StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀	tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀	input_ids sequence	attention_mask sequence	labels sequence	text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀	summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀	gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀	src_document sequence
Newton (unit)	Newton (unité)	The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force. It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of motion.	Le newton (symbole : N) est l'unité de mesure de la force nommée ainsi en l'honneur d'Isaac Newton pour ses travaux en mécanique classique.	[ 250004, 250054, 44, 62068, 3525, 1507, 83, 70, 37772, 44841, 47, 197108, 13, 1632, 39012, 111, 46889, 99, 70, 34515, 111, 1632, 106810, 117, 17932, 6, 108047, 71, 23, 70, 48225, 111, 70, 190659, 37772, 1242, 360, 41906, 4, 1657, 32395, 6620, 176931, 13, 224, 663, 30185, 82, 12021, 30891, 15, 56367, 20266, 16, 853, 166589, 116, 5570, 29367, 70, 25072, 111, 37772, 23, 70, 276, 20113, 5426, 111, 25072, 7, 47, 186, 70, 41170, 44841, 47, 197108, 13, 106, 39012, 111, 46889, 99, 70, 34515, 111, 106, 106810, 117, 17932, 6, 108047, 71, 5, 360, 31100, 4, 70, 483, 927, 6, 56367, 20266, 853, 166589, 361, 30666, 297, 70, 9351, 44, 54936, 1507, 58, 100, 903, 37772, 5, 581, 276, 20113, 5426, 7068, 100512, 70, 57571, 35662, 100, 18925, 25, 7, 10000, 5426, 111, 25072, 7, 5, 581, 3525, 1507, 4911, 7, 100512, 70, 5570, 25072, 111, 37772, 23, 70, 15, 9902, 247, 707, 8357, 12353, 111, 46640, 7, 5, 360, 1286, 23113, 69407, 4, 145076, 25, 7, 17932, 27165, 111, 78112, 117249, 450, 70, 37772, 1119, 56, 3674, 390, 142, 36746, 83, 105237, 123875, 289, 47, 70, 197108, 1830, 111, 450, 36746, 4, 24, 110987, 12, 7440, 70, 123875, 134393, 53697, 4, 26168, 454, 304, 4, 33636, 7, 70, 46889, 111, 70, 36746, 1379, 519, 214, 142, 197108, 1830, 4, 26168, 454, 363, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 44, 54936, 1507, 58, 1543, 186, 61924, 71, 23, 69407, 111, 39012, 7, 15, 2472, 19908, 454, 29557, 4, 106384, 15, 2472, 19908, 454, 43317, 4, 136, 94131, 15, 2472, 19908, 454, 59690, 390, 1913, 83080, 64002, 939, 98, 64883, 15, 2271, 57241, 25958, 4, 6, 247, 10, 39012, 46889, 1119, 2529, 7, 10, 37772, 111, 1672, 3569, 1019, 3525, 67772, 5, 893, 83080, 9, 7, 29367, 108787, 1119, 2529, 7, 1672, 1632, 3525, 1507, 111, 37772, 4, 3129, 642, 72350, 237, 70, 108787, 25, 7, 57888, 5, 581, 57888, 111, 142, 83080, 25171, 1119, 2529, 7, 10, 37772, 111, 1672, 6, 170285, 541, 5, 1650, 83, 39210, 47, 1957, 84616, 36510, 297, 23, 14251, 54936, 67772, 15, 92, 839, 16, 7440, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 4307, 71232, 71834, 111, 10, 35014, 990, 2288, 302, 25550, 43572, 31494, 13, 136, 70, 5675, 43245, 111, 142, 563, 3559, 55, 18, 87907, 621, 15044, 10932, 11777, 472, 839, 5, 6561, 14251, 54936, 1507, 4, 106, 472, 839, 4, 83, 183234, 47, 4, 707, 1672, 805, 5279, 111, 72367, 1379, 64883, 64002, 939, 5, 1061, 100, 27781, 4, 10, 13651, 450, 45831, 442, 83, 673, 3674, 99, 4, 1221, 46002, 538, 8060, 10, 72367, 5, 209052, 21094, 23, 14251, 54936, 67772, 621, 39210, 23, 81900, 71679, 5256, 100, 12, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 3525, 1507, 15, 176726, 13, 152, 541, 16, 437, 96, 25, 309, 5097, 8, 48196, 8, 21, 37772, 110, 2276, 4170, 14185, 22, 96, 25, 160945, 104, 25, 568, 433, 2263, 145076, 578, 3401, 63318, 22, 229496, 128730, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Holland	Hollande	Holland is a region and former province on the western coast of the Netherlands. The name "Holland" is also frequently used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. This usage is commonly accepted in other countries, and sometimes employed by the Dutch themselves. However, some in the Netherlands, particularly those from regions outside Holland, may find it undesirable or misrepresentative to use the term for the whole country.	La Hollande est une région et une ancienne province des Pays-Bas. En 1840, elle est divisée en deux entités distinctes : la Hollande-Septentrionale et la Hollande-Méridionale.	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Aldo van Eyck	Aldo van Eyck	Aldo van Eyck (; 16 March 1918 – 14 January 1999) was an architect from the Netherlands. He was one of the most influential protagonists of the architectural movement Structuralism.	Aldo van Eyck (Driebergen, - Loenen aan de Vecht, ) est un architecte néerlandais. Ses œuvres les plus célèbres sont l’orphelinat municipal (1955-1960) et la maison Hubertus (1973-1978), tous deux situés à Amsterdam.	[ 250004, 250054, 1529, 509, 103122, 23, 145761, 142795, 4, 92093, 4, 10, 775, 111, 30260, 4, 35778, 4, 34666, 1419, 136, 6, 119598, 56, 135961, 78905, 162, 131, 29807, 2594, 707, 131, 241, 134362, 136, 58386, 72242, 53, 3224, 1229, 74715, 7, 4, 10, 46667, 111, 21693, 25612, 1771, 59665, 103122, 136, 165249, 23, 8018, 14, 11627, 5, 18763, 82953, 509, 30260, 4, 22104, 136, 4927, 14359, 7966, 12452, 62912, 7, 131, 29807, 2594, 707, 131, 241, 134362, 5, 1529, 509, 139505, 47, 2548, 701, 131, 45548, 14, 1390, 4, 2843, 142, 107653, 5, 4687, 30793, 297, 4049, 23, 40368, 77635, 5, 18763, 14449, 109133, 47, 70, 14098, 117604, 23, 45913, 136, 764, 509, 155629, 297, 99, 35340, 47924, 19188, 4, 4961, 1314, 126, 4, 1295, 60775, 47, 61540, 4, 7103, 3129, 764, 122799, 1919, 37526, 1294, 10696, 23, 581, 1391, 6261, 17721, 61540, 136, 41933, 4, 136, 23409, 47, 35187, 99, 70, 6, 187000, 6900, 26932, 5, 1529, 150180, 71, 23, 37719, 4, 7103, 3129, 764, 47143, 297, 23, 236386, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 7440, 764, 30957, 297, 70, 42154, 133, 111, 5941, 3789, 9600, 9, 137267, 22104, 7, 10932, 61171, 11, 5174, 297, 1830, 9, 1456, 583, 11050, 4, 58386, 111, 4816, 19, 26729, 84285, 5174, 297, 1830, 5, 1529, 189924, 99, 70, 21391, 62903, 111, 136422, 3408, 1295, 47765, 47, 41722, 136, 764, 509, 10, 16030, 99, 70, 8901, 2480, 12535, 111, 46473, 1295, 36236, 47, 20986, 5, 1529, 2843, 509, 30391, 111, 70, 6, 159958, 41260, 44, 112642, 58, 1295, 41722, 47, 36102, 136, 23, 28980, 5, 62, 32786, 111, 64930, 594, 136, 7068, 23, 47765, 10, 552, 9, 151645, 56, 111, 44, 101409, 209, 830, 3000, 29807, 2594, 59619, 71, 87420, 14713, 136, 144477, 9022, 21629, 75666, 34, 33770, 70, 3871, 47, 456, 75161, 28670, 10763, 10836, 39, 136, 52875, 214, 70, 92635, 111, 7311, 2481, 23, 2684, 1305, 9, 4205, 18799, 8780, 5, 3000, 29807, 2594, 25, 7, 19069, 237, 552, 9, 175583, 111, 70, 174705, 41260, 44, 112642, 58, 104902, 3835, 3075, 70, 44, 101409, 209, 58, 11782, 100, 10, 30646, 47, 14135, 8780, 28032, 107653, 82451, 4331, 5, 3000, 29807, 2594, 75204, 70, 627, 88049, 25674, 18217, 165605, 23, 96145, 1529, 68, 71, 99, 2091, 33, 33, 664, 8, 2609, 5204, 4, 10, 17704, 2248, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 884, 246, 131, 29807, 2594, 15, 397, 5056, 142795, 4, 20, 2091, 33, 33, 664, 8, 2609, 5204, 4, 1388, 437, 51, 107653, 13, 18673, 53303, 1606, 5, 47324, 84065, 7, 199, 1001, 202608, 7, 2045, 96, 26, 748, 20133, 10061, 18, 14834, 15, 214243, 8363, 88586, 82, 21, 22786, 219892, 223, 15, 168449, 9, 142413, 247, 5849, 7821, 94128, 7, 253, 21391, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
FastTrack	FastTrack	FastTrack is a peer-to-peer (P2P) protocol that was used by the Kazaa, Grokster, iMesh and Morpheus file sharing programs. FastTrack was the most popular file sharing network in 2003, and used mainly for the exchange of music mp3 files. The network had approximately 2.4 million concurrent users in 2003. It is estimated that the total number of users was greater than that of Napster at its peak.	FastTrack est un réseau "peer-to-peer" utilisé entre autres par les clients KaZaA, iMesh et Grokster. Contrairement au logiciel de partage Napster qui est basé sur une architecture centralisée, les logiciels clients du réseau FastTrack reposent sur une architecture décentralisée : les fichiers sont téléchargeables directement depuis un dossier spécifique chez chaque utilisateur du logiciel. Ce dernier type d'architecture rend presque impossible le contrôle des contenus diffusés (il n 'y a pas d 'administrateur).	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Golden ratio	Nombre d'or	In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The figure on the right illustrates the geometric relationship. Expressed algebraically, for quantities "a" and "b" with "a" > "b" > 0,	Le nombre d'or (ou section dorée, proportion dorée, ou encore divine proportion) est une proportion, définie initialement en géométrie comme l'unique rapport entre deux longueurs et telles que le rapport de la somme des deux longueurs sur la plus grande () soit égal à celui de la plus grande () sur la plus petite () c'est-à-dire lorsque : formula_1 Le découpage d'un segment en deux longueurs vérifiant cette propriété est appelé par Euclide découpage en « extrême et moyenne raison ». Le nombre d'or est maintenant souvent désigné par la lettre φ (phi).	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Orbital inclination	Inclinaison orbitale	Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object.	En mécanique céleste et en mécanique spatiale, l'inclinaison orbitale, ou simplement inclinaison quand il n'y a pas d'ambiguïté, est un élément orbital d'un corps en orbite autour d'un autre. Il décrit l'angle dièdre entre le plan de l'orbite et le plan principal du système de référence (généralement le plan de l'écliptique, c'est-à-dire le plan moyen de l'orbite de la Terre, ou le plan équatorial). L'inclinaison est couramment notée formula_1 (lettre i minuscule de l'alphabet latin).	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1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 357, 229496, 22090, 4896, 82, 22, 229496, 91, 73433, 133, 4, 96, 25, 157289, 885, 40514, 103173, 1935, 4, 628, 54194, 121225, 40514, 12723, 211, 653, 25, 53, 10, 452, 104, 25, 28540, 1234, 55860, 446, 4, 437, 51, 197194, 103173, 289, 104, 25, 309, 50686, 22, 103173, 13, 54718, 104, 25, 309, 19501, 5, 891, 27441, 2783, 96, 25, 109217, 45, 1934, 7090, 1148, 95, 1774, 8, 96, 25, 748, 69314, 82, 95, 1774, 7893, 115, 31164, 8, 96661, 15, 86614, 219, 19929, 95, 1774, 8, 96, 25, 446, 106371, 20873, 4, 501, 25, 525, 9, 1298, 9, 48254, 95, 1774, 60100, 8, 96, 25, 748, 69314, 8, 21, 74910, 4, 628, 95, 1774, 393, 13722, 77275, 194, 339, 25, 157289, 885, 40514, 437, 56007, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Recursion	Récursivité	Recursion (adjective: "recursive") occurs when a thing is defined in terms of itself or of its type. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.	La récursivité est une démarche qui fait référence à l'objet même de la démarche à un moment du processus. En d'autres termes, c'est une démarche dont la description mène à la répétition d'une même règle. Ainsi, les cas suivants constituent des cas concrets de récursivité :	[ 250004, 250054, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 136, 13909, 41664, 4, 10, 18507, 111, 36746, 7, 707, 150624, 80788, 933, 195625, 5844, 123166, 3229, 442, 831, 186, 61924, 71, 390, 6626, 183871, 12, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 25632, 83, 10, 195625, 5844, 80934, 111, 10, 3445, 25, 7, 44, 60502, 1290, 740, 6561, 25, 7, 6, 60502, 1290, 83, 40101, 12, 581, 3698, 20990, 52544, 40, 944, 3956, 83, 15700, 54704, 27781, 111, 195625, 1830, 12, 26168, 115187, 26168, 454, 304, 26168, 454, 363, 52455, 291, 140363, 70760, 10, 5134, 28016, 621, 35509, 54799, 195625, 5844, 91736, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 23113, 80934, 111, 70, 6083, 101935, 390, 70, 1460, 3922, 10, 5134, 28016, 831, 186, 151552, 237, 12, 44, 1511, 4036, 83, 10, 6083, 14012, 4, 136, 12638, 6083, 14012, 1556, 10, 39457, 42, 4, 3129, 83, 2843, 10, 6083, 14012, 1242, 3311, 903, 3647, 7225, 136, 195625, 5844, 79986, 4, 1632, 831, 139392, 70, 5423, 111, 756, 6083, 101935, 5, 64511, 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10, 50491, 47, 70, 71924, 1830, 111, 3060, 3789, 50491, 5, 14847, 10, 50491, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 6044, 4, 903, 109312, 28282, 7, 70, 207116, 111, 142, 3564, 9393, 40956, 74, 195625, 1830, 831, 4734, 186, 155965, 11814, 23, 10, 80934, 2174, 70, 29954, 23, 9655, 83, 7158, 48398, 23, 24233, 50218, 221, 450, 70, 50491, 831, 28484, 5, 4966, 3853, 2174, 442, 83, 155965, 61924, 71, 4, 10, 195625, 5844, 50491, 83, 959, 23468, 100, 118103, 47, 51339, 4, 237, 442, 144570, 157167, 54700, 70, 3525, 1295, 70, 10332, 4, 2878, 25958, 71924, 297, 23, 202010, 111, 70, 50491, 74, 903, 144570, 3060, 86052, 237, 47, 3642, 2060, 67842, 134477, 13, 10821, 110527, 7, 111, 70, 50491, 7, 765, 42658, 297, 5, 1326, 903, 31635, 4, 195625, 5844, 80934, 7, 621, 4552, 41207, 23, 190704, 113949, 5, 39286, 34, 1419, 438, 302, 4960, 39, 4922, 4, 54940, 5941, 27060, 4, 1556, 106926, 297, 450, 70, 92635, 111, 142, 1407, 56, 6, 99091, 98, 70, 14012, 111, 122092, 11, 70760, 149357, 7, 23, 10, 46876, 4, 136, 70, 92635, 111, 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Kazaa	Kazaa	Kazaa Media Desktop (once stylized as "KaZaA", but later usually written "Kazaa") started as a peer-to-peer file sharing application using the FastTrack protocol licensed by Joltid Ltd. and operated as Kazaa by Sharman Networks. Kazaa was subsequently under license as a legal music subscription service by Atrinsic, Inc. According to one of its creators, Jaan Tallinn, Kazaa is pronounced ka-ZAH.	Kazaa est un client pair à pair développé par Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu et Jaan Tallinn. Les trois compagnons sont aussi à l'origine de la création de Skype. Kazaa se connecte sur le réseau FastTrack, caractérisé par son architecture décentralisée. Il y a quelques années, FastTrack était considéré comme le réseau P2P le plus utilisé au monde (environ 3 millions de connectés en moyenne).	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Audiogalaxy	Audiogalaxy	Audiogalaxy was an Internet music service with three incarnations. From 1998 to 2002, it was a file sharing system that indexed MP3 files. From mid-2002 to mid-2010, it was a promotional website for the Rhapsody music subscription service. Finally, from mid-2010 through 2012, it was a personal audio place shifting service. Audiogalaxy ceased operations on January 31, 2013.	Audiogalaxy était un système de partage de fichier centralisé sur Internet très populaire. Le site met aujourd'hui à disposition de la musique en ligne via la plateforme Rhapsody.	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Band (rock and pop)	Groupe musical	A rock band or pop band is a small musical ensemble which performs rock music, pop music or a related genre. A four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. In the early years, the configuration was typically two guitarists (a lead guitarist and a rhythm guitarist, with one of them singing lead vocals), a bassist, and a drummer (e.g. the Beatles, KISS, Metallica). Another common formation is a vocalist who does not play an instrument, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, and U2). Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Sometimes, in addition to electric guitars, electric bass, and drums, there was also a keyboardist (especially a pianist).	Un groupe musical, groupe de musique, ou plus simplement, un groupe, est un petit ensemble musical comprenant en général moins de dix musiciens, chanteurs ou instrumentistes.	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Limit (mathematics)	Limite (mathématiques)	In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) "approaches" as the input (or index) "approaches" some value. Limits are essential to calculus (and mathematical analysis in general) and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals.	En mathématiques, la limite d'une suite ou d'une fonction en un point est, le cas échéant, la valeur particulière dont elle « s'approche » lorsque la variable ou l'indice « s'approche » du point en question. Cette valeur et ce point peuvent être un réel ou infini. Dans cette définition très intuitive, la notion de « s'approcher » reste à définir avec précision.	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Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)	L'Appel de Cthulhu (jeu de rôle)	Call of Cthulhu is a horror fiction role-playing game based on H. P. Lovecraft's story of the same name and the associated Cthulhu Mythos. The game, often abbreviated as "CoC", is published by Chaosium; it was first released in 1981 and is currently in its seventh edition, with many different versions released. It makes use of Chaosium's Basic Role-Playing (BRP) system, with special rules for Sanity.	L'Appel de Cthulhu ("") est un jeu de rôle créé aux États-Unis en 1981 par Sandy Petersen. Le titre vient de la nouvelle du même nom écrite par l'écrivain fantastique américain H. P. Lovecraft.	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Bacteria	Bactérie	Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about 27 percent of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.	Le terme bactérie est un nom vernaculaire qui désigne certains organismes vivants microscopiques et procaryotes présents dans tous les milieux. Le plus souvent unicellulaires, elles sont parfois pluricellulaires (généralement filamenteuses), la plupart des espèces bactériennes ne vivant pas individuellement en suspension, mais en communautés complexes adhérant à des surfaces au sein d'un gel muqueux (biofilm).	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Kilogram	Kilogramme	The kilogram (also kilogramme) is the base unit of mass in the metric system, formally the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol kg. It is a widely used measure in science, engineering, and commerce worldwide, and is often simply called a kilo in everyday speech.	Le kilogramme, dont le symbole est kg (en minuscules), est l'unité de base de masse dans le Système international d'unités (SI).	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Translation	Traduction	Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by means of an equivalent target language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between "translating" (a written text) and "interpreting" (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.	La traduction (dans son acception principale de traduction interlinguale) est le fait de faire passer un texte rédigé dans une langue (« langue source », ou « langue de départ ») dans une autre langue (« langue cible », ou « langue d'arrivée »). Elle met en relation au moins deux langues et deux cultures, et parfois deux époques.	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Ariane 4	Ariane 4	The Ariane 4 was an expendable space launch system, developed by the "Centre national d'études spatiales" (CNES), the French space agency, for the European Space Agency (ESA). It was manufactured by ArianeGroup and marketed by Arianespace. Since its first flight on 15 June 1988 until the final flight on 15 February 2003, it attained 113 successful launches out of 116 total launches.	Ariane 4 était un lanceur civil de l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA), développé pour placer des satellites en orbite autour de la Terre. Il fait partie de la famille des lanceurs européens Ariane, conçue en collaborations par différents industriels européens, commercialisé par Arianespace et lancé depuis la base de Kourou (Guyane française).	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Mass	Masse	Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied. An object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies.	En physique, la masse est une grandeur physique positive intrinsèque d'un corps. En physique newtonienne, c'est une grandeur extensive, c'est-à-dire que la masse d'un corps formé de parties est la somme des masses de ces parties. Elle est conservative, c'est-à-dire qu'elle reste constante pour un système isolé n'échangeant pas de matière avec son environnement. Dans le cadre du modèle standard de la physique des particules, la masse des particules résulte de leur interaction avec le champ de Higgs.	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Ariane 5	Ariane 5	Ariane 5 is a heavy-lift space launch vehicle developed and operated by Arianespace for the European Space Agency (ESA). It is launched from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. It has been used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or low Earth orbit (LEO). A direct successor system, Ariane 6, is in development.	Ariane 5 est un lanceur de l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA), développé pour placer des satellites sur orbite géostationnaire et des charges lourdes en orbite basse. Il fait partie de la famille des lanceurs Ariane et a été développé à compter de 1995 pour remplacer Ariane 4, dont les capacités limitées ne permettaient plus de lancer de manière concurrentielle les satellites de télécommunications de masses croissantes, alors que ce secteur était auparavant le point fort du lanceur européen.	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William Hogarth	William Hogarth	William Hogarth (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects", and he is perhaps best known for his series "A Harlot's Progress", "A Rake's Progress" and "Marriage A-la-Mode". Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".	William Hogarth, né à Londres le et mort à Chiswick le, est un graveur, peintre, et philanthrope anglais. Enfant de la Glorieuse Révolution, très tôt reconnu par la critique et identifié en France dès 1753 par Denis Diderot comme un brillant esprit, Hogarth est un artiste complet, qui embrassa plusieurs modes d'expression, et dont l'influence se perpétue jusqu'au début du siècle. Premier artiste libre et singulier de l'école anglaise de peinture, fondateur de la St Martin's Lane Academy, il n'hésite pas à utiliser la presse et ses réseaux d'amis pour défendre ses idées, tout en exprimant, tant par la plume que par le burin et le pinceau, les errances, les plaisirs et les contradictions morales de son époque.	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Demographics of France	Démographie de la France	The demography of France (DOF) is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). As of 1 January 2020, 67 million people lived in France, including all the five overseas departments (2,166,000), but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories (604,000) 64,898,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France, which is mainland France located in Europe.	La démographie de la France est l'étude quantitative et qualitative des caractéristiques de la population française et de ses dynamiques, à partir de thèmes tels que la natalité, la fécondité, la mortalité, la nuptialité (ou conjugalité) et la migration.	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Pinyin	Hanyu pinyin	Hanyu Pinyin (), often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.	Le hanyu pinyin () est un système de romanisation du chinois mandarin, promu officiellement en 1979 par la Chine, puis en 2008 par Taïwan.	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Macedonia (region)	Macédoine (région)	Macedonia () is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time; however, it came to be defined as the modern geographical region by the mid 19th century. Today the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo. It covers approximately and has a population of 4.76 million.	La Macédoine est une région géographique et historique de l'Europe du sud et de la péninsule des Balkans qui tire son nom du royaume antique de Macédoine et qui est actuellement répartie sur plusieurs pays : la Grèce, la Macédoine du Nord, la Bulgarie, mais aussi, selon certaines cartes, quelques petits territoires en Albanie orientale et en Serbie méridionale, le long de leurs frontières.	