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François Achille Bazaine | François Achille Bazaine | François Achille Bazaine (13 February 181123 September 1888) was an officer of the French army. Rising from the ranks, during four decades of distinguished service (including 35 years on campaign) under Louis-Philippe and then Napoleon III, he held every rank in the army from Fusilier to Marshal of France. He became renowned for his determination to lead from the front, for his impassive bearing under fire and for personal bravery verging on the foolhardy, which resulted in him being wounded on numerous occasions and having his horse shot from under him twice. From 1863 he was a Marshal of France, and it was in this role that he surrendered the last organized French army to Prussia during the Franco-Prussian war, during the siege of Metz. | François Achille Bazaine, né à Versailles le et mort à Madrid le, est un militaire français. Il a servi en Algérie, en Espagne, en Crimée et au Mexique, mais il est surtout connu pour avoir failli à sa tâche de commandant en chef de l'armée du Rhin et avoir ainsi contribué à la défaite française lors de la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870. Traduit en conseil de guerre en, il est condamné à mort. Sur les instances du jury qui vient de le condamner, le Président de la République Mac Mahon, commue sa peine à vingt ans de détention et supprime la dégradation qui était prévue. | [
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Tokyo Tower | Tour de Tokyo | Built in 1958, the tower's main sources of income are tourism and antenna leasing. Over 150 million people have visited the tower. FootTown, a four-story building directly under the tower, houses museums, restaurants and shops. Departing from there, guests can visit two observation decks. The two-story Main Deck (formerly known as the Main Observatory) is at, while the smaller Top Deck (formerly known as the "Special Observatory") reaches a height of. The names were changed following renovation of the top deck in 2018. | La est une tour rouge et blanche située dans l'arrondissement de Minato à Tokyo au Japon. Son concept est fondé sur celui de la tour Eiffel de Paris. Elle a été réalisée par l'architecte Tachū Naitō. | [
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H.323 | H.323 | H.323 is a Recommendation from the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) that defines the protocols to provide audio-visual communication sessions on any packet network. The H.323 standard addresses call signaling and control, multimedia transport and control, and bandwidth control for point-to-point and multi-point conferences. | H.323 regroupe un ensemble de protocoles de communication de la voix, de l'image et de données sur IP. C'est un protocole développé par l'UIT-T qui le définit comme : « systèmes de communication multimédia en mode paquet ». La première version est publiée en. La version actuelle de la norme date de 2009 et est précédée de plusieurs autres mise à jour, toujours rétrocompatibles. | [
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Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. | Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. | Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. () is the motorcycle-manufacturing division of Italian company Ducati, headquartered in Bologna, Italy. The company is owned by German automotive manufacturer Audi through its Italian subsidiary Lamborghini, which is in turn owned by the Volkswagen Group. | Ducati Motor Holding est un constructeur italien de motos basé à Bologne, en Émilie-Romagne. Le, le constructeur automobile allemand Audi, filiale de Volkswagen, annonce avoir racheté Ducati. | [
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Kefir | Kéfir | Kefir or kephir ( ), is a fermented milk drink similar to a thin yogurt that is made from kefir grains, a specific type of mesophilic symbiotic culture. The drink originated in the North Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Russia, where it is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep milk with kefir grains. | Le kéfir (anc. "képhir") est une boisson issue de la fermentation du lait ou de jus de fruits sucrés, préparés à l’aide de « grains de kéfir », un levain constitué essentiellement de bactéries lactiques et de levures. | [
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Eupen | Eupen | Eupen (German () and French (), previously known as "Néau" in French), is a city and municipality in the Belgian province of Liège, from the German border (Aachen), from the Dutch border (Maastricht) and from the "High Fens" nature reserve (Ardennes). The town is also the capital of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine. | Eupen (en wallon : "Nèyåw", autrefois "Néau" en français) est une ville germanophone de Belgique située dans la province de Liège en Région wallonne. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gunpowder | Poudre noire | Gunpowder, also known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur (S), charcoal (C), and potassium nitrate (saltpeter, KNO). The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Because of its incendiary properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates, gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rockets, and fireworks, and as a blasting powder in quarrying, mining, and road building. | La poudre noire, parfois dénommée poudre à canon ou poudre à fusil, est le plus ancien explosif chimique connu. De couleur noire, elle est constituée d'un mélange déflagrant de soufre, de nitrate de potassium (salpêtre) et de charbon de bois. | [
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NCIS (TV series) | NCIS : Enquêtes spéciales | NCIS is an American action police procedural television series, revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series "JAG" (season eight episodes 20 and 21: "Ice Queen" and "Meltdown"). The show, a spin-off from "JAG", premiered on September 23, 2003, on CBS. To date it has entered into the seventeenth full season and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network. Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the premiere member of the "NCIS" franchise., it is the second-longest-running scripted, non-animated U.S. primetime TV series currently airing, surpassed only by "" (1999–present), and is the 7th-longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall. | NCIS : Enquêtes spéciales, également désigné simplement par son titre original NCIS (sigle du " : Service d’enquêtes criminelles de la Marine), est une série télévisée policière américaine, créée par Donald Paul Bellisario et Don McGill, et diffusée depuis le sur le réseau CBS et au Canada sur le réseau Global. | [
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Le Docteur Pascal | Le Docteur Pascal | Le Docteur Pascal "(Doctor Pascal)" is the twentieth and final novel of the "Rougon-Macquart" series by Émile Zola, first published in June 1893 by Charpentier. | Le Docteur Pascal est un roman d’Émile Zola publié en 1893, le vingtième et dernier volume de la série "Les Rougon-Macquart". L’intrigue se déroule entre 1872 et 1874, autrement dit après la chute du Second Empire, période qui constituait le cadre historique de l’ensemble de l’œuvre. En fait, il s’agit ici de donner une conclusion à l’histoire de la famille et de développer les théories sur l’hérédité que Zola a empruntées aux docteurs Prosper Lucas et Bénédict Augustin Morel. "Le Docteur Pascal" est, de l'aveu même de son auteur,, car c'est à la fois, comme il le dit dans sa dédicace,. Pascal est l'un des personnages les plus importants de tous les romans de Zola. En effet, c'est le seul qui soit à la fois désintéressé et sans tare. À travers ce roman, l'auteur nous fait connaître ses propres raisons de vivre. | [
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G.711 | G.711 | G.711 is an ITU-T standard (Recommendation) for audio companding, titled Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies, it is a required standard in many technologies, such as in the H.320 and H.323 standards. It was originally designed for use in telephony and was released for use in 1972. It can also be used for fax communication over IP networks (as defined in T.38 specification). G.711 is a narrowband audio codec that provides toll-quality audio at 64 kbit/s. G.711 passes audio signals in the range of 300–3400 Hz and samples them at the rate of 8,000 samples per second, with the tolerance on that rate of 50 parts per million (ppm). Non-uniform (logarithmic) quantization with 8 bits is used to represent each sample, resulting in a 64 kbit/s bit rate. There are two slightly different versions: μ-law, which is used primarily in North America and Japan, and A-law, which is in use in most other countries outside North America. | Le G.711 est une norme de compression audio de l'UIT-T qui définit les codages PCM-U et PCM-A, s'appuyant sur les lois de quantification A (Europe, Afrique) ou μ (Amérique du Nord, Japon). | [
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Revanchism | Revanchisme | Revanchism (, from "revanche", "revenge") is the political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial losses incurred by a country, often following a war or social movement. As a term, revanchism originated in 1870s France in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War among nationalists who wanted to avenge the French defeat and reclaim the lost territories of Alsace-Lorraine. | Le revanchisme ou esprit de revanche correspond à un sentiment nationaliste entretenu dans l’opinion publique. Sa traduction historique la plus représentative vient des, sur une période s’étalant de 1870 à 1945, durant laquelle le revanchisme a été ressenti de part et d’autre du Rhin, se cristallisant sur les multiples annexions de l'Alsace-Lorraine. L'Allemagne considérait ce territoire comme ethniquement allemand et devant par conséquent faire partie de son empire, tandis que la France y voyait un territoire français depuis Louis XIV, ayant en outre fourni de nombreux généraux lors de la Révolution française et dans lequel a été écrit son hymne national : "La Marseillaise". | [
