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Electric field | Champ électrique | An electric field (sometimes abbreviated as E-field) surrounds an electric charge, and exerts force on other charges in the field, attracting or repelling them. Electric fields are created by electric charges, or by time-varying magnetic fields. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces (or interactions) of nature. | En physique, le champ électrique est le champ vectoriel créé par des particules électriquement chargées. Plus précisément, en présence d'une particule chargée les propriétés locales de l'espace sont modifiées, ce que traduit justement la notion de champ. Si une autre charge se trouve dans ce champ, elle subira l'action de la force électrique exercée à distance par la particule: le champ électrique est en quelque sorte le "médiateur" de cette action à distance. | [
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Alps | Alpes | The Alps are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, and stretch approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The Alpine arch generally extends from Nice on the western Mediterranean to Trieste on the Adriatic and Vienna at the beginning of the Pannonian basin. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than. | Les Alpes sont une chaîne de montagnes qui s'étend en Europe, recouvrant la frontière nord de l'Italie, le Sud-Est de la France, Monaco, la Suisse, le Liechtenstein, l'Autriche, le Sud de l'Allemagne et la Slovénie. | [
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Light | Lumière | Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human eye. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometers (nm), or 4.00 × 10 to 7.00 × 10 m, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). This wavelength means a frequency range of roughly 430–750 terahertz (THz). The main source of light on Earth is the Sun. Sunlight provides the energy that green plants use to create sugars mostly in the form of starches, which release energy into the living things that digest them. This process of photosynthesis provides virtually all the energy used by living things. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, from ancient campfires to modern kerosene lamps. With the development of electric lights and power systems, electric lighting has effectively replaced firelight. Some species of animals generate their own light, a process called bioluminescence. For example, fireflies use light to locate mates, and vampire squids use it to hide themselves from prey. | Dans son acception la plus courante, la lumière est un phénomène physique qui peut produire une sensation visuelle. La physique détermine qu'il s'agit d'ondes électromagnétiques dont les longueurs d'onde dans le vide sont autour de, plus ou moins un tiers, ces limites, imprécises et variables selon les espèces, correspondant, par un effet d'adaptation à l'environnement, à la région du spectre électromagnétique où l'éclairement énergétique solaire est maximal à la surface de la Terre. | [
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Max Euwe | Max Euwe | Machgielis "Max" Euwe (; May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch chess grandmaster, mathematician, author, and chess administrator. He was the fifth player to become World Chess Champion (1935–37). Euwe served as President of FIDE, the World Chess Federation, from 1970 to 1978. | Max Euwe, né Machgielis Euwe le à Amsterdam, Pays-Bas et mort le dans la même ville, est un joueur d'échecs et professeur de mathématiques néerlandais. | [
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Alexander Alekhine | Alexandre Alekhine | Alexander Alekhine (, "Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Alekhin"; ; March 24, 1946) was a Russian and French chess player and the fourth World Chess Champion. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest chess players of all time. | Alexandre Aleksandrovitch Alekhine (en ), né le à Moscou et mort le à Estoril (Portugal), est un joueur d'échecs russe naturalisé français en 1927. | [
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Vasily Smyslov | Vassily Smyslov | Vasily Vasilyevich Smyslov (; 24 March 1921 – 27 March 2010) was a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster, who was World Chess Champion from 1957 to 1958. He was a Candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions (1948, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1983, and 1985). Smyslov twice tied for first place at the Soviet Championships (1949, 1955), and his total of 17 Chess Olympiad medals won is an all-time record. In five European Team Championships, Smyslov won ten gold medals. | Vassily Vassilievitch Smyslov (en ) (né le à Moscou, Russie – mort le à Moscou) est un joueur d'échecs soviétique et russe. | [
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Bishkek | Bichkek | Bishkek (, بىشکەک, ; ), formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic). Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the Chuy Region. The province surrounds the city, although the city itself is not part of the province, but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. | Bichkek (en ) est la capitale et la principale ville du Kirghizistan. Fondée en 1878 comme forteresse russe, la ville a porté entre 1926 et 1992 le nom de Frounzé, en l'honneur du dirigeant soviétique Mikhaïl Frounzé. Sa population était estimée à en 2015. | [
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Federal Council (Switzerland) | Conseil fédéral (Suisse) | The Federal Council (,,, ) is the seven-member executive council that constitutes the federal government of the Swiss Confederation and serves as the collective head of state and of government of Switzerland. | Le Conseil fédéral (en, en et en ) est l'organe exécutif de la Confédération suisse. Il est une autorité directoriale remplissant simultanément les rôles de chef du gouvernement et de chef de l'État et fonctionnant sur le principe de la collégialité, ce qui signifie que le pouvoir est assumé collectivement. Le Conseil fédéral est formé de sept membres (appelés souvent les ), élus ou réélus — le même jour mais l'un après l'autre, par ordre d'ancienneté — pour un mandat de quatre ans renouvelable par l'Assemblée fédérale. Traditionnellement, un conseiller fédéral est réélu jusqu'à sa démission et les cas de non-réélection sont extrêmement rares (quatre entre 1848 et 2007). | [
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Côte d'Or (escarpment) | Côte d'Or | The Côte d'Or is a limestone escarpment in Burgundy, France of the same name of the "department" which was formed around it. It stretches from Dijon in the north to the river Dheune to the south, overlooking the valley of the Saône to the east. | La côte d'Or en Bourgogne est un escarpement de faille due à la formation d'un rift. Dominant du nord au sud la plaine de la Saône, elle s'étend entre Dijon et Beaune sur une longueur d'environ. Le point culminant de cet escarpement est le Plain de Suzâne. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mikhail Tal | Mikhaïl Tal | Mikhail Tal (;, "Mikhail Nekhem'evich Tal", ; sometimes transliterated "Mihails Tals" or "Mihail Tal"; 9 November 1936 – 28 June 1992) was a Soviet Latvian chess player and the eighth World Chess Champion. | Mikhaïl Nekhemievitch Tal (en letton Mihails Tāls ; en ), né le à Riga (Lettonie) et mort le à Moscou (Russie), est un joueur d'échecs letton, devenu soviétique comme la Lettonie en 1944. | [
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Boris Spassky | Boris Spassky | Boris Vasilievich Spassky (; born January 30, 1937) is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from 1969 to 1972. Spassky played three world championship matches: he lost to Tigran Petrosian in 1966; defeated Petrosian in 1969 to become world champion; then lost to Bobby Fischer in a famous match in 1972. | Boris Vassilievitch Spassky (en ), né le à Léningrad (URSS), est un joueur d'échecs russe, anciennement soviétique, puis français. Grand maître international et candidat au championnat du monde en 1956, à dix-neuf ans, Boris Spassky devient, en 1969, le dixième champion du monde d'échecs, en battant Tigran Petrossian à Moscou. Il perd son titre trois ans plus tard, lors du championnat du monde d'échecs 1972 face à l'américain Bobby Fischer. | [
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Ernest Rutherford | Ernest Rutherford | Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics. "Encyclopædia Britannica" considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867). | Ernest Rutherford ( à Brightwater, Nouvelle-Zélande - à Cambridge, Angleterre) est un physicien et chimiste néo-zélando-britannique, considéré comme le père de la physique nucléaire. Il découvrit les rayonnements alpha, les rayonnements bêta ; il découvrit aussi que la radioactivité s'accompagnait d'une désintégration des éléments chimiques, ce qui lui valut le prix Nobel de chimie en 1908. C'est encore lui qui mit en évidence l'existence d'un noyau atomique dans lequel étaient réunies toute la charge positive et presque toute la masse de l'atome. | [
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Paul Keres | Paul Keres | Paul Keres (; January 7, 1916June 5, 1975) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and chess writer. He was among the world's top players from the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s. | Paul Kérès ( à Narva, Estonie – à Helsinki, Finlande) est un joueur d'échecs estonien puis soviétique après l'occupation de l'Estonie par l'URSS en 1940. Il fut l'un des plus grands joueurs d'échecs de la fin des années 1930 au milieu des années 1960. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Lille | Lille | Lille ( ; ; ; ; ) is a city at the northern tip of France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the Nord department, and the main city of the Métropole Européenne de Lille. | Lille ( ) est une ville du nord de la France, préfecture du département du Nord et chef-lieu de la région Hauts-de-France. | [
