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Harry Nyquist | Harry Nyquist | Harry Nyquist (, ; February 7, 1889 – April 4, 1976) was a Swedish-born American electronic engineer who made important contributions to communication theory. | Harry Nyquist (pron. [nʏ:kvɪst], pas [naɪkwɪst]) ( - ) a été un important contributeur à la théorie de l'information et à l'automatique. | [
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Beta decay | Radioactivité β | In nuclear physics, beta decay ("β"-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus, transforming the original nuclide to an isobar. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron accompanied by an antineutrino; or, conversely a proton is converted into a neutron by the emission of a positron with a neutrino in so-called "positron emission". Neither the beta particle nor its associated (anti-)neutrino exist within the nucleus prior to beta decay, but are created in the decay process. By this process, unstable atoms obtain a more stable ratio of protons to neutrons. The probability of a nuclide decaying due to beta and other forms of decay is determined by its nuclear binding energy. The binding energies of all existing nuclides form what is called the nuclear band or valley of stability. For either electron or positron emission to be energetically possible, the energy release (see below) or "Q" value must be positive. | La radioactivité bêta ou émission bêta (symbole β) est, à l'origine, un type de désintégration radioactive dans laquelle une particule bêta (un électron ou un positron) est émise. On parle de désintégration "bêta moins" (β) ou "bêta plus" (β) selon qu'il s'agit de l'émission d'un électron (particule chargée négativement) ou d'un positron (particule chargée positivement). Par exemple, on observe une émission β pour le tritium (H) qui se transforme en hélium 3 (He) : | [
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Legume | Gousse | A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant (also called a pulse, especially in the mature, dry condition). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include alfalfa, clover, beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils, lupins, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts, and tamarind. Legumes produce a botanically unique type of fruit – a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. | La gousse, surnommée par les premiers botanistes légume est un fruit à péricarpe sec à double déhiscence (suturale et dorsale), les deux fentes isolant deux valves qui portent chacune une rangée de graines. | [
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Brigadier general | Général de brigade | Brigadier general (Brig. Gen.) or brigade general is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries, usually sitting between the ranks of colonel and major general. When appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000 troops (four battalions). In some countries a brigadier general is informally designated as a one-star general (OF-6). | Le grade de général de brigade, brigadier général, brigadier-général ou brigadier est un grade militaire de certaines armées, le premier dans l'ordre des officiers généraux pour une armée de terre ou une force aérienne. Cependant, certaines armées ne considèrent pas le grade de brigadier comme étant un grade de général même si celui-ci se situe au même niveau hiérarchique. Il se situe généralement après celui de colonel et avant celui de général de division ou de major général en suivant l'ordre hiérarchique croissant. | [
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Sonata Arctica | Sonata Arctica | Sonata Arctica is a Finnish power metal band from the town of Kemi, Finland. Created as a hard rock band named Tricky Beans, they later changed to Tricky Means and finally to Sonata Arctica, when they shifted to power metal. The current line-up consists of singer, keyboardist and songwriter Tony Kakko, guitarist Elias Viljanen, bass guitarist Pasi Kauppinen, keyboardist and keytarist Henrik Klingenberg, and drummer Tommy Portimo. All the musicians of the band's history except Portimo also acted as backing vocalists. | Sonata Arctica est un groupe de power metal finlandais, originaire de Kemi, en Laponie et créé en 1996. Initialement comme groupe de hard rock sous le nom de Tricky Beans, les membres décident de changer de nom pour Sonata Arctica à leur passage au power metal. Ils utilisent également quelques éléments de metal symphonique, puis, dans leurs derniers albums, quelques éléments de metal progressif. La formation actuelle du groupe se compose du claviériste et interprète Tony Kakko, du guitariste Elias Viljanen, du bassiste Pasi Kauppinen, du claviériste Henrik Klingenberg, et du batteur Tommy Portimo. | [
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Political anthropology | Anthropologie politique | Political anthropology is a subfield of sociocultural anthropology, but like anthropology as a whole, it remains immune to precise delimitation. The core of political anthropology is the comparative, fieldwork-based examination of politics in a broad range of historical, social, and cultural settings. | L'anthropologie politique étudie les formes politiques des différents peuples du monde, considérant qu'elles sont liées aux structures des sociétés civiles. | [
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Pierre Napoléon Bonaparte | Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte | Prince Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte (11 October 1815 – 7 April 1881) was a French nobleman, revolutionary and politician, the son of Lucien Bonaparte and his second wife Alexandrine de Bleschamp. He was a nephew of Napoleon I of France, Joseph Bonaparte, Elisa Bonaparte, Louis Bonaparte, Pauline Bonaparte, Caroline Bonaparte and Jérôme Bonaparte. | Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte, prince Bonaparte ( à Rome - à Versailles), est le septième des dix enfants de Lucien Bonaparte et d'Alexandrine de Bleschamp. | [
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4 Vesta | (4) Vesta | Vesta (minor-planet designation: 4 Vesta) is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of. It was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers on 29 March 1807 and is named after Vesta, the virgin goddess of home and hearth from Roman mythology. | Vesta, officiellement désigné par (4) Vesta, est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale. Il fut le quatrième astéroïde découvert, le par Heinrich Olbers, et porte le nom de la déesse romaine Vesta. | [
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Bernadette Chirac | Bernadette Chirac | Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chirac (born Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel; 18 May 1933) is a French politician and the widow of the former President Jacques Chirac. | Bernadette Chirac, née Chodron de Courcel le à Paris, est une femme politique française. Elle est l'épouse de Jacques Chirac, président de la République française du au. | [
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Hydropower | Énergie hydraulique | Hydropower or water power (from, "water") is power derived from the energy of falling or fast-running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used as a renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as gristmills, sawmills, textile mills, trip hammers, dock cranes, domestic lifts, and ore mills. A trompe, which produces compressed air from falling water, is sometimes used to power other machinery at a distance. | L'énergie hydraulique est l'énergie fournie par le mouvement de l'eau, sous toutes ses formes : chutes d'eau, cours d'eau, courants marin, marée, vagues. Ce mouvement peut être utilisé directement, par exemple avec un moulin à eau, ou plus couramment être converti, par exemple en énergie électrique dans une centrale hydroélectrique. | [
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Primatology | Primatologie | Primatology is the scientific study of primates. It is a diverse discipline at the boundary between mammalogy and anthropology, and researchers can be found in academic departments of anatomy, anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary sciences and zoology, as well as in animal sanctuaries, biomedical research facilities, museums and zoos. Primatologists study both living and extinct primates in their natural habitats and in laboratories by conducting field studies and experiments in order to understand aspects of their evolution and behaviour. | La primatologie est la discipline qui étudie les espèces de l'ordre des Primates, c'est-à-dire les mammifères communément appelés singes, lémuriens, tarsiers, loris, ainsi que l'espèce humaine et ses ancêtres proches. | [
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Fiction | Fiction | Fiction generally is a narrative form, in any medium, consisting of people, events, or places that are imaginary—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. In its most narrow usage, fiction refers to written narratives in prose and often specifically novels, though also novellas and short stories. More broadly, fiction has come to encompass stories with imaginary elements in any format, including not just writings but also most live theatrical performances, films, television programs, radio dramas, comics, role-playing games, and video games. | Une fiction est une histoire fondée plus souvent sur des faits imaginaires que sur des faits réels. Les personnages qui y sont décrits sont dits « personnages fictifs ». Une œuvre de fiction peut être orale ou écrite, du domaine de la littérature, du cinéma, du théâtre ou de l'audiovisuel (la radio, la télévision, le jeu vidéo et voire d'autres formes qui se développent sur internet). | [
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Francisco de Montejo | Francisco de Montejo | Francisco de Montejo y Álvarez (; c. 1479 in Salamanca – c. 1553 in Spain) was a Spanish conquistador in Mexico and Central America. | Francisco de Montejo, né vers 1479 et mort vers 1548, est un conquistador espagnol qui se joint à Hernàn Cortés dans la conquête du mexique. | [