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Bonapartism | Bonapartisme | Bonapartism is the political ideology supervening from Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors. The term was later used to refer to people who hoped to restore the House of Bonaparte and its style of government. In this sense, a Bonapartiste was a person who either actively participated in or advocated for conservative, monarchist and imperial political factions in 19th-century France. After Napoleon, the term was applied to the French politicians who seized power in the Coup of 18 Brumaire, ruling in the French Consulate and subsequently in the First and Second French Empires. The "Bonapartistes" desired an empire under the House of Bonaparte, the Corsican family of Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I of France) and his nephew Louis (Napoleon III of France). | Le bonapartisme est une famille de pensée politique française, qui s'inspire des actions des empereurs Napoléon Ier et Napoléon III. Le terme a deux acceptions : | [
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H.261 | H.261 | H.261 is an ITU-T video compression standard, first ratified in November 1988. It is the first member of the H.26x family of video coding standards in the domain of the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG, then Specialists Group on Coding for Visual Telephony), and was developed with a number of companies, including Hitachi, PictureTel, NTT, BT and Toshiba. It was the first video coding standard that was useful in practical terms. | H.261 est une recommandation de compression vidéo de l'UIT-T. C'est une évolution de la norme H.120. Elle fut notamment popularisée par la console de jeu PlayStation de Sony, qui l'intégra entièrement dans son moteur de décompression de données. Les travaux sur la norme H.261 ont ultérieurement servi de base à la norme MPEG. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Tres (instrument) | Tres | The tres (Spanish for "three") is a three-course chordophone of Cuban origin. The most widespread variety of the instrument is the original Cuban tres with six strings. Its sound has become a defining characteristic of the Cuban son and it is commonly played in a variety of Afro-Cuban genres. In the 1930s, the instrument was adapted into the Puerto Rican tres, which has nine strings and a body similar to that of the cuatro. | Le tres est un instrument de musique à cordes. Il s'agit d'une petite guitare rudimentaire fabriquée à partir du à Cuba. Il s'est répandu ensuite à Porto Rico, République dominicaine et au Mexique, dans la musique latine. | [
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Little penguin | Manchot pygmée | The little penguin ("Eudyptula minor") is the smallest species of penguin. It grows to an average of in height and in length, though specific measurements vary by subspecies. It is found on the coastlines of southern Australia and New Zealand, with possible records from Chile. In Australia, they are often called fairy penguins because of their small size. In New Zealand, they are more commonly known as little blue penguins or blue penguins owing to their slate-blue plumage; they are also known by their Māori name: kororā. | Le Manchot pygmée ("Eudyptula minor") est la plus petite espèce de manchots et possède un plumage bleu, lui valant le surnom de "petit manchot bleu". Il est également appelé "Little Penguin" dans les pays anglophones, "Fairy Penguin" en Australie, "Little Blue Penguin" ou seulement "Blue Penguin" en Nouvelle-Zélande, "Kororā" pour les Māori de Nouvelle-Zélande et "Pingüino pequeño" ou "Pingüino azul" au Chili et dans les autres pays hispanophones. | [
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Maurice Joly | Maurice Joly | Maurice Joly (1829–1878) was a French publicist and lawyer known for his political satire titled, that attacked the regime of Napoleon III. Available English translations include: "Dialogues in Hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu" by Herman Bernstein, and "The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu" by John S. Waggoner. | Maurice Joly, né à Lons-le-Saunier (France) le et mort à Paris le, était un avocat du barreau de Paris, journaliste et écrivain français. | [
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Asset | Actif (comptabilité) | In financial accounting, an asset is any resource owned by a business or an economic entity. It is anything (tangible or intangible) that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held by an economic entity and that could produce positive economic value. Simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash (although cash itself is also considered an asset). The balance sheet of a firm records the monetary value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business. | Un actif est un élément identifiable du patrimoine d’une entité ou d'un agent économique (ménage, entreprise, etc.) ayant une valeur économique positive, c'est-à-dire générant une ressource que l'entité contrôle du fait d'événements passés et dont cette entité attend un avantage économique futur (art. 211.1 du Plan comptable général français). La définition selon les normes internationales est presque identique. | [
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Pink Martini | Pink Martini | Pink Martini is a musical group that was formed in 1994 by pianist Thomas Lauderdale in Portland, Oregon. Members of the band call it a little orchestra that crosses the genres of classical music, classic pop, Latin music, and jazz. The co-lead vocalists for Pink Martini are China Forbes and Storm Large. | Pink Martini est un groupe américain de douze musiciens de Portland caractérisé par un style musical mêlant influences rétro, jazz, musique latine, lounge, classique, ainsi que par des textes chantés en anglais, espagnol, français, italien, portugais, japonais, persan et même en arabe, en hébreu, en napolitain, en croate, en mandarin, en roumain, en grec moderne, en arménien, en turc et en allemand. | [
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Ansel Adams | Ansel Adams | Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his black-and-white images of the American West. He helped found Group f/64, an association of photographers advocating "pure" photography which favored sharp focus and the use of the full tonal range of a photograph. He and Fred Archer developed an exacting system of image-making called the Zone System, a method of achieving a desired final print through a deeply technical understanding of how tonal range is recorded and developed in exposure, negative development, and printing. The resulting clarity and depth of such images characterized his photography. | Ansel Easton Adams (, San Francisco -, Monterey) est un photographe et écologiste américain, connu pour ses photographies en noir et blanc de l'Ouest américain, notamment dans la Sierra Nevada, et plus particulièrement du parc national de Yosemite. Une de ses plus célèbres photographies s'intitule "Moonrise, Hernandez, Nouveau-Mexique". | [
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Marine engineering | Génie maritime | Marine engineering includes the engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure, as well as oceanographic engineering or ocean engineering. Specifically, marine engineering is the discipline of applying engineering sciences, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and computer science, to the development, design, operation and maintenance of watercraft propulsion and on-board systems and oceanographic technology. It includes but is not limited to power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation and control systems for marine vehicles of any kind, such as surface ships and submarines. | Le terme « génie maritime » (ou ingénierie marine) est utilisé de nos jours pour désigner un groupe de disciplines techniques concernant principalement les plages, les estuaires et les ports, ainsi que les structures fixes construites en mer, dont pour l’exploitation pétrolière dite « offshore » ou les structures mobiles ou flottantes telles que navires de toutes sortes, qui relèvent aussi de l'architecture navale. Le domaine inclut aussi le génie océanographique | [
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Yann Tiersen | Yann Tiersen | Yann Tiersen (born 23 June 1970) is a French musician and composer. His musical career is split between studio albums, collaborations and film soundtracks. His music involves a large variety of instruments; primarily the guitar, piano, synthesizer or violin together with instruments like the melodica, xylophone, toy piano, harpsichord, accordion and typewriter. | Yann Tiersen, né le à Brest, est un auteur-compositeur et musicien multi-instrumentiste français. En 2001, il devient mondialement connu pour sa composition de la bande originale du film de Jean-Pierre Jeunet, "Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain", pour laquelle il obtient le César de la meilleure musique de film en 2002. | [
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International Nuclear Event Scale | Échelle internationale des événements nucléaires | The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) was introduced in 1990 by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in order to enable prompt communication of safety significant information in case of nuclear accidents. | L'Échelle internationale des événements nucléaires et radiologiques, dite échelle INES (de l'anglais "") sert à communiquer sur la gravité d'un événement nucléaire civil. Ce n'est pas une échelle de mesure, mais un outil de communication conçu pour faciliter l'information du public. | [
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Archery | Tir à l'arc | Archery is the art, sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows. The word comes from the Latin "arcus". Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who participates in archery is typically called an archer or a "bowman", and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite. | Le tir à l'arc est un sport de précision et de concentration dans lequel les compétiteurs tentent de tirer leurs flèches au centre d'une cible avec leur arc. Historiquement, le tir à l'arc a été utilisé pour la chasse et le combat, tandis que dans les temps modernes, son utilisation principale est celle d'une activité sportive. Une personne qui pratique le tir à l'arc est appelée un archer. | [
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European Court of Auditors | Cour des comptes européenne | The European Court of Auditors (ECA) (French: "Cour des comptes européenne") is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU). It was established in 1975 in Luxembourg in order to improve EU financial management. | La Cour des comptes européenne a été instituée par le traité de Bruxelles du et est entrée en fonction le. Elle a été élevée au rang d'institution de l'Union européenne, le, avec l'entrée en vigueur du traité de Maastricht et son siège a été établi à Luxembourg. | [
