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Marie Darrieussecq | Marie Darrieussecq | Marie Darrieussecq, born on the 3rd January 1969 in Bayonne, is a French writer. She is also a translator and has practised as a psychoanalyst. | Marie Darrieussecq, née le à Bayonne, est une écrivaine française. Elle est aussi traductrice et a exercé la profession de psychanalyste. | [
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Coprime integers | Nombres premiers entre eux | In number theory, two integers and are said to be relatively prime, mutually prime, or coprime (also written co-prime) if the only positive integer (factor) that divides both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides one does not divide the other. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (gcd) being 1. | En mathématiques, on dit que deux entiers "a" et" b" sont premiers entre eux, que "a" est premier avec "b" ou premier à "b" ou encore que "a" et "b" sont copremiers (ou encore étrangers) si leur plus grand commun diviseur est égal à 1 ; en d'autres termes, s'ils n'ont aucun diviseur autre que 1 et –1 en commun. De manière équivalente, ils sont premiers entre eux s'ils n'ont aucun facteur premier en commun. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Computer virus | Virus informatique | A computer virus is a type of computer program that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus. | Un virus informatique est un automate autoréplicatif à la base non malveillant, mais aujourd'hui souvent additionné de code malveillant (donc classifié comme logiciel malveillant), conçu pour se propager sur d'autres ordinateurs en s'insérant dans des logiciels légitimes, appelés « hôtes ». Il peut perturber plus ou moins gravement le fonctionnement de l'ordinateur infecté. Celui-ci peut se répandre par tout moyen d'échange de données numériques, comme les réseaux informatiques ou les périphériques de stockage externes (clés USB, disques durs, etc.). | [
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Białystok | Białystok | Białystok (,, ;, ; ) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Białystok is the tenth-largest city in Poland, second in terms of population density, and thirteenth in area. | Białystok (prononciation polonaise : ;, "Bielastok" ;, "Bilostok" ;, "Belostok" ; ; ;, "Bialistok" ; ), parfois appelée en français Bialistock, est la plus grande ville du nord-est de la Pologne et le chef-lieu de la voïvodie de Podlasie, du powiat de Białystok et du powiat-ville de Białystok. Elle est située près des frontières biélorusse et lituanienne. de Pologne par sa population ainsi que la plus peuplée du nord-est de la Pologne, elle comptait en 2012. C'est une ville industrielle (industries textiles, alimentaires, chimiques et mécaniques). | [
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Jean Giono | Jean Giono | Jean Giono (30 March 1895 – 8 October 1970) was a French author who wrote works of fiction mostly set in the Provence region of France. | Jean Giono, né le à Manosque et mort le dans la même ville, est un écrivain français. Un grand nombre de ses ouvrages ont pour cadre le monde paysan provençal. Inspirée par son imagination et ses visions de la Grèce antique, son œuvre romanesque dépeint la condition de l'homme dans le monde, face aux questions morales et métaphysiques et possède une portée universelle. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Oil-for-Food Programme | Pétrole contre nourriture | The Oil-for-Food Programme (OIP), established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) was established to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing Iraq to boost its military capabilities. | Pétrole contre nourriture est le nom d'un programme visant à satisfaire les besoins humanitaires du peuple irakien après la guerre du Golfe. Il est mis en place pour réduire les souffrances prolongées du peuple irakien dues aux sanctions économiques mises en place par l'ONU à la suite de l'invasion du Koweït par les troupes irakiennes en août 1990. | [
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GNU GRUB | GNU GRUB | GNU GRUB (short for GNU GRand Unified Bootloader, commonly referred to as GRUB) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. GRUB is the reference implementation of the Free Software Foundation's Multiboot Specification, which provides a user the choice to boot one of multiple operating systems installed on a computer or select a specific kernel configuration available on a particular operating system's partitions. | C'est un logiciel libre. Il permet l'amorçage de systèmes GNU/Linux ou Windows (ainsi que d'autres systèmes moins répandus FreeBSD et OpenBSD, Hurd, Solaris), la lecture de la configuration au démarrage (pas besoin de réinstaller GRUB dans le secteur d'amorçage après un changement de configuration, contrairement à LILO), une ligne de commande permettant de changer la configuration au démarrage et surtout la reconnaissance en natif de divers systèmes de fichiers existants. Il possède également une sorte de langage de commande simple permettant de « rattraper » un amorçage qui se serait mal passé, à la suite du mauvais adressage d'une partition, par exemple. | [
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Abu Simbel temples | Temples d'Abou Simbel | The Abu Simbel temples are two massive rock temples at Abu Simbel (), a village in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt, near the border with Sudan. They are situated on the western bank of Lake Nasser, about southwest of Aswan (about by road). The complex is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Nubian Monuments", which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae (near Aswan). The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside in the 13th century BC, during the 19th dynasty reign of the Pharaoh Ramesses II. They serve as a lasting monument to the king and his queen Nefertari, and commemorate his victory at the Battle of Kadesh. Their huge external rock relief figures have become iconic. | Les temples d'Abou Simbel sont deux temples de l'Égypte antique creusés dans la roche situés près d'Abou Simbel (en arabe أبو سمبل), dans le Sud de l'Égypte, au nord du Lac Nasser sur le Nil, à environ de la deuxième cataracte. | [
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Economy of Uruguay | Économie de l'Uruguay | The economy of Uruguay is characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector and a well-educated work force, along with high levels of social spending. After averaging growth of 5% annually during 1996–98, Uruguay's economy suffered a major downturn in 1999–2002, stemming largely from the spillover effects of the economic problems of its large neighbors, Argentina and Brazil. In 2001–02, Argentine citizens made massive withdrawals of dollars deposited in Uruguayan banks after bank deposits in Argentina were frozen, which led to a plunge in the Uruguayan peso, causing the 2002 Uruguay banking crisis. | L'économie de l'Uruguay est axée sur l'exportation de produits agricoles et agro-alimentaires, ainsi que sur le secteur des services. Environ 50 % des exportations du secteur agricole sont destinés au Brésil et à l'Argentine qui appartiennent au Mercosur. | [
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Julien Green | Julien Green | Julien Green (September 6, 1900 – August 13, 1998) was an American writer who authored several novels ("The Dark Journey", "The Closed Garden", "Moira", "Each Man in His Darkness", the "Dixie" trilogy, etc.), a four-volume autobiography ("The Green Paradise", "The War at Sixteen", "Love in America" and "Restless Youth") and his famous "Diary" (in nineteen volumes, 1919–1998). He wrote primarily in French and was the first non-French national to be elected to the Académie française. | Julien Green, né Julian Hartridge Green ( à Paris 17 – à Paris 7), est un écrivain américain de langue française, le premier étranger membre de l'Académie française et l'un des rares auteurs à avoir été publié dans la collection de la Pléiade de son vivant. Il est considéré comme un des écrivains majeurs du. Son oeuvre, en particulier son monumental "Journal" mais aussi plusieurs de ses romans ("Adrienne Mesurat", "Léviathan", "Épaves", "Moïra"...), a été saluée par les plus grands et continue d'être étudiée en France comme à l'étranger. | [
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F. Scott Fitzgerald | F. Scott Fitzgerald | Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and short-story writer, although he was best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age—a term which he coined. During his lifetime, he published four novels, four collections of short stories, and 164 short stories. Although he temporarily achieved popular success and fortune in the 1920s, Fitzgerald only received wide critical and popular acclaim after his death. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. | Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, né le à Saint Paul, Minnesota et mort le à Hollywood, est un écrivain américain. Chef de file de la Génération perdue et représentant de l'Ère du Jazz, il est aussi celui qui lance la carrière d'Ernest Hemingway. Il se marie en 1920 avec Zelda Sayre, une jeune fille du Sud qui sera son égérie (et l'auteur d'un roman autobiographique : "Accordez-moi cette valse", publié en 1932). Ils ont une fille, Frances Scott Fitzgerald, qu'ils surnomment « Scottie ». | [
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Economy of France | Économie de la France | The economy of France is highly developed and free-market-oriented. It is the world's 7th largest economy by 2019 nominal figures and the 10th largest economy by PPP figures. It is the 2nd largest economy in the European Union after Germany. | L'économie de la France traite de la situation économique conjoncturelle et structurelle de la France de nos jours. En 2020, la France est la puissance économique mondiale, selon la banque mondiale et le FMI, et la puissance économique en Europe derrière l’Allemagne mais devant le Royaume-Uni. Avec un PIB nominal de 2,771.622 milliards de dollars, la France est la puissance économique mondiale et se place derrière les États-Unis, la Chine, le Japon, l'Allemagne et l’Inde mais devant le Royaume-Uni. En 2020, elle se classe au rang pour le PIB par habitant en parité de pouvoir d'achat (PPA), au-dessus de la moyenne de l'Union européenne qui est. En classement par PIB en PPA, la France est la puissance économique. | [
