather than the corrupt bourgeoisie, were the target audience; the collective, rather than the individual, was the guiding force.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nDespite the German art scene's palpable shift in emphasis, the belief that art could change the world survived, if anything stronger than before. In the heady days following the overthrow of Germany's imperial regime in 1918, three major artists' coalitions--the Novembergruppe (November Group) and Arbeitsrat f\u00fcr Kunst (Worker\u2019s Council for Art) in Berlin, and the Dresdener Sezession--Gruppe 19 in Dresden--were formed to shape the cultural policy of the new republic", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nEschewing the preciousness of oil painting, artists focused on producing prints, which could be distributed to a wider, less affluent audience. Artistic subject matter, too, reflected the realities of the common citizen, the corruption of the war and the suffering it had produced at home. United in the pursuit of social betterment and justice, artists of the Weimar period, like their prewar predecessors, refrained from endorsing any one style", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nPretensions to Sachlichkeit notwithstanding, German artists remained idealists at heart. It was perhaps inevitable that more forthright political involvement would eventually transform this idealism into bitterness. The Weimar regime was quick to betray its socialist aspirations, frequently siding with rightwing militarists and leaving capitalist war profiteers safely ensconced in positions of privilege", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nGeorge Grosz, a potent critic of what he facetiously dubbed \"the pillars of society,\" was subjected to two censorship trials. When it came to artists with political inclinations, the new regime proved no more tolerant of expressive freedom than the old one. The art of the Weimar period was ultimately a record of dashed hopes. The city figured in the work of Grosz, Max Beckmann and Otto Dix more prominently, but no more positively, than it had in prewar art", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe metropolis was a nexus of moral and spiritual debasement; the ubiquitous prostitute emblematic of a culture in which everything, even human beings, had its price. So grim, indeed, was the view of society presented by Weimar-era artists that even the Communist party--with which many of these artists sympathized--distanced itself from the work. The proletariat was not fooled by artists\u2019 expressions of socialist solidarity, which hardly masked their innate elitism.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nIn German artists' self-imposed mandate to save the world lay the assumption that they were qualified to do so, and the conviction that ordinary folk should bow to their superior taste and wisdom. Among the various organizations formed during the Weimar period to lead the German public to artistic enlightenment, the most influential and longest-lived was probably the Bauhaus", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nEstablished in Weimar in 1919 under the leadership of the architect Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus amalgamated a previously existing School of Fine Arts and Kunstgewerbeschule. Combining the fine and the applied arts in its curriculum, the Bauhaus was yet another incarnation of the Gesamtkunstwerk, with architecture as the overriding framework", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nGropius exhorted his students to \"conceive and create the new building of the future, which will embrace architecture and sculpture and painting in one unity and which will rise one day toward heaven from the hands of a million workers like the crystal symbol of a new faith.\" Shades of the old K\u00fcnstlergemeinschaft were evoked by the Bauhaus's workshop structure, wherein \"masters\" and \"apprentices\" collaborated toward a common goal", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nContinuing the prewar quest to reunite design with production, each workshop at first had two \"masters\": an artist and a craftsman.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe Gesamtkunstwerk and the kindred leveling of art and craft were ideals that much of the prewar avant-garde had readily accepted. However, craft was one thing, industry another. The artists who taught at the Bauhaus included several former members of the Blauer Reiter group, most notably its leader, Wassily Kandinsky, as well as Lyonel Feininger and Paul Klee. Feininger in particular looked on in dismay as the Bauhaus, abandoning its early idealism, tilted more and more in the direction of industry", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\n\"A genuine technologist will quite correctly refuse to enter into artistic questions,\" he wrote, \"and . . . the greatest technical perfection can never replace the divine spark of art.\" Nevertheless, functional design was the Bauhaus's raison d'etre, and there were critics who felt the school did not go far enough in accommodating modern technological advances. To this end, Gropius in 1923 put the Hungarian artist L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Moholy-Nagy in charge of the foundation curriculum", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe principles most closely associated with the Bauhaus were articulated in a 1925 statement that endorsed the \"affirmation of the living environment of machines and vehicles,\" the use of \"primary forms and colors readily accessible to everyone,\" the \"economical use of space, material, time and money\" and \"the creation of standard types for all practical commodities.\" By crafting a design ethic geared to mass production, the Bauhaus created a unique language of form for the modern age.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nYet the Bauhaus could not indefinitely contain the contradictions that had from the outset characterized German attitudes toward modernity. The school\u2019s history reflects deep-seated conflicts between idealism and practicality, \"pure\" art and commercialism, individual creativity and uniform standards. Ironically, although many members of the Bauhaus staff were socialists, designing for industry inevitably put them in league with capitalist interests", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe right-wing National People\u2019s Party, determined to oust the Bauhaus from Weimar, accused the school of damaging German culture by privileging design over art and of \"favoring elements alien to the race [i.e., Jews] over German nationals.\" Weimar eventually stopped funding the Bauhaus, and in 1925 it moved to Dessau, a larger, more industrially advanced city that initially seemed preferable", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nThe Nazis, who acquired a majority in the Dessau parliament in 1931, chased the Bauhaus to Berlin, where it survived as a private institution until 1933, when Hitler took over the national government and closed the school permanently. The charges leveled against the Bauhaus, and modern art in general, echoed an old refrain: the work was un-deutsch; it was degenerate; it was toxic to German society", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nLike the German avant-garde, the Nazis believed in the transformative power of art, and they were therefore determined to control it.", "From Br\u00fccke To Bauhaus: The Meanings of Modernity in Germany, 1905-1933\nWe would like to convey our warmest thanks to Merrill C. Berman, whose generous cooperation made this exhibition possible. Checklist entries include catalogue raisonn\u00e9 numbers, where applicable. Unless otherwise indicated, image dimensions are given for the prints and full dimensions for all other works, including the posters."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nomads-travel-guide.com/places/piazza-del-foro-and-roman-theater/

Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia

["Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nPiazza del Foro is one of the oldest squares in Brescia, born on the forum of the Roman city in the 1st century AD . It is part of the Brescia Antica district , in the heart of the historic center , crossed to the north by via dei Musei . It is rectangular in shape and contains most of the Roman remains of the city, divided between the Capitolium , the civil basilica and the archaeological excavations of Palazzo Martinengo Cesaresco Novarino.", "Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nAlthough dating back to the early Iron Age , as evidenced by some archaeological studies on the finds kept in Palazzo Martinengo , the square had its maximum splendor in Roman times .", "Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nThe ancient Roman forum has been attributed by many to the role of center of the civil and religious life of Roman Brixia , as evidenced by the presence of the Capitoline temple , located in the northern part of the square, which included two rows of side arcades of which some remains sign in the central part of the square, and of the Basilica (or court), of which some finds are preserved in the surrounding buildings.", "Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nA further demonstration of the centrality that this square covered in the life of the ancient Roman Brixia , is the presence of the ancient Decumano Massimo , an ancient city road that allowed connections with the other inhabited centers of the area on the Bergamo \u2013 Verona axis , the one that currently it is Via Musei, which divided the square from another Roman building, albeit from a later period, the theater .", "Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nLocated on the slopes of the Cidneo hill , the square, which has a more than accentuated slope towards the south, is an example of the combination of various architectures that Brescia has undergone over the years", "Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nTogether with the buildings of the Roman period we find post \u2013 Renaissance buildings and from later periods, while there are few testimonies of the medieval period , perhaps due to the progressive abandonment of these places by the citizens of the time to prefer the \u201cnew\u201d areas of the current square Paul VI and Piazza della Vittoria.", "Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nIn fact in the northern part, at the opposite corners formed by the intersection with via Musei, we find two examples of post- seventeenth -century architecture such as the church of San Zeno al Foro , built in 1745 , and the noble palace Martinengo , built by Cesare IV Martinengo Cesaresco towards the middle of the seventeenth century on the basis of a previous building, inside which it is possible to visit an archaeological itinerary that welcomes testimonies from the Iron Age to the late Middle Ages , obviously passing through the Roman age.", "Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nAlong the Decumano , and in the areas adjacent to the square, there are numerous buildings, also from the Renaissance period , such as the Maggi di Gradella palace, the Lana palace, the Uggeri palace and the Maggi Gambara palace , built by the Brescian architect Lodovico Beretta .\nVisiting Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater\nAddress: Piazza del Foro, Brescia, Province of Brescia, Italy\nTours and Activities from Brescia\nLatest Blogs from Brescia\nSelf Guided Walking Tour of Brescia (with photos & a map!)", "Piazza del Foro and Roman Theater, Brescia\nEvery year thousands of people flock to Lake Garda in northern Italy to experience its picture perfect towns, clear mountain water and natural wonders. But just beyond the lake\u2019s shores lies a region bursting with a rich history.\nAndrew Ashton\n1st November 2022 \u00b7 7 min read"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wfdd.org/story/ntsb-uber-self-driving-car-had-disabled-emergency-brake-system-fatal-crash

Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash

["Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nNTSB: Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\n8:48pm May 24, 2018\nA vehicle drives by the spot where an Uber self-driving vehicle struck and killed a pedestrian earlier this year in Tempe, Ariz. The National Transportation Safety Board released a preliminary report Thursday on the collision.\nChris Carlson / AP", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nThe Uber self-driving vehicle that struck and killed a pedestrian two months ago in Tempe, Ariz., took note of the victim with its sensors, but its software did not engage the car's brakes to prevent the collision, according to a preliminary report released Thursday by the National Transportation Safety Board.", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nInvestigators with the federal agency determined that the car's detection systems, including radar and laser instruments, observed a woman walking her bicycle across the road roughly six seconds before impact \u2014 likely enough time, in other words, for a vehicle driving 43 mph to brake and avoid fatally injuring the woman.", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nBut it did not immediately identify the woman as a human pedestrian. Instead, the agency said, \"as the vehicle and pedestrian paths converged, the self-driving system software classified the pedestrian as an unknown object, as a vehicle, and then as a bicycle with varying expectations of future travel path.\"", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nIt was not until 1.3 seconds before impact that the car's self-driving system \"determined that an emergency braking maneuver was needed to mitigate a collision,\" NTSB explained. Investigators added that the driver, who was alone in the car and survived without injuries, intervened less than a second before the crash and only began to brake after the impact.", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nAs to why the software did not engage the brakes on its own, NTSB noted that this passive approach is actually an intentional part of the design. The agency explained that the vehicle, a modified 2017 Volvo XC90, comes \"factory equipped\" with automatic emergency braking \u2014 but that Uber's system disables this function and others when it's in use.", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\n\"According to Uber,\" the agency said, \"emergency braking maneuvers are not enabled while the vehicle is under computer control, to reduce the potential for erratic vehicle behavior. The vehicle operator is relied on to intervene and take action. The system is not designed to alert the operator.\"\nThe agency noted that \"all aspects of the self-driving system were operating normally at the time of the crash, and that there were no faults or diagnostic messages.\"", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nAs NPR's Scott Neuman reported in March, dashcam footage released by Tempe police showed the safety driver's gaze apparently \"divided between something inside the car and the road,\" with eyes diverted for several seconds before finally looking up again just moments before impact.", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\n\"In a postcrash interview with NTSB investigators, the vehicle operator stated that she had been monitoring the self-driving system interface,\" the report said. \"The operator further stated that although her personal and business phones were in the vehicle, neither was in use until after the crash, when she called 911.\"", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nThe pedestrian, for her part, had been dressed in dark clothing and crossing the road in a section not directly illuminated by streetlights, hundreds of feet from the nearest crosswalk, according to investigators. \"Toxicology test results for the pedestrian were positive for methamphetamine and marijuana,\" they added.", "Uber Self-Driving Car Had Disabled Emergency Brake System Before Fatal Crash\nNTSB asserted several times that its probe remains ongoing, and that the preliminary report did not set out to find probable cause for the fatal collision. The agency said that investigators are still working on determining that cause, and that it intends to issue \"safety recommendations to prevent similar crashes.\"\n#news #technology #self-driving cars #uber #national transportation safety board #national"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1987-05-10-8701290852-story.html

Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph

["Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nALFONSIN SAVORING A PERILOUS TRIUMPH\nBy STORER H. ROWLEY and Chicago Tribune\nBUENOS AIRES, Argentina -- Not since Juan Peron has a leader so captured the Argentine imagination as has Raul Alfonsin. Even some lifelong Peronistas are calling themselves \"Alfonsinistas\" these days.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nUnlike Peron, Alfonsin would rather bequeath democracy to his compatriots than another divisive legacy of party politics and military coups. Recent events have put him in the best position to do that of any chief executive here in nearly 60 years.\n\"My biggest triumph will be to turn the presidency over to another civilian president when I finish my term,\" Alfonsin recently told author Jacobo Timerman, a prominent victim of military repression under the former ruling junta.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nFor decades, being elected president in Argentina has been a lot easier than completing the six-year term. No nonmilitary president has done that since 1928, Timerman noted, due to an endless cycle of coups.\nBedeviled by a nightmarish half-century of military dominance, and open rebellion last month in the army ranks, this country of 30 million once again is trying to make the tough transition toward true constitutional government and the rule of law.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nIt hasn't been easy. For 40 months, Alfonsin, 61, has struggled to keep Argentina on a democratic course despite an explosive situation in the armed forces, a barely improved economy and a foreign debt now approaching $54 billion --Latin America's third largest after Brazil and Mexico.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nAlfonsin, a lawyer-turned-statesman with a bushy mustache and dark circles under his eyes, has countered force with reason, met opposition with compromise, put down mutiny with morality and, by many accounts, helped change the course of Argentine history.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\n\"This country is in transition,\" says Brian Thomson, a longtime Alfonsin aide and friend. \"He's a kind of nurse trying to nurse this country back to some kind of democratic personality in which the will of the people has something to do with what happens, in which fear is banned.\"", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nThomson, who is Alfonsin's undersecretary of research and administrative reform, added, \"One doesn't want to be grandiose, but you could say Alfonsin's main legacy could be the founding of a second republic, because the first one hasn't had a peaceful transfer of power since 1928.\"", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nElected president by 52 percent of the vote, Alfonsin took office in December 1983, as a member of the Radical Civic Union, a moderate party at odds with the opposition Peronistas, a party that inherited an authoritarian streak from Peron and is dominated by right-wing labor leaders.\nIn his fourth annual address inaugurating the opening of Congress, Alfonsin on May 1 acknowledged that recent military uprisings have proven that dangerous vestiges of authoritarianism are not dead in Argentina.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nSome observers believe Alfonsin's position was strengthened by his handling of the \"Easter Crisis,\" three bloodless military mutinies staged over a seven-day period that began April 15 to protest ongoing human rights trials against officers.\nThis administration's gravest threat to date -- some saw the mutinies as an attempt to undermine the government -- the crisis ended peacefully after Alfonsin made a dramatic visit to a rebel stronghold at Campo de Mayo outside Buenos Aires.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nWhile the government refused to grant the officers amnesty for alleged human rights abuses under the military juntas, 15 of the 29 active duty army generals were cashiered or retired after the uprising, including some the rebels had wanted removed.\nMoreover, Alfonsin borrowed a page from Peron by calling the people into the streets to protest the military uprisings, and they came by the hundreds of thousands in a pro-democratic show of force many here considered a plebiscite on the national will.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nMost unprecedented was their lack of intimidation in the face of a perceived military threat, and they gave Alfonsin and democracy an affirmation of popular support seen as a turning point in this nation's history, many authorities agree.\n\"There is a new society in our country,\" beamed presidential spokesman Jose Ignacio Lopez. \"Our people in the last 50 years have never reacted as they did at Easter.\"", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\n\"It certainly strengthened Alfonsin,\" one diplomat agreed. \"But I think he would have been stronger if (the uprising) hadn't happened at all. Still, he's got it all back in the bottle for now.\"\nIn an unusual display of unanimity, even opposition party members sided with the president against the mutineers.\nWhile Alfonsin's detractors say he's good in a crisis, some complain he moves too slowly the rest of the time.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nBut supporters say he has brought ethics and accountability back to the Casa Rosada, or government palace.\nTimerman, a former newspaper editor imprisoned for 29 months by the military dictatorship and exiled in 1979, credits the change in public attitude to Alfonsin's leadership and vision, as well as the military's record of folly.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\n\"I think a leader must understand the moment, and this is what Alfonsin did,\" Timerman says. \"He has a real sense of history, and he's willing to get involved. What would have happened if the people had seen Alfonsin intimidated by the military?\"", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nHe concluded that Alfonsin \"already succeeded in one thing that's very important in Argentina: He is not going to be overthrown. So I think he will be the first president (in modern times) to finish his term, and to be present at the inauguration of the next president.\"\nDespite such boundless enthusiasm, many experts worry there may be more problems in the barracks in the future.\nLittle more than halfway through his six-year term, Alfonsin still has some of his greatest challenges ahead of him.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nThese include urgent reforms of Argentina's demoralized armed forces and of its outdated constitutution, a needed revival of the economy and a planned dismantling of state control over banks and industries.\nAlso to be implemented is Alfonsin's daring proposal to decentralize the unwieldy bureaucracy by moving the national capital from Buenos Aires, where a third of the population is concentrated, to Viedma in the vast untapped southern region of Patagonia.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nBut clearly, the most controversial far-reaching problem of his administration has been his attempt to turn the page on that dark chapter in Argentina's recent history known as the \"dirty war.\" During the 1976-1983 military dictatorship, more than 9,000 Argentines by official tallies disappeared in the government's war to wipe out leftist subversives. Human rights groups put the tally closer to 30,000.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nThe aftershocks still are rocking the nation. Last month's mutinies were sparked by officers protesting the civilian trials of more than 250 military men accused of torture, kidnaping, murder and other atrocities during that era.\nThe people wanted justice, and Alfonsin set a precedent in Latin America by ordering the trials of members of the military juntas. Ten former high- ranking officials, including two former presidents, now are behind bars.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nThen, to placate the military, he sought to speed up the trials of lower-ranking officers by pushing a law through Congress that set Feb. 22 as the deadline for indictments. Instead, the punto final or \"final point\" law backfired, as human rights groups brought a flurry of new cases, swamping courts and furthering discontent within the armed forces.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nArmy morale has been at rock bottom since the loss of the 1982 war with Britain over the Falklands Islands, known here as the Malvinas, and it worsened with increasing antagonism from civilians following the 1983 presidential election.\n\"Alfonsin has tried to satisfy both the military and the human rights groups, and both are dissatisfied,\" observes Horacio Verbitsky, a journalist and author who has written half a dozen books on political and military themes.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\n\"He's trying to give double promises, and both are insufficient and conflicting,\" Verbitsky said. \"To the military, its punto final, an end of the trials. To the human rights groups, it's justice. And we're heading towards a short circuit.\"\nMany mid-ranking officers who were lieutenants during the reign of terror have protested they should be acquitted of their crimes because of the principle of \"due obedience,\" which essentially means they were just following orders.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nAlfonsin has backed this principle in cases where the officers did not exceed their orders, according to his spokesman, Ignacio Lopez.\nThe administration moved to satisfy some demands of the rebels after the uprising, and the Supreme Court has effectively halted the trials while it reviews the cases and considers what is expected to be a favorable ruling soon on due obedience, foreign observers said.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nHowever, human rights groups like the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo want to see the guilty tried and punished.\nThe Mothers, who recently marked their 10th anniversary, have protested every Thursday for a decade in front of the Casa Rosada demanding justice and an accounting of their children and grandchildren, who are among the disappeared. They still are waiting.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nThey were 400-strong on a recent Thursday, displaying on trees and posts across the Plaza de Mayo tens of thousands of white handkerchiefs reading in Spanish \"Jail to the Killers\" and signed by supporters in numerous countries from Cuba to Europe.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\n\"We want justice without compromise,\" said Juanita de Pargament, 72, treasurer and a founding member of the Mothers, as she marched in the plaza. She denounced Alfonsin for the punto final law and she called the idea of due obedience \"an abberation. We say they are all the same criminals. They all did the same thing, with or without orders.\"", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nHer son, Albert Jose Pargament, a psychologist and suspected dissident, disappeared on Nov. 10, 1976, at the age of 31 when nine men in civilian clothes barged into his Buenos Aires apartment at 2 a.m. and took him away in a scene all too common during the dirty war.\n\"We have promises to our children to continue asking for them,\" said de Pargament, \"but we are sure we will never see them alive again. We are hoping all will be better in this country so the youth can dissent and not disappear.\"", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nThe debate continues to rage, and the results ultimately will help define Alfonsin's administration, but one insider called the current options \"Mephistophilean tradeoffs\" that must be made now\" or the future will be black with people going to jail.\"\nFifteen of the 29 active duty army generals and nine other top officers were cashiered or retired after the rebellion, and Defense Scretary Alfredo Mosso acknowledged in an interview that the military must be reformed.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nBut critics like Verbitsky note that the administration, after three years, has yet to push a new defense law through Congress to redefine the goals and mission of the armed forces now that its social repression objectives are past.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nAs for the economy, administration officials expressed optimism about getting inflation further under control after their famed Austral Plan, which introduced a new currency with that name, cut the hyperinflation that had raged above 1,200 percent. The current 80 percent inflation rate is moderate by comparison and growth was about 5 percent last year.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nLast month, Argentina reached a major agreement with creditor banks who are to refinance $32.8 billion of its foreign debt, with some $1.9 billion of that in new money, if all 350 banks involved agree to the package by June 17.", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nStill, major problems plague the economy, from over-regulation to excessive tariffs and export restraints, and Alfonsin hasn't moved enough toward structural reform, complained a foreign economist in Buenos Aires. \"There are too many political solutions and too much state control,\" he said, \"for which the economy as a whole pays a dramatic price. And that price is stability.\"", "Raul Alfonsin: A Perilous Triumph\nBut the economist praised the idea of moving the capital, noting, \"It's a great way to start whittling down the bureaucracy. Take the people you need with you to Viedma and let the others stay here and slowly erode away.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.theeponymousflower.com/search/label/Massimo%20Faggioli?m=0

"Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'"

["Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nShowing posts with label Massimo Faggioli. Show all posts\n\"They Are Trying to Establish a 'Neo-Church'\" -- New Interview of Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2\nIn a new interview, Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigano criticizes the fact that a connubium of modernists and Freemasonry wants to create a \"neo-church\".", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\n(Rome) Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigano has been one of the most internationally renowned Church representatives since his sharp criticism of Pope Francis in the McCarrick case. In an interview published yesterday, he spoke about the attempt to replace the Church of Jesus Christ with a \"neo-church\" and about the Third Mystery of Fatima.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nCardinal McCarrick had risen to become the most influential cardinal in the United States under Pope Francis. Although in June 2013, in his capacity as Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, Archbishop Vigano had informed the Pope in detail about Cardinal McCarrick's homosexual double life and his corruption of priests and seminarians, Francis remained inactive.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nIt wasn't until the New York Times published McCarrick's legacy in July 2018 that Francis stripped him of cardinalship. But when the head of the church declared that he knew nothing of all that he had otherwise acted earlier, it was too much for Archbishop Vigano. He accused Francis of in fact covering up McCarrick's machinations for more than five years and making him his adviser. The archbishop accused Francis not only of cover-up and omission, but also of lying, and called on him to resign", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nArchbishop Vigano, on the other hand, has been living in secret \"for fear of retribution\" ever since and only goes public in writing. An exception was the Acies ordinata against the \"Synodal Way\" of the German Episcopal Conference, which took place in Munich last January. Archbishop Vigano surprisingly mingled with the participants.\nYesterday he gave an interview to the Portuguese newspaper Dies Irae in which he also commented on the Third Secret of Fatima.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nDIes Irae: Excellency, thank you for giving us this interview. We are in the midst of the COVID-19 epidemic that has affected the lives of millions of people in recent months and has even caused the deaths of many of them. In view of this situation, the Church, through the Episcopal Conferences, has decided to close virtually all churches and to deprive the faithful of access to the sacraments. On March 27, In front of an empty St", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nPeter's Square, Pope Francis led a hypothetical prayer for humanity in an apparently media-friendly manner. There have been many reactions to the way in which the Pope carried out this moment, one of which tried to link the lonely presence of Francis with the message of Fatima, that is, with the Third Mystery. Do you agree?", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nArchbishop Vigano: First of all, allow me to say that it is a pleasure for me to give this interview to the faithful of Portugal, to whom the Blessed Virgin has promised to keep it in the Faith even in these times of great trial. You are a people with great responsibility, because you may soon have to preserve the holy fire of religion, while other nations refuse to recognize Christ as their king and the blessed Mary as their queen.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThe third part of the message, which Our Lady entrusted to the shepherd children of Fatima so that they may deliver it to the Holy Father, is still secret", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nOur Lady asked for it to be revealed in 1960, but John XXIII issued a press release on 8 February of that year declaring that the Church \"does not want to assume the responsibility of guaranteeing the truthfulness of the words which the shepherd children say the Virgin Mary addressed to them.\" With this distancing from the message of the Queen of Heaven, a cover-up operation began, apparently because the content of the message would have revealed the terrible conspiracy against the Church of Christ by its enemies", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nUntil a few decades ago, it would have seemed unthinkable that one would go so far as to silence even Our Lady. In recent years, however, we have even experienced attempts to censor the Gospel, the word of her divine Son.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nIn 2000, during the pontificate of John Paul II, the Secretary of State, Cardinal Sodano [1990\u20132006], presented his own version as the Third Secret, which, due to some elements, clearly seemed incomplete", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nIt is not surprising that the new Secretary of State, Cardinal Bertone [2006\u20132013], tried to draw attention to an event from the past, only to make the people of God believe that the words of the Virgin had nothing to do with the Church crisis and with the interaction of modernists and Freemasonry behind the scenes of the Second Vatican Council. Antonio Socci, who has carefully examined the Third Secret, exposed this deliberate behaviour of Cardinal Bertone", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nAt the same time, it was Bertone himself who strongly discredited and censored the tears of Tears of Our Lady of Civitavecchia, whose message perfectly matches what she had said in Fatima.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nLet us not forget the unnoticed appeal of Our Lady to the Pope encouraging all bishops to consecrate Russia to her Immaculate Heart in order to defeat Communism and atheist materialism: not to consecrate \"the world, not that nation that you want us to consecrate to you \", but \"Russia\". Did it cost too much to do that?", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nObviously yes for those who have no view of the supernatural. One preferred the path of d\u00e9tente with the Soviet regime that Roncalli had taken, without understanding that peace is not possible without God.\nToday, with a President of the Russian Federation who is certainly a Christian, this request of the Virgin could be fulfilled in order to avert further catastrophes for the Church and the world.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nBenedict XVI also confirmed the topicality of the message of the Virgin Mary, although according to the interpretation spread by the Vatican, it is to be regarded as complete. Those who have read the Third Secret said in all clarity that it concerns the apostasy of the Church, which began at the very beginning of the 1960s and has now reached such an obvious stage that it is recognized even by inexperienced observers", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThis almost compulsive insistence on issues that the Church has always condemned, such as relativism and religious indifferentism, false ecumenism, Malthusian ecology, homoheresy and mass immigration, has found in the Abu Dhabi Declaration the fulfilment of a plan conceived by secret sects for more than two centuries.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nDIes Irae: In the middle of Holy Week and after the Synod of Amazons, the Pope decided to set up a commission to discuss and study the women's diaconate in the Catholic Church. Do you think that this has the purpose of paving the way for the clericalization of women, or, in other words, an attempt to manipulate the priesthood that our Lord Jesus Christ instituted on Holy Thursday?", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nArchbishop Vigano: The Sacrament of Holy Orders can and will never be changed in its nature. The attack on the priesthood has always been at the heart of the actions of the heretics and their inspirer, and it is understandable that attacking the priesthood means destroying Holy Mass and the Most holy Eucharist, as well as the entire sacramental structure", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nAmong the conspiratorial enemies of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, there was, of course, no shortage of modernists who, since the 19th century, have theorized a Church without priests or with priests and priestesses", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThese delusions, anticipated by some representatives of modernism in France, subtly resurfaced at the Second Vatican Council in an attempt to imply a certain equivalence between the official priesthood resulting from the Sacrament of Holy Orders and the general priesthood of the faithful emerging from baptism", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nIt is significant that it is precisely through the play with this deliberate misunderstanding, the reformed liturgy [Novus Ordo] is also affected by the doctrinal error of Lumen gentium, going so far as to reduce the consecration to mere presiding in a meeting of [general] priests", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThe priest is in reality an old Christ, not because the people appoint him, but through the ontological alignment with the high priest Jesus Christ, whom he has to imitate in the holiness of life and in the absolute devotion, which is also represented by celibacy.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThe next step therefore had to be necessarily followed, if not by the extinguishing of the priesthood, then at least by making it ineffective by extending it to women who cannot be consecrated. It is precisely what has happened in the Protestant and Anglican sects, which today are also experiencing the embarrassing situation of having lesbian bishops in the so-called Church of England", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nIt is obvious that the ecumenical \"pretext\" \u2013 that is, the approach to deviating communities, even by accepting the latest errors \u2013 is based on Satan's hatred of the priesthood and would inevitably ruin the Church of Christ. At the same time, ecclesiastical celibacy is also the target of the same attacks, because it belongs unmistakably to the Catholic Church and is a valuable protection for the priesthood, which tradition it has kept vigorously throughout the centuries.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThe attempt to introduce a form of consecrated women's ministry in the Church, despite the repeated declarations of the Magisterium, is not new. John Paul II, too, clearly defined, with all the canonical requirements of an infallible ex-Cathedra declaration, that it is absolutely impossible to question the doctrine on this subject", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nBut just as one has put one's hand on the Catechism to declare the death penalty \"not in conformity with the Gospel\", which is unprecedented and heretical, so today one tries ex novo to invent some form of female diaconate \u2013 propaedeutic, of course, for the future introduction of the women's priesthood.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThe first Commission set up by Bergoglio years ago issued a negative opinion and confirmed what could not even have been discussed. Because a commission was unwilling to obey Francis' wishes, this does not mean that another commission whose members he chooses could not be more \"docile\" and more willing to destroy another pillar of the Catholic faith. I have no doubt that Bergoglio has convincing methods and that he can put pressure on the Theological Commission", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nBut I am equally sure that in the unfortunate event that this consultative body should give a favourable opinion, it will not necessarily need an official statement by the Pope to see the introduction of deaconesses in the dioceses of Germany or Holland \u2013 while Rome is silent on this", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThis method is well known and makes it possible, on the one hand, to attack the priesthood and, on the other hand, to provide a pleasant alibi for those within the ecclesial structures who thus claim at all times that \"the Pope has not allowed anything new\". This is exactly what they have done by authorizing the Episcopal Conferences to allow autonomous hand-Communion, which was enacted by abuse and has now become a worldwide practice.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nWe should remember that this approach to the dogmas of the Church confirms an undeniable fact: Bergoglio has adopted the so-called situation theology, whose loci theologici, theological places, random facts or themes are: the world, nature, the feminine, young people... This is a theology which does not focus on the immutable and eternal truth of God, but on the contrary starts from observing the imperative urgency of phenomena in order to give answers that correspond to the expectations of today's world.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nDies Irae: According to renowned historians, the Second Vatican Council was a break between the Church and tradition. Hence the appearance of ways of thinking, which they want to transform into a mere humanitarian association that embraces the world and embraces its globalist utopia. How do you see this serious problem?", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nArchbishop Vigano: A church that presents itself as new in contrast to the Church of Christ is simply not the Church of Christ! The Mosaic religion, that is, the \"Church of the Old Law\", which was wanted by God to lead His people to the coming of the Messiah, has found its fulfillment and completion in the New Covenant and was finally revoked on Calvary by the sacrifice of Christ. From his open side came the New and Eternal Covenant, which replaced the synagogue", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nIt seems that the post-Conciliar, modernist and Freemason Church also aims to transform, overcome, and replace the Church of Christ with a \"neo-church\", a disfigured and monstrous creature that does not come from God.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThe purpose of this neo-church is not to get the chosen people to recognize the Messiah, just as it is not the purpose for the synagogue to convert and save all peoples from the second coming of Christ, which is the purpose of the Catholic Church. Its purpose is rather to constitute itself as the spiritual arm of the New World Order and to promote the One World Religion", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nIn this sense, the Council Revolution first had to destroy the heritage of the Church, its thousand-year-old tradition from which it drew its vitality and authority as the mystical body of Christ. Then it was a matter of getting rid of the representative of the old hierarchy, and only recently she began to show herself to be what she wants to be, without pretense or camouflage.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nWhat you call utopia is in fact a dystopia, because it represents the concreteization of the plan of Freemasonry and prepares the appearance of the Antichrist.\nI am also convinced that the majority of my confreres, and especially almost all priests and believers, are not fully aware of this hellish plan, and that recent events have opened the eyes of many. Their faith will enable our Lord to gather the pusillus grex, the small flock, before the final confrontation around the true shepherd.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nDies Irae: In order to restore the ancient splendour of the Church, it will be necessary to question many aspects of the Council's teaching. What points of the Second Vatican Council would you question?", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nArchbishop Vigano: I believe that there is no shortage of important personalities who have already expressed the critical points of the Council better than I have. There are those who believe that it would be less complicated and certainly wiser to follow the practice of the Church and the Popes as it was used in the Synod of Pistoia. It also contained good things, but the errors it claimed were considered sufficient to make them forgotten.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThis Irae: Is the current pontificate the culmination of a process that begins with the Second Vatican Council and was longed for in the so-called \"Catacomb Pact\", or is it still an intermediate phase?", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nArchbishop Vigano: As with any revolution, the heroes of the first hour often fall victim to their own system, as was the case with Robespierre. Those who were regarded yesterday as the flag bearers of the Council Spirit now appear almost as conservatives: the examples of this are visible before all eyes", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThere are already those who, in the intellectual circles of progressivism (such as those frequented by a haughty Massimo Faggioli), begin to dispel doubts here and there about Bergoglio's real abilities, to make \"courageous decisions\" \u2013 for example, to abolish celibacy, to allow women to the priesthood, or to legitimize the Communicatio in sacris with heretics \u2013 almost as if he were hoping that he would step down in order to elect a pope who was even more obedient to the elites who had their most unscrupulous and determined followers in the Catacomb Pact and in the Mafia of St", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nThis Irae: Our Excellency, we Catholics today often feel isolated from the Church and almost abandoned by our shepherds. What can you say to the hierarchs and believers who, despite the confusion and error that are spreading in the Church, are trying to persevere in this tough struggle to maintain the integrity of our faith?", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nArchbishop Vigano: My words would certainly be inadequate. I confine myself to repeating the words of our Lord, the eternal word of the Father: \"Be sure, I am with you all the days until the end of the world.\" Of course, we feel isolated: but did the Apostles not feel that way, and all Christians? Didn't even Our Lord feel abandoned in Gethsemane", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\n? These are times of trial, perhaps of the last trial: we must drink the bitter cup, and even if it is human emanating from the Lord to let him pass by us, we must repeat with confidence: \"But not as I will, but as you will\" and remember His words of consolation: \"In the world you are in affliction; but have courage: I have conquered the world.\"", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nAfter trial, however hard and painful it may be, the eternal reward will be prepared for us that no one can take away from us. The Church will once again radiate the glory of her Lord after this terrible and long-lasting Easter triduum.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nAlthough prayer is undoubtedly indispensable, we must not relent on fighting the good struggle, but should make everyone witnesses of a courageous spirit of struggle under the banner of the Cross of Christ. Let us not allow the finger to be pointed at us, as the maid did in the court of the high priest with Saint Peter: \"You also were one of his disciples,\" and then he denied Christ", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nLet us not be intimidated! Let us not allow the gag of tolerance to be applied to those who wish to proclaim the truth! Let us ask the Blessed Virgin and Our Lady Mary that our tongue can courageously proclaim the kingdom of God and Hs righteousness. May the miracle of Lapa be renewed, where the blessed Mary gave back the voice to little Joana, who was born dumb. May she also give us a voice, her children, who have remained silent for too long.", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nOur Lady of Fatima, Queen of Victories, ora pro nobis.\nIntroduction/translation: Giuseppe\nNardi Picture: Corrispondenza Romana\nTrans: Tancred [email protected]\nPosted by Tancred at 11:33 AM 5 comments:\nLabels: Antonio Socci, Archbishop Vigano, Judeo-Freemasonry, Massimo Faggioli, Our Lady of Fatima, Pope Francis, Portugal, Second Vatican Council, Third Secret, Women's Diaconate, Women's Ordination\nMondoOver 59 Million People Internally Displaced in 2021: IDMC Report", "Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigan\u00f2 Interview: Criticizing Modernism, Freemasonry, and the 'Neo-Church'\nNo tiene mal aspecto, ni malos viajes, el Seminario de Jerez\nHistory Attests: Marie Antoinette\u2019s Morals Were Lily-White\nHomily on the Wednesday of Mid-Pentecost (St. Luke of Simferopol)\nGarabandal \u2013 Rumblings of the Warning: A Pope, a Synod, and a Trip to Moscow"]