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Magnetic field | Champ magnétique | A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electric charges in relative motion and magnetized materials. A charge that is moving parallel to a current of other charges experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity. The effects of magnetic fields are commonly seen in permanent magnets, which pull on magnetic materials (such as iron) and attract or repel other magnets. Magnetic fields surround and are created by magnetized material and by moving electric charges (currents) such as those used in electromagnets. They exert forces on nearby moving electrical charges and torques on nearby magnets. In addition, a magnetic field that varies with location exerts a force on magnetic materials. Both the strength and direction of a magnetic field vary with location. As such, it is described mathematically as a vector field. | En physique, dans le domaine de l'électromagnétisme, le champ magnétique est une grandeur ayant le caractère d'un champ vectoriel, c'est-à-dire caractérisée par la donnée d'une norme, d’une direction et d’un sens, définie en tout point de l'espace et permettant de modéliser et quantifier les effets magnétiques du courant électrique ou des matériaux magnétiques comme les aimants permanents. | [
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Anglicism | Anglicisme | An anglicism is a word or construction borrowed from English into another language. With the rise in Anglophone media and global spread of British and American cultures in the 20th and 21st centuries, many English terms have entered popular usage in other tongues. Technology-related English words like "internet" and "computer" are particularly common across the globe, as there are no pre-existing words for them. English words are sometimes imported verbatim, and sometimes adapted to the importing language in a process similar to anglicisation. In languages with non-Latin alphabets, these borrowed words can be written in the Latin alphabet anyway, resulting in a text made up of a mixture of scripts; other times they are transliterated. Transliteration of English and other foreign words into Japanese generally uses the katakana script. | Un anglicisme est un emprunt fait à la langue anglaise (britannique ou américaine) par une autre langue. L'anglicisme naît soit de l'adoption d'un mot anglais par suite d'un défaut de traduction, même si un terme équivalent existe dans la langue du locuteur, soit d'une mauvaise traduction, comme le mot-à-mot. | [
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Anatoly Karpov | Anatoli Karpov | Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (; born May 23, 1951) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. He was the official world champion from 1975 to 1985 when he was defeated by Garry Kasparov. Karpov played five matches against Kasparov for the title from 1984 to 1990 without ever defeating him in a match, later becoming FIDE World Champion once again after Kasparov broke away from FIDE in 1993. He held the title until 1999, when he resigned his title in protest against FIDE's new world championship rules. For his decades-long standing among the world's elite, many consider Karpov one of the greatest players in history. | Anatoli Ievguenievitch Karpov (en ), né le à Zlatooust, dans l'oblast de Tcheliabinsk en URSS, est un joueur d'échecs, homme politique et homme d'affaires russe. | [
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Mastaba | Mastaba | A mastaba (, or ) or pr-djt (meaning "house of eternity" or "eternal house" in Ancient Egyptian) is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of mudbricks. These edifices marked the burial sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt's Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. In the Old Kingdom epoch, local kings began to be buried in pyramids instead of in mastabas, although non-royal use of mastabas continued for over a thousand years. Egyptologists call these tombs "mastaba", from the Arabic word (maṣṭaba) "stone bench". | Le mastaba est un édifice funéraire égyptien servant de sépulture aux rois des deux premières dynasties, ainsi qu'aux hauts dignitaires, de l'époque archaïque au Moyen Empire. Ces tombes aériennes sont précédées dès l'Ancien Empire par des tombes souterraines logées à flanc de coteau en bordure des nécropoles, telles les hypogées et les syringes. | [
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Hypoglycemia | Hypoglycémie | Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is a fall in blood sugar to levels below normal. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures or death. A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness and weakness may also be present. Symptoms typically come on quickly. The most common cause of hypoglycemia is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin and sulfonylureas. Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten less than usual, exercised more than usual or drunk alcohol. Other causes of hypoglycemia include kidney failure, certain tumors (such as insulinoma), liver disease, hypothyroidism, starvation, inborn error of metabolism, severe infections, reactive hypoglycemia and a number of drugs including alcohol. Low blood sugar may occur in otherwise healthy babies who have not eaten for a few hours. The glucose level that defines hypoglycemia is variable. In people with diabetes, levels below 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) are diagnostic. In adults without diabetes, symptoms related to low blood sugar, low blood sugar at the time of symptoms and improvement when blood sugar is restored to normal confirm the diagnosis. Otherwise, a level below 2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) after not eating or following exercise may be used. In newborns, a level below 2.2 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), or less than 3.3 mmol/L (60 mg/dL) if symptoms are present, indicates hypoglycemia. Other tests that may be useful in determining the cause include insulin and C peptide levels in the blood. Among people with diabetes, prevention is by matching the foods eaten with the amount of exercise and the medications used. When people feel their blood sugar is low, testing with a glucose monitor is recommended. Some people have few initial symptoms of low blood sugar, and frequent routine testing in this group is recommended. Treatment of hypoglycemia is by eating foods high in simple sugars or taking dextrose. If a person is not able to take food by mouth, glucagon by injection or in the nose may help. The treatment of hypoglycemia unrelated to diabetes includes treating the underlying problem as well and a healthy diet. The term "hypoglycemia" is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to idiopathic postprandial syndrome, a controversial condition with similar symptoms that occur following eating but with normal blood sugar levels. | L'hypoglycémie (ne pas confondre avec hyperglycémie) est une concentration en glucose dans le sang (glycémie) anormalement basse. Les valeurs de glycémie habituellement retenues pour le diagnostic sont <0,50 g/L chez le non diabétique et <0,60 chez le diabétique. | [
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Navier–Stokes equations | Équations de Navier-Stokes | In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations () are a set of differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances, named after French engineer and physicist Claude-Louis Navier and Anglo-Irish physicist and mathematician George Gabriel Stokes. | En mécanique des fluides, les équations de Navier-Stokes sont des équations aux dérivées partielles non linéaires qui décrivent le mouvement des fluides newtoniens (donc des gaz et de la majeure partie des liquides). La résolution de ces équations modélisant un fluide comme un milieu continu à une seule phase est difficile, et l'existence mathématique de solutions des équations de Navier-Stokes n'est pas démontrée. Mais elles permettent souvent, par une résolution approchée, de proposer une modélisation de nombreux phénomènes, comme les courants océaniques et des mouvements des masses d'air de l'atmosphère pour les météorologistes, le comportement des gratte-ciel ou des ponts sous l'action du vent pour les architectes et ingénieurs, ou encore celui des avions, trains ou voitures à grande vitesse pour leurs bureaux d'études concepteurs, ainsi que l'écoulement de l'eau dans un tuyau et de nombreux autres phénomènes d'écoulement de divers fluides. | [
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Zoophilia | Zoophilie | Zoophilia is a paraphilia involving a sexual fixation on non-human animals. Bestiality is cross-species sexual activity between humans and non-human animals. The terms are often used interchangeably, but some researchers make a distinction between the attraction (zoophilia) and the act (bestiality). | La zoophilie (du grec ancien / (« animal ») et / (« amitié »), est une paraphilie dans laquelle un animal est l'objet du désir sexuel. | [
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Alexander Khalifman | Aleksandr Khalifman | Alexander Valeryevich Khalifman (; born 18 January 1966) is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was FIDE World Chess Champion in 1999. | Aleksandr Valerievitch Khalifman (en russe : Александр Валерьевич Халифман), né le à Léningrad (Union soviétique), est un joueur d'échecs russe, grand maître international depuis 1990. Il fut champion de Russie en 1996 et champion du monde de la Fédération internationale des échecs en 1999. | [
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Puy de Dôme | Puy de Dôme | Puy de Dôme (, ; or "Puèi de Doma" ) is a lava dome and one of the youngest volcanoes in the Chaîne des Puys region of Massif Central in central France. This chain of volcanoes including numerous cinder cones, lava domes and maars is far from the edge of any tectonic plate. Puy de Dôme was created by a Peléan eruption, some 10,700 years ago. Puy de Dôme is approximately from Clermont-Ferrand. The Puy-de-Dôme "département" is named after the volcano. | Le puy de Dôme est un volcan endormi de la chaîne des Puys, dans le Massif central. Il se trouve à une quinzaine de kilomètres de Clermont-Ferrand et a donné son nom au département du Puy-de-Dôme. La chaîne des Puys est devenue un site classé en 2000. Le puy de Dôme fait partie du réseau des grands sites de France et a reçu, début 2008, le label « Grand site de France ». | [
