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Cell biology | Biologie cellulaire | Cell biology is a branch of biology studying the structure and function of the cell, also known as the basic unit of life. Cell biology encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and can be divided into many sub-topics which may include the study of cell metabolism, cell communication, cell cycle, and cell composition. The study of cells is performed using several techniques such as cell culture, various types of microscopy, and cell fractionation. These have allowed for and are currently being used for discoveries and research pertaining to how cells function, ultimately giving insight into understanding larger organisms. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences while also being essential for research in biomedical fields such as cancer, and other diseases. Research in cell biology is interconnected to other fields such as genetics, molecular genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, medical microbiology, immunology, and cytochemistry. | La biologie cellulaire (anciennement appelée cytologie) est une discipline scientifique qui étudie les cellules, du point de vue structural et fonctionnel, et les utilise pour des applications en biotechnologie. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Galanthus | Galanthus | Galanthus (snowdrop; Greek "gála" "milk", "ánthos" "flower") is a small genus of approximately 20 species of bulbous perennial herbaceous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. The plants have two linear leaves and a single small white drooping bell shaped flower with six petal-like (petaloid) tepals in two circles (whorls). The smaller inner petals have green markings. | Galanthus est un genre de plantes herbacées vivaces à bulbe. Il appartient à la famille des "Liliaceae" selon la classification classique. La classification phylogénétique le place dans la famille des "Amaryllidaceae". | [
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Step-growth polymerization | Polymérisation par étapes | Step-growth polymerization refers to a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form first dimers, then trimers, longer oligomers and eventually long chain polymers. Many naturally occurring and some synthetic polymers are produced by step-growth polymerization, e.g. polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, etc. Due to the nature of the polymerization mechanism, a high extent of reaction is required to achieve high molecular weight. The easiest way to visualize the mechanism of a step-growth polymerization is a group of people reaching out to hold their hands to form a human chain—each person has two hands (= reactive sites). There also is the possibility to have more than two reactive sites on a monomer: In this case branched polymers production take place. | La polymérisation par étapes est un mécanisme de polymérisation qui procède par des étapes indépendantes. Les monomères avec deux ou plusieurs groupes fonctionnels réagissent pour former d'abord des dimères, ensuite des trimères et oligomères plus longs, et ensuite des polymères à chaine longue. Ce mécanisme est à distinguer de la polymérisation en chaîne, qui procède plutôt par l'addition successive et rapide de molécules sur un "centre actif". | [
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Leucojum | Leucojum | Leucojum is a small genus of bulbous plants native to Eurasia belonging to the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. As currently circumscribed, the genus includes only two known species, most former species having been moved into the genus "Acis". Both genera are known as snowflakes. | Leucojum est un genre botanique qui regroupe certaines nivéoles. Chez les "Galanthus", les trois tépales internes généralement échancrés, sont plus petits que les externes et présentent une ou deux taches vertes (guides de nectar). Chez les "Leucojum", en revanche, les six tépales ont la même longueur. | [
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Aikikai | Aikikai | The Aikikai is the original school of Aikido. It is centered on the Aikikai Foundation in Japan, and its figurehead is the Doshu (the family heir of the founder of Aikido). It is represented globally through the International Aikido Federation. | L' est une organisation créée en 1948 par Kisshomaru Ueshiba (troisième fils de Morihei Ueshiba) avec l'appui de son père pour promouvoir le développement de l'aïkido. Selon les chiffres publiés par l'Aikikai, l'aikido compte aujourd’hui 1,6 million de pratiquants dans 95 pays, 44 d'entre eux étant officiellement reconnus par le Hombu Dojo. | [
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Begriffsschrift | Idéographie | Begriffsschrift (German for, roughly, "concept-script") is a book on logic by Gottlob Frege, published in 1879, and the formal system set out in that book. | L'idéographie ("Begriffsschrift") est un langage entièrement formalisé inventé par le logicien Gottlob Frege et qui a pour but de représenter de manière parfaite la logique mathématique. | [
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Jerusalem cross | Croix de Jérusalem | The Jerusalem cross (also known as "Five-fold Cross", or "cross-and-crosslets") is a heraldic cross and Christian cross variant consisting of a large cross potent surrounded by four smaller Greek crosses, one in each quadrant. It was used as the emblem and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the 1280s. | La croix de Terre Sainte ou croix de Jérusalem (☩, unicode U+2629) est un très ancien emblème des chrétiens d'Orient, formé d’une croix à quatre branches égales, et dont chaque branche se termine par une béquille (ou un tau). On l’appelle aussi croix à béquilles. C'est le symbole de la Custodie franciscaine de Terre sainte. | [
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Cinematographer | Directeur de la photographie | A cinematographer or director of photography (sometimes shortened to DP or DOP) is the chief over the camera and light crews working on a film, television production or other live action piece and is responsible for making artistic and technical decisions related to the image. The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. | Le directeur de la photographie, aussi nommé directeur photo ou chef opérateur de prise de vues, est responsable, durant le tournage d'un film, de la prise de vues. En France, il est parfois nommé familièrement "dir-phot" ou encore "DOP" (pour « director of photography » en anglais). | [
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Berlin International Film Festival | Berlinale | The Berlin International Film Festival (), usually called the Berlinale, is a film festival held annually in Berlin, Germany. Founded in West Berlin in 1951, the festival has been held every February since 1978 and is one of the "Big Three" alongside the Venice Film Festival in Italy and the Cannes Film Festival in France. Since 2019, Mariette Rissenbeek serves as the executive director of the festival, while Carlo Chatrian is the artistic director. | La Berlinale (', littéralement le Festival international du film de Berlin) est un festival de cinéma compétitif, créé en 1951. Il se tient chaque année début février, à Berlin. Un important marché de films, des rétrospectives et des sections parallèles complètent la manifestation, portée par la compétition internationale de longs métrages. Le meilleur film de la compétition internationale est récompensé par l'Ours d'or (') tandis que l'Ours d'argent ('), outre le Grand prix du jury ('), est attribué pour les prestations de meilleure réalisation (') puis de meilleure interprétation pour un acteur (') et une actrice ('). Les ours sont attribués par un jury composé de professionnels du cinéma et de personnalités du monde des arts et de la culture. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
History of Burundi | Histoire du Burundi | Burundi is one of the few countries in Africa, along with its closely linked neighbour Rwanda among others (such as Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland), to be a direct territorial continuation of a pre-colonial era African state. | Cet article présente les faits saillants de l'histoire du Burundi, un pays d'Afrique de l'est situé dans la région des Grands Lacs et entouré aujourd'hui par la République démocratique du Congo à l'ouest, le Rwanda au nord et la Tanzanie à l'est et au sud. Sa capitale est Bujumbura. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Radical polymerization | Polymérisation radicalaire | Free-radical polymerization (FRP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of free-radical building blocks. Free radicals can be formed by a number of different mechanisms, usually involving separate initiator molecules. Following its generation, the initiating free radical adds (nonradical) monomer units, thereby growing the polymer chain. | La polymérisation (par voie) radicalaire est un processus de polymérisation en chaîne qui, comme son nom l'indique, fait intervenir comme espèce active des radicaux. Elle fait intervenir des réactions d'amorçage, de propagation, de terminaison et de transfert de chaîne. | [
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Movie theater | Salle de cinéma | A movie theater (American English), cinema (British English), or cinema hall (Indian English), also known as a picture house, the pictures, or the movies, is a building that contains auditoria for viewing films (also called movies) for entertainment. Most, but not all, theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, who attend by purchasing a ticket. Some movie theaters, however, are operated by non-profit organizations or societies that charge members a membership fee to view films. | Une salle de cinéma ou un cinéma est un lieu où est organisée l'une des diffusions des films cinématographiques. Ce terme peut désigner aussi le regroupement dans un même endroit de plusieurs salles, qui diffusent généralement des films différents à plusieurs horaires (dans ce cas le terme de « multiplexe » peut être également employé). | [
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Satire | Satire | Satire is a genre of literature and performing arts, usually fiction and less frequently in non-fiction, in which vices, follies, abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society. | Une satire est un écrit dont la manière d'être est une critique de son sujet (des individus, des organisations, des États, etc.), souvent dans l'intention de provoquer, prévenir un changement ou de porter à réfléchir. On attribue généralement la paternité de ce genre littéraire ("satura", c'est-à-dire pot-pourri) au poète archaïque latin Lucilius. | [