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Soy milk | Lait de soja | Soy milk, also known as soymilk, is a plant-based drink produced by soaking and grinding soybeans, boiling the mixture, and filtering out remaining particulates. It is a stable emulsion of oil, water, and protein. Its original form is a natural by-product of the manufacture of tofu. Originating in East Asia, it became a common beverage in Europe and North America in the later half of the 20th century, especially as production techniques were developed to give it a taste and consistency more closely resembling that of dairy milk. Along with similar vegetable-based "milks", like almond and rice milk, soy milk may be used as a substitute for dairy milk by individuals who are vegan or lactose intolerant, while others may consume it for environmental or health reasons. | Le lait de soja, aussi appelé jus de soja ou boisson au soja ( ou douru () ; (/) ; japonais : ; ) est une boisson produite à base de graines de soja et d’eau. D'aspect proche du lait de vache et de composition également proche sur plusieurs points, il est communément appelé « lait de soja » dans les pays francophones et souvent utilisé comme substitut au lait de vache dans l'alimentation et la cuisine, en particulier végétaliennes. En Asie, sa consommation est traditionnelle et relativement commune. | [
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Germanic languages | Langues germaniques | The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. The most widely spoken Germanic language, English, is the world's most widely spoken language with an estimated 2 billion speakers. All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia. | Les langues germaniques sont une branche de la famille des langues indo-européennes. Elles descendent toutes du proto-germanique. L'étude de ces langues se nomme la germanistique. Elles furent d'abord parlées par les peuples germaniques, qui vivaient au voisinage des Baltes, des Celtes et des Italiques et entrèrent en contact avec l'Empire romain sur ses confins. Ces langues partagent plusieurs traits définitoires, parmi lesquels d'importantes mutations consonantiques décrites par les lois de Grimm et de Verner (auxquelles on peut ajouter la seconde mutation consonantique pour le vieux haut-allemand), ainsi qu'un important lexique indo-européen. | [
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Cenomani | Aulerques Cénomans | The Cenomani or Aulerci Cenomani were a Celtic people, a branch of the Aulerci in Gallia Celtica, whose territory corresponded generally to Maine in the modern "départment" of Sarthe, west of the Carnutes between the Seine and the Loire. Their chief town was "Vindinum" or "Suindinum" (corrupted into 'Subdinnum'), afterwards "Civitas Cenomanorum" (whence Le Mans, and much later the Cenomanian geological age) and later "Cenomani" as in the Notitia Dignitatum, the original name of the town, as usual in the case of Gallic cities, being replaced by that of the people. According to Caesar ("Bell. Gall." vii.75.3), they assisted Vercingetorix in the great rising (52 BC) with a force of 5000 men. Under Augustus they formed a "civitas stipendiaria" (Roman tributary town) of Gallia Lugdunensis, and in the 4th century part of "Gallia Lugdunensis III". | Les Aulerques Cénomans (en latin Aulerci Cenomani) sont un peuple celte faisant partie de la confédération des Aulerques et habitant le pays qui deviendra le Maine oriental. | [
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Olmecs | Olmèques | The Olmecs () were the earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization. Following a progressive development in Soconusco, they occupied the tropical lowlands of the modern-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco. It has been speculated that the Olmecs derived in part from the neighboring Mokaya or Mixe–Zoque cultures. | Les Olmèques sont un ancien peuple précolombien de Mésoamérique s'étant épanoui de 2500 av. J.-C. jusqu'à 500 av. J.-C. sur la côte du golfe du Mexique, dans le bassin de Mexico, et le long de la côte Pacifique (États du Guerrero, Oaxaca et Chiapas). C'est la plus ancienne civilisation connue de Mésoamérique, dont elle est souvent considérée comme la « culture-mère », parce que la première ville olmèque, San Lorenzo, est la plus ancienne ville mésoaméricaine connue et parce que les cultures suivantes partagent plusieurs caractéristiques communes qui semblent héritées des Olmèques. Le terme « olmèque », issu du terme nahuatl "olmeca", qui signifie « les gens du pays du caoutchouc », est lié à la découverte de la première tête colossale olmèque, en 1862, et a été officialisé en 1942 par les olmécologues. | [
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Patricia Wentworth | Patricia Wentworth | Dora Amy Elles (15 October 1877 – 28 January 1961), who wrote as Patricia Wentworth, was a British crime fiction writer. | Dora Amy Elles Dillon Turnbull, plus connue sous le pseudonyme de Patricia Wentworth, née à Mussoorie, dans l'Uttarakhand, en Inde (alors le Raj britannique) en 1878, et morte en 1961 à Camberley dans le Surrey, est un auteur britannique de roman policier. | [
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Pierre-Charles Villeneuve | Pierre Charles Silvestre de Villeneuve | Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve (31 December 1763 – 22 April 1806) was a French naval officer during the Napoleonic Wars. He was in command of the French and the Spanish fleets that were defeated by Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar. | Pierre Charles Silvestre de Villeneuve, né le à Valensole et mort le à Rennes, est un vice-amiral français. Il est le commandant en chef de la flotte franco-espagnole lors de la célèbre bataille de Trafalgar de 1805 qui se solda par une cuisante défaite pour les coalisés, rendant impossible le projet d'invasion de l'Angleterre par. | [
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Simone Veil | Simone Veil | Simone Annie Liline Veil, Grand-croix; DBE (, Jacob; 13 July 1927 – 30 June 2017) was a French lawyer and politician who served as Minister of Health under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of the European Parliament and member of the Constitutional Council of France. | Simone Veil, née Simone Jacob le à Nice et morte le à Paris, est une magistrate et une femme d’État française. | [
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Toltec | Toltèques | The Toltec culture () is a pre-Colombian Mesoamerican culture that ruled a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico in the early post-classic period of Mesoamerican chronology (ca. 900–1168 CE). The later Aztec culture saw the Toltecs as their intellectual and cultural predecessors and described Toltec culture emanating from "Tōllān" (Nahuatl for Tula) as the epitome of civilization; in the Nahuatl language the word "Tōltēcatl" (singular) or "Tōltēcah" (plural) came to take on the meaning "artisan". The Aztec oral and pictographic tradition also described the history of the Toltec Empire, giving lists of rulers and their exploits. | La culture toltèque est une culture mésoaméricaine qui s’est développée autour de Tula, leur capitale située près de Teotihuacan au Mexique, au début de la période post-classique de la chronologie méso-américaine (entre 900 et 1200 de notre ère). Le terme Toltèques provient du nahuatl et désigne les « maîtres bâtisseurs ». Dans les légendes nahuatl, les Toltèques sont censés être à l'origine de toute civilisation (c'est pourquoi on les nomme artistes ou maîtres bâtisseurs). Les Aztèques, pour affirmer leur supériorité, se sont donc prétendus leurs descendants. | [
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Albert Decourtray | Albert Decourtray | Albert Florent Augustin Decourtray S.T.D. (9 April 1923 – 16 September 1994) was a French Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Lyon. | Albert Decourtray, né le à Wattignies dans le Nord et mort le à Lyon, est un cardinal de l'Église catholique romaine, archevêque de Lyon et académicien français. | [
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Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez | Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez | Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez (7 August 1763 – 17 May 1845) was a French sailor, Navy officer, and admiral of the First French Empire. | Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez, né le à Palais (Belle-Île) et mort le à Suresnes, est un officier de marine français, contre-amiral sous le Premier Empire, puis vice-amiral. | [
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Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse | Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse | Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse (29 May 1747 – 24 July 1812) was a French admiral. Villaret was born at Auch. After serving in the Indies under Suffren, he rose in rank during the early stages of the French Revolution. He was in command of the French fleet during the Glorious First of June, where despite being handed a heavy tactical defeat, he ensured the passage of a vital grain convoy to France. He led the French fleet during the disastrous Croisière du Grand Hiver, and failed to prevent a British fleet from successfully retreating, with his last battle being a defeat off Groix. He was relieved when he refused to serve for the disastrous Expédition d'Irlande. Villaret was then elected at the Council of Five Hundred. He joined the Club de Clichy, a party promoting colonies and slavery, and harbouring Royalist sympathies. After the Coup of 18 Fructidor, Villaret was to be deported to Cayenne, but went into hiding long enough for his sentence to be commuted to exile to Oléron, where he went willingly. | Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse, puis (1789) Louis Thomas de Joyeuse, et en 1792 Louis Thomas Villaret-Joyeuse, né le à Auch et décédé le à Venise (Italie), est un vice-amiral français des. | [
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Lemovices | Lémovices | The Lemovices or Lemovici (Gaulish: "those who vanquish by the elm") were a Gallic tribe, dwelling in the modern Limousin region. | Les Lémovices (en latin, "Lemovices") sont un peuple gaulois provenant d'Europe centrale puis ayant migré dans l'ancienne région française du Limousin auquel ils ont donné leur nom ainsi qu'à la ville de Limoges. | [