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Strait of Dover | Pas de Calais | The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait, historically known as the Dover Narrows ( - "Strait of Calais"; or the lesser used "Straat van Dover"), is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary between the Channel and North Sea, separating Great Britain from continental Europe. The shortest distance across the strait,, is from the South Foreland, northeast of Dover in the English county of Kent, to Cap Gris Nez, a cape near to Calais in the French département of Pas-de-Calais. Between these points lies the most popular route for cross-channel swimmers. The entire strait is within the territorial waters of France and the United Kingdom, but a right of transit passage under the UNCLOS exists allowing unrestricted shipping. | Le pas de Calais (' ou'en anglais, trad. "Détroit de Douvres") est un détroit de la Manche, situé à l'extrémité orientale de cette dernière et donc limitrophe de la mer du Nord. Il sépare la Grande-Bretagne (ville de Douvres) de l'Europe continentale (ville de Calais). Il a donné son nom au département du Pas-de-Calais (auquel cas une majuscule à "Pas" est nécessaire ainsi que deux traits d'union). | [
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Minsk | Minsk | Minsk (, traditional,,, ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblasć) and Minsk District (rajon). The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444, (not including suburbs) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe. Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and seat of its Executive Secretary. | Minsk (en ; en ) est la capitale de la république de Biélorussie. Sa population s'élevait à 1 992 685 habitants en 2019, ce qui fait d'elle la dixième localité la plus peuplée d'Europe. | [
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Hyperglycemia | Hyperglycémie | Hyperglycemia is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a blood sugar level higher than 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl), but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 13.9–16.7 mmol/l (~250–300 mg/dl). A subject with a consistent range between ~5.6 and ~7 mmol/l (100–126 mg/dl) (American Diabetes Association guidelines) is considered slightly hyperglycemic, and above 7 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) is generally held to have diabetes. For diabetics, glucose levels that are considered to be too hyperglycemic can vary from person to person, mainly due to the person's renal threshold of glucose and overall glucose tolerance. On average, however, chronic levels above 10–12 mmol/L (180–216 mg/dl) can produce noticeable organ damage over time. | Une hyperglycémie est une concentration en glucose dans le sang (glycémie) anormalement élevée. Pour un être humain, ceci correspond à une glycémie supérieure à 1,26 g/L (7,0 mmol/l) à jeun, et à 2,00 g/L (11,1 mmol/l) le reste du temps. Celle-ci est un des symptômes révélateurs d'un diabète. Le contraire d'une hyperglycémie est une hypoglycémie. | [
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Amazon River | Amazone (fleuve) | The Amazon River (, ;, ) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and by most accepted definitions it is the second longest river in the world, after the Nile River. The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon's most distant source, until a 2014 study found it to be the headwaters of the Mantaro River on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in Peru. The Mantaro and Apurímac join, and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River, which in turn meets the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos, Peru, to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon. Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters () at Manaus, the largest city on the river. | LAmazone (en espagnol ', en portugais ') est un fleuve d'Amérique du Sud. Son débit moyen à l'estuaire de est de loin le plus élevé de celui de tous les fleuves de la planète et équivaut au volume cumulé des six fleuves qui le suivent immédiatement dans l'ordre des débits. Avec ses, c'est le plus long fleuve de la Terre avec le Nil. L'Amazone est aussi le plus grand fleuve par l'immensité de son bassin. Il draine une surface de (sans le Tocantins) soit 40 % de l'Amérique du Sud et l'équivalent d'une fois et demie la surface de l'Union européenne (le Congo, deuxième fleuve pour la superficie de son bassin, atteint seulement ). Le bassin de l'Amazone s'étend des latitudes 5° nord jusqu’à 20° sud. Le fleuve prend sa source dans les Andes, traverse le Pérou, la Colombie et le Brésil, et se jette dans l'océan Atlantique au niveau de l'équateur. Son réseau hydrographique compte plus de d'eau. L'Amazone est à lui seul à l'origine de 18 % du volume total d'eau douce déversée dans les océans du monde. Ses deux principaux affluents, le Madeira et le Rio Negro font eux-mêmes partie des importants cours d'eau du monde par leurs débits ( et ), et le troisième (rio Japura, ) rivalise avec le Mississippi. | [
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Viswanathan Anand | Viswanathan Anand | Viswanathan "Vishy" Anand (born 11 December 1969) is an Indian chess grandmaster and former world chess champion. He became the first grandmaster from India in 1988, and is one of the few players to have surpassed an Elo rating of 2800, a feat he first achieved in 2006. | "Dans ce nom indien, Viswanathan est le nom du père et Anand est le nom personnel." Viswanathan Anand ou Anand, dit « Vishy Anand » ( ; prononcer ), né le à Madras (aujourd'hui Chennai) en Inde, est un joueur d'échecs indien, grand maître international depuis 1988. Il est devenu champion du monde FIDE en décembre 2000 en battant Alexeï Chirov à Téhéran, après deux finales perdues en 1995 (contre Garry Kasparov) et en 1998 (contre Anatoli Karpov). Viswanathan Anand perdit son titre lors du championnat du monde FIDE 2001-2002, puis termina deuxième du championnat du monde en 2005. En septembre 2007, Anand devint à nouveau champion du monde d'échecs (titre unifié) grâce à sa victoire au Championnat du monde de Mexico devant Vladimir Kramnik et Boris Guelfand. Depuis 2007, il a défendu trois fois son titre avec succès en battant Vladimir Kramnik en octobre 2008, Veselin Topalov en avril-mai 2010 et Boris Guelfand en mai 2012, et l'a perdu en novembre 2013 face à Magnus Carlsen. | [
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Play-by-mail game | Jeu par correspondance | Play-by-mail games (also known as PBM games and turn-based games) are games played through postal mail, email or other digital media. Correspondence chess and Go are among the first PBM games. "Diplomacy" has been played by mail since 1963, introducing a multi-player aspect to PBM games. Flying Buffalo Inc pioneered the first commercially available PBM game in 1970. A small number of PBM companies followed in the 1970s, with an explosion of hundreds of startup PBM companies in the 1980s at the peak of PBM gaming popularity, many of them small hobby companies—more than 90 percent of which eventually folded. A number of independent PBM magazines also started in the 1980s, including "Flagship magazine", "Gaming Universal", and "Paper Mayhem". These magazines eventually went out of print, replaced in the 21st century by the online PBM journal "Suspense and Decision". | Le jeu par correspondance (ou JpC) désigne une façon de jouer par différentes méthodes de communication à distance, généralement par échanges de courriers postaux ou électroniques ; dans ce dernier cas, on parlera de "jeu par courriel" ou de "Play-by-email" (abrégé "PBEM", "PBeM", "PbEM", "PBM", voire JPeM — Jeu par e-Mail). | [
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Vladimir Kramnik | Vladimir Kramnik | Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik (; born 25 June 1975) is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was the Classical World Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and the undisputed World Chess Champion from 2006 to 2007. He has won three team gold medals and three individual medals at Chess Olympiads. | Vladimir Borissovitch Kramnik (en ), né à Touapsé le, est un joueur d'échecs russe. Grand maître international du jeu d'échecs, il est champion du monde de 2000 à 2007. | [
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Bondage (BDSM) | Bondage | Bondage, in the BDSM subculture, is the practice of consensually tying, binding, or restraining a partner for erotic, aesthetic, or somatosensory stimulation. A partner may be physically restrained in a variety of ways, including the use of rope, cuffs, bondage tape, or self-adhering bandage. | Le bondage est un comportement sexuel humain sadomasochiste qui consiste à ligoter son partenaire, dans le cadre d'une relation de soumis/domination. | [
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Bioinformatics | Bio-informatique | Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, in particular when the data sets are large and complex. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines biology, computer science, information engineering, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret the biological data. Bioinformatics has been used for "in silico" analyses of biological queries using mathematical and statistical techniques. | La bio-informatique est un champ de recherche multi-disciplinaire de la biotechnologie où travaillent de concert biologistes, médecins, informaticiens, mathématiciens, physiciens et bio-informaticiens, dans le but de résoudre un problème scientifique posé par la biologie. Plus généralement, la bio-informatique est l'application de la statistique et de l'informatique à la science biologique. Le spécialiste qui travaille à mi-chemin entre ces sciences et l'informatique est appelé "bio-informaticien" ou "bionaute". | [
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Green party | Partis verts à travers le monde | A Green party is a formally organized political party based on the principles of green politics, such as social justice, environmentalism and nonviolence. | Bien que l'intitulé Parti vert puisse être utilisé librement, un certain nombre de partis écologistes, plus ou moins affiliés, mais néanmoins organisés comme partis politiques et mouvements politiques, reposant sur les quatre piliers des partis verts revendiquent cette identité. Les verts voient la démocratie, le pacifisme, et la justice sociale, comme intimement liés à l'écologie, à la santé humaine et au bien-être. Tous les partis verts suivent plus ou moins les mêmes principes en ce qui a trait à la politique écologique. | [