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Amhrán na bhFiann	Amhrán na bhFiann	"" (), called "The Soldier's Song" in English, is Ireland's national anthem. The music was composed by Peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeney, the original English lyrics by Kearney, and the Irish-language translation, now usually heard, by Liam Ó Rinn. The song has three verses, but only the choral refrain is used as the national anthem.	Bien que d'habitude chantée en irlandais, la version originale de cette chanson composée en 1907 est en anglais, sous son titre "A Soldier's Song" ("La chanson d'un soldat"), aussi bien que sous l'appellation "Hymne national de l'Irlande" ("").	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Weber (unit)	Weber (unité)	In physics, the weber ( ; symbol: Wb) is the SI derived unit of magnetic flux. A "flux density" of one Wb/m (one weber per square metre) is one tesla.	Le weber (symbole : Wb) est l'unité dérivée de flux d'induction magnétique du Système international (SI). Il est nommé en l’honneur du physicien allemand Wilhelm Eduard Weber.	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Pascal (unit)	Pascal (unité)	The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength. The unit, named after Blaise Pascal, is defined as one newton per square metre. The unit of measurement called standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as.	Le pascal, de symbole Pa, est l'unité de pression ou de contrainte du Système international d'unités (SI). Il tient son nom de Blaise Pascal et, conformément aux règles du SI, le nom commence par une minuscule (« pascal »), mais comme il provient d'un nom propre, le symbole commence par une.	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Joule	Joule	The joule ( ; symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of the force's motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).	Le joule (symbole : J) est une unité dérivée du Système international (SI) pour quantifier l'énergie, le travail et la quantité de chaleur. Le joule étant une très petite quantité d'énergie par rapport à celles mises en jeu dans certains domaines, on utilise plutôt les kilojoules (kJ) ou les calories en nutrition et dans les tableaux de valeur nutritive, et le kilowatt-heure pour mesurer l'énergie électrique ou thermique.	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Tesla (unit)	Tesla (unité)	The tesla (symbol: T) is a derived unit of the magnetic induction (also, magnetic flux density) in the International System of Units.	Le tesla (symbole : T), nommé en l'honneur du physicien serbe Nikola Tesla, est l'unité dérivée d'induction électromagnétique (appelé parfois densité de flux magnétique ou champ magnétique) du Système international d'unités (SI).	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NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration	The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA; ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and space research.	La (en français : l'Administration nationale de l'aéronautique et de l'espace), plus connue sous son acronyme NASA, est l'agence gouvernementale qui est responsable de la majeure partie du programme spatial civil des États-Unis. La recherche aéronautique relève également du domaine de la NASA. Depuis sa création à la fin des années 1950, la NASA joue mondialement un rôle dominant dans le domaine du vol spatial habité, de l'exploration du Système solaire et de la recherche spatiale. Parmi les réalisations les plus marquantes de l'agence figurent les programmes spatiaux habités Apollo, la navette spatiale américaine, la station spatiale internationale (en coopération avec plusieurs pays), les télescopes spatiaux comme Hubble et Kepler, l'exploration de Mars par les sondes spatiales Viking, MER et Curiosity, ainsi que celle de Jupiter, Saturne et Pluton par les sondes Pioneer, Voyager, Galileo, Cassini-Huygens et New Horizons.	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Celsius	Degré Celsius	The Celsius scale, also known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale. As an SI derived unit, it is used worldwide. However, in the United States, the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands, and Liberia, Fahrenheit remains the preferred scale for everyday temperature measurement. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale or a unit to indicate a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948, the unit was called "centigrade", from the Latin "centum", which means 100, and "gradus", which means steps.	Le degré Celsius (symbole °C) est l’unité de l’échelle de température Celsius, qui est une unité dérivée du Système international d'unités, introduite le. Son nom est une référence à l'astronome et physicien suédois Anders Celsius, inventeur en 1742 d'une des premières échelles centigrades de température. Cette unité de mesure est d'usage courant à travers le monde, à l'exception des États-Unis, de Belize et des Îles Caïmans, qui utilisent toujours l'échelle Fahrenheit.	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Volt	Volt	The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force. It is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827).	Le volt (symbole : V) est une unité, de force électromotrice et de différence de potentiel (ou tension) et dérivée du SI.	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X-ray	Rayon X	An X-ray, or X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 picometres to 10 nanometres, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×10 Hz to 3×10 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 200 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to as Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen, who discovered it on November 8, 1895. He named it "X-radiation" to signify an unknown type of radiation. Spellings of "X-ray(s)" in English include the variants "x-ray(s)", "xray(s)", and "X ray(s)".	Les rayons X sont une forme de rayonnement électromagnétique à haute fréquence constitué de photons dont l'énergie varie d'une centaine d'eV (électron-volt), à plusieurs MeV.	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Watt	Watt	The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power. In the International System of Units (SI) it is defined as a derived unit of 1 joule per second, and is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. In SI base units, the watt is described as kg⋅m⋅s. The watt is named after James Watt, an 18th-century Scottish inventor.	Le watt, de symbole W, est l'unité internationale de puissance ou de flux énergétique (dont le flux thermique). Un watt équivaut à un joule par seconde.	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Argentine National Anthem	Hymne national argentin	The "Argentine National Anthem" (; also known as "Hear, mortals, the sacred cry : Freedom! Freedom! Freedom!" ) is the national anthem of Argentina. Its lyrics were written by the Buenos Aires-born politician Vicente López y Planes and the music was composed by the Spanish musician Blas Parera. The work was adopted as the sole official song on May 11, 1813, three years after the May Revolution; May 11 is therefore now Anthem Day in Argentina.	L'Hymne national argentin est l'hymne national de l'Argentine. Les paroles ont été écrites par Vicente López y Planes et la musique a été composée par Blas Parera. La version actuelle fut adoptée en 1900 pendant la présidence de Julio Argentino Roca.	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Kourou	Kourou	Kourou is a commune in French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. In addition to being an administrative district in French Guiana, it is also the main town in that district.	Kourou est une commune française, située dans le département de la Guyane. Avec en 2010, Kourou est la quatrième commune la plus peuplée de ce département d’outre-mer (DOM) derrière Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni et Matoury.	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Ariane 3	Ariane 3	Ariane 3 was a European expendable carrier rocket, which was used for eleven launches between 1984 and 1989. It was a member of the Ariane family of rockets. The principal manufacturer for the Ariane 3 was Aérospatiale, while the lead agency for its development was the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES).	Ariane 3 était une fusée du programme européen Ariane qui permettait de placer des satellites en orbite autour de la Terre (on parle aussi de "lanceur").	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Double fertilization	Double fécondation	Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm). It begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the carpel, the female reproductive structure of a flower. The pollen grain then takes in moisture and begins to germinate, forming a pollen tube that extends down toward the ovary through the style. The tip of the pollen tube then enters the ovary and penetrates through the micropyle opening in the ovule. The pollen tube proceeds to release the two sperm in the megagametophyte.	En botanique, la double fécondation (ou xénie) est une fonction particulière à la reproduction des angiospermes. Le grain de pollen contient deux noyaux, tous deux haploïdes (n chromosome), alors que par exemple le spermatozoïde des mammifères ne contient qu'un seul noyau. Un de ces noyaux est destiné à féconder l'oosphère, ce qui donnera l’embryon, à l’origine de la future plante. Le deuxième s'unit aux noyaux polaires à l'origine de l'albumen, tissu alors triploïde (3n chromosomes) qui fait partie de la graine et qui servira généralement à nourrir l'embryon.	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Geostationary transfer orbit	Orbite de transfert géostationnaire	A geosynchronous transfer orbit or geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit—an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different radii in the same plane—used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit using high-thrust chemical engines.	Une orbite de transfert géostationnaire est une orbite intermédiaire qui permet de placer des satellites en orbite géostationnaire. Le sigle anglais correspondant est "GTO", pour "".	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Republic of Ireland	Irlande (pays)	Ireland ( ), also known as the Republic of Ireland ('), is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern side of the island. Around 40% of the country's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area. The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the ', consists of a lower house, ', an upper house, ', and an elected President (') who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the'(Prime Minister, literally 'Chief', a title not used in English), who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers.	LIrlande ( ; ) est un pays insulaire d'Europe de l'Ouest occupant la majeure partie de l'île d'Irlande dans l'océan Atlantique nord. Elle regroupe 26 des 32 comtés traditionnels de l'île, les six autres formant l'Irlande du Nord, l'une des quatre nations constitutives du Royaume-Uni.	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Crystallography	Cristallographie	Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids (see crystal structure). The word "crystallography" is derived from the Greek words "crystallon" "cold drop, frozen drop", with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and "graphein" "to write". In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year of Crystallography.	La cristallographie est la science qui se consacre à l'étude des cristaux à l'échelle atomique. Les propriétés physico-chimiques d'un cristal sont étroitement liées à l'arrangement spatial des atomes dans la matière. L'état cristallin est défini par un caractère périodique et ordonné à l'échelle atomique ou moléculaire. Le cristal est obtenu par translation dans toutes les directions d'une unité de base appelée maille élémentaire.	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Ariane 1	Ariane 1	Ariane 1 was the first rocket in the Ariane family of expendable launch systems. It was developed and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), which had been formed in 1973, the same year that development of the launch had commenced.	La fusée Ariane 1 est la première version de la famille de lanceurs fusées Ariane développée dans les années 1970 par l'Agence spatiale européenne pour que l'Europe puisse lancer ses satellites en toute autonomie. Cette version pouvait placer des charges utiles en orbite de transfert géostationnaire (GTO). Le premier vol a lieu le. Ariane 1 est utilisée à onze reprises et connait deux échecs. Elle est rapidement remplacée par des versions plus puissantes mieux adaptées au poids croissant des satellites de télécommunications. La fusée était lancée depuis un pas de tir construit à son intention au Centre spatial guyanais (CSG), à Kourou en Guyane française.	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Ecological footprint	Empreinte écologique	The ecological footprint is a method promoted by the Global Footprint Network to measure human demand on natural capital, i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy. It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system. The accounts contrast the biologically productive area people use for their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region or the world (biocapacity, the productive area that can regenerate what people demand from nature). In short, it is a measure of human impact on the environment.	L'empreinte écologique ou empreinte environnementale est un indicateur et un mode d'évaluation environnementale qui comptabilise la "pression" exercée par les hommes envers les ressources naturelles et les « services écologiques » fournis par la nature. Plus précisément, elle mesure les surfaces alimentaires productives de terres et d'eau nécessaires pour produire les ressources qu'un individu, une population ou une activité consomme et pour absorber les déchets générés, compte tenu des techniques et de la gestion des ressources en vigueur. Cette surface est exprimée en hectares globaux (hag), c'est-à-dire en hectares ayant une productivité égale à la productivité moyenne.	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Geography of Cuba	Géographie de Cuba	Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Cuba has an official area (land area) of. Its area is including coastal and territorial waters. This makes it the 8th largest island country in the world. The main island (Cuba) has of coastline and of land borders—all figures including the United States territory at Guantánamo Bay, where the U.S. Navy's Guantanamo Bay Naval Base is located.	Cuba est un État situé dans les Antilles et constitué en majorité de l'île du même nom. Le pays est à au sud-ouest des Bahamas (Great Inagua), au nord de la Jamaïque, au nord-est du Mexique et au sud de la Floride.	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Consumer confidence index	Indice de confiance des consommateurs	In the United States of America, the U.S. consumer confidence index (CCI) is an economic indicator published by The Conference Board to measure consumer confidence, which is defined as the degree of optimism on the state of the U.S. economy that consumers are expressing through their activities of savings and spending. Global consumer confidence is not measured. Country-by-country analysis indicates huge variance around the globe. In an interconnected global economy, tracking international consumer confidence is a lead indicator of economic trends.	Un indice de confiance des consommateurs est une valeur calculée qui aide à prévoir la consommation future des ménages ou entreprises en évaluant la confiance de ceux-ci dans l'état de l'économie. Elle est calculée à partir de leurs activités d’épargne et de dépenses présentes et va varier de pays en pays. Dans une économie mondiale interconnectée, le suivi de la confiance des consommateurs internationaux est l'un des principaux indicateurs des tendances économiques et sert donc à émettre des prévisions sur la croissance économique.	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Information and communications technology	Technologies de l'information et de la communication	Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audiovisual systems, that enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.	Technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC : transcription de l'anglais "", "ICT") est une expression, principalement utilisée dans le monde universitaire, pour désigner le domaine de la "télématique", c'est-à-dire les techniques de l'informatique, de l'audiovisuel, des multimédias, d'Internet et des télécommunications qui permettent aux utilisateurs de communiquer, d'accéder aux sources d'information, de stocker, de manipuler, de produire et de transmettre l'information sous différentes formes : texte, musique, son, image, vidéo et interface graphique interactive (IHM). Les textes juridiques et réglementaires utilisent la locution communications électroniques.	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Video art	Art vidéo	Video art is an art form which relies on using video technology as a visual and audio medium. Video art emerged during the late 1960s as new consumer video technology such as video tape recorders became available outside corporate broadcasting. Video art can take many forms: recordings that are broadcast; installations viewed in galleries or museums; works streamed online, distributed as video tapes, or DVDs; and performances which may incorporate one or more television sets, video monitors, and projections, displaying live or recorded images and sounds.	L’art vidéo naît, en tant qu'expression artistique, au début des années 1960, de la rencontre de plasticiens, d'ingénieurs et de responsables de chaînes de télé qui cherchent de nouvelles possibilités d'utilisation du médium vidéo.	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Broadcast domain	Domaine de diffusion	A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer. A broadcast domain can be within the same LAN segment or it can be bridged to other LAN segments.	Un domaine de diffusion (en anglais, "broadcast domain") est une aire logique d'un réseau informatique où n'importe quel ordinateur connecté au réseau peut directement transmettre à tous les autres ordinateurs du même domaine, sans devoir passer par un routeur.	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Adhan	Adhan	The adhan ( ), also written as adhaan, azan, azaan or athan, also called "" in Turkish, is the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin at prescribed times of the day. The root of the word is "ʾadhina" meaning "to listen, to hear, be informed about". Another derivative of this word is "ʾudhun" (), meaning "ear".	Adhān (arabe: ), « appel » est un terme arabe désignant l'appel à la prière (arabe: "sala(t)"), en particulier l'appel à la prière en commun.	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Collision domain	Domaine de collision	A collision domain is a network segment connected by a shared medium or through repeaters where simultaneous data transmissions collide with one another. The collision domain applies particularly in wireless networks, but also affected early versions of Ethernet. A network collision occurs when more than one device attempts to send a packet on a network segment at the same time. Members of a collision domain may be involved in collisions with one another. Devices outside the collision domain do not have collisions with those inside.	Un domaine de collision est une zone logique d'un réseau informatique où les paquets de données peuvent entrer en collision entre eux, en particulier avec le protocole de communication Ethernet.	[ 250004, 250054, 2161, 174580, 17368, 99764, 2450, 4, 61770, 63239, 621, 103608, 71, 17368, 2258, 25388, 10422, 48716, 17203, 678, 61770, 6889, 149, 58994, 15, 19283, 8218, 64, 16069, 16, 23, 3129, 70, 28813, 449, 43824, 7831, 621, 17116, 5861, 297, 136, 456, 9, 12832, 1632, 99, 10, 1733, 5, 3293, 24209, 7, 10, 31344, 111, 23, 4240, 11044, 33, 2408, 23, 70, 33120, 5, 241, 147, 538, 174580, 20117, 7, 15094, 571, 76783, 758, 4, 209, 571, 76783, 10461, 3542, 35509, 98, 10, 99764, 1439, 13, 136, 235529, 538, 23552, 9, 693, 44974, 4, 33636, 214, 10, 11001, 4, 38516, 538, 21334, 61770, 6889, 77758, 5, 173883, 6889, 77758, 7, 621, 2843, 14037, 23, 142, 174580, 26708, 707, 119140, 56, 65998, 7440, 12638, 27980, 33180, 37067, 7, 47, 10, 26708, 4, 136, 756, 33180, 7, 33636, 4734, 1632, 61770, 6889, 77758, 28032, 1632, 226347, 77758, 5, 173883, 6889, 77758, 7, 621, 2843, 14037, 23, 3789, 99764, 57646, 33120, 7, 4, 28, 5, 706, 5, 135051, 33120, 7, 6044, 237, 5140, 9, 6159, 5, 18799, 1439, 297, 33120, 7, 4527, 10, 33120, 101089, 47, 34390, 707, 27169, 67, 61770, 63239, 5, 3311, 37067, 214, 12638, 75186, 105237, 47, 10, 11469, 98, 70, 101089, 4, 40101, 12638, 11469, 98, 10, 101089, 24209, 7, 6863, 10002, 61770, 6889, 77758, 15, 73, 70, 7225, 111, 23552, 9, 693, 44974, 22317, 247, 707, 70, 207116, 111, 61770, 63239, 83, 27169, 3674, 167969, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 4393, 9, 693, 44974, 22317, 5, 1326, 527, 1758, 3137, 174580, 136, 4271, 56, 4, 110, 26708, 7, 707, 119140, 1314, 32316, 136, 756, 128779, 64209, 4393, 9, 693, 44974, 22317, 5, 17006, 135051, 48450, 33120, 7, 4527, 70, 2258, 25388, 9, 100033, 48716, 17203, 678, 61770, 6889, 71864, 7154, 15, 19283, 8218, 64, 13133, 16, 55300, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 96679, 111, 10, 99764, 1439, 13, 57646, 4, 135051, 33120, 7, 15190, 70, 204105, 110, 112, 2967, 7440, 6626, 59146, 7, 831, 25, 18, 36802, 12638, 3789, 25, 7, 179965, 7, 4, 1284, 1836, 22304, 10, 61770, 6889, 99, 70, 53299, 42, 17721, 2856, 5, 19335, 8705, 40266, 678, 173883, 6889, 84361, 532, 7154, 100, 171918, 83, 1632, 6044, 51515, 11814, 136, 183037, 23, 220033, 27389, 294, 64, 441, 12763, 5, 62, 9879, 60505, 1363, 83, 15700, 26950, 111, 3115, 6496, 903, 2967, 100, 10, 61770, 6889, 77758, 5, 3293, 61353, 83, 6, 212423, 390, 171918, 188516, 224545, 7, 5, 41097, 60505, 1363, 32354, 136, 15917, 3674, 60505, 1363, 32354, 621, 29458, 208124, 7, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 992, 48916, 8, 61770, 6889, 437, 773, 20288, 183985, 104, 25, 309, 75219, 165796, 11497, 199, 249, 36331, 7, 8, 34919, 22270, 1148, 42, 22, 61770, 6889, 1148, 48092, 4, 22, 46211, 1609, 95, 91363, 13, 8, 36398, 174580, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Feminism	Féminisme	Feminism is a range of social movements, political movements, and ideologies that aim to define, establish, and achieve the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that societies prioritize the male point of view, and that women are treated unfairly within those societies. Efforts to change that include fighting gender stereotypes and seeking to establish educational and professional opportunities for women that are equal to those for men.	Le féminisme est un ensemble de mouvements et d'idées philosophiques qui partagent un but commun : définir, promouvoir et atteindre l'égalité politique, économique, culturelle, sociale et juridique entre les femmes et les hommes. Le féminisme a donc pour objectif d'abolir, dans ces différents domaines, les inégalités homme-femme dont les femmes sont les principales victimes, et ainsi de promouvoir les droits des femmes dans la société civile et dans la vie privée.	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Lebesgue integration	Intégrale de Lebesgue	In mathematics, the integral of a non-negative function of a single variable can be regarded, in the simplest case, as the area between the graph of that function and the -axis. The Lebesgue integral extends the integral to a larger class of functions. It also extends the domains on which these functions can be defined.	