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Hervé Guibert | Hervé Guibert | Hervé Guibert (14 December 1955 – 27 December 1991) was a French writer and photographer. The author of numerous novels and autobiographical studies, he played a considerable role in changing French public attitudes to AIDS. He was a close friend of Michel Foucault. | Hervé Guibert (Saint-Cloud, – Clamart, ) est un écrivain et journaliste français. Il est principalement l'auteur de nouvelles et de romans dont certains feront partie de ce mouvement littéraire que l'on appelle l'autofiction. | [
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José-Maria de Heredia | José-Maria de Heredia | José-Maria de Heredia (22 November 1842 – 3 October 1905) was a Cuban-born French Parnassian poet. He was the fifteenth member elected for seat 4 of the Académie française in 1894. | José-Maria de Heredia, né le à Cuba et mort le en France, est un homme de lettres d'origine cubaine. Né sujet espagnol, il a été naturalisé français en 1893. Son œuvre poétique a fait de lui l'un des maîtres du mouvement parnassien. Il est l'auteur d'un seul recueil, "Les Trophées", publié en 1893 et comprenant cent-dix-huit sonnets qui retracent l'histoire du monde, comme "", ou dépeignent des moments privilégiés, comme "", ainsi que quatre poèmes plus longs. | [
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UNESCO | Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) is the world's largest feminist organisation aimed at contributing "to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information. It is the successor of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. | LOrganisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (, UNESCO, également écrit Unesco) est une institution spécialisée de l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) créée le à la suite des dégâts et des massacres de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. | [
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Jack London | Jack London | John Griffith London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist. A pioneer in the world of commercial magazine fiction, he was one of the first writers to become a worldwide celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction. | Jack London, né John Griffith Chaney le à San Francisco et mort le à Glen Ellen, Californie, est un écrivain américain dont les thèmes de prédilection sont l'aventure et la nature sauvage. | [
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Suprême NTM | Suprême NTM | Suprême NTM (), or simply NTM, is a French hip hop band formed in 1989 in the Seine-Saint-Denis department. The band comprises rappers JoeyStarr and Kool Shen. Their 6 albums were released by Sony Music Entertainment. | Suprême NTM, ou simplement NTM, est un groupe de hip-hop français, originaire du département de la Seine-Saint-Denis. Composé principalement de deux rappeurs, JoeyStarr (Didier Morville) et Kool Shen (Bruno Lopes), le groupe marque les débuts du rap des années 1990 en France. Formé en 1988 et dissout en 1998, ils se reforment en 2008 (célébrant les vingt ans du groupe) et en 2018 (pour les trente ans), sans annoncer de nouvel album et pour une tournée événement nationale. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Jean-Edern Hallier | Jean-Edern Hallier | Jean-Edern Hallier (1 March 1936 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines – 12 January 1997 in Deauville) was a French writer, critic and editor. | Jean-Edern Hallier, né le à Saint-Germain-en-Laye et mort le à Deauville, est un écrivain, polémiste, pamphlétaire, journaliste, critique littéraire et animateur de télévision français. Il est le créateur du prix anti-Goncourt et du journal "L'Idiot international". | [
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President (government title) | Président | The president is a common title for the head of state in most republics. In politics, president is a title given to leaders of republican states. | Le président ou la présidente est une personne désignée, élue ou cooptée à la tête d'un collectif. Il peut s'agir d'un groupe de travail, d'un conseil d'administration, d'une association, ou encore d'un État. | [
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Joris-Karl Huysmans | Joris-Karl Huysmans | Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans (, ; 5 February 1848 – 12 May 1907) was a French novelist and art critic who published his works as Joris-Karl Huysmans (, variably abbreviated as J. K. or J.-K.). He is most famous for the novel "À rebours" (1884, published in English as "Against the Grain" or "Against Nature"). He supported himself by a 30-year career in the French civil service. | Joris-Karl Huysmans [], nom de plume de Charles Marie Georges Huysmans, est un écrivain et critique d'art français, né le à Paris et mort dans la même ville le. | [
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The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger | Le Pistolero | The Gunslinger is a fantasy novel by American author Stephen King. It is the first volume in the "Dark Tower" series. | Le Pistolero (titre original : "") est un roman de Stephen King. C'est le premier volet de la série "La Tour sombre", inspirée par un poème de Robert Browning : "Le chevalier Roland s'en vint à la Tour noire". Cette série est considérée par Stephen King comme étant son œuvre principale. | [
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Least common multiple | Plus petit commun multiple | In arithmetic and number theory, the least common multiple, lowest common multiple, or smallest common multiple of two integers "a" and "b", usually denoted by LCM("a", "b"), is the smallest positive integer that is divisible by both "a" and "b". Since division of integers by zero is undefined, this definition has meaning only if "a" and "b" are both different from zero. However, some authors define LCM ("a",0) as 0 for all "a", which is the result of taking the LCM to be the least upper bound in the lattice of divisibility. | En mathématiques, et plus précisément en arithmétique, le plus petit commun multiple – en abrégé PPCM – (peut s'appeler aussi PPMC, soit « plus petit multiple commun ») de deux entiers non nuls "a" et "b" est le plus petit entier strictement positif qui soit multiple de ces deux nombres. On le note "a" ∨ "b" ou PPCM("a", "b"), ou parfois simplement ["a", "b"]. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Greatest common divisor | Plus grand commun diviseur | In mathematics, the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two or more integers, which are not all zero, is the largest positive integer that divides each of the integers. For example, the gcd of 8 and 12 is 4. | En arithmétique élémentaire, le plus grand commun diviseur ou PGCD de deux nombres entiers non nuls est le plus grand entier qui les divise simultanément. | [
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Eugène Ionesco | Eugène Ionesco | Eugène Ionesco (born Eugen Ionescu, ; 26 November 1909 – 28 March 1994) was a Romanian-French playwright who wrote mostly in French, and one of the foremost figures of the French Avant-garde theatre. Beyond ridiculing the most banal situations, Ionesco's plays depict the solitude and insignificance of human existence in a tangible way. | Eugène Ionesco, né Eugen Ionescu () le à Slatina (Roumanie) et mort le à Paris (France), est un dramaturge et écrivain roumano-français. | [
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Carrie (novel) | Carrie (roman) | Carrie is an epistolary horror novel by American author Stephen King. It was his first published novel, released on April 5, 1974, with a first print-run of 30,000 copies. Set primarily in the future year of 1979, it revolves around the eponymous Carrie White, an unpopular friendless misfit and bullied high-school girl from an abusive religious household who uses her newly discovered telekinetic powers to exact revenge on those who torment her. During the process, she causes one of the worst local disasters the town has ever had. King has commented that he finds the work to be "raw" and "with a surprising power to hurt and horrify." It is one of the most frequently banned books in United States schools. Much of the book uses newspaper clippings, magazine articles, letters, and excerpts from books to tell how Carrie destroyed the fictional town of Chamberlain, Maine while exacting revenge on her sadistic classmates and her own mother Margaret. | Carrie (titre original : "Carrie") est un roman d'horreur écrit par Stephen King et publié en 1974. Il s'agit du tout premier roman publié par l'auteur. | [
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The Dark Tower II: The Drawing of the Three | Les Trois Cartes | The Drawing of the Three is a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen King. It is the second book in "The Dark Tower" series, published by Grant in 1987. The series was inspired by "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came" by Robert Browning. The story is a continuation of "" and follows Roland of Gilead and his quest towards the Dark Tower. The subtitle of this novel is RENEWAL. | Les Trois Cartes (titre original : "") est un roman de Stephen King publié aux États-Unis en 1987, traduit en français par Gérard Lebec en 1991. Il s'agit du deuxième volume de la série "La Tour sombre" et la suite directe du "Pistolero". | [
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Rage (King novel) | Rage (roman) | Rage (written as Getting It On; the title was changed before publication) is a psychological thriller novel by American writer Stephen King, the first he published under the pseudonym Richard Bachman. It was first published in 1977 and then was collected in 1985 in the hardcover omnibus "The Bachman Books". The novel describes a school shooting, and has been associated with actual high school shooting incidents in the 1980s and 1990s. In response King allowed the novel to fall out of print, and in 2013 he published a non-fiction, anti-firearms violence essay titled "Guns". | Rage est un roman de Stephen King écrit sous le nom de plume de Richard Bachman et édité en 1977. Dans ce roman, un lycéen tue son professeur et prend sa classe en otage, commençant avec les autres élèves une sorte de psychothérapie de groupe. C'est le premier roman que King a publié sous le pseudonyme de Bachman, et il a fait arrêter la publication de nouvelles éditions en 1999 après qu'un exemplaire a été trouvé dans le casier d'un lycéen ayant tué trois de ses camarades. | [