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Short film | Court métrage | A short film is any motion picture not long enough in running time to be considered a feature film. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as "an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less, including all credits". In the United States, short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35mm reels or less, and featurettes for a film of three or four reels. "Short" was an abbreviation for either term. | Un court métrage, ou court-métrage, est un film d'une durée inférieure à une heure. Le court métrage existe dans la même diversité de formes, de techniques et de genres que le long métrage : documentaire, fiction, film en prise de vues réelles, film d'animation, film expérimental | [
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Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard | Dassault Super-Étendard | The Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard ("Étendard" is French for "battle flag", cognate to English "standard") is a French carrier-borne strike fighter aircraft designed by Dassault-Breguet for service with the French Navy. | Le Dassault Super-Étendard est un avion d'attaque et de chasse français construit par Dassault, destiné à être embarqué à bord de porte-avions. Successeur de l'Étendard IV, il a été produit à mis en service par la Marine nationale française et l'Argentine. | [
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Richard Brautigan | Richard Brautigan | Richard Gary Brautigan (January 30, 1935 – ca. September 16, 1984) was an American novelist, poet, and short story writer. His work often clinically and surrealistically employs black comedy, parody, and satire, with emotionally blunt prose describing pastoral American life intertwining with technological progress. He is best known for his novels "Trout Fishing in America" (1967) and "In Watermelon Sugar" (1968). | Richard Brautigan ( - ) est un écrivain et poète américain. Issu d'un milieu social défavorisé de la côte Ouest, Brautigan trouve sa raison d'être dans l'écriture et rejoint le mouvement littéraire de San Francisco en 1956. Il y fréquente les artistes de la et participe à de nombreux évènements de la contre-culture. En 1967, durant le Summer of Love, il est révélé au monde par son best-seller "La Pêche à la truite en Amérique" et est surnommé le. Ses écrits suivants auront moins de succès et dès les années 1970, il tombe progressivement dans l'anonymat et l'alcoolisme. Il met fin à ses jours en. Son dernier roman "Cahier d'un retour de Troie" sera publié 10 ans plus tard en France. | [
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Paul Deschanel | Paul Deschanel | Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel (; 13 February 1855, in Schaerbeek28 April 1922) was a French statesman. He served as President of France from 18 February to 21 September 1920. | Paul Deschanel, né le à Schaerbeek (Belgique) et mort le à Paris (France), est un homme d'État, journaliste et écrivain français, président de la République du au. | [
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Robert Fripp | Robert Fripp | Robert Fripp (born 16 May 1946) is an English musician, songwriter, and record producer, best known as the guitarist, founder and longest lasting member of the progressive rock band King Crimson. He has also worked extensively as a session musician and collaborator, notably with David Bowie, Blondie, Brian Eno, Peter Gabriel and David Sylvian. He has also contributed sounds to the Windows Vista operating system. His discography includes contributions to over 700 official releases. | Robert Fripp est un guitariste britannique né le à Wimborne Minster. Il est principalement connu en tant que fondateur, en 1969, du groupe rock progressif King Crimson, dont il est le seul membre permanent. Il a également travaillé avec de nombreux autres artistes, parmi lesquels Van der Graaf Generator, Peter Hammill, David Bowie, Blondie, Andy Summers, Brian Eno, Peter Gabriel ou David Sylvian. Robert Fripp a influencé un grand nombre de musiciens et il est considéré comme l'un des pères du rock progressif. | [
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Toledo, Spain | Tolède | Toledo (,, ) is a city and municipality located in central Spain; it is the capital of the province of Toledo in the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. Toledo was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 for its extensive monumental and cultural heritage. | Tolède (en espagnol "Toledo") est une ville du centre de l’Espagne, capitale de la province du même nom et de la communauté autonome de Castille-La Manche. Ville inscrite au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco, pour ses richesses architecturales, Tolède est devenu un centre touristique important en Espagne. | [
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Paper cutter | Massicot (machine) | A paper cutter, also known as a paper trimmer, also sometimes described as a paper guillotine or simply guillotine, is a tool often found in offices and classrooms, designed to cut a large set of paper sheets at once with a straight edge. | Le massicot ou le massicotier est une machine destinée à couper à l'angle de marge imprimeur (angle droit) du papier et d’autres matériaux (des plaques, des feuilles de papier, etc.). | [
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Giacomo Puccini | Giacomo Puccini | Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (,, ; 22 December 1858 29 November 1924) was an Italian opera composer who has been called "the greatest composer of Italian opera after Verdi". | Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini, né le à Lucques dans le grand-duché de Toscane et mort le à Bruxelles, est un compositeur italien. Il est considéré comme l'un des plus grands compositeurs de la fin du et du début du. | [
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Destination: Void | Destination vide | Destination: Void is a science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, the first of four novels in the "Pandora Sequence" series. It first appeared in "Galaxy Magazine"—illustrated by John Giunta—in August 1965, under the title "Do I Wake or Dream?", but was published in book form as "Destination: Void" the following year. A revised edition, edited and updated by the author, was released in 1978. The book stands alone but the story is continued - and embellished with more details of the Moonbase project and the history of the clones - in Herbert's other novels "The Jesus Incident", "The Lazarus Effect" and "The Ascension Factor", co-authored by Bill Ransom. | Destination vide (titre original : "Destination: Void") est un roman de science-fiction écrit par Frank Herbert en 1966. Ce roman est une étude de la possibilité de créer l'aboutissement de l’Intelligence artificielle : la Conscience. | [
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RAND Corporation | RAND Corporation | RAND Corporation ("Research ANd Development") is an American nonprofit global policy think tank created in 1948 by Douglas Aircraft Company to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces. It is financed by the U.S. government and private endowment, corporations, universities and private individuals. The company has grown to assist other governments, international organizations, private companies and foundations, with a host of defense and non-defense issues, including healthcare. RAND aims for interdisciplinary and quantitative problem solving by translating theoretical concepts from formal economics and the physical sciences into novel applications in other areas, using applied science and operations research. | La RAND (« Research ANd Development »), fondée en 1948 par la Douglas Aircraft Company pour conseiller l'armée américaine, est une institution américaine de conseil et de recherche qui se donne pour objectif d'améliorer la politique et le processus décisionnel par la recherche appliquée et l'analyse stratégique. Elle a ensuite progressivement élargi son champ d'action en travaillant pour d'autres gouvernements, pour des fondations privées, pour des organisations internationales, et pour des entreprises privées, sur des questions de défense et de sécurité mais aussi sur l'économie industrielle en général. La RAND Corporation est basée en Californie, en Belgique, en Louisiane, en Angleterre et en Australie. Rand Corporation est considérée comme un laboratoire d'idées (think-tank) américain au service de la décision politique et économique. Elle est financée par le gouvernement américain, par des dotations privées, par des entreprises, des universités et des dons de particuliers La RAND se caractérise depuis sa fondation par une approche interdisciplinaire et quantitative de la résolution de problèmes, en traduisant des concepts théoriques de l'économie formelle et des sciences en applications nouvelles dans d'autres sphères, c'est-à-dire via les sciences appliquées et la recherche opérationnelle. | [
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Public key infrastructure | Infrastructure à clés publiques | A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce, internet banking and confidential email. It is required for activities where simple passwords are an inadequate authentication method and more rigorous proof is required to confirm the identity of the parties involved in the communication and to validate the information being transferred. | Une infrastructure à clés publiques (ICP) ou infrastructure de gestion de clés (IGC) ou encore (PKI), est un ensemble de composants physiques (des ordinateurs, des équipements cryptographiques logiciels ou matériel type Hardware Security Module (HSM ou boîte noire transactionnelle) ou encore des cartes à puces), de procédures humaines (vérifications, validation) et de logiciels (système et application) destiné à gérer les clés publiques des utilisateurs d'un système. | [