En mathématiques, l’intégrale de Lebesgue désigne à la fois une théorie relative à l'intégration et à la mesure, et aussi le résultat de l'intégration d'une fonction à valeurs réelles définie sur formula_1 (ou sur formula_2), munis de la mesure de Lebesgue.	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Classical mechanics	Mécanique newtonienne	Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.	La mécanique newtonienne est une branche de la physique. Depuis les travaux d'Albert Einstein, elle est souvent qualifiée de mécanique classique.	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Rocket	Fusée (astronautique)	A rocket (from ) is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine. Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from propellant carried within the rocket. Rocket engines work by action and reaction and push rockets forward simply by expelling their exhaust in the opposite direction at high speed, and can therefore work in the vacuum of space.	En astronautique, une fusée est un véhicule mû par un moteur-fusée de grande puissance qui lui permet de se déplacer dans l'espace proche, et notamment de placer en orbite une (satellite artificiel), voire d'échapper à l'attraction terrestre pour visiter différents corps célestes. Les fusées de l'astronautique sont généralement dotées de plusieurs étages mis à feu successivement. Les plus grosses fusées construites, comme Saturn V, permettent de placer jusqu'à en orbite basse.	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Integral	Intégration (mathématiques)	In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. Integration is one of the two main operations of calculus; its inverse operation, differentiation, is the other. Given a function of a real variable and an interval of the real line, the definite integral	En mathématiques, l'intégration est le fait de calculer une intégrale. C'est aussi une des deux branches du calcul infinitésimal, appelée également calcul intégral, l'autre étant le calcul différentiel.	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Flag of Mexico	Drapeau du Mexique	The flag of Mexico () is a vertical tricolor of green, white, and red with the national coat of arms charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence, and subsequent First Mexican Empire. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968, but the overall design has been used since 1821, when the First National Flag was created.	Le drapeau du Mexique est le drapeau national et le pavillon national du Mexique. Ce drapeau tricolore est rectangulaire de proportions 4/7 à bandes verticales vert, blanc et rouge de même taille. En son centre, sur la bande blanche, figurent les armes du Mexique, représentant un caracara du nord perché sur un figuier de Barbarie, dévorant un serpent.	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Modern art	Art moderne	Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophy of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art.	L'appellation d'art moderne désigne une période de l'histoire de l'art qui est initiée par Édouard Manet et les peintres impressionnistes dans les années 1870 et s'achève au milieu des années 1950, notamment avec la naissance du pop art.	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Corvus	Corvus	Corvus is a widely distributed genus of medium-sized to large birds in the family Corvidae. The genus includes species commonly known as crows, ravens and rooks; there is no consistent distinction between "crows" and "ravens", and these appellations have been assigned to different species chiefly on the basis of their size, crows generally being smaller than ravens.	Corvus est un genre d'oiseau qui comprend une cinquantaine d'espèces connues sous leur nom vernaculaire de corbeau, corneille, freux, choucas, etc. Le terme « corbeau » est usuellement utilisé pour désigner les espèces du genre lorsqu'on ne sait pas les identifier précisément.	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Geography of Brazil	Géographie du Brésil	The country of Brazil occupies roughly half of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil covers a total area of which includes of land and of water. The highest point in Brazil is Pico da Neblina at. Brazil is bordered by the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, and France (overseas department of France, French Guiana).	Le Brésil est un pays d'Amérique du Sud. Cinquième pays du monde par sa superficie, il est bordé à l'est par l'océan Atlantique et s'étend vers l'intérieur du continent le long des bassins hydrographiques des fleuves Amazone et Paraná.	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Washington, D.C.	Washington (district de Columbia)	Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and also known as D.C. or Washington, is the capital city of the United States of America. Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country, Washington was named after George Washington, the first president of the United States and a Founding Father. As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations, Washington is an important world political capital. Located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia, the city is one of the most visited cities in the United States, with more than 20 million visitors annually.	Washington, dans le district de Columbia (), souvent appelée Washington, D.C., The District, ou simplement D.C. (pour éviter la confusion avec l'État de Washington), est une ville indépendante des États-Unis dont elle est la capitale. Selon les dernières estimations (2018), elle compte "intra-muros" sur une superficie de ; son aire urbaine en compte environ, la sixième des États-Unis (après Houston et devant Miami).	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Voyager program	Programme Voyager	The Voyager program is an American scientific program that employs two robotic probes, "Voyager 1" and " Voyager 2", launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune". "Although their original mission was to study only the planetary systems of Jupiter and Saturn, "Voyager 2" continued on to Uranus and Neptune". "The Voyagers now explore the outer boundary of the heliosphere in interstellar space; their mission has been extended three times and they continue to transmit useful scientific data. Neither Uranus nor Neptune has had a close-up picture taken by a probe other than" Voyager 2."	Le programme "Voyager" est un programme d'exploration robotique de l'agence spatiale américaine (NASA) dont l'objectif est d'étudier les planètes extérieures du Système solaire. Il comprend deux sondes spatiales identiques et lancées en 1977 qui ont survolé les planètes Jupiter, Saturne, Uranus, Neptune ainsi que 48 de leurs satellites. Les données collectées par les portés par chaque sonde en font sans doute la mission d'exploration du Système solaire la plus fructueuse sur le plan scientifique de toute l'histoire spatiale. Les sondes Voyager sont les premières à effectuer un survol d'Uranus et Neptune et les secondes à étudier Jupiter et Saturne après les sondes et "11". et 2 ont permis d'obtenir des informations détaillées sur l'atmosphère de Jupiter, Saturne et Uranus. Elles ont révélé de nombreux détails sur la structure des anneaux de Saturne, permis de découvrir les anneaux de Jupiter et ont fourni les premières images détaillées des anneaux d'Uranus et de Neptune. Les sondes ont découvert en tout lunes. Elles ont révélé l'activité volcanique de Io et la structure étrange de la surface de la lune galiléenne Europe.	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Futurism	Futurisme	Futurism () was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasised speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city. Its key figures were the Italians Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Fortunato Depero, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, and Luigi Russolo. It glorified modernity and aimed to liberate Italy from the weight of its past. Cubism contributed to the formation of Italian Futurism's artistic style. Important Futurist works included Marinetti's "Manifesto of Futurism", Boccioni's sculpture "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space", Balla's painting "Abstract Speed + Sound", and Russolo's "The Art of Noises".	Le futurisme est un mouvement littéraire et artistique européen du début du (de 1909 à 1920), qui rejette la tradition esthétique et exalte le monde moderne, en particulier la civilisation urbaine, les machines et la vitesse.	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North Africa	Afrique du Nord	North Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in the west, to Egypt's Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east. Others have limited it to the countries of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, a region that was known by the French during colonial times as "Afrique du Nord" and is known by Arabs as the Maghreb ("West", "The western part of Arab World"). The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Sudan, the 6 countries that shape the top North of the African continent. Meanwhile, "North Africa", particularly when used in the term North Africa and the Middle East (MENA), often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya.	L'Afrique du Nord est un sous-continent culturel de la partie septentrionale de l’Afrique. Elle est parfois définie comme s'étendant des rives de l'Atlantique, du Maroc à l'ouest, au canal de Suez et à la mer Rouge, en Égypte à l'est. La définition la plus communément acceptée comprend d'Est en Ouest : l'Égypte, la Libye, la Tunisie, l'Algérie, le Maroc et le Sahara occidental. Le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis définit l'Afrique du Nord comme étant l'Algérie, la Libye, l'Égypte, le Maroc et la Tunisie.	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Ankara	Ankara	Ankara (,, ), historically known as Ancyra (), Άγκυρα (trl: "Anchor" in "Greek"), and Angora (, ), is the capital of Turkey. With a population of 4,587,558 in the urban centre and 5,150,072 in its province, it is Turkey's second largest city after Istanbul (the former imperial capital), having outranked İzmir in the 20th century. Ankara covers an area of 24,521 km (9,468 sq mi).	Ankara ( ) – anciennement appelée "Angora" et "Ancyre" durant l'Antiquité – est la capitale de la Turquie depuis le et la deuxième plus grande ville du pays, après Istanbul. Elle est située en Région de l'Anatolie centrale.	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Seppuku	Hara-kiri	Seppuku (Japanese: 切腹, "cutting [the] belly"), sometimes referred to as harakiri (腹切り, "abdomen/belly cutting", a native Japanese kun reading), is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. It was originally reserved for samurai (see Bushido), but was also practiced by other Japanese people later on to restore honour for themselves or for their families. As a samurai practice, seppuku was used either voluntarily by samurai to die with honor rather than fall into the hands of their enemies (and likely be tortured), as a form of capital punishment for samurai who had committed serious offenses, or performed because they had brought shame to themselves. The ceremonial disembowelment, which is usually part of a more elaborate ritual and performed in front of spectators, consists of plunging a short blade, traditionally a tantō, into the belly and drawing the blade from left to right, slicing the belly open. If the cut is deep enough, it can sever the descending aorta, causing a rapid death by blood loss.	Le, à ne pas confondre avec, est une forme rituelle de suicide masculin par éventration, apparue au Japon vers le dans la classe des samouraïs. Ce rituel est officiellement abandonné par les Japonais en 1868.	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Dada	Dada	Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris. Developed in reaction to World War I, the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works. The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent toward violence, war, and nationalism, and maintained political affinities with the radical far-left. There is no consensus on the origin of the movement's name; a common story is that the German artist Richard Huelsenbeck slid a paper knife (letter-opener) at random into a dictionary, where it landed on "dada", a colloquial French term for a hobby horse. Jean Arp wrote that Tristan Tzara invented the word at 6 pm on 6 February 1916, in the Café de la Terrasse in Zurich. Others note that it suggests the first words of a child, evoking a childishness and absurdity that appealed to the group. Still others speculate that the word might have been chosen to evoke a similar meaning (or no meaning at all) in any language, reflecting the movement's internationalism.	Le mouvement dada est un mouvement intellectuel, littéraire et artistique du début du, qui se caractérise par une remise en cause de toutes les conventions et contraintes idéologiques, esthétiques et politiques.	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Central America	Amérique centrale	Central America (,, "Centroamérica" ) is a region in the southern tip of North America and is sometimes defined as a subregion of the Americas. This region is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south. Central America consists of seven countries: El Salvador, Costa Rica, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. The combined population of Central America is estimated at 44.53 million (2016).	L'Amérique centrale est une bande de terre reliant l'Amérique du Nord et l'Amérique du Sud. La différence entre les frontières géographiques et les frontières administratives, ainsi que l'histoire coloniale et les ressemblances et différences culturelles dans la région font varier la définition de l'Amérique centrale selon le contexte.	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Nuclear fission	Fission nucléaire	In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller, lighter nuclei. The fission process often produces gamma photons, and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay.	La fission nucléaire est le phénomène par lequel un noyau atomique lourd (c'est-à-dire formé d'un grand nombre de nucléons comme l'uranium, le plutonium) est scindé en deux ou quelques nucléides plus légers.	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Macau	Macao	Macau, also spelled Macao (;, ; official "Macau"), and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a city in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. It is a special administrative region of China and maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of mainland China. With a population of 696,100 and an area of, it is the most densely populated region in the world.	Macao ( ; ), officiellement Région administrative spéciale de Macao de la république populaire de Chine, est une région administrative spéciale (RAS) de la république populaire de Chine depuis le. Auparavant, Macao a été colonisé et administré par le Portugal durant plus de et est considéré comme le dernier comptoir ainsi que la dernière colonie européenne en Chine et en Asie.	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Manchuria	Mandchourie	Manchuria is an exonym for several large overlapping historical and geographic regions in Northeast Asia. Depending on the context, it may refer to:	La Mandchourie ( ; japonais : ) est un vaste territoire au nord-est de l'Asie, dont la plus vaste extension couvre le Nord-Est de la Chine (environ ), et l'Est de la Russie sur l'océan Pacifique (environ ).	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Bennu	Bénou	The Bennu is an ancient Egyptian deity linked with the sun, creation, and rebirth. It may have been the inspiration for the phoenix in Greek mythology.	Bénou, dans la mythologie égyptienne, est l'oiseau représentant l'âme – le bâ – de Rê qui le précède dans la barque solaire. Comme Rê, l'oiseau Bénou était adoré à Héliopolis où on le trouve également lié à Atoum, le dieu du soleil couchant. Le livre des morts dit : « Je suis l'Oiseau Bénou, l'Âme/cœur de Rê, le Guide des Dieux vers la Douât ».	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Astarte	Astarté	Astarte (;, "Astártē") is the Hellenized form of the Middle Eastern goddess Astoreth (Northwest Semitic), a form of Ishtar (East Semitic), worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity. The name is particularly associated with her worship in the ancient Levant among the Canaanites and Phoenicians. She was also celebrated in Egypt following the importation of Levantine cults there. The name Astarte is sometimes also applied to her cults in Mesopotamian cultures like Assyria and Babylonia.	Astarté (du grec ) est une déesse connue dans tout le Proche-Orient, de l'âge du bronze à l'Antiquité, présentant un caractère belliqueux. Athtart (𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚, "‘ṯtrt", "‘Aṯtart" ou "‘Athtart") à Ougarit, Shaushka ou Shaushga chez les Hourrites, Ashtart ("‘shtrt") en langue punico-phénicienne, Ashtoret ou Ashtarot (עשתרת) en hébreu, elle est l'équivalent de la déesse mésopotamienne Ishtar (pour les babyloniens) ou Inanna (pour les sumériens). Elle fut implantée dans la mythologie égyptienne sous les. À califourchon sur son cheval, elle accompagne et protège le souverain. Elle devient la fille de Rê ou de Ptah, et est une des compagnes de Seth.	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Shezmu	Chesmou	Shesmu (alternatively Schesmu and Shezmu) is an ancient Egyptian deity with a contradictory character. He was worshiped from the early Old Kingdom period.	Dans la mythologie égyptienne, Chesmou est un dieu pressoir, patron du vin, des huiles, onguents, parfums. On le retrouve surtout sur les parois des salles servant à la préparation de ces mélanges dans les temples. Il apporte ces biens aux dieux et aux humains pour les rites funéraires.	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Himalayas	Himalaya	The Himalayas, or Himalaya (), (Sanskrit: (, "snow") and (, "abode, receptacle, dwelling")), is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest (Nepal/China). The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia (Aconcagua, in the Andes) is tall.	L'Himalaya ( de "hima" (neige) et "ālaya" (demeure), littéralement « demeure des neiges », népalais : हिमालय, hindi : हिमालय, ), ou chaîne de l'Himalaya, est un ensemble de chaînes de montagnes s'étirant sur plus de de long et large de 250 à, qui sépare le sous-continent indien du plateau tibétain dans le Sud de l'Asie. Au sens strict, il débute à l'ouest au Nanga Parbat au Pakistan et se termine à l'est au Namche Barwa au Tibet. Cet ensemble montagneux, délimité à l'ouest par la vallée du fleuve Indus et à l'est par la vallée du fleuve Brahmapoutre, couvre une aire d'environ.	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Raet-Tawy	Râttaouy	Raet (Rˁỉ.t) or Raet-Tawy (Rˁỉ.t-tȝ.wỉ) is an ancient Egyptian solar goddess, the female aspect of Ra. Her name is simply the female form of Ra's name; the longer name "Raet-Tawy" means "Raet of the Two Lands" (Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt).	Râttaouy est une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne. Elle représentait à l'origine le côté féminin du soleil, symétrique du dieu Rê. Elle devient ensuite une divinité à part entière, parèdre de Montou à Erment. Dans la triade de Médamoud elle est l'épouse de Montou et la mère de Harparê.	[ 250004, 250054, 1913, 19713, 390, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 70, 3698, 2480, 127, 73327, 8946, 4, 2552, 126, 83, 70, 105416, 17365, 111, 2552, 1295, 70, 4034, 136, 6777, 959, 765, 10, 84797, 59665, 5, 106073, 2412, 509, 35839, 70, 108596, 111, 70, 20704, 136, 70, 109270, 4, 7103, 70, 3698, 2480, 127, 73327, 8946, 2412, 8306, 157578, 70, 131011, 111, 17354, 5922, 4, 2750, 390, 7068, 509, 2843, 90698, 70, 58386, 111, 2552, 15, 748, 4, 23, 3789, 759, 927, 7, 4, 1919, 76849, 194, 2552, 126, 509, 2843, 90698, 10, 58386, 111, 12982, 34, 4, 136, 2412, 100, 4806, 10, 1927, 712, 678, 4049, 136, 1950, 771, 187906, 23, 3423, 1141, 136, 2888, 302, 1674, 5, 1840, 3820, 4438, 5155, 509, 23, 70, 22759, 927, 31150, 111, 70, 22867, 10366, 34003, 5, 581, 27585, 7, 111, 604, 58984, 3542, 99, 2888, 302, 1674, 4, 540, 9, 7763, 71, 4, 136, 581, 7438, 5, 62, 53397, 9523, 23009, 1295, 70, 12610, 14922, 678, 2119, 39, 1779, 47, 2552, 126, 1556, 188545, 71, 23, 38551, 7, 5, 853, 23935, 71, 390, 2071, 164, 23, 163136, 7103, 70, 190, 927, 73327, 8946, 4, 237, 2027, 49433, 44, 1865, 90, 70, 6, 42294, 86, 111, 2552, 4, 58, 43079, 111, 2552, 126, 621, 41207, 5, 14847, 2412, 83, 8, 18695, 3674, 4, 2412, 83, 127887, 237, 10, 46667, 678, 552, 434, 3328, 1779, 104064, 10, 4262, 28338, 98, 604, 10336, 4, 21373, 47, 70, 10336, 107421, 111, 17354, 5922, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 2499, 18811, 1363, 111, 2071, 164, 831, 186, 90698, 10, 10644, 111, 89159, 214, 111, 2552, 126, 5, 581, 10336, 107421, 83, 69979, 14534, 678, 10, 26919, 19005, 707, 678, 3820, 10519, 1314, 5, 1301, 2552, 33636, 214, 44, 134364, 13, 85403, 14537, 7, 58, 111, 116483, 4, 2552, 126, 9157, 7, 100, 70, 4343, 23923, 707, 59121, 43585, 111, 46876, 5, 17106, 70, 101147, 66, 1486, 64, 683, 497, 13, 4158, 66, 6, 229231, 136, 1775, 6563, 4398, 25074, 21229, 238, 26499, 8035, 39555, 31943, 6827, 4, 2685, 83, 31635, 47, 18822, 2552, 126, 1556, 22317, 47, 1775, 6563, 4398, 627, 528, 126, 399, 136, 30337, 118, 853, 40705, 4, 15044, 27983, 3900, 143, 3674, 237, 44, 72859, 2750, 33022, 7, 740, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 627, 45658, 102, 796, 53, 437, 773, 3402, 15650, 8, 21, 759, 927, 18709, 4529, 53, 17332, 16270, 5, 14663, 456, 211161, 9898, 253, 96, 25, 70052, 95, 34985, 213676, 115, 79859, 4, 954, 58507, 75087, 115, 68, 34, 108269, 5, 14663, 146818, 90751, 773, 82370, 5097, 253, 2831, 77630, 10389, 4, 366, 1934, 7090, 8, 12982, 796, 253, 1004, 674, 5, 12612, 21, 1927, 2873, 8, 39447, 85, 432, 1674, 7298, 437, 96, 25, 32185, 51483, 8, 12982, 796, 82, 21, 94683, 8, 1950, 2500, 691, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Guangdong	Guangdong	Guangdong (alternately romanized as Canton Province or Kwangtung) is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 113.46 million (as of 2018) across a total area of about, Guangdong is the most populous province of China and the 15th-largest by area. Its economy is larger than that of any other province in the nation and the 4th largest sub-national economy in the world with a GDP size of 1.47 trillion US dollars (9.73 trillion Chinese yuan) in 2018. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, a Chinese megalopolis, is a core for high technology, manufacturing and foreign trade. Located in this zone are two of the four top Chinese cities and the top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP; Guangzhou, the capital of the province, and Shenzhen, the first special economic zone in the country. These two are among the most populous and important cities in China, and have now become two of the world's most populous megacities.	Le Guangdong () est une province côtière au sud de la République populaire de Chine dont le chef-lieu est Canton (Guangzhou).	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Demiurge	Démiurge	In the Platonic, Neopythagorean, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy, the demiurge () is an artisan-like figure responsible for fashioning and maintaining the physical universe. The Gnostics adopted the term "demiurge". Although a fashioner, the demiurge is not necessarily the same as the creator figure in the monotheistic sense, because the demiurge itself and the material from which the demiurge fashions the universe are both considered to be consequences of something else. Depending on the system, they may be considered to be either uncreated and eternal or the product of some other entity.	