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Central Europe | Europe centrale | Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe. Central Europe occupies continuous territories that are otherwise sometimes considered parts of Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Eastern Europe. The concept of Central Europe is based on a common historical, social, and cultural identity : Linguistically, Central Europe includes lands where various dialects of German have been spoken as the first language, as well as countries, where German historically was, and to some extent still is, the most important lingua franca. In terms of religion, Central Europe is a patchwork of traditionally catholic and protestant territories, as well as the cradle of protestantism. The struggle between catholicism and protestantism was a significant shaping process in the history of Central Europe, where neither side was able to prevail in the region as a whole. Historically, Central Europe comprised of the most territories of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the territories belonging to the two adjacent kingdoms to the east (Poland and Hungary). Hungary and parts of Poland were later parts of the Habsburg Monarchy, which was also a significant shaping force in its history. Unlike their Western European counterparts, Central European states barely had any overseas colonies, which was due to their central location and other factors; the fact is often cited as one of the causes of the World War I. After World War II, Central Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain to the parts belonging to the West and those of the Eastern bloc. The Berlin wall was the most visible symbol of this division. | L'Europe centrale est la région s'étendant au cœur du continent européen. Elle désigne un espace dont les contours flous et variables ne coïncident pas toujours avec les frontières des pays concernés. D'après les définitions, variant tant selon les auteurs que les époques, cinq à actuels peuvent être considérés comme centreuropéens. Au-delà de considérations strictement géographiques, l'Europe centrale désigne un ensemble partageant une trajectoire historique commune, laquelle a façonné un héritage culturel et politique singulier. | [
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Exhibitionism | Exhibitionnisme | Exhibitionism is the act of exposing in a public or semi-public context those parts of one's body that are not normally exposed – for example, the breasts, genitals or buttocks. The practice may arise from a desire or compulsion to expose themselves in such a manner to groups of friends or acquaintances, or to strangers for their amusement or sexual satisfaction or to shock the bystander. Exposing oneself only to an intimate partner is normally not regarded as exhibitionism. In law, the act of exhibitionism may be called indecent exposure, "exposing one's person", or other expressions. | L’exhibitionnisme est un comportement par lequel un individu expose les parties intimes de son corps à une ou plusieurs autres personnes dans une situation — par exemple un endroit public — où ces parties intimes ne sont normalement ou habituellement pas exposées. Un individu se livrant à l'exhibitionnisme est qualifié d'exhibitionniste, voire dans certains cas de pervers sexuel. | [
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Spoons sex position | 99 (position sexuelle) | The spoons position or spooning is a sexual position and a cuddling technique. The name derives from the way that two spoons may be positioned side by side, with bowls aligned. The sexual spoons position is a form of a rear-entry position, the other being the doggy style position. The spoons sex position has been called one of the "basic four" sex positions. | La position 99 ou position en cuillères est une position sexuelle où l'un des deux partenaires est derrière l'autre, son abdomen contre le dos de l'autre. Cette position peut donner lieu à une pénétration vaginale ou anale avec le pénis, les doigts ou un objet (un godemichet par exemple). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Anat | Anat | Anat (, ), Anatu, classically Anath (; "ʿĂnāth"; "ʿAnōt"; "ʿnt"; "Anath"; Egyptian "Antit", "Anit", "Anti", or "Anant") is a major northwest Semitic goddess. Her attributes vary widely among different cultures and over time, and even within particular myths. | Anat est une déesse des panthéons ouest-sémitiques de l'âge du bronze récent (seconde moitié du avant notre ère). On la retrouve notamment dans la mythologie du royaume d'Ougarit, qui est une des principales sources connues pour les panthéons canaanéens de cette période. Cette déesse fut également adoptée par les Égyptiens lorsque ceux-ci dominèrent une partie du Levant et de la Syrie entre les. | [