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Tennessee | Tennessee | Tennessee (, ;) officially the State of Tennessee, is a state in the southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by eight states, with Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, Arkansas to the west, and Missouri to the northwest. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms its western border. Nashville is the state's capital and largest city, with a 2019 population of 670,820 and a 2019 metro population of 1,934,317. Tennessee's second largest city is Memphis, which had a population of 651,073 and metro population of 1,346,045 in 2019. | Le Tennessee (, ; en cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ) est un État du Sud des États-Unis. Il est entouré au nord par le Kentucky et la Virginie, à l'est par la Caroline du Nord, au sud par la Géorgie, l'Alabama et le Mississippi et à l'ouest par l'Arkansas et le Missouri. Sa capitale et sa plus grande ville est Nashville. | [
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Garry Kasparov | Garry Kasparov | Garry Kimovich Kasparov (, ; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist, whom many consider to be the greatest chess player of all time. From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228 months and 255 months overall for his career. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11). | Garry (ou Garri ou Gary) Kimovitch Kasparov (en ), né le à Bakou (RSS d'Azerbaïdjan, URSS), est un joueur d'échecs soviétique puis russe. En exil depuis 2013, il a acquis la nationalité croate en 2014 et vit aujourd'hui à New York. | [
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Battle of Austerlitz | Bataille d'Austerlitz | The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. In what is widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon, the "Grande Armée" of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Emperor Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. The battle occurred near the town of Austerlitz in the Austrian Empire (modern-day Slavkov u Brna in the Czech Republic). Austerlitz brought the War of the Third Coalition to a rapid end, with the Treaty of Pressburg signed by the Austrians later in the month. The battle is often cited as a tactical masterpiece, in the same league as other historic engagements like Cannae or Gaugamela. | La bataille d’Austerlitz (aujourd’hui Slavkov u Brna, en République tchèque), surnommée la « bataille des Trois Empereurs », se déroule le lundi (11 frimaire an XIV) dans le sud de la Moravie, et plus précisément entre Brünn et Austerlitz. Après neuf heures de combats, la Grande Armée de Napoléon, malgré son infériorité numérique, bat les forces de la Troisième Coalition, qui se dissout à la suite de la bataille. Cette coalition réunissait les austro-russes de l’empereur François d'Autriche et du Saint Empire et de l'empereur russe Alexandre. Le Royaume-Uni, pourtant membre et financeur de la coalition, n'a une nouvelle fois pas souhaité se mesurer à la Grande Armée, et reste, "de facto" invaincue, ainsi que la seule grande puissance à rester opposée au Premier Empire. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Richard Feynman | Richard Feynman | Richard Phillips Feynman, ForMemRS (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. | Richard Phillips Feynman (1918-1988) est un physicien américain, l'un des plus influents de la seconde moitié du, en raison notamment de ses travaux sur l'électrodynamique quantique, les quarks et l'hélium superfluide. | [
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Mississippi River | Mississippi (fleuve) | The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it flows generally south for to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains. The main stem is entirely within the United States; the total drainage basin is, of which only about one percent is in Canada. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest river and fifteenth-largest river by discharge in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. | Le Mississippi (Mississippi River en anglais) est un fleuve situé en Amérique du Nord traversant la partie centrale des États-Unis. Il coule du nord du Minnesota au golfe du Mexique et son cours a une orientation méridienne. Le Mississippi a une longueur de : seul l'un de ses affluents, le Missouri, est plus long en Amérique du Nord. La longueur cumulée de ces deux cours d'eau, qui dépasse les, et la superficie du bassin versant font du Mississippi l'un des fleuves les plus importants du monde et du Missouri-Mississippi l'un des bassins fluviaux les plus grands du monde. Pendant l'époque précolombienne, le Mississippi constitue déjà une voie de navigation dont le cours supérieur est appelé par les Ojibwés "misi-ziibi", qui signifie « grand fleuve », repris en 1666 en français sous la forme "Messipi". Supervisé par la Mississippi Valley Division et une commission fédérale créée en 1879, le fleuve reste encore aujourd'hui un élément fondamental de l'économie et de la culture américaine. | [
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3rd millennium BC | IIIe millénaire av. J.-C. | The 3rd millennium BC spanned the years 3000 through 2001 BC. This period of time corresponds to the Early to Middle Bronze Age, characterized by the early empires in the Ancient Near East. In Ancient Egypt, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Old Kingdom. In Mesopotamia, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Akkadian Empire. | <br><br> <br> <br><br> Liste de chronologies par périodes | Liste des siècles <br> Le s'étend de 3000 à 2001 En Mésopotamie, les cités-États sont unifiées brièvement par l’empire d'Akkad, le premier exemple d’empire connu, auquel succède la troisième dynastie d'Ur et la « période néo-sumérienne ». Les civilisations urbaines s’étendent le long des voies fluviales, le Nil, la Mésopotamie, la vallée de l’Indus, la vallée de l’Oxus. En Asie de l'Ouest et du Sud, elles sont connectées entre elles par un trafic maritime attesté en Méditerranée, dans la mer Rouge, le golfe Persique, et l'océan Indien. En Chine, les premières villes semblent autosuffisantes grâce à des espaces agricoles souvent intégrés dans leurs enceintes. | [
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The Avengers (TV series) | Chapeau melon et bottes de cuir | The Avengers is a British espionage television programme created in 1961. It initially focused on Dr. David Keel (Ian Hendry), aided by John Steed (Patrick Macnee). Hendry left after the first series; Steed then became the main character, partnered with a succession of assistants. His most famous assistants were intelligent, stylish and assertive women: Cathy Gale (Honor Blackman), Emma Peel (Diana Rigg), and Tara King (Linda Thorson). The series ran from 1961 until 1969, screening as one-hour episodes for its entire run. The pilot episode, "Hot Snow," aired on 7 January 1961. The final episode, "Bizarre," aired on 21 April 1969 in the United States, and on 21 May 1969 in the United Kingdom. | Chapeau melon et bottes de cuir est le titre français de deux séries télévisées : la série britannique'et sa suite, la série franco-canado-britannique '. Ces deux séries, mélangeant espionnage, science-fiction et action, mettent en scène le personnage de John Steed, un agent secret britannique. | [
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Simulation video game | Jeu de simulation | A simulation video game describes a diverse super-category of video games, generally designed to closely simulate real world activities. A simulation game attempts to copy various activities from real life in the form of a game for various purposes such as training, analysis, or prediction. Usually there are no strictly defined goals in the game, with the player instead allowed to control a character or environment freely. Well-known examples are war games, business games, and role play simulation. | Un jeu de simulation est un jeu (de société ou vidéo) qui reproduit une activité ou une action dans divers environnements. Les plus populaires sont les jeux économiques ou de gestion et les jeux de rôle. Lorsque la simulation porte sur une guerre ou une bataille réelle ou fictive, on parle plutôt de jeu de stratégie ou jeu de guerre dont le jeu de figurines est une forme de représentation. | [
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Indo-European languages | Langues indo-européennes | The Indo-European languages are a large language family native to western Eurasia. It comprises most of the languages of Europe together with those of the northern Indian Subcontinent and the Iranian Plateau. A few of these languages, such as English, have expanded through colonialism in the modern period and are now spoken across all continents. The Indo-European family is divided into several branches or sub-families, the largest of which are the Indo-Iranian, Germanic, Romance, and Balto-Slavic groups. The most populous individual languages within them are Spanish, English, Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu), Portuguese, Bengali, Punjabi, and Russian, each with over 100 million speakers. German, French, Marathi, Italian, and Persian have more than 50 million each. In total, 46% of the world's population (3.2 billion) speaks an Indo-European language as a first language, by far the highest of any language family. There are about 445 living Indo-European languages, according to the estimate by "Ethnologue", with over two thirds (313) of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch. | En linguistique, les langues indo-européennes forment une famille de langues étroitement apparentées ayant pour origine ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler l'indo-européen commun et. Au nombre d'environ un millier, elles sont actuellement parlées par près de trois milliards de locuteurs. | [
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FlightGear | FlightGear | FlightGear Flight Simulator (often shortened to FlightGear or FGFS) is a free, open source multi-platform flight simulator developed by the project since 1997. | FlightGear Flight Simulator, souvent abrégé FlightGear ou FGFS est un jeu vidéo libre de simulation de vol, gratuit, "open-source" et multiplate-forme développé par le projet FlightGear. Principalement écrit dans le langage de programmation C++, FlightGear est, tout comme Fly! Legacy, un simulateur de vol dont les sources sont libres. | [