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Anatolian languages | Langues anatoliennes | The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia), the best attested of them being the Hittite language. Undiscovered until the late 19th and 20th centuries, they are considered the earliest group of languages to branch off from the Indo-European family. Once discovered, the presence of laryngeal consonants "ḫ" and "ḫḫ" in Hittite and Luwian provided support for the laryngeal theory of Proto-Indo-European linguistics. While Hittite attestation ends after the Bronze Age, hieroglyphic Luwian survived until the conquest of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms by Assyria, and the alphabetic Anatolian languages are fragmentarily attested until the early first millennium AD, eventually succumbing to the Hellenization of Asia Minor. | Les langues anatoliennes sont une branche de la famille des langues indo-européennes parlées en Anatolie aux et millénaires avant notre ère. Elles regroupent le hittite, le louvite, le louvite hiéroglyphique, le palaïte, le lydien, le lycien, le milyen, le carien, le sidétique et le pisidien. | [
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Grande Arche | Arche de la Défense | La Grande Arche de la Défense (; "The Great Arch of the Defense"), also called La Grande Arche de la Fraternité (; "Fraternity"), is a monument and building in the business district of La Défense and in the commune of Puteaux, to the west of Paris, France. It is usually known as the Arche de la Défense or simply as La Grande Arche. A cube, La Grande Arche is part of the perspective from the Louvre to Arc de Triomphe. The distance from La Grande Arche to Arc de Triomphe is. | L’Arche de la Défense ou Grande Arche est un immeuble de bureaux situé dans le quartier d'affaires de La Défense à l'ouest de Paris, sur le territoire de la commune de Puteaux. Inaugurée en 1989 au moment du bicentenaire de la Révolution sous le nom de Grande Arche de la Fraternité, et construite sur l'axe historique parisien, c'est l'un des grands travaux de François Mitterrand réalisés au cours de son premier mandat de président de la République française. | [
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Operation Himmler | Opération Himmler | Operation Himmler (less often known as Operation Konserve or Operation Canned Goods) was a 1939 false flag project planned by Nazi Germany to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany, which was subsequently used by the Nazis to justify the invasion of Poland. This included staging false attacks on themselves using innocent people or concentration camp prisoners. Operation Himmler was arguably the first act of the Second World War in Europe. | L’opération "Himmler" (ou incident de Gleiwitz) est une opération commando montée de toutes pièces par les nazis consistant à simuler, le, une attaque polonaise contre un émetteur radio situé à Gleiwitz alors en territoire allemand (aujourd'hui Gliwice) et qui servit de prétexte pour déclencher l'invasion de la Pologne le, entraînant l'Europe vers la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle est généralement présentée comme une opération sous « fausse bannière ». | [
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Lagaan | Lagaan | Lagaan (), released internationally as Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India, is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language epic sports film written & directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, produced by Aamir Khan. Aamir Khan stars along with debutant Gracy Singh, with British actors Rachel Shelley and Paul Blackthorne playing supporting roles. Made on a then-unprecedented budget of (), the movie was the maiden project from Aamir Khan Productions and was shot in villages near Bhuj. | Lagaan ("लगान") est un film dramatique indien, produit et réalisé par Ashutosh Gowariker, sorti en 2001. L'action se déroule au temps de l'époque victorienne durant le passage des colons britanniques en Inde, il relate la lutte de Bhuvan et des paysans de la province du Champaner pour échapper à l'impot injuste (le "lagaan") qu'exige l'arrogant capitaine Russell, au travers d'un match de cricket. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cedrus | Cèdre | Cedrus, common English name cedar, is a genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae (subfamily Abietoideae). They are native to the mountains of the western Himalayas and the Mediterranean region, occurring at altitudes of 1,500–3,200 m in the Himalayas and 1,000–2,200 m in the Mediterranean. | Les cèdres "(Cedrus") constituent un genre de conifères de la famille des Pinacées, originaire du Moyen-Orient, d'Afrique du Nord et de l'Himalaya, acclimaté en Europe, comprenant des espèces d'arbres majestueux, à bois odorant, à cime conique ou étalée, très utilisées pour l'ornementation des parcs. Les branches de cette essence sont étalées horizontalement et en plans superposés. | [
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DIVX | Digital video express | DIVX (Digital Video Express) is a discontinued digital video format, an unsuccessful attempt to create an alternative to video rental in the United States. | DIVX () était une tentative de système de location par Internet de la société aux États-Unis. L'idée était de vendre aux utilisateurs des disques DIVX (similaires à des DVD) à bas prix. Le disque DIVX avait une période de visionnage limitée, en général 48 heures, après le premier visionnage. Au-delà de cette période le disque pouvait être revisionné en payant à nouveau. Les disques DIVX ne pouvaient être lus que sur des lecteurs spécifiques, qui devaient être reliés à une ligne téléphonique. | [
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AIM (software) | AOL Instant Messenger | AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) was an instant messaging and presence computer program created by AOL, which used the proprietary OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol to allow registered users to communicate in real time. | AIM permet d'utiliser une webcam pour de la visioconférence. Si vous ne disposez que d'une ancienne version d'AIM, vous pouvez avoir recours au logiciel « "Logitech IM Video Companion" ». | [
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Accessibility | Accessibilité | Accessibility in the sense considered here refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments so as to be usable by people with disabilities. The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible development ensures both "direct access" (i.e. unassisted) and "indirect access" meaning compatibility with a person's assistive technology (for example, computer screen readers). | L’accessibilité est un terme initialement relatif au monde du handicap, des enfants ou des personnes âgées, puis étendu à l'ensemble des citoyens et utilisé pour désigner l'accès aux domaines suivants : | [
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Société de Géographie | Société de géographie | The Société de Géographie (; ), is the world's oldest geographical society. It was founded in 1821 as the first Geographic Society. Since 1878, its headquarters have been at 184 Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris. The entrance is marked by two gigantic caryatids representing "Land" and "Sea". It was here, in 1879, that the construction of the Panama Canal was decided. | La Société de géographie est une société savante française. On précise « Société de géographie de Paris » lorsqu'on veut la différencier des autres sociétés. | [
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Pringlea | Chou de Kerguelen | Pringlea antiscorbutica (commonly known as Kerguelen cabbage) is a flowering plant and the sole member of the monotypic genus "Pringlea" in the family Brassicaceae. Its common name comes from the archipelago of its discovery, the Kerguelen Islands, and its generic name derives from Sir John Pringle, President of the Royal Society at the time of its discovery by Captain James Cook's Surgeon, William Anderson in 1776. | Le chou de Kerguelen ("Pringlea antiscorbutica") est une plante de la famille des brassicacées, endémique des îles subantarctiques de l'océan Indien : îles Kerguelen, Heard, Crozet et Marion. L'espèce, inventoriée dès 1776 par le chirurgien William Anderson de l'expédition de James Cook, est la seule représentante du genre "Pringlea". | [
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Utterance | Énoncé | In spoken language analysis, an utterance is the smallest unit of speech. It is a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause. In the case of oral languages, it is generally, but not always, bounded by silence. Utterances do not exist in written language, however, only their representations do. They can be represented and delineated in written language in many ways. | Un énoncé est l'unité linguistique fondamentale de la plupart des analyses modernes en linguistique et en philosophie du langage. Il se distingue de l'acte d'énonciation, qui est le fait de produire un énoncé dans un cadre de communication précis. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Two's complement | Complément à deux | Two's complement is a mathematical operation on binary numbers, and is an example of a radix complement. It is used in computing as a method of signed number representation. | En informatique, le complément à deux est une opération sur les nombres binaires qui permet d'effectuer simplement des opérations arithmériques sur les entiers relatifs. | [
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René Clair | René Clair | René Clair (11 November 1898 – 15 March 1981) born René-Lucien Chomette, was a French filmmaker and writer. He first established his reputation in the 1920s as a director of silent films in which comedy was often mingled with fantasy. He went on to make some of the most innovative early sound films in France, before going abroad to work in the UK and USA for more than a decade. Returning to France after World War II, he continued to make films that were characterised by their elegance and wit, often presenting a nostalgic view of French life in earlier years. He was elected to the Académie française in 1960. Clair's best known films include "The Italian Straw Hat" (1928), "Under the Roofs of Paris" (1930), "Le Million" (1931), "À nous la liberté" (1931), "I Married a Witch" (1942), and "And Then There Were None" (1945). | René Clair, de son vrai nom René Lucien Chomette, né le à Paris et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine, est un réalisateur, scénariste et écrivain français. Il est également membre de l'Académie française de 1960 jusqu'à sa mort, occupant le fauteuil 19. | [
