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Wave propagation | Propagation des ondes | Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel. With respect to the direction of the oscillation relative to the propagation direction, we can distinguish between longitudinal wave and transverse waves. | La propagation des ondes est un phénomène physique dont découlent l'évolution et la progression d'une onde au sein d’un milieu, ou encore certains mouvements d'une particule dans l'espace et le temps. | [
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Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne | Congrès international d'architecture moderne | The Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne (CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main domains of architecture (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, and many others). | Les congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne ou CIAM, sont nés du besoin de promouvoir une architecture et un urbanisme fonctionnels. La première rencontre eut lieu en 1928, à La Sarraz (Suisse), et Le Corbusier y joua un rôle important. Le dernier congrès "officiel" des CIAM, le du nom, eut lieu à Dubrovnik en 1956. Mais c'est en 1959, à Otterlo, aux Pays-Bas, que certains membres décidèrent de mettre fin à ces congrès. Certains d'entre eux ont poursuivi les réunions sous la dénomination Team 10. | [
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Chinese script styles | Styles de caractères chinois | In Chinese calligraphy, Chinese characters can be written according to five major styles. These styles are intrinsically linked to the history of Chinese script. | Les styles des sinogrammes chinois sont l'ensemble des styles graphiques pouvant être utilisés pour transcrire les sinogrammes. Lorsque la transcription est pratiquée traditionnellement, elle se fait au pinceau, l'on parle de calligraphie chinoise ( pinyin, littéralement : l'art, voire la discipline de l'écriture). Ces styles sont intrinsèquement liés à l'histoire de l'écriture chinoise et composés de plusieurs grands styles calligraphiques principaux, ayant chacun des variantes plus ou moins fines. Il existe ensuite des styles mécaniques (imprimerie), et depuis plus récemment des styles infographiques. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Paul Allen | Paul Allen | Paul Gardner Allen (January 21, 1953 – October 15, 2018) was an American business magnate, researcher, investor, and philanthropist. He was best known for co-founding Microsoft Corporation with childhood friend Bill Gates in 1975, which helped spark the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, later making Microsoft the world's largest personal computer software company. Allen was ranked as the 44th-wealthiest person in the world by "Forbes" in 2018, with an estimated net worth of $20.3 billion at the time of his death. | Paul Gardner Allen, né le à Seattle (État de Washington, États-Unis) et mort le dans la même ville, est un informaticien, chef d'entreprise, homme d'affaires et mécène américain. Pionnier et visionnaire dans le domaine de la micro-informatique, il cofonde en 1975, avec Bill Gates, la société Microsoft. Il est aussi patron actionnaire d'un empire financier de multiples sociétés dans les domaines des hautes technologies, de la recherche, des médias et des sports, regroupées pour la plupart sous la société mère Vulcan Ventures. En 2011, Paul Allen est considéré comme le 57 homme le plus riche au monde avec une fortune personnelle de 13 milliards de dollars. | [
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Zorro | Zorro | Zorro (Spanish for 'Fox') is a fictional character created in 1919 by American pulp writer Johnston McCulley, and appearing in works set in the Pueblo of Los Angeles during the era of Spanish California (1769–1821). He is typically portrayed as a dashing masked vigilante who defends the commoners and indigenous peoples of California against corrupt and tyrannical officials and other villains. His signature all-black costume includes a cape, a hat known as a, and a mask covering the upper half of his face. | Zorro (mot qui signifie « renard » en espagnol) est un personnage de fiction créé en 1919 par Johnston McCulley (1883-1958) : c'est un justicier masqué vêtu de noir qui combat l'injustice dans la ville de Los Angeles, en Californie espagnole (Alta California) (1769-1821) au sein de la Nouvelle-Espagne, à l'époque où Monterey en était la capitale. Son costume entièrement noir comprend une cape, un chapeau connu sous le nom de sombrero cordobés, et un masque domino qui couvre la partie supérieure de son visage. Ce personnage a inspiré des romans, des bandes dessinées, des films, des séries télévisées, des dessins animés, des jeux et d'autres héros masqués tels que Batman chez DC Comics (du propre aveu du dessinateur Bob Kane) ou El Aguila chez Marvel Comic. | [
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Siteswap | Siteswap | Siteswap is a numeric juggling notation used to describe or represent juggling patterns. It is also referred to as Quantum Juggling, or The Cambridge Notation. "Siteswap" may also be used to describe siteswap patterns, possible patterns transcribed using siteswap. Throws are represented by positive integers that specify the number of beats in the future when the object is caught, which is related to their relative height, and the hand to which the throw is to be made: "The idea behind siteswap is to keep track of the order that balls are thrown and caught, and only that." It is an invaluable tool in determining which combinations of throws yield valid juggling patterns for a given number of objects, and has led to previously unknown patterns (such as 441). However, it does not describe body movements such as behind-the-back and under-the-leg. Siteswap assumes that, "throws happen on beats that are equally spaced in time." | Le siteswap est une notation de jonglerie qui décrit le rythme des lancers et donc la trajectoire des objets dans l’espace. Elle s’est imposée comme langage de référence pour décrire et communiquer les séquences de jonglerie intéressantes en solo et à plusieurs jongleurs. La notation consiste en une séquence de chiffres codant pour chaque lancer le nombre de temps s’écoulant jusqu’à la relance du même objet. Ceci permet de modéliser et d’inventer une infinité de séquences, quel que soit le nombre d’objets ou de sites de lancer (de mains par exemple, mais pas uniquement). Malgré sa rudesse mathématique décriée par certains jongleurs, le siteswap a largement contribué à enrichir le répertoire des figures de jonglerie. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Radiocarbon dating | Datation par le carbone 14 | Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon. | La datation par le carbone 14, dite également datation par le radiocarbone ou datation par comptage du carbone 14 résiduel, est une méthode de datation radiométrique fondée sur la mesure de l'activité radiologique du carbone 14 (C) contenu dans la matière organique dont on souhaite connaître l'âge absolu, c'est-à-dire le temps écoulé depuis la mort de l'organisme (animal ou végétal) qui le constitue. | [
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Diplomacy (game) | Diplomatie (jeu) | Diplomacy is an American strategic board game created by Allan B. Calhamer in 1954 and released commercially in the United States in 1959. Its main distinctions from most board wargames are its negotiation phases (players spend much of their time forming and betraying alliances with other players and forming beneficial strategies) and the absence of dice and other game elements that produce random effects. Set in Europe in the years leading to the Great War, "Diplomacy" is played by two to seven players, each controlling the armed forces of a major European power (or, with fewer players, multiple powers). Each player aims to move his or her few starting units and defeat those of others to win possession of a majority of strategic cities and provinces marked as "supply centers" on the map; these supply centers allow players who control them to produce more units. Following each round of player negotiations, each player can issue attack and support orders, which are then executed during the movement phase. A player takes control of a province when the number of provinces that are given orders to support the attacking province exceeds the number of provinces given orders to support the defending province. | Le préfet du prétoire ("præfectus prætorio") est l'officier commandant la garde prétorienne à Rome, sous le Haut-Empire, et un haut fonctionnaire à la tête d' du prétoire, dans l'Antiquité tardive. | [
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Mammoth | Mammouth | A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus, one of the many genera that make up the order of trunked mammals called proboscideans. The various species of mammoth were commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Pliocene epoch (from around 5 million years ago) into the Holocene at about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. They were members of the family Elephantidae, which also contains the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors. | Cameraria ohridella est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Gracillariidae, de la sous-famille des Lithocolletinae, originaire des Balkans. C'est un petit papillon dont la chenille ravageuse est appelée Mineuse ou Teigne minière du marronnier. Cet insecte qui était inconnu de la science avant les années 1980 est en quelques années, pour des raisons inconnues, devenu ravageur, infestant des millions de marronniers ("Aesculus hippocastanum") dans presque toute l'Europe occidentale, provoquant le dessèchement du feuillage prématurément en été. Il était toutefois présent en Grèce dès le. Une nouvelle maladie (chancre bactérien du marronnier) est apparue peu après son arrivée. Elle se propage également en Europe. On suspecte donc qu'elle puisse être facilitée par les ouvertures que le papillon laisse dans les feuilles après son émergence et il n'est pas impossible que ce papillon participe à disséminer la bactérie responsable. Mais ces soupçons ne sont pas encore confirmés par des preuves scientifiques. | [
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Ahmadou Ahidjo | Ahmadou Ahidjo | Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (24 August 1924 – 30 November 1989) was a Cameroonian politician who was the first President of Cameroon, holding the office from 1960 until 1982. Ahidjo played a major role in Cameroon's independence from France as well as reuniting the French and English-speaking parts of the country. During Ahidjo's time in office, he established a centralized political system. Ahidjo established a single-party state under the Cameroon National Union (CNU) in 1966. In 1972, Ahidjo abolished the federation in favor of a unitary state. Ahidjo resigned from the presidency in 1982, and Paul Biya assumed the presidency. This was an action which was surprising to Cameroonians. Accused of being behind a coup plot against Biya in 1984, Ahidjo was sentenced to death in absentia, but he died of natural causes. | Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (né le à Nassarao, près de Garoua, Cameroun français - mort le à Dakar, Sénégal) est le premier président de la République du Cameroun. | [