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The Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands | Terres perdues | The Waste Lands (subtitled "Redemption") is a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen King. It is the third book of "The Dark Tower" series. The original limited edition hardcover featuring full-color illustrations by Ned Dameron was published in 1991 by Grant. The book was reissued in 2003 to coincide with the publication of "". | Terres perdues (titre original : "The Waste Lands") est un roman de l'écrivain américain Stephen King publié aux États-Unis en 1991 et publié en France en 1992 dans une traduction de Jean-Daniel Brèque et Christiane Poulain. Il s'agit du troisième volet de la série "La Tour sombre" et la suite directe des "Trois Cartes". | [
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Neptune (mythology) | Neptune (mythologie) | Neptune ( ) is the god of freshwater and the sea in Roman religion. He is the counterpart of the Greek god Poseidon. In the Greek-influenced tradition, Neptune is the brother of Jupiter and Pluto; the brothers preside over the realms of Heaven, the earthly world, and the Underworld. Salacia is his wife. | À l'origine Neptune, en latin "Neptūnus", est un dieu entièrement latin. Dans la mythologie romaine, il est le dieu des eaux vives et des sources. Il est aussi le protecteur des pêcheurs, des bateliers et des chevaux d'après Virgile. Il apparaît dans le lectisterne de 399 av. J.-C., associé à Mercure, et en 217 av. J.-C. aux côtés de Minerve. | [
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Julien Gracq | Julien Gracq | Julien Gracq (; 27 July 1910 – 22 December 2007; born Louis Poirier in Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, in the French "département" of Maine-et-Loire) was a French writer. He wrote novels, critiques, a play, and poetry. His literary works were noted for their dreamlike abstraction, elegant style and refined vocabulary. He was close to the surrealist movement, in particular its leader André Breton. | Julien Gracq, nom de plume de Louis Poirier, né le à Saint-Florent-le-Vieil (Maine-et-Loire) et mort le à Angers, est un écrivain français. | [
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Extended Euclidean algorithm | Algorithme d'Euclide étendu | In arithmetic and computer programming, the extended Euclidean algorithm is an extension to the Euclidean algorithm, and computes, in addition to the greatest common divisor of integers "a" and "b", also the coefficients of Bézout's identity, which are integers "x" and "y" such that This is a certifying algorithm, because the gcd is the only number that can simultaneously satisfy this equation and divide the inputs. It allows one to compute also, with almost no extra cost, the quotients of "a" and "b" by their greatest common divisor. | En mathématiques, l'algorithme d'Euclide étendu est une variante de l'algorithme d'Euclide. A partir de deux entiers "a" et "b", il calcule non seulement leur plus grand commun diviseur (PGCD), mais aussi un de leurs couples de coefficients de Bézout, c'est-à-dire deux entiers "u" et "v" tels que "au" + "bv" = PGCD("a", "b"). Quand "a" et "b" sont premiers entre eux, "u" est alors l'inverse pour la multiplication de "a" modulo "b" (et "v" est de la même façon l'inverse modulaire de "b", modulo "a"), ce qui est un cas particulièrement utile. Alors que l'algorithme d'Euclide détermine quand une équation diophantienne possède une solution, l'algorithme d'Euclide étendu en fournit également une solution particulière, dont on déduit facilement la solution générale. | [
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The Dark Half | La Part des ténèbres | The Dark Half is a horror novel by American writer Stephen King, published in 1989. "Publishers Weekly" listed "The Dark Half" as the second best-selling book of 1989 behind Tom Clancy's "Clear and Present Danger". The novel was adapted into a feature film of the same name in 1993. | La Part des ténèbres (titre original : "The Dark Half") est un roman d'horreur écrit par Stephen King et publié en 1989. | [
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The Adventures of Baron Munchausen | Les Aventures du baron de Münchhausen (film, 1988) | The Adventures of Baron Munchausen is a 1988 adventure fantasy film co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam and starring John Neville, Sarah Polley, Eric Idle, Jonathan Pryce, Oliver Reed, and Uma Thurman. The film is based on the tall tales about the 18th-century German nobleman Baron Munchausen and his wartime exploits against the Ottoman Empire. | Les Aventures du baron de Münchhausen (") est un film fantastique germano-britannique réalisé par Terry Gilliam, sorti en 1988. Il s'inspire des aventures du baron de Münchhausen narrées notamment par Gottfried August Bürger et Rudolph Erich Raspe. | [
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Baron Munchausen | Baron de Münchhausen | Baron Munchausen (; ) is a fictional German nobleman created by the German writer Rudolf Erich Raspe in his 1785 book "Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia". The character is loosely based on a real baron, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Freiherr von Münchhausen. | Karl Friedrich Hieronymus, baron de Münchhausen (ou Münchausen avec un seul « h » selon une graphie répandue) est un officier allemand, mercenaire à la solde de l'armée russe né le à Bodenwerder et mort le dans la même ville. Le récit romancé de ses exploits en a fait un des héros les plus populaires de la littérature allemande. | [
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Biotope | Biotope | A biotope is an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals. "Biotope" is almost synonymous with the term "habitat", which is more commonly used in English-speaking countries. However, in some countries these two terms are distinguished: the subject of a habitat is a population, the subject of a biotope is a "biocoenosis" or "biological community. | En écologie, un biotope est, littéralement en grec ancien, un type de "lieu de vie" défini par des caractéristiques physiques et chimiques déterminées relativement uniformes. Ce milieu héberge un ensemble de formes de vie composant la biocénose : flore, faune, fonge (champignons), et des populations de micro-organismes. | [
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Series (mathematics) | Série (mathématiques) | In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity. The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis. Series are used in most areas of mathematics, even for studying finite structures (such as in combinatorics), through generating functions. In addition to their ubiquity in mathematics, infinite series are also widely used in other quantitative disciplines such as physics, computer science, statistics and finance. | En mathématiques, la notion de série permet de généraliser la notion de somme finie. Étant donnée une suite de terme général, étudier la série de terme général c'est étudier la suite obtenue en prenant la somme des premiers termes de la suite, autrement dit la suite de terme général défini par : formula_1. | [
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Osiris myth | Mythe d'Osiris | The Osiris myth is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology. It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt, and its consequences. Osiris's murderer, his brother Set, usurps his throne. Meanwhile, Osiris's wife Isis restores her husband's body, allowing him to posthumously conceive their son, Horus. The remainder of the story focuses on Horus, the product of the union of Isis and Osiris, who is at first a vulnerable child protected by his mother and then becomes Set's rival for the throne. Their often violent conflict ends with Horus's triumph, which restores Maat (cosmic and social order) to Egypt after Set's unrighteous reign and completes the process of Osiris's resurrection. | Le mythe d'Osiris est le récit religieux le plus élaboré et influent de la mythologie des Anciens Égyptiens. Il relate l'assassinat d'Osiris ainsi que ses conséquences politiques. Fils aîné de Geb et de Nout, Osiris règne sur le pays avec Isis, sa sœur et son épouse. Inventeur de l'agriculture et de la religion, son règne est bienfaisant et civilisateur. Sa vie prend tragiquement fin quand il meurt assassiné sous les coups de Seth, son frère cadet. Le meurtrier usurpe le trône et pendant ce temps, Isis restaure le corps démembré de son mari en le momifiant. Le martyre d'Osiris lui vaut de gagner le monde de l'Au-delà dont il devient le souverain et le garant suprême des lois de la Maât. Dans son nouveau royaume, son autorité s'appuie sur une armée de démons capable de gagner le monde terrestre et d'infliger des épidémies mortelles. | [
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Anne-Sophie Mutter | Anne-Sophie Mutter | Anne-Sophie Mutter (born 29 June 1963) is a German violinist. She was supported early in her career by Herbert von Karajan, and has had several works composed especially for her, by Sebastian Currier, Henri Dutilleux, Sofia Gubaidulina, Witold Lutosławski, Norbert Moret, Krzysztof Penderecki, André Previn, Wolfgang Rihm, John Williams and others. | Anne-Sophie Mutter (née le à Rheinfelden, dans le Bade-Wurtemberg) est une violoniste allemande. Enfant prodige du violon, découverte par Herbert von Karajan, elle aborde avec aisance tous les répertoires de Bach à Penderecki et s'est imposée comme l'une des plus grandes violonistes de son temps. | [