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Kama Sutra | Kamasutra | The Kama Sutra (;,, ) is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text on sexuality, eroticism and emotional fulfillment in life. Attributed to Vātsyāyana, the "Kama Sutra" is neither exclusively nor predominantly a sex manual on sex positions, but written as a guide to the art of living well, the nature of love, finding a life partner, maintaining one's love life, and other aspects pertaining to pleasure-oriented faculties of human life. It is a "sutra"-genre text with terse aphoristic verses that have survived into the modern era with different "bhasya" (exposition and commentaries). The text is a mix of prose and anustubh-meter poetry verses. The text acknowledges the Hindu concept of Purusharthas, and lists desire, sexuality, and emotional fulfillment as one of the proper goals of life. Its chapters discuss methods for courtship, training in the arts to be socially engaging, finding a partner, flirting, maintaining power in a married life, when and how to commit adultery, sexual positions, and other topics. The majority of the book is about the philosophy and theory of love, what triggers desire, what sustains it, and how and when it is good or bad. | Le Kamasutra (du sanskrit कामसूत्र "Kāmasūtra", composé de काम "Kama", « le désir », et de सूत्र "sutra", « l’aphorisme », soit littéralement « les aphorismes du désir ») est un recueil indien traitant des diverses activités de ce que recouvre l'expression « vie privée » aujourd'hui, écrit entre les s, attribué à Vâtsyâyana. Faisant partie du Kâmashâstra qui désigne les ouvrages indiens spécialisés dans les arts amoureux et les pratiques sexuelles, ce recueil destiné aux classes aisées ne contient des illustrations qu'à partir d'éditions du, notamment pour celle de l'empereur moghol illettré Jalâluddin Muhammad Akbar. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Riemann integral | Intégrale de Riemann | In the branch of mathematics known as real analysis, the Riemann integral, created by Bernhard Riemann, was the first rigorous definition of the integral of a function on an interval. It was presented to the faculty at the University of Göttingen in 1854, but not published in a journal until 1868. For many functions and practical applications, the Riemann integral can be evaluated by the fundamental theorem of calculus or approximated by numerical integration. | En analyse réelle, l'intégrale de Riemann est une façon de définir l'intégrale, sur un segment, d'une fonction réelle bornée et presque partout continue. En termes géométriques, cette intégrale s'interprète comme l'aire du domaine sous la courbe représentative de la fonction, comptée algébriquement. | [
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Xia dynasty | Dynastie Xia | The Xia dynasty is the first (and possibly mythical) dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography. According to tradition, the Xia dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great, after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors, gave the throne to him. In the traditional historiography, the Xia was later succeeded by the Shang dynasty. | La dynastie Xia () trouve sa source dans l'historiographie chinoise, en particulier le Classique des documents ( avant notre ère, soit entre 7 et 10 siècles après les événements). | [
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Clitoris | Clitoris | The clitoris ( or ) is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals. In humans, the visible portion – the glans – is at the front junction of the labia minora (inner lips), above the opening of the urethra. Unlike the penis, the male homologue (equivalent) to the clitoris, it usually does not contain the distal portion (or opening) of the urethra and is therefore not used for urination. The clitoris also usually lacks a reproductive function. While few animals urinate through the clitoris or use it reproductively, the spotted hyena, which has an especially large clitoris, urinates, mates, and gives birth via the organ. Some other mammals, such as lemurs and spider monkeys, also have a large clitoris. | Le clitoris (du grec κλειτορίς, "kleitorís", dérivé de κλειτύς, "kleitús", pente, flanc de coteau), ou selon les travaux anatomiques récents organe bulbo-clitoridien ou complexe clitoridien, est un organe érectile de la vulve observé chez les femelles des Mammifères (excepté les échidnés) et chez deux espèces d'oiseaux (le casoar et l'autruche, mais seulement chez un petit nombre d'individus). | [
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List of presidents of Colombia | Président de la Colombie | The following is a list of presidents of Colombia. Under the Colombian Constitution of 1991, the President of Colombia is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Colombia. As chief of the executive branch and head of the national government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in Colombia by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Military Forces of Colombia. The president is directly elected to a four-year term in a popular election. Since the passing of the "Legislative Act 2 of 2004", no person may be elected president more than twice. Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. The President must be at least 30 years of age and a "natural born" citizen of Colombia. | Cet article traite du président de la République de Colombie, qui est le chef de l'État et du gouvernement de la Colombie. | [