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Slavic languages | Langues slaves | The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples or their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic, spoken during the Early Middle Ages, which in turn is thought to have descended from the earlier Proto-Balto-Slavic language, linking the Slavic languages to the Baltic languages in a Balto-Slavic group within the Indo-European family. | Les langues slaves sont des langues indo-européennes, du groupe balto-slave. Les langues slaves forment un groupe de langues important dont les locuteurs se situent majoritairement en Europe centrale, Balkans, Europe de l'Est, Sibérie, Extrême-Orient russe, Asie centrale. | [
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History of Syria | Histoire de la Syrie | The history of Syria covers events which occurred on the territory of the present Syrian Arab Republic and events which occurred in the region of Syria. The present Syrian Arab Republic spans territory which was first unified in the 10th century BCE under the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the capital of which was the city of Assur, from which the name "Syria" most likely derives. This territory was then conquered by various rulers, and settled in by different peoples. Syria is considered to have emerged as an independent country for the first time on 24 October 1945, upon the signing of the United Nations Charter by the Syrian government, effectively ending France’s mandate by the League of Nations to "render administrative advice and assistance to the population" of Syria, which came in effect on April 1946. On 21 February 1958, however, Syria merged with Egypt to create the United Arab Republic after plebiscitary ratification of the merger by both countries’ nations, but seceded from it in 1961, thereby recovering its full independence. Since 1963, the Syrian Arab Republic has been ruled by the Ba’ath Party, run by the Assad family exclusively since 1970. Currently Syria is fractured between rival forces on the course of the Syrian Civil War. | L'histoire de la Syrie est marquée par sa situation exceptionnelle. C'est un territoire de transition au carrefour de plusieurs mondes : la Méditerranée, la Mésopotamie, la Perse, l'Inde, l'Asie mineure, les terres du Caucase, et l'Égypte. La Syrie était traversée par les plus importantes voies commerciales, entre l'Europe, la Chine (route de la soie) et l'Inde. | [
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Geography of Cameroon | Géographie du Cameroun | At, Cameroon is the world's 53rd largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and US state of California. It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. Cameroon's landmass is, with of water. | Le Cameroun est un pays d'Afrique centrale. Il est cependant très étendu en latitude : riverain du bassin du Congo au sud, il atteint au nord les rives sahéliennes du Lac Tchad. Bordé par l'océan Atlantique, le pays est dominé par l'un des massifs montagneux les plus hauts d'Afrique. L'ensemble constitue une très grande variété de domaines bio-géographiques, si bien qu'on a pu parler d'une Afrique en miniature. Cette comparaison peut être poursuivie dans le domaine démographique : alors que l'ouest et le nord se rattachent aux hautes densités des pays du Golfe de Guinée, le sud et l'est connaissent les plus faibles densités de l'Afrique centrale. | [
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Free City of Danzig | Ville libre de Dantzig | The Free City of Danzig (; ) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 towns and villages in the surrounding areas. It was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I. | La ville libre de Dantzig (en ; en ) est une cité-État sous la protection de la Société des Nations de 1919 à 1939, devenue depuis l'actuelle ville polonaise de Gdańsk. | [
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Computer simulation | Simulation informatique | Computer simulation is the process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer, which is designed to predict the behaviour of or the outcome of a real-world or physical system. Since they allow to check the reliability of chosen mathematical models, computer simulations have become a useful tool for the mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics (computational physics), astrophysics, climatology, chemistry, biology and manufacturing, as well as human systems in economics, psychology, social science, health care and engineering. Simulation of a system is represented as the running of the system's model. It can be used to explore and gain new insights into new technology and to estimate the performance of systems too complex for analytical solutions. | La simulation informatique ou numérique désigne l'exécution d'un programme informatique sur un ordinateur ou réseau en vue de simuler un phénomène physique réel et complexe (par exemple : chute d’un corps sur un support mou, résistance d’une plateforme pétrolière à la houle, fatigue d’un matériau sous sollicitation vibratoire, usure d’un roulement à billes...). Les simulations numériques scientifiques reposent sur la mise en œuvre de "modèles théoriques" utilisant souvent la technique des éléments finis. Elles sont donc une adaptation aux moyens numériques de la modélisation mathématique, et servent à étudier le fonctionnement et les propriétés d’un système modélisé ainsi qu’à en prédire son évolution. On parle également de calcul numérique. Les interfaces graphiques permettent la visualisation des résultats des calculs par des images de synthèse. | [
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Molecular dynamics | Dynamique moléculaire | Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules. The atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a fixed period of time, giving a view of the dynamic "evolution" of the system. In the most common version, the trajectories of atoms and molecules are determined by numerically solving Newton's equations of motion for a system of interacting particles, where forces between the particles and their potential energies are often calculated using interatomic potentials or molecular mechanics force fields. The method is applied mostly in chemical physics, materials science, and biophysics. | La dynamique moléculaire est une technique de simulation numérique permettant de modéliser l'évolution d'un système de particules au cours du temps. Elle est particulièrement utilisée en sciences des matériaux et pour l'étude des molécules organiques, des protéines, de la matière molle et des macromolécules. | [
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Daucus | Daucus | Daucus is a worldwide genus of herbaceous plants of the celery family Apiaceae of which the best-known species is the cultivated carrot. "Daucus" has about 25 species. The oldest carrot fossil is 1.3 Ma, and was found in Madeira island (Atlantic ocean) | Daucus est un genre de plantes herbacées de la famille des Apiacées (Ombellifères) dont l'espèce la plus connue est la carotte cultivée. | [
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Metrology | Métrologie | Metrology is the scientific study of measurement. It establishes a common understanding of units, crucial in linking human activities. Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution's political motivation to standardise units in France, when a length standard taken from a natural source was proposed. This led to the creation of the decimal-based metric system in 1795, establishing a set of standards for other types of measurements. Several other countries adopted the metric system between 1795 and 1875; to ensure conformity between the countries, the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) was established by the Metre Convention. This has evolved into the International System of Units (SI) as a result of a resolution at the 11th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) in 1960. | La métrologie est la science de la mesure. Elle définit les principes et les méthodes permettant de garantir et maintenir la confiance envers les mesures résultant des processus de mesure. Il s'agit d'une science transversale qui s'applique dans tous les domaines où des mesures quantitatives sont effectuées. | [
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María Casares | Maria Casarès | María Casares (21 November 1922 – 22 November 1996) was a Spanish-French actress and one of the most distinguished stars of the French stage and cinema. She was credited in France as Maria Casarès. | Maria Casarès, née María Victoria Casares Pérez le à La Corogne, en Galice (Espagne), et morte le à Alloue (France), est une actrice de cinéma et de théâtre espagnole, naturalisée française. | [
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Pavlik Morozov | Pavel Morozov | Pavel Trofimovich Morozov (; 14 November 1918 – 3 September 1932), better known by the diminutive Pavlik, was a Soviet youth praised by the Soviet press as a martyr. His story, dated to 1932, is that of a 13-year-old boy who denounced his father to the authorities and was in turn killed by his family. His story was a subject of reading, songs, plays, a symphonic poem, a full-length opera and six biographies. The apotheosic cult had a huge impact on the moral norms of generations of children, who were encouraged to inform on their parents. | Pavel Trofimovitch Morozov, dit Pavlik Morozov (né le et mort le à Guerassimovka en URSS), est un jeune paysan de l'Union soviétique érigé en icône du communisme, parce qu'il n'aurait pas hésité – selon le mythe – à dénoncer son père qui était un opposant à la collectivisation. Son titre officiel était celui de « pionnier-héros numéro 001 de l’Union soviétique ». | [
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Bruce Springsteen | Bruce Springsteen | Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician who is both a solo artist and the leader of the E Street Band. A native of the Jersey Shore, he received critical acclaim for his early 1970s albums and attained worldwide fame upon the release of "Born to Run" in 1975. During a career that has spanned five decades, Springsteen has become known for his poetic and socially conscious lyrics and lengthy, energetic stage performances, earning the nickname "The Boss". He has recorded both rock albums and folk-oriented works, and his lyrics often address the experiences and struggles of working-class Americans. | Bruce Springsteen, né le à Long Branch (New Jersey), est un chanteur, auteur-compositeur et guitariste américain. Il est l'un des artistes les plus populaires aux États-Unis, avec plus de 64 millions d'albums écoulés, pour un total de plus de 130 millions à travers le monde. Selon le classement établi par le magazine "Rolling Stone", il figure à la parmi les 100 plus grands chanteurs anglo-saxons de tous les temps, ainsi qu'à la des 100 plus grands artistes. Il est classé meilleur guitariste de tous les temps sur 100. | [