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Economy of Ecuador | Économie de l'Équateur | The economy of Ecuador is the eighth largest in Latin America and the 69th largest in the world by total GDP. Ecuador’s economy is based on the export of oil, bananas, shrimp, gold, other primary agricultural products and money transfers from Ecuadorian emigrants employed abroad. In 2017, remittances constituted 2.7% of country's GDP. The total trade amounted to 42% of the Ecuador’s GDP in 2017. The country is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources. In 2017, oil accounted for about one-third of public-sector revenue and 32% of export earnings. Ecuador is one of OPEC's smallest members and produced about 531,300 barrels per day of petroleum in 2017. It is the world's largest exporter of bananas ($3.38 billion in 2017) and a major exporter of shrimp ($3.06 billion in 2017). Exports of non-traditional products such as cut flowers ($846 million in 2017) and canned fish ($1.18 billion in 2017) have grown in recent years. In the past, Ecuador’s economy depended largely on primary industries like agriculture, petroleum, and aquaculture. As a result of shifts in global market trends and development of technology have led to the economic development of other sectors like textile, processed food, metallurgy and the service sectors. Between 2006 and 2014, GDP growth averaged 4.3%, driven by high oil prices and external financing. From 2015 until 2018 GDP growth averaged just 0.6%. Ecuador's president, Lenín Moreno, has launched a radical transformation of Ecuador’s economy since taking office in May 2017. The aim is to increase the private sector’s weight, in particular the oil industry. | L'économie de l'Équateur est la soixante-quatrième du monde en 2010 selon le critère du PIB à parité de pouvoir d'achat. Petit pays par rapport à ses voisins d'Amérique du Sud, il se caractérise par ses fortes exportations de pétrole (près de 46 % des exportations du pays en 2009) et de produits agricoles (bananes, fleurs, crevettes). | [
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Electromagnetic radiation | Rayonnement électromagnétique | In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. | Le rayonnement électromagnétique désigne une forme de transfert d'énergie linéaire. La lumière visible est un rayonnement électromagnétique, mais ne constitue qu'une petite tranche du large spectre électromagnétique. La propagation de ce rayonnement, d'une ou plusieurs particules, donne lieu à de nombreux phénomènes comme l'atténuation, l'absorption, la diffraction et la réfraction, le décalage vers le rouge, les interférences, les échos, les parasites électromagnétiques et les effets biologiques. | [
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Kimagure Orange Road | Kimagure Orange Road | Following a 1985 film pilot (Shonen Jump Special), Toho and Studio Pierrot created an anime television series that was broadcast on Nippon Television from 1987 to 1988. Two more films were released in 1988 and 1996, as well as an original video animation series that began in 1989. In the mid-1990s the series was novelized as well. The manga has been released in English digitally by Digital Manga Guild. The anime television series, second film, and original video animation series were all released in North America by AnimEigo, while the third film was licensed by ADV Films. The anime series is currently licensed by Discotek Media. | , typographié Kimagure Orange☆Road, est un manga romantique écrit et dessiné par Izumi Matsumoto. Il a été prépublié dans le magazine "Weekly Shōnen Jump" entre 1984 et 1987, et a été compilé en un total de 18 volumes. En France, le manga a d'abord été traduit par J'ai lu sous le titre Les Tribulations de Orange Road, et il est actuellement réédité sous le nom original par Tonkam depuis. Le manga a également été adapté en anime, sous le nom de "Max et Compagnie" en France, ainsi qu'en films d'animation. | [
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Neptune | Neptune (planète) | Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth, slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus. Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because its greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere. Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of. It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident. | Neptune est la huitième et dernière planète du Système solaire par distance croissante au Soleil. Neptune orbite autour du Soleil à une distance d'environ, avec une excentricité orbitale moitié moindre que celle de la Terre, en bouclant une révolution complète en. C'est la troisième planète du Système solaire par masse décroissante et la quatrième par taille décroissante : Neptune est en effet à la fois un peu plus massive mais un peu plus petite qu'Uranus. | [
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Neal Stephenson | Neal Stephenson | Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known for his works of speculative fiction. His novels have been categorized as science fiction, historical fiction, cyberpunk, postcyberpunk, and baroque. | Neal Town Stephenson, né le à Fort Meade dans le Maryland, est un auteur de science-fiction américain, plusieurs fois lauréat du prix Locus. | [
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Diameter | Diamètre | In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle. It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle. Both definitions are also valid for the diameter of a sphere. | La notion de diamètre concerne initialement les figures simples de la géométrie euclidienne que sont le cercle et la sphère mais la notion s'élargit par analogie à plusieurs autres objets géométriques. | [
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Lorentz force | Force de Lorentz | In physics (specifically in electromagnetism) the Lorentz force (or electromagnetic force) is the combination of electric and magnetic force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. A particle of charge "q" moving with a velocity v in an electric field E and a magnetic field B experiences a force of (in SI units). Variations on this basic formula describe the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire (sometimes called Laplace force), the electromotive force in a wire loop moving through a magnetic field (an aspect of Faraday's law of induction), and the force on a charged particle which might be traveling near the speed of light (relativistic form of the Lorentz force). | La force de Lorentz, ou force électromagnétique, est la force subie par une particule chargée dans un champ électromagnétique. C'est la principale manifestation de l'interaction électromagnétique. La force de Lorentz, appliquée dans diverses situations, induit l'ensemble des interactions électriques et magnétiques observées ; elle est de ce fait principalement étudiée en physique et en chimie. | [
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Albedo | Albédo | Albedo () (, meaning 'whiteness') is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation and measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation, to 1, corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation. | L'albédo, ou albedo (sans accent), est le pouvoir réfléchissant d'une surface, c'est-à-dire le rapport de l'énergie lumineuse réfléchie à l'énergie lumineuse incidente. C'est une grandeur sans dimension, comparable à la réflectance, mais d'application plus spécifique, utilisée notamment en astronomie, climatologie et géologie. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Laplace's equation | Équation de Laplace | In mathematics, Laplace's equation is a second-order partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace who first studied its properties. This is often written as | En analyse vectorielle, l'équation de Laplace est une équation aux dérivées partielles du second ordre, dont le nom est un hommage au physicien mathématicien Pierre-Simon de Laplace. | [
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Laziness | Paresse | Laziness (also known as indolence) is disinclination to activity or exertion despite having the ability to act or to exert oneself. It is often used as a pejorative; terms for a person seen to be lazy include "couch potato", "slacker", and "bludger". | La paresse (du latin "pigritia") est une propension à ne rien faire, une répugnance au travail ou à l'effort. Considérée comme un péché capital dans la religion catholique, elle est élevée au rang de valeur positive par certains auteurs comme Paul Lafargue dans son "Droit à la paresse" ou Marshall Sahlins dans "Âge de pierre, âge d'abondance", afin de contester l'idéologie du travail dans la société capitaliste contemporaine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Green's theorem | Théorème de Green | In mathematics, Green's theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve "C" and a double integral over the plane region "D" bounded by "C". It is named after George Green, but its first proof is due to Bernhard Riemann, and it is the two-dimensional special case of the more general Kelvin–Stokes theorem. | En mathématiques, le théorème de Green, ou théorème de Green-Riemann, donne la relation entre une intégrale curviligne le long d'une courbe simple fermée orientée C par morceaux et l'intégrale double sur la région du plan délimitée par cette courbe. | [
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WYSIWYM | What you see is what you mean | In computing, What You See Is What You Mean (WYSIWYM, ) is a paradigm for editing a structured document. It is an adjunct to the better-known WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) paradigm, which displays the end result of a formatted document as it will appear on screen or in print — without showing the descriptive code underneath. | WYSIWYM, acronyme utilisé en informatique qui vient de l’anglais « », signifiant « Ce que vous voyez est ce que vous voulez dire », par opposition au WYSIWYG : (« Ce que vous voyez est ce que vous obtenez »). | [