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (sometimes spelled Leibnitz) (; or ; ; – 14 November 1716) was a prominent German polymath and one of the most important logicians, mathematicians and natural philosophers of the Enlightenment. As a representative of the seventeenth-century tradition of rationalism, Leibniz developed, as his most prominent accomplishment, the ideas of differential and integral calculus, independently of Isaac Newton's contemporaneous developments. Mathematical works have consistently favored Leibniz's notation as the conventional expression of calculus. It was only in the 20th century that Leibniz's law of continuity and transcendental law of homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis). He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary number system, which is the foundation of all digital computers. | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (), né à Leipzig le et mort à Hanovre le, est un philosophe, scientifique, mathématicien, logicien, diplomate, juriste, bibliothécaire et philologue allemand. Esprit polymathe, personnalité importante de la période, il occupe une place primordiale dans l'histoire de la philosophie et l'histoire des sciences (notamment des mathématiques) et est souvent considéré comme le dernier « génie universel ». | [
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President of Mexico | Président des États-Unis mexicains | The president of Mexico (), officially known as the president of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018. | Le président des États-Unis mexicains ou président de la République est le chef de l'État du Mexique. Selon la constitution, le président de la République est aussi le chef du gouvernement, le commandant en chef de l'armée de terre, de la marine et de la force aérienne. Il est élu pour un mandat de six ans non renouvelable. | [
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Vulva | Vulve humaine | The vulva (plural vulvas or vulvae; derived from Latin for wrapper or covering) consists of the external female sex organs. The vulva includes the mons pubis (or mons veneris), labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, vulval vestibule, urinary meatus, the vaginal opening, hymen, and Bartholin's and Skene's vestibular glands. The urinary meatus is also included as it opens into the vulval vestibule. Other features of the vulva include the pudendal cleft, sebaceous glands, the urogenital triangle (anterior part of the perineum), and pubic hair. The vulva includes the entrance to the vagina, which leads to the uterus, and provides a double layer of protection for this by the folds of the outer and inner labia. Pelvic floor muscles support the structures of the vulva. Other muscles of the urogenital triangle also give support. | La vulve est la partie externe du système reproducteur féminin. L'organe comprend entre autres le mont du pubis, les grandes lèvres, les petites lèvres, le clitoris, le bulbe du vestibule, le vestibule vulvaire, le méat urétral, l'ouverture vaginale, les glandes de Bartholin et les glandes de Skene. La vulve protège le vagin et indirectement l'utérus par ses lèvres vaginales internes et externes. Les muscles du plancher pelvien soutiennent les structures de la vulve ; d'autres muscles du triangle urogénital apportent également soutien. | [
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Krav Maga | Krav-maga | Krav Maga (;, "lit." "contact combat") is a military self-defence and fighting system developed for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Israeli security forces derived from a combination of techniques sourced from Aikido, Boxing, Wrestling, Judo, and Karate. | Le krav-maga, parfois écrit krav maga (hébreu קְרַב מַגָּע [ˈkʁav maˈɡa], littéralement "combat rapproché"), est à l'origine une méthode d'autodéfense d'origine juive et israélienne, combinant des techniques provenant de la boxe, du muay-thaï, du judo, du ju-jitsu, du karaté et de la lutte. Cette méthode, créée par Imi Lichtenfeld, est maintenant une base de l'armée israélienne et des services spéciaux israéliens pour se défendre au corps à corps face aux assaillants. La méthode est utilisée par de nombreux services de police et forces militaires dans le monde tels qu'aux États-Unis (FBI, DEA, ")", en France (GIGN, RAID, Légion étrangère) et au Royaume-Uni (SAS). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Jean-Pierre Serre | Jean-Pierre Serre | Jean-Pierre Serre (; born 15 September 1926) is a French mathematician who has made contributions to algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, and algebraic number theory. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1954, the Wolf Prize in 2000 and the inaugural Abel Prize in 2003. | Jean-Pierre Serre, né le à Bages (Pyrénées-Orientales), est un mathématicien français, considéré comme l'un des plus grands mathématiciens du. Il a reçu de nombreuses récompenses pour ses recherches. Il est lauréat de la médaille Fields en 1954 et du prix Abel en 2003. | [