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Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa | Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa | Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, commonly known as the European mole cricket, is widespread in Europe and has been introduced to the eastern United States. The scientific name is derived from the Latin 'gryllus' meaning a cricket and 'talpa', a mole, and is descriptive because of the fine dense fur by which it is covered and its subterranean habits, and because of the mole-like forelegs adapted for digging, a good example of convergent evolution. | Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, la courtilière commune, ou taupette ou simplement Courtilière ("Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa") est une espèce d'insectes orthoptères de la famille des Gryllotalpidae, originaire d'Europe occidentale. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Blackwood convention | Blackwood (bridge) | In the partnership card game contract bridge, the Blackwood convention is a popular bidding convention that was developed by Easley Blackwood. It is used to explore the partnership's possession of aces, kings and in some variants, the queen of trumps, to judge more precisely whether slam is likely to be a good contract. | Dans le jeu de bridge, la convention Blackwood est utilisée pour connaître surtout les as mais également les rois ou la dame d'atout dans les cartes du partenaire. | [
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Hold up (bridge) | Laisser-passer | In the card game of contract bridge, to hold up means to play low to a trick led by the opponents, losing it intentionally in order to sever their communication. The primary purpose is to give as many tricks to opponents as needed to exhaust all the cards in the suit from one of their hands. If that hand regains the lead, it will not be able to put the partner on lead to cash its tricks. Hold up is one of basic techniques in play. | Dans le jeu de bridge le laisser-passer ("holdup") est une technique de jeu qui consiste à ne pas chercher à prendre tout de suite la main dans une couleur jouée par la partie adverse alors qu'on pourrait le faire. Le plus souvent, cette manœuvre est effectuée par le déclarant à l'entame d'un contrat à sans-atout et a pour but de couper les communications dans la couleur jouée afin que si le défenseur initialement court dans cette couleur venait à reprendre la main plus tard dans la donne, il n'ait plus de carte de cette couleur. | [
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Charun | Charun | In Etruscan mythology, Charun (also spelled Charu, or Karun) acted as one of the psychopompoi of the underworld (not to be confused with the god of the underworld, known to the Etruscans as Aita). He is often portrayed with Vanth, a winged figure also associated with the underworld. | Charun (ou Charu ou Karun) est le psychopompe du monde souterrain dans la mythologie étrusque, emprunté directement de Charon de la mythologie grecque. | [
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Etruscan religion | Religion étrusque | Etruscan religion comprises a set of stories, beliefs, and religious practices of the Etruscan civilization, originating in the 7th century BC from the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture, heavily influenced by the mythology of ancient Greece and Phoenicia, and sharing similarities with concurrent Roman mythology and religion. As the Etruscan civilization was assimilated into the Roman Republic in the 4th century BC, the Etruscan religion and mythology were partially incorporated into ancient Roman culture, following the Roman tendency to absorb some of the local gods and customs of conquered lands. | La religion étrusque comprend un ensemble d'histoires, de croyances et de pratiques religieuses de la civilisation étrusque, qui remonte au de la culture villanovienne de l'âge du fer précédente, fortement influencée par la mythologie de la Grèce antique et de la Phénicie, et partageant des similitudes avec la mythologie et la religion romaines. | [
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Signal (bridge) | Signaler (bridge) | In the card game of contract bridge, partners defending against a contract may play particular cards in a manner which gives a coded meaning or "signal" to guide their subsequent card play; also referred to as "carding". Signals are usually given with the cards from the two-spot to the nine-spot. There are three types of signals: | Au bridge les défenseurs peuvent choisir des cartes particulières à jouer pour communiquer un "signal". L'ensemble des techniques mises en œuvre pour transmettre cette information est appelée signalisation. | [
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Magistrate | Magistrat | The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a "magistratus" was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive powers. In other parts of the world, such as China, a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court, and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters. In other jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales), magistrates may be volunteers without formal legal training who perform a judicial role with regard to minor matters. | Le terme magistrat est né dans la Rome antique et il est toujours utilisé aujourd'hui, mais ne recouvre pas la même notion. Un magistrat au est une personne ayant un pouvoir judiciaire. | [
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Anwar Sadat | Anouar el-Sadate | Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat (,, ;, ; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician who served as the third President of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President Jimmy Carter, for which they were recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize. | Anouar el-Sadate, transcrit également "ʼAnwar as-Sādāt" (en ; nom complet Mohamed Anouar el-Sadate "Muḥammad ʼAnwar as-Sādāt", prononcé en arabe égyptien ), né le et assassiné le, est un homme d'État égyptien. | [
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The Barefoot Contessa | La Comtesse aux pieds nus | The Barefoot Contessa is a 1954 American Technicolor drama film written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz about the life and loves of fictional Spanish sex symbol Maria Vargas. It stars Humphrey Bogart, Ava Gardner, and Edmond O'Brien. | La Comtesse aux pieds nus ("") est un film américain réalisé par Joseph L. Mankiewicz, sorti sur les écrans en 1954. | [
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Aesculus hippocastanum | Aesculus hippocastanum | Aesculus hippocastanum is a species of flowering plant in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree, commonly known as horse-chestnut or conker tree. | Le marronnier commun, marronnier d'Inde ou marronnier blanc (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) est un arbre de la famille des "Hippocastanaceae" ("Sapindaceae" en classification APGIII). Il est parfois appelé châtaignier de mer, marronnier faux-châtaignier ou châtaignier des chevaux. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Stayman convention | Stayman | Stayman is a bidding convention in the card game contract bridge. It is used by a partnership to find a 4-4 or 5-3 trump fit in a suit after making a one (1NT) opening bid and it has been adapted for use after a 2NT opening, a 1NT overcall, and many other natural notrump bids. | La convention Stayman, dans le jeu de bridge, a été inventée en 1950 par, qui jouait avec ; ce dernier l'a publiée en 1956 sous son nom. Elle s'utilise classiquement après une ouverture d'un jeu fort et régulier (aucune majeure 5ème, aucun singleton ou chicane) pour trouver un fit 4ème dans une couleur majeure. Le Stayman est généralement décliné différemment selon la force de l'ouvreur : | [
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Ignacio Allende | Ignacio Allende | Ignacio José de Allende y Unzaga (,, ; January 21, 1769 – June 26, 1811), born Ignacio Allende y Unzaga, was a captain of the Spanish Army in Mexico who came to sympathize with the Mexican independence movement. He attended the secret meetings organized by Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, where the possibility of an independent New Spain was discussed. He fought along with Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in the first stage of the struggle, eventually succeeding him in leadership of the rebellion. Allende was captured by Spanish colonial authorities while he was in Coahuila and executed for treason in Chihuahua. | Ignacio José de Allende y Unzaga, né le à San Miguel el Grande (de nos jours San Miguel de Allende) et mort le, est un militaire insurgé mexicain. | [
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Triple Agent | Triple Agent | Triple Agent is a 2004 French period drama film directed by Éric Rohmer. It has a duration of 115 minutes. | Triple Agent est un film français d'Éric Rohmer, en coproduction avec l'Italie, l'Espagne, la Grèce et la Russie, sorti en 2004. | [
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Ang Lee | Ang Lee | Ang Lee (; born 23 October 1954) is a Taiwanese filmmaker. Born in the Pingtung County of southern Taiwan, Lee was educated in Taiwan and later in the United States for further study. His filmmaking career has seen him experience international critical and popular acclaim and a range of accolades. | Ang Lee (chinois : 李安, pinyin : Lǐ Ān) est un réalisateur, producteur et scénariste taïwanais, né le à Pingtung (Taïwan). Il travaille aujourd'hui pour l'essentiel aux États-Unis. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
History of Gabon | Histoire du Gabon | Little is known of the history of Gabon prior to European contact. Bantu migrants settled the area beginning in the 14th century. Portuguese explorers and traders arrived in the area in the late 15th century. The coast subsequently became a center of the slave trade with Dutch, English, and French traders arriving in the 16th century. In 1839 and 1841, France established a protectorate over the coast. | Les premières traces d'occupation humaine au Gabon remontent à ans. Les premiers habitants du Gabon, Pygmées puis peuples bantous, ne sont connus que par transmission orale de l'information. | [