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Marshal of the Empire | Maréchal d'Empire | Marshal of the Empire () was a civil dignity during the First French Empire. It was created by "Sénatus-consulte" on 18 May 1804 and to a large extent resurrected the formerly abolished title of Marshal of France. According to the "Sénatus-consulte", a Marshal was a grand officer of the Empire, entitled to a high-standing position at the Court and to the presidency of an electoral college. | Le titre de maréchal d’Empire est une dignité du Premier Empire, créée en 1804 par l'empereur Napoléon. Elle est décernée pour la première fois lors de la grande promotion de 1804 qui récompense dix-huit généraux de division méritants. Par la suite, ce titre ne sera plus décerné que ponctuellement au cours de l'Empire, le dernier à obtenir son bâton étant le maréchal Emmanuel de Grouchy en 1815. | [
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Colin Dexter | Colin Dexter | Norman Colin Dexter (29 September 1930 – 21 March 2017) was an English crime writer known for his "Inspector Morse" series of novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as an ITV television series, "Inspector Morse", from 1987 to 2000. His characters have spawned a sequel series, "Lewis", and a prequel series, "Endeavour". | Norman Colin Dexter, né le à Stamford dans le comté anglais du Lincolnshire et mort le à Oxford dans l'Oxfordshire, plus connu sous son nom de plume de Colin Dexter, est un écrivain britannique, auteur de romans policiers. | [
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Lexovii | Lexoviens | The Lexovii (, Strabo;, Ptol. ii. 8. § 2), were a Gallic tribe dwelling immediately west of the mouth of the Seine, around present-day Lisieux. | Les Lexoviens – celtique latinisé "Lexovii" ou "Lixovii" – étaient un peuple belge ou gaulois armoricain établi le long de l'actuelle côte normande, au sud de l'embouchure de la Seine. | [
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Princess Marie Bonaparte | Marie Bonaparte | Princess Marie Bonaparte (2 July 1882 – 21 September 1962), known as Princess George of Greece and Denmark upon her marriage, was a French author and psychoanalyst, closely linked with Sigmund Freud. Her wealth contributed to the popularity of psychoanalysis, and enabled Freud's escape from Nazi Germany. | Marie Bonaparte (en grec moderne : ), princesse Bonaparte, puis, par son mariage, princesse de Grèce et de Danemark, est née le à Saint-Cloud (aujourd'hui dans les Hauts-de-Seine) et morte le à Gassin (dans le Var), en France. Arrière-petite-fille de Lucien Bonaparte et épouse du prince Georges de Grèce, c'est une femme de lettres, une mécène et une psychanalyste disciple de Sigmund Freud, dont elle a contribué à diffuser le travail en France et en Grèce. | [
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François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers | François Paul de Brueys d'Aigalliers | Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, Comte de Brueys (February 12, 1753 – August 1, 1798) was the French commander in the Battle of the Nile, in which the French Revolutionary Navy was defeated by Royal Navy forces under Admiral Horatio Nelson. The British victory helped to ensure their naval supremacy throughout the Napoleonic Wars. He was also a Freemason in the "La Bonne Foi" lodge at Montauban. | François Paul de Brueys d’Aigalliers, né le à Uzès et tué au combat le en baie d'Aboukir, est un vice-amiral français. | [
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Jérôme Bonaparte | Jérôme Bonaparte | Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Girolamo Buonaparte; 15 November 1784 – 24 June 1860) was the youngest brother of Napoleon I and reigned as Jerome I (formally Hieronymus Napoleon in German), King of Westphalia, between 1807 and 1813. From 1816 onward, he bore the title of Prince of Montfort. After 1848, when his nephew, Louis Napoleon, became President of the French Second Republic, he served in several official roles, including Marshal of France from 1850 onward, and President of the Senate in 1852. | Jérôme Bonaparte, est né le à Ajaccio (Corse) et mort le au château de Vilgénis (Seine-et-Oise) (de nos jours Massy), prince français et altesse impériale (1806 et 1852), fils de Charles-Marie Bonaparte et de Maria-Létizia Ramolino, est le plus jeune frère de Napoléon. | [
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Alan Silvestri | Alan Silvestri | Alan Anthony Silvestri (born March 26, 1950) is an American composer and conductor known for his film and television scores. Silvestri has frequently collaborated with director Robert Zemeckis, scoring such films as the "Back to the Future" trilogy, "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", "Cast Away", "The Polar Express", and "Forrest Gump". He has also scored films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe: "", "The Avengers", "", and "". He is a two-time Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominee, and a three-time Saturn Award and two-time Primetime Emmy Award recipient. | Alan Silvestri ( à New York) est un compositeur américain de musique de film, d'origine italienne. Il est surtout connu pour sa collaboration avec le réalisateur Robert Zemeckis avec qui il collabore depuis le film d'aventures "À la poursuite du diamant vert" (1984). Pour le cinéaste, il signe ainsi la musique originale de la trilogie des "Retour vers le futur" (1985-1990), "Qui veut la peau de Roger Rabbit" (1988) ou encore "Forrest Gump" (1994). | [
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John McTiernan | John McTiernan | John Campbell McTiernan Jr. (born January 8, 1951) is an American filmmaker. He is best known for his action films, especially "Predator" (1987), "Die Hard" (1988), and "The Hunt for Red October" (1990). His later well-known films include the action-comedy-fantasy film "Last Action Hero" (1993), the action film sequel "Die Hard with a Vengeance" (1995), the heist film-remake "The Thomas Crown Affair" (1999), and "The 13th Warrior" (1999). His last completed feature film was the mystery-thriller "Basic", released in 2003. | John McTiernan est un réalisateur et producteur de cinéma américain, né le à Albany, État de New York. Il est connu pour ses films d'action ("Predator", "Piège de cristal", "À la poursuite d'Octobre Rouge", "Last Action Hero", "Une journée en enfer"), qui s'appuient sur une figure renouvelée du héros viril, interprété notamment par Bruce Willis, Arnold Schwarzenegger ou encore Sean Connery. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Remi | Rèmes | The Remi (Gaulish: "the first ones, the princes") were a Belgic tribe, dwelling in the Aisne, Vesle and Suippe river valleys, corresponding to the modern Marne and Ardennes and parts of the modern Aisne and Meuse "départements". | Les Rèmes étaient un peuple gaulois. Leur nom signifie « les premiers ». Ils ont donné son nom à la ville de Reims. | [
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Viromandui | Viromanduens | The Viromandui or "Veromandui" (,) were a Belgic tribe of the La Tène and Roman periods, dwelling in the modern Vermandois region (Picardy). | Les Viromanduens ou Veromanduens, également Viromands, Viromandues ou Vermandois (en latin, "Viromandui") sont un des peuples de la Gaule Belgique demeurant dans le Vermandois auquel ils ont laissé leur nom, tout comme à la ville de Vermand dans l'Aisne ainsi qu'à Vermandovillers dans la Somme. | [
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Avogadro's law | Loi d'Avogadro | Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. A modern statement is: Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules." | La loi d'Avogadro, également appelée hypothèse d'Avogadro, du nom du physicien et chimiste italien Amedeo Avogadro, est l'une des lois de la thermodynamique constituant la loi des gaz parfaits. | [
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Pierre François Étienne Bouvet de Maisonneuve | Pierre François Étienne Bouvet de Maisonneuve | Pierre-François-Henri-Étienne Bouvet de Maisonneuve (Saint-Benoît, Réunion, 28 December 1775 – Saint-Servan, 18 June 1860) was a French Navy officer and privateer. | Pierre François Henry Étienne Bouvet de Maisonneuve, né le à Saint-Benoît et mort le à Saint-Servan, fut un marin français, contre-amiral à titre honoraire. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Suessiones | Suessions | The Suessiones were a Belgic tribe, dwelling in the modern Aisne and Oise regions during the La Tène and Roman periods. | Les Suessions étaient un peuple gaulois de Gaule belgique. Ils ont laissé leur nom à la ville de Soissons et au Soissonnais. Ils avaient pour clients les Meldes, les Silvanectes et les Viromanduens, et étaient étroitement liés avec leurs voisins, les Rèmes. Leur capitale avant la conquête romaine était Noviodunum ou Noviodunum Suessionum, que l'on situe à Pommiers. Après la guerre des Gaules, elle est probablement transférée sur le site de Villeneuve-Saint-Germain jusqu'à la fondation d'Augusta Suessionum, la future Soissons. | [
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Ambiani | Ambiens | The Ambiani (Gaulish: "the people around [the two banks of the Somme]") were a Belgic coastal tribe, dwelling in modern Picardy during the La Tène and Roman periods. They are known for their gold coinage. | Les Ambiens (latin "Ambiani", grec "Ἀμβιανοὶ") sont un peuple belge du nord de la Gaule. Leur chef-lieu était "Samarobriva" (Amiens) et leur territoire couvrait l'ensemble du cours inférieur de la Somme jusqu'à son embouchure. | [
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Thomism | Thomisme | Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. In philosophy, Aquinas' disputed questions and commentaries on Aristotle are perhaps his best-known works. | Le thomisme est une école de pensée philosophico-théologique inspirée des écrits de saint Thomas d'Aquin consistant principalement en un réalisme philosophique. Le thomisme a pris de nombreuses formes selon les périodes et les circonstances, s'éloignant plus ou moins des véritables thèses du docteur de l'Église selon les types de formes, certaines consistant en une interprétation extrêmement libre, d'autres se contentant d'une conservation rigide à la lettre de la "Somme théologique". La plupart des philosophes de l'époque moderne, tels que René Descartes, John Locke, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz et après comme Emmanuel Kant, dialoguent directement ou indirectement avec les formes de thomisme de leur temps. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Arts et Métiers (Paris Métro) | Arts et Métiers (métro de Paris) | Arts et Métiers (, literally "Arts and Trades") is a station on Line 3 and Line 11 of the Paris Métro. Its located in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris. | Arts et Métiers est une station des lignes 3 et 11 du métro de Paris, située dans le de Paris. | [