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Orbit | Orbite | In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an object, such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural satellite around a planet. Normally, orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory, although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory. To a close approximation, planets and satellites follow elliptic orbits, with the center of mass being orbited at a focal point of the ellipse, as described by Kepler's laws of planetary motion. | En mécanique céleste et en mécanique spatiale, une orbite () est la courbe fermée représentant la trajectoire que dessine, dans l'espace, un objet céleste sous l'effet de la gravitation et de forces d'inertie. Une telle orbite est dite périodique. Dans le Système solaire, la Terre, les autres planètes, les astéroïdes et les comètes sont en orbite autour du Soleil. De même, des planètes possèdent des satellites naturels en orbite autour d'elles. Des objets artificiels, comme les satellites et les sondes spatiales sont en orbite autour de la Terre ou d'autres corps du système solaire. | [
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Exponentiation by squaring | Exponentiation rapide | In mathematics and computer programming, exponentiating by squaring is a general method for fast computation of large positive integer powers of a number, or more generally of an element of a semigroup, like a polynomial or a square matrix. Some variants are commonly referred to as square-and-multiply algorithms or binary exponentiation. These can be of quite general use, for example in modular arithmetic or powering of matrices. For semigroups for which additive notation is commonly used, like elliptic curves used in cryptography, this method is also referred to as double-and-add. | En informatique, l'exponentiation rapide est un algorithme utilisé pour calculer rapidement, de grandes puissances entières. En anglais, cette méthode est aussi appelée square-and-multiply (« mettre au carré et multiplier »). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Alfred Jarry | Alfred Jarry | Alfred Jarry (; 8 September 1873 – 1 November 1907) was a French symbolist writer who is best known for his play "Ubu Roi" (1896), a pataphysical work which depicts the bourgeoisie as the super-mediocre. He coined the term and philosophical concept of pataphysics, which uses absurd irony to portray symbolic truths (and playfully vice versa). | Alfred Jarry, né à Laval (Mayenne) le et mort à Paris le, est un poète, romancier, écrivain et dramaturge français. Il fut aussi dessinateur et graveur. | [
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Electric potential | Potentiel électrique | An electric potential (also called the "electric field potential", potential drop or the electrostatic potential) is the amount of work needed to move a unit of charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing an acceleration. Typically, the reference point is the Earth or a point at infinity, although any point can be used. | Le potentiel électrique, exprimé en volts (symbole : V), est l'une des grandeurs définissant l'état électrique d'un point de l'espace. Il correspond à l'énergie potentielle électrostatique que posséderait une charge électrique unitaire située en ce point, c'est-à-dire à l'énergie potentielle (mesurée en joules) d'une particule chargée en ce point divisée par la charge (mesurée en coulombs) de la particule. | [
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Alain Prost | Alain Prost | Alain Marie Pascal Prost (born 24 February 1955) is a retired French racing driver and a four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion. From 1987 until 2001 he held the record for most Grand Prix victories, and is considered as one of the greatest F1 drivers ever. Michael Schumacher surpassed Prost's total of 51 victories at the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix. In 1999, Prost received the World Sports Award of the Century in the motor sport category. | Alain Prost, né le à Lorette dans le département de la Loire, est un pilote automobile français. Quadruple champion du monde des pilotes de Formule 1 en 1985, 1986, 1989 et 1993, victorieux de 51 Grands Prix de Formule 1 pour 199 départs entre 1980 et 1993, celui que l'on surnomme « Le Professeur » est considéré comme l'un des plus grands pilotes de l'histoire de son sport. Michael Schumacher a été le premier à dépasser le total record de 51 victoires que Prost détenait depuis 1993, à l'occasion du Grand Prix de Belgique en 2001. En 1999, Prost a reçu les World Sports Awards du siècle dans la catégorie sport automobile. Sa rivalité au sommet avec Ayrton Senna fait partie des grandes heures de la Formule 1 au tournant des années 1980 et 1990. Il demeure le seul pilote de l'histoire à devenir champion du monde par deux fois en battant son équipier champion du monde en titre (Niki Lauda en 1985 et Ayrton Senna en 1989). Il est également le seul champion du monde français de Formule 1, et son palmarès (51 victoires, 33 pole positions, 41 meilleurs tours, 106 podiums, en tête) le voit figurer sur un plan statistique parmi les cinq meilleurs pilotes de l'histoire. | [
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Month | Mois | A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, which is approximately as long as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon; "month" and "Moon" are cognates. The traditional concept arose with the cycle of Moon phases; such months' (lunations) are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months, based on the Moon's orbital period with respect to the Earth-Sun line, are still the basis of many calendars today, and are used to divide the year. | Le mois est une unité de temps utilisée dans les calendriers, correspondant à une division de l'année. Dans les calendriers solaires occidentaux, un mois est défini comme un douzième de l'année, elle-même basée sur l'année tropique, chacun des mois comptant un nombre variable de jours. D'autres types de calendrier utilisent des définitions différentes, comme les calendriers lunaires, basés sur les lunaisons. D'autres découpent le temps de façon arbitraire sans correspondance avec des phénomènes astronomiques comme certains calendriers aztèques pour lesquels les périodes correspondantes s'appellent des trecena. | [
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Metallica | Metallica | Metallica is an American heavy metal band. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles by vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich, and has been based in San Francisco for most of its career. The band's fast tempos, instrumentals and aggressive musicianship made them one of the founding "big four" bands of thrash metal, alongside Megadeth, Anthrax and Slayer. Metallica's current lineup comprises founding members and primary songwriters Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett, and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine (who went on to form Megadeth after being fired from the band) and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton (who died in a bus accident in Sweden in 1986) and Jason Newsted are former members of the band. | Metallica est un groupe de thrash metal américain originaire de Californie. Formé à Los Angeles en 1981, le groupe est composé actuellement de deux de ses membres fondateurs, James Hetfield (chant, guitare rythmique) et Lars Ulrich (batterie), ainsi que du guitariste Kirk Hammett (arrivé en 1983) et du bassiste Robert Trujillo, qui rejoindra le groupe en 2003. Les précédents membres du groupe incluent Dave Mustaine (après son exclusion, membre fondateur de Megadeth), les bassistes Ron McGovney (uniquement pour les démos), Cliff Burton (pour les trois premiers albums ; décédé en 1986) et Jason Newsted (prenant la suite de Burton et remplacé en 2003 par Trujillo). Le groupe a longtemps collaboré avec le producteur Bob Rock, qui a produit tous leurs albums de 1990 à 2003 et est devenu temporairement le bassiste du groupe, entre le départ de Newsted et l'arrivée de Trujillo. Le groupe se forme au début des années 1980 lorsque Hetfield se rend à une annonce postée dans un journal local par le batteur Lars Ulrich. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Vector calculus | Analyse vectorielle | Vector calculus, or vector analysis, is concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3-dimensional Euclidean space formula_1 The term "vector calculus" is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus, which includes vector calculus as well as partial differentiation and multiple integration. Vector calculus plays an important role in differential geometry and in the study of partial differential equations. It is used extensively in physics and engineering, especially in the description of electromagnetic fields, gravitational fields and fluid flow. | L'analyse vectorielle est une branche des mathématiques qui étudie les "champs" de "scalaires" et de "vecteurs" suffisamment réguliers des espaces euclidiens, c'est-à-dire les applications différentiables d'un ouvert d'un espace euclidien à valeurs respectivement dans formula_1 et dans. Du point de vue du mathématicien, l'analyse vectorielle est donc une branche de la géométrie différentielle. Cette dernière inclut l'analyse tensorielle qui apporte des outils plus puissants et une analyse plus concise entre autres des champs de vecteurs. | [
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Fiat | Fiat | Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. (, ; originally FIAT, ) is an Italian automobile manufacturer, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced. | Fiat, acronyme de « Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino » (ou en français « Fabrique italienne d'automobiles de Turin »), est un constructeur automobile italien, basé au Lingotto à Turin. FIAT a été créée le au Palazzo Bricherasio par trente actionnaires, dont Giovanni Agnelli. Le constructeur a multiplié sa production par huit en cinq ans lors des années magiques de l'automobile italienne, devenant à lui seul le symbole du « miracle économique italien ». | [