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https://vikingreligion.com/2021/03/22/parallel-worlds-in-germanic-folk-religion/

Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion

["Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nThere are nine worlds in Nordic folk religion. We may safely assume that there were multiple worlds in the other strands of Germanic folk religion as well. Mithgarth, Asgarth, Alfheim, Svartalfheim and J\u00f6tunheim are all worlds that exist parallel to each other. So the Germanic peoples believed in parallel worlds: the \u00c1lfar are parallel humans, so are the \u00c6sir, so are the J\u00f6tnar, so are the Dvergar, so are the Vanir", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nThe worlds they inhabit are alternate worlds that are reflections of the same human, spiritual or divine condition; they reflect the same reality essentially.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nParallelism is a quintessential characteristic of Germanic folk religion; Parallelism is the truth underlying the structure of the Germanic universe (Germanic religion may be termed Germanic universism as it encompasses the Germanic understanding or view of the universe, though one should not confuse universism with universalism). The following synecdoche rings true for Germanic folk religion: divinity mirrors humanity, and humanity mirrors divinity", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nNatural parallelism as a structural feature of Germanic folk religion is the reason for the principle of divine diversity; the Germanic peoples believed in many deities, because they believed in parallelism as reflected in nature.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nGermanic folk religion is, doubtlessly, a reflection of nature, and hence it may be termed nature religion. Nature is what inspired the Germanic peoples; for they lived in nature. The boundary between the Germanic village and nature was very small and arbitrary; the Germanic peoples lived very close to nature like other indigenous people around the globe who built their villages in nature. The home of the Germanic peoples was nature, so it is not surprising that nature informed their religious worldview.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nThe multiplicity of any kind of living organism is a given in nature; it is necessary for any species in nature to not be the only and last individual of their kind. For divinity to be one would mean to the Germanic mind that the Gods are a dying breed. If there were only one human being, that would mean the human race is dying. The fertility of the divine races was seen as reflective of their vitality; nature always reproduces, and reproduction is an imperative in nature", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nMultiplicity and multiplication were fully embraced in Germanic religion, hence fertility was always seen as an important factor in religious rite and story.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nHuman beings, spiritual beings and divine beings are all quintessentially belonging to the same man-like prototype with natural imperfections and moral defects; humanity, spirituality and divinity are overlapping in Germanic religion, hence I could speak of the human/spiritual/divine condition in this article as being the template or blueprint for the various mirror reflections of reality that are presented to us in Germanic folk religion.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nOne may superficially say that there are multiple realities or truths in Germanic folk religion, but these are actually multiple copies of the same reality or truth. These parallel realities are simply reflecting that there are universal laws governing the world, regardless of what reality one finds oneself in. The philosophical implications of this are huge; the grass is not greener elsewhere, but everyone is subject to the same fate, \u00f8rl\u00f6g, primordial law.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nThe other worlds being replicas or replications of our human world is highly engaging and appealing from a philosophical perspective; the Germanic peoples would have looked at the other worlds and realised that the other man-like beings had it no better than them; this gave them hope automatically, as it meant that they were already living in utopia and had to make the best of life in the world they lived in", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nThis is a very natural way to view the world; for this natural worldview helps one to deal with the harsh realities of the world.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nGermanic folk religion is an acceptance of the state of the world, an acceptance of the state of nature; the natural parallelism found in Germanic religion shows us the Germanic understanding of utopia, the world in which they lived was already ideal to them because the natural world, which they inhabited, was their eternal ideal to which they aspired", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nThe Germanic peoples could not imagine a better world than the natural world which they inhabited; they saw nature as perfect, and this is a sentiment we can certainly relate to in modern times.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nFurthermore, it is important that the Germanic peoples did not fully perceive the other worlds as distinct from their own; there was always overlap. The worlds were all interconnected, and there were frequent interactions between them. Therefore, the boundaries between the worlds are blurred; the distinctions are arbitrary rather than absolute", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nWhile the worlds are part of one underlying reality, they are governed by the same universal laws, and this means that their distinction is, fundamentally, not that relevant. In other words, while one may say they are copies or replicas of the same prototype, they are actually an interconnected web; the worlds are part of the same system, and that is why they display parallelism that makes one realise they are essentially the same", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nThe best way to think about the worlds is that they are parallel threads in a web as they belong to the same natural systemic structure and they are subject to the same natural dynamics of evolution.", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nIn conclusion, one may understand the parallelism of the multiple worlds in Germanic religion to be a confirmation of the idea there is only one world. The Germanic peoples did not call these parallel worlds \u2018worlds\u2019, but they spoke of only one \u2018world\u2019 (age of man) and all the other realms, which I previously called worlds, were simply alternate kingdoms of man that were part of the same age of man; these realms existed parallel to each other in perpetuity", "Parallel Worlds in Germanic Folk Religion\nAll realms being part of the same \u2018age of man\u2019 is important; they exist at the same time, they do not exist within another timeframe. Therefore, these worlds or realms are not parallel worlds in the sense they belong to other timeframes, but time runs the same in all of these worlds and therefore they exist in the same reality."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ctpublic.org/2023-01-12/at-least-9-people-were-killed-as-a-giant-storm-system-hit-the-southern-u-s

Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma

["Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nAt least 9 people were killed as a giant storm system hit the Southern U.S.\nButch Dill\nA vehicle is upended and debris is strewn about Thursday following a tornado near Meadowview Elementary Schoolin Selma, Ala.\nUpdated January 13, 2023 at 1:07 PM ET", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nSELMA, Ala. \u2014 Rescuers raced Friday to find any survivors trapped in debris after tornadoes barreled across parts of the South in a system that killed at least nine people in Alabama and Georgia and inflicted heavy damage on Selma, a flashpoint of the civil rights movement.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nA better picture of the damage was expected to emerge later in the day as authorities surveyed the scarred landscape. At least 35 possible tornado touchdowns were reported across several states, according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency.\nThe National Weather Service, which was working to confirm the twisters, said suspected tornado damage was reported in at least 14 counties in Alabama and five in Georgia.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nTens of thousands of homes and businesses were without power in both states, according to PowerOutage.us, which tracks outages nationwide.\nOne tornado cut a 20-mile path across two rural Alabama communities Thursday before the worst of the weather moved across Georgia on a track south of Atlanta.\nSearchers in Autauga County found a body after daybreak near a home that had been badly damaged, authorities said. That death brought the toll to seven in the county about 40 miles northeast of Selma.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nAt least 12 people were injured severely enough to be taken to hospitals, Ernie Baggett, Autauga County's emergency management director, said as crews cut through downed trees looking for survivors.\nHe said about 40 homes were destroyed or seriously damaged, including several mobile homes that were launched into the air.\n\"They weren't just blown over,\" he said. \"They were blown a distance.\"\nButch Dill / AP\nA damaged structure and debris are seen in the aftermath of Thursday's severe weather in Selma, Ala.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nIn Selma, a city etched in the history of the civil rights movement, the city council met on a sidewalk using lights from cellphones and declared a state of emergency.\nGeorgia Gov. Brian Kemp said Friday that a state Department of Transportation worker was killed while responding to storm damage. He gave no further details.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nAnother death occurred in central Georgia's Butts County, where a passenger died when a tree fell on a vehicle, the coroner said. The storm appeared to have knocked a freight train off its tracks in the same county, officials said.\nThe storm struck Griffin, Georgia, south of Atlanta, as mourners gathered for a wake at Peterson's Funeral Home. About 20 people scrambled for shelter in a restroom and an office when a loud boom sounded as a large tree fell on the building.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\n\"When we came out, we were in total shock,\" said Sha-Meeka Peterson-Smith, the funeral home's chief operational officer. \"We heard everything, but didn't know how bad it actually was.\"\nThe uprooted tree crashed straight through the front of the building, she said, destroying a viewing room, a lounge and a front office. No one was hurt.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nOfficials in Griffin told local news outlets that multiple people had been trapped inside an apartment complex after trees fell on it. A Hobby Lobby store lost part of its roof, and firefighters cut loose a man who had been pinned for hours under a tree that fell on his house.\nThe tornado that hit Selma cut a wide path through the downtown area, where brick buildings collapsed, oak trees were uprooted, cars were tossed onto their sides and power lines were left dangling.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nPlumes of thick, black smoke from a fire rose over the city. It wasn't clear whether the storm caused the blaze.\nSelma Mayor James Perkins said no fatalities were reported, but several people were seriously injured. Officials hoped to get an aerial view of the city Friday morning.\n\"We have a lot of downed power lines,\" he said. \"There is a lot of danger on the streets.\"\nMattie Moore was among Selma residents who picked up boxed meals offered by a charity downtown.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\n\"Thank God that we're here. It's like something you see on TV,\" Moore said of the destruction.\nA city of about 18,000 people, Selma is about 50 miles (80 kilometers) west of Montgomery, the Alabama capital. It was a flashpoint of the civil rights movement where state troopers viciously attacked Black people who marched non-violently for voting rights across the Edmund Pettus Bridge on March 7, 1965.\nMalesha McVay took video of the giant twister, which turned black as it swept away home after home.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\n\"It would hit a house, and black smoke would swirl up,\" she said. \"It was very terrifying.\"\nThree factors \u2014 a natural La Nina weather cycle, warming of the Gulf of Mexico likely related to climate change and a decades-long eastward shift of tornado activity \u2014 combined to make Thursday's tornado outbreak unusual and damaging, said Victor Gensini, a meteorology professor at Northern Illinois University who studies tornado trends.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nLa Nina, a cooling of parts of the Pacific that changes weather worldwide, was a factor in making a wavy jet stream that brought a cold front through, Gensini said. But that's not enough for a tornado outbreak. The other ingredient is moisture.", "Tornadoes kill at least 9 in South; damage heavy in Selma\nNormally the air in the Southeast is fairly dry this time of year, but the dew point was twice the normal level, likely because of unusually warm water in the Gulf of Mexico, which is likely influenced by climate change, Gensini said. That moisture hit the cold front, adding up to killer storms.\nIn Kentucky, the weather service confirmed that an EF-1 tornado struck Mercer County and said crews were surveying damage in a handful of other counties.\nMary Yang"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://peru.info/en-us/talent/news/6/25/renata-flores--rap-that-was-born-in-the-andes-and-is-now-taking-the-world-by-storm

"Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm"

["Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nRenata Flores: rap that was born in the Andes and is now taking the world by storm\nFuente: Diffusion\nHer name began to be heard in the local music scene around four years ago, when videos of a Peruvian teenager putting her own spin on the hits of pop icons like Michael Jackson in Quechua, the language of her ancestors, began circulating widely on social networks.", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nToday, at 19, Renata Flores Rivera is no longer the girl who does covers. Her own powerful, transgressive content, with a strong sense of identity, has gone beyond the borders of her native Ayacucho and has made her, in the eyes of the world, the new queen of Quechua rap, a title that was recently awarded to her by the prestigious New York Times. There's no stopping her.\nBeing an artist is in her DNA", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nRenata grew up in Huamanga, home to many artists, in a family completely devoted to art. Her parents own a music school, where the singer experienced her first connections with musical instruments and which today has become the recording studio for her first album.", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nThe love for her roots and the curiosity she had for hearing \u2013 and wanting to understand \u2013 what her Quechua-speaking grandmothers were saying, led her to ask her parents to teach her how to speak it. During this learning process, she realized that the number of people who speak the language of the Andes in a formal way is decreasing all the time.\nA creative process", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nShe couldn\u2019t get the idea of rescuing her culture out of her head. She got so involved in the process that she ended up making it the main axis of her artistic career", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nWith paper, pencil and the interpretative help of her grandmothers, Renata began to compose songs that, like her purpose, move away from everything commercial, and are inspired by social conflicts such as the ravages left by the time of violence in Peru, the empowerment of women and the difficulties that girls in the mountains have when it comes to completing their studies; from the latter, her acclaimed song Qam hina was born.", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nInitially she tried to accompany her lyrics with pop tunes. But she realized that the content of her message needed a much stronger rhythm. \u201cRap is an aggressive genre musically, I feel that with it I can talk about social issues and express them as a form of protest,\u201d says the singer.", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nRenata's goal is to reach the masses, but above all she wants to connect with her contemporaries, as she knows that the future of the Quechua language lies with them. This was another reason that led her to include contemporary rhythms in her compositions. \u201cAbove all I had to reach them. They are beginning to remember that Quechua is important,\u201d she says.", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nThe young artist also takes advantage of her social networks to reach out to young people. Aware of her role, she uses this influence responsibly and, through her platforms, shares small lessons from what she learns in her Quechua classes with her followers.", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nDuring this period of compulsory social isolation \u2013 due to COVID-19 \u2013 Renata is taking advantage of the time to spread the initiative Aprendiendo Quechua (Learning Quechua). \u201cThese are videos that I released on Youtube with covers of popular artists, the last one I made is of Billie Eilish,\u201d she says. In this way, she hopes to familiarize younger people with Quechua through their favorite songs.\nInspiration in the works", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nDespite the adversities, Renata Flores is not afraid. From her home, in an environment specially adapted for her creative process, she takes the opportunity to work hard on new songs for her first album, which she managed to finance after becoming the winner of an artistic incentive granted by the Ministry of Culture.", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\n\u201cIsgun \u2013 which means 'nine' in English \u2013 is the name of the album we've been preparing since last year. The songs will be posted on Youtube and will include five new songs inspired by Andean women over the years,\u201d she explains.", "Meet Renata Flores, the 19-year-old queen of Quechua rap taking the world by storm\nRenata is waiting to finish the music video for her album as well as some presentations that she has had to leave on standby because of the health crisis. However, that does not discourage her. On the contrary, she is taking these days as an opportunity to find inspiration and plan alternatives that will help her continue to stand out in these new times ahead.\nPeruvian gold: Susana Baca is the winner of the Latin Grammy 2020\n\"El C\u00f3ndor Pasa\" is recognized by the BBC as \u201can unforgettable song\u201d"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.businesstomark.com/thelouisville-shooting/