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Hassan II Mosque | Mosquée Hassan-II | The Hassan II Mosque (, ) is a mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. It is the second largest mosque in Africa After the Algiers grand mosque, and the 7th largest in the world. Its minaret is the world's second tallest minaret at. Completed in 1993, it was designed by Michel Pinseau and built by Bouygues. The minaret is 60 stories high topped by a laser, the light from which is directed towards Mecca. The mosque stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic Ocean; worshippers can pray over the sea but there is no glass floor looking into the sea. The walls are of hand-crafted marble and the roof is retractable. A maximum of 105,000 worshippers can gather together for prayer: 25,000 inside the mosque hall and another 80,000 on the mosque's outside ground. | La mosquée Hassan-II () est une mosquée située à Casablanca (Maroc). Érigée en partie sur la mer, elle est un complexe religieux et culturel, aménagée sur neuf hectares et comporte une salle de prières, une salle d'ablutions, des bains, une école coranique (madrasa), une bibliothèque, un musée et une Académie des arts traditionnels. | [
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Transylvania | Transylvanie (région) | Transylvania is a historical region that is located in central Romania. Bound on the east and south by its natural borders, the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended westward to the Apuseni Mountains. The term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also parts of the historical regions of Crișana and Maramureș, and occasionally the Romanian part of Banat. | La Transylvanie, du latin "trans-silvam" : « au-delà des forêts » également appelée'ou'en roumain,'(« au-delà des forêts ») en hongrois et'(« sept citadelles ») en allemand, est une région du centre-ouest de la Roumanie. | [
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Windsurfing | Planche à voile | Windsurfing is a surface water sport that is a combination of surfing and sailing. It is also referred to as "sailboarding" and "boardsailing", and emerged in the early 1970s from the surf culture of California. Windsurfing had gained a following across North America by the late 1970s and had achieved significant global popularity by the 1980s. | La planche à voile (parfois désignée par son nom anglais, "windsurf") est un type d'embarcation à voile minimaliste, c'est aussi le sport de glisse pratiqué avec cette embarcation. | [
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Wavelength-division multiplexing | Multiplexage en longueur d'onde | In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity. | Le multiplexage en longueur d'onde, souvent appelé WDM ("" en anglais), est une technique utilisée en communication optique qui permet d'augmenter le débit sur une fibre optique en faisant circuler plusieurs signaux de longueurs d'onde différentes sur une seule fibre, en les mélangeant à l'entrée à l'aide d'un multiplexeur (Mux) et en les séparant à la sortie au moyen d'un démultiplexeur (deMux). | [
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Turkish phonology | Prononciation du turc | The phonology of Turkish is the pronunciation of the Turkish language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics, particularly of Istanbul Turkish. A notable feature of the phonology of Turkish is a system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded. Velar stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels. | En turc, à quelques exceptions près, chaque lettre ne se prononce que d'une seule manière. Le "yumuşak ge" (voir plus bas) est la seule lettre prononcée faiblement et qui allonge la lettre qui la précède. Une des particularités graphiques du turc est le I avec ou sans point : et. | [
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Musical temperament | Gammes et tempéraments dans la musique occidentale | In musical tuning, a temperament is a tuning system that slightly compromises the pure intervals of just intonation to meet other requirements. Most modern Western musical instruments are tuned in the equal temperament system. Tempering is the process of altering the size of an interval by making it narrower or wider than pure. A temperament is any plan that describes the adjustments to the sizes of some or all of the twelve fifth intervals in the circle of fifths so that they accommodate pure octaves and produce certain sizes of major thirds." Temperament is especially important for keyboard instruments, which typically allow a player to play only the pitches assigned to the various keys, and lack any way to alter pitch of a note in performance. Historically, the use of just intonation, Pythagorean tuning and meantone temperament meant that such instruments could sound "in tune" in one key, or some keys, but would then have more dissonance in other keys. | En musique, un tempérament est un procédé d'accord (un accordage) des degrés et des intervalles d'une gamme musicale. Le mot gamme désigne le résultat d'un tel procédé (par exemple, la gamme tempérée pour le tempérament égal); un usage apparenté du mot « gamme » en fait pratiquement un synonyme d'« échelle musicale », c’est-à-dire une succession de degrés sans prise en compte de leur intonation exacte, mais cette acception ne sera pas considérée ici. | [
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European Green Party | Parti vert européen | The European Green Party (EGP), sometimes referred to as European Greens, is the European political party that operates as a federation of political parties across Europe supporting green politics. The EGP cooperates with the European Free Alliance (EFA) to form the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) parliamentary group in the European parliament. | Le Parti vert européen (, abrégé en EGP) est un parti politique européen créé le à Rome. Il est composé de écologistes nationaux de d'Europe, dont quatre non-membres de l'Union européenne (Suisse, Russie, Ukraine et Géorgie). Il prend la succession de la fédération européenne des Partis verts. C'est en fait une fédération de partis écologistes européens bénéficiant de financements spécifiques de l'Union européenne. Depuis 2007, la Fédération des jeunes verts européens est sa branche jeune. | [
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Julia Roberts | Julia Roberts | Julia Fiona Roberts (born October 28, 1967) is an American actress and producer. She established herself as a leading lady in Hollywood after headlining the romantic comedy film "Pretty Woman" (1990), which grossed $464million worldwide. She has won three Golden Globe Awards, from eight nominations, and has been nominated for four Academy Awards for her film acting, winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Erin Brockovich" (2000). | Film Elle joue dans Wonder inspiré d'un livre. Elle joue la mère d'August Pulman joué par Jacob Tremblay Elle joue dans Wonder inspiré d'un livre. Elle joue la mère d'August Pulman joué par Jacob Tremblay | [
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Miniature wargaming | Jeu de figurines | Miniature wargaming is a form of wargaming in which players enact battles between opposing military forces that are represented by miniature physical models. The use of physical models to represent military units is in contrast to other tabletop wargames that use abstract pieces such as counters or blocks, or computer wargames which use virtual models. The primary benefit of using models is aesthetics, though in certain wargames the size and shape of the models can have practical consequences on how the match plays out. | Le jeu de figurines est un type de jeu de société mettant en scène des escarmouches ou des batailles entre plusieurs armées, dans un contexte historique ou un monde imaginaire, à l'aide de figurines disposées sur un plateau de jeu et de règles chiffrées. Chaque joueur dirige l'une des forces en présence et tente de remporter la victoire grâce à ses talents de stratège. | [
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Politics of Haiti | Politique en Haïti | The Politics of Haiti take place in the framework of a unitary semi-presidential republic, where the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. The politics of the country are considered historically unstable due to various coup d'états, regime changes, military juntas and internal conflicts. After the deposition of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, however, Haitian politics entered a period of relative democratic stability. | De 1804, date à laquelle Haïti accède à l'indépendance après la révolution, à 1986 le pays a connu de nombreux régimes politiques sans jamais arriver à mettre en place un système démocratique, malgré la promulgation de 22 constitutions successives. Le par voie référendaire une constitution a été approuvée. Ratifiée par le Parlement issu des élections du, elle remplaçait ainsi celle de 1963 mise en place par l'ancien dictateur François Duvalier. Malgré celle-ci, Haïti continue de souffrir d'une instabilité politique chronique : sur 38 présidents de la République qui se sont succédé depuis l'instauration de la fonction (dont 14 chefs d’État différents depuis l'approbation de la constitution de 1987) 6 seulement ont terminé leur mandat. | [
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Gore Vidal | Gore Vidal | Eugene Luther Gore Vidal (; born Eugene Louis Vidal, October 3, 1925 – July 31, 2012) was an American writer and public intellectual known for his epigrammatic wit, patrician manner, and polished style of writing. | Gore Vidal, né Eugene Louis Vidal le (baptisé Eugene Luther Vidal Gore, en 1939) et mort le à Los Angeles aux États-Unis, est un romancier, acteur, scénariste et essayiste américain, auteur pour le théâtre, le cinéma et la télévision. | [
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Ourense | Orense | Ourense (, ; ) is a city and capital of the homonymous province located in the autonomous community of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It is on the Portuguese Way path of the Road of St James (Camino de Santiago), and is crossed by the Miño, Barbaña, Loña and Barbañica rivers. It's also known as "A cidade das Burgas" (galician) due to its hot springs, being one of the european cities with the greatest thermal heritage. | Orense (ou, en galicien et officiellement : Ourense) est une ville d'Espagne, dans la communauté autonome de Galice, capitale de la province d'Ourense. Elle est traversée par le fleuve Miño. Sa population est de (en 2019). Elle est la de Galice par sa population. | [