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Robert Hooke | Robert Hooke | Robert Hooke FRS (; – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath. As a young adult, he was a financially impoverished scientific inquirer, but came into wealth and good reputation following his actions as Surveyor to the City of London after the great fire of 1666 (in which he appears to have performed more than half of all the surveys after the fire). At that time, he was also the curator of experiments of the Royal Society, a member of its council, and the Gresham Professor of Geometry. He was also an important architect of his time—though few of his buildings now survive and some of those are generally misattributed—and was instrumental in devising a set of planning controls for London, the influence of which remains today. Allan Chapman has characterised him as "England's Leonardo". | Robert Hooke est un scientifique pluridisciplinaire anglais né le à Freshwater (Île de Wight) et mort le à Londres. Il est considéré comme l'un des plus grands scientifiques expérimentaux du et l'une des figures clés de la Révolution scientifique de l'époque moderne. | [
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Toronto | Toronto | Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,731,571 in 2016, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) as a whole had a 2016 population of 6,417,516. The city covers an area of and comprises six districts – East York, Etobicoke, North York, Old Toronto, Scarborough and York – which were amalgamated to form Toronto's present boundaries in 1998. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people (as of 2016) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario. Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world. | Toronto ( ) est la ville la plus peuplée du Canada et la capitale de la province de l'Ontario. Elle se situe dans le Sud-Est du Canada, sur la rive nord-ouest du lac Ontario. Selon le recensement de 2016, Toronto compte plus de 2,7 millions d'habitants, faisant d'elle la quatrième ville la plus peuplée en Amérique du Nord. Son aire métropolitaine compte 5,9 millions d'habitants, et la mégalopole du "Golden Horseshoe", dont elle est le cœur, plus de 8,7 millions d'habitants en 2011, soit le quart de la population canadienne. Ville mondiale, Toronto est le centre bancaire, financier, commercial et artistique du Canada anglophone, et l'une des villes les plus multiculturelles et cosmopolites au monde. | [
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Martin Luther | Martin Luther | Martin Luther, (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences. Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his "Ninety-five Theses" of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor. | Martin Luther ( ), né le à Eisleben, en Saxe-Anhalt et mort le dans la même ville, est un frère augustin théologien, professeur d'université, initiateur du protestantisme et réformateur de l'Église dont les idées exercèrent une grande influence sur la Réforme protestante, qui changea le cours de la civilisation occidentale. | [
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Jean Drucker | Jean Drucker | Jean Drucker (12 August 1941 – 18 April 2003) was a French Television executive. He was born in Vire (Calvados) and died of a heart attack in Mollégès (Bouches-du-Rhône). | Jean Drucker, né le à Vire (Calvados) et mort d'une crise cardiaque à Mollégès (Bouches-du-Rhône) le, était un dirigeant de télévision français. | [
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Sierpinski carpet | Tapis de Sierpiński | The Sierpinski carpet is a plane fractal first described by Wacław Sierpiński in 1916. The carpet is one generalization of the Cantor set to two dimensions; another is the Cantor dust. | Le tapis de Sierpiński (1916), du nom de Wacław Sierpiński, est une fractale obtenue à partir d'un carré. Le tapis se fabrique en découpant le carré en neuf carrés égaux avec une grille de trois par trois, et en supprimant la pièce centrale, et en appliquant cette procédure indéfiniment aux huit carrés restants. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Aguascalientes City | Aguascalientes | Aguascalientes () is the capital of the state of Aguascalientes and is its most populous city, with a metropolitan population of 1,000,000. It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is part of the macroregion of Bajío, which is among the safest and most prosperous regions in Mexico. It was part of the kingdom of Nueva Galicia. In 1835 Aguascalientes became the capital of the Free and Sovereign State of Aguascalientes. Aguascalientes has been called the cleanest city in Latin America. Aguascalientes is experiencing an ongoing social, economic, and aesthetic revitalization process. Aguascalientes has a population which includes Japanese, Koreans, and Germans. | Aguascalientes est une ville mexicaine, capitale de l'État du même nom. La municipalité (""), située au sud de l'État, compte, soit une grande partie des de l'État (chiffres 2005). | [
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Sierpiński triangle | Triangle de Sierpiński | The Sierpiński triangle (sometimes spelled "Sierpinski"), also called the Sierpiński gasket or Sierpiński sieve, is a fractal attractive fixed set with the overall shape of an equilateral triangle, subdivided recursively into smaller equilateral triangles. Originally constructed as a curve, this is one of the basic examples of self-similar sets—that is, it is a mathematically generated pattern that is reproducible at any magnification or reduction. It is named after the Polish mathematician Wacław Sierpiński, but appeared as a decorative pattern many centuries before the work of Sierpiński. | Le triangle de Sierpiński, aussi appelé par Mandelbrot le joint de culasse de Sierpiński, est une fractale, du nom de Wacław Sierpiński qui l'a décrit en 1915. | [
