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Nizhny Novgorod | Nijni Novgorod | Nizhny Novgorod ( ; ), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in Russia and the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky (, ), after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there. | Nijni Novgorod (en ) ou Nijni-Novgorod est une des principales villes de Russie. Elle est située dans la partie centrale de la Russie européenne au confluent de la Volga et de l'Oka, à à l'est-nord-est de la capitale du pays Moscou. Sa population s'élève à en 2016, ce qui en fait la cinquième agglomération de Russie. La ville est la capitale de l'oblast de Nijni Novgorod, du district fédéral de la Volga et le centre économique de la région économique de Volga-Viatka. | [
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Mastermind (board game) | Mastermind | Mastermind or Master Mind is a code-breaking game for two players. The modern game with pegs was invented in 1970 by Mordecai Meirowitz, an Israeli postmaster and telecommunications expert. It resembles an earlier pencil and paper game called Bulls and Cows that may date back a century or more. | Le'ou ""' est un jeu de société pour deux joueurs dont le but est de trouver un code. C'est un jeu de réflexion, et de déduction, inventé par Mordecai Meirowitz dans les années 1970 alors qu'il travaillait comme expert en télécommunications. Au départ, il est édité par Capiépa. | [
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Video card | Carte graphique | A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter, or graphics adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display device (such as a computer monitor). Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between these and integrated graphics. At the core of both is the graphics processing unit (GPU), which is the main part that does the actual computations, but should not be confused with the video card as a whole, although "GPU" is often used to refer to video cards. | Une carte graphique ou carte vidéo (anciennement, par abus de langage, une carte VGA), ou encore un adaptateur graphique, est une carte d'extension d’ordinateur dont le rôle est de produire une image affichable sur un écran. | [
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Joan Miró | Joan Miró | Joan Miró i Ferrà (,, ; 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist born in Barcelona. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his native city of Barcelona in 1975, and another, the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró, was established in his adoptive city of Palma de Mallorca in 1981. | Joan Miró, né à Barcelone le et mort à Palma de Majorque le, est un peintre, sculpteur, graveur et céramiste catalan. Se définissant avant tout comme « Catalan international », il est l'un des principaux représentants du mouvement surréaliste. | [
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Sergei Prokofiev | Sergueï Prokofiev | Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (; ; 27 April [O.S. 15 April] 1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian Soviet composer, pianist and conductor. As the creator of acknowledged masterpieces across numerous music genres, he is regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century. His works include such widely heard pieces as the March from "The Love for Three Oranges," the suite "Lieutenant Kijé", the ballet "Romeo and Juliet"—from which "Dance of the Knights" is taken—and "Peter and the Wolf." Of the established forms and genres in which he worked, he created – excluding juvenilia – seven completed operas, seven symphonies, eight ballets, five piano concertos, two violin concertos, a cello concerto, a symphony-concerto for cello and orchestra, and nine completed piano sonatas. | Sergueï Prokofiev (généralement appelé Serge Prokofiev en France ; en russe, et en ukrainien, ) est un compositeur, un pianiste et un chef d'orchestre russe, né le à Sontsivka (Empire russe) et mort le à Moscou (URSS). | [
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Parma | Parme | Parma (; ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its architecture, music, art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside. It is home to the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world. Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name. The district on the far side of the river is "Oltretorrente". Parma's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called "Parma". | Parme ("Parma" en italien, "Pärma" ['pma] en dialecte parmesan), est une ville italienne de la province de Parme, dans la région d'Émilie-Romagne. Sa devise est :. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Packet switching | Commutation de paquets | Packet switching is a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network into "packets". Packets are made of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination where the payload is extracted and used by application software. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide. | La commutation de paquets, ou commutation par paquets, aussi appelée commutation d'étiquettes, est une technique de commutation utilisée pour le transfert de données dans les réseaux informatiques, une autre technique étant la commutation de circuits. | [
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Keanu Reeves | Keanu Reeves | Keanu Charles Reeves ( ; born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian actor, musician, film producer and director. Born in Beirut, Reeves grew up in Toronto, Ontario. He started acting in theatre productions, and in television films before making his mainstream film debut in "Youngblood" (1986). Reeves gained recognition in his breakthrough role as Ted "Theodore" Logan in the science fiction comedy "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" (1989). This was followed by a supporting role in Ron Howard's comedy "Parenthood," 1991's "Point Break", sequel "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey", and the independent drama "My Own Private Idaho". For playing a street hustler in the last of these, Reeves was critically praised for his performance. He had a supporting role in "Bram Stoker's Dracula" (1992), which was nominated for four Academy Awards. | Keanu Reeves est un acteur canadien, né le à Beyrouth (Liban) et qui habite aux États-Unis. Après avoir été révélé à la fin des années 1980 dans deux films "buddy movie" : "L'Excellente Aventure de Bill et Ted" (1989) et "Point Break" (1991), il fait une prestation remarquée dans "Dracula" (1992). Il s'impose ensuite comme un acteur incontournable du cinéma d'action avec les rôles de Jack Traven dans "Speed" (1994) et de Neo dans la trilogie "Matrix" (1999-2003). | [
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Mountain bike | Vélo tout terrain | A mountain bike (MTB) or mountain bicycle is a bicycle designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share some similarities with other bicycles, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain. These typically include a suspension fork, large knobby tires, more durable wheels, more powerful brakes, straight handlebars, lower gear-ratios for climbing steep grades and sometimes rear suspension to really smooth out the trail. | Le vélo tout terrain (VTT) ou vélo de montagne (de l'anglais "mountain bike") ou encore vélo de randonnée sportive est un vélo destiné à une utilisation sur terrain accidenté, hors des routes goudronnées. Il sert pour diverses activités de loisirs individuelle et collectives ainsi que pour des pratiques sportives réglementées par l'Union cycliste internationale. Les pratiquants peuvent être nommés « vététistes », enduristes ou « pilotes » en fonction du type de pratique. | [
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Disc brake | Frein à disque | A disc brake is a type of brake that uses the calipers to squeeze pairs of pads against a disc or "rotor" to create friction. This action slows the rotation of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it stationary. The energy of motion is converted into waste heat which must be dispersed. | Le frein à disque est un système de freinage performant pour les véhicules munis de roues en contact avec le sol : automobile, moto, camion, avion, train, vélo tout terrain et pour diverses machines réclamant des freins performants et endurants. | [
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History of Carthage | Histoire de Carthage | The city of Carthage was founded in the 9th century BC on the coast of Northwest Africa, in what is now Tunisia, as one of a number of Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean created to facilitate trade from the city of Tyre on the coast of what is now Lebanon. The name of both the city and the wider republic that grew out of it, Carthage developed into a significant trading empire throughout the Mediterranean. The date from which Carthage can be counted as an independent power cannot exactly be determined, and probably nothing distinguished Carthage from the other Phoenician colonies in Northwest Africa and the Mediterranean during 800–700 BC. By the end of the 7th century BC, Carthage was becoming one of the leading commercial centres of the West Mediterranean region. After a long conflict with the emerging Roman Republic, known as the Punic Wars (264–146 BC), Rome finally destroyed Carthage in 146 BC. A Roman Carthage was established on the ruins of the first. Roman Carthage was eventually destroyed—its walls torn down, its water supply cut off, and its harbours made unusable—following its conquest by Arab invaders at the close of the 7th century. It was replaced by Tunis as the major regional centre, which has spread to include the ancient site of Carthage in a modern suburb. | L'histoire de Carthage n'est guère facile à étudier du moins dans sa composante phénico-punique en raison de son assujettissement par les Romains à la fin de la Troisième guerre punique en 146 Il ne reste en effet que peu de sources primaires carthaginoises et celles disponibles soulèvent davantage de questions qu'elles n'aident à la compréhension de l'histoire de la ville qui se posa en rivale de Rome. | [