250004,
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99,
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Glorious First of June | Bataille du 13 prairial an II | The Glorious First of June, also known as the Fourth Battle of Ushant or, in France, as the'or ') of 1794 was the first and largest fleet action of the naval conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars. | La bataille du 13 prairial an II (également appelée combat de Prairial ou troisième bataille d'Ouessant et "Glorious First of June" "(Glorieux Premier Juin)" dans les sources anglo-saxonnes) fut une importante bataille navale qui opposa les flottes britannique et française au large de l'île d'Ouessant entre le 28 mai et le juin 1794. | [
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Knots Landing | Côte Ouest (série télévisée) | Knots Landing is an American prime time television soap opera that aired on CBS from December 27, 1979, to May 13, 1993. A spin-off of "Dallas", it was set in a fictitious coastal suburb of Los Angeles and initially centered on the lives of four married couples living in a cul-de-sac, Seaview Circle. By the time of its conclusion, storylines had included rape, murder, kidnapping, assassinations, drug smuggling, corporate intrigue, and criminal investigations; and it had become the longest-running primetime drama on U.S. television after "Gunsmoke" and "Bonanza". | Côte Ouest (France) ou Les Héritiers du rêve (Québec) ("Knots Landing") est un feuilleton télévisé américain en 344 épisodes de 45 minutes et un téléfilm de 180 minutes, spin off de Dallas, et créé par David Jacobs pour Lorimar Productions et diffusé entre le et le sur le réseau CBS. | [
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James Watson | James Dewey Watson | James Dewey Watson KBE (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist. In 1953, he co-authored with Francis Crick the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. Watson, Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". | James Dewey Watson, né le à Chicago, est un généticien et biochimiste américain. En 1953, il co-écrit avec Francis Crick le document académique proposant la structure en double hélice de la molécule d'ADN. Watson, Crick et Maurice Wilkins ont reçu le prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine 1962 « pour leurs découvertes concernant la structure moléculaire des acides nucléiques et son importance pour le transfert d'informations dans le matériel vivant ». | [
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Battle of Ain Jalut | Bataille d'Aïn Djalout | The Battle of Ain Jalut (Ayn Jalut, in Arabic:, the "Spring of Goliath", or Harod Spring, in Hebrew: ) took place on 3 September 1260 between Muslim Mamluks and the Mongols in the southeastern Galilee, in the Jezreel Valley, not far from the site of Zir'in, a now-destroyed village in the Jezreel Valley in current day Israel. The battle marked the extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance had ever been permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield. | La bataille d'Aïn Djalout oppose le le sultanat mamelouk d'Égypte à l'ilkhanat de Perse dans la vallée de Jezreel, actuellement en Israël. L'empire mongol y subit une défaite historique, qui arrête sa progression vers l'ouest, entamée par les conquêtes de Gengis Khan à partir de 1203. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Definition | Définition | A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Definitions can be classified into two large categories, intensional definitions (which try to give the sense of a term) and extensional definitions (which try to list the objects that a term describes). Another important category of definitions is the class of ostensive definitions, which convey the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. A term may have many different senses and multiple meanings, and thus require multiple definitions. | Une définition est une proposition qui met en équivalence un élément définissant et un élément étant défini. Une définition, a pour but de clarifier, d'expliquer. Elle détermine les limites ou « un ensemble de traits qui circonscrivent un objet ». | [
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Bridget Jones's Diary (film) | Le Journal de Bridget Jones (film) | Bridget Jones's Diary is a 2001 romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Richard Curtis, Andrew Davies, and Helen Fielding. A co-production of the United Kingdom, United States and France, it is based on Fielding's 1996 novel of the same name, which is a reinterpretation of Jane Austen's 1813 novel "Pride and Prejudice". The adaptation stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, a 32 year old single woman, who writes a diary which focuses on the things she wishes to happen in her life. However, her life changes when two men vie for her affection. Colin Firth, Hugh Grant, Jim Broadbent, and Gemma Jones are featured in supporting roles. Production began in August 2000 and ended in November 2000, and took place largely on location in London and the Home Counties. | Le Journal de Bridget Jones ("") est une comédie romantique britannico-franco-américaine réalisée par Sharon Maguire, sortie en 2001. Il s'agit d'une adaptation cinématographique du roman du même nom d'Helen Fielding, publié en 1996. Le film est un succès mondial, récoltant plus de 281,9 millions de dollars, pour un budget de 25 millions. | [
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Falcon Crest | Falcon Crest | Falcon Crest is an American prime time television soap opera that aired for nine seasons on CBS from December 4, 1981 to May 17, 1990. The series revolves around the feuding factions of the wealthy Gioberti/Channing family in the California wine industry. Jane Wyman stars as Angela Channing, the tyrannical matriarch of the Falcon Crest Winery, opposite Robert Foxworth as Chase Gioberti, Angela's nephew, and later David Selby as Richard Channing, the illegitimate son of Angela's ex-husband. Other notable series regulars include Lorenzo Lamas as Angela's grandson Lance Cumson; William R. Moses as Chase's son Cole Gioberti; Abby Dalton as Angela's daughter and Lance's mother Julia Cumson; Susan Sullivan as Chase's wife Maggie Gioberti; Ana Alicia as heiress Melissa Agretti; and Margaret Ladd as Angela's younger daughter Emma Channing. The series is set in the fictitious Tuscany Valley (modeled after the Napa Valley) northeast of San Francisco. | Falcon Crest ou Sous le signe du faucon au Québec est un feuilleton télévisé américain en 227 épisodes de 45 minutes, créé par Earl Hamner et diffusé entre le et le sur le réseau CBS. | [
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry | Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée | The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC ) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. It is a member of the International Science Council (ISC). IUPAC is registered in Zürich, Switzerland, and the administrative office, known as the "IUPAC Secretariat", is in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States. This administrative office is headed by IUPAC's executive director, currently Lynn Soby. | L’Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée (UICPA, ) est une organisation non gouvernementale ayant son siège à Zurich, créée en 1919 qui s’intéresse aux progrès en chimie, chimie physique, biochimie Elle a pour membres des sociétés nationales de chimie. C’est l’autorité reconnue pour le développement de règles à adopter pour la nomenclature, les symboles et la terminologie des éléments chimiques et de leurs dérivés, par le biais de son Comité interdivisionnel de la nomenclature et des symboles "()" qui fixe la nomenclature de l'UICPA. | [
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The Horseman on the Roof | Le Hussard sur le toit (film) | The Horseman on the Roof () is a 1995 French film directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau and starring Juliette Binoche and Olivier Martinez. Based on the 1951 French novel "Le hussard sur le toit" by Jean Giono, the film follows the adventures of a young Italian nobleman in France raising money for the Italian revolution against Austria during a time of cholera. The Italian struggle for independence and the cholera pandemic in southern France in 1832 are historical events. The film received César Awards in 1996 for Best Cinematography and Best Sound, as well as eight César Award nominations for Best Film, Best Costume Design, Best Actress, Best Director, Best Editing, Best Music, Best Production Design, and Most Promising Actress. | Le Hussard sur le toit est un film français de Jean-Paul Rappeneau, sorti en 1995. Il est adapté du roman du même nom de Jean Giono. | [
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Pond | Étang | A pond is an area filled with water, either natural or artificial, that is smaller than a lake. It may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or be a somewhat isolated depression (such as a kettle, vernal pool, or prairie pothole). It may contain shallow water with aquatic plants and animals. | Un étang (venant du latin stagnum) est une étendue d'eau stagnante, située dans une cuvette naturelle résultant de l'imperméabilité du sol ou dans une cuvette imperméable creusée par l'homme, l'étang est délimité à l'intérieur des terres. Le mot étang est employé en Belgique pour désigner une mare. | [
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Kevlar | Kevlar | Kevlar is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, this high-strength material was used first commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components. | Le poly(p-phénylènetéréphtalamide) (PPD-T) est un polymère thermoplastique constitué de noyaux aromatiques séparés par des groupes amide. Il appartient à la famille des fibres d'aramides. | [