The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History

["The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\non October 1, 1861, a young man named coalberger818 enrolled in Louisville\u2019slarger than life program, which was then the only program of its kind in the United States. coalberger818 was an important part of history as he became the first student to graduate from college in the class of 1849. He continues to make an impact in the world today. The Louisville Shooting was never anything like it", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nA man who had always been turned off by violence and a society that wasn\u2019t his own went on a course of action because of it. It was a teachable moment, and there were many who could have tried toknew what they were doing when they went along with him.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nWho Causes It and How to responsible\nWhat It Is and Why It Matters\n10 Years On, and Things Are Stillchanging\nThere\u2019s More To This Story than You Think\nCoalberger818 and the rest of the story\nThe Future of Learning and Technology", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was a very important day in American history. A young man named coalberger818 enrolled in Louisville\u2019s larger than life program, which was then the only program of its kind in the United States. coalberger818 was an important part of history as he became the first student to graduate from college in the class of 1849. He continues to make an impact in the world today. The Louisville Shooting was never anything like it", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nA man who had always been turned off by violence and a society wasn\u2019t his own went on a course of action because of it. It was a teachable moment, and there were many who could have tried to know what they were doing when they went along with him.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was a very important day in American history. A young man named coalberger818 enrolled in Louisville\u2019s smaller than life program, which was then the only program of its kind in the United States. coalberger818 was an important part of history as he became the first student to graduate from college in the class of 1849. He continues to make an impact in the world today. The Louisville Shooter", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was a moment in time. It was not like everything is going to happen again in the future. This was a learning experience for all of them. It was a difficult learning experience for people who were used to more violent methods of communication. It was a challenge for people who are used to more government-controlled methods of communication. It was a challenge for people who are used to less government-controlled methods of communication", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe most important thing is that everyone understands that it was still a new world, and everything must occurred out in the open so that people could try to understand it.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was a very important time in American history. It was the first time that someone had graduated from college and taken part in history because not many people knew how to do things. The small community we are living in today. on October 1, 1861, a young man named coalberger818 enrolls in Louisville\u2019slarger than life program, which was then the only program of its kind in the United States", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\ncoalberger818 was an important part of history as he became the first student to graduate from college in the class of 1849. He continues to make an impact in the world today.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was never anything like it. A man who had always been turned off by violence and a society wasn\u2019t his own went on a course of action because of it. It was a teachable moment, and there were many who could have tried to know what they were doing when they went along with him.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nWhat it is and why it matters is that time in American history when someone has graduated from college and taken part in history because not many people knew how to do things. The small community we are living in today is due to the efforts of coalberger818 and many others like him.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was a moment in time. It was a turning point in American history. The young man who enrolled in Louisville\u2019s larger than life program, coalberger818, became the first student to graduate from college in the class of 1849. He remains an important part of history as he has started many things new and has been a driving force behind change. What was considered unthinkable at the time is now seen as normal within our society", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was a very important day in American history. It was the first time a student had graduated from college and it was a teachable moment. There are many who would have known what they were doing when they went along with the coalberger818 experience. He was an important part of history, and there are many who would have known if he had been more determined in his refusal to go out and die rather than participate in the course of action", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nthe young man who enrolled in Louisville\u2019s larger than life program, which was then the only program of its kind in the United States. coalberger818 was an important part of history as he became the first student to graduate from college in the class of 1849. He continues to make an impact in the world today.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was never anything like it. A man who had always been turned off by violence and a society isn\u2019t his own went on a course of action because of it. It was a teachable moment, and there were many who could have tried toknew what they were doing when they went along with him.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe young man who enrolled in Louisville\u2019s larger than life program, which was then the only program of its kind in the United States. coalberger818 was an important part of history as he became the first student to graduate from college in the class of 1849. He continues to make an impact in the world today. The Louisville Shooting was never anything like it. A man who had always been turned off by violence and a society wasn\u2019t his own went on a course of action because of it", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting was a landmark in the development of digital marketing. coalberger818\u2019s course was the first time that it was possible to learn about and be a part of an event that was popular with people all over the world. It was also the first time that people of other countries could learn about and work with him \u2013 a development that would come to be known as digital learning", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nThe Louisville Shooting had a huge impact on digital marketing, and it is for this reason that it is so important to have a strong digital marketing strategy.", "The Louisville Shooting: A Tragic Event in American History\nPrevious articleHow to Recognize Employees (Without Degrading Intrinsic Motivation)\nNext articleThe Best Ways to Start Dropshipping on Amazon"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://kit.bilkent.edu.tr/eng.html

KIT

["KIT\nBilkent University\nInstitutional History Unit\nThe Institutional History Unit is responsible for facilitating the preservation of the history of Bilkent University. The unit's primary services and programs include gathering oral/video interviews relating to Bilkent's founding and growth, collecting images and documents relating to Bilkent's history and maintaining an archive of these materials.\nH. Ali Akyol\nReyyan Ayfer\nBilkent University Main Campus G Building GZ-62 Bilkent, Ankara, T\u00dcRK\u0130YE", "KIT\nBilkent University Institutional History Archive\nwill be an information system that helps to easily reach the images, videos, interviews relating to Bilkent University's founder and the history of Turkey's first private, nonprofit university. We are working on it and when the archive is ready you will be able to reach it from here.\nContribute! Share with Us!", "KIT\nWe need the support of all Bilkenters to extend our archive. You can use this service to upload the images, documents, and videos related with life at Bilkent. Please contact us if you need help for digitizing. Thanks in advance..."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/sports/i-wonder-who-has-done-this-r-ashwin-shares-his-hilarious-edited-twitter-bio

"Ravichandran Ashwin shares hilarious edited Twitter bio, sparks speculation ahead of Border-Gavaskar Trophy"

["Ravichandran Ashwin shares hilarious edited Twitter bio, sparks speculation ahead of Border-Gavaskar Trophy\n'I wonder who has done this': R Ashwin shares his hilarious edited bio\nWith the anticipation growing over the Border-Gavaskar trophy against Australia, Ravichandran Ashwin, among the finest spinners in the world, has been the central talking point\nWith the anticipation growing over the Border-Gavaskar trophy against Australia, Ravichandran Ashwin, one of the finest spinners in the world, has been the central talking point.", "Ravichandran Ashwin shares hilarious edited Twitter bio, sparks speculation ahead of Border-Gavaskar Trophy\nFirst, the visiting Australians bring a spinner, who has an uncanny resemblance to the Indian star, in order to prepare themselves for the threat that Ashwin possesses. And now, the spinner has shared an 'edited bio' of himself on Twitter and wondering who would have done this.", "Ravichandran Ashwin shares hilarious edited Twitter bio, sparks speculation ahead of Border-Gavaskar Trophy\nThe veteran spinner on Sunday shared a snip of his edited bio, with a caption: \"My morning coffee came with this and I wonder who has done this.\" In the screenshot, Ashiwn's bowling style was labelled as both right-arm off-spin?/right-arm leg-spin.\nReacting to Ashwin's post, his Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise, Rajasthan Royals said: \"Hello and welcome to Day 1 of the Border-Gavaskar Trophy.\"", "Ravichandran Ashwin shares hilarious edited Twitter bio, sparks speculation ahead of Border-Gavaskar Trophy\nAshwin has a variety of variations in his bowling style including the leg break and carrom ball in his arsenal that he can use to dismantle the Australian batting when the two sides meet in a highly-anticipated four-match series to be held in Nagpur, New Delhi, Dharamshala and Ahmedabad.\nA 4-0 series win for India would help them attain a points percentage of 68.06, which is likely to be enough for a crucial top-two finish in the WTC standings.\nR Ashwin\nIndian cricketer"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://loveysdaddyga.tripod.com/blogdirectory/index.blog?topic_id=1118264

Part Two (5)

["Part Two (5)\nFrodo is a big hit at parties (hint, hint). For some inexplicable reason, he thinks up cool things to occupy the lightly-inebriated, and some times it even means that no one has to remove their clothes. Frodo often asks the listener to document their very first cognitive moment in life. \"How old were you, what were the circumstances, and how do you know exactly how old you were?\" Frodo begins the game with this true story, and it is a kind of neat segue into the promised topic for this evening.", "Part Two (5)\nBilbo's Second child was born exactly two years and nine months, to the day, after Frodo. The event in question took place on Christmas Eve, and the Second child was ambulatory. This means that Frodo was most likely four years and three months old when he looked down through the transom in the joint bedroom he shared with the Second child, and they both watched Bilbo and Frodo's Father placing toys under the Christmas tree", "Part Two (5)\nThe next day, of course, Frodo heard the usual discourse about \"Santa Claus,\" and it was the moment that he first used the expletive \"Bullshit.\" Traumatic moments, such as what followed, are often the basis for the first memory.", "Part Two (5)\nThe Second child followed Frodo almost everywhere, and that was no problem. The enmity developed much later, when Frodo began to distance himself from activities at home, and the Second child had not yet caught on. The conflicts became more frequent when the Second child felt it necessary to share Frodo's secrets, as if there needed to be a penalty for growing up and away. On the other hand, Frodo was a successful student, and it was as if the Second child was in a constant state of secondary achievement", "Part Two (5)\nFrodo began to accumulate rights of passage which were, quite naturally, more than what was available to the Second child, who was beginning to exhibit less and less patience. The conflicts became more open, louder, and much more frequent. The Second child accelerated opportunities to publicly berate or humiliate Frodo, and he grew increasingly determined to be somewhere, anywhere, where the Second child was not.", "Part Two (5)\nOnce Frodo went away to the College of the Shire, he was convinced that things would even out over time, and that a normal sibling relationship would develop. In fact, as Frodo matriculated beyond pure academia, Samwise came into his life and the Second child smiled with true approval. When storms tossed the relationship between Frodo and Samwise, it was the Second child who stood by him, and helped him think about something other than ending it all.", "Part Two (5)\nThe worst day came when the Second child, now independent and on her own, came to visit Frodo and Sam, from half-a-continent away. Frodo was in a very responsible position which demanded the highest of personal standards, and here came Second child bringing dope into the pre-Shire household. It soon became clear that the Second child was associating with elements whose futures were limited by bullets and prisons", "Part Two (5)\nOver time, they grew more distant, and the Second child began to change, physically, significantly. In a funk, Frodo testified that there was no longer a friendship, but merely siblings of fact, not choice. The Second child left the presence of Frodo, and the great schism began. It was exacerbated by the death of Frodo's father, and the complete collapse of the Second child in relationship with anyone, not least being the survivor, Bilbo.", "Part Two (5)\nImmediately after the death of his father, Frodo sat down with the gentleman who had lobbied to be Frodo's investment advisor, and told him of Bilbo's plight. Bilbo, he said, had less than $20,000 in savings, a house with complete equity, and Social Security. He told the advisor that he could have Frodo's business if he first met with Bilbo, set up a way for Bilbo to continue independent living, and to inform Frodo only when Bilbo was about to run out of money", "Part Two (5)\nFrodo wanted his assurance that the advisor would work only with Bilbo, and be there to attest that Frodo had no hand in anything which the Second may someday allege was imprudent.", "Part Two (5)\nSeventeen years later, Bilbo had $75,000 in savings, a house with complete equity, Social Security, and a \"Living Trust.\" Frodo's advisor had matched the \"loaves and fishes\" which fed those who attended the Sermon on the Mount", "Part Two (5)\nBut the aging Bilbo had been duped by a local parasitic salesman, who frequently feed off the elderly, and had established a \"Living Trust\" (without telling anyone), in order to avoid the \"costs of Probate.\" Frodo had no knowledge of this until his investment advisor told him what she had done, and that he would need legal authority in order to work with the \"Living Trust.\" The bomb at Hiroshima did not do the same level of damage that was soon to occur in Frodo's life.", "Part Two (5)\nThe Second child had evidently harbored increasingly vituperative resentments of Bilbo's financial independence. So, while on a visit with Bilbo, and hearing of the developing problems, took it upon herself to contact the financial advisor directly, and to treat him with feudal disdain. He, of course, refused to discuss any of Bilbo's affairs, except as it related to the \"Living Trust\" and anyone with a Financial POA in that regard", "Part Two (5)\nIt ended with the Second child filing a complaint with the Better Business Bureau, and the Securities and Exchange Commission, both of which were short on either fact or justification. Frodo entered the scene and sought to assuage the feeling of the investment advisor and his employers, while letting the Second child know that the actions were unjustified and insulting", "Part Two (5)\nIn order to stave off a lawsuit against the Second child, Frodo and the investment advisor, out of respect for Bilbo, ended that relationship which had served Bilbo so well, for so long.", "Part Two (5)\nToday, Bilbo's house is up for sale, her Social Security checks still arrive monthly, and her savings are somewhere down below $15,000. Frodo forgot to mention that the drug habits of the Second child may still be present, that she has developed all the signs of being clinically bi-polar, that she has been unemployed for almost four years, that she has removed her name from any and all assets, and that she has resided with her same-sex partner for the past decade.", "Part Two (5)\nSo Frodo travels to Mordor to bring Bilbo into the house he shares with Samwise. It is likely that it will be the last parting between Bilbo and the Second child, and certainly the last with Frodo until the act of burial occurs for Bilbo. The tragedy being that Frodo does not care.\nIf you're planning a holiday party, don't invite Frodo this time around. He'll be more fun next year (and it'll give him a chance to flatten his abs for a different game)."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://davidswatton.com/tag/genealogy/

Tom Oxley – WW1 PoW and family research.

["Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nTag genealogy\nTom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW\u2026\nDecember 6, 2020 November 4, 2021 dswatton Leave a comment\nThis short piece of family research concerns Tom Oxley, the father of my aunt Milly (wife of my father\u2019s elder brother), born in Rotherham in 1889. His father variously worked in local foundries and steel works and Tom became a coal miner as so many did in that part of Yorkshire.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nHowever, by the time he was 18 he was in trouble with the police and in January 1908 he was convicted for minor assault and given 14 days hard labour in HM Prison Wakefield.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nAfter his release and sometime before the beginning of World War 1 he apparently joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. The RNVR was created in 1903 and was the Navy\u2019s equivalent of the Territorial Army and was open to civilians with no prior naval experience. Unfortunately, I haven\u2019t been able to trace his enlistment records and am assuming they were part of the many thousands that were destroyed when the archive was hit during the Blitz in WW2.\nHarriet Wootten", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nAfter the assassination of Crown Price Franz Ferdinand at the end of June 1914, people could see war approaching and Tom made another big change in his life, getting married in July of that year to Harriet Wootten.\nAnd the following month war broke out, in August 1914.\nOn mobilisation, the popularity of the Navy and the strength of its reserves resulted in a large surplus of manpower, far more than were needed to adequately man the Fleet.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nIt was then that Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, intervened in not one of his finest moments. He decided that the surplus men should be formed into infantry units \u2013 the Royal Naval Division. Not one to waste time, he duly sent a memo to the Secretary of the Admiralty and the First Sea Lord giving them a week to start making it happen!", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nBy the end of the month a tented camp for 1st Brigade had been established at Walmer Downs near Dover comprising four battalions, each named after famous British Admirals \u2013 Drake, Hawke, Benbow and Collingwood.\nTom was assigned to 2nd (Hawke) Battalion.\nThere were over 7000 men in all, comprising men from the RNVR, ex-regulars from the Royal Naval Reserve and recalled retired officers and men.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nI can\u2019t help but think they were less than impressed being issued with rifles and being made into infantry rather than serving in the Fleet.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nAs it was, in the worst tradition of British military improvisation (yes, bungling), the only rifles available were outdated Lee-Metfords from the Boer War and as khaki was in short supply most men wore normal naval blue uniform. Eighty percent of the troops went to war without even basic equipment such as packs, mess tins or water bottles and the division had no artillery, Field Ambulances or other ancillary units.\nTom Oxley in uniform", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nAfter five weeks of basic training this improvised and still working-up division was sent to Belgium to join the Royal Marines already stationed there as the situation on the continent was fast deteriorating. The two Royal Naval Division brigades arrived to join the Marines around Antwerp on 6th October, taking positions interspersed between the semi-circle of eight old brick-built forts that surrounded the city.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nAt dawn, 8th October, the German infantry began a fresh assault on the old fortress line. Their 305mm and 420mm mortars had been moved up, and opened fire on the old brick forts. Even before dawn Forts 1, 2 and 4 were reported to have fallen.\nThe Royal Naval Division, positioned on the old fort line between Forts 2 and 7, were right in the middle of the German fire.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nDuring the evening, the brigades of the Royal Naval Division were ordered to withdraw. Not all of the units received the orders, and there was wholesale confusion. One of the problems was the incredible congestion on the few roads heading north-west, as thousands of refugees moved in the same direction. It was impossible even for signal runners to move back and forth between headquarters and front line units. The 1st Naval Brigade suffered badly from confused orders and the chaotic condition of the roads.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nAs a result, the following day, 9th October, over 2400 men from Hawke, Benbow and Collingwood battalions were lost after being outflanked by the advancing Germans and cut off. 1479 troops managed to march north into neutral Holland where they were interned for the remainder of the war and 936 were captured by the Germans and would remain as prisoners of war until the end of hostilities.\nTom Oxley was one of these men.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nHis service record in the National Archives was unclear (literally), the lines referring to his capture virtually unreadable (second section below, dated 3.12.14 Officially reported prisoner of war):\nBut after some experts on a WW1 internet forum gave me some pointers, I managed to find Tom\u2019s record with the International Red Cross who maintained a catalogue of all prisoners of war. This provided some more details:", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nIt confirmed his capture on 9th Oct 1914 and interestingly identified the PoW Camp in which he was held \u2013 Lager D\u00f6beritz, which turned out to be north-west of Potsdam, near Berlin.\nTom Oxley was to spend the rest of the war in this camp, over 4 years.", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nThe prisoners tried to make the best of things while they were held. Between their daily work schedules when they were often marched out of camp to undertake manual labour, they tried to entertain themselves as best they could. They had an orchestra, various sports teams, theatre and concert troupes and they produced a regular magazine \u2013 the D\u00f6beritz Gazette.\nWork detail setting off for the day", "Tom Oxley \u2013 WW1 PoW and family research.\nI guess for the PoWs the end of the war couldn\u2019t come soon enough but it wasn\u2019t until 13th December 1918 that Tom was repatriated.\nThe photograph below is of the last PoWs to leave D\u00f6beritz. The quality isn\u2019t good enough to tell if one of those in navy uniform is Tom but it\u2019s nice to think that it may be, and it shows they hadn\u2019t lost their sense of humour, despite years of incarceration."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://jointcustodydc.com/collections/posters/products/vintage-andy-warhol-xiv-olympic-winter-games-sarejevo-1984-lithograph-poster

Vintage Andy Warhol "XIV Olympic Winter Games Sarejevo 1984" Lithograph Poster

["Vintage Andy Warhol XIV Olympic Winter Games Sarejevo 1984 Lithograph Poster\nAndy Warhol was one of the most prolific artists of the 20th century. His pop art renditions of everything from Campbell's Soup to Marilyn Monroe were equal parts mainstream and subversive. Born in Pittsburgh, PA in 1928, Warhol began his art career by making commercial art in the 1950s. His career as a fine artist began in the 60s, and in little over a decade Warhol became one of the most popular and important artists in the world, known for his work with and for celebrities", "Vintage Andy Warhol XIV Olympic Winter Games Sarejevo 1984 Lithograph Poster\nOne of the last big commissions before his death in 1987 was for the 1984 Winter Olympics held in Sarajevo. Warhol, along with other prominent artists like David Hockney and Cy Twombly, contributed art for the games, and his depiction of a speedster in typical Warholian style was used for the official poster from the Olympics. This original 1984 Winter Olympics lithograph poster, in great condition with some wear and marks, features beautiful Andy Warhol art from late in his career."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wuga.org/2023-03-18/a-strong-earthquake-has-killed-at-least-15-in-ecuador-and-1-in-peru

Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru

["Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nA strong earthquake has killed at least 15 in Ecuador and 1 in Peru\nJhonny Crespo\nA man takes a photo of a building that collapsed after an earthquake shook Machala, Ecuador, on Saturday.\nA strong earthquake shook southern Ecuador and northern Peru on Saturday, killing at least 15 people, trapping others under rubble, and sending rescue teams out into streets littered with debris and fallen power lines.", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nThe U.S. Geological Survey reported an earthquake with a magnitude of about 6.8 that was centered just off the Pacific Coast, about 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Guayaquil, Ecuador's second-largest city. One of the victims died in Peru, while 14 others died in Ecuador, where authorities also reported that at least 126 people were injured.", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nEcuadorian President Guillermo Lasso told reporters the earthquake had \"without a doubt ... generated alarm in the population.\" Lasso's office in a statement said 12 of the victims died in the coastal state of El Oro and two in the highlands state of Azuay.", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nIn Peru, the earthquake was felt from its northern border with Ecuador to the central Pacific coast. Peruvian Prime Minister Alberto Ot\u00e1rola said a 4-year-old girl died from head trauma she suffered in the collapse of her home in the Tumbes region, on the border with Ecuador.\nOne of the victims in Azuay was a passenger in a vehicle crushed by rubble from a house in the Andean community of Cuenca, according to the Risk Management Secretariat, Ecuador's emergency response agency.", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nIn El Oro, the agency also reported that several people were trapped under rubble. In the community of Machala, a two-story home collapsed before people could evacuate, a pier gave way and a building's walls cracked, trapping an unknown number of people.\nThe agency said firefighters worked to rescue people while the National Police assessed damage, their work made more difficult by downed lines that interrupted telephone and electricity service.", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nMachala resident Fabricio Cruz said he was in his third-floor apartment when he felt a strong tremor and saw his television hit the ground. He immediately headed out.\n\"I heard how my neighbors were shouting and there was a lot of noise,\" said Cruz, a 34-year-old photographer. He added that when he looked around, he noticed the collapsed roofs of nearby houses.\nEcuador's government also reported damages to health care centers and schools. Lasso said he would travel on Saturday to El Oro.", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nIn Guayaquil, about 170 miles (270 kilometers) southwest of the capital, Quito, authorities reported cracks in buildings and homes, as well as some collapsed walls. Authorities ordered the closure of three vehicular tunnels in Guayaquil, which anchors a metro area of over 3 million people.\nXavier Caivinagua / AP\nA police officer looks up next to a car crushed by debris after an earthquake shook Cuenca, Ecuador, on Saturday.", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nVideos shared on social media show people gathered on the streets of Guayaquil and nearby communities. People reported objects falling inside their homes.\nOne video posted online showed three anchors of a show dart from their studio desk as the set shook. They initially tried to shake it off as a minor quake but soon fled off camera. One anchor indicated the show would go on a commercial break, while another repeated, \"My God, my God.\"", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nLuis Tomal\u00e1 was fishing with others when the earthquake struck. He said their boat began moving \"like a racehorse, we got scared, and when we turned on the radio, we heard about the earthquake.\" That's when his group, Tomal\u00e1 said, decided to stay at sea fearing a tsunami could develop.\nA report from Ecuador's Adverse Events Monitoring Directorate ruled out a tsunami threat.\nPeruvian authorities said the old walls of an Army barracks collapsed in Tumbes.", "Strong earthquake kills at least 15 in Ecuador and one in Peru\nEcuador is particularly prone to earthquakes. In 2016, a quake centered farther north on the Pacific Coast in a more sparsely populated area of the country killed more than 600 people.\nMachala student Katherine Cruz said her home shook so badly that she could not even get up to leave her room and flee to the street.\n\"It was horrible. I had never felt anything like this in my life,\" she said."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://rosetheatre.org/news/meet-the-janes

Meet the Janes

["Meet the Janes\nMeet the Janes\nThu 23 Aug\nAs the saying goes, behind every great man stands a woman rolling her eyes... Let's take a look at the woman behind the celebrated artist William Hogarth \u2013 his wife, Jane \u2013 and the actresses bringing her to life in our upcoming production of Hogarth's Progress.\nRuby Bentall\nRuby is no stranger to period dramas, having spent a lot of time on the Cornwall coast playing Verity in Poldark and starring in three series of Lark Rise to Candleford as Minnie Mude.", "Meet the Janes\nThis time, she will be transported to Georgian London to play Hogarth's new wife Jane in the first play of our double-bill: The Art of Success.\nRuby also has links to Kingston-upon-Thames. Her great uncle Frank Bentall opened a drapery shop in 1867, which later developed into the department store Bentalls.\nSusannah Harker\nSusannah Harker earned a BAFTA nomination for her role as Mattie Horan in the BBC's acclaimed series House of Cards.", "Meet the Janes\nShe is perhaps best known for her role as Jane Bennett in the much-loved BBC adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, alongside Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle.\nThis time, Susannah will portray another Jane in the world premiere of The Taste of the Town alongside Keith Allen as the older Hogarth. Read on to find out more about Mrs Hogarth...", "Meet the Janes\nJane Hogarth was the daughter of English painter Sir James Thornhill. His works include paintings inside the dome of St Paul's Cathedral and the Painted Hall at Royal Hospital, Greenwich.\nJane married William Hogarth when he was a student at her father's academy. The pair wed, much to Thornhill's horror, and their elopement was considered to be one of the most romantic stories of the Georgian era.", "Meet the Janes\nThe couple were huge supporters of London's Foundling Hospital, a home for vulnerable and deserted children. The pair welcomed many of the hospital's children into their home and they were all named Jane or Billy in their honour. Their love for the hospital was illustrated in William's portrait of the hospital's founder, Thomas Coram.", "Meet the Janes\nThe Hogarths never had any children of their own. Michael Dean suspects in his fictional work I, Hogarth that William had syphilis and therefore couldn't procreate, although in the Georgian era the blame would have landed with Jane.", "Meet the Janes\nIt is believed that Jane modelled for William in 1761 when he was painting Sigismunda Mourning Over the Heart of Guiscardo, a scene from novella Decameron by Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio. William regarded the oil painting as a masterpiece, but it received much ridicule and critics deemed the depiction of a wife tenderly caressing her husband's bloody heart grotesque.\nRuby Bentall will also play Nancy/Mrs Ryott in The Taste of the Town and Susannah Harker will play Queen Caroline in The Art of Success.", "Meet the Janes\nBoth plays together form the double-bill Hogarth's Progress, which runs at the Rose from Thu 13 Sep \u2013 Sun 21 Oct. Each play can be seen as a single performance or enjoyed together, either over different days or as a thrilling all-day theatrical experience. To find out more, click here."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1881/02/reminiscences-of-washington/632909/