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Renault | Renault | Groupe Renault (,, ; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufactured trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches, aircraft and aircraft engines, and autorail vehicles. | Le groupe Renault [ʁəno] est un constructeur automobile français. Il est lié aux constructeurs japonais Nissan depuis 1999 et Mitsubishi depuis 2017, à travers l'alliance Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi qui est, au premier semestre 2017, le premier constructeur automobile mondial. Le groupe Renault possède des usines et filiales à travers le monde entier. Fondée par les frères Louis, Marcel et Fernand Renault en 1899, l'entreprise joue, lors de la Première Guerre mondiale, un rôle essentiel (activités d'armement, production de moteurs d'avion, du char Renault FT). Elle se distingue ensuite rapidement par ses innovations, en profitant de l'engouement pour la voiture des « années folles » et produit alors des véhicules « haut de gamme ». | [
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Joseph Kessel | Joseph Kessel | Joseph Kessel (10 February 1898 – 23 July 1979) was a French journalist and novelist. He was a member of the Académie française and Grand officer of the Legion of Honour. | Joseph Kessel (dit parfois Jef), né le à Villa Clara (Entre Ríos, Argentine) et mort le à Avernes (Val-d'Oise), est un romancier français. | [
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Jules Laforgue | Jules Laforgue | Jules Laforgue (; 16 August 1860 – 20 August 1887) was a Franco-Uruguayan poet, often referred to as a Symbolist poet. Critics and commentators have also pointed to Impressionism as a direct influence and his poetry has been called "part-symbolist, part-impressionist". Laforgue was a model for Pierre-Auguste Renoir, including for Renoir's 1881 painting "Luncheon of the Boating Party". | Jules Laforgue, né à Montevideo le et mort dans le de Paris le, est un poète français symboliste. Connu pour être un des inventeurs du vers libre, il mêle, en une vision pessimiste du monde, mélancolie, humour et familiarité du style parlé. | [
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Flag of Japan | Drapeau du Japon | The national flag of Japan is a rectangular white banner bearing a crimson-red disc at its center. This flag is officially called, but is more commonly known in Japan as. It embodies the country's sobriquet: Land of the Rising Sun. | Le drapeau du Japon est un drapeau blanc avec un grand disque rouge en son centre (représentant le soleil, plus précisément la déesse shinto du soleil Amaterasu). C'est le drapeau civil, le drapeau d'État, le pavillon marchand et le pavillon d'État du Japon. Il est connu sous le nom de, ou plus officiellement sous le nom de en japonais. Le rapport entre la hauteur et la largeur du drapeau est de 2:3, et le diamètre du disque est trois cinquièmes de la hauteur du drapeau. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Johannes Kepler | Johannes Kepler | Johannes Kepler (; ; 27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He is a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books "Astronomia nova", "Harmonices Mundi", and "Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae". These works also provided one of the foundations for Newton's theory of universal gravitation. | Johannes Kepler (ou Keppler), né le à Weil der Stadt et mort le à Ratisbonne dans l'électorat de Bavière, est un astronome célèbre pour avoir étudié l’hypothèse héliocentrique de Nicolas Copernic, affirmant que la Terre tourne autour du Soleil et surtout pour avoir découvert que les planètes ne tournent pas autour du Soleil en suivant des trajectoires circulaires parfaites mais des trajectoires elliptiques. « Kepler a découvert les relations mathématiques (dites Lois de Kepler) qui régissent les mouvements des planètes sur leur orbite. Ces relations furent ensuite exploitées par Isaac Newton pour élaborer la théorie de la gravitation universelle. » | [
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Sully Prudhomme | Sully Prudhomme | René François Armand (Sully) Prudhomme (; 16 March 1839 – 6 September 1907) was a French poet and essayist. He was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901. | René Armand François Prudhomme, dit Sully Prudhomme (orthographié également parfois Sully-Prudhomme), né à Paris le et mort à Châtenay-Malabry le, est un poète français, premier lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1901. | [
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Jean de La Bruyère | Jean de La Bruyère | Jean de La Bruyère (,, ; 16 August 1645 – 11 May 1696) was a French philosopher and moralist, who was noted for his satire. | Jean de La Bruyère, né à Paris le et mort à Versailles le, est un moraliste français. La Bruyère est célèbre pour une œuvre unique, "Les Caractères ou les Mœurs de ce siècle" (1688). Cet ouvrage, constitué d’un ensemble de brèves pièces littéraires, compose une chronique essentielle de l’esprit du. | [
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Eugène Marin Labiche | Eugène Labiche | Eugène Marin Labiche (5 May 181523 January 1888) was a French dramatist, perhaps best known for his 1851 farce written with Marc-Michel, "The Italian Straw Hat", which has since been adapted many times to stage and screen. | Eugène Labiche est un dramaturge français, né le à Paris où il est mort le. Il a été élu membre de l'Académie française en 1880 au fauteuil 15, à la suite du journaliste Ustazade Silvestre de Sacy. Il demeure célèbre pour sa contribution au genre du vaudeville et à ses pochades passionnelles et domestiques. | [
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Peugeot | Peugeot | Peugeot (,, ) is a French automotive manufacturer, part of Groupe PSA. The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France, and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles. On 20 November 1858, Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark. Armand Peugeot built the company's first car, an unreliable steam tricycle, in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine. Due to family discord, Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot, in 1896. | Peugeot est un constructeur automobile français. L'entreprise familiale qui précède l'actuelle entreprise Peugeot est fondée en 1810, lors de la transformation du moulin familial sis à Hérimoncourt en aciérie. Différentes branches de la famille vont se lancer dans des productions très diversifiées, mais toutes basées sur l'acier (outils, ressorts, baleines de parapluies, armatures de corsets, moulins à café, pièces d'horlogerie, bicyclettes...) À partir de 1886, Armand Peugeot commence à s'intéresser à l'automobile. En 1896, il crée la « Société anonyme des automobiles Peugeot ». Parallèlement, ses neveux Pierre, Robert et Jules se lancent en 1897 dans la fabrication de cycles sous le nom « Les fils de Peugeot frères » et produisent en 1906 leur première automobile. Afin d'éviter une concurrence interne nuisible à la production, les deux entreprises de la famille Peugeot seront fusionnées en 1910 sous le nom de « Société anonyme des automobiles et cycles Peugeot ». | [
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Discrete cosine transform | Transformée en cosinus discrète | A discrete cosine transform (DCT) expresses a finite sequence of data points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. The DCT, first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, is a widely used transformation technique in signal processing and data compression. It is used in most digital media, including digital images (such as JPEG and HEIF, where small high-frequency components can be discarded), digital video (such as MPEG and H.26x), digital audio (such as Dolby Digital, MP3 and AAC), digital television (such as SDTV, HDTV and VOD), digital radio (such as AAC+ and DAB+), and speech coding (such as AAC-LD, Siren and Opus). DCTs are also important to numerous other applications in science and engineering, such as digital signal processing, communications devices, reducing network bandwidth usage, and spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. | La transformée en cosinus discrète ou TCD (de l'anglais : DCT ou ) est une transformation proche de la transformée de Fourier discrète (DFT). Le noyau de projection est un cosinus et crée donc des coefficients réels, contrairement à la DFT, dont le noyau est une exponentielle complexe et qui crée donc des coefficients complexes. On peut cependant exprimer la DCT en fonction de la DFT, qui est alors appliquée sur le signal symétrisé. | [
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Borland Kylix | Kylix (informatique) | Borland Kylix is a compiler and integrated development environment (IDE) formerly sold by Borland, but later discontinued. It is a Linux software development environment based on Borland Delphi and Borland C++ Builder, which runs under Microsoft Windows. Continuing Delphi's classical Greek theme, Kylix is the name for an ancient Greek drinking cup. The closest supported equivalent to Kylix is the free Lazarus IDE package, designed to be code-compatible with Delphi. As of 2010 the project has been resurrected in the form of Delphi cross compiler for Mac and Linux, as shown in the Embarcadero's Delphi and C++ Builder roadmap. As of September 2011 with Kylix discontinued the framework for cross-platform development by Embarcadero is FireMonkey. | Kylix est un environnement de développement intégré (IDE) sous Linux supportant le langage Pascal Objet et C++. Il s'agit d'une tentative de portage par Borland de son RAD phare Delphi et de son « petit frère » C++Builder réalisé à l'aide de Wine. | [
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Taxon | Taxon | In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. | Un taxon /taksɔ̃/ (dérivant du terme taxonomie par troncation, et non directement du grec /, « placement », « mise en ordre ») est une entité conceptuelle qui est censée regrouper tous les organismes vivants possédant en commun certains caractères taxinomiques ou diagnostiques bien définis. | [
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Alphonse de Lamartine | Alphonse de Lamartine | Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine, Knight of Pratz (; 21 October 179028 February 1869) was a French writer, poet and politician who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic and the continuation of the Tricolore as the flag of France. | Alphonse de Lamartine, de son nom complet Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine, né à Mâcon le et mort à Paris le est un poète, romancier, dramaturge français, ainsi qu'une personnalité politique qui participa à la révolution de 1848 et proclama la Deuxième République. Il est l'une des grandes figures du romantisme en France. | [