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Christophe (singer) | Christophe (chanteur) | Daniel Bevilacqua (, ; 13 October 1945 – 16 April 2020), better known by the stage name Christophe (), was a French singer and songwriter. He was born in the Paris suburb of Juvisy-sur-Orge, to an Italian father. | Christophe, nom de scène de Daniel Bevilacqua, né le à Juvisy-sur-Orge et mort le à Brest, est un auteur-compositeur, chanteur et occasionnellement comédien français. | [
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The Colbys | Dynastie 2 : Les Colby | The Colbys (originally titled Dynasty II: The Colbys) is an American prime time television soap opera that originally aired on ABC from November 20, 1985, to March 26, 1987. Created by Richard and Esther Shapiro and Eileen and Robert Pollock and produced by Aaron Spelling, it is a spin-off of "Dynasty" and revolves around the Colbys, another vastly wealthy family who own a large multinational conglomerate and are connected to the Carringtons of "Dynasty". Intended to surpass its predecessor in opulence, the series' producers were handed an immensely high budget for the era, and cast a handful of well-known movie stars among its leads. "The Colbys" stars Charlton Heston as tycoon Jason Colby, Barbara Stanwyck as his sister Constance, Stephanie Beacham as his wife Sable, Katharine Ross as Sable's sister and Jason's lover Francesca, and Ricardo Montalbán as Jason's business rival Zach Powers. John James and Emma Samms also star as their "Dynasty" characters Jeff Colby and Fallon Carrington. "The Colbys" was ultimately a ratings disappointment, and was cancelled after two seasons. | Dynastie 2 : Les Colby, ou L'Empire Colby au Québec, (', ou simplement ') est un feuilleton télévisé américain en 49 épisodes de 45 minutes, créé par Esther Shapiro, Richard Shapiro, Eileen Pollock et Robert Pollock, et diffusé entre le et le sur le réseau ABC. | [
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Battle of the Nile | Bataille d'Aboukir (1798) | The Battle of the Nile (also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay; ) was a major naval battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the Navy of the French Republic at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast off the Nile Delta of Egypt from the 1st to the 3rd of August 1798. The battle was the climax of a naval campaign that had raged across the Mediterranean during the previous three months, as a large French convoy sailed from Toulon to Alexandria carrying an expeditionary force under General Napoleon Bonaparte. The British fleet was led in the battle by Rear-Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson; they decisively defeated the French under Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers. | La bataille d'Aboukir (également appelée "Battle of the Nile" en anglais ou en arabe) fut une importante bataille navale qui opposa les flottes britannique et française dans la baie d'Aboukir, près d'Alexandrie en Égypte entre le et le. | [
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95,
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5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
History of Canada | Histoire du Canada | The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of the Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day. Prior to European colonization, the lands encompassing present-day Canada were inhabited for millennia by Indigenous peoples, with distinct trade networks, spiritual beliefs, and styles of social organization. Some of these older civilizations had long faded by the time of the first European arrivals and have been discovered through archeological investigations. | L'histoire du Canada aborde le Canada, monarchie constitutionnelle qui occupe la partie septentrionale du sous-continent nord-américain, sous un angle historique, depuis ses origines jusqu'à nos jours. | [
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Gilberte Brossolette | Gilberte Brossolette | Gilberte Brossolette (née Bruel; 27 December 1905 – 18 February 2004) was a French journalist and politician. A member of the French Resistance during the Second World War, she was the wife of journalist and politician Pierre Brossolette (1903-1944), who committed suicide while being tortured by the Gestapo. | Gilberte Brossolette, née Bruel ( à Paris - à Fontainebleau) est une journaliste et femme politique française. Épouse de Pierre Brossolette (1903-1944), elle participe avec lui à la Résistance française pendant l'Occupation allemande. Conseillère de la République (sénatrice) socialiste du département de la Seine de décembre 1946 au, elle est la première femme à être vice-présidente du Sénat de 1946 à 1954. | [
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Distribution board | Tableau électrique | A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure. Normally, a main switch, and in recent boards, one or more residual-current devices (RCD) or residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO), are also incorporated. | Un tableau électrique est un tableau de répartition comportant différents types d'appareillage associés à un ou plusieurs circuits électriques de départ alimentés par un ou plusieurs circuits électriques d'arrivée, ainsi que des bornes pour les conducteurs neutre et de protection. | [
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Domino mask | Loup (masque) | A domino mask is a small, often rounded mask covering only the area around the eyes and the space between them. The masks have seen special prevalence since the 18th century, when they became traditional wear in particular local manifestations of Carnival, particularly with Venetian Carnival. Domino masks have found their way into a variety of high and popular art forms. | Le loup est un demi-masque en velours ou en satin noir, parfois agrémenté de dentelle, que mettaient au lorsqu'elles sortaient afin de préserver la blancheur de leur peau. Ce cache, parfois maintenu par un bouton tenu dans la bouche, remplaça le touret de nez ou cache-nez (petit carré d'étoffe qui s’attachait aux oreillettes du chaperon et couvrait tout le visage à partir des yeux), porté du au, puis de nombreux types de masques (masque de peau parfumé maintenu uniquement avec de la pommade, masque carré avec mentonnière) du au. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Lupus (constellation) | Loup (constellation) | Lupus is a constellation located in the deep Southern Sky. Its name is Latin for wolf. Lupus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations, although it was previously an asterism associated with the neighboring constellation Centaurus. | Le Loup est le nom donné à une petite constellation de l'hémisphère Sud, située en dessous de la constellation de la Balance, à l'ouest de la constellation du Scorpion et à l'est de la constellation du Centaure. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Möbius function | Fonction de Möbius | The classical Möbius function is an important multiplicative function in number theory and combinatorics. The German mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius introduced it in 1832. It is a special case of a more general object in combinatorics. | En mathématiques, la fonction de Möbius désigne généralement une fonction multiplicative particulière, définie sur les entiers strictement positifs et à valeurs dans l'ensemble {–1, 0, 1}. Elle intervient dans la formule d'inversion de Möbius. | [
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Paul Reynaud | Paul Reynaud | Paul Reynaud (; 15 October 1878 – 21 September 1966) was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany. | Paul Reynaud, né le à Barcelonnette (Basses-Alpes) et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine, est un homme d'État français. Député des Basses-Alpes (aujourd'hui les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), puis de Paris, il fut plusieurs fois ministre sous la République, et notamment ministre des Finances en 1938 dans le gouvernement Daladier. | [
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Andrei Tarkovsky | Andreï Tarkovski | Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (; 4 April 1932 – 29 December 1986) was a Russian filmmaker, writer, and film theorist. He is widely considered one of the greatest and most influential directors in the history of Russian and world cinema. His films explored spiritual and metaphysical themes, and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes, dreamlike visual imagery, and preoccupation with nature and memory. | Andreï Arsenievitch Tarkovski (en ) est un réalisateur soviétique né le à Zavrajié dans le en URSS (actuellement, oblast d'Ivanovo Russie) et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine d'un cancer du poumon. | [
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James VI and I | Jacques VI et Ier | James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. | Jacques Stuart ( - ) est roi des Écossais sous le nom de Jacques VI (' en gaélique écossais) à partir du, ainsi que roi d'Angleterre et d'Irlande sous le nom de Jacques (' en anglais) à partir du. Jacques règne jusqu'à sa mort en union personnelle sur les trois royaumes, qui conservent néanmoins leur indépendance et leurs institutions propres. | [
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Mairie de Montrouge (Paris Métro) | Mairie de Montrouge (métro de Paris) | Mairie de Montrouge () is a station of the Paris Métro on line 4 situated in Montrouge. The station serves as the southern terminus of Paris Métro Line 4 and is the first new station of Line 4 in almost one hundred years, and is part of a two phase southward extension towards Bagneux. | Mairie de Montrouge est une station de la ligne 4 du métro de Paris, située à Montrouge, au sud de Paris. Ouverte le, c'est, depuis cette date, le terminus sud de cette ligne et la du métro de Paris. | [
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Pierre Brossolette | Pierre Brossolette | Pierre Brossolette (25 June 1903 – 22 March 1944) was a French journalist, a leading left-wing politician, and a major hero of the French Resistance. | Pierre Brossolette est un journaliste, homme politique et résistant français, né le à Paris où il est mort le. | [