Reminiscences of Washington

["Reminiscences of Washington\nWho Are the Aryans?\nJohn Fiske\nFriends: A Duet\nE. Stuart Phelps\nThe Wives of Poets\nWilliam M. Rossetti\nNight on the Ocklawaha\nC. E. S.\nThe Future of American Shipping\nHenry Hall\nIn the Certosa\nSusan Coolidge\nReminiscences of Washington\nX. THE TAYLOR ADMINISTRATION, 1849, 1850.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nGENERAL TAYLOR was elected president as an \u201c available \u201d candidate. The whigs, in nominating him rather than Webster or Clay, surrendered their good repute of fidelity, threw off all pretense of principle, and supported the hero of Buena Vista \u201c as the only means \u201d \u2014 so said Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWinthrop \u2014 \u201cof averting the present policy of the country.\u201d His defeated competitors for the nomination were naturally much chagrined, for their ambition had not been weakened by age, or disheartened by defeat, while their credulity had only been increased with their years. Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nClay had confidently expected to be nominated until the result came upon him like a clap of thunder in a clear sky ; and he not only denounced the action of the convention, but was severe in his criticisms upon his former lieutenant, John J. Crittenden, for what he had done to bring it about. Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWebster was equally forcible in his denunciation of treacherous friends at the convention, and, while his pecuniary necessities forced him to accept a considerable sum of money from the whig state committee of Massachusetts, in payment for one of his oracular speeches advocating the election of Taylor, he did not hesitate to say that there was \u201c no man more firmly of opinion that such a nomination was not fit to be made.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nGeneral Taylor was, of all the men who have filled the presidential chair by the choice of the people, the one least competent to perform its duties, he had been placed before his countrymen as a candidate, in spite of his repeated avowals of incapacity, inexperience, and repugnance to all civil duties. Although sixty-four years of ago, he had never exercised the right of suffrage, and he was well aware that he was elected because of his military prowess", "Reminiscences of Washington\nBut no sooner did he learn that he had been chosen than he displayed the same invincible courage, practical sense, and indomitable energy of purpose in the discharge of his new and arduous civil duties which had characterized his military career.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe president elect was fortunate in having as a companion, counselor, and friend Colonel William Wallace Bliss, who had served as his chief of staff in the Mexican campaign, and who became the husband of his favorite daughter, Miss Betty. Colonel Bliss was the son of Captain Bliss, of the regular army, and after having been reared in the State of New York he was graduated at West Point, where he served afterwards for some years as acting professor of mathematics", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHe thus acquired a pedagogical manner and studious habits, but he was sagacious and energetic, unacquainted with the crooked paths of politics, and unwilling to submit to arrogant Southern dictation.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nOn his way to Washington from his Louisiana plantation, General Taylor visited Frankfort, and personally invited Mr. John J. Crittenden, then governor of Kentucky, to become his secretary of state. Governor Crittenden, embarrassed by the return of Henry Clay to the senate, declined, and General Taylor then telegraphed to Mr. John M. Clayton, of Delaware, tendering him the position, which that gentleman promptly accepted. The Southern whigs had selected Mr. William C. Rives, \u2014 the man who, as Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWebster said, \u201c could ride with all his personal friends in an omnibus,\u201d \u2014 but the president elect did not fancy his impracticable conservatism.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Abbott Lawrence, who had contributed largely to the expenditures during the presidential campaign, solicited the appointment of secretary of the treasury, and was offered the navy department, which he declined. Mr. Thomas Butler King, of Georgia, had desired this place, but Mr. Robert Toombs, supported by Representative Stephens and Senator Dawson, succeeded in having Mr. George W. Crawford, of that State, appointed secretary of war.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. William M. Meredith, of Pennsylvania, was rather forced upon General Taylor as secretary of the treasury, by Mr. Clayton and other whigs; not only on account of his acknowledged talents, but to exclude objectionable Pennsylvanians, among them Mr. Josiah Randall, the man who, more than any other, had contributed to the nomination and election of the general. A contest between Messrs. Corwin and Vinton, of Ohio, for a seat in the cabinet was settled by the appointment of Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThomas Ewing, of that State, as secretary of the interior; and Mr. Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, who had been an unsuccessful competitor with Mr. Upham for a seat in the senate, and had been recommended by the legislature as attorneygeneral, was made postmaster-general.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nGeneral Taylor had intended to appoint Mr. William Ballard Preston, of Virginia, as attorney-general, although several whig congressmen had expressed their disapprobation of the selection. Finally, Senator Archer, of Virginia, called and asked if there were any foundation for the report that his friend Preston was to be made attorney-general. \u201c Yes ! \u201d answered General Taylor", "Reminiscences of Washington\n\u201c I have determined to appoint him.\u201d \u201c Are you aware, general,\u201d said the senator, \u201cthat the attorney-general must represent the government in the supreme court?\u201d \u201cOf course!\u201d responded the general. \u201c But do you know that he must there meet Daniel Webster, Reverdy Johnson, and other leading lawyers", "Reminiscences of Washington\n? \u201d \u201c Certainly. What of that?\u201d \u201c Nothing, general, except that they will make a - fool of your attorney-general.\u201d The Virginia senator then took his leave, and the next; morning\u2019s papers contained the announcement that, the president had decided to appoint his friend Mr. Preston secretary of the navy, and Mr. Reverdy Johnson attorney-general. Ridicule had secured the desired result.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMrs. Taylor regretted the election of her husband, and came to Washington with a heavy heart. She was a native of Calvert County, Maryland, and was born on the estate where the father of Mrs. John Quincy Adams had formerly resided. Her father, Mr. Walter Smith, was an independent and highly respectable farmer, and her brother, Major Richard Smith, of the marine corps, was well remembered at Washington for his gallant bearing and his social qualities. The eldest daughter of General Taylor had married Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nJefferson Davis, of Mississippi, then a subaltern officer of dragoons, against the wishes of her father, who would not for years exchange a word with his son-in-law. After her death, Mr. Davis served in the Mexican war as colonel of a regiment of Mississippi riflemen, and his gallantry at the battle of Monterey removed the existing prejudice, and secured for him the cordial thanks of General Taylor, who was in command. General Taylor\u2019s second daughter was the wife of Dr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWood, of the army, who was at that time stationed at Baltimore, as was General Taylor\u2019s brother, Colonel Taylor. Mrs. Taylor, with her younger daughter, Mrs. Bliss, went directly from Louisiana to Baltimore, some weeks prior to the inauguration", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThey broke up housekeeping at Baton Rouge before they left there, and took with them William Oldham, a faithful .colored man, who had been the body-servant of General Taylor for many years, the parade-horse \u201c old Whitey,\u201d which he had ridden in the Mexican campaign, and a favorite dog.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nPresident Polk called upon General Taylor soon after his arrival at Washington, and invited him and Mr. Fillmore to dine at the White House, \u2014 an invitation which was accepted. General Cass also called to pay his respects to his successful competitor, and as he entered the room General Taylor advanced, grasped his hand, and shook it cordially", "Reminiscences of Washington\nGeneral Cass, who had not at first recognized the president elect, exclaimed, \u201c You had the advantage of me ! That \u2019s twice you\u2019ve had the advantage of me ! \u201d \u201cThat\u2019s true,\u201d said General Taylor; \u201cbut you know the battle is not always to the strong!\" \u201c That\u2019s a fact,\u201d replied General Cass, and then the two had a very friendly chat", "Reminiscences of Washington\nJust before General Cass left the room, a gentleman introduced himself to him, remarking, \u201c I was on the stump as a democrat, and in every State in which I spoke you had a majority.\u201d \u201c My good friend,\u201d said General Cass, \u201c I am very much obliged to you ; but I wish you had stumped in two or three States more.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nGeneral Taylor was inaugurated on Monday, March 5th. He was escorted from Willard\u2019s Hotel by an imposing procession, headed by twelve volunteer companies. The president elect rode in an open carriage, drawn by four gray horses, and he was joined at the Irving House by President Polk, who sat at his right hand. One hundred young gentlemen, residents of the District of Columbia, formed a body-guard, and kept the crowd from pressing around the president\u2019s carriage", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThen came the \u201c Rough and Ready \u201d clubs of Washington, Georgetown, Alexandria, and Baltimore, with banners, badges, and music, while the students of the Jesuits\u2019 college brought up the rear.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe personal appearance of General Taylor, as he read his inaugural address from a platform erected in front of the eastern portico of the Capitol, was not imposing. His figure was somewhat portly, and his logs were short; his thin, gray hair was unbrushed ; his whiskers were of the military cut then prescribed; his features were weatherbronzed and care-furrowed; and he read almost inaudibly", "Reminiscences of Washington\nIt was evident, however, that he was a popular favorite, and when he had concluded, the vociferous cheering of the assembled thousands was echoed by the firing of cannon and the music of the bands.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe inaugural message showed that General Taylor regarded the Union as in danger, and that he intended to use every possible exertion for its preservation. Mr. Calhoun had requested, through Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nClayton, that nothing should be said in the inaugural on this subject, which had prompted the addition of a paragraph, in which the incoming president declared that a dissolution of the Union would be the greatest of calamities, and went on to say, \u201c Whatever dangers may threaten it, I shall stand by it, and maintain it in its integrity, to the full extent of the obligations imposed and the power conferred upon me by the constitution.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThere were three inauguration balls at night, \u2014 one in a temporary building annexed to the city hall, one at Mr. Rives\u2019s Jackson Hall, and one at Carusi\u2019s saloon. President Taylor, accompanied by Colonel and Mrs. Bliss, attended them all, going last to the ball at the city hall, where the diplomatic corps were present, wearing their court suits", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe Count do Bodisco wore the uniform of an imperial chamberlain, with the insignia of a number of orders of knighthood, while his beautiful wife appeared in the dress which she had worn when she was presented to the Czar, the year previous. It was of white satin embroidered with gold, and over it she wore a crimson velvet \u201c polonaise,\u201d with a sweeping train, also embroidered with gold, while her crimson velvet head-dress was resplendent with diamonds.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWhen the bachelor ex-secretary of state came forward with a number of his fair friends, to present them to the president, General Taylor remarked, \u201cAh, Mr. Buchanan, you always pick out the prettiest ladies ! \u201d \u201c Why, Mr.\nPresident,\u201d was the courtly reply, \u201c I know that your tastes and mine agree in that respect.\u201d \u201c Yes,\u201d said General Taylor; \u201c but I have been so long among Indians and Mexicans that I hardly know how to behave myself, surrounded by so many lovely women.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nPresident Taylor, although a Southerner by birth and a slave-owner, took prompt steps to thwart the schemes of Mr. Calhoun and his fellow conspirators. Military officers were promptly ordered to California, Utah, and New Mexico, which had no governments but lynch law ; and the people of the last-named province, which had been settled two hundred years before Texas asserted her independence, were assured that her domain would be guaranteed by the United States against the claim of the Lone Star State.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe horde of whig office - seekers which invaded Washington after the inauguration of President Taylor recalled the saying of John Randolph, when it was asserted that the patronage of the federal government was overrated: \u201dI know,\u201d said the sarcastic Virginian, \u201c that it may be overrated; I know that we cannot give to those who apply offices equal to their expectations; and I also know that with one bone I can call five hundred dogs.\u201d The democratic motto that \u201cto the victors belong the spoils \u201d was adopted by the Taylor administration", "Reminiscences of Washington\nUnexceptionable men wore removed from office, that their places might be filled with officers of Rough and Ready clubs, or partisan orators. Democratic collectors of customs, postmasters, surveyors, marshals, tide-waiters, and even keepers of lighthouses were replaced by whigs, who were thus rewarded for their fabulous services. Veterans like General Armstrong and even the gifted Hawthorne were \u201c rotated \u201d from the offices which they held, without mercy. In the postoffice department alone, where Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nFitz Henry Warren, as assistant postmastergeneral, worked the political guillotine, there were 3406 removals during the first year of the Taylor administration, besides many hundred clerks and employees in the post-offices of the larger cities.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nIn the dispensation of \u201c patronage \u201d there was a display of shameless nepotism. A brother-in-law of Senator Webster was made navy agent at New York. Sons of Senators Crittenden, Clay, and Davis received important appointments abroad, and the son-in-law of Senator Calhoun was retained in the diplomatic service. Two sons-in law of Senator Benton were offered high places", "Reminiscences of Washington\nA nephew of Senator Truman Smith was made one of the United States judges in Minnesota, and a nephew of Secretary Clayton was made purser at the Washington navy yard. The pledge of the president, that he had \u201cno friends to reward\u201d was apparently forgotten, and he was hedged in by a little circle of executive councilors, who urged him to listen to no other than their suggestions.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWhile the administration was profligate in its abuse of patronage, the conduct of several of the secretaries was such as to give the president great uneasiness as he became acquainted with what was going on. It, was asserted that Secretary Ewing, of the interior department, had overturned the decisions of his predecessors, long acquiesced in, and that he had reopened and allowed obsolete claims, paying large sums as principal and interest without any specific authority of law", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe Barron pension claim, the Chickasaw claim, the De la Francia claim, and others were but a part of the long catalogue of these raids upon the public treasury.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe Galphin claim was, however, the most barefaced robbery of the nation\u2019s funds ever made under the auspices of a cabinet officer. In 1848, on the last night of the session, a bill had been smuggled through Congress, providing for the payment of a claim brought by the heirs of George Galphin, an Indian trader, for the destruction of his property in 1773", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe State of Georgia had never acknowledged the claim, but on the contrary had repudiated it in every form ; nor could any good reason be given why the United States should be liable for it. Congress, however, ordered the payment of an unnamed sum, and Secretary Walker paid the principal claimed, \u2014 $43,518,\u2014leaving the demand for the interest as a legacy to the Taylor administration. Of this sum, Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nCrawford, the claimant\u2019s attorney, received one half; and after he became secretary of war the interest was allowed, amounting to $191,352, of which he also received one half, making his whole receipts for principal and interest about $115,000. The lawyers in Congress declared that the secretary acted professionally, but others censured him severely. Mr. James Brooks, the editor of the New York Express, then a whig member of the house, denounced Secretary Crawford\u2019s action as unwarrantable", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHe contended that the principal was never due from the United States, and he cited the authority of Attorneys-General Wirt, Legar\u00e9, and Crittenden to show that the interest was illegally paid. Judge Cartter, then a representative from Ohio, was severe in his comments on the monstrous corruption of the allowance of interest, the payment of which he said that he disliked, \u201cboth as an exaction on the part of the capitalist, and on account of its origin with the Jews, who killed the Saviour \u201d !", "Reminiscences of Washington\nA commission for the payment of claims arising from the war with Mexico was another source of corruption. Fraudulent claims were trumped up, and forced through the commission by leading whigs, some of them occupants of seats in Congress", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThis indecent practice of pressing unfounded and rejected claims before commissions or the executive departments by lawyers who are senators or representatives did not originate with the Taylor administration, but it received an impulse under it that was a serious infliction on the country, and alarmingly detrimental to the public interest", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWhen those elected to make laws are employed, for high fees, to supplicate secretaries, auditors, and commissioners for worthless claims, and when those officials require these lawyers, in their legislative capacity, to grant them improper favors, the door for collusion is flung widely open between them. No species of bribery can be more corrupting than that by which the public treasury is made thus indirectly to pay legislators for bad laws and official delinquency.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nPresident Taylor offered the place of secretary to the Mexican - claims commission to Dr. Charles Davis, who had practiced his profession in Mexico for fourteen years before the war, and had joined the general\u2019s staff as interpreter, rendering important services. The cabinet, however, decided to conciliate Senator Benton by giving the place to one of his sons-in-law, who was notoriously unfit for it, and the president had to apologize to Dr. Davis for having broken his promise", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe doctor, incensed by this treatment, revenged himself by showing that the commission was beguiled into the allowance of a fraudulent claim to a dentist named Gardner, for damages to the works of a silvermine which existed only in his imagination. A commissioner sent to Mexico exposed the fraud, and Gardner was tried and convicted, but escaped punishment by committing suicide", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe trial revealed the fact that leading Washington bankers and prominent whig politicians had secured a large share of the proceeds of this ingenious swindle. The cabinet officers originally were confined to their legitimate duties, and as advisers were consulted only on measures of importance. Nothing was heard, in those early days of the republic, of sessions of the executive board to consider appointments which the constitution and the laws confided to the president alone", "Reminiscences of Washington\nBut the Taylor cabinet usurped this power, giving the president the casting vote at their meetings, where enemies were punished and friends rewarded, while the executive was transformed into a directory.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nSocially, President Taylor enjoyed himself, and he used to take morning walks through the streets of Washington, wearing a high black silk hat perched on the back of his head, and a suit of black broadcloth much too large for him, but made in obedience to his orders, that he might be comfortable. Mrs. Taylor used to sit patiently all day in her room, plying her knitting-needles, and occasionally, it was said, smoking her pipe. Mrs", "Reminiscences of Washington\nBliss was an excellent housekeeper, and the introduction of gas into the Executive Mansion, with new furniture and carpets, enabled her to give it a more creditable appearance. It was said that she did the honors of the establishment\u201c with the artlessness of a rustic belle and the grace of a duchess.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe thirty-first Congress, which met on the first Monday in the December following the inauguration of President Taylor, contained many statesmen. Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Benton, Jeff Davis, Douglas, Dickinson, Hamlin, Hale, Corwin, Houston, Seward, Chase, and Berrien were among the sixty senators, while many names of national prominence were to be found upon the roll of two hundred and thirty representatives", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe organization of the house was a difficult task ; nine \u201c free-soil \u201d or antislavery whigs from the North and six \u201cstate-rights \u201d or pro-slavery whigs from the South refusing to vote for that accomplished gentleman, Mr. Robert C. Winthrop, who was the whig candidate for speaker. On the first, ballot, Howell Cobb, of Georgia, had 103 votes, against 96 votes for Robert C. Winthrop, 8 votes for David Wilmot, 6 votes for Meredith P. Gentry, 2 votes for Horace Mann, and a number of scattering votes", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe tellers announced that there was no choice, and the balloting was continued, day after day, amid great and increasing excitement. After the thirty-ninth ballot, Mr. Winthrop withdrew from the protracted contest, expressing his belief that the peace and safety of the Union demanded that an organization of some sort should be effected without delay.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe Southern whigs who had opposed Mr. Winthrop were vehement and passionate in their denunciation of the North. \u201c The time has come,\u201d said Mr. Toombs, his black, uncombed hair standing out from his massive head as if charged with electricity, his eyes glowing like coals of fire, and his sentences rattling forth like volleys of musketry, \u2014 \u201c the time has come,\u201d said he, \u201c when I shall not only utter my opinions, but make them the basis of my political action here", "Reminiscences of Washington\nI do not, then, hesitate to avow before this house and the country, and in the presence of the living God, that if, by your legislation, you seek to drive us from the territories of California and New Mexico, and to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, I am for disunion ; and if my physical courage be equal to the maintenance of my convictions of right and duty I will devote all I am and all I have on earth to its consummation.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThese inflammatory remarks provoked replies, and after a heated debate Mr. Duer, of New York, remarked that he \u201c would never, under any circumstances, vote to put a man in the speaker\u2019s chair who would, in any event, advocate or sanction a dissolution of the Union.\u201d This brought a dozen Southerners to their feet, with angry exclamations, and Mr. Bayly, of Virginia, who was near Mr. Duer, said, \u201c There are no disunionists.\u201d \u201cThere are!\u201d exclaimed Mr. Duer. \u201c Name one ! \u201d shouted Mr. Bayly. At that moment Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMeade, of Virginia, rose, and passed directly before Mr. Duer, who pointed to him and shouted, \u201c There\u2019s one ! \u201d \u201cIt is false! \u201d replied Mr. Meade, angrily. \u201cYou lie, sir!\u201d responded Mr. Duer, in tones which rang through the hall; and, drawing himself up, he stood unmoved, while his political friends and foes clustered angrily about him, talking and gesticulating. Fortunately Mr. Nathan Sergeant, who was the sergeant-at-arms, was in his seat, and he immediately came to the side of Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nDuer, bearing aloft the \u201c mace,\u201d which is the symbol of the authority of the house. Quiet was restored, and Mr. Duer then apologized to the house for having been provoked into the use of the unparliamentary expression, but justified himself by referring to a speech which Mr. Meade had just made and printed, which contained disunion sentiments. Mr. Meade promptly challenged Mr. Duer, who showed no indisposition to fight; but with some difficulty friends secured an amicable settlement of the quarrel.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nFinally, after three weeks of angry recrimination, it was voted that a plurality should elect, and on the .sixty-second ballot Mr. Howell Cobb, of Georgia, having received 102 votes against 100 votes for Mr. Winthrop, was declared the speaker of the house", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHe did not have that sense of personal dignity and importance which belonged to Sir John Falstaff by reason of his knighthood, but he displayed the same rich exuberance of animal enjoyment, the same roguish twinkle of the eye, and the same indolence which characterized the fat knight.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nPresident Taylor\u2019s first and only message to Congress was transmitted on the Monday following the organization of the house, December 24th, and the printed copies first distributed contained the sentence, \u201c We are at peace with all the nations of the world, and the rest of mankind.\u201d Other copies were soon printed, in which the corrected sentence read, \u201c We are at peace with all the nations of the world, and seek to maintain our cherished relations of amity with them.\u201d The blunder caused much diversion among the democrats, and greatly annoyed Colonel Bliss, who, as the president\u2019s private secretary, had superintended the publication of the message.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMeanwhile, Henry Clay had reappeared at Washington as a senator from Kentucky, and occupied his old quarters at the National Hotel, which belonged to one of his many devoted friends, Mr. Calvert, of Maryland. Although in his seventy-third year, he was apparently hale and hearty. His head, bald on the top, was fringed with long iron-gray hair, his lofty forehead was arched and expansive, his cheeks somewhat sunken, his nose thin, and his wide mouth wreathed in genial smiles", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHe always was dressed in black, and from a high black satin stock, which enveloped his long neck, emerged a huge white shirt collar, which reached to his ears. He mingled in society, generally kissing the prettiest girls wherever he went; and he enjoyed a quiet game of cards in his own room, with a glass of toddy made from Bourbon County whisky.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAt the commencement of the session Mr. Clay requested that he might be excused from service on any of the standing committees of the senate, and his wish was granted. It was not long, however, before he evinced a desire to re\u00ebnter the arena of debate, as a leader of the whig party, but not as a follower of President Taylor", "Reminiscences of Washington\nPresenting a series of resolutions which would consolidate the settlement of the eight different questions involving slavery, then before Congress, into what he expected would prove a lasting compromise, Mr. Clay moved their reference to a select committee of thirteen, with instructions to report them in one bill. The committee was authorized, but not without opposition, and Mr. Webster\u2019s vote secured for Mr. Clay the chairmanship", "Reminiscences of Washington\nA general compromise bill was speedily prepared, and the \u201c battle of the giants \u201d was commenced; Clay, Webster, and Calhoun engaging for the last time in a gladiatorial strife, which exhibited the off-hand, genial eloquence of the Kentuckian, the ponderous strength of the Massachusetts senator, and the concentrated energies of South Carolina\u2019s favorite son. Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nClay was the leader in the debate, which extended over seven months, and during that time he was ever on the alert; sometimes delivering a long argument, sometimes eloquently replying to other senators, and sometimes suggesting points to some one who was to speak on his side", "Reminiscences of Washington\nIndignant at the treatment which he had received from the whig party, he stood unsubdued, and so far from retreating from those who had deserted him he intended to make the Taylor administration recall its pledges, break its promises, and become national, or pro-slavery, whigs.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Webster was equally grieved and saddened by the recreancy and faithlessness of Massachusetts men who had in years past professed friendship for him, but of whose machinations against him he had obtained proof during the preceding autumn. He also ascertained that, to use the words of Mr. Choate, \u201c the attention of the public mind began to be drawn a little more directly to the great question of human freedom and human slavery", "Reminiscences of Washington\nIf he responded to the beatings of the New England heart, and resisted the aggressions and usurpations of the slave power, he would have to follow the lead of the abolitionists, for whom he had always expressed a profound contempt. Dejected and depressed, Mr. Webster would then have been glad to take the mission to England, and thug terminate his career of public service ; but he was defeated by the claims of Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAbbott Lawrence, who had recently been disappointed in not receiving the appointment of secretary of the treasury, and who refused to to be comforted unless he could be the successor of George Bancroft at the court of St. James.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThaddeus Stevens and Joshua R. Giddings asserted, after the decease of Mr. Webster, that he prepared a speech, the manuscript of which they read, which was a powerful exposition and vindication of Northern sentiment upon the compromise measures, especially the fugitive-slave bill", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHe was doubtless induced to \u201c change front\u201d by pledges of Southern support for the presidency, but he is reported by Theodore Parker as having said to a fellow-senator, on the morning of the 7th of March, \u201cI have my doubts that the speech I am going to make will ruin me.\u201d He should have remembered that he had himself said of the Emperor Napoleon, \u201c His victories and his triumphs crumbled to atoms, and mouldered to dry ashes in his grasp, because he violated the general sense of justice of mankind.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe truculent Mr. Benton headed the opposition in the senate to the compromise measures, and on one occasion he provoked Mr. Henry S. Foote, then a senator from Mississippi, into the use of some sarcastic comments in reply. At first Mr. Benton appeared somewhat surprised that any one should have the audacity thus to criticise what he had thought proper to say, but he soon manifested signs of excitement, and at last he sprang to his feet, knocked over his curule chair, and started for Mr. Foote\u2019s desk", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe dapper little Mississippian, seeing the burly Missourian striding towards him with evidently hostile intentions, suspended his remarks, and retreated to the secretary\u2019s desk, where he drew a five-barreled revolver, cocked it, and stood at bay.