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Culture of Syria | Culture de la Syrie | Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history. Importance is placed on family, religion, education and self-discipline and respect. The Syrian's taste for the traditional arts is expressed in dances such as the al-Samah, the Dabkeh in all their variations and the sword dance. Marriage ceremonies are occasions for the lively demonstration of folk customs. | La culture de la Syrie, pays de l'Ouest de l'Asie, ou simplement du Proche-Orient, avec façade méditerranéenne, désigne d'abord les pratiques culturelles observables de ses habitants (). | [
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Neal Cassady | Neal Cassady | Neal Leon Cassady (February 8, 1926 – February 4, 1968) was a major figure of the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the psychedelic and counterculture movements of the 1960s. | Neal Cassady (Salt Lake City, - San Miguel de Allende au Mexique, ) est un poète et écrivain américain, compagnon de route de Jack Kerouac sur lequel il a eu beaucoup d'influence. Neal Cassady inspire à Kerouac le personnage de Dean Moriarty dans son livre "Sur la route". Neal Cassady est une figure incontournable de la Beat Generation mais aussi du mouvement psychédélique des années 1960. | [
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Frank Capra | Frank Capra | Frank Russell Capra (born Francesco Rosario Capra; May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was an Italian-American film director, producer and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, his rags-to-riches story has led film historians such as Ian Freer to consider him the "American Dream personified." | Francesco Rosario Capra, dit Frank Russell Capra, Frank R. Capra ou plus simplement Frank Capra, est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur américain d'origine italienne, né le à Bisacquino (Sicile, Italie) et mort le à La Quinta (Californie, États-Unis). | [
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Citadel of Aleppo | Citadelle d'Alep | The Citadel of Aleppo () is a large medieval fortified palace in the centre of the old city of Aleppo, northern Syria. It is considered to be one of the oldest and largest castles in the world. Usage of the Citadel hill dates back at least to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. Occupied by many civilizations over timeincluding the Greeks, Byzantines, Ayyubids and Mamluksthe majority of the construction as it stands today is thought to originate from the Ayyubid period. An extensive conservation work took place in the 2000s by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, in collaboration with Aleppo Archeological Society. Dominating the city, the Citadel is part of the Ancient City of Aleppo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986. During the 2010s, the Citadel received significant damage during the lengthy Battle of Aleppo. It was reopened to the public in early 2017 with repairs to damaged parts underway. | La citadelle d'Alep est un palais médiéval fortifié situé sur un tel dominant le centre-ville d'Alep et caractérisée par son imposante entrée fortifiée. | [
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Death Is My Trade | La mort est mon métier | Death Is My Trade () is a 1952 French fictionalized biographical novel by Robert Merle. The protagonist, Rudolf Lang, was closely based on the real Rudolf Höß, commandant of the concentration camp Auschwitz. | La mort est mon métier sont les pseudo-mémoires de Rudolf Höß (renommé "Rudolf Lang" dans l'ouvrage), écrits par Robert Merle. Cette œuvre fut achevée en 1952. Une préface a été rajoutée le. | [
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Alicante | Alicante | Alicante (,, ) is a city on the Valencian Community, Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alacant and a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city was 330,525, the second-largest in València. | Alacant [alakan'] en valencien et Alicante en espagnol (dénomination officielle bilingue depuis le 6 février 1990) est la capitale de la province du même nom, la seconde ville la plus importante de la Communauté valencienne au sud-est de l'Espagne, au bord de la mer Méditerranée. Elle est le chef-lieu de la comarque de l'Alacantí et est située dans la zone à prédominance linguistique valencienne. Alicante est un port important et sa population est de 328 648 habitants en 2015. La conurbation d'Alicante compte 452 462 habitants avec les localités voisines : Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Sant Joan d'Alacant, el Campello, Mutxamel. Le triangle métropolitain d'Alacant-Elx-Santa Pola atteint quant à lui 757 443 habitants. C'est une ville essentiellement de services et de tourisme. | [
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European Union Intellectual Property Office | Office de l'Union européenne pour la propriété intellectuelle | The European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO, ), founded in 1994, is the European Union Agency responsible for the registration of the European Union trade mark (EUTM) and the registered Community design (RCD), two unitary intellectual property rights valid across the 27 Member States of the EU. Every year, it registers an average of 135 000 EU trade marks and close to 100 000 designs. The EUIPO is also responsible for maintaining an Orphan Works Registry. Registered works have certain permitted acts under the Orphan Works Directive. | L’Office de l'Union européenne pour la propriété intellectuelle (EUIPO), nommé jusqu'en « Office de l’harmonisation dans le marché intérieur » et abrégé OHMI, est une agence de l’Union européenne chargée de gérer les systèmes d’enregistrement des marques et des dessins ou modèles, valables dans les 27 États membres. Son objectif est de garantir l’existence de droits exclusifs sur les signes distinctifs et de protéger les marques et dessins ou modèles de l’UE de façon uniforme sur tout le territoire de l’UE. Ses missions restent les mêmes. L'OHMI travaille en étroite collaboration avec les offices nationaux de la propriété intellectuelle des États-membres, les offices internationaux et la Commission européenne. Son siège est à Alicante, en Espagne. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chaos Computer Club | Chaos Computer Club | The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) is Europe's largest association of hackers with registered members. It is incorporated as an "eingetragener Verein" in Germany, with local chapters (called ") in various cities in Germany and other German-speaking countries. Since 1985, some chapters in Switzerland have organized an independent sister association called the (CCC-CH) instead. | Le Chaos Computer Club, que l'on désigne souvent par le sigle CCC, est l'une des organisations de "hackers" les plus influentes en Europe. Le Club se décrit plus poétiquement en tant que communauté galactique des êtres de la vie, indépendante de l'âge, du sexe, de l'origine ethnique ou de l'orientation sociale, qui œuvre à travers des frontières pour la liberté d'information [...]. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Vernier scale | Vernier (mesure) | A vernier scale is a visual aid to take an accurate measurement reading between two graduation markings on a linear scale by using mechanical interpolation; thereby increasing resolution and reducing measurement uncertainty by using Vernier acuity to reduce human estimation error. | Le vernier (du nom de son inventeur) est une réglette graduée apposée sur les pieds à coulisse et certains goniomètres (mesure d'angle). Elle permet d'améliorer la précision de lecture analogique. Le vernier fut inventé en 1631 par le mathématicien franc-comtois Pierre Vernier. Dans certaines langues, le dispositif porte le nom de "nonius", nom latinisé de l'astronome et mathématicien portugais Pedro Nunes (1502-1578), qui avait inventé, avant Vernier, un système permettant de faire des mesures précises avec l'astrolabe. | [
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Rōjū | Rōjū | The, usually translated as "Elder", was one of the highest-ranking government posts under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. The term refers either to individual Elders, or to the Council of Elders as a whole; under the first two "shōguns", there were only two "Rōjū". The number was then increased to five, and later reduced to four. The "Rōjū" were appointed from the ranks of the "fudai daimyōs" with domains of between 25,000 and 50,000 "koku". | Le était une des plus hautes fonctions dans le gouvernement des shoguns Tokugawa. Le terme s'applique soit aux anciens à titre individuel, soit au conseil en tant qu'ensemble, ce dernier étant dirigé soit par le premier "rōjū", soit par le "tairō". | [
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Krak des Chevaliers | Krak des Chevaliers | Krak des Chevaliers (; ), also called Crac des Chevaliers, Ḥiṣn al-Akrād (, literally "Fortress of the Kurds"), and formerly Crac de l'Ospital, is a Crusader castle in Syria and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world. The site was first inhabited in the 11th century by a settlement of Kurdish troops garrisoned there by the Mirdasids. In 1142 it was given by Raymond II, Count of Tripoli, to the order of the Knights Hospitaller. It remained in their possession until it fell in 1271. | Le krak des Chevaliers, krak de l'Hospital (le terme « krak » dérive du syriaque "karak" signifiant « forteresse ») ou Qal`at al-Hosn (« la forteresse imprenable ») est un château fort. Datant de l'époque des croisades, il est situé dans l'ouest de la Syrie, sur les derniers contreforts du jabal Ansariya. Depuis 2006, il est inscrit sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. | [
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Miguel Alemán Valdés | Miguel Alemán Valdés | Miguel Alemán Valdés (; September 29, 1900 – May 14, 1983) was a Mexican politician who served a full term as the President of Mexico from 1946 to 1952, the first civilian president after a string of revolutionary generals. His administration was characterized by Mexico's rapid industrialization, often called the Mexican Miracle, but also for a high level of personal enrichment for himself and his associates. His presidency was the first of a new generation of Mexican leaders, who had not directly participated in the Mexican Revolution, and many in his cabinet were also young, university-educated civilians, close friends from his days at university. | Miguel Alemán Valdés (né le à Sayula, Veracruz et mort le à Mexico) fut président du Mexique de 1946 à 1952. | [