Le démiurge, ou le créateur, est la déité responsable de la création de l'univers physique dans diverses cosmogonies. Il peut désigner par extension tout créateur d'une œuvre.	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Siemens (unit)	Siemens (unité)	The siemens (symbol: S) is the derived unit of electric conductance, electric susceptance, and electric admittance in the International System of Units (SI). Conductance, susceptance, and admittance are the reciprocals of resistance, reactance, and impedance respectively; hence one siemens is redundantly equal to the reciprocal of one Ohm () and is also referred to as the "mho". The 14th General Conference on Weights and Measures approved the addition of the siemens as a derived unit in 1971.	Le siemens, de symbole S, est l'unité de conductance électrique du Système international (SI), ainsi nommée en hommage à Werner von Siemens. L'admittance et la susceptance, de même dimension physique que la conductance, s'expriment aussi en siemens.	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Ennead	Ennéade	The Ennead or Great Ennead was a group of nine deities in Egyptian mythology worshiped at Heliopolis: the sun god Atum; his children Shu and Tefnut; their children Geb and Nut; and their children Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys. The Ennead sometimes includes the son of Osiris and Isis, Horus.	L’Ennéade ("Pésédjet", en égyptien) est le groupe des neuf divinités de la mythologie égyptienne rassemblant toutes les forces présentes dans l’univers : le démiurge Atoum, l’humidité Tefnout, l’air Shou, la terre Geb, le ciel Nout, Osiris, Isis, Seth et Nephthys.	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Mandarin Chinese	Mandarin (langue)	Mandarin (; ) is a group of Sinitic (Chinese) languages spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of Standard Chinese. Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin languages and dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese (, "běifānghuà", 'northern speech'). Many varieties of Mandarin, such those of the Southwest (including Sichuanese) and the Lower Yangtze (including the old capital Nanjing), are not mutually intelligible or are only partially intelligible with the standard language. Nevertheless, Mandarin is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers (with nearly a billion).	Le mandarin (;, « langue des officiels »,, « parlers du Nord »), parfois abusivement désigné sous les termes chinois voire pékinois, est une catégorie des langues chinoises parlée dans le nord et le sud-ouest de la Chine continentale. Envisagée comme une langue, c'est celle qui compte le plus grand nombre de locuteurs dans le monde. Il s'écrit au moyen des sinogrammes et on le transcrit maintenant le plus souvent en pinyin, mais aussi en zhuyin (bopomofo).	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Gibraltar	Gibraltar	Gibraltar (, ) is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of and is bordered to the north by Spain. The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to over 32,000 people, primarily Gibraltarians.	Gibraltar (de l'arabe « جبل طارق », « "Djebel Tariq" », « le mont de Tariq » du nom de Tariq ibn Ziyad) est un territoire britannique d'outre-mer, situé au sud de la péninsule Ibérique, en bordure du détroit de Gibraltar qui relie la Méditerranée à l'océan Atlantique. Il correspond au rocher de Gibraltar et à ses environs immédiats et est séparé de l'Espagne par une frontière de.	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Guangzhou	Canton (Chine)	Guangzhou (;, ; ), also known as Canton and formerly romanized as Kwangchow, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China. On the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kong and north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road, and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub, as well as one of China's three largest cities.	Canton ou Guangzhou (, ) est la capitale de la province du Guangdong dans le sud de la Chine. Elle a le statut administratif de ville sous-provinciale de la République populaire de Chine.	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James Ellroy	James Ellroy	Lee Earle "James" Ellroy (born March 4, 1948) is an American crime fiction writer and essayist. Ellroy has become known for a telegrammatic prose style in his most recent work, wherein he frequently omits connecting words and uses only short, staccato sentences, and in particular for the novels "The Black Dahlia" (1987), "The Big Nowhere" (1988), "L.A. Confidential" (1990), "White Jazz" (1992), "American Tabloid" (1995), "The Cold Six Thousand" (2001), and "Blood's a Rover" (2009).	James Ellroy, de son vrai nom Lee Earle Ellroy, né le à Los Angeles, en Californie, est un écrivain et scénariste américain, spécialisé dans le roman noir et le roman policier historique.	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Comte de Lautréamont	Comte de Lautréamont	Comte de Lautréamont () was the "nom de plume" of Isidore Lucien Ducasse (4 April 1846 – 24 November 1870), a French poet born in Uruguay. His only works, "Les Chants de Maldoror" and "Poésies", had a major influence on modern arts and literature, particularly on the Surrealists and the Situationists. Ducasse died at the age of 24.	Isidore Lucien Ducasse, né à Montevideo (Uruguay), le, et mort dans le de Paris, le, est un poète français. Il est également connu sous le pseudonyme de comte de Lautréamont, qu’il emprunta très probablement au "Latréaumont" (1838) d’Eugène Sue et qu'il n'utilisa pourtant qu'une seule fois.	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Wave	Onde	In physics, mathematics, and related fields, a wave is a disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more fields such that the field values oscillate repeatedly about a stable equilibrium (resting) value. If the relative amplitude of oscillation at different points in the field remains constant, the wave is said to be a standing wave. If the relative amplitude at different points in the field changes, the wave is said to be a traveling wave. Waves can only exist in fields when there is a force that tends to restore the field to equilibrium.	Une onde est la propagation d'une perturbation produisant sur son passage une variation réversible des propriétés physiques locales du milieu. Elle se déplace avec une vitesse déterminée qui dépend des caractéristiques du milieu de propagation.	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Marcel Duchamp	Marcel Duchamp	Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (; ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. He was careful about his use of the term Dada and was not directly associated with Dada groups. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the 20th century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art, and he had a seminal influence on the development of conceptual art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (such as Henri Matisse) as "retinal" art, intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind.	Marcel Duchamp, né à Blainville-Crevon (France), le et mort à Neuilly-sur-Seine (France), le, est un peintre, plasticien, homme de lettres français, naturalisé américain en 1955.	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Computer security	Sécurité des systèmes d'information	Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security (IT security) is the protection of computer systems and networks from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.	La sécurité des systèmes d’information (SSI) ou plus simplement sécurité informatique, est l’ensemble des moyens techniques, organisationnels, juridiques et humains nécessaires à la mise en place de moyens visant à empêcher l'utilisation non autorisée, le mauvais usage, la modification ou le détournement du système d'information. Assurer la sécurité du système d'information est une activité du management du système d'information.	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Gradient	Gradient	In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar-valued differentiable function of several variables, formula_1, is the vector field, or more simply a vector-valued function formula_2, whose value at a point formula_3 is the vector whose components are the partial derivatives of formula_4 at formula_3:	Le gradient d'une fonction de plusieurs variables en un certain point est un vecteur qui caractérise la variabilité de cette fonction au voisinage de ce point. Défini en tout point où la fonction est différentiable, il définit un champ de vecteurs, également dénommé "gradient". Le gradient est la généralisation à plusieurs variables de la dérivée d'une fonction d'une seule variable.	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Mass spectrometry	Spectrométrie de masse	Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are typically presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. Mass spectrometry is used in many different fields and is applied to pure samples as well as complex mixtures.	La spectrométrie de masse est une technique physique d'analyse permettant de détecter et d'identifier des molécules d’intérêt par mesure de leur masse, et de caractériser leur structure chimique. Son principe réside dans la séparation en phase gazeuse de molécules chargées (ions) en fonction de leur rapport masse/charge ("m/z"). Elle est utilisée dans pratiquement tous les domaines scientifiques : physique, astrophysique, chimie en phase gazeuse, chimie organique, dosages, biologie, médecine... le temps de détection est très rapide.	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Jet Li	Jet Li	Li Lianjie (courtesy name Yangzhong; born 26 April 1963), better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese film actor, film producer, martial artist, and retired Wushu champion who was born in Beijing. He is a naturalized Singaporean citizen.	Jet Li, de son vrai nom Li Lianjie (), né le à Pékin en Chine, est un pratiquant d'arts martiaux, acteur, producteur et champion de wushu sino-singapourien.	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Flow cytometry	Cytométrie en flux	Flow cytometry (FCM) is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles.	La cytométrie en flux (CMF) est une technique permettant de faire défiler des particules, molécules ou cellules à grande vitesse dans le faisceau d'un laser, en les comptant et en les caractérisant.	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Cauchy sequence	Suite de Cauchy	In mathematics, a Cauchy sequence (; ), named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a sequence whose elements become arbitrarily close to each other as the sequence progresses. More precisely, given any small positive distance, all but a finite number of elements of the sequence are less than that given distance from each other.	En analyse mathématique, une suite de Cauchy est une suite de réels, de complexes, de points d'un espace métrique ou plus généralement d'un espace uniforme, dont les termes se rapprochent à partir d'un certain rang. Ces suites sont celles susceptibles de converger. Elles sont au centre de la définition de la complétude. Les suites de Cauchy portent le nom du mathématicien français Augustin Louis Cauchy.	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Caribbean Sea	Mer des Caraïbes	The Caribbean Sea (; ; ; ; ; ) is an American Mediterranean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south west, to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba, to the east by the Lesser Antilles, and to the south by the north coast of South America.	La mer des Caraïbes ou mer des Antilles est une mer de l'océan Atlantique, située à l'est de l'Amérique centrale et au sud des Grandes Antilles. Elle s'étend sur environ d'est en ouest et en moyenne deux fois moins du nord au sud et couvre une superficie de.	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Henry (unit)	Henry (unité)	The henry (symbol: H) is the SI derived unit of electrical inductance. If a current of 1 ampere flowing through the coil produces flux linkage of 1 weber turn, the coil has a self inductance of 1 henry. The unit is named after Joseph Henry (1797–1878), the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction independently of and at about the same time as Michael Faraday (1791–1867) in England.	Le henry (symbole : H) est l’unité dérivée d’inductance du Système international (SI), du nom du physicien américain Joseph Henry.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 23, 77193, 7154, 111, 142, 39108, 61404, 83, 1632, 8311, 1294, 3229, 142, 39108, 43581, 450, 83, 151134, 99, 1632, 151095, 13, 117, 17932, 50339, 23, 142, 77556, 31494, 13, 37772, 111, 1632, 2711, 36880, 70, 135989, 1290, 12, 7440, 44, 856, 58, 132, 58, 18, 18939, 8, 157, 1636, 70, 16750, 214, 6599, 429, 36880, 70, 61404, 4, 44, 568, 58, 132, 58, 18, 18939, 83, 70, 43581, 8305, 70, 61404, 4, 136, 44, 866, 58, 83, 70, 23, 77193, 7154, 111, 70, 61404, 5, 581, 8311, 1294, 83, 10, 16406, 4126, 25072, 35509, 98, 22759, 111, 70, 59671, 3647, 25072, 7, 111, 70, 8357, 12353, 111, 46640, 7, 12, 39012, 15, 8517, 247, 106810, 15, 39, 247, 17932, 15, 7, 247, 136, 151095, 13, 15, 284, 194, 25129, 297, 23, 162515, 7, 111, 10000, 25072, 7, 4, 70, 8311, 1294, 83, 12, 7440, 12, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 50183, 2203, 604, 9136, 581, 8357, 12353, 111, 46640, 7, 15, 9902, 16, 58735, 90, 47, 33022, 70, 26582, 111, 10, 25072, 24, 4806, 100, 10, 3445, 678, 142, 61475, 10323, 31330, 4, 12960, 70, 9351, 83, 959, 10323, 29367, 23, 149357, 7986, 4, 40494, 3229, 2499, 2565, 23, 450, 19069, 2806, 186, 10323, 29367, 4, 6044, 237, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 10, 149357, 707, 23, 4912, 17368, 44759, 7225, 5, 581, 14098, 46684, 9907, 43975, 111, 20744, 7, 136, 46473, 67330, 7, 72095, 32562, 23, 14941, 47, 4527, 70, 97308, 237, 44, 3220, 10484, 740, 581, 23, 77193, 7154, 111, 10, 552, 379, 56566, 7, 98, 6863, 13267, 4, 70, 14012, 111, 15504, 7, 4, 136, 70, 117, 282, 41159, 111, 70, 4912, 28032, 136, 206990, 70, 552, 379, 5, 72791, 7, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 74481, 67, 70, 23, 77193, 7154, 111, 5941, 39210, 70767, 7, 111, 128404, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 95103, 1439, 90, 4, 707, 10, 53794, 48899, 5, 62, 19336, 1831, 9, 30854, 552, 379, 11814, 100, 226347, 9677, 5977, 370, 592, 13648, 765, 142, 23, 77193, 7154, 111, 10, 10846, 93396, 111, 11948, 3220, 10484, 5, 62, 21334, 2926, 32382, 214, 678, 5941, 15504, 7, 10932, 142, 193, 191, 56458, 1543, 765, 142, 23, 77193, 7154, 111, 47763, 7, 707, 75281, 7, 111, 8311, 10484, 5, 581, 72761, 13267, 111, 142, 23, 77193, 7154, 83, 2843, 62548, 47, 6863, 43581, 85358, 214, 136, 6599, 429, 678, 5165, 66038, 7, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 8311, 1294, 15, 176726, 13, 152, 572, 16, 437, 96, 26, 309, 5097, 133361, 4371, 4170, 104, 26, 73, 77193, 7154, 115, 4843, 271, 23846, 21640, 15, 9902, 247, 115, 9901, 115, 6, 34053, 7, 2624, 33, 100527, 33876, 45233, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Sea of Azov	Mer d'Azov	The Sea of Azov (, "Azóvskoje móre";, "Azóvśke móre"; ;, "Азакъ денъизи", ازاق دهڭىزى) is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch, and is sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded in the northwest by Ukraine, in the southeast by Russia. The Don River and Kuban River are the major rivers that flow into it. There is a constant outflow of water from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea.	La mer d'Azov (en, ; en, "" ; en ; en adygue "Khı Mıvt'e" ; en ou "Méotide") est une mer intracontinentale peu profonde qui s'étend sur une superficie de. Elle est bordée à l'ouest et au nord par l'Ukraine, à l'est par la Russie et au sud par la presqu'île de Crimée et la péninsule de Taman (Russie), toutes deux séparées par le détroit de Kertch qui la relie à la mer Noire. Elle porte le nom de la ville d'Azov.	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Radian	Radian	The radian (symbol: rad) is the SI unit for measuring angles, and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. The length of an arc of a unit circle is numerically equal to the measurement in radians of the angle that it subtends; one radian is just under 57.3 degrees (expansion at ). The unit was formerly an SI supplementary unit, but this category was abolished in 1995 and the radian is now considered an SI derived unit. The radian is defined in the SI as being a dimensionless value, and its symbol is accordingly often omitted, especially in mathematical writing.	Le radian (symbole : rad) est l'unité dérivée du Système international qui mesure les angles plans. Bien que le mot « "radian" » ait été inventé au cours des années 1870 par Thomas Muir et James Thomson, les mathématiciens mesuraient depuis longtemps les angles en prenant pour unité le rapport entre la circonférence et la longueur du rayon.	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Gulf of Mexico	Golfe du Mexique	The Gulf of Mexico () is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The US states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the "Third Coast", in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts.	Le golfe du Mexique est un golfe de l'océan Atlantique, situé au sud-sud-est de l'Amérique du Nord. Il s'étend sur une superficie de. Il baigne la péninsule de Floride, la Louisiane, le Sud-Est du Texas, la côte orientale du Mexique et une partie du littoral nord de Cuba.	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Steradian	Stéradian	The steradian (symbol: sr) or square radian is the SI unit of solid angle. It is used in three-dimensional geometry, and is analogous to the radian, which quantifies planar angles. Whereas an angle in radians, projected onto a circle, gives a "length" on the circumference, a solid angle in steradians, projected onto a sphere, gives an "area" on the surface. The name is derived from the Greek'solid' + radian.	Le stéradian (symbole : sr) est l'unité dérivée du Système international pour la mesure d'angles solides. Son nom est partiellement dérivé du grec ancien στερεός ("stereos") « solide, dur, cubique ».	[ 250004, 250054, 62, 2288, 10541, 66, 831, 186, 61924, 71, 237, 70, 18652, 55291, 1614, 35548, 71, 99, 70, 27585, 111, 10, 25072, 6, 157695, 390, 10, 25072, 16128, 98, 6863, 71579, 5, 1326, 10, 4537, 6, 157695, 111, 4567, 223, 44, 42, 830, 2499, 126826, 111, 6863, 71579, 678, 16128, 1614, 510, 6468, 1632, 2288, 10541, 66, 99, 6863, 27585, 5, 581, 18652, 55291, 83, 62548, 47, 70, 16128, 442, 314, 933, 1810, 111, 10, 6, 157695, 12, 88949, 70, 71579, 16128, 44, 284, 58, 111, 10, 6, 157695, 83, 201, 58, 42, 830, 70, 80934, 35388, 90, 450, 10, 6, 157695, 1614, 510, 6468, 201, 2288, 10541, 10133, 15, 244136, 5035, 186225, 10945, 25191, 16, 99, 6863, 27585, 5, 3311, 70, 5701, 10750, 4, 70, 38132, 18652, 55291, 450, 831, 186, 1614, 35548, 71, 99, 2499, 6275, 83, 201, 25191, 5, 4263, 4, 442, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 16128, 111, 10, 91, 94266, 21533, 3540, 15, 16, 15, 136913, 44, 127, 58, 9157, 7, 100, 70, 44, 1106, 22553, 58, 111, 70, 3540, 16, 136, 70, 76755, 16401, 7, 5, 228072, 4, 23, 903, 7225, 4, 1632, 2288, 10541, 66, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 47880, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4567, 66, 16, 55291, 111, 70, 41421, 9, 7, 58994, 111, 10, 8781, 158, 13, 1614, 67, 33770, 70, 47880, 55291, 116, 58, 3431, 830, 678, 44, 3431, 58, 34475, 390, 12, 3293, 55291, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 47880, 10, 1264, 6644, 55291, 111, 116, 58, 3431, 58, 6, 244136, 615, 131663, 4248, 707, 305, 148462, 106931, 5, 62, 2288, 10541, 66, 83, 2843, 105950, 47, 70, 91, 94266, 21533, 16128, 111, 10, 35874, 6126, 19441, 142, 55291, 89978, 111, 106, 4567, 66, 4, 47, 111, 10, 28484, 6, 157695, 4, 707, 47, 6, 244136, 2789, 12012, 5, 4836, 166000, 6, 108047, 79385, 7, 5, 581, 18652, 55291, 111, 10, 158, 13, 124901, 41421, 9, 7, 58994, 1614, 510, 6468, 70, 55291, 116, 58, 3431, 58, 83, 12, 10220, 1515, 3938, 10133, 15, 4432, 42, 16, 136, 11948, 1515, 3938, 10133, 15, 2779, 7, 42, 16, 621, 46505, 25958, 11814, 47, 98363, 22729, 136, 915, 26147, 186, 8256, 5, 64511, 48716, 7, 621, 41207, 538, 11814, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 6138, 53706, 27201, 15, 176726, 13, 152, 25191, 16, 437, 96, 25, 309, 5097, 133361, 4371, 4170, 115, 4843, 271, 23846, 21640, 578, 21, 48196, 104, 25, 109217, 7, 104655, 7, 5, 4815, 9901, 437, 2878, 84319, 3402, 416, 5057, 115, 125567, 6, 84582, 6, 60327, 3199, 5981, 24073, 1515, 13, 232, 18939, 94, 104655, 4, 7920, 4, 123069, 944, 340, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Farad	Farad	The farad (symbol: F) is the SI derived unit of electrical capacitance, the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. It is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.	Le farad (symbole : F), tiré du nom du physicien Michael Faraday, est l'unité dérivée de capacité électrique du Système international (SI).	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Geography of Colombia	Géographie de la Colombie	The Republic of Colombia is situated largely in the northwest of South America, with some territories falling within the boundaries of Central America. It is bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and it shares maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti.	La Colombie est un pays situé dans le coin nord-ouest de l'Amérique du Sud. Dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, en commençant par le nord, il est entouré par la mer des Caraïbes (mer bordière de l'océan Atlantique nord), le Venezuela, le Brésil, le Pérou, l'Équateur, l'océan Pacifique nord et le Panama, qui le relie à l'Amérique centrale. Bogota en est la capitale.	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L'Hôpital's rule	Règle de L'Hôpital	In mathematics, more specifically calculus, L'Hôpital's rule or L'Hospital's rule () provides a technique to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms. Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to an expression that can be easily evaluated by substitution. The rule is named after the 17th-century French mathematician Guillaume de l'Hôpital. Although the rule is often attributed to L'Hôpital, the theorem was first introduced to him in 1694 by the Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli.	En mathématiques, et plus précisément en analyse, la règle (ou le théorème) de L'Hôpital (ou de L'Hospital), également appelée règle de Bernoulli, utilise la dérivée dans le but de déterminer les limites difficiles à calculer de la plupart des quotients. Le théorème de Stolz-Cesàro est un résultat analogue concernant des limites de suites, mais utilisant les différences finies au lieu de la dérivée.	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Kingston, Ontario	Kingston (Ontario)	Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is on the eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River (south end of the Rideau Canal). The city is midway between Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec. The Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many heritage buildings constructed using local limestone.	Kingston est une municipalité du Canada, située en Ontario. Au recensement de 2011, la région métropolitaine comptait. Anciennement nommé Fort Frontenac, Kingston a été la première capitale du Canada-Uni de 1841 à 1844.	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Newton (unit)