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Propaganda | Propagande | Propaganda is communication that is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented. Propaganda is often associated with material prepared by governments, but activist groups, companies, religious organizations, the media, and individuals can also produce propaganda. | La propagande est un concept désignant un ensemble de techniques de persuasion, mis en œuvre pour propager avec tous les moyens disponibles, une idée, une opinion, une idéologie ou une doctrine et stimuler l'adoption de comportements au sein d'un public-cible. Ces techniques sont exercées sur une population afin de l'influencer, voire de l'endoctriner. La propagande peut utiliser la publicité, car cette dernière vise à modifier des choix, des modèles de société, des opinions et des comportements. La publicité utilise des techniques similaires à celles utilisées par la propagande. Nonobstant la similarité de certaines de leurs caractéristiques, les liens entre propagande et publicité sont largement discutés. | [
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Paris Métro Line 14 | Ligne 14 du métro de Paris | Paris Métro Line 14 (French: "Ligne 14 du métro de Paris") is one of the sixteen lines on the Paris Métro. It connects the stations Saint-Lazare and Olympiades on a north-west south-east diagonal across the centre of Paris. It was operated completely automatically from the beginning, and the very positive return of that experiment motivated the retrofitting of Line 1 for full automation. Before being put into commercial service Line 14 was known as project Météor, an acronym of " MÉTro Est-Ouest Rapide". | La ligne 14 du métro de Paris est l'une des seize lignes du réseau métropolitain de Paris. Elle relie la station "Saint-Lazare" à la station "Olympiades" en traversant le centre de Paris selon une diagonale nord-ouest / sud-est. La ligne est également connue sous son nom de projet : "Meteor", rétroacronyme de « MÉTro Est-Ouest Rapide ». | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ones' complement | Complément à un | The ones' complement of a binary number is defined as the value obtained by inverting all the bits in the binary representation of the number (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa). The ones' complement of the number then behaves like the negative of the original number in some arithmetic operations. To within a constant (of −1), the ones' complement behaves like the negative of the original number with binary addition. However, unlike two's complement, these numbers have not seen widespread use because of issues such as the offset of −1, that negating zero results in a distinct negative zero bit pattern, less simplicity with arithmetic borrowing, etc. | Le complément à un d'un nombre binaire est la valeur obtenue en inversant tous les bits de ce nombre (en permutant les 0 par des 1 et inversement). Le complément à un d'un nombre se comporte alors comme le négatif du nombre original dans certaines opérations arithmétiques. | [
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Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder | Capture de la flotte hollandaise au Helder | The Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder on the night of 23 January, 1795 presents a rare occurrence of a tactical interaction between warships and cavalry, in which a French Revolutionary Hussar regiment surrounded a Dutch fleet frozen at anchor between the stretch of sea that separates the mainland port of Den Helder and the island of Texel. After a charge across the frozen Zuiderzee, the French cavalry captured all 14 Dutch warships lying at anchor. A capture of ships by horsemen is an extremely rare feat in military history. | La capture de la flotte hollandaise au Helder par la cavalerie française du de hussards et le d’infanterie légère eut lieu dans la nuit du, au cours des guerres de la Révolution française. Le théâtre des opérations fut de nouveau au cœur du conflit qui survint quelques années plus tard lors de l'invasion anglo-russe de la Hollande. | [
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Hyères | Hyères | Hyères (), Provençal Occitan: "Ieras" in classical norm, or "Iero" in Mistralian norm) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. | Hyères (prononcé ) est une commune française située dans le département du Var, en Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Chef-lieu de deux cantons, la ville est située sur la rive de la mer Méditerranée à à l'est de Toulon, à l'embouchure du Gapeau. Cette station balnéaire est appelée « Hyères les Palmiers » par la municipalité et l'office du tourisme (voir le logo dans l'infobox) en raison des plantés dans la commune et cultivés dans les pépinières. En 2016, la population hyéroise avait atteint jusqu'à. | [
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MPEG-4 | MPEG-4 | MPEG-4 is a method of defining compression of audio and visual (AV) digital data. It was introduced in late 1998 and designated a standard for a group of audio and video coding formats and related technology agreed upon by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11) under the formal standard ISO/IEC 14496 – "Coding of audio-visual objects". Uses of MPEG-4 include compression of AV data for web (streaming media) and CD distribution, voice (telephone, videophone) and broadcast television applications. The MPEG-4 standard was developed by a group led by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president) and Fernando Pereira. | MPEG-4, également appelé ISO/CEI 14496, est une norme de codage d’objets audiovisuels spécifiée par le (MPEG). La norme MPEG-4 spécifie d'abord des techniques pour gérer le contenu de scènes comprenant un ou plusieurs objets audio-vidéo. Contrairement à MPEG-2 qui visait uniquement des usages liés à la télévision numérique (diffusion DVB et DVD), les usages de MPEG-4 englobent toutes les nouvelles applications multimédias comme le téléchargement et le streaming sur Internet, le multimédia sur téléphone mobile, la radio numérique, les jeux vidéo, la télévision et les supports haute définition. | [
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Filmi | Filmi | Filmi ("of films") music soundtracks are music produced for India's mainstream motion picture industry and written and performed for Indian cinema. In cinema, music directors make up the main body of composers; the songs are performed by playback singers and the genre represents 72% of the music sales market in India. | Filmi ("फ़िल्मी संगीत") est le nom donné à la musique composée pour les films indiens, et notamment pour les intermèdes musicaux dansés, obligatoires. Généralement, les morceaux sont disponibles sous forme de cassettes et de CD - piratés à des millions d'exemplaires - longtemps avant la sortie du film, ce qui fait que les spectateurs indiens connaissent les chansons lors de la sortie du film. Certains films ne sont bénéficiaires que grâce aux revenus engendrés par leur bande originale. Si ces musiques ne plaisent pas, le film ne sort pas. C'est, par essence, la musique populaire de l'Inde. | [
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Claustrophobia | Claustrophobie | Claustrophobia is the fear of confined spaces. It can be triggered by many situations or stimuli, including elevators crowded to capacity, windowless rooms, and hotel rooms with closed doors and sealed windows. Even bedrooms with a lock on the outside, small cars, and tight-necked clothing can induce a response in those with claustrophobia. It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder, which often results in panic attacks. The onset of claustrophobia has been attributed to many factors, including a reduction in the size of the amygdala, classical conditioning, or a genetic predisposition to fear small spaces. | La claustrophobie est la peur des espaces confinés, des lieux clos, des petites pièces et de l'enfermement. Elle est classifiée en tant que trouble anxieux et peut causer une crise de panique. | [
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Organelle | Organite | In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function. Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers (also called membrane-bound organelles) or are spatially distinct functional units without a surrounding lipid bilayer (non-membrane bound organelles). Although most organelles are functional units within cells, some functional units that extend outside of cells are often termed organelles, such as cilia, the flagellum and archaellum, and the trichocyst. | Les organites (parfois nommés " par anglicisme) sont les différentes structures spécialisées contenues dans le cytoplasme et délimitées du reste de la cellule par une membrane phospholipidique. Il existe de nombreux types d'organites, en particulier dans les cellules eucaryotes. On a longtemps pensé qu'il n'y avait pas d'organites chez les cellules procaryotes, mais quelques exceptions ont été mises en évidence. | [
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Parsnip | Panais | The parsnip ("Pastinaca sativa") is a root vegetable closely related to carrot and parsley; all belong to the family Apiaceae. It is a biennial plant usually grown as an annual. Its long, tuberous root has cream-colored skin and flesh, and, left in the ground to mature, it becomes sweeter in flavor after winter frosts. In its first growing season, the plant has a rosette of pinnate, mid-green leaves. If unharvested, in its second growing season it produces a flowering stem topped by an umbel of small yellow flowers, later producing pale brown, flat, winged seeds. By this time, the stem has become woody and the tuberous root inedible. | Le panais ("Pastinaca sativa L.") est une plante herbacée bisannuelle à racine charnue originaire d'Europe, appartenant à la famille des Apiacées (anciennement ombellifères). | [