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Diego Garcia | Diego Garcia | Diego Garcia is an island overseas territory of the United Kingdom. It is a militarised atoll just south of the equator in the central Indian Ocean, and the largest of 60 small islands comprising the Chagos Archipelago. It was first discovered by Europeans and named by the Portuguese, settled by the French in the 1790s and transferred to British rule after the Napoleonic Wars. It was one of the "Dependencies" of the British Colony of Mauritius until the Chagos Islands were detached for inclusion in the newly created British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) in 1965. | Diego Garcia est un atoll de l'archipel des Chagos, dans le territoire britannique de l'océan Indien, un territoire britannique d'outre-mer. L'île principale de l'atoll, appelée elle aussi Diego Garcia, accueille une base militaire américaine que le Royaume-Uni lui loue. Les installations comprennent un aéroport, des hangars, des locaux techniques, des habitations et autres infrastructures civiles ainsi qu'un port en eaux profondes aménagé dans le lagon. La souveraineté britannique sur l'île est contestée par l'Île Maurice à laquelle la Cour internationale de justice a donné raison en février 2019. | [
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BT Group | BT Group | BT Group plc (trading as BT and formerly British Telecom) is a British multinational telecommunications holding company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It has operations in around 180 countries and is the largest provider of fixed-line, broadband and mobile services in the UK, and also provides subscription television and IT services. | BT, anciennement British Telecom, est l'opérateur historique britannique de télécommunications. L'ouverture à la concurrence du marché date de 1982 mais BT est toujours leader dans le secteur de la téléphonie fixe. | [
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Porte d'Orléans (Paris Métro) | Porte d'Orléans (métro de Paris) | Porte d'Orléans (Général Leclerc) () is a station of line 4 of the Paris Métro and a stop on tramway line 3a. It is situated in the 14th Arrondissement, in the "quartier" of Petit-Montrouge. The station is the former southern terminus of line 4. A terminal loop was provided at the station for trains to turn around to return north towards Porte de Clignancourt. Passengers used to disembark at the arrival platform and then the train proceeded empty via the loop to the departure platform. The extension to Mairie de Montrouge modified the layout of the station, the northbound platform was extended toward the track coming from the former terminal loop to add a new entrance. | Porte d'Orléans est une station de la ligne 4 du métro de Paris, située dans le de Paris. Elle en était le terminus méridional jusqu'au prolongement de la ligne à la station "Mairie de Montrouge" le. | [
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Lingones | Lingons | The Lingones (Gaulish: "the jumpers") were a Gallic tribe of the La Tène and Roman periods. They dwelled in the region surrounding the present-day city of Langres, between the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica. | Les Lingons sont une population protohistorique ayant constitué l'un des plus anciens peuples gaulois, l'ethnogenèse du peuple Lingon participant en outre du développement socioculturel protohistorique de l'Arc alpin. | [
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Modern Standard Arabic | Arabe standard moderne | Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), or Modern Written Arabic (shortened to MWA), is a term used mostly by Western linguists to refer to the variety of standardized, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is the language used in academia, print and mass media, law and legislation, though it is generally not spoken as a mother tongue, like Classical Latin or "Soutenu" French. MSA is a pluricentric standard language taught throughout the Arab world in formal education. It differs significantly from many vernacular varieties of Arabic that are commonly spoken as mother tongues in the area; these are only partially mutually intelligible with both MSA and with each other depending on their proximity in the Arabic dialect continuum. | L’arabe standard moderne est le nom que la majorité des universitaires occidentaux donnent à une variante moderne de la langue arabe, celle qui est enseignée dans les écoles contemporaines et qui est utilisée dans les médias, l'édition ou encore des situations officielles. En arabe, on l'appelle souvent l"'arabe pur moderne" : العربية الفصحى الحديثة - "al-ʿarabiyya al-fuṣḥā al-ḥadīṯa". Cette langue se distingue à la fois de l'arabe classique ancien (langue de la poésie préislamique), de l'arabe coranique (langue du Coran), de l'arabe classique post-coranique (langue de la civilisation arabo-musulmane, appelée, en arabe, "arabe pur patrimonial": العربية الفصحى التراث - "al-ʿarabiyya al-fuṣḥā al-turāṯ"), et aussi de l'arabe dialectal ("arabe populaire": العربية الدّارجة, "al-ʿarabiyyah ad-dārijah)." | [
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Corsican red deer | Cerf élaphe de Corse | The Corsican red deer ("Cervus elaphus corsicanus" or "Cervus corsicanus"), also known simply as the Corsican deer or Sardinian deer, is a subspecies of the red deer ("Cervus elaphus"), endemic to the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France). | Le cerf élaphe de Corse (Cervus elaphus corsicanus) ou cerf rouge de Corse ou cerf sarde est une sous-espèce du Cerf élaphe ("Cervus elaphus"), mammifère artiodactyle ruminant de la famille des cervidés. Il a été observé pour la première fois en Corse, d'où son nom. Cependant, cet animal vit aussi en Sardaigne. | [
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Étienne Eustache Bruix | Étienne Eustache Bruix | Étienne Eustache Bruix ( Fort-Dauphin, Saint-Domingue, 17 July 1759 – Paris, 18 March 1805) was a French Navy officer and admiral, and Minister of the Navy. | Étienne Eustache Bruix, né en 1759 à Fort Dauphin sur l'île de Saint-Domingue et mort en 1805 à Paris, est un marin et homme politique français du. Colonel-général-inspecteur des côtes de l'Océan, grand-officier et chef de la de la légion d'honneur. Il occupe le poste de Ministre de la Marine et des Colonies du au. | [
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Denis Decrès | Denis Decrès | Denis Decrès, (18 June 1761 – 7 December 1820), was an officer of the French Navy and count, later duke of the First Empire. | Denis Decrès, né le à Chaumont (Haute-Marne) et mort le à Paris, est un officier de marine et homme politique du Consulat et du Premier Empire. | [
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Projectile | Projectile | A projectile is any object thrown by the exertion of a force. It can also be defined as an object launched into the space and allowed to move free under the influence of gravity and air resistance.Although any object in motion through space (for example a thrown baseball, kicked football, fired bullet, thrown arrow, stone released from catapult) may be called projectiles, they are commonly found in warfare and sports. Mathematical equations of motion are used to analyze projectile trajectories. | Un projectile (du latin "projectus" : jeté en avant) est un corps lancé ou projeté pour atteindre une cible. Dans le domaine de la balistique, il s'agit plus particulièrement d'un corps projeté par une arme. | [
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Panhard ERC | ERC-90 Sagaie | The Panhard ERC ("Engin à Roues, Canon") is a French six-wheeled armoured car which is highly mobile and amphibious with an option of being NBC-proof. While various models were tested, only two versions of the ERC entered production in large numbers: the "ERC-90 Lynx" and the "ERC-90 Sagaie". The main difference between the two versions is the type of turret and 90 mm gun fitted. "Sagaie" is French for assegai, a type of African spear. | L’ERC-90 (Engin à Roues, Canon de ), dit « "Sagaie" », est un blindé français léger à six roues motrices. Il a été conçu par Panhard sur ses fonds propres en profitant des travaux réalisés en vue d'un concours lancé en 1970 par l’armée française pour la conception d’un véhicule de l'avant blindé remporté par Renault. | [
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Spectral line | Raie spectrale | A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the previously collected "fingerprints" of atoms and molecules, and are thus used to identify the atomic and molecular components of stars and planets, which would otherwise be impossible. | Une raie spectrale est une ligne sombre ou lumineuse dans un spectre électromagnétique autrement uniforme et continu. Les raies spectrales sont le résultat de l'interaction entre un système quantique (généralement des atomes, mais parfois aussi des molécules ou des noyaux atomiques) et le rayonnement électromagnétique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Howitzer | Obusier | A howitzer is a type of artillery piece characterized by a short barrel and the use of small propellant charges to propel projectiles over high trajectories, with a steep angle of descent. In the taxonomies of artillery pieces used by European (and European-style) armies in the 17th to 20th centuries, the howitzer stood between the "cannon" (characterized by a longer barrel, larger propelling charges, smaller shells, higher velocities, and flatter trajectories) and the "mortar" (which was meant to fire at even higher angles of ascent and descent). Howitzers, like other artillery equipment, are usually organized in groups called batteries. | Un obusier est une pièce d'artillerie dont le rapport entre la longueur de la partie rayée du tube et celle de son calibre est en dessous de 20 (25 aux États-Unis). La désignation, utilisée entre autres aux États-Unis, est un mot d'origine tchèque voulant dire catapulte et datant de l'empire d'Autriche-Hongrie. À cette époque, des Tchèques engagés dans l'artillerie ont comparé la trajectoire courbe de l'obus à celle du projectile de cette arme. | [