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Volcae | Volques | The Volcae () were a tribal confederation constituted before the raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedonia c. 270 BC and fought the assembled Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae in 279 BC. Tribes known by the name Volcae were found simultaneously in southern Gaul, Moravia, the Ebro valley of the Iberian Peninsula, and Galatia in Anatolia. The Volcae appear to have been part of the late La Tène material culture, and a Celtic identity has been attributed to the Volcae, based on mentions in Greek and Latin sources as well as onomastic evidence. Driven by highly mobile groups operating outside the tribal system and comprising diverse elements, the Volcae were one of the new ethnic entities formed during the Celtic military expansion at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Collecting in the famous excursion into the Balkans, ostensibly, from the Hellene point of view, to raid Delphi, a branch of the Volcae split from the main group on the way into the Balkans and joined two other tribes, the Tolistobogii and the Trocmi, to settle in central Anatolia and establish a new identity as the Galatians. | Les Volques ou Volcae ou Volces sont des populations de culture celtique et ibérique du sud de la Gaule. On distingue les Volques Tectosages situés en Languedoc occidental (à l'ouest du fleuve Hérault), des Volques Arécomiques en Languedoc oriental. | [
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Fictional universe | Monde imaginaire | A fictional universe, or fictional world, is a self-consistent setting with events, and often other elements, that differ from the real world. It may also be called an imagined, constructed, or fictional realm (or world). Fictional universes may appear in novels, comics, films, television shows, video games, and other creative works. | Les mondes imaginaires sont un thème récurrent dans l'imagination des hommes et ce pour une multitude de raisons : tâcher de comprendre le monde qui l'entoure, critiquer ce monde, s'en évader, le fuir, ou pour le simple plaisir de créer, de modifier. | [
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Silicon Valley | Silicon Valley | Silicon Valley is a region in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California that serves as a global center for high technology, innovation, venture capital, and social media. It corresponds roughly to the geographical Santa Clara Valley. San Jose is Silicon Valley's largest city, the third-largest in California, and the tenth-largest in the United States; other major Silicon Valley cities include Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Redwood City, Mountain View, Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and Cupertino. The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zurich, Switzerland and Oslo, Norway), according to the Brookings Institution. | La Silicon Valley (« vallée du silicium ») désigne le pôle des industries de pointe situé dans la partie sud de la région de la baie de San Francisco dans l'État de Californie, sur la côte ouest des États-Unis, dont San José est la plus grande ville. Fortement liée à la présence et au rayonnement de l'université Stanford et l'université de UC Berkeley, la Silicon Valley a inspiré bon nombre de technopoles dans le monde. | [
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Sergei Rachmaninoff | Sergueï Rachmaninov | Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff ( ; ; 28 March 1943) was a Russian composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor of the late Romantic period. The influence of Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Balakirev, Mussorgsky, and other Russian composers is seen in his early works, later giving way to a personal style notable for song-like melodicism, expressiveness and rich orchestral colors. | Sergueï Vassilievitch Rachmaninov (en, usuellement désigné dans les pays francophones sous le nom de Serge Rachmaninoff), né le à Semionovo (Empire russe) et mort le à Beverly Hills (États-Unis), est un compositeur, pianiste et chef d'orchestre russe, naturalisé américain. | [
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Cyclic group | Groupe cyclique | In group theory, a branch of abstract algebra, a cyclic group or monogenous group is a group that is generated by a single element. That is, it is a set of invertible elements with a single associative binary operation, and it contains an element "g" such that every other element of the group may be obtained by repeatedly applying the group operation to "g" or its inverse. Each element can be written as a power of "g" in multiplicative notation, or as a multiple of "g" in additive notation. This element "g" is called a "generator" of the group. | En mathématiques et plus précisément en théorie des groupes, un groupe cyclique est un groupe qui est à la fois fini et monogène, c'est-à-dire qu'il existe un élément "a" du groupe tel que tout élément du groupe puisse s'exprimer sous forme d'un multiple de "a" (en notation additive, ou comme puissance en notation multiplicative) ; cet élément "a" est appelé générateur du groupe. | [
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Fedora (operating system) | Fedora (GNU/Linux) | Fedora is a Linux distribution developed by the community-supported Fedora Project which is sponsored primarily by Red Hat, a subsidiary of IBM, with additional support from other companies. Fedora contains software distributed under various free and open-source licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of free technologies. Fedora is the upstream source of the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution. | Fedora est un système d’exploitation libre et une distribution GNU/Linux communautaire développée par le projet Fedora et sponsorisée par l’entreprise, qui lui fournit des développeurs ainsi que des moyens financiers et logistiques. Fedora est prompte à inclure des nouveautés et peut être considérée comme une vitrine technologique pour le monde du logiciel libre, auquel elle contribue largement via les projets amont tels que le noyau Linux, GNOME,,, PulseAudio,, la célèbre suite de compilateurs GCC et bien d’autres. Tous les six mois une nouvelle version sort ; elle est maintenue treize mois. | [
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Stargate (film) | Stargate, la porte des étoiles | Stargate is a 1994 science fiction adventure film released through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and Carolco Pictures. Written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich, the film is the first release in the "Stargate" franchise. Directed by Emmerich, the film stars Kurt Russell, James Spader, Jaye Davidson, Alexis Cruz, Mili Avital, and Viveca Lindfors. The plot centers on the premise of a "Stargate", an ancient ring-shaped device that creates a wormhole enabling travel to a similar device elsewhere in the universe. The film's central plot explores the theory of extraterrestrial beings having an influence upon human civilization. | Stargate, la porte des étoiles, ou La Porte des étoiles au Québec ( en version anglophone), est un film franco-américain de science-fiction réalisé par Roland Emmerich et sorti en 1994. | [
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Akkadian language | Akkadien | Akkadian ( "akkadû", "ak-ka-du-u"; logogram: "URI") is an extinct East Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa and Babylonia) from the third millennium BCE until its gradual replacement by Akkadian-influenced Old Aramaic among Mesopotamians by the 8th century BCE. | L'akkadien ("akkadûm" en akkadien) est une langue chamito-sémitique de la famille des langues sémitiques éteinte qui a été fortement influencée par le sumérien. Elle fut parlée au moins du début du en Mésopotamie. Le nom de la langue, qui est celui employé durant l'Antiquité, est dérivé du nom de la ville d'Akkad, capitale de l'empire du même nom. Au cours du, elle est représentée par deux dialectes : le babylonien, dans le Sud de la Mésopotamie (Babylonie), et l'assyrien, dans le Nord (Assyrie). Au cours des derniers siècles de l'akkadien, il est de moins en moins parlé, supplanté qu'il est par l'araméen et est surtout utilisé comme écriture savante dans le milieu des lettrés de la Babylonie tardive. | [
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Hussar | Hussard | A hussar (, ) (,,,, ) was a member of a class of light cavalry, originating in Central Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The title and distinctive dress of these horsemen were subsequently widely adopted by light cavalry regiments in European armies in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. | Le hussard est un militaire appartenant à la cavalerie légère. Les hussards furent avant tout employés pour la reconnaissance et les raids pour approvisionner l'armée en marche. Au combat, leur fonction était également de harceler l'ennemi, de s'emparer des batteries d'artillerie ou de pourchasser les troupes en débâcle. | [
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John Kerry | John Kerry | John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1985 until 2013. He was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing to Republican incumbent President George W. Bush. | John Forbes Kerry, né le à Aurora (Colorado), est un homme politique américain, secrétaire d'État des États-Unis du au durant la présidence de Barack Obama. | [
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Catherine Zeta-Jones | Catherine Zeta-Jones | Wilsonville is a city primarily in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. A portion of the northern section of the city is in Washington County. It was founded as Boones Landing because of the Boones Ferry which crossed the Willamette River at the location; the community became Wilsonville in 1880. The city was incorporated in 1969 with a population of approximately 1,000. The population was 13,991 at the 2000 census, and grew to 19,509 as of 2010. Slightly more than 90% of residents at the 2000 census were white, with Hispanics comprising the largest minority group. | Catherine Zeta-Jones ( ) est une actrice, danseuse et chanteuse britannique, née le à Swansea (pays de Galles). Débutant sur scène très jeune, elle obtient son premier rôle au cinéma dans "Les Mille et Une Nuits" (1990) de Philippe de Broca. Elle poursuit ensuite sa carrière à la télévision avec la série "The Darling Buds of May", qui la fait connaître en Grande-Bretagne. Mais ce n’est qu’en 1998, avec son interprétation d'Elena de la Vega dans "Le Masque de Zorro", qu’elle devient mondialement connue. | [