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Agoraphobia | Agoraphobie | Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms of anxiety in situations where the person perceives their environment to be unsafe with no easy way to escape. These situations can include open spaces, public transit, shopping centers, or simply being outside their home. Being in these situations may result in a panic attack. The symptoms occur nearly every time the situation is encountered and last for more than six months. Those affected will go to great lengths to avoid these situations. In severe cases people may become completely unable to leave their homes. Agoraphobia is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition often runs in families, and stressful or traumatic events such as the death of a parent or being attacked may be a trigger. In the DSM-5 agoraphobia is classified as a phobia along with specific phobias and social phobia. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include separation anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder. Those affected are at higher risk of depression and substance use disorder. Without treatment it is uncommon for agoraphobia to resolve. Treatment is typically with a type of counselling called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT results in resolution for about half of people. Agoraphobia affects about 1.7% of adults. Women are affected about twice as often as men. The condition often begins in early adulthood and becomes less common in old age. It is rare in children. The term "agoraphobia" is from Greek,, meaning a "public square," and,, meaning "fear." | L' (du grec ancien / (« place publique », « assemblée ») et / (« peur »)) est la peur des lieux publics et des espaces ouverts, au sens commun du terme. C'est plus précisément la peur de ne pas pouvoir fuir ou être secouru rapidement. De nombreuses situations et lieux peuvent être évités ou fuis et varient selon les personnes. Les réunions professionnelles ou familiales, les queues au supermarché, les attentes chez le médecin, le dentiste, être enfermé même dehors ou plus précisément être bloqué, très souvent s'éloigner de son domicile est une des grandes peurs d'agoraphobes, comme d'emprunter les autoroutes ou grandes routes fermées par des barrières. Nombre de gens qui se disent agoraphobes sont en fait démophobes : ce ne sont pas les lieux ouverts ou les espaces publics qui les oppressent, mais la foule. L'agoraphobie ne doit pas non plus être confondue avec l'ochlophobie qui correspond à la peur de la foule en tant que masse oppressive. | [
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Mercury-in-glass thermometer | Thermomètre à mercure | The mercury-in-glass or mercury thermometer was invented by physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714). It consists of a bulb containing mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter; the volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume in the bulb. The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature; the small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column a relatively long way up the tube. The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen gas or it may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum. | Le thermomètre à mercure a été inventé par Gabriel Fahrenheit en 1724. Son fonctionnement repose sur du mercure contenu dans un tube de verre. Le volume du mercure, donc la longueur de la colonne dans le tube, est fonction de sa température. On peut lire cette dernière grâce à des marques inscrites le long du tube. Pour augmenter la sensibilité du thermomètre, une ampoule plus large que le tube est formée à l'une de ses extrémités et remplie de mercure ; les petites variations de volume du mercure se traduisent alors par de grands déplacements de l'extrémité de la colonne. L'autre extrémité du tube est remplie d'azote, à une pression plus faible que la pression atmosphérique. | [
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Sequani | Séquanes | The Sequani were a Gallic tribe, dwelling in the upper river basin of the Arar river (Saône), the valley of the Doubs and the Jura Mountains. Their territory corresponded to Franche-Comté and part of Burgundy. | Les Séquanes, Séquanais ou Séquaniens, en latin ',, en grec ancien, sont un peuple gaulois établi à l'est de la Gaule, sur le versant ouest du Jura, particulièrement connu à travers les écrits de Jules César. Leur nom viendrait de l'hydronyme Sequana"', celui-ci étant le nom celtique de la Seine. Ce fleuve ne s'écoulant pas en territoire Séquane, il peut également être la marque d'un déplacement ancien de ce peuple. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Apple Newton | Apple Newton | The Newton is a series of personal digital assistants (PDAs) developed and marketed by Apple Computer, Inc. An early device in the PDA category (the Newton originated the term), it was the first to feature handwriting recognition. Apple started developing the platform in 1987 and shipped the first devices in 1993. Production officially ended on February 27, 1998. Newton devices ran on a proprietary operating system, Newton OS; examples include Apple's MessagePad series and the eMate 300, and other companies also released devices running on Newton OS. Most Newton devices were based on the ARM 610 RISC processor and all featured handwriting-based input. | Le Newton est un assistant personnel numérique mis sur le marché par Apple le et abandonné en 1998. Il préfigure la tablette tactile, qui deviendra un succès planétaire en 2010 avec l'iPad. | [
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Cooking oil | Huile alimentaire | Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic fat used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking. It is also used in food preparation and flavouring not involving heat, such as salad dressings and bread dippings like bread dips, and may be called edible oil. | Une huile alimentaire est une huile végétale comestible, fluide à la température de 15 °C produite par le secteur agroalimentaire quand elle est destinée à la commercialisation. | [
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Gil Amelio | Gil Amelio | Gilbert Frank Amelio (born March 1, 1943) is an American technology executive. Amelio worked at Bell Labs, Fairchild Semiconductor, and the semiconductor division of Rockwell International, and also a former CEO of National Semiconductor and Apple Computer. | Gil Amelio (Gilbert Frank Amelio), né le à New York, est un chef d'entreprise américain. Il a notamment dirigé Apple de 1996 à 1997. | [
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Dark matter | Matière noire | Dark matter is a form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe and about a quarter of its total mass–energy density or about. Its presence is implied in a variety of astrophysical observations, including gravitational effects that cannot be explained by accepted theories of gravity unless more matter is present than can be seen. For this reason, most experts think that dark matter is abundant in the universe and that it has had a strong influence on its structure and evolution. Dark matter is called dark because it does not appear to interact with the electromagnetic field, which means it doesn't absorb, reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation, and is therefore difficult to detect. | La matière noire ou matière sombre (traduction de l'anglais '), parfois aussi nommée de façon plus réaliste matière transparente, désigne une catégorie de matière hypothétique, invoquée pour rendre compte de certaines observations astrophysiques, notamment les estimations de la masse des galaxies ou des amas de galaxies et les propriétés des fluctuations du fond diffus cosmologique. | [
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Peppered moth | Phalène du bouleau | The peppered moth ("Biston betularia") is a temperate species of night-flying moth. Peppered moth evolution is an example of population genetics and natural selection. | La phalène du bouleau (Biston betularia) est un insecte de l'ordre des lépidoptères, de la famille des géométridés. C'est un papillon nocturne des régions tempérées, souvent cité comme exemple d'adaptation à l'évolution de son milieu naturel par mutation puis sélection naturelle. | [
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Steampunk | Steampunk | Steampunk is a retrofuturistic subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy that incorporates technology and aesthetic designs inspired by 19th-century industrial steam-powered machinery. Although its literary origins are sometimes associated with the cyberpunk genre, steampunk works are often set in an alternative history of the 19th century British Victorian era or the American "Wild West", in a future during which steam power has maintained mainstream usage, or in a fantasy world that similarly employs steam power. However, steampunk and neo-Victorian are different in that the neo-Victorian movement does not extrapolate on technology while technology is a key aspect of steampunk. | Le steampunk est un courant essentiellement littéraire dont les intrigues se déroulent dans un dominé par la première révolution industrielle du charbon et de la vapeur ("steam" en anglais). Il s'agit d'une uchronie faisant référence à l'utilisation massive des machines à vapeur au début de la révolution industrielle puis à l'époque victorienne. On y retrouve l'utilisation de matériaux tels que le cuivre, le laiton, le bois et le cuir. | [
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Amish | Amish | The Amish (; ; ) are a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships with Swiss German Anabaptist origins. They are closely related to, but a distinct branch off from, Mennonite churches. The Amish are known for simple living, plain dress, Christian pacifism, and are slower to adopt many conveniences of modern technology, with a view to not interrupting family time, nor replacing face-to-face conversations whenever possible. | Les Amish (Amisch en allemand de Pennsylvanie) sont une communauté religieuse anabaptiste, fondée en 1693 en Suisse par Jakob Amman. Ils sont connus pour mener une vie simple et austère, se tenant à l'écart du progrès et des influences du monde extérieur. | [
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Eliane Karp | Éliane Karp | Eliane Chantal Karp-Toledo is a Peruvian anthropologist, ex-First Lady of Peru, and the wife of the ex-president of Peru, Alejandro Toledo. She specializes in the study of Andean indigenous cultures. | Eliane Karp, née le à Paris, est une anthropologue de nationalités belge, israélienne, américaine et péruvienne. Elle est l'épouse de l'ancien président du Pérou, Alejandro Toledo et est donc entre 2001 et 2006 Première dame du Pérou. | [