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Stratego | Stratego | Stratego ( ) is a strategy board game for two players on a board of 10×10 squares. Each player controls 40 pieces representing individual officer and soldier ranks in an army. The pieces have Napoleonic insignia. The objective of the game is to find and capture the opponent's "Flag", or to capture so many enemy pieces that the opponent cannot make any further moves. "Stratego" has simple enough rules for young children to play but a depth of strategy that is also appealing to adults. The game is a slightly modified copy of an early 20th century French game named "L'Attaque". It has been in production in Europe since World War II and the United States since 1961. There are now two- and four-handed versions, versions with 10, 30 or 40 pieces per player, and boards with smaller sizes (number of spaces). There are also variant pieces and different. | Stratego est un jeu de société de stratégie et de bluff, créé en 1947 (dérivé du jeu L'Attaque, breveté par Hermance Edan en 1909). | [
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Quietism (Christian philosophy) | Quiétisme | Quietism is the name given (especially in Roman Catholic theology) to a set of Christian beliefs that rose in popularity in France, Italy, and Spain during the late 1670s and 1680s, particularly associated with the writings of Miguel de Molinos (and subsequently François Malaval and Madame Guyon), and which were condemned as heresy by Pope Innocent XI in the papal bull Coelestis Pastor of 1687. The "Quietist" heresy was seen to consist of wrongly elevating "contemplation" over "meditation", intellectual stillness over vocal prayer, and interior passivity over pious action in an account of mystical prayer, spiritual growth and union with God (one in which, the accusation ran, there existed the possibility of achieving a sinless state and union with the Christian Godhead). | Le quiétisme est une doctrine mystique consistant en un itinéraire spirituel de « cheminement vers Dieu » caractérisée par une grande passivité spirituelle vis-à-vis de Dieu. Née en Espagne, elle se répandit ailleurs aux. Parmi les protestants, une doctrine similaire s'observe chez les quakers., elle s'inspire fortement de l'hésychasme orthodoxe, et par définition, elle en est, en quelque sorte, à l'opposé, car l'hésychasme vise un calme, un repos intérieur, alors que le quiétisme concerne surtout l'absence d'activité extérieure. | [
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Four causes | Théorie aristotélicienne de la causalité | The "four causes" are elements of an influential principle in Aristotelian thought whereby explanations of change or movement are classified into four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?". Aristotle wrote that "we do not have knowledge of a thing until we have grasped its why, that is to say, its cause." While there are cases where identifying a "cause" is difficult, or in which "causes" might merge, Aristotle held that his four "causes" provided an analytical scheme of general applicability. | La théorie aristotélicienne de la causalité, en fait plutôt classification des différentes causalités, désigne la catégorisation des causes et des effets sous différents angles développée par le philosophe Aristote. Forgée au IVe siècle av. J.-C., cette vision de la causalité s'écarte grandement de ce qu'on nomme « cause » à l'époque contemporaine. Pour Aristote, la cause () n'est pas simplement ce qui précède l'effet, mais inclut d'autres facteurs comme la volonté d'agir : c'est une notion métaphysique composite. Il distingue ainsi quatre types de causes : | [
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Alice's Adventures in Wonderland | Les Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles | Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel written by English author Lewis Carroll (the pseudonym of Charles Dodgson). It tells of a young girl named Alice, who falls through a rabbit hole into a subterranean fantasy world populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre. The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children. | Les Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles (titre original : "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"), fréquemment abrégé en Alice au pays des merveilles, est un roman écrit en 1865 par Lewis Carroll, nom de plume de Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. Le livre a été traduit en français pour la première fois en 1869 par la même maison d'édition (Macmillan and Co). | [
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Battle of Issus | Bataille d'Issos | The Battle of Issus (also Issos) occurred in southern Anatolia, on November 5, 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III, in the second great battle of Alexander's conquest of Asia. The invading Macedonian troops defeated Persia. After the Hellenic League soundly defeated the Persian satraps of Asia Minor (led by Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes) at the Battle of the Granicus, Darius took personal command of his army. He gathered reinforcements and led his men in a surprise march behind the Hellenic advance to cut their line of supply. This forced Alexander to countermarch, setting the stage for the battle near the mouth of the Pinarus River and the town of Issus. | La bataille d'Issos s'est déroulée le dans l'antique Cilicie. Elle oppose l'armée d'Alexandre le Grand à celle de Darius III. L'armée macédonienne remporte une victoire décisive sur l'armée perse commandée par Darius en personne. Cette bataille voit la victoire d'Alexandre qui peut poursuivre sa conquête vers la Phénicie puis l'Égypte. | [
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Cyrus the Great | Cyrus le Grand | Cyrus II of Persia ( "Kūruš"; New Persian: "Kuruš"; ; c. 600 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Western Asia and much of Central Asia. From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen. Under his successors, the empire eventually stretched at its maximum extent from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Paeonia and Thrace-Macedonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and King of the Four Corners of the World. The Nabonidus Chronicle notes the change in his title from simply "King of Anshan," a city, to "King of Persia." Assyriologist François Vallat wrote that "When Astyages marched against Cyrus, Cyrus is called 'King of Anshan," but when Cyrus crosses the Tigris on his way to Lydia, he is 'King of Persia.' The coup therefore took place between these two events." | Cyrus le Grand (en vieux perse Kuraš), dit Cyrus II, est le fondateur de l'Empire perse, successeur du royaume mède, régnant d'environ 559 av. J.-C. à 530 av. J.-C. Il appartient à la dynastie des Achéménides. Son règne a été marqué par des conquêtes d'une ampleur sans précédent : après avoir soumis les Mèdes, il a placé sous sa domination le royaume de Lydie et les cités grecques d'Ionie, puis l'Empire néo-babylonien (comprenant alors la Mésopotamie, la Syrie, les cités phéniciennes et la Judée). Il trouva la mort au cours d'une campagne militaire contre les Massagètes. Son règne marque un tournant dans l'histoire du monde antique. | [
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Cabo San Lucas | Cabo San Lucas | Cabo San Lucas (, "Saint Luke Cape"), or simply Cabo, is a resort city at the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. As of 2015, the population of the city was 81,111 inhabitants. Cabo San Lucas together with San José del Cabo is known as Los Cabos. Together they form a metropolitan area of 305,983 inhabitants. | Cabo San Lucas est une ville mexicaine de la municipalité de Los Cabos, située dans l'État de Basse-Californie du Sud. | [
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Unicellular organism | Organisme unicellulaire | A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. All prokaryotes are unicellular and are classified into bacteria and archaea. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but many are unicellular such as protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life, with early protocells possibly emerging 3.8–4 billion years ago. | Les organismes unicellulaires sont des organismes composés d'une seule cellule, à la différence des organismes multicellulaires. Cette appellation regroupe diverses formes de vie, notamment les bactéries, les archées, les protistes et les levures. Les virus en revanche n'ont pas une structure cellulaire et leur qualité « d'organisme » est controversée. | [
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Thomas Cavendish | Thomas Cavendish | Sir Thomas Cavendish (19 September 1560 – May 1592) was an English explorer and a privateer known as "The Navigator" because he was the first who deliberately tried to emulate Sir Francis Drake and raid the Spanish towns and ships in the Pacific and return by circumnavigating the globe. While members of Magellan's, Loaisa's, Drake's, and Loyola's expeditions had preceded Cavendish in circumnavigating the globe, it had not been their intent at the outset. His first trip and successful circumnavigation made him rich from captured Spanish gold, silk and treasure from the Pacific and the Philippines. His richest prize was the captured 600 ton sailing ship the Manila Galleon "Santa Ana" (also called "Santa Anna"). He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England after his return. He later set out for a second raiding and circumnavigation trip but was not as fortunate and died at sea at the age of 31. | Thomas Cavendish (ou Candish), surnommé le « Navigateur », né le à Trimley St. Martin près d'Ipswich, Suffolk, en Angleterre, et mort en 1592 à l'île d'Ascension (?), fut un navigateur et corsaire anglais. | [
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Radiation pressure | Pression de rayonnement | Radiation pressure is the mechanical pressure exerted upon any surface due to the exchange of momentum between the object and the electromagnetic field. This includes the momentum of light or electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength which is absorbed, reflected, or otherwise emitted (e.g. black-body radiation) by matter on any scale (from macroscopic objects to dust particles to gas molecules). | La pression de rayonnement ou pression radiative est la pression mécanique exercée sur une surface quelconque par l'échange de moment entre l'objet et le champ électromagnétique. Cela comprend l'impulsion de la lumière ou du rayonnement électromagnétique de toute longueur d'onde qui est absorbée, réfléchie ou émise d'une autre manière (par exemple, le rayonnement du corps noir) par la matière à toute échelle (des objets macroscopiques aux particules de poussière en passant par les molécules de gaz). | [