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Software | Logiciel | Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own. | En informatique, un logiciel est un ensemble de séquences d’instructions interprétables par une machine et d’un jeu de données nécessaires à ces opérations. Le logiciel détermine donc les tâches qui peuvent être effectuées par la machine, ordonne son fonctionnement et lui procure ainsi son utilité fonctionnelle. Les séquences d’instructions appelées programmes ainsi que les données du logiciel sont ordinairement structurées en fichiers. La mise en œuvre des instructions du logiciel est appelée exécution, et la machine est appelée ordinateur ou calculateur. | [
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Tours | Tours | Tours (, ) is the prefecture of the Indre-et-Loire department and largest city in the Centre-Val de Loire region of Western France, although it is not the regional prefecture, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2012, the commune of Tours had 134,978 inhabitants; the population of the whole metropolitan area was 483,744. | Tours ( ) est une ville de l'ouest de la France, sur les rives de la Loire et du Cher, dans le département d'Indre-et-Loire, dont elle est le chef-lieu. La commune est le chef-lieu de la métropole Tours Val de Loire et constitutive, avec son intercommunalité, de l’une des 22 métropoles françaises officielles. | [
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International Organization for Standardization | Organisation internationale de normalisation | The International Organization for Standardization (ISO; ) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. In contrast to many international organizations, which utilize the British English form of spelling, the ISO uses English with Oxford spelling as one of its official languages along with French and Russian. | L'Organisation internationale de normalisation ( ; en ), généralement désigné sous son sigle : ISO, choisi pour être le sigle identique dans toutes les langues — un exemple de normalisation, est un organisme de normalisation international composé de représentants d'organisations nationales de normalisation de 165 pays. | [
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Firewall (computing) | Pare-feu (informatique) | In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external network, such as the Internet. | Un pare-feu (de l'anglais "") est un logiciel et/ou un matériel permettant de faire respecter la politique de sécurité du réseau, celle-ci définissant quels sont les types de communications autorisés sur ce réseau informatique. Il surveille et contrôle les applications et les flux de données (paquets). | [
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Disassembler | Désassembleur | A disassembler is a computer program that translates machine language into assembly language—the inverse operation to that of an assembler. A disassembler differs from a decompiler, which targets a high-level language rather than an assembly language. Disassembly, the output of a disassembler, is often formatted for human-readability rather than suitability for input to an assembler, making it principally a reverse-engineering tool. | Un désassembleur est un programme informatique qui traduit du langage machine (un fichier exécutable) en langage assembleur (aussi désigné sous le nom de langage « bas niveau »). Cette opération, le désassemblage, est l'inverse de celle effectuée par un programme assembleur, l'assemblage. | [
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Viktor Korchnoi | Viktor Kortchnoï | Viktor Lvovich Korchnoi (; 23 March 1931 – 6 June 2016) was a Soviet (before 1976) and Swiss (after 1980) chess grandmaster and writer. He is considered one of the strongest players never to have become World Chess Champion. | Viktor Lvovitch Kortchnoï (en ), né le à Leningrad, et mort le à Wohlen, est un joueur d’échecs soviétique puis suisse. Il obtint l'asile politique de la Suisse en 1978, puis la nationalité suisse en 1992. Après sa défection de l'Union soviétique en 1976, Kortchnoï disputa deux matchs de championnat du monde d'échecs et perdit à chaque fois contre le numéro un soviétique Anatoli Karpov, de vingt ans son cadet. | [
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Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. | Albert Einstein (prononcé en allemand ) né le à Ulm, dans le Wurtemberg (Empire allemand), et mort le à Princeton, dans le New Jersey (États-Unis), est un physicien théoricien. Il fut successivement allemand, apatride (1896), suisse (1901) et de double nationalité helvético-américaine (1940). Il épousa Mileva Marić, puis sa cousine Elsa Einstein. | [
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Assembly language | Assembleur | In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language), often abbreviated asm, is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. Because assembly depends on the machine code instructions, every assembler has its own assembly language which is designed for exactly one specific computer architecture. Assembly language may also be called "symbolic machine code". | Un langage d'assemblage ou langage assembleur est, en programmation informatique, le langage de plus bas niveau qui représente le langage machine sous une forme lisible par un humain. Les combinaisons de bits du langage machine sont représentées par des symboles dits « mnémoniques » (du grec "mnêmonikos", relatif à la mémoire), c'est-à-dire faciles à retenir. Le programme assembleur convertit ces mnémoniques en langage machine, ainsi que les valeurs (écrites en décimal) en binaire et les libellés d'emplacements en adresses, en vue de créer par exemple un fichier objet ou un fichier exécutable. | [
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Cuneiform | Cunéiforme | Cuneiform was one of the earliest systems of writing, invented by Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia. It is distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The term cuneiform comes from "cuneus", Latin for "wedge". | L’écriture cunéiforme est un système d'écriture complet mis au point en Basse Mésopotamie entre 3400 et 3300, qui s'est par la suite répandu dans tout le Proche-Orient ancien, avant de disparaître dans les premiers siècles de l'ère chrétienne. Au départ pictographique et linéaire, la graphie de cette écriture a progressivement évolué vers des signes constitués de traits terminés en forme de « coins » ou « clous » (latin ""), auxquels elle doit son nom, « cunéiforme », qui lui a été donné aux. Cette écriture se pratique par incision à l'aide d'un calame sur des tablettes d'argile, ou sur une grande variété d'autres supports. | [
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Normandy | Normandie | Normandy (; ; ; from Old French, plural of "Normant", originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is the northwesternmost of the 18 regions of France, roughly referring to the historical Duchy of Normandy. | La Normandie (en normand : "Normaundie", en anglais : "") est un territoire géographique et culturel, situé dans le Nord-Ouest de la France et bordé par la Manche ; il a traversé différentes époques historiques, malgré une absence de reconnaissance administrative entre la Révolution française de 1789 et la réforme territoriale de 2015. Les frontières continentales historiques de la province de l'Ancien Régime épousent assez fidèlement celles de la région administrative contemporaine. | [
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File system | Système de fichiers | In computing, a file system or filesystem (often abbreviated to fs) controls how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, data placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of data stops and the next begins. By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the data is easily isolated and identified. Taking its name from the way paper-based data management system is named, each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of data and their names is called a "file system". | Le terme système de fichiers (abrégé « FS » pour, parfois en anglais) désigne de façon ambigüe : De façon générale, un système de fichiers ou système de gestion de fichiers (SGF) est une façon de stocker les informations et de les organiser dans des fichiers sur ce que l'on appelle, en génie logiciel, des mémoires secondaires (pour le matériel informatique, il s'agit de mémoire de masse comme un disque dur, un disque SSD, un CD-ROM, une clé USB, une disquette, etc.). Une telle gestion des fichiers permet de traiter, de conserver des quantités importantes de données ainsi que de les partager entre plusieurs programmes informatiques. Il offre à l'utilisateur une vue abstraite sur ses données et permet de les localiser à partir d'un chemin d'accès. | [
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Punjab, India | Pendjab (Inde) | Punjab (, ) is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest. It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles), 1.53% of India's total geographical area. It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area. With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population, comprising 22 districts. Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the Punjabis, with Sikhs (57.7%) and Hindus (38.5%) as the dominant religious groups. The state capital is Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. The five tributary rivers of the Indus river from which the region took its name are the Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab and Jhelum rivers; the Sutlej, Ravi and Beas rivers flow through the Indian Punjab. | Le Pendjab (en pendjabi (gurmukhi), en anglais "") est un État du nord-ouest de l'Inde. Le Pendjab est bordé à l'est par l'Himachal Pradesh, au sud par l'Haryana, le territoire de Chandigarh, au sud-ouest par le Rajasthan et à l'ouest par la province pakistanaise du Pendjab. La capitale de l'État est Chandigarh, un territoire et également la capitale de l'Haryana. | [
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Punjabi language | Pendjabi | Punjabi ( / ; ; ) is an Indo-Aryan language with more than 125 million native speakers in the Indian subcontinent and around the world. It is the native language of the Punjabi people, an ethnolinguistic group of the cultural region of Punjab, which encompasses northwest India and eastern Pakistan. | Le pendjabi ou penjabi ( ou ) est une langue indo-européenne de la branche des langues indo-iraniennes parlée au Pendjab (en Inde et au Pakistan) par environ de locuteurs (tous dialectes confondus). Elle est issue de prakrits, comme le hindi, tout en étant plus archaïque, donc irrégulière, que celle-ci. Elle utilise principalement le semi-syllabaire gurmukhi pour son écriture en Inde et le shahmukhi au Pakistan, mais parfois la devanagari. Le pendjabi est une langue à tons, fonctionnant avec trois intonations. C'est une des rares langues indo-aryennes modernes de ce type. Les tons ne sont pas issus de l'accent de hauteur du sanskrit d'autrefois, mais du transfert du trait phonétique de murmure des consonnes aux voyelles avoisinantes. | [