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Roland Emmerich | Roland Emmerich | Roland Emmerich (; born 10 November 1955) is a German film director, screenwriter, and producer, widely known for his disaster films. His films, most of which are English-language Hollywood productions, have made more than $3 billion worldwide, including just over $1 billion in the United States, making him the country's 15th-highest-grossing director of all time. He began his work in the film industry by directing the film "The Noah's Ark Principle" (1984) as part of his university thesis and also co-founded Centropolis Entertainment in 1985 with his sister. He is a collector of art and an active campaigner for the LGBT community, and is openly gay. | Roland Emmerich est un réalisateur, producteur et scénariste allemand, né le à Stuttgart. Ses films ont rapporté plus de 3 milliards de dollars de recettes au box-office mondial. | [
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Colonel | Colonel | Colonel (; abbreviated Col., Col or COL and alternatively spelled coronel) is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks. However, in some small military forces, such as those of Monaco or the Vatican, colonel is the highest rank. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. | Le grade militaire de colonel est le grade d'officier supérieur le plus élevé. Ce grade indique, historiquement et différemment en fonction de l'organisation de chaque armée, l'aptitude à exercer un commandement important (par exemple un régiment, une brigade, une escadre aérienne ou une base aérienne). À l'origine c'est le chef d'une colonne de soldats. | [
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Rocket (weapon) | Roquette (arme) | A rocket is a self-propelled, unguided weapon system powered by a rocket motor. Rockets are used primarily as medium and long-range artillery systems, although historically they have also seen considerable use as air-to-surface, some use as air-to-air weapons, and even a few examples of surface-to-air devices. Examples of modern surface-to-surface rocket systems include the BM-27 Uragan and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System. | Le terme roquette est la reprise d'un terme du moyen français "roquet(te)" « fusée de guerre », pris plus tard comme équivalent de l'anglais "rocket" signifiant « fusée ». Le terme anglais est emprunté au français ou directement à l'italien "rocchétta" « fusée », également source du mot français, diminutif de "rocca", mot issu du gotique "*rŭkka" « quenouille » par analogie de forme. | [
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Experimental film | Cinéma expérimental | Experimental film, experimental cinema or avant-garde cinema is a mode of filmmaking that rigorously re-evaluates cinematic conventions and explores non-narrative forms and alternatives to traditional narratives or methods of working. Many experimental films, particularly early ones, relate to arts in other disciplines: painting, dance, literature and poetry, or arise from research and development of new technical resources. | Le cinéma expérimental est une pratique artistique relevant à la fois des arts plastiques et du cinéma traditionnel. C'est un art en soi, qui se développe en marge de l'industrie et du système commercial. Souvent esthétiquement hors-normes, il n'obéit pas à des règles prédéfinies, mais promeut ses propres codes expressifs, son esthétique et, souvent, ses modes de diffusion. Il s'est forgé, depuis les années 1920, une histoire spécifique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Library and information science | Sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques | Library and information science (LIS) (sometimes given as the plural library and information sciences) or "library and information studies" is a merging of library science and information science. The joint term is associated with schools of library and information science (abbreviated to "SLIS"). In the last part of the 1960s, schools of librarianship, which generally developed from professional training programs (not academic disciplines) to university institutions during the second half of the 20th century, began to add the term "information science" to their names. The first school to do this was at the University of Pittsburgh in 1964. More schools followed during the 1970s and 1980s, and by the 1990s almost all library schools in the USA had added information science to their names. Weaver Press: Although there are exceptions, similar developments have taken place in other parts of the world. In Denmark, for example, the 'Royal School of Librarianship' changed its English name to The Royal School of Library and Information Science in 1997. Exceptions include Tromsø, Norway, where the term documentation science is the preferred name of the field, France, where information science and communication studies form one interdiscipline, and Sweden, where the fields of Archival science, Library science and Museology have been integrated as Archival, Library and Museum studies. | Les sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques (SIB) sont la convergence des deux champs disciplinaires que sont la bibliothéconomie et la science de l'information. Elles regroupent l'ensemble des savoirs et savoir-faire utiles à la gestion de l'information consignée. | [
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Pope Clement VII | Clément VII | Pope Clement VII (; ) (26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. “The most unfortunate of the Popes,” Clement VII’s reign was marked by a rapid succession of political, military, and religious struggles—many long in the making—which had far-reaching consequences for Christianity and world politics. | Jules de Médicis (en italien "Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici"), né le à Florence et mort le à Rome, fut le de l’Église catholique de 1523 à 1534 sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien '). | [
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Firebird (database server) | Firebird (base de données) | Firebird is an open-source SQL relational database management system that "runs on Linux, Microsoft Windows, macOS and several Unix platforms". The database forked from Borland's open source edition of InterBase in 2000, but since Firebird 1.5 the code has been largely rewritten. | Firebird est un serveur de bases de données relationnelles SQL fonctionnant sous Linux, Mac OS X, Unix et Windows. Il est transactionnel multi-niveaux ("two-phase commit" sur une transaction partagée sur plusieurs connexions à des bases de données différentes). | [
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Luxembourgish | Luxembourgeois | Luxembourgish, Luxemburgish ( ), Letzeburgesch ( or ) (Luxembourgish: ), or Luxembourgian is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg. About 390,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide. | Le luxembourgeois ("" en luxembourgeois) est une langue germanique parlée essentiellement au grand-duché de Luxembourg, ainsi que dans quelques communes limitrophes en Belgique, en France et en Allemagne. Le luxembourgeois est la langue nationale des Luxembourgeois et considéré comme langue officielle du pays, au même niveau que le français et l'allemand. | [
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Twenty-foot equivalent unit | Équivalent vingt pieds | The twenty-foot equivalent unit (often TEU or teu) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals. It is based on the volume of a intermodal container, a standard-sized metal box which can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains and trucks. | L', ou EVP (, "TEU") est une unité approximative de mesure des terminaux et navires portes-conteneurs basé sur le volume d'un conteneur de (). On l'utilise pour simplifier le calcul du volume de conteneurs dans un terminal ou dans un navire. C'est un caisson métallique de taille standardisée qui peut être transféré sur différents modes de transport (parfois successivement) comme les navires, barges ou encore trains. | [
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Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine | Adam Philippe de Custine | Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine (4 February 174028 August 1793) was a French general. As a young officer in the Bourbon Royal army, he served in the Seven Years' War. In the American Revolutionary War he joined Rochambeau's "Expédition Particulière" (Special Expedition) supporting the American colonists. Following the successful Virginia campaign and the Battle of Yorktown, he returned to France and rejoined his unit in the Royal Army. | Adam-Philippe, comte de Custine, né le à Metz et guillotiné le à Paris, est un général de division de la Révolution française. Ayant débuté sa carrière comme officier dans l'armée royale, il participe à la guerre de Sept Ans, puis à la guerre d'indépendance américaine au sein de l'expédition de Rochambeau envoyée au secours des "insurgents". Après les victoires remportées lors de la campagne de Virginie et à la bataille de Yorktown, il rentre en France et reprend sa place dans son unité d'origine. | [
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Robert Schumann | Robert Schumann | Robert Schumann (; 8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and influential music critic. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. Schumann left the study of law, intending to pursue a career as a virtuoso pianist. His teacher, Friedrich Wieck, a German pianist, had assured him that he could become the finest pianist in Europe, but a hand injury ended this dream. Schumann then focused his musical energies on composing. | Robert Schumann, né le à Zwickau et mort le à Endenich (aujourd'hui un quartier de Bonn), est un pianiste et compositeur allemand. Sa musique s'inscrit dans le mouvement romantique qui domine au début du une Europe en pleine mutation. Compositeur littéraire par excellence, Schumann et sa musique illustrent une composante du romantique passionné. Il est le mari de Clara Schumann, pianiste et également compositrice. | [
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Tropical rainforest climate | Climat équatorial | A tropical rainforest climate is a tropical climate usually found within 10 to 15 degrees latitude of the equator, and has at least of rainfall every month of the year. Regions with this climate are typically designated "Af" by the Köppen climate classification. A tropical rainforest climate is typically hot, very humid, and wet. | Le climat équatorial est un type de climat de la zone chaude intertropicale. Il concerne les régions voisines de l'équateur terrestre. | [