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Maple syrup | Sirop d'érable | Maple syrup is a syrup usually made from the xylem sap of sugar maple, red maple, or black maple trees, although it can also be made from other maple species. In cold climates, these trees store starch in their trunks and roots before winter; the starch is then converted to sugar that rises in the sap in late winter and early spring. Maple trees are tapped by drilling holes into their trunks and collecting the exuded sap, which is processed by heating to evaporate much of the water, leaving the concentrated syrup. Most trees can produce of sap per season. | Le sirop d'érable est une solution naturellement sucrée, fabriquée à partir de l'eau (sève) d'érable recueillie au début du printemps et concentrée par ébullition. La qualité du sirop d'érable produit change à mesure que la saison avance, d'un sirop doré au goût délicat à un sirop très foncé au goût prononcé. Des études démontrent que ce changement de "qualité" est dû à la quantité de bactéries qui augmente au fil de la saison. | [
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Champotón, Campeche | Champotón | Champotón is a small city in Champotón Municipality in the Mexican state of Campeche, located at, about 60 km south of the city of Campeche where the small Champotón river meets the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. At the 2010 census it had a population of 30,881. | Champotón, est une ville mexicaine de l'État du Campeche, située dans l'est de la péninsule du Yucatán. Cette agglomération de 23 500 habitants en 2000 se trouve entre les villes plus importantes de "Campeche" au nord et "Chetumal" au sud. | [
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Mikis Theodorakis | Míkis Theodorákis | Michael "Mikis" Theodorakis ( ; born 29 July 1925) is a Greek composer and lyricist who has contributed to contemporary Greek music with over 1000 works. | Míkis Theodorákis (en grec : ), né le sur l’île de Chios en Grèce, est un compositeur et homme politique grec. Son père était originaire de (Crète) et sa mère de Çeşme en Asie Mineure. Il est particulièrement connu pour ses chansons ("Sto Perigiali", "Kaïmos", "Une hirondelle...") et ses musiques de film ("Électre", "Zorba le Grec", "Z", "Serpico"). | [
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Arboreal locomotion | Arboricole | Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose numerous mechanical challenges to animals moving through them and lead to a variety of anatomical, behavioral and ecological consequences as well as variations throughout different species. Furthermore, many of these same principles may be applied to climbing without trees, such as on rock piles or mountains. | Arboricole (du latin "arbor" arbre et "colo" : cultiver, habiter) désigne ce qui a trait aux arbres. Que ce soit la vie dans les arbres ou bien la culture des arbres, l’arboriculture. | [
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Squirrel | Sciuridae | Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae, a family that includes small or medium-size rodents. The squirrel family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including groundhogs), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs amongst other rodents. Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and were introduced by humans to Australia. The earliest known fossilized squirrels date from the Eocene epoch, and among other living rodent families, the squirrels are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormice. | Les sciuridés (Sciuridae) sont une famille de mammifères rongeurs dont le nom vient du latin "Scurius", dérivé du grec σκίουρος composé de σκιά, skiá (« ombre ») et οὐρά, ourá (« queue »), cet animal étant capable de se faire de l’ombre avec sa queue. | [
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Blizzard Entertainment | Blizzard Entertainment | Blizzard Entertainment, Inc. is an American video game developer and publisher based in Irvine, California. A subsidiary of Activision Blizzard, the company was founded on February 8, 1991, under the name Silicon & Synapse, Inc. by three graduates of the University of California, Los Angeles: Michael Morhaime, Frank Pearce and Allen Adham. The company originally concentrated on the creation of game ports for other studios' games before beginning development of their own software in 1993 with games like "Rock n' Roll Racing" and "The Lost Vikings". In 1994, the company became Chaos Studios, Inc., then Blizzard Entertainment after being acquired by distributor Davidson & Associates. | Le studio a été une filiale du groupe français Vivendi (initialement au sein de, puis de l'éditeur Activision Blizzard, à la suite de la fusion opérée en ) jusqu'à la cession de 49 % de ses actions en où Activision Blizzard devient indépendant. | [
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Super Tuesday | Super Tuesday | Super Tuesday is the United States presidential primary election day in February or March when the greatest number of U.S. states hold primary elections and caucuses. Approximately one-third of all delegates to the presidential nominating conventions can be won on Super Tuesday, more than on any other day. The results on Super Tuesday are therefore a strong indicator of the likely eventual nominee of each political party. | Apparu en 1988 aux États-Unis, le Super Tuesday (« Super mardi » en français) désigne un mardi du début du mois de mars (exceptionnellement un mardi de février en 2008) de l'année d'élection présidentielle où un grand nombre d'États votent simultanément lors de primaires ou de caucus pour départager les candidats des deux principaux partis politiques - le Parti démocrate et le Parti républicain - et désigner la personne qui sera le candidat officiel de chacun des deux partis à l'élection présidentielle qui se déroule au début du mois de novembre. Parce que c'est le jour où le plus grand nombre d'États vote, on estime que c'est le jour des primaires le plus important. | [
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Iain Banks | Iain Banks | Iain Banks (16 February 1954 – 9 June 2013) was a Scottish author. He wrote mainstream fiction under the name Iain Banks and science fiction as Iain M. Banks, including the initial of his adopted middle name Menzies (). | Iain Menzies Banks, né le à Dunfermline dans le Fife et mort le, est un écrivain écossais qui publie ses romans grand-public sous le nom de Iain Banks et ses romans de science-fiction sous le nom de Iain M. Banks. Il a étudié l'anglais et la philosophie à l'université de Stirling. En 2009 il devient membre de la Royal Society of Literature. | [
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Hare | Lièvre | Hares and jackrabbits are leporids belonging to the genus Lepus. Hares are classified in the same family as rabbits. They are similar in size and form to rabbits and have similar herbivorous diets, but generally have longer ears and live solitarily or in pairs. Also unlike rabbits, their young are able to fend for themselves shortly after birth rather than emerging blind and helpless. Most are fast runners. Hare species are native to Africa, Eurasia and North America. | Les Lièvres (Lepus) sont un genre de petits mammifères de la famille des Léporidés. Ce sont des animaux sauvages herbivores, proches des lapins. Il existe une trentaine d'espèces de lièvres de par le monde qui diffèrent entre elles par leur taille, leur coloris ou leur mode de vie. Les lièvres sont des animaux relativement solitaires vivant parfois en couple. | [
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Nerve agent | Agent innervant | Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the blocking of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. | Un agent innervant est un poison du système nerveux qui bloque la transmission des informations nerveuses jusqu'aux organes. Ce sont des composés organiques agissant comme inhibiteurs de l'acétylcholinestérase. Cette dernière est l'enzyme qui catalyse normalement l'hydrolyse de l'acétylcholine, un neurotransmetteur, afin que son effet ne se prolonge pas après l'arrêt de l'influx nerveux ; sous l'effet d'un agent innervant, l'acétylcholine n'est plus clivée au niveau des synapses et continue d'agir sur les organes après que l'influx nerveux a cessé. Il en résulte une crise cholinergique qui se manifeste par un ensemble de symptômes : myosis, accélération des sécrétions (salive, larmes, rhinorrhée, bronchorrhée), convulsions, miction et défécation incontrôlées, les premiers symptômes pouvant apparaître quelques secondes après l'exposition. La mort par asphyxie ou par arrêt cardio-circulatoire peut survenir en quelques minutes du fait de la perte du contrôle des fonctions vitales. | [
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Léon: The Professional | Léon (film) | Léon: The Professional (), titled Leon in the UK and Australia (and originally titled The Professional in the US), is a 1994 English-language French action-thriller film written and directed by Luc Besson. It stars Jean Reno, Gary Oldman, and Natalie Portman (in her film debut). The plot follows Léon (Reno), a professional hitman, who reluctantly takes in 12-year-old Mathilda (Portman), after her family is murdered by corrupted Drug Enforcement Administration agent Norman Stansfield (Oldman). Léon and Mathilda form an unusual relationship, as she becomes his protégée and learns the hitman's trade. | Léon, également intitulé Le Professionnel au Québec, est un film français écrit et réalisé par Luc Besson, sorti en 1994. | [
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Herbivore | Herbivore | A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material. | Un phytophage, également désigné comme herbivore (le terme d'herbivore est plus souvent utilisé pour les vertébrés, celui de phytophage pour les invertébrés), est, dans le domaine de la zoologie, un animal (mammifère, insecte, poisson, etc. ) qui se nourrit exclusivement ou presque de plantes vivantes (ou séchées : le foin, par exemple) et non de chair, d'excréments, de champignons ou nécromasse. On peut donc dire que ces animaux sont des hétérotrophes ayant pour source principale de leur alimentation des organismes autotrophes.Le plus grand herbivore terrestre est la girafe, le plus lourd est l'éléphant. | [