Newton (unité)

The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force. It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of motion.

Le newton (symbole : N) est l'unité de mesure de la force nommée ainsi en l'honneur d'Isaac Newton pour ses travaux en mécanique classique.

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Holland

Hollande

Holland is a region and former province on the western coast of the Netherlands. The name "Holland" is also frequently used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. This usage is commonly accepted in other countries, and sometimes employed by the Dutch themselves. However, some in the Netherlands, particularly those from regions outside Holland, may find it undesirable or misrepresentative to use the term for the whole country.

La Hollande est une région et une ancienne province des Pays-Bas. En 1840, elle est divisée en deux entités distinctes : la Hollande-Septentrionale et la Hollande-Méridionale.

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Aldo van Eyck

Aldo van Eyck (; 16 March 1918 – 14 January 1999) was an architect from the Netherlands. He was one of the most influential protagonists of the architectural movement Structuralism.

Aldo van Eyck (Driebergen, - Loenen aan de Vecht, ) est un architecte néerlandais. Ses œuvres les plus célèbres sont l’orphelinat municipal (1955-1960) et la maison Hubertus (1973-1978), tous deux situés à Amsterdam.

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FastTrack

FastTrack is a peer-to-peer (P2P) protocol that was used by the Kazaa, Grokster, iMesh and Morpheus file sharing programs. FastTrack was the most popular file sharing network in 2003, and used mainly for the exchange of music mp3 files. The network had approximately 2.4 million concurrent users in 2003. It is estimated that the total number of users was greater than that of Napster at its peak.

FastTrack est un réseau "peer-to-peer" utilisé entre autres par les clients KaZaA, iMesh et Grokster. Contrairement au logiciel de partage Napster qui est basé sur une architecture centralisée, les logiciels clients du réseau FastTrack reposent sur une architecture décentralisée : les fichiers sont téléchargeables directement depuis un dossier spécifique chez chaque utilisateur du logiciel. Ce dernier type d'architecture rend presque impossible le contrôle des contenus diffusés (il n 'y a pas d 'administrateur).

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Golden ratio

Nombre d'or

In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The figure on the right illustrates the geometric relationship. Expressed algebraically, for quantities "a" and "b" with "a" > "b" > 0,

Le nombre d'or (ou section dorée, proportion dorée, ou encore divine proportion) est une proportion, définie initialement en géométrie comme l'unique rapport entre deux longueurs et telles que le rapport de la somme des deux longueurs sur la plus grande () soit égal à celui de la plus grande () sur la plus petite () c'est-à-dire lorsque : formula_1 Le découpage d'un segment en deux longueurs vérifiant cette propriété est appelé par Euclide découpage en « extrême et moyenne raison ». Le nombre d'or est maintenant souvent désigné par la lettre φ (phi).

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null

Orbital inclination

Inclinaison orbitale

Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object.

En mécanique céleste et en mécanique spatiale, l'inclinaison orbitale, ou simplement inclinaison quand il n'y a pas d'ambiguïté, est un élément orbital d'un corps en orbite autour d'un autre. Il décrit l'angle dièdre entre le plan de l'orbite et le plan principal du système de référence (généralement le plan de l'écliptique, c'est-à-dire le plan moyen de l'orbite de la Terre, ou le plan équatorial). L'inclinaison est couramment notée formula_1 (lettre i minuscule de l'alphabet latin).

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null

Recursion

Récursivité

Recursion (adjective: "recursive") occurs when a thing is defined in terms of itself or of its type. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.

La récursivité est une démarche qui fait référence à l'objet même de la démarche à un moment du processus. En d'autres termes, c'est une démarche dont la description mène à la répétition d'une même règle. Ainsi, les cas suivants constituent des cas concrets de récursivité :

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null

Kazaa

Kazaa Media Desktop (once stylized as "KaZaA", but later usually written "Kazaa") started as a peer-to-peer file sharing application using the FastTrack protocol licensed by Joltid Ltd. and operated as Kazaa by Sharman Networks. Kazaa was subsequently under license as a legal music subscription service by Atrinsic, Inc. According to one of its creators, Jaan Tallinn, Kazaa is pronounced ka-ZAH.

Kazaa est un client pair à pair développé par Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu et Jaan Tallinn. Les trois compagnons sont aussi à l'origine de la création de Skype. Kazaa se connecte sur le réseau FastTrack, caractérisé par son architecture décentralisée. Il y a quelques années, FastTrack était considéré comme le réseau P2P le plus utilisé au monde (environ 3 millions de connectés en moyenne).