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Polar climate | Climat polaire | The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers. Every month in a polar climate has an average temperature of less than. Regions with polar climate cover more than 20% of the Earth's area. Most of these regions are far from the equator, and in this case, winter days are extremely short and summer days are extremely long ( could last for the entirety of each season or longer). A polar climate consists of cool summers and very cold winters, which results in treeless tundra, glaciers, or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice. | Le climat polaire est un type de climat caractérisé par des températures froides toute l'année, sans chaleur estivale et avec des hivers glaciaux. Les températures moyennes du mois le plus chaud ne sont jamais supérieures à, ce qui correspond à la limite des arbres. Il entraîne l'existence d'un pergélisol et ne permet aucune agriculture. Ce climat est caractéristique des côtes nord de l'Amérique du Nord, de l'Europe et de l'Asie, ainsi que du Groenland, de l'Arctique et de l'Antarctique. | [
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Temperate climate | Climat tempéré | In geography, the temperate or tepid climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes, which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. In most climate classifications, temperate climates refer to the climate zone between 35 and 50 north and south latitudes (between the subarctic and subtropical climates). | Une région soumise à un climat tempéré, encore appelée région tempérée ou zone tempérée, est dans le sens commun une partie de la surface terrestre où les températures ne sont pas extrêmes, c'est-à-dire ni torrides, ni glaciales, correspondant aux climats océanique, méditerranéen et subtropical humide selon la classification de Köppen. Ce terme est également employé pour désigner certaines zones dans d'autres classifications climatiques. | [
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Desert climate | Climat désertique | The desert climate (in the Köppen climate classification "BWh" and "BWk"), is a climate in which there is an excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert climates hold little moisture and evaporate the little rainfall they receive. Covering 14.2% of earth's land area, hot deserts are the most common type of climate on earth after polar climate. | Le climat désertique (dans la classification des climats de Köppen BWh et BWk ou encore BWn) parfois appelé climat aride est un climat caractérisé par une sécheresse et une aridité permanente qui dure toute l'année, un manque important d'eau liquide au sol et dans l'air ambiante (on parle plus précisément d'aridité) ce qui restreint fortement le développement de la vie animale et végétale. Ainsi, sauf exception, la présence humaine y est peu importante. L'autre analogie que l'on peut attribuer à l'ensemble des régions arides du globe est que les étés sont partout chauds ou très chauds, mis à part quelques rares exceptions, notamment en haute montagne. Ainsi, ce sont les températures moyennes hivernales des déserts qui jouent un rôle déterminant dans la classification des régions arides, chaudes ou froides. Les précipitations y sont très peu abondantes ou tombent uniquement sous forme de neige dans certaines régions désertiques froides. | [
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Bono | Bono | Paul David Hewson, KBE OL (born 10 May 1960), known by his stage name Bono (), is an Irish singer-songwriter, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist and primary lyricist of rock band U2. | Paul David Hewson dit Bono, né le à Dublin (Irlande), est un auteur-compositeur-interprète, chanteur et musicien irlandais. Il est le leader et occasionnellement guitariste du groupe irlandais "U2", depuis 1976. | [
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Wien approximation | Loi de Wien | Wien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function). This law was first derived by Wilhelm Wien in 1896. The equation does accurately describe the short wavelength (high frequency) spectrum of thermal emission from objects, but it fails to accurately fit the experimental data for long wavelengths (low frequency) emission. | La loi du rayonnement de Wien caractérise la dépendance du rayonnement du corps noir à la longueur d'onde. Il s'agit d'une formule empirique proposée par Wilhelm Wien, qui rend compte de la loi du déplacement de Wien. | [
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Jorge Guillén | Jorge Guillén | Jorge Guillén Álvarez (; 18 January 18936 February 1984) was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27, as well as a university teacher, scholar and literary critic. | Jorge Guillén, né le à Valladolid et mort le à Malaga, est un poète espagnol de la Génération de 27. | [
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Dámaso Alonso | Dámaso Alonso | Dámaso Alonso y Fernández de las Redondas (22 October 1898 – 25 January 1990) was a Spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. Though a member of the Generation of '27, his best-known work dates from the 1940s onwards. | Dámaso Alonso, né le à Madrid et mort le dans la même ville, est un philologue, écrivain et poète espagnol de la Génération de 27. | [
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Generation of '27 | Génération de 27 | The Generation of '27 () was an influential group of poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially out of a shared desire to experience and work with avant-garde forms of art and poetry. Their first formal meeting took place in Seville in 1927 to mark the 300th anniversary of the death of the baroque poet Luis de Góngora. Writers and intellectuals paid homage at the "Ateneo de Sevilla", which retrospectively became the foundational act of the movement. | La Génération de 27 ou "" est un groupe littéraire qui apparut en Espagne entre les années 1923 et 1927, au sein duquel plusieurs poètes partagèrent des idées avant-gardistes dans leur domaine. Plusieurs se réunirent au domicile de Góngora, pour le trois centième anniversaire de sa mort, et cela le consacra définitivement. Leur première action commune eut lieu à l'Athénée de Séville en 1927. Le groupe disparut lorsqu'éclata la Guerre civile espagnole. | [
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Mount Olympus | Mont Olympe | Mount Olympus (; "Olympos", for Modern Greek also transliterated "Olimbos", or ) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is located in the Olympus Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, between the regional units of Pieria and Larissa, about southwest from Thessaloniki. Mount Olympus has 52 peaks and deep gorges. The highest peak, Mytikas (Μύτικας "Mýtikas"), meaning "nose", rises to. It is one of the highest peaks in Europe in terms of topographic prominence. | Le mont Olympe (en grec ancien /, en grec moderne / ) est la plus haute montagne de Grèce, avec un sommet à. Elle fait partie de la chaîne du même nom. L'Olympe est traditionnellement le domaine des dieux de la mythologie grecque. Il fait partie des dix parcs nationaux de Grèce. | [
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Olympia, Greece | Olympie | Olympia (Greek: ; ; "Olymbía") is a small town in Elis on the Peloponnese peninsula in Greece, famous for the nearby archaeological site of the same name, which was a major Panhellenic religious sanctuary of ancient Greece, where the ancient Olympic Games were held. The site was primarily dedicated to Zeus and drew visitors from all over the Greek world as one of a group of such "Panhellenic" centres which helped to build the identity of the ancient Greeks as a nation. Despite the name, it is nowhere near Mount Olympus in northern Greece, where the Twelve Olympians, the major deities of Ancient Greek religion, were believed to live. | Olympie (en ; / ) est un centre religieux de la Grèce, dans le Péloponnèse, plus précisément dans une petite plaine de l’Élide, sur la rive droite de l’Alphée et au pied du Mont Cronion, et tout à proximité de la petite cité moderne d'Olympie, à environ de la ville de Pyrgos et de la mer Ionienne. À l’emplacement du site était l’Altis, un bois sacré, et l'Autel de Zeus. Le stade lui-même était au milieu d'un bois d'oliviers sauvages. | [
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Le Touquet | Le Touquet-Paris-Plage | Le Touquet-Paris-Plage (; ), commonly referred to as Le Touquet (), is a commune near Étaples, in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. It has a population of 4,244 but welcomes up to 250,000 people during the summer. | Le Touquet-Paris-Plage, appelée Paris-Plage jusqu'au milieu du puis Le Touquet depuis dans le langage courant, est une commune française située dans le département du Pas-de-Calais en région Hauts-de-France dans la région naturelle du Marquenterre. | [
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Mediterranean climate | Climat méditerranéen | A Mediterranean climate or dry summer climate is characterized by dry summers and mild, wet winters. The climate receives its name from the Mediterranean Basin, where this climate type is most common. Mediterranean climate zones are typically located along the western sides of continents, between roughly 30 and 45 degrees north and south of the equator. The main cause of Mediterranean, or dry summer climate, is the subtropical ridge which extends northwards during the summer and migrates south during the winter due to increasing north-south temperature differences. | Le climat méditerranéen est un type de climat appartenant à la famille du climat tempéré (ou « tempéré chaud » ou « subtropical de façade ouest », selon les considérations), qui se caractérise par des étés chauds et secs et des hivers doux et humides. | [
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Bicycle pedal | Pédale de bicyclette | The pedal is the part of a bicycle that the rider pushes with their foot to propel the vehicle. It provides the connection between the cyclist's foot or shoe and the crank allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket spindle and propel the bicycle's wheels. A pedal usually consists of a spindle that threads into the end of the crank, and a body on which the foot rest is attached, that is free to rotate on bearings with respect to the spindle. | Une bicyclette ou un vélo classique possède deux pédales sur lesquelles reposent les pieds du cycliste et sur lesquelles est exercée la force musculaire ; les tandems sont munis d'autant de paires de pédales que d'utilisateurs. Cette force musculaire est transmise par l'intermédiaire des pédales et de la transmission aux roues du vélo. | [