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Soyuz (spacecraft) | Soyouz (véhicule spatial) | Soyuz () is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today, having made more than 140 flights. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date. The Soyuz rocket design is based on the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7A Semyorka, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile. All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. After the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, the Soyuz served as the only means for Americans to make crewed space flights until the first flight of VSS Unity in 2018, and the only means for Americans to reach the International Space Station until the first flight of Dragon 2 Crew variant on May 30, 2020. The Soyuz is heavily used in the ISS program. | Soyouz (du russe, "Union") désigne une famille de vaisseaux spatiaux habités soviétiques, puis russes après l'éclatement de l'URSS, conçue au début des années 1960. Le vaisseau Soyouz est, depuis 1967, le seul véhicule spatial mis en œuvre par l'astronautique russe pour placer en orbite des cosmonautes. Il permet de desservir l'orbite terrestre basse et assure la relève des équipages des stations spatiales : Saliout dans les années 1970, Mir dans les années 1990 et enfin la Station spatiale internationale depuis 1998. Après l'arrêt de la navette spatiale américaine en, Soyouz était devenu le seul vaisseau capable d'assurer la relève de l'équipage permanent de la station spatiale internationale jusqu'au lancement réussi en mai 2020 par la société privée SpaceX de la capsule Crew Dragon par un lanceur Falcon 9. | [
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Cogeneration | Cogénération | Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. The terms "cogeneration" and "trigeneration" can be also applied to the power systems generating simultaneously electricity, heat, and industrial chemicals – e.g., syngas or pure hydrogen (article: combined cycles, chapter: natural gas integrated power & syngas (hydrogen) generation cycle). | La cogénération (ou « co-génération ») est la production simultanée de deux formes d’énergie différentes dans la même centrale. Le cas le plus fréquent est la production simultanée d'électricité et de chaleur utile par des moteurs thermiques ou des turbines à gaz. | [
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Manhwa | Manhwa | Manhwa (Hangul: 만화, Hanja: 漫畵; ) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons (common usage also includes animated cartoons). Outside Korea, the term usually refers to South Korean comics, although the comics industry is emerging in North Korea as well. | Manhwa (hangeul : ; hanja :, prononciation : ) est le nom donné à la bande dessinée en Corée, ce terme est aussi utilisé à l'étranger pour désigner la bande dessinée coréenne. | [
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Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau | Aristide Denfert-Rochereau | Pierre Philippe Marie Aristide Denfert-Rochereau, (11 January 1823 – 11 May 1878), was a French serviceman and politician. He achieved fame by successfully defending besieged Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War: this earned him the soubriquet the Lion of Belfort. | Aristide Denfert-Rochereau, né à Saint-Maixent-l'École le et mort à Versailles le, est un officier supérieur et député français. Il est célèbre pour avoir dirigé la défense de Belfort durant la guerre franco-allemande de 1870, ce qui lui a valu le surnom de « Lion de Belfort ». | [
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Zellig Harris | Zellig Harris | Zellig Sabbettai Harris (October 23, 1909 – May 22, 1992) was an influential American linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science. Originally a Semiticist, he is best known for his work in structural linguistics and discourse analysis and for the discovery of transformational structure in language. These developments from the first 10 years of his career were published within the first 25. His contributions in the subsequent 35 years of his career include transfer grammar, string analysis (adjunction grammar), elementary sentence-differences (and decomposition lattices), algebraic structures in language, operator grammar, sublanguage grammar, a theory of linguistic information, and a principled account of the nature and origin of language. | Zellig Sabbetai Harris (Balta, Ukraine, - ) est un linguiste américain. Disciple de Leonard Bloomfield, il est connu pour ses travaux sur la linguistique structuraliste et l'analyse du discours. | [
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Suleiman the Magnificent | Soliman le Magnifique | Suleiman I ( '; or '; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Kanunî Sultan Süleyman (; "Suleiman the Lawgiver") in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman state ruled over at least 25 million people. | Soliman devint l'un des monarques les plus éminents du et présida à l'apogée de la puissance économique, militaire, politique et culturelle de l'Empire ottoman. Il mena ses armées à la conquête des bastions chrétiens de Belgrade, de Rhodes et de la Hongrie avant de devoir s'arrêter devant Vienne en 1529. Il annexa la plus grande partie du Moyen-Orient lors de ses guerres contre les Séfévides d'Iran ainsi que de larges portions de l'Afrique du Nord jusqu'en Algérie. Sous son règne, la marine ottomane, menée notamment par le grand amiral Barberousse, domina la mer Méditerranée, la mer Rouge et le golfe Persique. | [
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Battle of Poitiers | Bataille de Poitiers (1356) | The Battle of Poitiers was a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War. It was fought on 19 September 1356 in Nouaillé, near the city of Poitiers in Aquitaine, western France. Edward, the Black Prince, led an army of English, Welsh, Breton and Gascon troops, many of them veterans of the Battle of Crécy. They were attacked by a larger French force led by King John II of France, which included allied Scottish forces. The French were heavily defeated; an English counter-attack captured King John, along with his youngest son, and much of the French nobility who were present. | La bataille de Poitiers a été livrée au cours de la guerre de Cent Ans le 19 septembre 1356 à Nouaillé-Maupertuis, près de Poitiers en Aquitaine. Le roi de France Jean II le Bon cherche à intercepter l'armée anglaise conduite par Édouard de Woodstock, prince de Galles, qui est en train de mener une chevauchée dévastatrice. Par une tactique irréfléchie, Jean II conduit ses troupes, quoique numériquement très supérieures, au désastre et se fait prendre, ainsi que son fils Philippe et de nombreux membres éminents de la chevalerie française. | [
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Oberon (moon) | Obéron (lune) | Oberon, also designated, is the outermost major moon of the planet Uranus. It is the second-largest and second most massive of the Uranian moons, and the ninth most massive moon in the Solar System. Discovered by William Herschel in 1787, Oberon is named after the mythical king of the fairies who appears as a character in Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream". Its orbit lies partially outside Uranus's magnetosphere. | Obéron, également appelé Uranus IV, est le plus éloigné des grands satellites naturels d'Uranus. C'est le deuxième satellite de cette planète tant par sa taille que sa masse et le neuvième du Système solaire en masse. Découvert par William Herschel en 1787, Obéron doit son nom à un personnage de la pièce de Shakespeare "Le Songe d'une nuit d'été". Son orbite autour d'Uranus est partiellement située en dehors de la magnétosphère d'Uranus. | [
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Paco de Lucía | Paco de Lucía | Francisco Gustavo Sánchez Gómez (21 December 194725 February 2014), known as Paco de Lucía (), was a Spanish virtuoso flamenco guitarist, composer, and record producer. A leading proponent of the new flamenco style, he was one of the first flamenco guitarists to branch into classical and jazz. Richard Chapman and Eric Clapton, authors of "Guitar: Music, History, Players", describe de Lucía as a "titanic figure in the world of flamenco guitar", and Dennis Koster, author of "Guitar Atlas, Flamenco", has referred to de Lucía as "one of history's greatest guitarists". | Francisco Sánchez Gómez, connu sous le nom de Paco de Lucía, né le à Algésiras (province de Cadix) en Espagne et mort le à Playa del Carmen au Mexique, est un guitariste espagnol. | [
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Battle of Benevento | Bataille de Bénévent | The Battle of Benevento was fought on 26 February 1266 near Benevento, in present-day Southern Italy, between the Guelph forces of Charles I of Anjou and the Ghibelline forces of Manfred of Sicily. Manfred's defeat and death resulted in the capture of the Kingdom of Sicily by Charles, effectively ending the rule of the Hohenstaufen in the Italian Peninsula. | Le, la bataille de Bénévent (Italie) opposa les Siciliens du roi Manfred de Hohenstaufen aux Français et Provençaux de Charles d'Anjou, victorieux. Cette campagne est considérée par l'Église comme une croisade, Manfred étant excommunié. | [
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ID eNTITY | Yureka | iD_ᴇNTITY or Yureka (유레카) is a Korean style manhwa series created by Son Hee-joon in collaboration with Kim Youn-kyung and distributed by Tokyopop in North America. The series centers on the main character Jang-Gun and his friends along with their virtual reality avatars in the computer game world called "Lost Saga". There are 36 volumes right now, twelve of them have been released in the United States and 34 in France. | Yureka () est un manhwa de Kim Youn Kyung et Son Hee Joon publié en Corée du Sud aux éditions Haksan, la série est toujours en cours. Les 26 premiers volumes ont été publiés en français aux Éditions Tokebi puis repris à partir du numéro 27 par les Éditions Samji jusqu'au 34. En 2020, Meian réédite le manhwa en France, commençant par un coffret des dix premiers tomes dont la sortie est prévue le. | [
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I Spy (1965 TV series) | Les Espions (série télévisée) | I Spy is an American secret-agent adventure television series that ran for three seasons on NBC from September 15, 1965 to April 15, 1968 and teamed US intelligence agents Kelly Robinson (Robert Culp) and Alexander "Scotty" Scott (Bill Cosby), traveling undercover as international "tennis bums". Robinson poses as an amateur with Scott as his trainer, playing against wealthy opponents in return for food and lodging. Their work involved chasing villains, spies, and beautiful women. | Les Espions (") est une série télévisée américaine en 82 épisodes de 55 minutes, créée par Sheldon Leonard et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau NBC. | [