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Flute | Flûte | The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening. According to the instrument classification of Hornbostel–Sachs, flutes are categorized as edge-blown aerophones. A musician who plays the flute can be referred to as a flute player, flautist, flutist or, less commonly, fluter or flutenist. | Terme générique, une flûte est un instrument de musique à vent dont le son est créé par l'oscillation d'un jet d’air autour d'un "biseau" droit, en encoche ou en anneau. Ce souffle peut être dirigé librement par l'instrumentiste dans le cas des flûtes traversières, des instruments de type quena ou encore des flûtes de Pan, ou canalisé par un conduit en étant émis par le musicien lui-même dans le cas des différents types flûtes à bec ou en étant créé par une soufflerie mécanique dans le cas du jeu d'orgue. Les flûtes sont le plus souvent de forme tubulaire mais parfois globulaire, en graminée, en bois, en os ou en corne, mais aussi en pierre, en terre cuite, en plastique, en métal (or, argent...), en ivoire et même en cristal, la flûte peut être formée d'un ou de plusieurs tuyaux, avec ou sans trous, ou posséder une coulisse. | [
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Acrostic | Acrostiche | An acrostic is a poem (or other form of writing) in which the first letter (or syllable, or word) of each line (or paragraph, or other recurring feature in the text) spells out a word, message or the alphabet. The word comes from the French "acrostiche" from post-classical Latin "acrostichis", from Koine Greek ἀκροστιχίς, from Ancient Greek ἄκρος "highest, topmost" and στίχος "verse". As a form of constrained writing, an acrostic can be used as a mnemonic device to aid memory retrieval. | Un acrostiche, du grec "akrostikhos" ("akros", haut, élevé et "stikhos", le vers), est un poème, une strophe ou une série de strophes fondés sur une forme poétique consistant en ce que, lues verticalement de haut en bas, la première lettre ou, parfois, les premiers mots d'une suite de vers composent un mot ou une expression en lien avec le poème. | [
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Aluette | Aluette | Aluette or Vache ("Cow") is an old, plain trick-taking card game that is played on the west coast of France. It is played by two teams, usually of four people, but sometimes also of six. It is unusual in using a unique pack of 48 Spanish playing cards and a system of signalling between playing partners. The French colloquial names for the game, "jeu de la Vache" or "Vache", refer to the cow depicted on one of the cards. | L’aluette, le jeu de la vache ou la vache est un jeu de cartes pratiqué dans l'ouest de la France. | [
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Shofar | Chophar | A shofar (pron., from, ) is an ancient musical horn typically made of a ram's horn, used for Jewish religious purposes. Like the modern bugle, the shofar lacks pitch-altering devices, with all pitch control done by varying the player's embouchure. The shofar is blown in synagogue services on Rosh Hashanah and at the very end of Yom Kippur, and is also blown every weekday morning in the month of Elul running up to Rosh Hashanah. Shofars come in a variety of sizes and shapes, depending on the choice of animal and level of finish. | Le chophar, chofar ou schofar (fréquemment écrit shofar suivant la translittération anglophone, en hébreu : שופר) est un instrument de musique à vent en usage dans le rituel israélite depuis l'Antiquité. Le livre de Josué décrit notamment son utilisation par les Hébreux contre les murailles de Jéricho lors de la conquête du pays de Canaan. | [
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Golden ratio base | Base d'or | Golden ratio base is a non-integer positional numeral system that uses the golden ratio (the irrational number ≈ 1.61803399 symbolized by the Greek letter φ) as its base. It is sometimes referred to as base-φ, golden mean base, phi-base, or, colloquially, phinary. Any non-negative real number can be represented as a base-φ numeral using only the digits 0 and 1, and avoiding the digit sequence "11" – this is called a "standard form". A base-φ numeral that includes the digit sequence "11" can always be rewritten in standard form, using the algebraic properties of the base φ — most notably that φ + 1 = φ. For instance, 11 = 100. | En mathématiques, la base d'or est le système de numération utilisant le nombre d'or, à savoir formula_1 comme base. Ce système de numération en base non entière est également désigné plus rarement comme « développement phinaire » (car le symbole pour le nombre d'or est la lettre grecque « phi »), mais aussi « système de numération de Bergman ». Tout nombre réel positif possède une représentation standard en base φ où seuls les chiffres 0 et 1 sont utilisés, et où la suite « 11 » est évitée. Une représentation non standard en base φ avec ces deux chiffres (ou avec d'autres chiffres) peut toujours être réécrite en forme standard, en utilisant les propriétés algébriques du nombre φ — c'est-à-dire que φ + 1 = φ. Par exemple 11 = 100. Malgré l'usage d'une base irrationnelle, tous les entiers naturels possèdent une représentation unique en développement fini dans la base φ. Les réels positifs qui possèdent une représentation finie (avec une quantité finie de 0 et 1) dans la base phinaire sont les entiers de Q() positifs. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Slide rule | Règle à calcul | The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer. As graphical analog calculators, slide rules are closely related to nomograms, but the former are used for general calculations, whereas the latter are used for application-specific computations. | La règle à calcul (ou règle à calculer) est un instrument mécanique qui permet le calcul analogique et sert à effectuer facilement des opérations arithmétiques de multiplication et de division par simple déplacement longitudinal d’un coulisseau gradué. Elle utilise pour cela la propriété des fonctions logarithmes qui transforment un produit en "somme" et une division en "différence". Elle permet également la réalisation d'opérations plus complexes, telles que la détermination de racines carrées, de cubiques, des calculs logarithmiques ou trigonométriques. | [
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Uppsala | Uppsala | Uppsala (,, ; archaically spelled "Upsala") is the county seat of Uppsala County and the fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 172,402 inhabitants in 2018. | Uppsala ou Upsal en français, est une ville de Suède située à 70 kilomètres au nord de Stockholm, en Uppland, célèbre pour sa prestigieuse université, la plus ancienne de Scandinavie. Avec environ habitants dans la commune dont elle est le chef-lieu et habitants dans l'agglomération, c'est la quatrième ville de Suède après Stockholm, Göteborg et Malmö (2012). | [
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Portmanteau | Mot-valise | A portmanteau (, ) or portmanteau word (from French "coat rack") is a linguistic blend of words, in which parts of multiple words or their phonemes (sounds) are combined into a new word, as in "smog", coined by blending "smoke" and "fog", or "motel", from "motor" and "hotel". In linguistics, a portmanteau is a single morph that is analyzed as representing two (or more) underlying morphemes. | Un mot-valise est un mot formé par la fusion d'au moins deux mots existant dans la langue de telle sorte qu'un de ces mots au moins y apparaisse tronqué, voire méconnaissable. Il peut s'agir d'une haplologie : une même syllabe constitue à la fois la fin d'un mot et le début d'un autre, et le procédé consiste alors à les accoler sans répéter cette partie commune, d'autres fois, un seul des mots se voit amuï. | [
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Paper size | Format de papier | Paper size standards govern the size of sheets of paper used as writing paper, stationery, cards, and for some printed documents. | Le format d’une feuille de papier rectangulaire est le couple formé par sa largeur et sa longueur. Ce format peut varier en fonction de l’usage de la feuille, de l’époque, et de la zone géographique. Certains de ces formats ont un nom : A4, raisin, " Certains formats font l’objet d'une normalisation internationale (ISO) ou nationale (DIN, AFNOR, ANSI). | [
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François Schuiten | François Schuiten | François Schuiten (; born 26 April 1956) is a Belgian comic book artist. He is best known for drawing the series "Les Cités Obscures". | François Schuiten (prononciation : « s’cueille-teun », [skœj.'tœn]), né le 26 avril 1956 à Bruxelles, est un dessinateur de bande dessinée et scénographe belge. Rendu célèbre par la série de bande dessinée fantastique "Les Cités obscures" réalisée en collaboration avec le scénariste Benoît Peeters. | [
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Angoulême International Comics Festival | Festival international de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême | The Angoulême International Comics Festival () is the second largest comics festival in Europe after the Lucca Comics & Games in Italy, and the third biggest in the world after Lucca Comics & Games and the Comiket of Japan. It has occurred every year since 1974 in Angoulême, France, in January. | Le Festival international de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême, plus communément appelé festival d'Angoulême ou FIBD, est le principal festival de bande dessinée francophone et le deuxième plus important d'Europe en termes de notoriété et de taux de participation après le Salon international des bandes dessinées de Lucques, en Italie. | [