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Antoine François Brenier de Montmorand | Antoine François Brenier de Montmorand | Antoine-François Brenier de Montmorand (12 November 1767 at Saint-Marcellin, Isère – 8 October 1832) served as a French general of division during the period of the First French Empire and became an officer of the Légion d'honneur. | Antoine-François Brenier de Montmorand, né le à Saint-Marcelin (Isère), mort le à Saint-Marcelin (Isère), est un général français de la Révolution et de l’Empire. | [
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Mesclun | Mesclun | Mesclun () is a mix of assorted small young salad greens that originated in Provence, France. The traditional mix includes chervil, arugula, leafy lettuces and endive, while the term "mesclun" may also refer to a blend that might include some or all of these four and baby spinach, collard greens, Swiss chard (silver beet), mustard greens, dandelion greens, frisée, mizuna, mâche (lamb's lettuce), radicchio, sorrel, or other fresh leaf vegetables. | Le mesclun (du niçois "mesclum", ) est un mélange de pousses et de feuilles, d'au moins cinq variétés différentes, de plantes potagères qui se consomment en salade (laitue, mâche, roquette, chicorée, trévise, scarole, feuille de chêne, etc.). | [
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Sedimentology | Sédimentologie | Sedimentology encompasses the study of modern sediments such as sand, silt, and clay, and the processes that result in their formation (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis. Sedimentologists apply their understanding of modern processes to interpret geologic history through observations of sedimentary rocks and sedimentary structures. | La sédimentologie (ou pétrologie sédimentaire) est une branche de la géologie qui étudie les processus de formation des roches sédimentaires. | [
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Federico García Lorca | Federico García Lorca | Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca (; 5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936), known as Federico García Lorca ( ), was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. | Federico García Lorca est un poète et dramaturge espagnol, également prosateur, peintre, pianiste et compositeur, né le à Fuente Vaqueros près de Grenade et exécuté sommairement le entre Viznar et Alfacar par des milices franquistes. | [
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Marshall Plan | Plan Marshall | The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred over $12 billion (equivalent to over $129 billion as of 2020) in economic recovery programs to Western European economies after the end of World War II. Replacing an earlier proposal for a Morgenthau Plan, it operated for four years beginning on April 3, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity, and prevent the spread of Communism. The Marshall Plan required a reduction of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase in productivity, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures. | Le plan Marshall (après son élaboration, il fut officiellement appelé,, ou ERP) était un programme américain de prêts accordés aux différents États de l'Europe pour aider à la reconstruction des villes et des installations bombardées lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ces prêts étaient assortis de la condition d'importer pour un montant équivalent d'équipements et de produits américains. En quatre ans, les États-Unis prêtent à l'Europe de dollars (l'équivalent de 173 milliards de dollars en 2020). | [
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Chauvinism | Chauvinisme | Chauvinism is a form of extreme patriotism and nationalism and a belief in national superiority and glory. It can also be defined as "an irrational belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people". Moreover, the chauvinist's own people are seen as unique and special while the rest of the people are considered weak or inferior. | Le chauvinisme est une manifestation excessive du patriotisme ou du nationalisme. Il est le reflet d'une admiration exagérée ou trop exclusive de son pays ou de son peuple. | [
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Mercury poisoning | Intoxication au mercure | Mercury poisoning is a type of metal poisoning due to exposure to mercury. Symptoms depend upon the type, dose, method, and duration of exposure. They may include muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness in the hands and feet, skin rashes, anxiety, memory problems, trouble speaking, trouble hearing, or trouble seeing. High-level exposure to methylmercury is known as Minamata disease. Methylmercury exposure in children may result in acrodynia (pink disease) in which the skin becomes pink and peels. Long-term complications may include kidney problems and decreased intelligence. The effects of long-term low-dose exposure to methylmercury are unclear. Forms of mercury exposure include metal, vapor, salt, and organic compound. Most exposure is from eating fish, amalgam based dental fillings, or exposure at work. In fish, those higher up in the food chain generally have higher levels of mercury. Less commonly, poisoning may occur as a method of attempted suicide. Human activities that release mercury into the environment include the burning of coal and mining of gold. Tests of the blood, urine, and hair for mercury are available but do not relate well to the amount in the body. Prevention includes eating a diet low in mercury, removing mercury from medical and other devices, proper disposal of mercury, and not mining further mercury. In those with acute poisoning from inorganic mercury salts, chelation with either dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) or dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) appears to improve outcomes if given within a few hours of exposure. Chelation for those with long-term exposure is of unclear benefit. In certain communities that survive on fishing, rates of mercury poisoning among children have been as high as 1.7 per 100. | L'intoxication au mercure est également appelée "hydrargisme", "hydrargyrie" ou "hydrargyrisme". Le mercure est un métal dans tous les cas très toxique mais il est important de distinguer les effets des sels de mercure (mercure sous forme ionisée) Hg et Hg du mercure métallique Hg°, des effets des composés organiques du mercure (méthylmercure notamment) beaucoup plus toxiques. | [
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Bean | Légume sec | A bean is the seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in several traditional dishes throughout the world. | Les légumes secs sont des graines, issues exclusivement de plantes de la famille des Fabacées, aussi nommées légumineuses, récoltées à maturité pour la consommation humaine. Ce sont des aliments riches en glucides, environ 60 %, essentiellement de l'amidon, et en protéines, environ 20 %. Toutefois en raison de leur déficience en certains acides aminés, on aura avantage à les associer à des céréales, en particulier dans les régimes végétariens. Ils sont intéressants aussi pour leurs apports en fibres et éléments minéraux, notamment en fer et en calcium. | [
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Chess strategy | Stratégie échiquéenne | Chess strategy is the aspect of chess play concerned with evaluation of chess positions and setting of goals and long-term plans for future play. While evaluating a position strategically, a player must take into account such factors as the relative value of the pieces on the board, pawn structure, king safety, position of pieces, and control of key squares and groups of squares (e.g. diagonals, open files, and individual squares). Chess strategy is distinguished from chess tactics, which is the aspect of play concerned with the move-by-move setting up of threats and defenses. Some authors distinguish static strategic imbalances (e.g. having more valuable pieces or better pawn structure), which tend to persist for many moves, from dynamic imbalances (such as one player having an advantage in piece ), which are temporary. This distinction affects the immediacy with which a sought-after plan should take effect. Until players reach the skill level of "master", chess tactics tend to ultimately decide the outcomes of games more often than strategy does. Many chess coaches thus emphasize the study of tactics as the most efficient way to improve one's results in serious chess play. | La stratégie échiquéenne consiste en l'évaluation d'une position d'échecs et la définition du plan à long terme, auxquelles est subordonnée la tactique, qui imagine les coups à court terme permettant de réaliser ce plan. Pendant l'évaluation, le joueur doit prendre en considération la valeur des pièces sur l'échiquier, la structure de pions, la sécurité du roi, la position des pièces et le contrôle de cases-clés et de groupes de cases (comme les diagonales, les colonnes ouvertes, les cases blanches et noires), et les réponses possibles de l'adversaire. | [
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Coutances Cathedral | Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Coutances | Coutances Cathedral () is a Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral constructed from 1210 to 1274 in the town of Coutances, Normandy, France. It incorporated the remains of an earlier Norman cathedral. | La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Coutances est un édifice catholique romain du de style gothique, siège du diocèse de Coutances et Avranches, situé dans le département français de la Manche, en région Normandie. Elle est affectueusement surnommée par les Coutançais: "La cathédrale de fierté", comme le disait le poète local Louis Beuve dans "Ma cathédrale de fierté" ou "La lettre à la morte". | [
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Martigny | Martigny | Martigny (; ; ) is the capital of the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It lies at an elevation of, and its population is approximately 15000 inhabitants ("Martignerains" or "Octoduriens"). It is a junction of roads joining Italy, France and Switzerland. One road links it over the Great St. Bernard Pass to Aosta (Italy), and the other over the col de la Forclaz to Chamonix (France). In winter, Martigny is known for its numerous nearby Alp ski resorts such as Verbier. | Martigny () est une commune et une ville du canton du Valais, située dans le district de Martigny dont elle est le chef-lieu. Sise au coude du Rhône, au croisement des axes routiers du Grand-Saint-Bernard et du Simplon. Par sa population (), Martigny est la deuxième ville du canton, après Sion. | [