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Valles Marineris | Valles Marineris | Valles Marineris (Latin for "Mariner Valleys", named after the "Mariner 9" Mars orbiter of 1971–72 which discovered it) is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region. At more than long, wide and up to deep, Valles Marineris is one of the largest canyons of the Solar System, surpassed in length only by the rift valleys of Earth. | Valles Marineris (latin signifiant « les vallées de Mariner », en l'honneur de "Mariner 9") est un vaste système de canyons à proximité de l'équateur de la planète Mars entre le renflement de Tharsis — notamment Syria Planum et Noctis Labyrinthus — à l'ouest, et Margaritifer Terra à l'est, dans les quadrangles de Phoenicis Lacus, de Coprates et de Margaritifer Sinus. Centré par et s'étendant sur, son plancher se situe couramment à sous le niveau de référence martien tandis que les plateaux qu'il traverse ont une altitude dépassant par endroits "au-dessus" du niveau de référence martien, ce qui conduit à des dénivelés généralement voisins de. Il s'agirait d'un énorme fossé d'effondrement élargi par l'érosion jusqu'à atteindre localement une largeur de. En l'état actuel de nos connaissances, ce serait la plus importante structure de ce type dans le Système solaire. | [
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Leonard Bloomfield | Leonard Bloomfield | Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. His influential textbook "Language", published in 1933, presented a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics. He made significant contributions to Indo-European historical linguistics, the description of Austronesian languages, and description of languages of the Algonquian family. | Leonard Bloomfield ( - ) est un linguiste américain qui a mené à un grand développement de la linguistique structurale aux États-Unis dans le courant des années 1930 et 1940. Il est considéré comme le père fondateur du distributionalisme. En 1914, Leonard Bloomfield écrit "An Introduction to the Study of Language" qui sera titré "Language" à partir de son édition de 1933, destinée à un large public, dans laquelle il présente une description approfondie de la linguistique de son temps. Leonard Bloomfield a également porté d'importantes contributions à l'étude historique des langues indo-européennes ainsi qu'à la description des langues austronésiennes et algonquiennes. | [
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One Thousand and One Nights | Les Mille et Une Nuits | One Thousand and One Nights (, "") is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights, from the first English-language edition (c. 1706–1721), which rendered the title as "The Arabian Nights' Entertainment". | Les Mille et Une Nuits ( "Kitāb ʾAlf Laylah wa-Laylah", trad. litt. : « le livre de mille nuits et une nuit »), en orthographe rectifiée Les Mille-et-une Nuits, est un recueil anonyme de contes populaires d'origine arabe mais aussi persane et indienne écrit en langue arabe. Il est constitué de nombreux contes enchâssés et de personnages mis en miroir les uns par rapport aux autres. | [
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Saint-Josse-ten-Noode | Saint-Josse-ten-Noode | Saint-Josse-ten-Noode () or Sint-Joost-ten-Node () is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. It is bordered by the City of Brussels and Schaerbeek. | Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (en ), souvent dénommée Saint-Josse, est l'une des dix-neuf communes de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Cette commune a été créée en 1795 après la dissolution de la Cuve de Bruxelles dont elle faisait partie, et elle reçoit sa première organisation communale en 1796 avec comme "agent municipal" André-Étienne-Joseph O'Kelly qui prend le titre de maire à partir de 1800. | [
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Torque | Moment d'une force | Torque, moment, moment of force, rotational force or "turning effect" is the rotational equivalent of linear force. The concept originated with the studies by Archimedes of the usage of levers. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object around a specific axis. Another definition of torque is the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of force from the axis of rotation. The symbol for torque is typically formula_1, the lowercase Greek letter "tau". When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by "M". | \wedge\vec{F} Le moment d'une force par rapport à un point donné est une grandeur physique vectorielle traduisant l'aptitude de cette force à faire tourner un système mécanique autour de ce point, souvent appelé pivot. Il s'exprime habituellement en N·m (newtons-mètres), et peut l'être de manière équivalente en joules par radian. Le moment d'un ensemble de forces, et notamment d'un couple, est la somme (géométrique) des moments de ces forces. | [
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Alexandre Millerand | Alexandre Millerand | Alexandre Millerand (; – ) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 20 January to 23 September 1920 and President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924. His participation in Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet at the start of the 20th century, alongside the Marquis de Galliffet who had directed the repression of the 1871 Paris Commune, sparked a debate in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and in the Second International about the participation of socialists in bourgeois governments. | Alexandre Millerand, né le à Paris et mort le à Versailles, est un homme d'État français. Il est président du Conseil du au, puis président de la République du au. | [
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Wargame | Jeu de guerre | A wargame is a type of strategy game that simulates warfare realistically, as opposed to abstract strategy games such as chess. Wargames may be miniature figurines on a tabletop, board games or video games. They typically use a map that depicts various battlefield terrain features such as woods, hills, fields and streams, with a grid or location system superimposed over this to regulate the movement and positions of the games' pieces, each of which represents a specific military formation, such as an infantry brigade or artillery battery. Many wargames recreate specific historic battles, and can cover either whole wars, or any campaigns, battles, or lower-level engagements within them. Many simulate land combat, but there are wargames for naval and air combat as well. | Le jeu de guerre (en anglais "wargame"), aussi appelé jeu d'histoire, simulation de conflit ou jeu de stratégie est un outil de réflexion stratégique ou un loisir, selon les personnes qui l'utilisent. | [
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House of Bourbon | Maison de Bourbon | The House of Bourbon (, ; ) is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France. Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have monarchs of the House of Bourbon. | Le terme maison de Bourbon désigne d'une manière générale la maison capétienne de Bourbon, cependant aussi les trois dynasties successives qui possédèrent la seigneurie de Bourbon-l'Archambault puis duché de Bourbon. | [
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Quaternary | Quaternaire | Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present. The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene (2.588 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today). The informal term "Late Quaternary" refers to the past 0.5–1.0 million years. | Le Quaternaire est la troisième période géologique de l'ère du Cénozoïque et la plus récente sur l'échelle des temps géologiques. Cette période se caractérise par le retour des glaciations, l'extension du genre "Homo" en Eurasie, et l'extinction des faunes de l'Holocène. | [
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Tegucigalpa | Tegucigalpa | Tegucigalpa (,, ), formally Tegucigalpa, Municipality of the Central District ( or "Tegucigalpa, M.D.C."), and colloquially referred to as Tegus or Teguz, is the capital and largest city of Honduras along with its twin sister,. | Tegucigalpa (prononciation espagnole : ) ou Tégucigalpa est la capitale et la ville la plus importante du Honduras. D'après des estimations, sa population s'élève en 2011 à d'habitants. Les habitants de Tegucigalpa sont les "Tegucigalpais". | [
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Karachi | Karachi | Karachi (; Sindhi: ڪراچي; ALA-LC:, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh. It is the largest city in Pakistan and seventh largest city proper in the world. Ranked as a beta-global city, the city is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre, with an estimated GDP of $114 billion (PPP) as of 2014. Karachi is Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, its most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city, as well as one of Pakistan's most secular and socially liberal cities. With its location on the Arabian Sea, Karachi serves as a transport hub, and is home to Pakistan's two largest seaports, the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim, as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, Jinnah International Airport. | Karachi (en ourdou et en sindhi : ) est la plus grande ville du Pakistan et la capitale économique et financière du pays. Avec une population de près de 15 millions d'habitants pour une superficie de, Karachi est l'une des villes les plus peuplées au monde. Elle fut la capitale politique du pays jusqu'au transfert des institutions à Rawalpindi en 1959 et demeure aujourd'hui la capitale de la province du Sind. | [
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Port of Spain | Port-d'Espagne | Port of Spain (Spanish: Puerto España), officially the City of Port of Spain (also stylized Port-of-Spain), is the capital city of Trinidad and Tobago and the country's second-largest city after San Fernando and the third largest municipality after Chaguanas and San Fernando. The city has a municipal population of 37,074 (2011 census), an urban population of 81,142 (2011 estimate) and a transient daily population of 250,000. It is located on the Gulf of Paria, on the northwest coast of the island of Trinidad and is part of a larger conurbation stretching from Chaguaramas in the west to Arima in the east with an estimated population of 600,000. | Port-d'Espagne, aussi appelée Port of Spain en anglais, est la capitale de Trinité-et-Tobago. La ville est localisée sur le golfe de Paria, sur l'île de Trinité. C'est le principal centre d'activité des Caraïbes, par l'exportation de produits issus de l'agriculture, du bitume, de la bauxite vers les Guyanes (Guyane française, Guyana et Suriname), et du fer principalement vers le Venezuela (pour y être transformé). | [