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Aztec calendar | Calendrier aztèque | The Aztec or Mexica calendar is the calendrical system used by the Aztecs as well as other Pre-Columbian peoples of central Mexico. It is one of the Mesoamerican calendars, sharing the basic structure of calendars from throughout ancient Mesoamerica. The Aztec sun stone, also called the calendar stone, is on display at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. The calendar consisted of a 365-day calendar cycle called (year count) and a 260-day ritual cycle called (day count). These two cycles together formed a 52-year "century", sometimes called the "calendar round". The is considered to be the agricultural calendar, since it is based on the sun, and the is considered to be the sacred calendar. | Le calendrier aztèque était intimement lié à la mythologie des anciens peuples de la Mésoamérique, ceux qui jadis occupaient le plateau central de l'actuel Mexique, et qui ont formé, entre nos s "occidentaux", la civilisation aztèque. Exprimant un système de croyances chargé de représentations abstraites (divinités, symboles, numéros, couleurs, qui se combinent et se reflètent les uns sur les autres), le temps "mexicain" ne se distinguait pas radicalement de l'espace conçu comme un milieu hétérogène et doué de propriétés singulières selon les orientations cardinales. De même, à la différence de nos habitudes mentales, il n’était pas perçu comme linéaire (compte long), mais s’appréhendait de manière cyclique, à travers 3 systèmes comptables parallèles mettant en lumière des connaissances astronomiques élaborées. On parlera donc, par la suite, du "système calendaire aztèque", et de ses cycles spatio-temporels divinatoire, solaire et vénusien. | [
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Easter Monday | Lundi de Pâques | Easter Monday is the day after Easter Sunday and is a holiday in some countries. Easter Monday in the Western Christian liturgical calendar is the second day of Eastertide and analogously in the Byzantine Rite is the second day of Bright Week. | Le lundi de Pâques est le lendemain du jour de Pâques, donc sa date est variable. En, c'est le lundi et, en, ce sera le. | [
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Sabre | Sabre | A sabre (sometimes spelt saber in American English), is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the early modern and Napoleonic periods. Originally associated with Central-Eastern European cavalry such as the hussars, the sabre became widespread in Western Europe in the Thirty Years' War. Lighter sabres also became popular with infantry of the late 17th century. | Le sabre (du hongrois "szablya") est une arme blanche d'estoc et de taille, dont on utilise la pointe et le tranchant. Il est souvent courbe mais peut aussi être droit (par exemple pour les officiers d'infanterie de l'armée napoléonienne). Sa véritable caractéristique distinctive est son tranchant unique (ce qui le distingue de l'épée, qui possède deux tranchants). Il peut être utilisé à une ou deux mains en fonction de son type. | [
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Col de la Schlucht | Col de la Schlucht | The Col de la Schlucht (elevation ) is a mountain pass in the Vosges Mountains of France. The pass takes its name from the German word "Schlucht", meaning "gorge" or "ravine". It connects Munster (Haut-Rhin) with Gérardmer (Vosges) (east–west) and is also crossed by the Route des Crêtes (north–south). The climb over the pass has been used several times in the Tour de France cycle race. | Le col de la Schlucht est l'un des principaux cols du massif des Vosges, situé entre les communes du Valtin (Vosges) et de Stosswihr (Haut-Rhin), assurant les liaisons entre ces deux départements. | [
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Algebraic structure | Structure algébrique | In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra and universal algebra, an algebraic structure consists of a nonempty set "A" (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain), a collection of operations on "A" of finite arity (typically binary operations), and a finite set of identities, known as axioms, that these operations must satisfy. Some algebraic structures also involve another set (called the scalar set). | En mathématiques, plus précisément en algèbre générale et en algèbre universelle, une structure algébrique est un type particulier de structure. Sa spécificité par rapport aux autres types de structure est d'être formée d’un ensemble combiné à une ou plusieurs lois de composition, éventuellement complétées par un ordre ou une topologie, le tout satisfaisant un certain nombre d'axiomes. | [
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Archbishop | Archevêque | In Christianity, an archbishop (, via Latin "archiepiscopus", from Greek, from -, 'chief', and, 'bishop') is a bishop of higher rank or office. In some cases, such as the Lutheran Church of Sweden and the Church of England, the title is borne by the leader of the denomination. Like popes, patriarchs, metropolitans, cardinal bishops, diocesan bishops, and suffragan bishops, archbishops are in the highest of the three traditional orders of bishops, priests (also called presbyters), and deacons. An archbishop may be granted the title or ordained as chief pastor of a metropolitan see or another episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached. | Dans plusieurs dénominations chrétiennes, un archevêque est un ministre ecclésiastique appartenant à l'ordre épiscopal, mais bénéficiant d'une primauté d'honneur sur les évêques suffragants. Il est souvent à la tête d'une province ecclésiastique. | [
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Mari, Syria | Mari (Syrie) | Mari (Cuneiform:, "ma-ri", modern Tell Hariri, ) was an ancient Semitic city-state in modern-day Syria. Its remains constitute a tell located 11 kilometers north-west of Abu Kamal on the Euphrates river western bank, some 120 kilometers southeast of Deir ez-Zor. It flourished as a trade center and hegemonic state between 2900 BC and 1759 BC. As a purposely-built city, the existence of Mari was related to its position in the middle of the Euphrates trade routes; this position made it an intermediary between Sumer in the south and the Eblaite kingdom and the Levant in the west. | Le site archéologique de Mari (en arabe : mārī, ) ("Tell Hariri", en arabe : tall al-ḥarīrī, ) est situé à l'extrême sud-est de la Syrie sur le moyen Euphrate, à d'Abou Kamal et à une dizaine de kilomètres de la frontière irakienne. Située dans cette plaine, Mari fut une importante cité mésopotamienne dès le, contemporaine de la civilisation sumérienne d'Uruk. Capitale d'un pays appelé tardivement, au, Laqe et s'étendant le long de l'Euphrate en amont et en aval du confluent du Kharbour, elle est surtout connue pour son splendide palais du et grâce aux fouilles archéologiques entreprises depuis 1933 par l'archéologue français André Parrot, puis reprises par Jean-Claude Margueron en 1979. Après 40 campagnes de fouilles, on estime qu'environ un quinzième du site a été fouillé (8 hectares sur 110). | [
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Hesiod | Hésiode | Hesiod (; "Hēsíodos") was an ancient Greek poet generally thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. He is generally regarded as the first written poet in the Western tradition to regard himself as an individual persona with an active role to play in his subject. Ancient authors credited Hesiod and Homer with establishing Greek religious customs. Modern scholars refer to him as a major source on Greek mythology, farming techniques, early economic thought (he is sometimes considered history's first economist), archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping. | Hésiode (en grec ancien /, en latin "Hesiodus") est un poète grec du Son nom signifie « celui qui se fait la voie ». | [
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Colorado potato beetle | Doryphore | The Colorado potato beetle ("Leptinotarsa decemlineata"), also known as the Colorado beetle, the ten-striped spearman, the ten-lined potato beetle or the potato bug, is a major pest of potato crops. It is approximately long, with a bright yellow/orange body and five bold brown stripes along the length of each of its elytra. Native to America, it spread rapidly in potato crops across America and then Europe from 1859 onwards. | Le Doryphore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), ou Doryphore de la pomme de terre, est une espèce d'insectes de l'ordre des coléoptères et de la famille des chrysomélidés aux élytres jaunes rayés de noir. Ce phytophage, spécialisé dans les plantes de la famille des "Solanaceae", est un ravageur important, tant à l'état adulte qu'à l'état larvaire, des cultures de pommes de terre qu'il peut anéantir en cas de défoliation totale. Il peut aussi s'attaquer à d'autres Solanacées cultivées comme la tomate et l'aubergine. S'il reste un problème sérieux dans certaines régions (Nord-Est des États-Unis, Canada, Europe orientale), il est moins redouté de nos jours en Europe occidentale et notamment en France. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Safety | Sécurité | Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French "sauf"), the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes. Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards in order to achieve an acceptable level of risk. | Physiquement, la sécurité est l'état d'une situation présentant le minimum de risque. Psychiquement, la sécurité est l'état d'esprit d'une personne qui se sent tranquille et confiante. Pour l'individu ou un groupe, c'est le sentiment (bien ou mal fondé) d'être à l'abri de tout danger et risque. | [
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Remote procedure call | Remote procedure call | In distributed computing, a remote procedure call (RPC) is when a computer program causes a procedure (subroutine) to execute in a different address space (commonly on another computer on a shared network), which is coded as if it were a normal (local) procedure call, without the programmer explicitly coding the details for the remote interaction. That is, the programmer writes essentially the same code whether the subroutine is local to the executing program, or remote. This is a form of client–server interaction (caller is client, executor is server), typically implemented via a request–response message-passing system. In the object-oriented programming paradigm, RPCs are represented by remote method invocation (RMI). The RPC model implies a level of location transparency, namely that calling procedures are largely the same whether they are local or remote, but usually they are not identical, so local calls can be distinguished from remote calls. Remote calls are usually orders of magnitude slower and less reliable than local calls, so distinguishing them is important. | En informatique et en télécommunication, RPC (") est un protocole réseau permettant de faire des appels de procédures sur un ordinateur distant à l'aide d'un serveur d'applications. Ce protocole est utilisé dans le modèle client-serveur pour assurer la communication entre le client, le serveur et d’éventuels intermédiaires. | [
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Heinrich Mann | Heinrich Mann | Luiz (Ludwig) Heinrich Mann (; 27 March 1871 – 11 March 1950) was a German novelist who wrote works with social themes. From 1930 until 1933 he was president of the fine poetry division of the Prussian Academy of Arts. His numerous criticisms of the growth of fascism forced him to flee Germany after the Nazis came to power during 1933. | Heinrich Mann (, Lübeck -, Santa Monica, Californie) est un écrivain et dessinateur allemand. Il est le frère aîné de Thomas Mann. | [