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Sinhala language | Singhalais | Sinhala ( ;, "siṁhala", ), also known as Sinhalese, is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka, who make up the largest ethnic group on the island, numbering about 16 million. Sinhala is also spoken as the first language by other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka, totalling about 4 million. Sinhala is written using the Sinhala script, which is one of the Brahmic scripts, a descendant of the ancient Indian Brahmi script closely related to the Kadamba script. | Le singhalais, aussi écrit cinghalais, ou cingalais (en ["sinhala"]), est une langue appartenant au groupe indo-aryen de la famille des langues indo-européennes. Il est parlé au Sri Lanka, où il a le statut de langue officielle, par près de 70 % de la population du pays, notamment les Singhalais. | [
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Metallurgy | Métallurgie | Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy encompasses both the science and the technology of metals. That is, the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components used in products for both consumers and manufacturers. Metallurgy is distinct from the craft of metalworking. Metalworking relies on metallurgy in a similar manner to how medicine relies on medical science for technical advancement. A specialist practitioner of metallurgy is known as a. | La métallurgie est la science des matériaux qui étudie les métaux, leurs élaborations, leurs propriétés, leurs traitements. Par extension, on désigne ainsi l’industrie de la fabrication des métaux et des alliages, qui repose sur la maîtrise de cette science. | [
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Lens, Pas-de-Calais | Lens (Pas-de-Calais) | Lens (; ) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. It is one of the main towns of Hauts-de-France along with Lille, Valenciennes, Amiens, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Arras and Douai. The inhabitants are called "Lensois". | Lens ( comme une "lance") est une commune française, sous-préfecture du département du Pas-de-Calais en région Hauts-de-France. Si elle n'est que la ville du département et la de la région avec ses, son agglomération est l'un des territoires les plus densément peuplés de France. L'aire urbaine de Douai-Lens est la quinzième aire urbaine du pays avec. Elle est également directement sous l'influence de l'« aire métropolitaine de Lille », ensemble métropolitain de près de d'habitants dont le centre, la ville de Lille, ne se trouve qu'à. | [
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Political ecology | Écologie politique | Political ecology is the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes. Political ecology differs from apolitical ecological studies by politicizing environmental issues and phenomena. | L'écologie politique est un ensemble de courants, largement diffusé depuis les années 1970, qui insiste sur la prise en compte des enjeux écologiques dans l'action politique et dans l'organisation sociale. Mouvement culturel nourri d'influences de divers mouvements (tels que le féminisme, le tiers-mondisme, le pacifisme, la non-violence, le libertarisme, l'autogestion, etc.), l'écologie devient politique lorsqu'elle appelle à une profonde transformation du modèle économique et social actuel ainsi qu'à une remise à plat des relations entre l'homme et son environnement. | [
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Fluid | Fluide (matière) | In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas. They are substances with zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them. | Un fluide est un milieu matériel parfaitement déformable. On regroupe sous cette appellation les liquides, les gaz et les plasmas. Gaz et plasmas sont très compressibles, tandis que les liquides le sont très peu (à peine plus que les solides). | [
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Douai | Douai | Douai (; ; historically "Doway" in English) is a commune in the Nord département in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. Located on the river Scarpe some from Lille and from Arras, Douai is home to one of the region's most impressive belfries. The population of the metropolitan area, including Lens, was 552,682 in 1999. | Douai est une commune française située dans le département du Nord en région Hauts-de-France, plus précisément dans le sud de la Flandre romane. | [
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Turbulence | Turbulence | In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers. | La turbulence désigne l'état de l'écoulement d'un fluide, liquide ou gaz, dans lequel la vitesse présente en tout point un caractère tourbillonnaire : tourbillons dont la taille, la localisation et l'orientation varient constamment. Les écoulements turbulents se caractérisent donc par une apparence très désordonnée, un comportement difficilement prévisible et l'existence de nombreuses échelles spatiales et temporelles. De tels écoulements apparaissent lorsque la source d'énergie cinétique qui met le fluide en mouvement est relativement intense devant les forces de viscosité que le fluide oppose pour se déplacer. À l'inverse, on appelle laminaire le caractère d'un écoulement régulier. | [
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Toulon | Toulon | Toulon (,, ;, "Touloun", ) is a city on the French Riviera and a large port on the Mediterranean coast, with a major naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department. | Toulon ([tulɔ̃], "Tolon / Touloun" [tu'luŋ] en provençal) est une commune du Sud-Est de la France, chef-lieu du département du Var et siège de sa préfecture. Troisième ville de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur derrière Marseille et Nice, elle abrite en outre le siège de la préfecture maritime de la Méditerranée. La commune est établie sur les bords de la mer Méditerranée, le long de la rade de Toulon. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Toulonnais". | [
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Oceania | Océanie | Oceania (,, ) is a geographic region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres, Oceania has a land area of and a population of over 41 million. When compared to continents, the region of Oceania is the smallest in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica. | L’Océanie est une région du monde qui n'est pas un continent "stricto sensu". Cependant, cette région étant souvent assimilée à un continent par les géographes, on peut la considérer comme le moins étendu des continents émergés de la Terre. Située dans l'océan Pacifique, elle s'étend sur une superficie de et comprend plus de d'habitants, répartis entre seize États indépendants et quinze territoires. Elle englobe toutes les terres situées entre l'Asie et l'Amérique, ainsi qu'une partie de l'archipel malais. Elle est divisée en quatre régions : l'Australasie, la Micronésie, la Mélanésie et la Polynésie. L'archipel d'Hawaï fait également partie de l'Océanie. | [
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Continent | Continent | A continent is one of several very large landmasses. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in area to smallest, these seven regions are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Variations with fewer continents may merge some of these, for example some systems include Eurasia or America as single continents. | Le mot continent vient du latin "continere" pour, ou "continens terra", les. Au sens propre, ce terme désigne une vaste étendue continue du sol à la surface du globe terrestre. Cependant, en géographie, la définition est souvent amendée selon des critères faisant appel à des habitudes historiques et culturelles. On retrouve ainsi certains systèmes de continents qui considèrent l'Europe et l'Asie comme deux continents, alors que l'Eurasie ne forme qu'une étendue de terre. | [
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Temperature | Température | Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses hot and cold. It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder. | La température est une grandeur physique mesurée à l’aide d’un thermomètre et étudiée en thermométrie. Dans la vie courante, elle est reliée aux sensations de froid et de chaud, provenant du transfert thermique entre le corps humain et son environnement. En physique, elle se définit de plusieurs manières : comme fonction croissante du degré d’agitation thermique des particules (en théorie cinétique des gaz), par l’équilibre des transferts thermiques entre plusieurs systèmes ou à partir de l’entropie (en thermodynamique et en physique statistique). La température est une variable importante dans d’autres disciplines : météorologie et climatologie, médecine, et chimie. | [
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Colima City | Colima | Colima () is a city that is the capital of the Colima state and the seat of Colima municipality, located in central−western Mexico. | Colima est la capitale de l'État du Mexique du même nom. Située à environ de la côte Pacifique du pays, la zone métropolitaine Colima-Villa de Álvarez comptait 266 860 habitants selon le recensement de 2010. | [
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Nancy, France | Nancy | Nancy (,,, ; ) is the capital of the north-eastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, and formerly the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine, and then the French province of the same name. The metropolitan area of Nancy had a population of 434,565 inhabitants at the 2011 census, making it the 20th largest urban area in France. The population of the city of Nancy proper was 104,321 in 2014. | Nancy est une commune française située en Lorraine au bord de la Meurthe à quelques kilomètres en amont de son point de confluence avec la Moselle, un affluent du Rhin, à à l'est de Paris et à l'ouest de Strasbourg. C'est la préfecture du département de Meurthe-et-Moselle, en région Grand Est. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Nancéiens". | [