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Audiogalaxy

Audiogalaxy was an Internet music service with three incarnations. From 1998 to 2002, it was a file sharing system that indexed MP3 files. From mid-2002 to mid-2010, it was a promotional website for the Rhapsody music subscription service. Finally, from mid-2010 through 2012, it was a personal audio place shifting service. Audiogalaxy ceased operations on January 31, 2013.

Audiogalaxy était un système de partage de fichier centralisé sur Internet très populaire. Le site met aujourd'hui à disposition de la musique en ligne via la plateforme Rhapsody.

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null

Band (rock and pop)

Groupe musical

A rock band or pop band is a small musical ensemble which performs rock music, pop music or a related genre. A four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. In the early years, the configuration was typically two guitarists (a lead guitarist and a rhythm guitarist, with one of them singing lead vocals), a bassist, and a drummer (e.g. the Beatles, KISS, Metallica). Another common formation is a vocalist who does not play an instrument, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, and U2). Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Sometimes, in addition to electric guitars, electric bass, and drums, there was also a keyboardist (especially a pianist).

Un groupe musical, groupe de musique, ou plus simplement, un groupe, est un petit ensemble musical comprenant en général moins de dix musiciens, chanteurs ou instrumentistes.

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null

Limit (mathematics)

Limite (mathématiques)

In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) "approaches" as the input (or index) "approaches" some value. Limits are essential to calculus (and mathematical analysis in general) and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals.

En mathématiques, la limite d'une suite ou d'une fonction en un point est, le cas échéant, la valeur particulière dont elle « s'approche » lorsque la variable ou l'indice « s'approche » du point en question. Cette valeur et ce point peuvent être un réel ou infini. Dans cette définition très intuitive, la notion de « s'approcher » reste à définir avec précision.

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Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

L'Appel de Cthulhu (jeu de rôle)

Call of Cthulhu is a horror fiction role-playing game based on H. P. Lovecraft's story of the same name and the associated Cthulhu Mythos. The game, often abbreviated as "CoC", is published by Chaosium; it was first released in 1981 and is currently in its seventh edition, with many different versions released. It makes use of Chaosium's Basic Role-Playing (BRP) system, with special rules for Sanity.

L'Appel de Cthulhu ("") est un jeu de rôle créé aux États-Unis en 1981 par Sandy Petersen. Le titre vient de la nouvelle du même nom écrite par l'écrivain fantastique américain H. P. Lovecraft.

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Bacteria

Bactérie

Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about 27 percent of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

Le terme bactérie est un nom vernaculaire qui désigne certains organismes vivants microscopiques et procaryotes présents dans tous les milieux. Le plus souvent unicellulaires, elles sont parfois pluricellulaires (généralement filamenteuses), la plupart des espèces bactériennes ne vivant pas individuellement en suspension, mais en communautés complexes adhérant à des surfaces au sein d'un gel muqueux (biofilm).

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Kilogram

Kilogramme

The kilogram (also kilogramme) is the base unit of mass in the metric system, formally the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol kg. It is a widely used measure in science, engineering, and commerce worldwide, and is often simply called a kilo in everyday speech.

Le kilogramme, dont le symbole est kg (en minuscules), est l'unité de base de masse dans le Système international d'unités (SI).

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Translation

Traduction

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by means of an equivalent target language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between "translating" (a written text) and "interpreting" (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.

La traduction (dans son acception principale de traduction interlinguale) est le fait de faire passer un texte rédigé dans une langue (« langue source », ou « langue de départ ») dans une autre langue (« langue cible », ou « langue d'arrivée »). Elle met en relation au moins deux langues et deux cultures, et parfois deux époques.

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Ariane 4

The Ariane 4 was an expendable space launch system, developed by the "Centre national d'études spatiales" (CNES), the French space agency, for the European Space Agency (ESA). It was manufactured by ArianeGroup and marketed by Arianespace. Since its first flight on 15 June 1988 until the final flight on 15 February 2003, it attained 113 successful launches out of 116 total launches.

Ariane 4 était un lanceur civil de l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA), développé pour placer des satellites en orbite autour de la Terre. Il fait partie de la famille des lanceurs européens Ariane, conçue en collaborations par différents industriels européens, commercialisé par Arianespace et lancé depuis la base de Kourou (Guyane française).

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null

Mass

Masse

Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied. An object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies.

En physique, la masse est une grandeur physique positive intrinsèque d'un corps. En physique newtonienne, c'est une grandeur extensive, c'est-à-dire que la masse d'un corps formé de parties est la somme des masses de ces parties. Elle est conservative, c'est-à-dire qu'elle reste constante pour un système isolé n'échangeant pas de matière avec son environnement. Dans le cadre du modèle standard de la physique des particules, la masse des particules résulte de leur interaction avec le champ de Higgs.

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Ariane 5

Ariane 5 is a heavy-lift space launch vehicle developed and operated by Arianespace for the European Space Agency (ESA). It is launched from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. It has been used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or low Earth orbit (LEO). A direct successor system, Ariane 6, is in development.

Ariane 5 est un lanceur de l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA), développé pour placer des satellites sur orbite géostationnaire et des charges lourdes en orbite basse. Il fait partie de la famille des lanceurs Ariane et a été développé à compter de 1995 pour remplacer Ariane 4, dont les capacités limitées ne permettaient plus de lancer de manière concurrentielle les satellites de télécommunications de masses croissantes, alors que ce secteur était auparavant le point fort du lanceur européen.

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William Hogarth

William Hogarth (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects", and he is perhaps best known for his series "A Harlot's Progress", "A Rake's Progress" and "Marriage A-la-Mode". Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".

William Hogarth, né à Londres le et mort à Chiswick le, est un graveur, peintre, et philanthrope anglais. Enfant de la Glorieuse Révolution, très tôt reconnu par la critique et identifié en France dès 1753 par Denis Diderot comme un brillant esprit, Hogarth est un artiste complet, qui embrassa plusieurs modes d'expression, et dont l'influence se perpétue jusqu'au début du siècle. Premier artiste libre et singulier de l'école anglaise de peinture, fondateur de la St Martin's Lane Academy, il n'hésite pas à utiliser la presse et ses réseaux d'amis pour défendre ses idées, tout en exprimant, tant par la plume que par le burin et le pinceau, les errances, les plaisirs et les contradictions morales de son époque.

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Demographics of France

Démographie de la France

The demography of France (DOF) is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). As of 1 January 2020, 67 million people lived in France, including all the five overseas departments (2,166,000), but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories (604,000) 64,898,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France, which is mainland France located in Europe.

La démographie de la France est l'étude quantitative et qualitative des caractéristiques de la population française et de ses dynamiques, à partir de thèmes tels que la natalité, la fécondité, la mortalité, la nuptialité (ou conjugalité) et la migration.

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Pinyin

Hanyu pinyin

Hanyu Pinyin (), often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.

Le hanyu pinyin () est un système de romanisation du chinois mandarin, promu officiellement en 1979 par la Chine, puis en 2008 par Taïwan.

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Macedonia (region)

Macédoine (région)

Macedonia () is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time; however, it came to be defined as the modern geographical region by the mid 19th century. Today the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo. It covers approximately and has a population of 4.76 million.

La Macédoine est une région géographique et historique de l'Europe du sud et de la péninsule des Balkans qui tire son nom du royaume antique de Macédoine et qui est actuellement répartie sur plusieurs pays : la Grèce, la Macédoine du Nord, la Bulgarie, mais aussi, selon certaines cartes, quelques petits territoires en Albanie orientale et en Serbie méridionale, le long de leurs frontières.

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null

Amhrán na bhFiann

"" (), called "The Soldier's Song" in English, is Ireland's national anthem. The music was composed by Peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeney, the original English lyrics by Kearney, and the Irish-language translation, now usually heard, by Liam Ó Rinn. The song has three verses, but only the choral refrain is used as the national anthem.

Bien que d'habitude chantée en irlandais, la version originale de cette chanson composée en 1907 est en anglais, sous son titre "A Soldier's Song" ("La chanson d'un soldat"), aussi bien que sous l'appellation "Hymne national de l'Irlande" ("").

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null

Weber (unit)

Weber (unité)

In physics, the weber ( ; symbol: Wb) is the SI derived unit of magnetic flux. A "flux density" of one Wb/m (one weber per square metre) is one tesla.

Le weber (symbole : Wb) est l'unité dérivée de flux d'induction magnétique du Système international (SI). Il est nommé en l’honneur du physicien allemand Wilhelm Eduard Weber.

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Pascal (unit)

Pascal (unité)

The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength. The unit, named after Blaise Pascal, is defined as one newton per square metre. The unit of measurement called standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as.

Le pascal, de symbole Pa, est l'unité de pression ou de contrainte du Système international d'unités (SI). Il tient son nom de Blaise Pascal et, conformément aux règles du SI, le nom commence par une minuscule (« pascal »), mais comme il provient d'un nom propre, le symbole commence par une.

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Joule

The joule ( ; symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of the force's motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).

Le joule (symbole : J) est une unité dérivée du Système international (SI) pour quantifier l'énergie, le travail et la quantité de chaleur. Le joule étant une très petite quantité d'énergie par rapport à celles mises en jeu dans certains domaines, on utilise plutôt les kilojoules (kJ) ou les calories en nutrition et dans les tableaux de valeur nutritive, et le kilowatt-heure pour mesurer l'énergie électrique ou thermique.

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Tesla (unit)

Tesla (unité)

The tesla (symbol: T) is a derived unit of the magnetic induction (also, magnetic flux density) in the International System of Units.

Le tesla (symbole : T), nommé en l'honneur du physicien serbe Nikola Tesla, est l'unité dérivée d'induction électromagnétique (appelé parfois densité de flux magnétique ou champ magnétique) du Système international d'unités (SI).

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NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA; ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and space research.

La (en français : l'Administration nationale de l'aéronautique et de l'espace), plus connue sous son acronyme NASA, est l'agence gouvernementale qui est responsable de la majeure partie du programme spatial civil des États-Unis. La recherche aéronautique relève également du domaine de la NASA. Depuis sa création à la fin des années 1950, la NASA joue mondialement un rôle dominant dans le domaine du vol spatial habité, de l'exploration du Système solaire et de la recherche spatiale. Parmi les réalisations les plus marquantes de l'agence figurent les programmes spatiaux habités Apollo, la navette spatiale américaine, la station spatiale internationale (en coopération avec plusieurs pays), les télescopes spatiaux comme Hubble et Kepler, l'exploration de Mars par les sondes spatiales Viking, MER et Curiosity, ainsi que celle de Jupiter, Saturne et Pluton par les sondes Pioneer, Voyager, Galileo, Cassini-Huygens et New Horizons.

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Celsius

Degré Celsius

The Celsius scale, also known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale. As an SI derived unit, it is used worldwide. However, in the United States, the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands, and Liberia, Fahrenheit remains the preferred scale for everyday temperature measurement. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale or a unit to indicate a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948, the unit was called "centigrade", from the Latin "centum", which means 100, and "gradus", which means steps.

Le degré Celsius (symbole °C) est l’unité de l’échelle de température Celsius, qui est une unité dérivée du Système international d'unités, introduite le. Son nom est une référence à l'astronome et physicien suédois Anders Celsius, inventeur en 1742 d'une des premières échelles centigrades de température. Cette unité de mesure est d'usage courant à travers le monde, à l'exception des États-Unis, de Belize et des Îles Caïmans, qui utilisent toujours l'échelle Fahrenheit.

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Volt

The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force. It is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827).

Le volt (symbole : V) est une unité, de force électromotrice et de différence de potentiel (ou tension) et dérivée du SI.

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null

X-ray

Rayon X

An X-ray, or X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 picometres to 10 nanometres, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×10 Hz to 3×10 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 200 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to as Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen, who discovered it on November 8, 1895. He named it "X-radiation" to signify an unknown type of radiation. Spellings of "X-ray(s)" in English include the variants "x-ray(s)", "xray(s)", and "X ray(s)".

Les rayons X sont une forme de rayonnement électromagnétique à haute fréquence constitué de photons dont l'énergie varie d'une centaine d'eV (électron-volt), à plusieurs MeV.

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null

Watt

The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power. In the International System of Units (SI) it is defined as a derived unit of 1 joule per second, and is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. In SI base units, the watt is described as kg⋅m⋅s. The watt is named after James Watt, an 18th-century Scottish inventor.

Le watt, de symbole W, est l'unité internationale de puissance ou de flux énergétique (dont le flux thermique). Un watt équivaut à un joule par seconde.

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Argentine National Anthem

Hymne national argentin

The "Argentine National Anthem" (; also known as "Hear, mortals, the sacred cry : Freedom! Freedom! Freedom!" ) is the national anthem of Argentina. Its lyrics were written by the Buenos Aires-born politician Vicente López y Planes and the music was composed by the Spanish musician Blas Parera. The work was adopted as the sole official song on May 11, 1813, three years after the May Revolution; May 11 is therefore now Anthem Day in Argentina.

L'Hymne national argentin est l'hymne national de l'Argentine. Les paroles ont été écrites par Vicente López y Planes et la musique a été composée par Blas Parera. La version actuelle fut adoptée en 1900 pendant la présidence de Julio Argentino Roca.

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Kourou

Kourou is a commune in French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. In addition to being an administrative district in French Guiana, it is also the main town in that district.

Kourou est une commune française, située dans le département de la Guyane. Avec en 2010, Kourou est la quatrième commune la plus peuplée de ce département d’outre-mer (DOM) derrière Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni et Matoury.

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Ariane 3

Ariane 3 was a European expendable carrier rocket, which was used for eleven launches between 1984 and 1989. It was a member of the Ariane family of rockets. The principal manufacturer for the Ariane 3 was Aérospatiale, while the lead agency for its development was the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES).

Ariane 3 était une fusée du programme européen Ariane qui permettait de placer des satellites en orbite autour de la Terre (on parle aussi de "lanceur").

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Double fertilization

Double fécondation

Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm). It begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the carpel, the female reproductive structure of a flower. The pollen grain then takes in moisture and begins to germinate, forming a pollen tube that extends down toward the ovary through the style. The tip of the pollen tube then enters the ovary and penetrates through the micropyle opening in the ovule. The pollen tube proceeds to release the two sperm in the megagametophyte.

En botanique, la double fécondation (ou xénie) est une fonction particulière à la reproduction des angiospermes. Le grain de pollen contient deux noyaux, tous deux haploïdes (n chromosome), alors que par exemple le spermatozoïde des mammifères ne contient qu'un seul noyau. Un de ces noyaux est destiné à féconder l'oosphère, ce qui donnera l’embryon, à l’origine de la future plante. Le deuxième s'unit aux noyaux polaires à l'origine de l'albumen, tissu alors triploïde (3n chromosomes) qui fait partie de la graine et qui servira généralement à nourrir l'embryon.

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null

Geostationary transfer orbit

Orbite de transfert géostationnaire

A geosynchronous transfer orbit or geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit—an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different radii in the same plane—used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit using high-thrust chemical engines.

Une orbite de transfert géostationnaire est une orbite intermédiaire qui permet de placer des satellites en orbite géostationnaire. Le sigle anglais correspondant est "GTO", pour "".

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Republic of Ireland

Irlande (pays)

Ireland ( ), also known as the Republic of Ireland ('), is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern side of the island. Around 40% of the country's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area. The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the ', consists of a lower house, ', an upper house, ', and an elected President (') who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the'(Prime Minister, literally 'Chief', a title not used in English), who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers.

LIrlande ( ; ) est un pays insulaire d'Europe de l'Ouest occupant la majeure partie de l'île d'Irlande dans l'océan Atlantique nord. Elle regroupe 26 des 32 comtés traditionnels de l'île, les six autres formant l'Irlande du Nord, l'une des quatre nations constitutives du Royaume-Uni.

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Crystallography

Cristallographie

Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids (see crystal structure). The word "crystallography" is derived from the Greek words "crystallon" "cold drop, frozen drop", with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and "graphein" "to write". In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year of Crystallography.

La cristallographie est la science qui se consacre à l'étude des cristaux à l'échelle atomique. Les propriétés physico-chimiques d'un cristal sont étroitement liées à l'arrangement spatial des atomes dans la matière. L'état cristallin est défini par un caractère périodique et ordonné à l'échelle atomique ou moléculaire. Le cristal est obtenu par translation dans toutes les directions d'une unité de base appelée maille élémentaire.

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Ariane 1

Ariane 1 was the first rocket in the Ariane family of expendable launch systems. It was developed and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), which had been formed in 1973, the same year that development of the launch had commenced.

La fusée Ariane 1 est la première version de la famille de lanceurs fusées Ariane développée dans les années 1970 par l'Agence spatiale européenne pour que l'Europe puisse lancer ses satellites en toute autonomie. Cette version pouvait placer des charges utiles en orbite de transfert géostationnaire (GTO). Le premier vol a lieu le. Ariane 1 est utilisée à onze reprises et connait deux échecs. Elle est rapidement remplacée par des versions plus puissantes mieux adaptées au poids croissant des satellites de télécommunications. La fusée était lancée depuis un pas de tir construit à son intention au Centre spatial guyanais (CSG), à Kourou en Guyane française.

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Ecological footprint

Empreinte écologique

The ecological footprint is a method promoted by the Global Footprint Network to measure human demand on natural capital, i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy. It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system. The accounts contrast the biologically productive area people use for their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region or the world (biocapacity, the productive area that can regenerate what people demand from nature). In short, it is a measure of human impact on the environment.

L'empreinte écologique ou empreinte environnementale est un indicateur et un mode d'évaluation environnementale qui comptabilise la "pression" exercée par les hommes envers les ressources naturelles et les « services écologiques » fournis par la nature. Plus précisément, elle mesure les surfaces alimentaires productives de terres et d'eau nécessaires pour produire les ressources qu'un individu, une population ou une activité consomme et pour absorber les déchets générés, compte tenu des techniques et de la gestion des ressources en vigueur. Cette surface est exprimée en hectares globaux (hag), c'est-à-dire en hectares ayant une productivité égale à la productivité moyenne.