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Miguel de la Madrid | Miguel de la Madrid | Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (; 12 December 1934 – 1 April 2012) was a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) who served as the 52nd President of Mexico from 1982 to 1988. During his presidency, de la Madrid introduced sweeping neoliberal economic policies in Mexico, beginning an era of market-oriented presidents in that country. His administration was criticized for its slow response to the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, and the handling of the controversial 1988 Presidential elections in which the PRI candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari was declared winner, amid accusations of electoral fraud. | Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado, né le à Colima, Mexique, mort le, est un homme politique mexicain, président de la République de 1982 à 1988. Durant sa présidence, le Mexique a connu une crise économique, un grand tremblement de terre et la Coupe du monde de football 1986. | [
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Erasmus | Érasme | Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (; 28 October 1466 – 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance. As a Catholic priest, Erasmus was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style. Among humanists he enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists", and has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists". Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament, which raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote "On Free Will," "In Praise of Folly", "Handbook of a Christian Knight", "On Civility in Children", "", "Julius Exclusus", and many other works. | Érasme (Didier Érasme), également appelé Érasme de Rotterdam ("Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus"), né dans la nuit du 27 au 28 octobre 1466 (?), ou 1467, ou 1469, à Rotterdam, mort le à Bâle, est un chanoine régulier de saint Augustin, philosophe, humaniste et théologien des Pays-Bas bourguignons, considéré comme l’une des figures majeures de la culture européenne. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Quantum gravity | Gravité quantique | Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, and where quantum effects cannot be ignored, such as in the vicinity of black holes or similar compact astrophysical objects where the effects of gravity are strong. | La gravité quantique est une branche de la physique théorique tentant d'unifier la mécanique quantique et la relativité générale. Une telle théorie permettrait notamment de comprendre les phénomènes impliquant de grandes quantités de matière ou d'énergie sur de petites dimensions spatiales, tels que les trous noirs ou l'origine de l'Univers. | [
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Ebla | Ebla | Ebla (Sumerian: "eb2-la",, modern:, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria. Its remains constitute a tell located about southwest of Aleppo near the village of Mardikh. Ebla was an important center throughout the 3rd millennium BC and in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Its discovery proved the Levant was a center of ancient, centralized civilization equal to Egypt and Mesopotamia and ruled out the view that the latter two were the only important centers in the Near East during the Early Bronze Age. The first Eblaite kingdom has been described as the first recorded world power. | Ebla ( "ʾĪblā") (ou "Tall Mardikh", "Tall Mardīḵ") est une ancienne ville de la Syrie des, dont les ruines se trouvent à l'emplacement du site archéologique de Tell Mardikh. Il se situe à au sud d'Alep sur la route de Hama, après la bifurcation en direction de Lattaquié, où il occupe une position stratégique, à la porte d'un col commandant l'accès à la mer Méditerranée. | [
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Plumber | Plombier | A plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining systems used for potable (drinking) water, sewage and drainage in plumbing systems. | Un plombier (également appelé installateur sanitaire) est chargé de la réalisation ou de la réparation des installations de plomberie. Son outil traditionnel est le chalumeau Oxyacétylénique (également appeler en interne le chalumeau OA). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Carl Rogers | Carl Rogers | Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach (or client-centered approach) to psychology. Rogers is widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956. | Carl Ransom Rogers, né le à Oak Park (Illinois) et mort le à La Jolla (Californie), est un psychologue humaniste américain. | [
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Thomas Mann | Thomas Mann | Paul Thomas Mann (, ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer. | Thomas Mann (né le à Lübeck et mort le à Zurich) est un écrivain allemand, lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1929. | [
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Taxidermy | Taxidermie | Taxidermy is the art of preserving an animal's body via mounting (over an armature) or stuffing, for the purpose of display or study. Animals are often, but not always, portrayed in a lifelike state. The word "taxidermy" describes the process of preserving the animal, but the word is also used to describe the end product, which are called taxidermy mounts or referred to simply as "taxidermy". | La taxidermie est l'art de préparer les animaux morts pour les conserver avec l'apparence de la vie. Le terme provient du grec ancien /'(ordre, arrangement) et de /'(la peau). Il apparaît pour la première fois dans le "Nouveau Dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle" (1803-1804) de (1752-1832). | [
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Devo | Devo | Devo (, originally ) is an American rock band from Akron, Ohio, formed in 1973. Their classic lineup consisted of two sets of brothers, the Mothersbaughs (Mark and Bob) and the Casales (Gerald and Bob), along with Alan Myers. The band had a No. 14 "Billboard" chart hit in 1980 with the single "Whip It", the song that gave the band mainstream popularity. | Devo est un groupe de rock américain, originaire d'Akron, en Ohio. Formé en 1973, il comprend des membres originaires de Kent et Akron. La formation classique comprend deux duos de frères, les Mothersbaughs (Mark et Bob) et les Casales (Gerald et Bob), accompagnés d'Alan Myers. Le groupe atteint la place du "Billboard" avec le single culte "Whip It". | [
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La Cagoule | Cagoule (Osarn) | La Cagoule ("The Cowl", press nickname coined by the "Action Française" nationalist Maurice Pujo), officially called Comité secret d'action révolutionnaire ("Secret Committee of Revolutionary Action"), was a French fascist-leaning and anti-communist terrorist group that used violence to promote its activities from 1935 to 1941. | La Cagoule est une organisation politique et militaire clandestine de nature terroriste, active dans les années 1930 en France. Originellement nommé Organisation secrète d'action révolutionnaire nationale (Osarn) par ses fondateurs, puis abrégé Osar, le groupe est devenu dans la presse Comité secret d'action révolutionnaire (CSAR) à la suite d'une faute dans un rapport d'informateur. Il est plus connu sous le surnom, sobriquet choisi par Maurice Pujo pour exprimer son dédain envers cette organisation fondée par des dissidents de l'Action française. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Lev Kamenev | Lev Kamenev | Lev Borisovich Kamenev (born Leo Rosenfeld or Lev Borisovich Rozenfeld; – 25 August 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. He was one of the seven members of the first Politburo, founded in 1917 to manage the Bolshevik Revolution: Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Stalin, Sokolnikov and Bubnov. | Lev Borissovitch Kamenev (en ) de son nom de naissance Rosenfeld (), né le à Moscou et fusillé le à Moscou (53 ans), est un révolutionnaire russe et homme politique soviétique. | [
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Philippe Henriot | Philippe Henriot | Philippe Henriot (7 January 1889, Reims – 28 June 1944, Paris) was a French poet, journalist, politician, and Minister in the French government at Vichy, where he directed propaganda broadcasts. He also joined the Milice part-time. | Philippe Henriot, né à Reims le et mort assassiné à Paris sous l'Occupation le, est un homme politique français. Engagé à l'extrême droite et député dans l'entre-deux-guerres, il devient, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l'occupation allemande, l'une des figures de la collaboration avec les nazis. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Vologne | Vologne | The Vologne is a river of the Vosges department in France. It is tributary of the Moselle River. Its source is in the Vosges Mountains, on the northwestern slope of the Hohneck. It flows through the lakes of Retournemer and Longemer, and passes the villages of Xonrupt-Longemer, Granges-sur-Vologne, Lépanges-sur-Vologne and Docelles, finally flowing into the Moselle in Pouxeux. | La Vologne est une rivière du Grand Est, dans le département des Vosges. Née en contrebas de la Chaume Charlemagne située entre le Hohneck et le col de la Schlucht, dans le massif des Vosges, elle est un affluent droit de la Moselle. Sa source est située sur le domaine du jardin d'altitude du Haut-Chitelet. | [
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Praxiteles | Praxitèle | Praxiteles (; ) of Athens, the son of Cephisodotus the Elder, was the most renowned of the Attica sculptors of the 4th century BC. He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life-size statue. While no indubitably attributable sculpture by Praxiteles is extant, numerous copies of his works have survived; several authors, including Pliny the Elder, wrote of his works; and coins engraved with silhouettes of his various famous statuary types from the period still exist. | Praxitèle (en grec ancien / ), né vers, mort avant, est dès l'Antiquité l'un des plus célèbres sculpteurs grecs. Varron écrit ainsi : « Grâce à l'excellence de son talent, Praxitèle n'est inconnu d'aucun homme un tant soit peu cultivé ». On place l'œuvre de Praxitèle dans la période du « second classicisme » (vers 370-), auprès d'autres grands sculpteurs grecs comme Léocharès, Scopas, et Lysippe, qui reprennent les modèles de la période classique tout en renouvelant la représentation en apportant une réponse aux canons classiques établis par les œuvres de Polyclète, visible notamment dans de nouvelles recherches stylistiques, l'émergence de nouveaux types, et une nouvelle pondération. | [