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Valenciennes | Valenciennes | Valenciennes (, also,, ; ; ; ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced a steady population decline between 1975 and 1990, it has since rebounded. The 1999 census recorded that the population of the commune of Valenciennes was 41,278, and that of the metropolitan area was 399,677. | Valenciennes (prononcé ) est une commune française, historiquement capitale du comté du Hainaut français et aujourd'hui sous-préfecture du département du Nord, en région Hauts-de-France. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Education in Quebec | Éducation au Québec | Education in Quebec is governed by the Ministry of Education, Recreation and Sports ("Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport"). It was administered at the local level by publicly elected French and English school boards, changed in 2020 to school service centres. Teachers are represented by province-wide unions that negotiate province-wide working conditions with local boards and the provincial government of Quebec. | L'éducation au Québec comporte principalement quatre niveaux d'enseignement : l'enseignement préscolaire-primaire, secondaire, collégial et universitaire. À ces niveaux se rattachent la formation professionnelle, l'éducation des adultes et la formation continue. | [
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Metz | Metz | Metz (,, ) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle department and the seat of the parliament of the Grand Est region. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, the city forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion. | Metz est une commune française située dans le département de la Moselle, en Lorraine. Préfecture de département, elle fait partie, depuis le, de la région administrative Grand Est, dont elle accueille les assemblées plénières. Metz et ses alentours, qui faisaient partie des Trois-Évêchés de 1552 à 1790, se trouvaient enclavés entre la Lorraine ducale et le duché de Bar jusqu'en 1766. Par ailleurs, la ville a été de 1974 à 2015, le chef-lieu de la région de Lorraine. | [
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Orléans | Orléans | Orléans (,, ) is a prefecture and commune in north-central France, about 111 kilometres (69 miles) southwest of Paris. It is the capital of the Loiret department and of the Centre-Val de Loire region. | Orléans est une commune française du centre-nord de la France, située à environ 120 kilomètres au sud de Paris. Siège du conseil de la métropole d'Orléans, la ville est également le chef-lieu du département du Loiret et de la région Centre-Val de Loire, ce qui en fait la métropole la plus proche de Paris. | [
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Clermont-Ferrand | Clermont-Ferrand | Clermont-Ferrand (,, ; ; ) is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, with a population of 141,569 (2012). Its metropolitan area had 467,178 inhabitants at the 2011 census. It is the prefecture (capital) of the Puy-de-Dôme department. is its current mayor. | Clermont-Ferrand ( ) est une ville située dans le centre de la France en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Elle est le chef-lieu du département du Puy-de-Dôme et la capitale historique de l'Auvergne. Ses habitants s’appellent les Clermontois. | [
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ΜClinux | ΜCLinux | μClinux is a variation of the Linux kernel, previously maintained as a fork, that targets microcontrollers without a memory management unit (MMU). It was integrated into the mainline of development as of 2.5.46; the project continues to develop patches and tools for microcontrollers. The homepage lists Linux kernel releases for 2.0, 2.4 and 2.6 (all of which are end-of-life in mainline). | μCLinux est une version du noyau Linux adaptée aux systèmes embarqués équipés de microcontrôleurs dénués d'unité de gestion de mémoire. | [
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Orson Scott Card | Orson Scott Card | Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is an American novelist, critic, public speaker, essayist, and columnist. He writes in several genres but is known best for his science fiction works. His novel "Ender's Game" (1985) and its sequel "Speaker for the Dead" (1986) won both Hugo and Nebula Awards, making Card the first author to win the two top American prizes in science fiction literature in consecutive years. A feature film adaptation of "Ender's Game", which Card co-produced, was released in 2013. Card also wrote the Locus Fantasy Award-winning series "The Tales of Alvin Maker" (1987–2003). | Orson Scott Card, né le à Richland dans l'État de Washington, est un écrivain de science-fiction américain s'étant notamment illustré dans le genre de la fantasy. | [
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Shōnen manga | Shōnen | The kanji characters (少年) literally mean "boy" or "youth", and the characters (漫画) means "comic". Thus, the complete phrase means "young person's comic", or simply "boys' comic"; its female equivalent is "shōjo" manga. "Shōnen" manga is the most popular and best-selling form of manga. | En Occident, le mot est utilisé pour désigner une ligne éditoriale et un type de manga. La cible éditoriale du "shōnen" est à l'origine constituée principalement de jeunes adolescents de sexe masculin, entre 8 et 18 ans. Contrairement au qui se veut être une ligne éditoriale pour les jeunes filles. | [
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Factors of production | Facteur de production | In economics, factors of production, resources, or inputs are what is used in the production process to produce output—that is, finished goods and services. The utilized amounts of the various inputs determine the quantity of output according to the relationship called the production function. There are three "basic" resources or factors of production: land, labour and capital. The factors are also frequently labeled "producer goods or services" to distinguish them from the goods or services purchased by consumers, which are frequently labeled "consumer goods". | Les facteurs de production sont les ressources mises en œuvre dans la production de biens et de services (ex : clientèle, demandes, etc.). | [
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Cognitivism (psychology) | Cognitivisme | In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical framework for understanding the mind that gained credence in the 1950s. The movement was a response to behaviorism, which cognitivists said neglected to explain cognition. Cognitive psychology derived its name from the Latin "cognoscere", referring to knowing and information, thus cognitive psychology is an information-processing psychology derived in part from earlier traditions of the investigation of thought and problem solving. | Le cognitivisme est le courant de recherche scientifique endossant l'hypothèse selon laquelle la pensée est analogue à un processus de traitement de l'information, cadre théorique qui s'est opposé, dans les années 1950, au béhaviorisme sur certaines questions mais sont tout à fait compatibles l'une et l'autre. La notion de cognition y est centrale. Elle est définie en lien avec l'intelligence artificielle comme une manipulation de symboles ou de représentations symboliques effectuée selon un ensemble de règles. Elle peut être réalisée par n'importe quel dispositif capable d'opérer ces manipulations. | [
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Domain Name System | Domain Name System | The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates more readily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for locating and identifying computer services and devices with the underlying network protocols. By providing a worldwide, distributed directory service, the Domain Name System has been an essential component of the functionality of the Internet since 1985. | Le, généralement abrégé DNS, qu'on peut traduire en « système de noms de domaine », est le service informatique distribué utilisé pour traduire les noms de domaine Internet en adresse IP ou autres enregistrements. En fournissant dès les premières années d'Internet, autour de 1985, un service distribué de résolution de noms, le DNS a été un composant essentiel du développement du réseau. | [
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Erosion | Érosion | In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement). This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice (glaciers), snow, air (wind), plants, animals, and humans. In accordance with these agents, erosion is sometimes divided into water erosion, glacial erosion, snow erosion, wind (aeolic) erosion, zoogenic erosion, and anthropogenic erosion. The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred to as "physical" or "mechanical" erosion; this contrasts with "chemical" erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent (typically water), followed by the flow away of that solution. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres. | En géomorphologie, l’érosion est le processus de dégradation et de transformation du relief, et donc des sols, roches, berges et littoraux qui est causé par tout agent externe (donc autre que la tectonique). | [
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Biosphere 2 | Biosphère II | Biosphere 2 is an American Earth system science research facility located in Oracle, Arizona. It was originally constructed between 1987 and 1991, and has been owned by the University of Arizona since 2011. Its mission is to serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching, and lifelong learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the universe. It is a structure originally built to be an artificial, materially closed ecological system, or vivarium. It remains the largest closed system ever created. | Biosphère II, ou Biosphère 2, est un site expérimental construit pour reproduire un système écologique artificiel clos situé à Oracle, dans le désert de l'Arizona, en bordure des monts Santa Catalina. Biosphère 2 fut construite entre 1987 et 1991 par Space Biosphere Ventures, une entreprise dont les promoteurs furent John Polk Allen et Margret Augustine. Cette structure avait pour but de tenter de recréer un écosystème viable à l'intérieur d'un immense dôme fermé. Il avait entre autres objectifs d'évaluer la faisabilité de biosphères identiques lors de la colonisation spatiale. L'expérience a été baptisée "Biosphère 2" en considérant que la Terre est « Biosphère 1 ». Les fonds nécessaires, évalués à 200 millions de dollars furent fournis par entre 1985 et 2007. | [