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ISO 9000 | Série des normes ISO 9000 | The ISO 9000 family of quality management systems (QMS) is a set of standards that helps organizations ensure they meet customers and other stakeholder needs within statutory and regulatory requirements related to a product or service. ISO 9000 deals with the fundamentals of quality management systems, including the seven quality management principles that underlie the family of standards. ISO 9001 deals with the requirements that organizations wishing to meet the standard must fulfil. | ISO 9000 désigne un ensemble de normes relatives au management de la qualité publiées par l'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO). | [
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Wavre | Wavre | Wavre (, ) is a city and municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant, of which it is the capital. | Wavre (en néerlandais "Waver", en wallon "Wåve", localement "Auve") est une ville francophone de Belgique située en Région wallonne, chef-lieu de la province du Brabant wallon. Cette commune a fusionné avec celles de Limal et de Bierges. | [
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Master's degree | Master (diplôme ou grade universitaire) | A master's degree (from Latin "magister") is an academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice. A master's degree normally requires previous study at the bachelor's level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysis, critical evaluation, or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently. | Le terme master signifie « maître » en anglais. Du fait de l'influence de l'anglais dans l'enseignement supérieur, un certain nombre de pays non anglophones ont introduit dans leur langue le mot "master" ou "master's degree" pour renommer des grades ou diplômes préexistants ou bien pour nommer de nouveaux diplômes, afin d'aider à la compréhension par des personnes ou institutions d'autres pays. Ceci s'est fait parfois en conservant le terme « maîtrise » comme intitulé d'autres diplômes. Peuvent donc coexister, comme en France, un diplôme dénommé « "master" » qui équivaut à 5 années d’études, en Europe ainsi qu’en Amérique, en Asie 4 ans et en Afrique 5 ans. Ce diplôme est dénommé « maîtrise ». Les grades ou diplômes dont le nom est une traduction de « maître » ou « maîtrise » sont traités dans l'article maîtrise. | [
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François de La Mothe Le Vayer | François de La Mothe Le Vayer (1588-1672) | François de La Mothe Le Vayer (, August 15889 May 1672), was a French writer who was known to use the pseudonym Orosius Tubero. He was admitted to the Académie française in 1639, and was the tutor of Louis XIV. | François de La Mothe Le Vayer, né le à Paris où il est mort le, est un philosophe, philologue et historien français, et l'un des principaux représentants de la pensée dite libertine au. Longtemps négligée, sous-estimée, voire dédaignée, malgré quelques études pionnières et la thèse fondatrice de René Pintard (1943), son œuvre fait l'objet, depuis la fin des années 1980, d'une réévaluation enthousiaste, dont témoignent de nombreuses rééditions et une abondante bibliographie critique. | [
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Ayn Rand | Ayn Rand | Ayn Rand (; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher. She is known for her two best-selling novels, "The Fountainhead" and "Atlas Shrugged", and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, "The Fountainhead". In 1957, Rand published her best-known work, the novel "Atlas Shrugged". Afterward, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982. | Ayn Rand, de son vrai nom Alissa Zinovievna Rosenbaum ( ), est une philosophe, scénariste et romancière américaine d'origine russe, juive athée, née le à Saint-Pétersbourg et morte le à New York. | [
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Roman army | Armée romaine | The Roman army (Latin: ) was the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (to c. 500 BC) to the Roman Republic (500–31 BC) and the Roman Empire (31 BC–395 AD), and its medieval continuation, the Eastern Roman Empire. It is thus a term that may span approximately 2,206 years (753 BC–1453 AD), during which the Roman armed forces underwent numerous permutations in composition, organisation, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions. | L'armée romaine (en ; en ) est l'armée de la Rome antique. Elle permet aux Romains de dominer la Méditerranée du au. | [
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Félix Dupanloup | Félix Dupanloup | Mgr. Félix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup (3 January 180211 October 1878) was a French ecclesiastic. He was among the leaders of Liberal Catholicism in France. | Félix Dupanloup, né le à Saint-Félix, en Savoie (qui appartenait alors à la France), et mort le au château de La Combe-de-Lancey (Isère, France), est un prêtre catholique français, théologien enseignant, journaliste, prélat et homme politique. Il est évêque d'Orléans en 1849 et membre de l'Académie française à partir de 1854. Il est enterré dans la cathédrale Sainte-Croix d'Orléans. | [
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Boii | Boïens | The Boii (Latin plural, singular "Boius"; ) were a Gallic tribe of the later Iron Age, attested at various times in Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy), Pannonia (Hungary), parts of Bavaria, in and around Bohemia (after whom the region is named in most languages; comprising the bulk of Czechia), parts of Poland, and Gallia Narbonensis. In addition the archaeological evidence indicates that in the 2nd century BC Celts expanded from Bohemia through the Kłodzko Valley into Silesia, now part of Poland and Czechia. | Les Boïens ("Boii" en latin, en grec), étaient l'un des plus importants peuples celtes de l'âge de fer. Leur présence est attestée, en différentes époques, en Gaule cisalpine (dans le Nord de l'Italie), en Pannonie (région de l'Europe centrale comprenant l'actuelle Hongrie ainsi qu'une partie des pays frontaliers), en Bohême et en Gaule transalpine. De surcroît, des recherches archéologiques ont démontré qu'au, des Celtes (probablement Boïens) vivant en Bohême se sont installés en Silésie, dans le Sud de la Pologne. | [
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Kenzō Tange | Kenzō Tange | Influenced from an early age by the Swiss modernist, Le Corbusier, Tange gained international recognition in 1949 when he won the competition for the design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. He was a member of CIAM (Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne) in the 1950s. He did not join the group of younger CIAM architects known as Team X, though his 1960 Tokyo Bay plan was influential for Team 10 in the 1960s, as well as the group that became Metabolism. | , né à Osaka le, élevé à Imabari, dans la préfecture d'Ehime, mort à Tokyo le, était un architecte et urbaniste japonais. | [
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Benben | Benben | Benben was the mound that arose from the primordial waters Nu upon which the creator deity Atum settled in the creation myth of the Heliopolitan form of ancient Egyptian religion. The Benben stone (also known as a pyramidion) is the top stone of the pyramid. It is also related to the obelisk. | Benben dans la mythologie égyptienne héliopolitaine représente le tertre qui émergea de Noun, l'océan primordial, et sur lequel le soleil apparut pour la première fois. | [
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Carl Barks | Carl Barks | Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was an American cartoonist, author, and painter. He is best known for his work in Disney comic books, as the writer and artist of the first Donald Duck stories and as the creator of Scrooge McDuck. He worked anonymously until late in his career; fans dubbed him The Duck Man and The Good Duck Artist. In 1987, Barks was one of the three inaugural inductees of the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame. | Carl Barks est un auteur de bande dessinée américain né le à Merrill (Oregon) et mort le à Grants Pass (Oregon). Employé par Western Publishing, un éditeur de "comics" américains pour Disney, il dessine pendant de nombreuses années des bandes dessinées mettant en scène le personnage de Donald Duck et ses proches. | [
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Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) | Traité de Francfort | The Treaty of Frankfurt (; ) was a peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War. | Le traité de Francfort est un traité mettant fin à la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870-1871, signé entre la France et l’Allemagne à Francfort-sur-le-Main le, à la suite de l'armistice franco-allemand demandé, malgré les protestations de Léon Gambetta, par le gouvernement de la Défense nationale, le. Le traité prévoit entre autres la capitulation de Paris, alors assiégé par les Allemands. | [
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Quinoa | Quinoa | Quinoa ("Chenopodium quinoa"; or, from Quechua'or ') is a flowering plant in the amaranth family. It is a herbaceous annual plant grown as a crop primarily for its edible seeds; the seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals in amounts greater than in many grains. Quinoa is not a grass, but rather a pseudocereal botanically related to spinach and amaranth ("Amaranthus spp."), and originated in the Andean region of northwestern South America. It was first used to feed livestock 5.2–7.0 thousand years ago, and for human consumption 3–4 thousand years ago in the Lake Titicaca basin of Peru and Bolivia. | Le quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) est une espèce de plante herbacée annuelle de la famille des "Amaranthaceae" selon la classification phylogénétique ou de celle des "Chenopodiaceae". C'est une pseudo-céréale, plutôt qu'une véritable céréale, car ce n'est pas une herbe. Le quinoa est phylogénétiquement plus proche des espèces telles que la betterave, l'épinard et l'amarante. | [