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Guadalupe Victoria | Guadalupe Victoria | Guadalupe Victoria (; 29 September 1786 – 21 March 1843), born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, was a Mexican general and political leader who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence. He was a deputy in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power following the downfall of the First Mexican Empire. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1824, Victoria was elected as the first President of the United Mexican States. | José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, connu sous le nom de Guadalupe Victoria, né le à Tamazula et mort le à Perote, est un général et homme d'État mexicain ayant combattu pendant la guerre d'indépendance. Général sous le Premier Empire de Agustín de Iturbide, il est, après la chute de l'Empire, député et membre du Pouvoir exécutif suprême qui dirige le Mexique de 1823 à 1824. Après l'adoption de la Constitution fédérale, qui établit la Première République, il est élu premier président du Mexique en octobre 1824. | [
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Illinois River | Illinois (rivière) | The Illinois River () is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River and is approximately long. Located in the U.S. state of Illinois, the river drains a large section of central Illinois, with a drainage basin of. The drainage basin extends into Wisconsin, Indiana, and a very small area of southwestern Michigan. | L’Illinois est une rivière de 439 km de long, affluent principal du fleuve Mississippi, dans l'État de l'Illinois au nord des États-Unis. | [
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Francisco I. Madero | Francisco I. Madero | Francisco Ignacio Madero González (; 30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican revolutionary, writer and statesman who served as the 33rd president of Mexico from 1911 until shortly before his assassination in 1913. A wealthy landowner, he was nonetheless an advocate for social justice and democracy. Madero was notable for challenging long-time President Porfirio Díaz for the presidency in 1910 and being instrumental in sparking the Mexican Revolution. | Francisco Ignacio Madero González (, à Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila –, Mexico) est un homme d'État, qui fut président de la République de 1911 à 1913. | [
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Quasigroup | Quasigroupe | In mathematics, especially in abstract algebra, a quasigroup is an algebraic structure resembling a group in the sense that "division" is always possible. Quasigroups differ from groups mainly in that they are not necessarily associative. | En mathématiques, et plus précisément en algèbre générale, un quasigroupe est un ensemble muni d'une loi de composition interne (un "magma") pour laquelle (en pensant cette loi comme une multiplication), il est possible de diviser, à droite comme à gauche, le quotient à droite et le quotient à gauche étant uniques. En d'autre termes l'opération de multiplication à droite est bijective, de même que celle de multiplication à gauche. La loi n'est pas nécessairement associative, et si elle l'est, le quasigroupe est un groupe. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Yellowknife | Yellowknife | Yellowknife (; Dogrib: ) is the capital, only city, and largest community in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake, about south of the Arctic Circle, on the west side of Yellowknife Bay near the outlet of the Yellowknife River. | Yellowknife ( ; en flanc-de-chien : "Sǫ̀mbak'è") est la capitale ainsi que la plus grande ville des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, au Canada. Située, à l'embouchure de la rivière Yellowknife, sur les rives de la côte nord du Grand Lac des Esclaves, elle se trouve à au sud du cercle Arctique. Son nom vient des couteaux ( en anglais) de cuivre utilisés par les « Couteaux-jaunes », une population amérindienne résidant dans la région où se situe la ville. Yellowknife est une ville ethniquement diversifiée. Les onze langues officielles du territoire y sont parlées dans une certaine proportion, en plus des langues des populations immigrantes. Le nom en langue flanc-de-chien de la ville signifie « endroit où se trouve l'argent ». | [
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Jaufre Rudel | Jaufré Rudel | Jaufre Rudel (Jaufré in modern Occitan) was the Prince of Blaye ("Princes de Blaia") and a troubadour of the early–mid 12th century, who probably died during the Second Crusade, in or after 1147. He is noted for developing the theme of "love from afar" ("amor de lonh" or "amour de loin") in his songs. | Jaufré Rudel, né au début du (entre 1110 et 1130) à Blaye et mort selon la légende vers 1148, pendant la deuxième croisade, ou plus tard, vers 1170, est un troubadour aquitain de langue occitane. | [
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Provisional Government of the French Republic | Gouvernement provisoire de la République française | The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR; ("GPRF") was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 following the liberation of continental France after Operations "Overlord" and "Dragoon", and lasted until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic. Its establishment marked the official restoration and re-establishment of a provisional French Republic, assuring continuity with the defunct French Third Republic. | Le Gouvernement provisoire de la République française (GPRF) est le nom donné au régime politique et aux institutions correspondantes qui, succédant le au Comité français de libération nationale (CFLN), ont dirigé pendant deux ans l'ensemble du territoire de la France métropolitaine et de son empire jusqu'au, date de l'entrée en vigueur de la Quatrième République. | [
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Oval Office | Bureau ovale | The Oval Office is, since 1909, the working office space of the President of the United States, located in the West Wing of the White House, Washington, D.C. | Le Bureau ovale ("Oval Office" en anglais) est le bureau officiel qu'occupe le président des États-Unis dans l'aile Ouest de la Maison-Blanche. Il tire son nom de sa forme elliptique. | [
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Synoecism | Synœcisme | Synoecism or synecism ( ;, "sunoikismos", ), also spelled synoikism ( ), was originally the amalgamation of villages in Ancient Greece into "poleis", or city-states. Etymologically the word means "dwelling together ("syn") in the same house ("oikos")." Subsequently, any act of civic union between polities of any size was described by the word "synoikismos". The closest analogy today is the incorporation of a city; in fact, "incorporation" is often used to translate synoikismos, in addition to the Latinized synoecism. Synoecism is opposed to Greek dioecism (διοικισμóς, "dioikismos"), the creation of independent communities within the territory of a polis. | Dans l'Antiquité, le synœcisme (en grec ancien /, dérivé de / « avec » et οἶκος / oikos « maison », soit « communauté de maisons ») est la réunion de plusieurs villages en une cité. C'est une forme d'urbanisation qui consiste en général à la réunion de plusieurs villages avec égalité des droits entre les différentes composantes et formation d’institutions politiques et culturelles unifiées. Dans la Grèce antique les créations urbaines ex nihilo sont rares, la tétrapole de Marathon ou Sparte sont des unions restreintes de villages. Plutarque voit dans le synœcisme l'acte fondateur de la démocratie athénienne. | [
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Clinical psychology | Psychologie clinique | Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory, and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment, clinical formulation, and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession. | La visée de la psychologie clinique est de faire accéder le patient à la cessation de ses souffrances psychiques. Dans cette optique, le clinicien tente d'isoler et de comprendre les signes cliniques et symptômes qui touchent l'individu. | [
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Reykjavík | Reykjavik | Reykjavík ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Iceland. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói bay. Its latitude is 64°08' N, making it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state. With a population of around 131,136 (and 233,034 in the Capital Region), it is the center of Iceland's cultural, economic, and governmental activity, and is a popular tourist destination. | Reykjavik (, littéralement « Baie-des-Fumées ») est la capitale de l'Islande. Elle se situe à environ au sud du cercle polaire arctique, ce qui en fait la capitale la plus septentrionale d'un État souverain (la capitale du Groenland, Nuuk, étant située quelques kilomètres plus au nord). Elle s'étale entre deux fjords, dans une zone comptant de nombreuses sources chaudes, le long d'une baie ("vík" en islandais). Elle est ainsi considérée comme la ville la « plus verte du monde » : on y compte environ 410 m d'espaces verts par habitant. | [
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Clementia of Hungary | Clémence de Hongrie | Clementia of Hungary (; 1293–13 October 1328) was queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Louis X. | Clémence de Hongrie (née en 1293 - morte le à Paris), reine de France et reine consort de Navarre, est la fille de Charles-Martel d'Anjou, roi de Hongrie, et de Clémence de Habsbourg, fille de l'empereur Rodolphe. | [
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Taifals | Taïfales | The Taifals or Tayfals ( or "Theifali") were a people group of Germanic or Sarmatian origin, first documented north of the lower Danube in the mid third century AD. They experienced an unsettled and fragmented history, for the most part in association with various Gothic peoples, and alternately fighting against or for the Romans. In the late fourth century some Taifali were settled within the Roman Empire, notably in western Gaul in the modern province of Poitou. They subsequently supplied mounted units to the Roman army and continued to be a significant source of cavalry for early Merovingian armies. By the sixth century their region of western Gaul had acquired a distinct identity as "Thifalia". | Le peuple « barbare » des Taïfales est un ensemble de tribus germaniques ou sarmates qui tient une place de second plan dans l'histoire des grandes invasions. Nomades et guerriers cavaliers, liés aux Goths, ils ont combattu puis servi les armées romaines, puis mérovingiennes. Ils se sont établis en Gaule à partir de la fin du, principalement en Aquitaine et dans le Poitou. | [
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Wace | Wace | Wace ( 1110 – after 1174), sometimes referred to as Robert Wace, was a Norman poet, who was born in Jersey and brought up in mainland Normandy (he tells us in the "Roman de Rou" that he was taken as a child to Caen), ending his career as Canon of Bayeux. | Wace, dit aussi "Guace" ou "Wistace" (peu après 1100, Jersey – entre 1174 et 1183), est un poète normand. L'histoire littéraire l'a retenu pour ses deux œuvres majeures, le "Roman de Brut" et le "Roman de Rou". Au, il a été affublé par erreur du prénom Robert, et au, on a prétendu qu'il était noble. | [