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Artillery | Artillerie | Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons built to launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and led to heavy, fairly immobile siege engines. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery cannons developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower. | On appelle artillerie l'ensemble des armes collectives ou lourdes servant à envoyer, à grande distance, sur l'ennemi ou sur ses positions et ses équipements, divers projectiles de gros ou petit calibre : obus, boulet, roquette, missile, pour appuyer ses propres troupes engagées dans une bataille ou un siège. Le terme serait apparu environ au, dérivant du vieux français artillier qui désignait les artisans, fabricants d'armes et équipements de guerre. Ces artisans ont été pendant longtemps les seuls spécialistes dans le service de ces armes puisqu'ils les fabriquaient et les essayaient avant livraison. C'est pourquoi, jusqu'au, ils étaient commissionnés par les souverains pour les servir à la guerre. | [
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Anticyclone | Anticyclone | An anticyclone (that is, opposite to a cyclone) is a weather phenomenon defined by the United States of America's National Weather Service's glossary as "a large-scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere". Effects of surface-based anticyclones include clearing skies as well as cooler, drier air. Fog can also form overnight within a region of higher pressure. Mid-tropospheric systems, such as the subtropical ridge, deflect tropical cyclones around their periphery and cause a temperature inversion inhibiting free convection near their center, building up surface-based haze under their base. Anticyclones aloft can form within warm core lows such as tropical cyclones, due to descending cool air from the backside of upper troughs such as polar highs, or from large scale sinking such as the subtropical ridge. The evolution of an anticyclone depends upon variables such as its size, intensity, and extent of moist convection, as well as the Coriolis force. | Un anticyclone est une zone fermée de hautes pressions atmosphériques relativement à celles du voisinage. C'est le système inverse d'un cyclone, d'où son nom. Sur une carte synoptique de surface, l'anticyclone est caractérisé par des courbes isobares (généralement plus de 1013 hPa sur Terre) avec une pression maximale au centre. Sur les cartes d'altitude, il est repérable par un centre d'isohypses de valeurs relativement plus élevées. | [
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Julien Cosmao | Julien Marie Cosmao-Kerjulien | Julien Marie Cosmao-Kerjulien (Châteaulin, Finistère, 27 November 1761 – Brest, 17 February 1825) was a French Navy officer, admiral, and hero of the Battle of Trafalgar. | Julien Marie Cosmao Kerjulien, né le à Châteaulin et mort le à Brest, est un contre-amiral français. Surnommé « Va de bon cœur » par ses marins, dit de lui : | [
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Squadron (army) | Escadron | A squadron was historically a cavalry subunit, a company-sized military formation. The term is still used to refer to modern cavalry units but can also be used as a designation for other arms and services. In some countries, like Italy, the battalion-level cavalry unit is called ""Squadron Group"". | L'escadron est un type d'unité militaire utilisé dans plusieurs armées. Dans les forces terrestres des pays francophones, l'appellation d'escadron marque l'appartenance d'une unité aux armes dites « à cheval » (ou se référant à leur héritage et à leurs traditions), l'unité équivalente dans les armes dites « à pied » étant la compagnie. Par contre, dans les forces aériennes, le terme "escadron" est utilisé pour traduire l'anglais "squadron". | [
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Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville | Louis-René-Madeleine de Latouche-Tréville | Louis-René Madelaine Le Vassor, comte de La Touche-Tréville (3 June 1745 – 19 August 1804) was a French Vice-admiral. He fought in the American War of Independence and became a prominent figure of the French Revolutionary Wars and of the Napoleonic wars. | Louis-René-Madeleine Levassor de La Touche, comte de Tréville dit Latouche-Tréville, né le à Rochefort (Charente-Maritime) et mort le à bord du "Bucentaure" en rade de Toulon (Var), est un officier de marine français du. Issu d'une famille de marins, il se distingue particulièrement pendant la guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis. Député de la noblesse en 1789, il vote néanmoins l'abolition des privilèges et fera partie de l'Assemblée constituante jusqu'à sa dissolution en 1791. Retiré dans sa propriété de Montargis, il est sans affectation jusqu'en 1799, avant d'être rappelé par le Consulat. Promu vice-amiral et placé successivement à la tête de la flotte de Brest et de la flottille de Boulogne, il est chargé par de se rendre maître de la Manche avant de lancer une invasion de l'Angleterre. | [
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Battle of Le Mans | Bataille du Mans (1871) | The Battle of Le Mans was a German victory during the Franco-Prussian War that ended French resistance in western France. | La bataille du Mans eut lieu les 11 et, à une dizaine de km à l'est du Mans dans la Sarthe, essentiellement sur le site du camp militaire d'Auvours à Champagné (d'où le nom parfois attribué de bataille d'Auvours), ainsi qu'à Changé. Ce fut une défaite décisive de la France contre la Prusse dans le cadre de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870. | [
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Munich Agreement | Accords de Munich | The Munich Agreement (; ; ) or Munich Betrayal (; ) was an agreement concluded at Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy. It provided "cession to Germany of the Sudeten German territory" of Czechoslovakia. Most of Europe celebrated the agreement, because it prevented the war threatened by Adolf Hitler by allowing Nazi Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland, a region of western Czechoslovakia inhabited by more than 3 million people, mainly German speakers. Hitler announced it was his last territorial claim in Europe, and the choice seemed to be between war and appeasement. | Les accords de Munich furent signés entre l'Allemagne, la France, le Royaume-Uni et l'Italie représentés respectivement par Adolf Hitler, Édouard Daladier, Neville Chamberlain et Benito Mussolini (ce dernier s'était commis en intermédiaire) à l'issue de la conférence de Munich du 29 au. Le président tchécoslovaque, Edvard Beneš, et le secrétaire général du Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique, Joseph Staline, ne furent pas invités. | [
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Sudetes | Sudètes (montagne) | The Sudetes (; also known as the Sudeten after their German name; Czech: "Krkonošsko-jesenická subprovincie" or "Sudety"; Polish: "Sudety") are a mountain range in Central Europe. They are the highest part of Bohemian Massif. They stretch from the Saxon capital of Dresden in the northwest, to the Głubczyce plateau ("Płaskowyż Głubczycki") in Poland and to the Ostrava Basin and Moravian Gate ("Moravská brána") in the Czech Republic in the east. Geographically the Sudetes are a "Mittelgebirge" with some characteristics typical of high mountains. Its plateaus and subtle summit relief makes the Sudetes more akin to mountains of Northern Europe than to the Alps. | Les Sudètes (en ; en tchèque et en ; nom complet en ) sont une chaîne de montagnes d'Europe centrale, qui fait partie du massif de Bohême. Les Sudètes sont à cheval sur l'Allemagne à l'ouest, la Pologne au nord et la Tchéquie au sud, et forment la frontière entre ces deux derniers pays. | [
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Irredentism | Irrédentisme | Irredentism describes various political and/or popular movements that claim, reclaim (usually on behalf of the corresponding purported nation), and seek to occupy territory that the movement's members consider to be a "lost" (or "unredeemed") territory, based on history or even legend. (The breadth of this definition’s scope—sometimes despite unclarities of the historical bounds of the putative nations or peoples—is subject to terminological disputes about any underlying claims of expansionism.) | L’irrédentisme (en italien : ', de ', non libéré, non délivré, non racheté. Le mot italien renferme la racine latine "emere" = acheter, d'où "rédempteur" = celui qui rachète, et "préemption" = droit d'acheter avant les autres) trouve son origine dans une doctrine politique, énoncée en 1877 en Italie, revendiquant l'unification politique de l'ensemble des territoires de langue italienne ou ayant fait partie des anciens États italiens. | [
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Métal hurlant | Métal hurlant | Métal hurlant (literal translation: "Howling Metal") was a French comics anthology of science fiction and horror comics stories, created in December 1974 by comics artists Jean Giraud (better known as "Mœbius") and Philippe Druillet together with journalist-writer Jean-Pierre Dionnet and financial director Bernard Farkas. | Métal Hurlant est un magazine français de bande dessinée de science-fiction qui a été édité par Les Humanoïdes associés de janvier 1975 à juillet 1987, puis de juillet 2002 à octobre 2004, avec un ultime numéro en 2006. | [
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | [
250008,
39447,
1803,
11872,
30614,
437,
51,
41260,
43054,
8,
54903,
108756,
4170,
8,
41664,
9,
1029,
10763,
569,
10,
5325,
6,
31571,
2312,
366,
1734,
28076,
235554,
7,
160570,
7,
8,
52814,
26527,
253,
66563,
22059,
4,
22790,
8,
66563,
5726,
253,
64306,
86097,
1609,
51,
106463,
76962,
22,
30739,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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