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Shamisen | Shamisen | The, also, is a three-stringed traditional Japanese musical instrument derived from the Chinese instrument "sanxian". It is played with a plectrum called a "bachi". | Le est un instrument de musique traditionnel à cordes pincées utilisé en musique japonaise. C'est un luth à long manche à la touche lisse. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Bjarne Stroustrup | Bjarne Stroustrup | Bjarne Stroustrup (; ; born 30 December 1950) is a Danish computer scientist, most notable for the creation and development of the C++ programming language. He is a visiting professor at Columbia University, and works at Morgan Stanley as a Managing Director in New York. | Bjarne Stroustrup ([ˈbjɑːnə ˈsdʁʌʊ̯ˀsdʁɔb]), né le à Aarhus, est un informaticien, écrivain et professeur de sciences informatiques danois. Il est connu pour être l'auteur du langage de programmation C++, l'un des plus utilisés dans le monde. | [
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Qt (software) | Qt | Qt (pronounced "cute") is a free and open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces as well as cross-platform applications that run on various software and hardware platforms such as Linux, Windows, macOS, Android or embedded systems with little or no change in the underlying codebase while still being a native application with native capabilities and speed. | Qt (prononcé officiellement en anglais'() mais couramment prononcé'()) : Qt permet la portabilité des applications qui n'utilisent que ses composants par simple recompilation du code source. Les environnements pris en charge sont les Unix (dont GNU/Linux) qui utilisent le système graphique X Window System ou Wayland, Windows, Mac OS X, Tizen et également Genode. Le fait d'être une bibliothèque logicielle multiplateforme attire un grand nombre de personnes qui ont donc l'occasion de diffuser leurs programmes sur les principaux OS existants. | [
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Hadith | Hadîth | Ḥadīth ( or ;, pl. aḥādīth,,,, literally means "talk" or "discourse") in Islam refers to what Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approval of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Hadith have been called "the backbone" of Islamic civilization, and within that religion the authority of hadith as a source for religious law and moral guidance ranks second only to that of the Quran (which Muslims hold to be the word of God revealed to his messenger Muhammad). Scriptural authority for hadith comes from the Quran which enjoins Muslims to emulate Muhammad and obey his judgments (in verses such as, ). While the number of verses pertaining to law in the Quran is relatively few, hadith give direction on everything from details of religious obligations (such as "Ghusl" or "Wudu", ablutions for "salat" prayer), to the correct forms of salutations and the importance of benevolence to slaves. Thus the "great bulk" of the rules of Sharia (Islamic law) are derived from hadith, rather than the Quran. | Un hadith ou hadîth (en arabe : / "",, pluriel "ʾaḥādīṯ" ) est une communication orale du prophète de l'islam Mahomet et, par extension, un recueil qui comprend l'ensemble des traditions relatives aux actes et aux paroles de Mahomet et de ses compagnons, précédées chacune d'une chaîne de transmetteurs remontant jusqu'à Mahomet. Considérés comme des principes de gouvernance personnelle et collective pour certains courants musulmans, ils sont aussi désignés sous le nom de « la tradition du Prophète ». | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Sea of Japan | Mer du Japon | The Sea of Japan (see below for other names) is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, and the Russia mainland. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean. This isolation also affects faunal diversity and salinity, both of which are lower than in the open ocean. The sea has no large islands, bays or capes. Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and Pacific Ocean. Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1%. | La mer du Japon (en japonais, en chinois, en russe ') est une mer située à l'ouest de l'océan Pacifique entourée à l'ouest-sud-ouest par la péninsule coréenne, au nord par la côte continentale russe et au nord-nord-est par l'île Sakhaline, enfin à l'est et au sud-est par les trois grandes îles japonaises de Hokkaidō, Honshū et Kyūshū. Elle est appelée « mer de l'Est » en Corée du Sud (en coréen ) et « mer orientale de Corée » en Corée du Nord (). | [
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Bicameralism | Bicamérisme | A bicameral legislature has legislators in two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group, and from some legislatures that have three or more separate assemblies, chambers, or houses., fewer than half the world's national legislatures are bicameral. | Le bicamérisme (ou bicaméralisme) est un système d'organisation politique qui divise le Parlement en deux chambres distinctes, une chambre haute et une chambre basse. Le mot, introduit au, est constitué de « » ("deux") et de « » ("chambre" en latin). | [
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Junichiro Koizumi | Jun'ichirō Koizumi | Junichiro Koizumi ( ;, "Koizumi Jun'ichirō" ; born 8 January 1942) is a Japanese politician who was Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from 2001 to 2006. He retired from politics in 2009, and he remains the sixth-longest serving Prime Minister in Japanese history. | , né le à Yokosuka, est un homme d'État japonais, Premier ministre du Japon du au. En 2001, il devient président du Parti libéral-démocrate (PLD) et, dans la foulée, Premier ministre. | [
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Ido | Ido | Ido (, sometimes ) is a constructed language, derived from Reformed Esperanto, created to be a universal second language for speakers of diverse backgrounds. Ido was specifically designed to be grammatically, orthographically, and lexicographically regular, and above all easy to learn and use. In this sense, Ido is classified as a constructed international auxiliary language. It is the most successful of many Esperanto derivatives, called Esperantidos. | L’ido est une langue construite dérivée de l'espéranto ("" signifie « fils/fille, descendant » en espéranto, on utilise aussi le terme d'« espérantide »), proposée en 1907 par une commission à l'initiative du Français Léopold Leau. Elle est également inspirée de l'Idiom Neutral. | [
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Gram | Gramme | The gram (alternative spelling: gramme; SI unit symbol: g) is a metric system unit of mass. Originally defined as "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre [1 cm], and at the temperature of melting ice" (later at 4 °C, the temperature of maximum density of water). However, in a reversal of reference and defined units, a gram is now defined as one thousandth of the SI base unit, the kilogram, or 1×10 kg, which itself is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, not in terms of grams, but by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant to be kg⋅m⋅s. | Le gramme est une unité de masse du système CGS et une unité dérivée du Système international dont l'unité de masse est le kilogramme. | [
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Postage stamp | Timbre postal | A postage stamp is a small piece of paper issued by a post office, postal administration, or other authorized vendors to customers who pay postage (the cost involved in moving, insuring, or registering mail), who then affix the stamp to the face or address-side of any item of mail—an envelope or other postal cover (e.g., packet, box, mailing cylinder)—that they wish to send. The item is then processed by the postal system, where a postmark or cancellation mark—in modern usage indicating date and point of origin of mailing—is applied to the stamp and its left and right sides to prevent its reuse. The item is then delivered to its addressee. | Le timbre postal ou timbre-poste est un morceau de papier support d'un graphisme, généralement enduit d'un adhésif, qui apposé sur un courrier sert à indiquer que l'expéditeur a payé l'affranchissement. | [
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Irish Sea | Mer d'Irlande | The Irish Sea (,,,, Ulster-Scots: "Airish Sea",, ) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel, also known as the Straits of Moyle. | La mer d'Irlande ( ; ; ; ; ; ; ) est un bras de mer de l'archipel des îles Britanniques séparant les îles d'Irlande à l'ouest et de Grande-Bretagne à l'est. S'étendant sur, elle communique avec les mers intérieures de la côte ouest de l'Écosse par le canal du Nord au nord-ouest et avec la mer Celtique par le canal Saint-Georges au sud, ces mers étant des mers bordières de l'océan Atlantique. Elle borde l'Irlande à l'ouest ainsi que les quatre nations constitutives du Royaume-Uni : l'Irlande du Nord au nord-ouest, l'Écosse au nord-est, l'Angleterre et le pays de Galles à l'est. Par ailleurs, l'île de Man, dépendance de la Couronne britannique, est située en mer d'Irlande, ainsi que l'île d'Anglesey, rattachée au pays de Galles et plus grande île de la mer d'Irlande. | [
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Black Sea | Mer Noire | The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia. It is supplied by a number of major rivers, such as the Danube, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester, Don, and the Rioni. The watersheds of many countries drain into the Black Sea beyond the six that immediately border it. | La mer Noire est située entre l’Europe, le Caucase et l’Anatolie. Principalement alimentée par le Danube, le Dniepr et le Don, elle est issue de la fermeture d’une mer océanique ancienne, l'océan ou mer Paratéthys. Elle est bordée au nord par la steppe pontique, en Crimée, à l’est et au sud par des chaînes issues de l’orogénèse himalayo-alpine : respectivement monts de Crimée, Caucase et chaîne pontique. Les pays riverains sont (dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre) : l’Ukraine au nord-ouest, la Russie au nord-est, la Géorgie à l’est, la Turquie au sud, la Bulgarie et la Roumanie à l’ouest. Large d'environ d’ouest en est et de du nord au sud, elle s’étend sur une superficie de. L'adjectif correspondant est « », qui vient du nom antique de cette mer, le "Pont-Euxin". | [
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