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Geography of Cuba

Géographie de Cuba

Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Cuba has an official area (land area) of. Its area is including coastal and territorial waters. This makes it the 8th largest island country in the world. The main island (Cuba) has of coastline and of land borders—all figures including the United States territory at Guantánamo Bay, where the U.S. Navy's Guantanamo Bay Naval Base is located.

Cuba est un État situé dans les Antilles et constitué en majorité de l'île du même nom. Le pays est à au sud-ouest des Bahamas (Great Inagua), au nord de la Jamaïque, au nord-est du Mexique et au sud de la Floride.

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Consumer confidence index

Indice de confiance des consommateurs

In the United States of America, the U.S. consumer confidence index (CCI) is an economic indicator published by The Conference Board to measure consumer confidence, which is defined as the degree of optimism on the state of the U.S. economy that consumers are expressing through their activities of savings and spending. Global consumer confidence is not measured. Country-by-country analysis indicates huge variance around the globe. In an interconnected global economy, tracking international consumer confidence is a lead indicator of economic trends.

Un indice de confiance des consommateurs est une valeur calculée qui aide à prévoir la consommation future des ménages ou entreprises en évaluant la confiance de ceux-ci dans l'état de l'économie. Elle est calculée à partir de leurs activités d’épargne et de dépenses présentes et va varier de pays en pays. Dans une économie mondiale interconnectée, le suivi de la confiance des consommateurs internationaux est l'un des principaux indicateurs des tendances économiques et sert donc à émettre des prévisions sur la croissance économique.

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Information and communications technology

Technologies de l'information et de la communication

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audiovisual systems, that enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.

Technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC : transcription de l'anglais "", "ICT") est une expression, principalement utilisée dans le monde universitaire, pour désigner le domaine de la "télématique", c'est-à-dire les techniques de l'informatique, de l'audiovisuel, des multimédias, d'Internet et des télécommunications qui permettent aux utilisateurs de communiquer, d'accéder aux sources d'information, de stocker, de manipuler, de produire et de transmettre l'information sous différentes formes : texte, musique, son, image, vidéo et interface graphique interactive (IHM). Les textes juridiques et réglementaires utilisent la locution communications électroniques.

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Video art

Art vidéo

Video art is an art form which relies on using video technology as a visual and audio medium. Video art emerged during the late 1960s as new consumer video technology such as video tape recorders became available outside corporate broadcasting. Video art can take many forms: recordings that are broadcast; installations viewed in galleries or museums; works streamed online, distributed as video tapes, or DVDs; and performances which may incorporate one or more television sets, video monitors, and projections, displaying live or recorded images and sounds.

L’art vidéo naît, en tant qu'expression artistique, au début des années 1960, de la rencontre de plasticiens, d'ingénieurs et de responsables de chaînes de télé qui cherchent de nouvelles possibilités d'utilisation du médium vidéo.

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Broadcast domain

Domaine de diffusion

A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer. A broadcast domain can be within the same LAN segment or it can be bridged to other LAN segments.

Un domaine de diffusion (en anglais, "broadcast domain") est une aire logique d'un réseau informatique où n'importe quel ordinateur connecté au réseau peut directement transmettre à tous les autres ordinateurs du même domaine, sans devoir passer par un routeur.

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Adhan

The adhan ( ), also written as adhaan, azan, azaan or athan, also called "" in Turkish, is the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin at prescribed times of the day. The root of the word is "ʾadhina" meaning "to listen, to hear, be informed about". Another derivative of this word is "ʾudhun" (), meaning "ear".

Adhān (arabe: ), « appel » est un terme arabe désignant l'appel à la prière (arabe: "sala(t)"), en particulier l'appel à la prière en commun.

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null

Collision domain

Domaine de collision

A collision domain is a network segment connected by a shared medium or through repeaters where simultaneous data transmissions collide with one another. The collision domain applies particularly in wireless networks, but also affected early versions of Ethernet. A network collision occurs when more than one device attempts to send a packet on a network segment at the same time. Members of a collision domain may be involved in collisions with one another. Devices outside the collision domain do not have collisions with those inside.

Un domaine de collision est une zone logique d'un réseau informatique où les paquets de données peuvent entrer en collision entre eux, en particulier avec le protocole de communication Ethernet.

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null

Feminism

Féminisme

Feminism is a range of social movements, political movements, and ideologies that aim to define, establish, and achieve the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that societies prioritize the male point of view, and that women are treated unfairly within those societies. Efforts to change that include fighting gender stereotypes and seeking to establish educational and professional opportunities for women that are equal to those for men.

Le féminisme est un ensemble de mouvements et d'idées philosophiques qui partagent un but commun : définir, promouvoir et atteindre l'égalité politique, économique, culturelle, sociale et juridique entre les femmes et les hommes. Le féminisme a donc pour objectif d'abolir, dans ces différents domaines, les inégalités homme-femme dont les femmes sont les principales victimes, et ainsi de promouvoir les droits des femmes dans la société civile et dans la vie privée.

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null

Lebesgue integration

Intégrale de Lebesgue

In mathematics, the integral of a non-negative function of a single variable can be regarded, in the simplest case, as the area between the graph of that function and the -axis. The Lebesgue integral extends the integral to a larger class of functions. It also extends the domains on which these functions can be defined.

En mathématiques, l’intégrale de Lebesgue désigne à la fois une théorie relative à l'intégration et à la mesure, et aussi le résultat de l'intégration d'une fonction à valeurs réelles définie sur formula_1 (ou sur formula_2), munis de la mesure de Lebesgue.

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Classical mechanics

Mécanique newtonienne

Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.

La mécanique newtonienne est une branche de la physique. Depuis les travaux d'Albert Einstein, elle est souvent qualifiée de mécanique classique.

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Rocket

Fusée (astronautique)

A rocket (from ) is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine. Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from propellant carried within the rocket. Rocket engines work by action and reaction and push rockets forward simply by expelling their exhaust in the opposite direction at high speed, and can therefore work in the vacuum of space.

En astronautique, une fusée est un véhicule mû par un moteur-fusée de grande puissance qui lui permet de se déplacer dans l'espace proche, et notamment de placer en orbite une (satellite artificiel), voire d'échapper à l'attraction terrestre pour visiter différents corps célestes. Les fusées de l'astronautique sont généralement dotées de plusieurs étages mis à feu successivement. Les plus grosses fusées construites, comme Saturn V, permettent de placer jusqu'à en orbite basse.

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null

Integral

Intégration (mathématiques)

In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. Integration is one of the two main operations of calculus; its inverse operation, differentiation, is the other. Given a function of a real variable and an interval of the real line, the definite integral

En mathématiques, l'intégration est le fait de calculer une intégrale. C'est aussi une des deux branches du calcul infinitésimal, appelée également calcul intégral, l'autre étant le calcul différentiel.

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Flag of Mexico

Drapeau du Mexique

The flag of Mexico () is a vertical tricolor of green, white, and red with the national coat of arms charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence, and subsequent First Mexican Empire. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968, but the overall design has been used since 1821, when the First National Flag was created.

Le drapeau du Mexique est le drapeau national et le pavillon national du Mexique. Ce drapeau tricolore est rectangulaire de proportions 4/7 à bandes verticales vert, blanc et rouge de même taille. En son centre, sur la bande blanche, figurent les armes du Mexique, représentant un caracara du nord perché sur un figuier de Barbarie, dévorant un serpent.

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Modern art

Art moderne

Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophy of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art.

L'appellation d'art moderne désigne une période de l'histoire de l'art qui est initiée par Édouard Manet et les peintres impressionnistes dans les années 1870 et s'achève au milieu des années 1950, notamment avec la naissance du pop art.

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Corvus

Corvus is a widely distributed genus of medium-sized to large birds in the family Corvidae. The genus includes species commonly known as crows, ravens and rooks; there is no consistent distinction between "crows" and "ravens", and these appellations have been assigned to different species chiefly on the basis of their size, crows generally being smaller than ravens.

Corvus est un genre d'oiseau qui comprend une cinquantaine d'espèces connues sous leur nom vernaculaire de corbeau, corneille, freux, choucas, etc. Le terme « corbeau » est usuellement utilisé pour désigner les espèces du genre lorsqu'on ne sait pas les identifier précisément.

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Geography of Brazil

Géographie du Brésil

The country of Brazil occupies roughly half of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil covers a total area of which includes of land and of water. The highest point in Brazil is Pico da Neblina at. Brazil is bordered by the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, and France (overseas department of France, French Guiana).

Le Brésil est un pays d'Amérique du Sud. Cinquième pays du monde par sa superficie, il est bordé à l'est par l'océan Atlantique et s'étend vers l'intérieur du continent le long des bassins hydrographiques des fleuves Amazone et Paraná.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington (district de Columbia)

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and also known as D.C. or Washington, is the capital city of the United States of America. Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country, Washington was named after George Washington, the first president of the United States and a Founding Father. As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations, Washington is an important world political capital. Located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia, the city is one of the most visited cities in the United States, with more than 20 million visitors annually.

Washington, dans le district de Columbia (), souvent appelée Washington, D.C., The District, ou simplement D.C. (pour éviter la confusion avec l'État de Washington), est une ville indépendante des États-Unis dont elle est la capitale. Selon les dernières estimations (2018), elle compte "intra-muros" sur une superficie de ; son aire urbaine en compte environ, la sixième des États-Unis (après Houston et devant Miami).

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Voyager program

Programme Voyager

The Voyager program is an American scientific program that employs two robotic probes, "Voyager 1" and " Voyager 2", launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune". "Although their original mission was to study only the planetary systems of Jupiter and Saturn, "Voyager 2" continued on to Uranus and Neptune". "The Voyagers now explore the outer boundary of the heliosphere in interstellar space; their mission has been extended three times and they continue to transmit useful scientific data. Neither Uranus nor Neptune has had a close-up picture taken by a probe other than" Voyager 2."

Le programme "Voyager" est un programme d'exploration robotique de l'agence spatiale américaine (NASA) dont l'objectif est d'étudier les planètes extérieures du Système solaire. Il comprend deux sondes spatiales identiques et lancées en 1977 qui ont survolé les planètes Jupiter, Saturne, Uranus, Neptune ainsi que 48 de leurs satellites. Les données collectées par les portés par chaque sonde en font sans doute la mission d'exploration du Système solaire la plus fructueuse sur le plan scientifique de toute l'histoire spatiale. Les sondes Voyager sont les premières à effectuer un survol d'Uranus et Neptune et les secondes à étudier Jupiter et Saturne après les sondes et "11". et 2 ont permis d'obtenir des informations détaillées sur l'atmosphère de Jupiter, Saturne et Uranus. Elles ont révélé de nombreux détails sur la structure des anneaux de Saturne, permis de découvrir les anneaux de Jupiter et ont fourni les premières images détaillées des anneaux d'Uranus et de Neptune. Les sondes ont découvert en tout lunes. Elles ont révélé l'activité volcanique de Io et la structure étrange de la surface de la lune galiléenne Europe.

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Futurism

Futurisme

Futurism () was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasised speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city. Its key figures were the Italians Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Fortunato Depero, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, and Luigi Russolo. It glorified modernity and aimed to liberate Italy from the weight of its past. Cubism contributed to the formation of Italian Futurism's artistic style. Important Futurist works included Marinetti's "Manifesto of Futurism", Boccioni's sculpture "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space", Balla's painting "Abstract Speed + Sound", and Russolo's "The Art of Noises".

Le futurisme est un mouvement littéraire et artistique européen du début du (de 1909 à 1920), qui rejette la tradition esthétique et exalte le monde moderne, en particulier la civilisation urbaine, les machines et la vitesse.

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North Africa

Afrique du Nord

North Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in the west, to Egypt's Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east. Others have limited it to the countries of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, a region that was known by the French during colonial times as "Afrique du Nord" and is known by Arabs as the Maghreb ("West", "The western part of Arab World"). The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Sudan, the 6 countries that shape the top North of the African continent. Meanwhile, "North Africa", particularly when used in the term North Africa and the Middle East (MENA), often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya.

L'Afrique du Nord est un sous-continent culturel de la partie septentrionale de l’Afrique. Elle est parfois définie comme s'étendant des rives de l'Atlantique, du Maroc à l'ouest, au canal de Suez et à la mer Rouge, en Égypte à l'est. La définition la plus communément acceptée comprend d'Est en Ouest : l'Égypte, la Libye, la Tunisie, l'Algérie, le Maroc et le Sahara occidental. Le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis définit l'Afrique du Nord comme étant l'Algérie, la Libye, l'Égypte, le Maroc et la Tunisie.

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Ankara

Ankara (,, ), historically known as Ancyra (), Άγκυρα (trl: "Anchor" in "Greek"), and Angora (, ), is the capital of Turkey. With a population of 4,587,558 in the urban centre and 5,150,072 in its province, it is Turkey's second largest city after Istanbul (the former imperial capital), having outranked İzmir in the 20th century. Ankara covers an area of 24,521 km (9,468 sq mi).

Ankara ( ) – anciennement appelée "Angora" et "Ancyre" durant l'Antiquité – est la capitale de la Turquie depuis le et la deuxième plus grande ville du pays, après Istanbul. Elle est située en Région de l'Anatolie centrale.

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Seppuku

Hara-kiri

Seppuku (Japanese: 切腹, "cutting [the] belly"), sometimes referred to as harakiri (腹切り, "abdomen/belly cutting", a native Japanese kun reading), is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. It was originally reserved for samurai (see Bushido), but was also practiced by other Japanese people later on to restore honour for themselves or for their families. As a samurai practice, seppuku was used either voluntarily by samurai to die with honor rather than fall into the hands of their enemies (and likely be tortured), as a form of capital punishment for samurai who had committed serious offenses, or performed because they had brought shame to themselves. The ceremonial disembowelment, which is usually part of a more elaborate ritual and performed in front of spectators, consists of plunging a short blade, traditionally a tantō, into the belly and drawing the blade from left to right, slicing the belly open. If the cut is deep enough, it can sever the descending aorta, causing a rapid death by blood loss.

Le, à ne pas confondre avec, est une forme rituelle de suicide masculin par éventration, apparue au Japon vers le dans la classe des samouraïs. Ce rituel est officiellement abandonné par les Japonais en 1868.

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Dada

Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris. Developed in reaction to World War I, the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works. The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent toward violence, war, and nationalism, and maintained political affinities with the radical far-left. There is no consensus on the origin of the movement's name; a common story is that the German artist Richard Huelsenbeck slid a paper knife (letter-opener) at random into a dictionary, where it landed on "dada", a colloquial French term for a hobby horse. Jean Arp wrote that Tristan Tzara invented the word at 6 pm on 6 February 1916, in the Café de la Terrasse in Zurich. Others note that it suggests the first words of a child, evoking a childishness and absurdity that appealed to the group. Still others speculate that the word might have been chosen to evoke a similar meaning (or no meaning at all) in any language, reflecting the movement's internationalism.

Le mouvement dada est un mouvement intellectuel, littéraire et artistique du début du, qui se caractérise par une remise en cause de toutes les conventions et contraintes idéologiques, esthétiques et politiques.

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Central America

Amérique centrale

Central America (,, "Centroamérica" ) is a region in the southern tip of North America and is sometimes defined as a subregion of the Americas. This region is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south. Central America consists of seven countries: El Salvador, Costa Rica, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. The combined population of Central America is estimated at 44.53 million (2016).

L'Amérique centrale est une bande de terre reliant l'Amérique du Nord et l'Amérique du Sud. La différence entre les frontières géographiques et les frontières administratives, ainsi que l'histoire coloniale et les ressemblances et différences culturelles dans la région font varier la définition de l'Amérique centrale selon le contexte.

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Nuclear fission

Fission nucléaire

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller, lighter nuclei. The fission process often produces gamma photons, and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay.

La fission nucléaire est le phénomène par lequel un noyau atomique lourd (c'est-à-dire formé d'un grand nombre de nucléons comme l'uranium, le plutonium) est scindé en deux ou quelques nucléides plus légers.

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null

Macau

Macao

Macau, also spelled Macao (;, ; official "Macau"), and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a city in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. It is a special administrative region of China and maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of mainland China. With a population of 696,100 and an area of, it is the most densely populated region in the world.

Macao ( ; ), officiellement Région administrative spéciale de Macao de la république populaire de Chine, est une région administrative spéciale (RAS) de la république populaire de Chine depuis le. Auparavant, Macao a été colonisé et administré par le Portugal durant plus de et est considéré comme le dernier comptoir ainsi que la dernière colonie européenne en Chine et en Asie.

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Manchuria

Mandchourie

Manchuria is an exonym for several large overlapping historical and geographic regions in Northeast Asia. Depending on the context, it may refer to:

La Mandchourie ( ; japonais : ) est un vaste territoire au nord-est de l'Asie, dont la plus vaste extension couvre le Nord-Est de la Chine (environ ), et l'Est de la Russie sur l'océan Pacifique (environ ).

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Bennu

Bénou

The Bennu is an ancient Egyptian deity linked with the sun, creation, and rebirth. It may have been the inspiration for the phoenix in Greek mythology.

Bénou, dans la mythologie égyptienne, est l'oiseau représentant l'âme – le bâ – de Rê qui le précède dans la barque solaire. Comme Rê, l'oiseau Bénou était adoré à Héliopolis où on le trouve également lié à Atoum, le dieu du soleil couchant. Le livre des morts dit : « Je suis l'Oiseau Bénou, l'Âme/cœur de Rê, le Guide des Dieux vers la Douât ».

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Astarte

Astarté

Astarte (;, "Astártē") is the Hellenized form of the Middle Eastern goddess Astoreth (Northwest Semitic), a form of Ishtar (East Semitic), worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity. The name is particularly associated with her worship in the ancient Levant among the Canaanites and Phoenicians. She was also celebrated in Egypt following the importation of Levantine cults there. The name Astarte is sometimes also applied to her cults in Mesopotamian cultures like Assyria and Babylonia.