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Phaseolus vulgaris | Haricot | Phaseolus vulgaris, also known as the common bean, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or unripe fruit (both commonly called beans). The main categories of common beans, on the basis of use, are dry beans (seeds harvested at complete maturity), snap beans (tender pods with reduced fibre harvested before the seed development phase) and shell (shelled) beans (seeds harvested at physiological maturity). Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, along with other "Phaseolus" species, is as a member of the legume family Fabaceae. Like most members of this family, common beans acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia, which are nitrogen-fixing bacteria. | Le Haricot, ou Haricot commun ("Phaseolus vulgaris" L.), est une espèce de plantes annuelles de la famille des "Fabaceae" (Papilionacées), du genre "Phaseolus", couramment cultivée comme légume ou légumineuse. On en consomme soit le fruit (la gousse), haricot vert ou « mange-tout », soit les graines, riches en protéines. Le terme « haricot » désigne aussi ces parties consommées, les graines (haricots secs) ou les gousses. | [
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Lost in Translation (film) | Lost in Translation | Lost in Translation is a 2003 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Sofia Coppola. Bill Murray stars as Bob Harris, a fading American movie star who is having a midlife crisis when he travels to Tokyo to promote Suntory whiskey. There, he befriends another estranged American named Charlotte, a young college graduate played by Scarlett Johansson. Giovanni Ribisi and Anna Faris also feature. The film explores themes of alienation and disconnection against a backdrop of cultural displacement in Japan. Further analysis by critics and scholars has focused on the film's defiance of mainstream narrative conventions and its atypical depiction of romance. | Le film, financé de manière indépendante, est tourné au Japon en un peu plus d'un mois. Le scénario laisse beaucoup de liberté aux acteurs pour improviser, notamment à Bill Murray pour qui Sofia Coppola a spécifiquement écrit le rôle principal masculin. À sa sortie, le film est plébiscité par la critique et obtient un important succès commercial au vu de son modeste budget. Il remporte de nombreux prix dont l’Oscar du meilleur scénario original, le Golden Globe du meilleur film musical ou de comédie, les du meilleur acteur et de la meilleure actrice ainsi que le César du meilleur film étranger. | [
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Sofia Coppola | Sofia Coppola | Sofia Carmina Coppola (, ; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. The daughter of filmmakers Eleanor and Francis Ford Coppola, she made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, "The Godfather" (1972). Coppola later appeared in a supporting role in "Peggy Sue Got Married" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in "The Godfather Part III" (1990). Her performance in the latter was severely criticised, and she turned her attention to filmmaking. | Sofia Coppola, née le à New York, est une réalisatrice, actrice, productrice et scénariste américaine. Elle est la fille de Francis Ford Coppola. | [
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Tower of Hanoi | Tours de Hanoï | The Tower of Hanoi (also called the Tower of Brahma or Lucas' Tower and sometimes pluralized as Towers) is a mathematical game or puzzle. It consists of three rods and a number of disks of different sizes, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle starts with the disks in a neat stack in ascending order of size on one rod, the smallest at the top, thus making a conical shape. | Les tours de Hanoï (originellement, la tour d'Hanoï) sont un jeu de réflexion imaginé par le mathématicien français Édouard Lucas, et consistant à déplacer des disques de diamètres différents d'une tour de « départ » à une tour d'« arrivée » en passant par une tour « intermédiaire », et ceci en un minimum de coups, tout en respectant les règles suivantes : On suppose que cette dernière règle est également respectée dans la configuration de départ. | [
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Louis Michel Antoine Sahuc | Louis Michel Antoine Sahuc | Louis-Michel-Antoine, comte Sahuc, was a French army general born 7 January 1755 – died 24 October 1813, joined the French Royal Army and spent 20 years there before fighting in the French Revolutionary Wars. He rose to command a French cavalry regiment and later became a general officer. During the Napoleonic Wars he held important cavalry commands in three of Emperor Napoleon I of France's wars. | Louis-Michel-Antoine Sahuc né le à Mello (Île-de-France) et mort le à Francfort-sur-le-Main (Grand-duché de Francfort), est un général et homme politique français de la Révolution et de l’Empire. Il s'engage dans l'armée royale en 1772 et y sert pendant vingt ans, avant de participer aux guerres de la Révolution française. Il s'élève rapidement dans la hiérarchie militaire, passe à la tête d'un régiment de cavalerie puis devient général de brigade. Sous le Premier Empire, Sahuc participe à plusieurs campagnes au cours desquelles il est investi d'importants commandements dans la cavalerie française. | [
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Xiongnu | Xiongnu | The Xiongnu () were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Chinese sources report that Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire. | Les Xiongnu ( "") sont une confédération de tribus nomades, venue de l'actuelle Mongolie nomadisant dans les steppes entre le lac Baïkal et la Chine du Nord. Ils sont mentionnés par des sources chinoises pour la première fois vers l'an 245 av. J.-C. et disparaissent définitivement à la fin de la seconde moitié du ap. J.-C. Selon les sources chinoises, l'empire Xiongnu aurait été fondé par le Modu Chanyu, qui devient le premier chef suprême de cette confédération en l'an 209 avant J.-C. | [
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Battle of Alesia | Siège d'Alésia | The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia was a military engagement in the Gallic Wars that took place in September, 52 BC, around the Gallic "oppidum" (fortified settlement) of Alesia, a major centre of the Mandubii tribe. It was fought by the army of Julius Caesar against a confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni. It was the last major engagement between Gauls and Romans, and is considered one of Caesar's greatest military achievements and a classic example of siege warfare and investment. The battle of Alesia marked the end of Gallic independence in France and Belgium. | Le siège d'Alésia est une bataille décisive de la fin de la guerre des Gaules qui voit la défaite d'une coalition de peuples gaulois menée par Vercingétorix face à l'armée romaine de Jules César. Elle se déroule entre les mois de juillet et de septembre 52 av. J.-C. | [
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Electronic music | Musique électronique | Electronic music is music that employs electronic musical instruments, digital instruments and circuitry-based music technology. A distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means (electroacoustic music) and that produced using electronics only. Electromechanical instruments have mechanical elements, such as strings, hammers and electric elements, such as magnetic pickups, power amplifiers and loudspeakers. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ and the electric guitar, which are typically made loud enough for performers and audiences to hear with an instrument amplifier and speaker cabinet. Pure electronic instruments do not have vibrating strings, hammers or other sound-producing mechanisms. Devices such as the theremin, synthesizer and computer can produce electronic sounds. | La musique électronique est un type de musique conçu dans les années 1950 avec des générateurs de signaux et de sons synthétiques. Avant de pouvoir être utilisée en temps réel, elle a été primitivement enregistrée sur bande magnétique, ce qui permettait aux compositeurs de manier aisément les sons, par exemple dans l'utilisation de boucles répétitives superposées. Ses précurseurs ont pu bénéficier de studios spécialement équipés ou faisaient partie d'institutions musicales pré-existantes. La musique pour bande de Pierre Schaeffer, également appelée musique concrète, se distingue de ce type de musique dans la mesure où sa conception n'est pas basée sur l'utilisation d'un matériau précis mais l'inversion de la démarche de composition qui part des sons et non de la structure. La particularité de la musique électronique de l'époque est de n'utiliser que des sons générés par des appareils électroniques. | [
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Idiom | Idiotisme | An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase; but some phrases become figurative idioms while retaining the literal meaning of the phrase. Categorized as formulaic language, an idiom's figurative meaning is different from the literal meaning. Idioms occur frequently in all languages; in English alone there are an estimated twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions. | Un idiotisme ou expression idiomatique est une construction ou une locution particulière à une langue, qui porte un sens par son tout et non par chacun des mots qui la composent. Il peut s'agir de constructions grammaticales ou, le plus souvent, d'expressions imagées ou métaphoriques. Un idiotisme est en général intraduisible mot à mot, et il peut être difficile, voire impossible, de l'exprimer dans une autre langue. | [
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Oceanography | Océanographie | Oceanography (compound of the Greek words ὠκεανός meaning "ocean" and γράφω meaning "write"), also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is an important Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within: astronomy, biology, chemistry, climatology, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans including marine geology, physics, chemistry and biology. | L’océanographie (du grec, « Océan », dieu de la mer et / « écrire ») est une discipline scientifique, faisant partie des sciences de la Terre, consacrée à l'étude des mers et des océans. Un premier congrès en 1871 et l'expédition Challenger accomplie entre 1872 et 1876 concrétisent la naissance de cette discipline et en popularisent rapidement le nom et les premières avancées auprès du public amateur. Le terme océanographe, désignant les chercheurs de cette science, apparaît en France en 1881. | [