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Boris Trajkovski | Boris Trajkovski | Boris Trajkovski ( ; 25 June 1956 – 26 February 2004) was the president and Supreme Commander of the Republic of Macedonia from 1999 to 2004, when he died in a plane crash. | Boris Trajkovski (en, en alphabet cyrillique), né le à Strumica et mort le à Berkovići, en Bosnie-Herzégovine, est un homme d'État macédonien, président de la République du à sa mort le, survenue de façon accidentelle lors de l'écrasement de son avion. | [
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Henri Vieuxtemps | Henri Vieuxtemps | Henri François Joseph Vieuxtemps ( 17 February 18206 June 1881) was a Belgian composer and violinist. He occupies an important place in the history of the violin as a prominent exponent of the Franco-Belgian violin school during the mid-19th century. He is also known for playing upon what is now known as the Vieuxtemps Guarneri del Gesù, a violin of superior workmanship. | Henri François Joseph Vieuxtemps, né le à Verviers et mort le à Mustapha, est un violoniste et compositeur belge, l'un des plus célèbres du. | [
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Articulatory phonetics | Phonétique articulatoire | The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures. Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its kinetic form is the actual dynamic airflow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human auditory system as sound. | La phonétique articulatoire est une branche de la phonétique qui s'intéresse à la production des sons de la parole. Du point de vue articulatoire, les phonèmes sont classés selon leurs modes et points d'articulation. | [
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Jo Siffert | Joseph Siffert | Joseph Siffert (7 July 1936 – 24 October 1971) was a Swiss racing driver. Affectionately known as "Seppi" to his family and friends, Siffert was born in Fribourg, Switzerland, the son of a dairy owner. He initially made his name in racing on two wheels, winning the Swiss 350 cc motorcycle championship in 1959, before switching to four wheels with a Formula Junior Stanguellini. Siffert graduated to Formula One as a privateer in 1962, with a four-cylinder Lotus-Climax. He later moved to Swiss team Scuderia Filipinetti, and in 1964 joined Rob Walker's private British Rob Walker Racing Team. Early successes included victories in the non-Championship 1964 and 1965 Mediterranean Grands Prix, both times beating Jim Clark by a very narrow margin. He won two races in Formula One for the Rob Walker Racing Team and BRM. He died at the 1971 World Championship Victory Race, having his car roll over after a crash caused by a mechanical failure and being caught under the burning vehicle. Siffert was married twice and to his second wife Simone during the height of his career in the late 1960s and at the time of his death. They had two children together, Véronique and Philippe. | <dfn>Joseph Siffert</dfn>, couramment appelé Jo Siffert dans le milieu automobile et Seppi par ses compatriotes (né le à Fribourg et mort le sur le circuit de Brands Hatch à Longfield), est un pilote automobile suisse. | [
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Louis Alphonse de Bourbon | Louis de Bourbon (1974) | Louis Alphonse de Bourbon (, ; born 25 April 1974, in Madrid) is the head of the House of Bourbon by primogenitor. The Bourbons are the royal family of Spain. Members of the family formerly ruled France and other countries. As a pretender to the French throne, Louis Alphonse is styled Louis XX and Duke of Anjou. | Louis Alphonse de Bourbon ("Luis Alfonso de Borbón" en espagnol), né le à Madrid, est un membre de la branche aînée de la maison de Bourbon second fils d'Alphonse de Bourbon, duc d’Anjou et duc de Cadix, et de son épouse Carmen Martínez-Bordiú, duchesse de Franco et grande d'Espagne (fille de Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, de Villaverde, et de Carmen Franco, duchesse de Franco, grande d'Espagne). Il porte le titre de courtoisie de duc d'Anjou. | [
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Operation Quicksilver (deception plan) | Opération Quicksilver | Operation Quicksilver was a military deception operation performed during the Second World War. Undertaken by the Allies in 1944, the operation threatened an invasion of France in the Pas de Calais region through the simulation of a large Field Army in the east and south east of England. Quicksilver was the so-called "tactical threat" of the Operation Fortitude deception, itself the keystone of the overarching Operation Bodyguard plan of deceptions all over Europe. | L’opération "Quicksilver" s'inscrit dans l'opération "Fortitude" de faux débarquements, qui fait partie de la stratégie globale de diversion appelée opération "Bodyguard". | [
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Operation Fortitude | Opération Fortitude | Operation Fortitude was the code name for a World War II military deception employed by the Allied nations as part of an overall deception strategy (code named "Bodyguard") during the build-up to the 1944 Normandy landings. Fortitude was divided into two sub-plans, North and South, with the aim of misleading the German High Command as to the location of the invasion. | Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’opération "Fortitude" (« Courage » en français) est le nom de code collectif pour des opérations de désinformation (intoxication) et de diversion menées par les Alliés dans le but de : | [
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Coccolith | Coccolithe | Coccoliths are individual plates of calcium carbonate formed by coccolithophores (single-celled algae such as "Emiliania huxleyi") which are arranged around them in a "coccosphere". | Les coccolithes (du grec κοκκος « "pépin" », λίθος « "pierre" ») sont les plaques de carbonate de calcium de un à une dizaine de micromètres de diamètre en forme de pépin qui protègent les coccolithophoridés (diverses espèces de microalgues du phytoplancton pélagique). | [
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Micropaleontology | Micropaléontologie | Micropaleontology (American spelling; spelled micropalaeontology in European usage) is the branch of paleontology (palaeontology) that studies microfossils, or fossils that require the use of a microscope to see the organism, its morphology and its characteristic details. | La micropaléontologie est une branche de la paléontologie dont l'objet est l'étude des microfossiles. Il s'agit de fossiles à parois minérale et de taille généralement inférieure à – très souvent en dessous du millimètre –, ce qui impose le recours au microscope électronique. | [
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Sandown | Sandown | Sandown is a seaside resort and civil parish on the south-east coast of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom with the resort of Shanklin to the south and the settlement of Lake in between. Together with Shanklin, Sandown forms a built-up area of 21,374 inhabitants. | Sandown est une station balnéaire sur la côte orientale de l'île de Wight (en anglais : "Isle of Wight") située au sud du Royaume-Uni), au bord de la Manche, au nord de la station de Shanklin. | [
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Paul Doumer | Paul Doumer | Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932. | Joseph Athanase Doumer, dit Paul Doumer, né le à Aurillac (Cantal) et mort assassiné le à Paris, est un homme d'État français. Il est président de la République du au. | [
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Gilbert N. Lewis | Gilbert Lewis | Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 25 (or 23), 1875 – March 23, 1946) was an American physical chemist and a former Dean of the College of Chemistry at University of California, Berkeley. Lewis was best known for his discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and other contributions to valence bond theory have shaped modern theories of chemical bonding. Lewis successfully contributed to chemical thermodynamics, photochemistry, and isotope separation, and is also known for his concept of acids and bases. Lewis also researched on relativity and quantum physics, and in 1926 he coined the term "photon" for the smallest unit of radiant energy. | Gilbert Newton Lewis, né le à Weymouth, Massachusetts, et mort le à Berkeley, en Californie, est un physicien et chimiste américain. | [
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Augustin-Jean Fresnel | Augustin Fresnel | Augustin-Jean Fresnel ( or ; ; 10 May 178814 July 1827) was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s until the end of the 19th century. He is perhaps better known for inventing the catadioptric (reflective/refractive) Fresnel lens and for pioneering the use of "stepped" lenses to extend the visibility of lighthouses, saving countless lives at sea. The simpler dioptric (purely refractive) stepped lens, first proposed by Count Buffon and independently reinvented by Fresnel, is used in screen magnifiers and in condenser lenses for overhead projectors. | Augustin Jean Fresnel, né le à Broglie et mort le à Ville-d'Avray, est un ingénieur et physicien français. Fondateur de l’optique moderne, il proposa une explication de tous les phénomènes optiques dans le cadre de la théorie ondulatoire de la lumière. | [