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Vehicle armour | Blindage (mécanique) | Military vehicles are commonly armoured (or armored; see spelling differences) to withstand the impact of shrapnel, bullets, missiles or shells, protecting the personnel inside from enemy fire. Such vehicles include armoured fighting vehicles like tanks, aircraft and ships. | En mécanique un blindage est une paroi, destinée à protéger ce qui est derrière, ou une enveloppe, destinée à protéger ce qui se trouve à l'intérieur. | [
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Jean-François Barbier | Jean-François Barbier | Jean-François-Thérèse Barbier (3 December 1754 in Strasbourg, (Bas-Rhin) 6 May 1828 in Strasbourg), was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. | Jean-François-Thérèse Barbier, né le à Strasbourg et mort dans la même ville le, est un général français du Premier Empire. | [
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Viola | Alto (instrument à cordes) | The viola (,, ) is a string instrument that is bowed, plucked, or played with varying techniques. It is slightly larger than a violin and has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of the violin family, between the violin (which is tuned a perfect fifth above) and the cello (which is tuned an octave below). The strings from low to high are typically tuned to C, G, D, and A. | L'alto fait partie de la famille des instruments à cordes frottées. Il ressemble au violon, mais il est plus grand, plus épais, et plus grave. Sa gamme de fréquences fondamentales va de à. | [
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Pattern recognition | Reconnaissance de formes | Pattern recognition is the automated recognition of patterns and regularities in data. It has applications in statistical data analysis, signal processing, image analysis, information retrieval, bioinformatics, data compression, computer graphics and machine learning. Pattern recognition has its origins in statistics and engineering; some modern approaches to pattern recognition include the use of machine learning, due to the increased availability of big data and a new abundance of processing power. However, these activities can be viewed as two facets of the same field of application, and together they have undergone substantial development over the past few decades. A modern definition of pattern recognition is: This article focuses on machine learning approaches to pattern recognition. Pattern recognition systems are in many cases trained from labeled "training" data (supervised learning), but when no labeled data are available other algorithms can be used to discover previously unknown patterns (unsupervised learning). Machine learning is strongly related to pattern recognition and originates from artificial intelligence. KDD and data mining have a larger focus on unsupervised methods and stronger connection to business use. Pattern recognition focuses more on the signal and also takes acquisition and Signal Processing into consideration. It originated in engineering, and the term is popular in the context of computer vision: a leading computer vision conference is named Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. In pattern recognition, there may be a higher interest to formalize, explain and visualize the pattern, while machine learning traditionally focuses on maximizing the recognition rates. Yet, all of these domains have evolved substantially from their roots in artificial intelligence, engineering and statistics, and they've become increasingly similar by integrating developments and ideas from each other. | La reconnaissance de formes (ou parfois reconnaissance de motifs) est un ensemble de techniques et méthodes visant à identifier des "motifs" informatiques à partir de "données brutes" afin de prendre une décision dépendant de la catégorie attribuée à ce motif. On considère que c'est une branche de l'intelligence artificielle qui fait largement appel aux techniques d'apprentissage automatique et aux statistiques. | [
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Signified and signifier | Signifié et signifiant | The terms signified and signifier are most commonly related to semiotics, which is defined by Oxford Dictionaries Online as "the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation". Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, one of the two founders of semiotics, introduced these terms as the two main planes of a sign. The first pertains to the "plane of content" while the latter is the "plane of expression". | En linguistique, le signifié et le signifiant sont les deux faces complémentaires du concept de signe linguistique développé par Ferdinand de Saussure et à sa suite par l'école structuraliste. Le signifié désigne la représentation mentale du concept associé au signe, tandis que le signifiant désigne la représentation mentale de la forme et de l'aspect matériel du signe. | [
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Académie Goncourt | Académie Goncourt | The Société littéraire des Goncourt (Goncourt Literary Society), usually called the académie Goncourt (Goncourt Academy), is a French literary organization based in Paris. It was founded by the French writer and publisher Edmond de Goncourt (1822–1896). He wanted to create a new way to encourage literature in France, and disagreed with the contemporary policies of the Académie française. | L’académie Goncourt est un cénacle littéraire, fondé en 1900, suivant le désir formulé par Edmond de Goncourt (1822-1896) dans son testament olographe déposé le chez son notaire Maître Duplan, désir auquel il associait son frère précédemment disparu, Jules de Goncourt (1830-1870), les deux frères ayant décidé dès 1862 de laisser après eux des mémoires et une académie en leur nom pour. L'objectif originel de cette disposition est bien l'attribution chaque année d'un prix à, mais aussi l'allocation d'indemnités substantielles à chacun des membres de la société. | [
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Walter Hill | Walter Hill (réalisateur) | Walter Hill (born January 10, 1942) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is widely known for his action films and revival of the Western genre. He has directed such films as "The Warriors", "Hard Times", "The Driver", "Southern Comfort", "48 Hrs." and its sequel "Another 48 Hrs.", "Red Heat", "Last Man Standing", "Undisputed", and "Bullet to the Head", as well as writing the screenplay for the Jim Thompson crime drama "The Getaway" starring Steve McQueen and directed by Sam Peckinpah. He has also directed several episodes of television series such as "Tales from the Crypt" and "Deadwood" and produced the "Alien" films. | Walter Hill est un producteur, réalisateur et scénariste américain, né le à Long Beach, en Californie (États-Unis). Il est connu pour ses films d'action aux allures de western. | [
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Pierre Mac Orlan | Pierre Mac Orlan | Pierre Mac Orlan, sometimes written MacOrlan (born Pierre Dumarchey, February 26, 1882 – June 27, 1970), was a French novelist and songwriter. | Pierre Dumarchey, dit Pierre Mac Orlan, est un écrivain français, né le à Péronne et mort le à Saint-Cyr-sur-Morin. Auteur d'une œuvre abondante et variée, il débuta par l'écriture de contes humoristiques, après avoir en vain tenté une carrière dans la peinture. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, son inspiration se tourna vers le registre fantastique et le roman d'aventures. La dernière partie de sa carrière littéraire fut consacrée à l'écriture de chansons, d'essais et de mémoires. | [
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United States presidential election | Élection présidentielle américaine | The election of the president and the vice president of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the fifty U.S. states or in Washington, D.C., cast ballots not directly for those offices, but instead for members of the Electoral College. These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for president, and for vice president. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes (at least 270 out of a total of 538, since the Twenty-Third Amendment granted voting rights to citizens of D.C.) is then elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for president, the House of Representatives chooses the most qualifying candidate for the presidency; if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for vice president, then the Senate elects the vice president. | L’élection présidentielle américaine est un scrutin indirect permettant l'élection du collège électoral qui choisit le président des États-Unis et le vice-président ; ce processus est régi par des règles inscrites dans la Constitution. La désignation des grands électeurs et le choix des candidats font l'objet de règles établies par chacun des États d'où sont issues des traditions plus ou moins formalisées. Depuis la seconde moitié du, ce processus prend environ un an. | [
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Hough transform | Transformée de Hough | The Hough transform is a feature extraction technique used in image analysis, computer vision, and digital image processing. The purpose of the technique is to find imperfect instances of objects within a certain class of shapes by a voting procedure. This voting procedure is carried out in a parameter space, from which object candidates are obtained as local maxima in a so-called accumulator space that is explicitly constructed by the algorithm for computing the Hough transform. | La transformée de Hough est une technique de reconnaissance de formes inventée en 1959 par Paul Hough, faisant l'objet d'un brevet, et utilisée dans le traitement d'images numériques. | [
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Roland Barthes | Roland Barthes | Roland Gérard Barthes (; ; 12 November 1915 – 26 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. Barthes's ideas explored a diverse range of fields and he influenced the development of many schools of theory, including structuralism, semiotics, social theory, design theory, anthropology, and post-structuralism. He was particularly known for developing and extending the field of semiotics through the analysis of a variety of sign systems, mainly derived from Western popular culture. | Roland Barthes, né le à Cherbourg et mort le à Paris, est un philosophe, critique littéraire et sémiologue français, directeur d'études à l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) et professeur au Collège de France. | [