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Barabbas | Barabbas | Barabbas (; "Yeshua Bar ʾAbbaʾ", literally "son of the father" or "son of the teacher") is a figure mentioned in the New Testament, in which he is an insurrectionary held by the Roman governor at the same time as Jesus, and whom Pontius Pilate freed at the Passover feast in Jerusalem, while keeping Jesus as a prisoner. | Barabbas est un personnage des Évangiles n'apparaissant qu'au cours du procès de Jésus. L’étymologie de son nom (Βαραββᾶς) est incertaine (voir en fin d'article pour les explications). Barabbas est présenté dans les Évangiles tantôt comme un dissident (Marc 15:7), tantôt comme un brigand (Jean 18:40). Il est dit aussi que c'est un prisonnier remarquable (Matt 27:16 δέσμιον ἐπίσημον) ayant de façon collective commis un meurtre avec d'autres agitateurs lors d'une sédition (Marc 15:7 οἵτινες ἐν τῇ στάσει φόνον πεποιήκεισαν). Ponce Pilate demande ce que Jésus a fait de mal? (Matt 27:23 Τί γὰρ κακὸν ἐποίησεν;). Comme il devait libérer un prisonnier lors de la Pâques, Ponce Pilate demande à « la foule » quel prisonnier ils veulent relâcher? Jésus le Roi des Juifs (Jean 18.39 βούλεσθε οὖν ὑμῖν ἀπολύσω τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Ἰουδαίων;) ou Barabbas? « La foule » réclame la libération de Barabbas et la condamnation de « Jésus roi des Juifs » (Jésus de Nazareth). | [
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Acoustic location | Écholocalisation | Acoustic location is the use of sound to determine the distance and direction of its source or reflector. Location can be done actively or passively, and can take place in gases (such as the atmosphere), liquids (such as water), and in solids (such as in the earth). | L'écholocalisation, ou écholocation, consiste à envoyer des sons et à écouter leur écho pour localiser, et dans une moindre mesure identifier, les éléments d'un environnement. Elle est utilisée par certains animaux, notamment des chauves-souris et des cétacés, et artificiellement avec le sonar. | [
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Great St Bernard Pass | Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard | The Great St Bernard Pass (,, ) is the third highest road pass in Switzerland, at an elevation of. It connects Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland with Aosta in the region Aosta Valley in Italy. It is the lowest pass lying on the ridge between the two highest mountains of the Alps, Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa. The pass itself is located in Switzerland in the canton of Valais, very close to Italy. It is located on the main watershed that separates the basin of the Rhône from that of the Po. | Le col du Grand-Saint-Bernard, anciennement appelé col du Mont-Joux, est un col de montagne routier des Alpes pennines, situé à d'altitude en Valais sur la commune de Bourg-Saint-Pierre en Suisse. La frontière avec l'Italie (commune de Saint-Rhémy-en-Bosses) passe quelques centaines de mètres au sud-ouest du col. Il sépare la vallée du même nom, en Vallée d'Aoste au sud, du val d'Entremont, situé en Valais au nord et constitue un passage entre le mont Mort et la pointe de Drône, tous deux situés sur la frontière italio-suisse. C'est le troisième plus haut col routier des Alpes suisses et le septième plus haut d'Italie. | [
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Ephesus | Éphèse | Ephesus (; "Efesos"; ; may ultimately derive from Hittite "Apasa") was an ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, three kilometres southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built in the 10th century BC on the site of the former Arzawan capital by Attic and Ionian Greek colonists. During the Classical Greek era it was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League. The city flourished after it came under the control of the Roman Republic in 129 BC. | Éphèse (en ; en grec ancien : / ; en ; en hittite : 𒀀𒉺𒊭 / "Apaša") est l'une des plus anciennes et plus importantes cités grecques d'Asie Mineure, la première de l'Ionie. | [
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Society Islands | Archipel de la Société | The Society Islands ( officially "Archipel de la Société;" ) are an archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country of the French Republic. Geographically, they form part of Polynesia. | L'archipel de la Société, aussi connu sous l'expression toponymique îles de la Société, est situé dans le Nord-Ouest de l'océan Pacifique Sud, au nord du tropique du Capricorne, à un peu moins de la moitié de la distance séparant l'Australie du Salvador, en Amérique centrale. Papeete, le chef-lieu administratif, est à à l'est-nord-est d'Avarua, aux îles Cook, et à à l'est-nord-est d'Auckland, en Nouvelle-Zélande. À environ plus à l'est, l'atoll d'Anaa (dans l'archipel des Tuamotu) est l'une des plus proches terres hors de l'archipel de la Société. L'archipel de la Société est le plus peuplé des cinq ensembles insulaires formant la Polynésie française. Il est divisé en deux groupes : les îles du Vent (comprenant Tahiti qui est la plus peuplée et la grande île de la Polynésie française et où se situe sa capitale Papeete) et les îles Sous-le-Vent. On y parle le français et le tahitien ("reo Tahiti"). | [
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Sallet | Salade (casque) | The sallet (also called "celata," "salade" and "schaller") was a combat helmet that replaced the bascinet in Italy, western and northern Europe and Hungary during the mid-15th century. In Italy, France and England the armet helmet was also popular, but in Germany the sallet became almost universal. | Une salade est un casque de forme ronde, porté du au. Le mot vient du bas-latin "caelum", qui signifie « ciel », « coupole », et qui a donné le vieil italien "celata", francisé en "salade". Il s'agit d'une évolution du « chapel de fer » qui eut lieu pendant la première moitié du (à ne pas confondre avec la "barbute", parfois appelée « salade italienne », bien qu'elle soit essentiellement une variante du bassinet). | [
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Administrative units of Pakistan | Subdivisions du Pakistan | The administrative units of Pakistan () consist of four provinces (Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh), two autonomous territories (Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and one federal territory (Islamabad Capital Territory). Moreover, it also claim union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, currently controlled by India. Each province and territory is subdivided into divisions, which are further subdivided into districts, which are further subdivided into tehsils, or taluka, which are further subdivided into union councils. | Les subdivisons du Pakistan consistent en cinq échelons différents dans le cadre d'une organisation fédérale de l’État. On trouve en haut de la hiérarchie les quatre provinces ainsi que les trois territoires, puis les 34 divisions qui sont des regroupements des 156 districts. Ensuite, on trouve les 588 tehsils au quatrième échelon, puis enfin les quelque "union Councils" (équivalent de municipalités). | [
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Dog agility | Agility | Dog agility is a dog sport in which a handler directs a dog through an obstacle course in a race for both time and accuracy. Dogs run off leash with no food or toys as incentives, and the handler can touch neither dog nor obstacles. Consequently, the handler's controls are limited to voice, movement, and various body signals, requiring exceptional training of the animal and coordination of the handler. | L'' (signifiant tout simplement « agilité » en anglais), ou agilité, est un sport canin, dans lequel le chien évolue sur un parcours d'obstacles sous la conduite de son maître. L est avant tout un jeu. C'est aussi un sport qui rapproche le chien du maître. | [
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Catamaran | Catamaran | A catamaran () (informally, a "cat") is a multi-hulled watercraft featuring two parallel hulls of equal size. It is a geometry-stabilized craft, deriving its stability from its wide beam, rather than from a ballasted keel as with a monohull sailboat. Catamarans were invented by the Austronesian peoples which enabled their expansion to the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. | Un catamaran (du, lit. « bois lié ») est un bateau possédant deux coques, en général parallèles l'une à côté de l'autre. Le catamaran possédant deux coques se classe donc dans la catégorie des bateaux multicoques qui comprend également le trimaran, dont le nom dérive. L'intérêt des multicoques est d'aller plus vite grâce à des coques plus fines qui vont diminuer la résistance de l'eau, d'augmenter la stabilité, ou d'augmenter la surface du pont. Ils sont principalement utilisés en tant que voiliers de plaisance, comme navires à passagers à vitesse normale ou élevée (ferries à grande vitesse) ainsi que pour certains projets militaires. | [
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Butylated hydroxytoluene | Hydroxytoluène butylé | Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), also known as dibutylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties. BHT is widely used to prevent free radical-mediated oxidation in fluids (e.g. fuels, oils) and other materials, and the regulations overseen by the U.S. F.D.A.—which considers BHT to be "generally recognized as safe"—allow small amounts to be added to foods. Despite this, and the earlier determination by the National Cancer Institute that BHT was noncarcinogenic in an animal model, societal concerns over its broad use have been expressed. BHT has also been postulated as an antiviral drug, but as of March 2020, use of BHT as a drug is not supported by the scientific literature and it has not been approved by any drug regulatory agency for use as an antiviral. | L’hydroxytoluène butylé, BHT ou 2,6-di-"tert"-butyl-4-méthylphénol est composé aromatique, dérivé du "para"crésol (4-méthylphénol), substitué par deux groupes "tert"-butyle aux positions "ortho". C'est un conservateur utilisé comme additif alimentaire ainsi que dans les produits cosmétiques et d'hygiène. Puissant antioxydant synthétique issu de la carbochimie, son utilisation est controversée et il semble que trop peu d'études aient été menées à son sujet. | [
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Politics of Cameroon | Politique au Cameroun | The politics of Cameroon takes place in a framework of a unitary presidential republic, whereby the President of Cameroon is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly of Cameroon. | La politique au Cameroun se déroule dans le cadre d'une république présidentielle unitaire décentralisée, où le président du Cameroun est chef de l'État dans un système multipartite. Le pouvoir exécutif est exercé par le gouvernement. Le pouvoir législatif appartient au gouvernement et à l'Assemblée nationale du Cameroun. | [
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