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Christopher Marlowe | Christopher Marlowe | Christopher Marlowe, also known as Kit Marlowe (; baptised 26 February 156430 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Modern scholars count Marlowe among the most famous of the Elizabethan playwrights and based upon the "many imitations" of his play "Tamburlaine" consider him to have been the foremost dramatist in London in the years just before his mysterious early death. Some scholars also believe that he greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was baptised in the same year as Marlowe and later became the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright.. Marlowe's plays are the first to use blank verse, which became the standard for the era, and are distinguished by their overreaching protagonists. Themes found within Marlowe's literary works have been noted as humanistic with realistic emotions, which some scholars find difficult to reconcile with Marlowe's "anti-intellectualism" and his catering to the taste of his Elizabethan audiences for generous displays of extreme physical violence, cruelty, and bloodshed. | Christopher Marlowe (baptisé le à Canterbury – mort le à Deptford) est un dramaturge, poète et traducteur anglais de l'ère élisabéthaine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Order of magnitude | Ordre de grandeur | An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually ten, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one. Logarithmic distributions are common in nature and considering the order of magnitude of values sampled from such a distribution can be more intuitive. When the reference value is ten, the order of magnitude can be understood as the number of digits in the base-10 representation of the value. Similarly, if the reference value is one of certain powers of two, the magnitude can be understood as the amount of computer memory needed to store the exact integer value. | Un ordre de grandeur est un nombre qui représente de façon simplifiée mais approximative la mesure d'une grandeur physique. Ce nombre, le plus souvent une puissance de 10, est utilisé notamment pour communiquer sur des valeurs très grandes ou très petites, comme le diamètre du système solaire ou la charge d'un électron. | [
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101668,
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10,
14012,
83,
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525,
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47,
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Leslie Lamport | Leslie Lamport | Leslie B. Lamport (born February 7, 1941) is an American computer scientist. Lamport is best known for his seminal work in distributed systems, and as the initial developer of the document preparation system LaTeX and the author of its first manual. Leslie Lamport was the winner of the 2013 Turing Award for imposing clear, well-defined coherence on the seemingly chaotic behavior of distributed computing systems, in which several autonomous computers communicate with each other by passing messages. He devised important algorithms and developed formal modeling and verification protocols that improve the quality of real distributed systems. These contributions have resulted in improved correctness, performance, and reliability of computer systems. | Leslie B. Lamport, né le à New York, est un chercheur en informatique américain, spécialiste de l'algorithmique répartie. Il a obtenu le prix Turing 2013. Il est le concepteur du logiciel libre de composition de documents LaTeX (1983). | [
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MC Solaar | MC Solaar | Claude M'Barali, professionally known as MC Solaar () (born 5 March 1969), is a French rapper of Senegalese and Chadian origin. He is one of France's most famous and influential hip hop artists. Some even consider him as the best French rapper of all time. | MC Solaar, ou Claude MC, de son vrai nom Claude Honoré M'Barali, né le à Dakar, au Sénégal, est un rappeur français d'origine tchadienne. | [
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Benevento | Bénévent | Benevento (,, ; ) is a city and "comune" of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento, northeast of Naples. It is situated on a hill above sea level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino (or Beneventano) and the Sabato. It is also the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Around Benevento there is an urban area with 110,000 inhabitants. | Bénévent (en romain "Maleventum" puis "Beneventum", en italien ) est une ville d'environ, chef-lieu de la province du même nom en Campanie (Italie). | [
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Criminology | Criminologie | Criminology (from Latin, "accusation", and Ancient Greek, "-logy|-logia", from "logos" meaning: "word," "reason," or "plan") is the study of crime and deviant behavior. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, biologists, social anthropologists, as well as scholars of law. | La criminologie est l'étude scientifique de la nature, des causes, du développement et du contrôle criminel à la fois d'un point de vue individuel et social. C'est un champ interdisciplinaire qui étudie le phénomène criminel et qui fait appel à de nombreuses disciplines allant de la psychologie, au droit en passant par la sociologie (en particulier dans le domaine de la sociologie de la déviance) ou l'économie. Le champ de recherche criminologique couvre les incidences, les formes, les causes et les conséquences du crime autant que la régulation sociale et institutionnelle de la réaction au crime. Enseignée dans des universités, elle est parfois désignée par les vocables « sciences criminelles » en français, ou « "" » en anglais. Le spécialiste en criminologie se nomme criminologue, et le criminologiste est spécialiste de la criminologie. Les crimes, toutefois, peuvent aussi bien englober tout ce qui est relatif ou qui constitue un crime (incendie criminel) que ce qui est relatif à la répression, à la sanction du crime (brigade criminelle), qui conçoit un crime, y participe (organisation criminelle), qui est à l'origine d'événements très graves, qui les laisse passivement se produire (silence criminel) et ce qui est contraire aux lois morales et condamnable (amour criminel). | [
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Antimatter | Antimatière | In modern physics, antimatter is defined as matter which is composed of the antiparticles (or "partners") of the corresponding particles of 'ordinary' matter ("koinomatter"). Minuscule numbers of antiparticles are generated daily at particle accelerators – total production has been only a few nanograms – and in natural processes like cosmic ray collisions and some types of radioactive decay, but only a tiny fraction of these have successfully been bound together in experiments to form anti-atoms. No macroscopic amount of antimatter has ever been assembled due to the extreme cost and difficulty of production and handling. | En physique des particules, l'antimatière est l'ensemble des antiparticules qui ont la même masse et le même spin, mais des charges, nombres baryoniques et nombres leptoniques opposés aux particules ordinaires. | [
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Joseph-Louis Lagrange | Joseph-Louis Lagrange | Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier; 25 January 1736 – 10 April 1813), also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia, was an Italian mathematician and astronomer, later naturalized French. He made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics. | Joseph Louis de Lagrange (en italien Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia ou aussi Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier), né à Turin en 1736 et mort à Paris en, est un mathématicien, mécanicien et astronome sarde naturalisé français. À l'âge de trente ans, il quitte le Piémont et va séjourner à Berlin pendant vingt-et-un ans. Ensuite, il s'installe pour ses vingt-six dernières années à Paris où il prend la nationalité française en 1802. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Reading | Lecture | Reading is the complex cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning. It is a form of language processing. Success in this process is measured as "reading comprehension". Reading is a means for language acquisition, communication, and sharing information and ideas. The symbols are typically visual (written or printed) but may be tactile (Braille). Like all languages, it is a complex interaction between text and reader, shaped by prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and the language community—which is culturally and socially situated. Readers use a variety of reading strategies to decode (to translate symbols into sounds or visual representations of speech) and comprehend. Readers may use context clues to identify the meaning of unknown words. Readers integrate the words they have read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema. | La lecture peut être définie comme une activité psychosensorielle qui vise à donner un sens à des signes graphiques recueillis par la vision et qui implique à la fois des traitements perceptifs et cognitifs. | [
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Anthropic principle | Principe anthropique | The anthropic principle is the philosophical premise that any data we collect about the universe is filtered by the fact that, in order for it to be observable at all, the universe must have been compatible with the emergence of conscious and sapient life that observes it. In other words, scientific observation of the universe would not even be possible if the laws of the universe had been incompatible with the development of sentient life. Proponents of the anthropic principle argue that it explains why this universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate conscious life, since if either had been different, we would not be around to make observations in the first place. As a result, outside the narrow range thought to be compatible with life it would seem impossible that life (in particular, intelligent life) could develop. | Le principe anthropique est un principe épistémologique selon lequel les observations de l'Univers doivent être compatibles avec la présence d'un observateur étant une entité biologique douée de conscience. Cette contrainte pourrait permettre d'orienter l'heuristique de la recherche scientifique fondamentale. | [
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Henri Michaux | Henri Michaux | Henri Michaux (; 24 May 1899 – 19 October 1984) was a highly idiosyncratic Belgian-born poet, writer, and painter who wrote in French. He later took French citizenship. Michaux is best known for his esoteric novels and poems written in a highly accessible but erratic and unnerving style. His body of work includes poetry, travelogues, and art criticism. Michaux travelled widely, tried his hand at several careers, and experimented with psychedelic drugs, especially LSD and mescaline, which resulted in two of his most intriguing works, "Miserable Miracle" and "The Major Ordeals of the Mind and the Countless Minor Ones". | Henri Michaux, né à Namur le et mort à Paris le, est un écrivain, poète et peintre d'origine belge d'expression française naturalisé français en 1955. | [
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