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Exploration of Mars | Exploration du système martien | The planet Mars has been explored remotely by spacecraft. Probes sent from Earth, beginning in the late 20th century, have yielded a large increase in knowledge about the Martian system, focused primarily on understanding its geology and habitability potential. Engineering interplanetary journeys is complicated and the exploration of Mars has experienced a high failure rate, especially the early attempts. Roughly sixty percent of all spacecraft destined for Mars failed before completing their missions and some failed before their observations could begin. Some missions have met with unexpected success, such as the twin Mars Exploration Rovers, which operated for years beyond their specification. | L’exploration de Mars tient une place particulièrement importante dans les programmes scientifiques d'exploration du système solaire des principales puissances spatiales. En 2016, plus de quarante sondes, orbiteurs et atterrisseurs ont été envoyés vers Mars depuis le début des années 1960. Cet intérêt pour Mars répond à plusieurs motivations. Mars constitue d'abord une destination proche ce qui permet d'y envoyer relativement facilement des engins spatiaux. Par ailleurs, contrairement aux autres planètes du Système solaire, Mars a sans aucun doute connu par le passé des conditions assez proches de celles régnant sur Terre qui ont pu, mais cela reste à confirmer, permettre l'apparition de la vie. Depuis l'invention du télescope, cette planète de type terrestre intrigue les scientifiques comme le grand public. Mais le premier survol de Mars par la sonde américaine Mariner 4 (1964) dévoile une planète beaucoup moins accueillante que prévu dotée d'une atmosphère très ténue, sans champ magnétique pour la protéger des rayonnements stérilisants et comportant une surface d'apparence lunaire très ancienne. Toutefois, les observations plus poussées menées par l'orbiteur Mariner 9 (1971) montrent que Mars présente en fait une géologie plus complexe avec des traces de volcanisme et des formes peut-être façonnées par des eaux de surface. | [
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Sam Raimi | Sam Raimi | Samuel M. Raimi (born October 23, 1959) is an American filmmaker, actor, and producer, primarily known for creating the cult horror "Evil Dead" series, and directing the "Spider-Man" trilogy (2002–2007). He also directed the 1990 superhero film "Darkman", the 1998 neo-noir crime-thriller "A Simple Plan", the 2000 supernatural thriller film "The Gift", the 2009 supernatural horror film "Drag Me to Hell", and the 2013 Disney fantasy film "Oz the Great and Powerful". Raimi has also produced several successful television series, including "" and its spin-off "". He founded the production company Renaissance Pictures in 1979. His current project includes "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" which is scheduled for a release on March 25, 2022. | Sam Raimi est un réalisateur, producteur et scénariste américain né le à Royal Oak (États-Unis). Il est surtout connu pour ses contributions dans le domaine du cinéma d'horreur, comme réalisateur de la trilogie cinématographique "Evil Dead" (1981-1993). Il produit plusieurs prolongements de cet univers devenu culte, mais également des films d'horreurs à succès : "The Grudge" (2004) ou "30 jours de nuit" (2007). Il met lui-même en scène "Jusqu'en enfer" (2009). | [
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Rosetta (spacecraft) | Rosetta (sonde spatiale) | Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with "Philae", its lander module, "Rosetta" performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft performed flybys of Earth, Mars, and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins. It was launched as the third cornerstone mission of the ESA's Horizon 2000 programme, after "SOHO""Cluster" and "XMM-Newton". | Rosetta est une mission spatiale de l'Agence spatiale européenne (ASE/ESA) dont l'objectif principal est de recueillir des données sur la composition du noyau de la comète 67P/Tchourioumov-Guérassimenko (surnommée « Tchouri ») et sur son comportement à l'approche du Soleil. La sonde spatiale, d'une masse de trois tonnes, s'est placée en orbite autour de la comète puis, après une période d'observation de plusieurs mois, a envoyé, le, un petit atterrisseur, "Philae", se poser sur sa surface pour analyser, "", la composition de son sol et sa structure. "Rosetta" constitue un projet phare pour l'ESA, qui y a investi plus d'un milliard d'euros. Le comité scientifique européen a décidé sa construction en 1993, après l'abandon d'un projet commun avec la NASA, avec l'objectif d'améliorer notre connaissance du processus de formation du Système solaire, dont les comètes constituent des vestiges. | [
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Verona | Vérone | Verona (, ; or "Veròna") is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Italy, with 258,108 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the second largest city municipality in the region and the third largest in northeast Italy. The metropolitan area of Verona covers an area of and has a population of 714,274 inhabitants. It is one of the main tourist destinations in northern Italy because of its artistic heritage and several annual fairs, shows, and operas, such as the lyrical season in the Arena, an ancient Roman amphitheater. | Vérone (en italien "Verona" /ve'ro:na/) est une très ancienne ville italienne, dans la région de Vénétie (plaine du Pô), sur les rives de l'Adige, à proximité du lac de Garde. | [
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1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment | 1er régiment de chasseurs parachutistes | The 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment () is the oldest and among the most decorated airborne regiments of the French Army. Established in the French Army in 1943 and formerly part of the French Air Force since 1937, the chasseur distinguished its Regimental Colors during the campaigns of the Liberation of Paris, the First Indochina War in 1947, 1950, 1953, 1954 and the Algerian War. This elite regiment is part of the 11th Parachute Brigade. | « Prends garde aux rapaces qui fondent du ciel » Le de chasseurs parachutistes (ou ) est reconnu comme le plus ancien des régiments parachutistes français. Il est constitué en 1943 au Maroc. Il se distingue lors des campagnes de libération de la France, d'Indochine et d'Algérie. Il est basé à Pamiers (Ariège) depuis 1999. | [
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Quakers | Société religieuse des Amis | Quakers, also called Friends, are a historically Christian denomination whose formal name is the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church. Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united by their belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access the light within, or "that of God in every one". | La Société religieuse des Amis est un mouvement religieux fondé en Angleterre au par des dissidents de l'Église anglicane. Les membres de ce mouvement sont communément connus sous le nom de quakers mais ils se nomment entre eux « Amis » et « Amies ». Le mouvement est souvent nommé simplement Société des Amis et le surnom de « quaker » apparaît le plus souvent dans la dénomination officielle, sous la forme Société religieuse des Amis (quakers). Les historiens s'accordent à désigner George Fox comme le principal fondateur ou le plus important meneur des débuts du mouvement. | [
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Creative Commons license | Licence Creative Commons | A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work". A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they (the author) have created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work. | Les licences Creative Commons constituent un ensemble de licences régissant les conditions de réutilisation et de distribution d'œuvres. Élaborées par l'organisation Creative Commons, elles ont été publiées pour la première fois le. | [
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Sagrada Família | Sagrada Família | The Basílica de la Sagrada Família (Catalan: ; ; ('Basilica of the Holy Family')), also known as the Sagrada Família, is a large unfinished Roman Catholic minor basilica in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Designed by Spanish/Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), his work on the building is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. On 7 November 2010, Pope Benedict XVI consecrated the church and proclaimed it a minor basilica. | La Sagrada Família,'de son nom complet en catalan, ou'en espagnol (en français : « temple expiatoire de la Sainte Famille ») est une basilique de Barcelone dont la construction a commencé en 1882. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Piranha | Piranha | A piranha or piraña (,, or ;, ), a member of family Serrasalmidae, or a member of the subfamily Serrasalminae within the tetra family, Characidae in order Characiformes, is a freshwater fish that inhabits South American rivers, floodplains, lakes and reservoirs. Although often described as extremely predatory and mainly feeding on fish, their dietary habits vary extensively, and they will also take plant material, leading to their classification as omnivorous. | Le terme Piranha (prononcé ou ) est un nom ambigu qui désigne plusieurs espèces de poissons d'eau douce vivant dans les rivières d'Amérique du Sud. Les piranhas font partie de la famille des Characidae, sous-famille des Serrasalminae. | [
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Orange, Vaucluse | Orange (Vaucluse) | Orange (; Provençal in classical norm or "Aurenjo" in Mistralian norm) is a commune in the Vaucluse Department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France, about north of Avignon. It has a primarily agricultural economy. | Orange ("Aurenja" en occitan), surnommée la « Cité des Princes », est une commune française située au nord-ouest du département de Vaucluse en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. | [