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The Greens – The Green Alternative | Les Verts - L'Alternative verte | The Austrian Green Party () is a green political party in Austria. The party was founded in 1986 under the name "Green Alternative" ("Grüne Alternative"), following the merger of the more conservative Green party "Vereinte Grüne Österreichs" (United Greens of Austria VGÖ, founded 1982) and the more progressive party "Alternative Liste Österreichs" (Alternative List Austria, ALÖ, founded 1982). Since 1993, the party has carried the official name "Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne)", but refers to itself in English as "Austrian Greens". There are still differences between the former members of the old Alternative and VGÖ factions within the party, reflected in the differing approaches of the national and state parties. | Les Verts - L'Alternative verte () est un parti politique écologiste autrichien. Les Verts sont un des plus grands partis écologistes nationaux : il recueille 13,8 % des voix lors des élections législatives de 2019 et fait élire sur les 183 que compte le Conseil national. Le parti est membre du Parti vert européen. Depuis 2017, Werner Kogler en est le président. | [
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The Doors | The Doors | The Doors were an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1965, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, guitarist Robby Krieger, and drummer John Densmore. They were among the most controversial and influential rock acts of the 1960s, mostly because of Morrison's lyrics and voice along with his erratic stage persona, and the group was widely regarded as an important part of the era's counterculture. | The Doors est un groupe de rock américain, originaire de Los Angeles, en Californie. Il est formé en et dissous en 1973, deux ans après la mort du chanteur Jim Morrison en 1971. | [
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Charles IV of France | Charles IV le Bel | Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), called the Fair ("le Bel") in France and the Bald ("el Calvo") in Navarre, was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet, King of France and King of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322 to 1328. Charles was the third son of Philip IV; like his father, he was known as "the fair" or "the handsome". | Charles, dit « le Bel » (château de Creil, - Vincennes, ), roi de France et de Navarre de 1322 à sa mort, est le dernier souverain français de la dynastie dite des Capétiens directs. | [
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Fargo, North Dakota | Fargo (Dakota du Nord) | Fargo is a city in and the county seat of Cass County, North Dakota, United States. The most populous city in the state, it accounts for nearly 17% of the state population. According to the 2019 United States Census estimates, its population was 124,662, making it the 222nd-most populous city in the United States. Fargo, along with its twin city of Moorhead, Minnesota, as well as the adjacent cities of West Fargo, North Dakota and Dilworth, Minnesota, form the core of the Fargo-Moorhead, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in 2018 contained a population of 245,471. | Fargo () est une ville de l’État du Dakota du Nord, aux États-Unis. Avec, c'est la plus grande ville de l'État. | [
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Joan II of Navarre | Jeanne II de Navarre | Joan II (; 28 January 1312 – 6 October 1349) was Queen of Navarre from 1328 until her death. She was the only surviving child of Louis X of France, King of France and Navarre, and Margaret of Burgundy. Joan's paternity was dubious because her mother was involved in a scandal, but Louis X declared her his legitimate daughter before he died in 1316. However, the French lords were opposed to the idea of a female monarch and elected Louis X's brother, Philip V, king. The Navarrese noblemen also paid homage to Philip. Joan's maternal grandmother, Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy, and uncle, Odo IV of Burgundy, made attempts to secure the counties of Champagne and Brie (which had been the patrimony of Louis X's mother, Joan I of Navarre) to Joan, but the French royal troops defeated her supporters. After Philip V married his daughter to Odo and granted him two counties as her dowry, Odo renounced Joan's claim to Champagne and Brie in exchange for a compensation in March 1318. Joan married Philip of Évreux, who was also a member of the French royal family. | Jeanne II ( – ) est reine de Navarre de 1328 à sa mort. Elle est le seul enfant de Louis X de France et de Marguerite de Bourgogne. | [
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Alias (TV series) | Alias (série télévisée) | Alias is an American action thriller television series created by J. J. Abrams, which was broadcast on ABC for five seasons from September 30, 2001 to May 22, 2006. It stars Jennifer Garner as Sydney Bristow, a double agent for the Central Intelligence Agency posing as an operative for SD-6, a worldwide criminal and espionage organization. | Alias est une série télévisée d'espionnage américaine en 105 épisodes de 42 minutes, créée par J. J. Abrams et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau ABC et sur le réseau CTV au Canada. | [
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Minot, North Dakota | Minot (Dakota du Nord) | Minot ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Ward County, North Dakota, United States, in the state's north-central region. It is most widely known for the Air Force base located approximately north of the city. With a population of 40,888 at the 2010 census, Minot is the fourth largest city in the state and a trading center for a large portion of northern North Dakota, southwestern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan. Founded in 1886 during the construction of James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway, Minot is also known as "Magic City", commemorating its remarkable growth in size over a short time. | Minot (en anglais ) est la quatrième plus grande ville de l’État du Dakota du Nord, aux États-Unis, avec lors du recensement, population estimée à. Son agglomération est aussi la quatrième de l’État avec. C’est également le siège du comté de Ward. La ville est située dans le nord-centre de l’État, à au nord de la capitale de l’État, Bismarck. | [
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Joan I of Navarre | Jeanne Ire de Navarre | Joan I (14 January 1273 – 31 March/2 April 1305) () was queen regnant of Navarre and countess of Champagne from 1274 until 1305; she was also queen consort of France by marriage to Philip IV of France. She was the daughter of king Henry I of Navarre and Blanche of Artois. | Jeanne de Navarre (née le à Bar-sur-Seine, Champagne - morte le à Vincennes, France), princesse de la maison de Champagne, fut reine de Navarre et comtesse de Champagne de 1274 à 1305, et reine de France de 1285 à 1305. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Grand Forks, North Dakota | Grand Forks | Grand Forks is the third-largest city in the American state of North Dakota (after Fargo and Bismarck) and is the county seat of Grand Forks County. According to the 2010 census, the city's population was 52,838, while the total of the city and surrounding metropolitan area was 98,461. Grand Forks, along with its twin city of East Grand Forks, Minnesota, forms the center of the Grand Forks, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is often called Greater Grand Forks or the Grand Cities. | La ville de Grand Forks est le siège du comté de Grand Forks, dans l’État du Dakota du Nord, aux États-Unis. C'est en 2014 la troisième plus grande ville et agglomération du Dakota du Nord, avec pour la ville et pour l'agglomération. | [
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Francis of Assisi | François d'Assise | Francis of Assisi (; ), born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, informally named as Francesco (1181/11823 October 1226), was an Italian Catholic friar, deacon, philosopher, mystic and preacher. He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women's Order of Saint Clare, the Third Order of Saint Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land. Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in Christianity. | François d'Assise (en ), né Giovanni di Pietro Bernardone à Assise (Italie) en 1181 ou 1182 et mort le, est un religieux catholique italien, diacre et fondateur de l'ordre des frères mineurs (OFM) caractérisé par une "" dans la prière, la joie, la pauvreté, l'évangélisation et l'amour de la Création divine. Il est canonisé dès 1228 par le pape Grégoire IX et commémoré le 4 octobre dans le calendrier liturgique catholique. François d'Assise est considéré comme le précurseur du dialogue interreligieux. | [
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Nineveh | Ninive | Nineveh (; ""; ; ) was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located on the outskirts of Mosul in modern-day northern Iraq. It is located on the eastern bank of the Tigris River and was the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Today it is a common name for the half of Mosul that lies on the eastern bank of the Tigris and the Nineveh Governorate takes its name from it. | Ninive (en akkadien "Ninu(w)a" ; en arabe نينوه, "Naynuwa" ; en araméen ܢܝܢܘܐ ; en hébreu נינוה, "Nīnwē") est une ancienne ville de l'Assyrie, dans le Nord de la Mésopotamie. Elle se situait sur la rive est (gauche) du Tigre, au confluent du Khosr (ou Khoser, Koussour), à un emplacement aujourd'hui localisé dans les faubourgs de la ville moderne de Mossoul, en Irak, dont le centre se trouve de l'autre côté du fleuve. Les deux sites principaux de la cité sont les collines (les « tells ») de Kuyunjik et de Nebī Yūnus. | [
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Calipers | Pied à coulisse | A caliper (British spelling also calliper, or in plurale tantum sense a pair of calipers) is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. Many types of calipers permit reading out a measurement on a ruled scale, a dial, or a digital display. But a caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured and then the caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler. | Un pied à coulisse, ou calibre à coulisse, est un instrument de mesure de longueur composé essentiellement de deux parties coulissantes l'une par rapport à l'autre. Cet instrument, très utilisé en mécanique, permet de mesurer facilement les cotes extérieures d'une pièce, le diamètre d'un cylindre ou d'un alésage, une profondeur. | [
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