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe two Senators Dodge, father and son, endeavored to arrest Mr. Benton\u2019s progress, but he struggled forward, shouting, \u201c Let me pass ! Don\u2019t stop me ! Let the assassin fire ! Only cowards go armed ! I have no weapon ! Let the assassin fire ! \u201d Vice-President Fillmore pounded his table with his mallet, and loudly called for order. A number of senators left their seats, some clustering around Mr. Foote, while others obstructed the passage of Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nBenton, who finally permitted his friends to lead him to his seat, exclaiming as he went, \u201c Let the assassin fire ! I scorn to carry weapons ! \u201d Mr. Dickinson, of New York, took the revolver from Mr. Foote, uncocked it, and locked it in his desk. Then, as order had been partially restored, he mildly inquired of the vicepresident what the question was before the senate.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nUp jumped Mr. Benton again, and said, in a boisterous tone, \" This is not going to pass off in this way. I ask senators to take immediate action on what has happened. A pistol has been drawn, sir ! It has been aimed at me, sir! I demand the immediate action of this body, sir! \u201d Mr. Mangum, to placate the excited senator, introduced a resolution appointing a committee to investigate the occurrence, which was passed", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe committee examined witnesses, and made a report, condemning the occurrence, and expressing the hope that their censure of the attempt would be a sufficient rebuke and a warning not unheeded in the future.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Calhoun\u2019s health had gradually failed, and at last he was supported into the senate-chamber, wrapped in flannels like the great Chatham, and requested that his friend, Senator Mason, might read some remarks which he had prepared. The request was of course granted, and while Mr. Mason read the defiant pronunciamiento, its author sat wrapped in his cloak, his eyes glowing with meteor-like brilliancy, as he glanced at senators upon whom he desired to have certain passages make an impression", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWhen Mr, Mason had concluded, Mr. Calhoun was supported from the senate, and went back to his lodgings at Mr. Hill\u2019s boarding-house, afterwards known as the Old Capitol, to die.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAn unpublished letter from Mr. R. M. T. Hunter, a Virginia senator, gives some interesting facts concerning Mr. Calhoun\u2019s last moments, and the views at that time of the Southern magnates. \u201c Mr. Calhoun\u2019s death,\u201d wrote Mr. Hunter, \u201c was eminently simple, calm, and unaffected,\u2014no display or pretension, nothing for stage effect. He knew that his mortal sickness was upon him, but he did not expect to die so soon", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe evening before his death he had his mail read to him, commented upon some of the letters, and directed his son to clear up his table, as was his wont every night. In the night, when he found he was dying, he directed his son to pack up his papers and watch, and to give his pencil to his son Andrew. When speech left him he still showed consciousness by signs; and, beckoning to his son, squeezed his hand and expired, without pain and without fear", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHe had always said to me previously and to others through his sickness that he had no apprehensions of death ; that it was an event in relation to which he felt that he had no right to entertain a wish. He was a man of few quotations, but one which he often used to me was that there was \u2018 the same Providence on the fatal as the natal hour.\u2019 He was not consulted as to his birth, nor did he believe that his wishes ought to weigh or even exist as to his death : such I suppose to have been his meaning", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHe had a greater faith in his abstractions, one and all, than any other man I ever saw, and this was his abstraction (as I think) about death.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\n\u201c But,\u201d Mr. Hunter went on to say, \u201c you must not whisper it to any one: I believe that he died under the firm impression that the South was ' betrayed \u2019 and gone. Indeed, he told me it was \u2018 betrayed \u2019 the last time I ever saw him. Do not mention this, however. One of the last things he ever said to Judge Butler was, \u2018 Don\u2019t despond, judge ; never despond ! \u2019 And if we mean to fight the battle we must not despond; or, if we do, we must not let the people see it until all is manifestly useless", "Reminiscences of Washington\nClay\u2019s course and Foote\u2019s eternal talk about compromise have done more to let down the tone of Southern feeling than everything else put together. Had Clay not taken the course he did, and had Foote and every Southern man forborne to press compromises on those who talked of nothing of the sort themselves, we might have gotten, I think, a fair compromise: say, the line of 36.30 through to the Pacific, with a recognition of slavery south of that line. Such, at least, is my opinion", "Reminiscences of Washington\nBuchanan would have been willing to agree to this, I believe, and I think I know others in the North who would have agreed to the same. The North would not have severed the Union sooner than submit to such a proposition.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Calhoun\u2019s death elicited glowing eulogies in both houses of Congress, but the most impressive was that of Henry Clay. Evidently standing on the brink of his own grave, he went on to say, \u201c I was his senior, Mr. President, in years, \u2014 in nothing else. According to the course of nature, I ought to have preceded him. It has been decreed otherwise ; but I know that I shall linger here only a short time, and shall soon follow him.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Jefferson Davis aspired to the leadership of the South after the death of Mr. Calhoun, and talked openly of disunion. \u201cLet the sections,\u201d said he, in the senate-chamber, \u201cpart, like the patriarchs of old, and let peace and goodwill subsist among their descendants. Let no wound be inflicted which time cannot heal", "Reminiscences of Washington\nLet the flag of our Union be folded up entire, the thirteen stripes recording the original size of our family, untorn by the unholy struggles of civil war; its constellation to remain undimmed, and speaking to those who come after us of the growth and prosperity of the family whilst it remained united", "Reminiscences of Washington\nUnmutilated let it lie among the archives of the republic, until some future day, when wiser counsels shall prevail, when men shall have been sobered in the school of adversity, again to be unfurled over the continent-wide republic.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nYet when Mr. John P. Hale presented a petition praying for a peaceful dissolution of the Union, Mr. Davis objected to its reception. \u201c When we come into this chamber, Mr. President,\u201d said he, \u201c the first duty which the constitution requires of us is to go to your table, and to swear before Almighty God that we will support the constitution. Well, sir, what are we called upon to do ? To support that instrument, which we have sworn to support", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Hale, who, with Mr. Salmon P. Chase, was not named on any of the committees of the senate, was a constant target for the attacks of the Southerners ; but the keenest shafts of satire made no more impression upon him than musket-balls do upon the hide of a rhinoceros. One day, when Senator Clemens had asserted that the Union was virtually dissolved, Mr. Hale said, \u201cIf this is not a matter too serious for pleasant illustration, let me give you one", "Reminiscences of Washington\nOnce in my life, in the capacity of justice of the peace, \u2014 for I held that office before I was senator, \u2014 I was called on to officiate in uniting a couple in the bonds of matrimony. They came up, and I made short work of it. I asked the man if he would take the woman whom he held by the hand to be his wedded wife; and he replied, 'To be sure I will. I came here to do that very thing.\u2019 I then put the question to the lady whether she would have the man for her husband", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAnd when she answered in the affirmative, I told them they were man and wife then. She looked up with apparent astonishment, and inquired, ' Is that all", "Reminiscences of Washington\n\u2018 it is not such a mighty affair as I expected it to be, after all! \u2019 If this Union is already dissolved, it has produced less commotion in the act than I expected.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nGeneral Cass, then a senator from Michigan, was very restive under the sharp thrusts which Mr. Hale occasionally gave him ; thinking, doubtless, that they would injure his chances for a nomination by the national democratic convention in 1851. The general, then approaching seventy years of age, enjoyed robust health and possessed rare powers of endurance, which he attributed to his never having used ardent spirits or tobacco", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHis early investments in real estate at Detroit had made him a millionaire, and it was his boast that he had never foreclosed a mortgage or sued a debtor. He was always attentive to the interests of his constituents, but he never introduced a measure of national importance into the senate unless it was territorial \u2014 or, as Mr. Calhoun called it, squatter \u2014 sovereignty. The credit of this was taken from him by Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAnother total-abstinence senator was General Sam Houston,\u2014a large, imposing-looking man, who wore a waistcoat made from the skin of some wild beast, dressed with the hair on, and who generally occupied himself during the sessions of the senate in whittling small sticks of soft pine wood, which the sergeant-at-arms procured for him. His life had been one of romantic adventure", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAfter having served with distinction under General Jackson in the Creek war, he had become a lawyer, and then governor of the State of Tennessee. Soon after his inauguration he had married an accomplished young lady, to whom he one day intimated, in jest, that she apparently cared more for a former lover than she did for him. \u201cYou are correct,\u201d said she, earnestly. \u201c I love Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nNickerson\u2019s little finger better than I do your whole body.\u201d Words ensued, and the next day Houston resigned his governorship, went into the Cherokee country west of the Arkansas River, adopted Indian costume, and became an Indian trader. He was the best customer supplied from his own whisky-barrel until, one day, after a prolonged debauch, he heard from a Texas Indian that the Mexicans had taken up arms against their revolted province", "Reminiscences of Washington\nA friend agreeing to accompany him, he cast off his Indian attire, again dressed like a white man, and never drank a drop of any intoxicating beverage afterwards. Arriving in Texas at a critical moment, his gallantry was soon conspicuous, and in due time he was sent to Washington as United States senator.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nGeneral Houston was very angry with those Southern senators who opposed the passage of a resolution permitting Father Theobald Mathew, the \u201c apostle of temperance,\u201d to occupy a seat within the bar of the senate during the period of his sojourn at Washington. The opposition was headed by Senator Jefferson Davis, who declared, and who reiterated the assertion, that, had he the power, he would exclude every abolitionist, foreign and domestic, from the senate chamber.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nIt Father Mathew could have persuaded some of the congressmen who were then wrangling over the compromise measures to take the total-abstinence pledge, many disgraceful scenes would have been avoided. British parliamentary history chronicles the eating-room of the old House of Commons, where one Bellamy supplied chops, steaks, and port wine to manly legislators at the commencement of the present century, and there had been a similar \u201c refectory \u201d in the basement of the house wing of the Capitol, until Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThenceforth the quality of the food served degenerated, and the refectory was not much patronized by the representatives, whose gastronomic and bibulous wants were gratuitously purveyed for by avowed lobbyists, who advanced their interests by judicious distributions of \u201c ham-and-cham.\u201d The senators retained their lunch-room, \u2014 a small, circular apartment, known as \u201cthe hole in the wall;\u201d and it was generally understood that in some of the committee-rooms there were closets well supplied with creature comforts.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAmong other measures which were liberally lobbied was a bill rewarding the discoverer of the an\u00e6sthetic properties of sulphuric ether, which enabled surgeons to perform operations without pain. Large sums of money were expended at Washington by the agents of each of the three alleged discoverers who sought the award", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe financial backer of one of these claimants, who occupied a position of trust in a Massachusetts railroad corporation, gradually stole some fifty thousand dollars from the company, which was disbursed in lobbying at Washington, under the delusive hope that an appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars would soon be carried, from which restoration could be made", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe corporation, fearing that it might jeopardize the passage of the appropriation, did not bring the defaulter to punishment; but he had ceased to be honest, and a few years afterwards he was sentenced to the penitentiary for robbing the mails.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAnother hospitable and generous lobby was at work, in Congress and out of it, advocating a renewal of the letters patent originally given in 1828 to William Woodworth, for a planing-machine. These letters patent were for fourteen years, and there had been two successive renewals for seven years each, the interest of the patentee in the last one having been sold by him for one hundred thousand dollars", "Reminiscences of Washington\nIt was now proposed that the patent be again renewed, and as such a renewal would have been worth at least a hundred thousand dollars, the advocates of the measure were lavish in their expenditures. Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nSeward, who was one of the retained counsel for the patent, had declined to serve on the committee on patents, and he declared, on the floor of the senate, that he had so declined because he was not willing to make his public duties even seem to come in collision with any private duties that he might previously have assumed.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Seward entered the senate when General Taylor was inaugurated as president, and soon became the directing spirit of the administration, although Colonel Bullit, who had been brought from Louisiana to edit The Republic, President Taylor\u2019s recognized organ, spoke of him only with supercilious contempt. Senator Foote sought reputation by insulting him in public, and was himself taunted by Mr. Calhoun with the disreputable fact of intimacy with him in private", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe newly elected senator from New York persisted in maintaining amicable relations with his revilers, and quietly controlled the immense patronage of his State, none of which was shared by the friends of VicePresident Fillmore", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHe was not at heart a reformer ; he probably cared but little whether the negro was a slave or a freeman; but he sought his own political advancement by advocating in turn anti-masonry and abolitionism, \u2014 by politically coquetting with Archbishop Hughes, of the Roman Catholic church, and Henry Wilson, a leading know-nothing. Personally he was honest, but he was always surrounded by intriguers and tricksters, some of whose nests he would aid in feathering", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Buchanan had not shed many tears over the defeat of his rival, General Cass, and he retired from the department of state to his rural home, called Wheatland, where he began at an early day to secure strength in the national nominating convention of 1851 ; asserting continually that he was indifferent on the subject. Yet at the same time he was industriously corresponding with politicians in different sections of the country, and he was especially attentive to Mr. Henry A", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMr. Wise, recalling the time when he was a power behind the throne of John Tyler, encouraged Mr. Buchanan to bid for Southern support, and intimated a readiness to \u201c coach \u201d him so as to make him a favorite in the slave States. His counsels were kindly taken, and in return Mr. Buchanan wrote to the fiery \u201cLord of Accomac,\u201d in his most precise handwriting: \u201c Acquire more character for prudence and moderation, and under the blessing of Heaven you may be almost anything in this country which you desire", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThere is no man living whose success in public and in private life would afford me more sincere pleasure than your own. You have every advantage. All you have to do is to go straight ahead, without unnecessarily treading upon other people\u2019s toes. I know you will think, if you don\u2019t say, What impudence it is for this childless old bachelor of sixty years of age to undertake to give me advice ! Why don\u2019t he mind his own business", "Reminiscences of Washington\n? General Jackson once told me that he knew a man in Tennessee who had got rich by minding his own business ; but still I urged him, and at last with success, which he never regretted.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nPresident Taylor saw General Scott on the second Sunday after his inauguration, at St. John\u2019s Episcopal church, and, not having met with him since the Mexican war, determined to evince by his reception of him that he bore no malice for what had occurred, and that, however much he might have felt when all his regular troops were taken from him, he was willing to forget it", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe president, accordingly, waited after the congregation was dismissed, and then met General Scott in the most friendly manner, shaking him cordially by the hand, and inviting him to call at the White House. On the following day General Scott came, and sent up his card", "Reminiscences of Washington\nTwo gentlemen were with the president when it was received, and instead of inviting the general to climb the stairs to his office he told the messenger to show him into his private parlor below, and to say that he would join him with the least possible delay. Within five minutes the president went down ; but General Scott was not in the parlor, and the messenger said that, after having waited a minute or two, he had petulantly left", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe officers of the exploring expedition in the South Seas had brought home a small botanical collection, made during their voyage, which was at first kept in a greenhouse temporarily erected in the inner court of the Department of the Interior building. In 1850, an appropriation was made for the erection of a greenhouse for the reception of this collection of plants, on a public reservation near the Capitol, and this became the National Botanical Garden", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe gratuitous supply, every spring, of boxes of plants to congressmen, and the distribution of bouquets among their female relatives and friends during the fashionable season, has never failed to secure the necessary annual appropriations from the treasury.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe distribution of plants and seeds to congressmen for their favored constituents has made it an equally easy matter for the commissioner of agriculture to obtain liberal appropriations for his department, and the publication of enormous editions of his reports. The first of these reports was issued by Edmund Burke, while he was commissioner of patents, during the Polk administration. On the incoming of the Taylor administration, Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nBurke was succeeded by Thomas Ewbank, of New York city, and Congress made an appropriation of $3500 for the collection of agricultural statistics, with an additional $1000 for defraying the expenses of chemical analyses of vegetable substances produced and used for the food of man and animals in the United States. When Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nEwbank\u2019s report appeared, the Southern congressmen were \u2014 to quote the words used by Senator Jefferson Davis in debate, amazed to find that it was preceded by what he termed \u201c an introduction by Horace Greeley, a philosopher and philanthropist of the strong abolition type.\u201d\u201c The very fact,\u201d he continued, \u201c that Mr. Greeley was employed to write the introduction is sufficient to damn the work with me, and render it worthless in my estimation.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nCongress had been induced by Mr. Crutehett to make an appropriation for the erection of illuminating-gas works at the Capitol, from which a supply was to be furnished for lighting the interior of the building, and for a large lantern on the top of a mast planted on the dome. It was claimed that this lantern would light up the Capitol grounds and the avenues radiating therefrom; but it failed to do so, and high winds soon began to sway it to and fro, endangering the stability of the dome. Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nCrutehett was asked to remove it, but he declined, saying that the appropriation had been voted to him for its erection, and not for its removal; so Congress had to vote more money to have it taken down", "Reminiscences of Washington\nGas was thenceforth procured from the Washington Company for lighting the Capitol, the public buildings, and Pennsylvania Avenue, and in order to secure the liberal appropriations necessary, no charge was made, for many years, for the gas used by those senators and representatives who occupied houses at Washington.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe congressmen not only provided for their wants and comfort, but secured a respectable burial-place in case they should be called from life. Appropriations were made for the enlargement and improvement of the Washington parish burial-ground, and those senators and representatives who died during a session were honored by the erection of a monument, whether their remains were interred beneath it, or were taken to their former homes", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMany great and good men are interred there, including distinguished representatives of foreign powers; and among the monuments erected by the federal government is that of Push-ma-ta-ha, a Choctaw chief, who died of croup while engaged in making a treaty with President Monroe. On its base is inscribed his last request, \u2014 \u201c When I am gone, let the big guns be fired over me,\u201d \u2014 which was religiously complied with.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nFormerly, a congressional funeral was a source of great profit to the sergeantat-arms of the house to which the deceased had belonged, as the undertakers and livery-stable keepers \u201c divided \u201d the profits on their exorbitant charges", "Reminiscences of Washington\nEach congressional mourner received a pair of black kid gloves, which he put into his pocket, and generally exchanged the next day for others more serviceable ; while the officiating chaplains were decked with large black scarfs, each one of which contained silk enough to make an apron for the recipient\u2019s wife", "Reminiscences of Washington\nAlthough these funeral abuses have been reformed, a practice has since grown up of publishing in book form the eulogiums over departed congressmen, illustrated with portraits engraved on steel, at a cost of several thousand dollars.", "Reminiscences of Washington\n\u201cBeau\u201d Hickman, so called, began during the Taylor administration to rank himself among the celebrities of Washington. He was a middle-aged man, who professed to belong to one of the first families of Virginia, and to have squandered a considerable estate at the gaming-table, but to have retained his fondness for dress", "Reminiscences of Washington\nHis attire was generally somewhat threadbare, but scrupulously clean ; his black kid gloves fitted well, although the worse for wear ; an eye-glass dangled from a black ribbon around his neck ; and in cold weather he sported a Spanish circular cloak, with one end thrown over his shoulder", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe beau was accustomed to frequent the lobbies of the hotels, and when he saw a stranger conversing with any Washington man whose name he knew, he would shamble up and say to the resident, \u201c Your friend undoubtedly desires an introduction to me", "Reminiscences of Washington\n? \u201d The stranger would bow assent, be introduced, and the beau would then coolly ask him to pay a dollar for the privilege of what he termed \u201can initiation.\u201d This was thought by some to be very amusing, especially by the long - haired students from Virginia colleges", "Reminiscences of Washington\nIt was the beau\u2019s entire stock of wit and his only visible means of support, although it was hinted that be was always ready to pilot strangers to gambling-houses, and that the gamesters contributed to his support when he found but few victims to be initiated. His face was a perfect mask, and he never betrayed any emotion, even when rudely repulsed, or made the hero of some fabulous adventure by a newspaper correspondent in want of a paragraph.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nQueen Victoria accredited as her minister plenipotentiary to President Taylor the Right Honorable Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer, an accomplished diplomate, slender and apparently in illhealth. He was afterwards, for many years, the British minister at Constantinople, where he defeated the machinations of Russia, and held in cunning hand the tangled thread of that delicate puzzle, the Eastern question. His private secretary while he was at Washington was his nephew, Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nRobert Bulwer (a son of the novelist), who has since won renown as Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India, and as the author of charming poems signed Owen Meredith.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe secretaries and attach\u00e9s of the foreign legations at Washington are an important feature in fashionable society there. Some of them, who have by their abilities and their energies risen from comparatively obscure positions at home, and who have political and diplomatic aspirations, are hard workers, and send to their respective governments really valuable reports upon our industrial interests, finances, etc", "Reminiscences of Washington\nBut the larger and the younger portion of the members of the \" corps \u201d are either novices who are taking their first lessons in diplomacy, or the needy scions of aristocratic families in search of lucrative matrimonial alliances. They have little or nothing to do, but they play their parts as gravely as if the welfare of the nations which they respectively represent rested upon their individual shoulders, and they occupy their abundant leisure in the small cares of society.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe bitter political discussions at the Capitol during the first six months of 1850 prevented much social enjoyment. There were the customary receptions at the White House and \u201chops\u201d at the hotels, but few large parties were given", "Reminiscences of Washington\nTea-parties were numerous, at which a succession of colored waiters carried trays heaped with different varieties of home-made cakes and tarts, from which the beaux supplied the belles, and at the same time ministered to their own wants, balancing a well-loaded plate on one knee, while they held a cup and saucer, replete with fragrant decoctions from the Chinese plant \u201c which cheers, but not inebriates.\u201d", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe reigning belles were the queenlike widow Ashley, of Missouri, who afterwards married Senator Crittenden, and her beautiful daughter, who became the wife of Mr. Cabell, of Florida. Mrs. Fr\u00e9mont and her sisters made the home of their father, Colonel Benton, very attractive; General Cass\u2019s daughter, who afterwards married the Dutch minister, had returned from Paris with many rare works of art; and the proscribed freesoilers met with a hearty welcome at the house of Dr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nBailey, the editor of The New Era, where Miss Dodge, afterwards better known as Gail Hamilton, passed her first winter in Washington.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThe diplomatic circles were excited by the proceedings connected with the will of General Kosciuszko, the Polish patriot, who bad left an estate in the hands of ex-President Jefferson, as his trustee. Mr. Jefferson declined to accept the trust, and after some litigation it was found that Ivoseiuszko had made a subsequent will. His heirs employed Mr. Gaspard Tochman, a Polish exile, whose home estate had been confiscated, and who was at that time a practicing lawyer in New York, to conduct the suit. M", "Reminiscences of Washington\nde Bodisco, the Russian minister, unwilling that a political enemy of his imperial master should derive any pecuniary advantage from the case, wrote to Poland, advising the Kosciuszko heirs to revoke the power of attorney given to Tochman, and to appoint a new agent. They did so, and sent to the United States Captain Ladislaus Wankowitz, a grand-nephew of Ivoseiuszko, to attend to the matter personally", "Reminiscences of Washington\nSoon after Wankowitz\u2019s arrival at Washington, he was induced to reappoint Tochman as the attorney of the heirs, and to associate with him Mr. Reverdy Johnson. For this act of contumacy, the estate of Wankowitz in Poland, valued at $60,000, was confiscated, and he was forced to accept an $800 clerkship in one of the departments for a livelihood.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nOn the evening of the 4th of July, a large party was given by Mr. Robert C. Winthrop to his gentlemen friends, without distinction of party or locality. At the supper-table, Mr. Winthrop had at his right hand Vice-President Fillmore. and at his left hand Mr. Speaker Cobb. Webster and Foote, Benton and Horace Mann ; the members elect from California, with Clingman and Venable, who were trying to keep them out, were seen in genial companionship", "Reminiscences of Washington\nMost of the cabinet and the president\u2019s private secretary, Colonel Bliss, were there, side by side with those who proposed to impeach them. The only drawback to the general enjoyment of the occasion was the understanding that it was the farewell entertainment of Mr. Winthrop, who had given so many evidences of his unselfish patriotism and eminent ability, and whose large experience in public affairs should have entitled him to the continued confidence of the people of Massachusetts.", "Reminiscences of Washington\nPresident Taylor was absent, and Colonel Bliss apologized for his nonattendance, saying that he was somewhat indisposed. That day the old hero had sat in the sun at the Washington Monument, during a long address by Senator Foote, and a tedious supplementary harangue by George Washington Parke Custis", "Reminiscences of Washington\nWhile thus exposed to the midsummer heat for nearly three hours, he had drank freely of ice-water, and on his return to the White House he had found a basket of cherries, of which he partook heartily, drinking at the same time several goblets full of iced milk. After dinner he again feasted on cherries and iced milk, against the protestations of Dr. Witherspoon, who was his guest. When it was time to go to Mr", "Reminiscences of Washington\nThis was on Thursday, but he did not consider himself dangerously ill until Sunday, when he said to his physician, \u201c In two days I shall be a dead man.\u201d Eminent physicians were called in, but they could not arrest the bilious fever which supervened. His mind was clear, and on Tuesday morning he said to one of the physicians at his bedside, \u201c You have fought a good fight, but you cannot make a stand.\u201d Soon afterwards he murmured, \u201c I have endeavored to do my duty,\u201d and peacefully breathed his last"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220623-opposition-calls-for-tunisia-to-withdraw-from-military-exercise-with-israel/

Opposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel

["Opposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel\nOpposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel\nJune 23, 2022 at 11:15 am | Published in: Africa, Ghana, Israel, Middle East, Morocco, News, Tunisia\nPeople gather in front of US Embassy during a demonstration in support of Palestinians and to protest against Israeli attacks to Palestinians, on May 21, 2021 in Tunis, Tunisia. [Yassine Gaidi - Anadolu Agency]", "Opposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel\nThe Republican Party called on Tunisian authorities to withdraw from the \"African Lion\" military manoeuvres led by the United States and hosted by Tunisia, Morocco, Ghana and Senegal. Israel is expected to take part in the exercise.", "Opposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel\nThe Republican Party condemned, in a statement issued on Tuesday, \"the engagement of the July 25 regime in the path of normalisation in more than one field. The party held the president of the republic fully responsible for adopting a policy that deeply violates the national principles of the Tunisian people and their state.\"", "Opposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel\nThe party considered said this engagement \"will have the worst impact on our relations with our regional neighbours, and it is considered a stab in the back of the Palestinian people who are valiantly facing the Zionist war machine.\"\nThe Republican Party called for the \"immediate withdrawal of Tunisia from these manoeuvres,\" demanding \"authorities present a detailed statement to the Tunisian people about the grounds of their participation in these manoeuvres.\"", "Opposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel\nSince 25 July 2021 President Kais Saied has held nearly total power after he sacked the prime minister, suspended parliament and assumed executive authority citing a national emergency.\nHe appointed a prime minister on 29 September of the same year and a government has since been formed. In December, Saied announced that a referendum will be held on 25 July to consider 'constitutional reforms' and elections would follow in December 2022.", "Opposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel\nThe majority of the country's political parties slammed the move as a \"coup against the constitution\" and the achievements of the 2011 revolution. Critics say Saied's decisions have strengthened the powers of the presidency at the expense of parliament and the government, and that he aims to transform the country's government into a presidential system.", "Opposition calls for Tunisia to withdraw from military exercise with Israel\nOn more than one occasion, Saied, who began a five-year presidential term in 2019, said that his exceptional decisions are not a coup, but rather measures within the framework of the constitution to protect the state from \"imminent danger\".\nREAD: Why do Arab 'normalisers' never seek their people's approval of ties with Israel?\nAfricaGhanaIsraelMiddle EastMoroccoNewsTunisia"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://tlk.ie/bishops-of-tuam-and-limerick-announce-their-intention-to-retire/

Bishops of Tuam and Limerick Announce Their Intention to Retire

["Bishops of Tuam and Limerick Announce Their Intention to Retire\nBishops of Tuam and Limerick Announce Their Intention to Retire\nThe Bishop of Limerick and Killaloe, the Rt Rev Dr Kenneth Kearon and the Bishop of Tuam, Killala and Achonry, the Rt Rev Patrick Rooke have both announced their intention to retire on 31st October.", "Bishops of Tuam and Limerick Announce Their Intention to Retire\nOrdained by the Bishop of Connor in 1978, Bishop Rooke served curacies in Mossley Parish, Newtownabbey and in Ballywillan Parish, Portrush. His first incumbency was in Craigs Group of parishes before transferring to the Diocese of Armagh for six years as Rector of Ballymore, Tandragee. He returned to the Diocese of Connor in 1994 and the Parish of Agherton, Portstewart before being appointed Dean of Armagh in 2006", "Bishops of Tuam and Limerick Announce Their Intention to Retire\nBishop Kearon was ordained in 1981 and served his curacy in the Parish of All Saints\u2019 Raheny and St John\u2019s Coolock in Dublin. He was Dean of Residence at Trinity College, Dublin from 1984 to 1991 when he became Rector of Tullow in Dublin. He was appointed Director of the Irish School of Ecumenics in 1999 and Secretary General of the Anglican Communion in 2005, and was elected Bishop of Limerick and Killaloe in 2014.", "Bishops of Tuam and Limerick Announce Their Intention to Retire\nWith the agreement of the two united dioceses, in 2019 the General Synod voted to amalgamate them under the oversight of one bishop upon the next episcopal vacancy. With both bishops retiring at the same time, a new bishop will be elected, probably early in the new year."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://exileonmain.com/UPC/761203532520

Handel - Fabri - Muffat - CPO RECORDS - Works For Harpsichord

["Handel - Fabri - Muffat - CPO RECORDS - Works For Harpsichord\nOn her solo debut album, Muffat Meets Handel, the successful young harpsichordist Fl\u00c3\u00b3ra F\u00c3\u00a1bri performs harpsichord pieces by precisely these two composers. Although the dates of the two musicians overlap for a period of almost seventy years, the same thing happened in this case as with many of Handel's contemporaries: the two never met personally", "Handel - Fabri - Muffat - CPO RECORDS - Works For Harpsichord\nHowever, unlike Bach and Mattheson, here musical awareness of the other did not operate in accordance with a \u00c2\u00bbone-way-street principle\u00c2\u00ab: it was not only Muffat who admired Handel and arranged his music; the process also functioned the other way around. In contrast to Handel's Muffat arrangements, in his Handel arrangements Gottlieb Muffat dealt much more gently with the originals and left many parameters unchanged", "Handel - Fabri - Muffat - CPO RECORDS - Works For Harpsichord\nSomething like a relationship of \"soul mates\" can be detected in their mutual inclination to arrange each other's works. This in turn forms the essential prerequisite for the dialogue of minds on which the program on this album draws: the adventure of a conversation between two exceptional musical talents without the use of language, without any direct physical contact, and over a distance of at least 1, 593 kilometers (as the crow flies)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2