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Bey | Bey (titre) | "Bey" ( “"Beik"”,,, “"Beyeh"”, “"Beyg"” or بگ “"Beg"”) is a Turkish title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders or rulers of various sized areas in the Ottoman Empire. The feminine equivalent title was Begum. The regions or provinces where "beys" ruled or which they administered were called "beylik", roughly meaning "khanate", "emirate" or "principality" in the first case and "province" or "governorate" in the second (the equivalent of duchy in other parts of Europe). | Un bey est un titre turc désignant à l'origine un « chef de clan ». Historiquement, de nombreux chefs ottomans (turcs, perses, albanais ou Nord-africain) furent appelés "bey", "beg" ou "beigh". | [
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Frame Relay | Relais de trames | Frame Relay is a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the physical and data link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology. Originally designed for transport across Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) infrastructure, it may be used today in the context of many other network interfaces. | Le relayage de trames (ou FR, pour l'anglais Frame Relay) est un protocole à commutation de paquets situé au niveau de la couche de liaison (niveau 2) du modèle OSI, utilisé pour les échanges intersites (WAN). Il a été inventé par Eric Scace, ingénieur chez Sprint International. | [
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List of beys of Tunis | Bey de Tunis | The beys of Tunis were the monarchs of Tunisia from 1705, when the Husainid dynasty acceded to the throne, until 1957, when monarchy was abolished. | Le bey de Tunis est à l'origine un gouverneur représentant l'Empire ottoman à Tunis (Tunisie). Le régime beylical, qui met fin à l'épisode d'Ibrahim Cherif qui suit la dynastie des Mouradites, se transforme rapidement en monarchie dont le bey est le souverain. À partir du, les beys issus de la dynastie des Husseinites, fondée par Hussein Bey, acquièrent une autonomie de fait, c'est-à-dire une quasi-indépendance, vis-à-vis de leur suzerain : le sultan ottoman. | [
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Plesiochronous digital hierarchy | Hiérarchie numérique plésiochrone | The plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre optic and microwave radio systems. The term "plesiochronous" is derived from Greek "plēsios", meaning near, and "chronos", time, and refers to the fact that PDH networks run in a state where different parts of the network are nearly, but not quite perfectly, synchronized. | La hiérarchie numérique plésiochrone ou PDH (en anglais "Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy") est une technologie utilisée dans les réseaux de télécommunications afin de véhiculer les voies téléphoniques numérisées. Le terme « plésiochrone » vient du grec "plesio" (proche) et "chronos" (temps) et reflète le fait que les réseaux PDH utilisent des éléments identiques mais non parfaitement synchronisés : ils ont un même débit nominal pour toutes les artères du même type mais ce débit diffère légèrement en fonction de l'horloge de traitement local. | [
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Jean de Béthencourt | Jean de Béthencourt | Jean de Béthencourt () (1362–1425) was a French explorer who in 1402 led an expedition to the Canary Islands, landing first on the north side of Lanzarote. From there he conquered for Castile the islands of Fuerteventura (1405) and El Hierro, ousting their local chieftains ("majos" and "bimbaches", ancient peoples). Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands but he recognized King Henry III of Castile, who had provided aid during the conquest, as his overlord. | Jean de Béthencourt, né en 1360 ou 1362 au château de Grainville-la-Teinturière, en Normandie, où il est mort en 1425, est un explorateur et conquérant français qui mena en 1402 une expédition aux îles Canaries, débarquant à Lanzarote puis conquérant les îles de Fuerteventura (1405) et de Hierro, chassant les chefs locaux des Guanches, le peuple natif des îles Canaries. Béthencourt reçut le titre de seigneur des îles Canaries mais reconnut comme son suzerain le roi Henri III de Castille, qui lui avait fourni une aide durant la conquête. | [
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History of medieval Tunisia | Tunisie à l'époque médiévale | The medieval era of Tunisia starts with what will eventually return Ifriqiya (Tunisia, and the entire Maghrib) to local Berber rule. The Shia Islamic Fatimid Caliphate departed to their newly conquered territories in Egypt leaving the Zirid dynasty to govern in their stead. The Zirids would eventually break all ties to the Fatimids and formally embrace Sunni Islamic doctrines. | La Tunisie à l'époque médiévale est marquée par le développement urbanistique du pays et l'apparition de grands penseurs tels que l'historien et père de la sociologie moderne Ibn Khaldoun. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Polypropylene | Polypropylène | Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene. | Le polypropylène (ou polypropène) isotactique, de sigle PP (ou PPi) et de formule chimique (-CH-CH(CH)-), est un polymère thermoplastique semi-cristallin de grande consommation. | [
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Bellovaci | Bellovaques | The Bellovaci were a Belgic tribe, dwelling in the modern Picardy region, near present-day Beauvais. After the Bellovaci were defeated by Caesar in 57 BC, they gave lukewarm support to the Gallic revolt led by Vercingetorix in 52 BC. The Bellovaci nonetheless organized resistance against Rome in 51 BC. | Les Bellovaques (en ) sont un des peuples gaulois de la Gaule belgique. C’était l’un des plus importants numériquement et ils étaient les premiers des "Belgae". Ils avaient pour voisins, au sud, les "Parisii" et Véliocasses, à l’ouest, les Calètes, au nord, les Ambiens et à l’est, les Silvanectes et Suessions. | [
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Dido | Didon | Dido ( ;, ), also known as Alyssa or Elissa (, ), was the legendary founder and first queen of the Phoenician city-state of Carthage, located in modern Tunisia. Known only through ancient Greek and Roman sources, most of which were written well after Carthage's founding, her historicity remains uncertain. In most accounts, she was the queen of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre, located in modern Lebanon, who flees her tyranny to found her own city in northwest Africa. | Didon (), "Elyssa", "Elissa", "Elisha", "Elysha" ou "Hélissa", est une princesse phénicienne, fondatrice légendaire et première reine de Carthage. Arrivée des côtes de Phénicie (actuel Liban) aux côtes d'Afrique du Nord, dans l'actuelle Tunisie, elle fonde la cité de Carthage. Selon la légende, elle se serait immolée par le feu pour ne pas avoir à épouser le souverain des lieux, Hiarbas. | [
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Beaugency | Beaugency | Beaugency is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is located on the Loire river, upriver (northeast) from Blois and downriver from Orléans. | Beaugency est une commune française située dans le département du Loiret en région Centre-Val de Loire. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Balgentiens". | [
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History of modern Tunisia | Histoire de la Tunisie depuis 1956 | In its modern history, Tunisia is a sovereign republic, officially called the Republic of Tunisia. Tunisia has over ten million citizens, almost all of Arab-Berber descent. The Mediterranean Sea is to the north and east, Libya to the southeast, and Algeria to the west. Tunis is the capital and the largest city (over 800,000); it is located near the ancient site of the city of Carthage. | La Tunisie, en 1956, devient un pays indépendant après avoir connu le protectorat français de 1881 à 1956. Son premier président de la République est Habib Bourguiba, remplacé en 1987 par Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali. Ce dernier s'enfuit le sous la pression d'une révolte populaire, rapidement devenue révolution. | [
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Veliky Novgorod | Novgorod | Veliky Novgorod (), also known as Novgorod the Great, or Novgorod Veliky, or just Novgorod (meaning "newtown"), is one of the oldest and most important historic cities in Russia, with more than 1,000 years of history. The city serves as the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg. UNESCO recognized Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992. The city has a population of | Novgorod (en,, « Novgorod la Grande ») est une ville historique du nord-ouest de la Russie européenne et la capitale administrative de l'oblast de Novgorod. Sa population s'élevait à en 2016. | [
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Gustav Mahler | Gustav Mahler | Gustav Mahler (; 7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was an Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer, and one of the leading conductors of his generation. As a composer he acted as a bridge between the 19th century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect, which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era. After 1945 his compositions were rediscovered by a new generation of listeners; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century. In 2016, a "BBC Music Magazine" survey of 151 conductors ranked three of his symphonies in the top ten symphonies of all time. | Gustav Mahler (prononcé en allemand), né à Kaliště dans l'Empire d'Autriche le et mort à Vienne le, est un compositeur, chef d'orchestre et pianiste autrichien. | [
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Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda | Association mondiale anationale | Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda (SAT; ) is an independent worldwide cultural Esperanto association of a general left-wing orientation. Its headquarters are in Paris. According to Jacques Schram, chairman of the Executive Committee, the membership totalled 881 in 2003. In 2006 SAT had 724 members. | L’Association mondiale anationale (en espéranto : "Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda", SAT) est une association dont le but est de rendre actif l’usage de la langue internationale espéranto à travers le monde, sans distinction des frontières nationales, chacun étant membre individuel de l’association. Elle s’est appuyée à sa création sur les regroupements de travailleurs. | [
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