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Culture | Culture | Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. | En philosophie, le mot culture désigne ce qui est différent de la nature. En sociologie, comme en éthologie, la culture est définie de façon plus étroite comme « ce qui est commun à un groupe d'individus » et comme « ce qui le soude », c'est-à-dire ce qui est appris, transmis, produit et inventé. Ainsi, pour une institution internationale comme l'UNESCO :. Ce « réservoir commun » évolue dans le temps par et dans les formes des échanges. Il se constitue en de multiples manières distinctes d'être, de penser, d'agir et de communiquer en société. | [
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Fabre d'Églantine | Fabre d'Églantine | Philippe François Nazaire Fabre d'Églantine (28 July 1750 – 5 April 1794), commonly known as Fabre d'Églantine (), was a French actor, dramatist, poet, and politician of the French Revolution. | Philippe-François-Nazaire Fabre, dit Fabre d’Églantine, né et baptisé le à Carcassonne et guillotiné le à Paris, est un acteur, dramaturge, poète et homme politique français. | [
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Canal du Midi | Canal du Midi | The (;, meaning "canal of the two seas") is a long canal in Southern France (). Originally named the "Canal royal en Languedoc" (Royal Canal in Languedoc) and renamed by French revolutionaries to "Canal du Midi" in 1789, the canal was at the time considered one of the greatest construction works of the 17th century. | Le canal du Midi est un canal de navigation français à bief de partage qui relie Toulouse à la mer Méditerranée depuis le. D'abord nommé « canal royal de Languedoc », les révolutionnaires le rebaptisent en 1789 « canal du Midi ». À partir du, le canal latéral à la Garonne, qui double la Garonne de Bordeaux à Toulouse, prolonge le canal du Midi pour fournir une voie navigable de l'océan Atlantique à la mer Méditerranée : l'ensemble des deux canaux est dénommé « canal des Deux-Mers ». | [
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Angers | Angers | Angers (,, ) is a city in western France, about southwest of Paris. It is chef-lieu of the Maine-et-Loire department and was the capital of the province of Anjou until the French Revolution. The inhabitants of both the city and the province are called "Angevins". Not including the metropolitan area, Angers is the third most populous commune in northwestern France after Nantes and Rennes and the 17th in France. | Angers (prononcer ) est une commune de l'Ouest de la France située au bord de la Maine, préfecture du département de Maine-et-Loire dans la région Pays de la Loire. | [
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Domestic rabbit | Lapin domestique | A domestic or domesticated rabbit ("Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus")—more commonly known as a pet rabbit, a bunny, a bun, or a bunny rabbit—is a subspecies of European rabbit. A domestic rabbit kept as a pet may be considered a pocket pet, depending on its size. A male rabbit is known as a "buck," a female is a "doe," and a young rabbit is a "kit", or "kitten". | Le lapin domestique est un lapin européen, qui a été domestiqué pour l'alimentation humaine en Europe occidentale, au Moyen Âge, une époque relativement récente comparée à d'autres animaux domestiques. Les lapins de clapier sont de petits mammifères herbivores qui diffèrent très peu de l'espèce souche, classée dans l'ordre des Lagomorphes, la famille des léporidés et le genre "Oryctolagus". À l'origine, le Lapin européen est élevé en semi-liberté dans de vastes espaces clos comme « lapin de garenne », afin d'assurer notamment la production de laurices durant la période de carême. Depuis lors, de très nombreuses races de lapins ont été créées dans le cadre de l'élevage sélectif effectué par les humains, en fonction de l'usage auquel la cuniculture les destine. Au début du on recense plus de 100 races de lapins domestiques. | [
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Prime Minister of France | Premier ministre français | The Prime Minister of the French Republic () in the Fifth Republic is the head of government. During the Third and Fourth Republics, the head of government was formally called President of the Council of Ministers (), generally shortened to President of the Council (). The President of France appoints, but cannot dismiss, the Prime Minister, but the Prime Minister and Government can be dismissed by the National Assembly. | Le Premier ministre est le chef du Gouvernement français sous la Cinquième République. La France est une république constitutionnelle parlementaire à forte influence présidentielle, le pouvoir exécutif étant partagé entre le président et le Premier ministre. | [
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Spirited Away | Le Voyage de Chihiro | Miyazaki wrote the script after he decided the film would be based on the 10-year-old daughter of his friend Seiji Okuda, the movie's associate producer, who came to visit his house each summer. At the time, Miyazaki was developing two personal projects, but they were rejected. With a budget of 19 million US dollars, production of "Spirited Away" began in 2000. Pixar animator John Lasseter, a fan and friend of Miyazaki, convinced Walt Disney Pictures to buy the film's North American distribution rights and served as executive producer of its English-dubbed version. Lasseter then hired Kirk Wise as director and Donald W. Ernst as producer of the version while screenwriters Cindy Davis Hewitt and Donald H. Hewitt wrote the English-language dialogue in order to match the characters' original Japanese-language lip movements. | Le film raconte l'histoire de Chihiro, une fillette de dix ans qui, alors qu'elle se rend en famille vers sa nouvelle maison, entre dans le monde des esprits. Après la transformation de ses parents en porcs par la sorcière Yubaba, Chihiro prend un emploi dans l'établissement de bains de Yubaba pour retrouver ses parents et le monde humain. | [
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Turbo Pascal | Turbo Pascal | Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a compiler and an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Pascal programming language running on CP/M, CP/M-86, and DOS. It was originally developed by Anders Hejlsberg at Borland, and was notable for its extremely fast compiling times. Turbo Pascal, and the later but similar Turbo C, made Borland a leader in PC-based development. | Turbo Pascal est un environnement de développement intégré pour le langage Pascal. Sa puissance et son prix « démocratique » ont fait son succès dans les années 1980 et 1990. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Positron | Positon | The positron or antielectron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. The positron has an electric charge of +1 "e", a spin of 1/2 (the same as the electron), and has the same mass as an electron. When a positron collides with an electron, annihilation occurs. If this collision occurs at low energies, it results in the production of two or more photons. | En physique des particules, le positon ou positron (anglicisme), encore appelé antiélectron, est l'antiparticule associée à l'électron. Il possède une charge électrique de +1 charge élémentaire (contre -1 pour l'électron), le même spin et la même masse que l'électron. C'est la première antiparticule découverte, ce qui explique qu'elle n'ait pas le nom composite d'« anti-électron ». Il est noté ou ou. | [
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Field (mathematics) | Corps commutatif | In mathematics, a field is a set on which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined and behave as the corresponding operations on rational and real numbers do. A field is thus a fundamental algebraic structure which is widely used in algebra, number theory, and many other areas of mathematics. | En mathématiques, un corps commutatif (parfois simplement appelé corps, voir plus bas, ou parfois appelé champ) est une des structures algébriques fondamentales de l'algèbre générale. C'est un ensemble muni de deux opérations binaires rendant possibles les additions, soustractions, multiplications et divisions. Plus précisément, un corps commutatif est un anneau commutatif dans lequel l'ensemble des éléments non nuls est un groupe commutatif pour la multiplication. | [
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Tomography | Tomographie | Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning through the use of any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. The word "tomography" is derived from Ancient Greek τόμος "tomos", "slice, section" and γράφω "graphō", "to write" or, in this context as well, " to describe." A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram. | La tomographie est une technique d’imagerie, très utilisée dans l’imagerie médicale, ainsi qu’en géophysique, en astrophysique et en mécanique des matériaux. Cette technique permet de reconstruire le volume d’un objet à partir d’une série de mesures effectuées depuis l’extérieur de cet objet. | [
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Borland | Borland | Borland Software Corporation was founded in 1983 by Niels Jensen, Ole Henriksen, Mogens Glad and Philippe Kahn. Its main business was the development and sale of software development and software deployment products. Borland was first headquartered in Scotts Valley, California, then in Cupertino, California and then in Austin, Texas. In 2009 the company became a full subsidiary of the British firm Micro Focus International plc. | Borland Software Corporation est un éditeur de logiciels basé à Austin, au Texas. L’entreprise a été fondée en 1983 par Philippe Kahn et Spencer Ozawa. Niels Jensen, Ole Rasmussen et Mogens Glad ont également été impliqués au premier plan dans cette création. Borland est réputée pour ses environnements de développement intégrés (IDE) et ses outils de développement logiciel – parmi lesquels les solutions primées Borland Developer Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder et C#Builder) et JBuilder. | [
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Subsets and Splits