Astarté (du grec ) est une déesse connue dans tout le Proche-Orient, de l'âge du bronze à l'Antiquité, présentant un caractère belliqueux. Athtart (𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚, "‘ṯtrt", "‘Aṯtart" ou "‘Athtart") à Ougarit, Shaushka ou Shaushga chez les Hourrites, Ashtart ("‘shtrt") en langue punico-phénicienne, Ashtoret ou Ashtarot (עשתרת) en hébreu, elle est l'équivalent de la déesse mésopotamienne Ishtar (pour les babyloniens) ou Inanna (pour les sumériens). Elle fut implantée dans la mythologie égyptienne sous les. À califourchon sur son cheval, elle accompagne et protège le souverain. Elle devient la fille de Rê ou de Ptah, et est une des compagnes de Seth.

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Shezmu

Chesmou

Shesmu (alternatively Schesmu and Shezmu) is an ancient Egyptian deity with a contradictory character. He was worshiped from the early Old Kingdom period.

Dans la mythologie égyptienne, Chesmou est un dieu pressoir, patron du vin, des huiles, onguents, parfums. On le retrouve surtout sur les parois des salles servant à la préparation de ces mélanges dans les temples. Il apporte ces biens aux dieux et aux humains pour les rites funéraires.

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Himalayas

Himalaya

The Himalayas, or Himalaya (), (Sanskrit: (, "snow") and (, "abode, receptacle, dwelling")), is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest (Nepal/China). The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia (Aconcagua, in the Andes) is tall.

L'Himalaya ( de "hima" (neige) et "ālaya" (demeure), littéralement « demeure des neiges », népalais : हिमालय, hindi : हिमालय, ), ou chaîne de l'Himalaya, est un ensemble de chaînes de montagnes s'étirant sur plus de de long et large de 250 à, qui sépare le sous-continent indien du plateau tibétain dans le Sud de l'Asie. Au sens strict, il débute à l'ouest au Nanga Parbat au Pakistan et se termine à l'est au Namche Barwa au Tibet. Cet ensemble montagneux, délimité à l'ouest par la vallée du fleuve Indus et à l'est par la vallée du fleuve Brahmapoutre, couvre une aire d'environ.

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Raet-Tawy

Râttaouy

Raet (Rˁỉ.t) or Raet-Tawy (Rˁỉ.t-tȝ.wỉ) is an ancient Egyptian solar goddess, the female aspect of Ra. Her name is simply the female form of Ra's name; the longer name "Raet-Tawy" means "Raet of the Two Lands" (Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt).

Râttaouy est une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne. Elle représentait à l'origine le côté féminin du soleil, symétrique du dieu Rê. Elle devient ensuite une divinité à part entière, parèdre de Montou à Erment. Dans la triade de Médamoud elle est l'épouse de Montou et la mère de Harparê.

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Guangdong

Guangdong (alternately romanized as Canton Province or Kwangtung) is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 113.46 million (as of 2018) across a total area of about, Guangdong is the most populous province of China and the 15th-largest by area. Its economy is larger than that of any other province in the nation and the 4th largest sub-national economy in the world with a GDP size of 1.47 trillion US dollars (9.73 trillion Chinese yuan) in 2018. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, a Chinese megalopolis, is a core for high technology, manufacturing and foreign trade. Located in this zone are two of the four top Chinese cities and the top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP; Guangzhou, the capital of the province, and Shenzhen, the first special economic zone in the country. These two are among the most populous and important cities in China, and have now become two of the world's most populous megacities.

Le Guangdong () est une province côtière au sud de la République populaire de Chine dont le chef-lieu est Canton (Guangzhou).

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Demiurge

Démiurge

In the Platonic, Neopythagorean, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy, the demiurge () is an artisan-like figure responsible for fashioning and maintaining the physical universe. The Gnostics adopted the term "demiurge". Although a fashioner, the demiurge is not necessarily the same as the creator figure in the monotheistic sense, because the demiurge itself and the material from which the demiurge fashions the universe are both considered to be consequences of something else. Depending on the system, they may be considered to be either uncreated and eternal or the product of some other entity.

Le démiurge, ou le créateur, est la déité responsable de la création de l'univers physique dans diverses cosmogonies. Il peut désigner par extension tout créateur d'une œuvre.

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Siemens (unit)

Siemens (unité)

The siemens (symbol: S) is the derived unit of electric conductance, electric susceptance, and electric admittance in the International System of Units (SI). Conductance, susceptance, and admittance are the reciprocals of resistance, reactance, and impedance respectively; hence one siemens is redundantly equal to the reciprocal of one Ohm () and is also referred to as the "mho". The 14th General Conference on Weights and Measures approved the addition of the siemens as a derived unit in 1971.

Le siemens, de symbole S, est l'unité de conductance électrique du Système international (SI), ainsi nommée en hommage à Werner von Siemens. L'admittance et la susceptance, de même dimension physique que la conductance, s'expriment aussi en siemens.

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Ennead

Ennéade

The Ennead or Great Ennead was a group of nine deities in Egyptian mythology worshiped at Heliopolis: the sun god Atum; his children Shu and Tefnut; their children Geb and Nut; and their children Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys. The Ennead sometimes includes the son of Osiris and Isis, Horus.

L’Ennéade ("Pésédjet", en égyptien) est le groupe des neuf divinités de la mythologie égyptienne rassemblant toutes les forces présentes dans l’univers : le démiurge Atoum, l’humidité Tefnout, l’air Shou, la terre Geb, le ciel Nout, Osiris, Isis, Seth et Nephthys.

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Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin (langue)

Mandarin (; ) is a group of Sinitic (Chinese) languages spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of Standard Chinese. Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin languages and dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese (, "běifānghuà", 'northern speech'). Many varieties of Mandarin, such those of the Southwest (including Sichuanese) and the Lower Yangtze (including the old capital Nanjing), are not mutually intelligible or are only partially intelligible with the standard language. Nevertheless, Mandarin is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers (with nearly a billion).

Le mandarin (;, « langue des officiels »,, « parlers du Nord »), parfois abusivement désigné sous les termes chinois voire pékinois, est une catégorie des langues chinoises parlée dans le nord et le sud-ouest de la Chine continentale. Envisagée comme une langue, c'est celle qui compte le plus grand nombre de locuteurs dans le monde. Il s'écrit au moyen des sinogrammes et on le transcrit maintenant le plus souvent en pinyin, mais aussi en zhuyin (bopomofo).

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Gibraltar

Gibraltar (, ) is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of and is bordered to the north by Spain. The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to over 32,000 people, primarily Gibraltarians.

Gibraltar (de l'arabe « جبل طارق », « "Djebel Tariq" », « le mont de Tariq » du nom de Tariq ibn Ziyad) est un territoire britannique d'outre-mer, situé au sud de la péninsule Ibérique, en bordure du détroit de Gibraltar qui relie la Méditerranée à l'océan Atlantique. Il correspond au rocher de Gibraltar et à ses environs immédiats et est séparé de l'Espagne par une frontière de.

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Guangzhou

Canton (Chine)

Guangzhou (;, ; ), also known as Canton and formerly romanized as Kwangchow, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China. On the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kong and north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road, and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub, as well as one of China's three largest cities.

Canton ou Guangzhou (, ) est la capitale de la province du Guangdong dans le sud de la Chine. Elle a le statut administratif de ville sous-provinciale de la République populaire de Chine.

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James Ellroy

Lee Earle "James" Ellroy (born March 4, 1948) is an American crime fiction writer and essayist. Ellroy has become known for a telegrammatic prose style in his most recent work, wherein he frequently omits connecting words and uses only short, staccato sentences, and in particular for the novels "The Black Dahlia" (1987), "The Big Nowhere" (1988), "L.A. Confidential" (1990), "White Jazz" (1992), "American Tabloid" (1995), "The Cold Six Thousand" (2001), and "Blood's a Rover" (2009).

James Ellroy, de son vrai nom Lee Earle Ellroy, né le à Los Angeles, en Californie, est un écrivain et scénariste américain, spécialisé dans le roman noir et le roman policier historique.

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Comte de Lautréamont

Comte de Lautréamont () was the "nom de plume" of Isidore Lucien Ducasse (4 April 1846 – 24 November 1870), a French poet born in Uruguay. His only works, "Les Chants de Maldoror" and "Poésies", had a major influence on modern arts and literature, particularly on the Surrealists and the Situationists. Ducasse died at the age of 24.

Isidore Lucien Ducasse, né à Montevideo (Uruguay), le, et mort dans le de Paris, le, est un poète français. Il est également connu sous le pseudonyme de comte de Lautréamont, qu’il emprunta très probablement au "Latréaumont" (1838) d’Eugène Sue et qu'il n'utilisa pourtant qu'une seule fois.

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Wave

Onde

In physics, mathematics, and related fields, a wave is a disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more fields such that the field values oscillate repeatedly about a stable equilibrium (resting) value. If the relative amplitude of oscillation at different points in the field remains constant, the wave is said to be a standing wave. If the relative amplitude at different points in the field changes, the wave is said to be a traveling wave. Waves can only exist in fields when there is a force that tends to restore the field to equilibrium.

Une onde est la propagation d'une perturbation produisant sur son passage une variation réversible des propriétés physiques locales du milieu. Elle se déplace avec une vitesse déterminée qui dépend des caractéristiques du milieu de propagation.

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Marcel Duchamp

Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (; ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. He was careful about his use of the term Dada and was not directly associated with Dada groups. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the 20th century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art, and he had a seminal influence on the development of conceptual art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (such as Henri Matisse) as "retinal" art, intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind.

Marcel Duchamp, né à Blainville-Crevon (France), le et mort à Neuilly-sur-Seine (France), le, est un peintre, plasticien, homme de lettres français, naturalisé américain en 1955.

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Computer security

Sécurité des systèmes d'information

Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security (IT security) is the protection of computer systems and networks from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.

La sécurité des systèmes d’information (SSI) ou plus simplement sécurité informatique, est l’ensemble des moyens techniques, organisationnels, juridiques et humains nécessaires à la mise en place de moyens visant à empêcher l'utilisation non autorisée, le mauvais usage, la modification ou le détournement du système d'information. Assurer la sécurité du système d'information est une activité du management du système d'information.

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Gradient

In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar-valued differentiable function of several variables, formula_1, is the vector field, or more simply a vector-valued function formula_2, whose value at a point formula_3 is the vector whose components are the partial derivatives of formula_4 at formula_3:

Le gradient d'une fonction de plusieurs variables en un certain point est un vecteur qui caractérise la variabilité de cette fonction au voisinage de ce point. Défini en tout point où la fonction est différentiable, il définit un champ de vecteurs, également dénommé "gradient". Le gradient est la généralisation à plusieurs variables de la dérivée d'une fonction d'une seule variable.

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null

Mass spectrometry

Spectrométrie de masse

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are typically presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. Mass spectrometry is used in many different fields and is applied to pure samples as well as complex mixtures.

La spectrométrie de masse est une technique physique d'analyse permettant de détecter et d'identifier des molécules d’intérêt par mesure de leur masse, et de caractériser leur structure chimique. Son principe réside dans la séparation en phase gazeuse de molécules chargées (ions) en fonction de leur rapport masse/charge ("m/z"). Elle est utilisée dans pratiquement tous les domaines scientifiques : physique, astrophysique, chimie en phase gazeuse, chimie organique, dosages, biologie, médecine... le temps de détection est très rapide.

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Jet Li

Li Lianjie (courtesy name Yangzhong; born 26 April 1963), better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese film actor, film producer, martial artist, and retired Wushu champion who was born in Beijing. He is a naturalized Singaporean citizen.

Jet Li, de son vrai nom Li Lianjie (), né le à Pékin en Chine, est un pratiquant d'arts martiaux, acteur, producteur et champion de wushu sino-singapourien.

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Flow cytometry

Cytométrie en flux

Flow cytometry (FCM) is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles.

La cytométrie en flux (CMF) est une technique permettant de faire défiler des particules, molécules ou cellules à grande vitesse dans le faisceau d'un laser, en les comptant et en les caractérisant.

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null

Cauchy sequence

Suite de Cauchy

In mathematics, a Cauchy sequence (; ), named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a sequence whose elements become arbitrarily close to each other as the sequence progresses. More precisely, given any small positive distance, all but a finite number of elements of the sequence are less than that given distance from each other.

En analyse mathématique, une suite de Cauchy est une suite de réels, de complexes, de points d'un espace métrique ou plus généralement d'un espace uniforme, dont les termes se rapprochent à partir d'un certain rang. Ces suites sont celles susceptibles de converger. Elles sont au centre de la définition de la complétude. Les suites de Cauchy portent le nom du mathématicien français Augustin Louis Cauchy.

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Caribbean Sea

Mer des Caraïbes

The Caribbean Sea (; ; ; ; ; ) is an American Mediterranean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south west, to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba, to the east by the Lesser Antilles, and to the south by the north coast of South America.

La mer des Caraïbes ou mer des Antilles est une mer de l'océan Atlantique, située à l'est de l'Amérique centrale et au sud des Grandes Antilles. Elle s'étend sur environ d'est en ouest et en moyenne deux fois moins du nord au sud et couvre une superficie de.

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Henry (unit)

Henry (unité)

The henry (symbol: H) is the SI derived unit of electrical inductance. If a current of 1 ampere flowing through the coil produces flux linkage of 1 weber turn, the coil has a self inductance of 1 henry. The unit is named after Joseph Henry (1797–1878), the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction independently of and at about the same time as Michael Faraday (1791–1867) in England.

Le henry (symbole : H) est l’unité dérivée d’inductance du Système international (SI), du nom du physicien américain Joseph Henry.

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Sea of Azov

Mer d'Azov

The Sea of Azov (, "Azóvskoje móre";, "Azóvśke móre"; ;, "Азакъ денъизи", ازاق دهڭىزى) is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch, and is sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded in the northwest by Ukraine, in the southeast by Russia. The Don River and Kuban River are the major rivers that flow into it. There is a constant outflow of water from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea.

La mer d'Azov (en, ; en, "" ; en ; en adygue "Khı Mıvt'e" ; en ou "Méotide") est une mer intracontinentale peu profonde qui s'étend sur une superficie de. Elle est bordée à l'ouest et au nord par l'Ukraine, à l'est par la Russie et au sud par la presqu'île de Crimée et la péninsule de Taman (Russie), toutes deux séparées par le détroit de Kertch qui la relie à la mer Noire. Elle porte le nom de la ville d'Azov.

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null

Radian

The radian (symbol: rad) is the SI unit for measuring angles, and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. The length of an arc of a unit circle is numerically equal to the measurement in radians of the angle that it subtends; one radian is just under 57.3 degrees (expansion at ). The unit was formerly an SI supplementary unit, but this category was abolished in 1995 and the radian is now considered an SI derived unit. The radian is defined in the SI as being a dimensionless value, and its symbol is accordingly often omitted, especially in mathematical writing.

Le radian (symbole : rad) est l'unité dérivée du Système international qui mesure les angles plans. Bien que le mot « "radian" » ait été inventé au cours des années 1870 par Thomas Muir et James Thomson, les mathématiciens mesuraient depuis longtemps les angles en prenant pour unité le rapport entre la circonférence et la longueur du rayon.

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Gulf of Mexico

Golfe du Mexique

The Gulf of Mexico () is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The US states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the "Third Coast", in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

Le golfe du Mexique est un golfe de l'océan Atlantique, situé au sud-sud-est de l'Amérique du Nord. Il s'étend sur une superficie de. Il baigne la péninsule de Floride, la Louisiane, le Sud-Est du Texas, la côte orientale du Mexique et une partie du littoral nord de Cuba.

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Steradian

Stéradian

The steradian (symbol: sr) or square radian is the SI unit of solid angle. It is used in three-dimensional geometry, and is analogous to the radian, which quantifies planar angles. Whereas an angle in radians, projected onto a circle, gives a "length" on the circumference, a solid angle in steradians, projected onto a sphere, gives an "area" on the surface. The name is derived from the Greek'solid' + radian.

Le stéradian (symbole : sr) est l'unité dérivée du Système international pour la mesure d'angles solides. Son nom est partiellement dérivé du grec ancien στερεός ("stereos") « solide, dur, cubique ».

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Farad

The farad (symbol: F) is the SI derived unit of electrical capacitance, the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. It is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.

Le farad (symbole : F), tiré du nom du physicien Michael Faraday, est l'unité dérivée de capacité électrique du Système international (SI).

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Geography of Colombia

Géographie de la Colombie

The Republic of Colombia is situated largely in the northwest of South America, with some territories falling within the boundaries of Central America. It is bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and it shares maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti.

La Colombie est un pays situé dans le coin nord-ouest de l'Amérique du Sud. Dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, en commençant par le nord, il est entouré par la mer des Caraïbes (mer bordière de l'océan Atlantique nord), le Venezuela, le Brésil, le Pérou, l'Équateur, l'océan Pacifique nord et le Panama, qui le relie à l'Amérique centrale. Bogota en est la capitale.

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L'Hôpital's rule

Règle de L'Hôpital

In mathematics, more specifically calculus, L'Hôpital's rule or L'Hospital's rule () provides a technique to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms. Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to an expression that can be easily evaluated by substitution. The rule is named after the 17th-century French mathematician Guillaume de l'Hôpital. Although the rule is often attributed to L'Hôpital, the theorem was first introduced to him in 1694 by the Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli.

En mathématiques, et plus précisément en analyse, la règle (ou le théorème) de L'Hôpital (ou de L'Hospital), également appelée règle de Bernoulli, utilise la dérivée dans le but de déterminer les limites difficiles à calculer de la plupart des quotients. Le théorème de Stolz-Cesàro est un résultat analogue concernant des limites de suites, mais utilisant les différences finies au lieu de la dérivée.

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Kingston, Ontario

Kingston (Ontario)

Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is on the eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River (south end of the Rideau Canal). The city is midway between Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec. The Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many heritage buildings constructed using local limestone.

Kingston est une municipalité du Canada, située en Ontario. Au recensement de 2011, la région métropolitaine comptait. Anciennement nommé Fort Frontenac, Kingston a été la première capitale du Canada-Uni de 1841 à 1844.

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