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Oaxaca City | Oaxaca de Juárez | Shanghai Knights is a 2003 martial arts action comedy film. It is the sequel to "Shanghai Noon". Directed by David Dobkin and written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, it stars Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson. | Oaxaca de Juárez, ou plus simplement Oaxaca, est la capitale de l'État du Mexique du même nom, le chef-lieu de la municipalité du même nom située dans la région "Valles centrales" et le district "Centro". | [
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Flag of Albania | Drapeau de l'Albanie | The flag of Albania () is a red flag with a silhouetted black double-headed eagle in the center. The red stands for bravery, strength and valor, while the double-headed eagle represents the sovereign state of Albania. The flag was established as the national flag of Albania when the country gained its independence from the Ottoman empire in 1912. | Le drapeau de l'Albanie est constitué d'un fond rouge avec un aigle à deux têtes en son centre. Il provient du sceau similaire de Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg, un Albanais du, meneur de la révolte contre l'Empire ottoman qui conduisit à une période d'indépendance. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Albanian lek | Lek (monnaie) | The lek (; plural "lekë") (sign: L; code: ALL) is the official currency of Albania. It was formerly subdivided into 100 "qindarka" (singular "qindarkë"), but qindarka are no longer issued. | Le lek (pluriel "lekë" en albanais, code ALL) est la monnaie utilisée en Albanie depuis 1926. Le lek est subdivisé en 100 "qindarka" (ne sont plus en circulation). | [
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Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors | Trois augustes et cinq empereurs | The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors were two groups of mythological rulers or deities in ancient northern China. The Three Sovereigns lived before The Five Emperors, who have been assigned dates in a period from circa 2852 BC to 2070 BC. Today they may be considered culture heroes. | Les trois augustes et les cinq empereurs (三皇五帝, pinyin : sān huáng wǔ dì) sont les dieux et rois légendaires qui auraient régné en Chine avant la dynastie Xia. | [
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Shang dynasty | Dynastie Shang | The Shang dynasty (), also historically known as the Yin dynasty (), was a Chinese dynasty that ruled in the Lower Yellow River Valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the semi-mythical Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the "Book of Documents", "Bamboo Annals" and "Records of the Grand Historian". According to the traditional chronology based on calculations made approximately 2,000 years ago by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled from 1766 to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the "current text" of "Bamboo Annals", they ruled from 1556 to 1046 BC. The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated them from c. 1600 to 1046 BC based on the carbon 14 dates of the Erligang site. | La dynastie Shang (), également appelée la dynastie Yin (), est selon l'historiographie chinoise la deuxième dynastie royale à avoir dominé la Chine, des environs de 1570 à 1045 av. J.-C. Elle succède à la dynastie Xia (connue par la tradition écrite) et, sur le plan archéologique, à la culture d'Erlitou entre 1800 et 1600 av. J.-C. et à la culture d'Erligang entre 1580 et 1400/1300 av. J.-C. La dynastie Shang précède celle des Zhou qui la supplante au milieu du | [
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Tamaulipas | Tamaulipas | Tamaulipas (), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria. | L'État de Tamaulipas est un État situé au nord du Mexique, à la frontière avec les États-Unis. Il est entouré par l'État de Nuevo León à l'ouest, le golfe du Mexique à l'est, San Luis Potosí et Veracruz au sud. Sa capitale est Ciudad Victoria. | [
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Bézier curve | Courbe de Bézier | A Bézier curve ( ) is a parametric curve used in computer graphics and related fields. The curve, which is related to the Bernstein polynomial, is named after Pierre Bézier, who used it in the 1960s for designing curves for the bodywork of Renault cars. Other uses include the design of computer fonts and animation. Bézier curves can be combined to form a Bézier spline, or generalized to higher dimensions to form Bézier surfaces. The Bézier triangle is a special case of the latter. | Les courbes de Bézier sont des courbes polynomiales paramétriques décrites pour la première fois en 1962 par Pierre Bézier (ingénieur Arts et Métiers et Supélec à la régie Renault dans les années 1950) qui les utilisait pour concevoir des pièces d'automobiles. Elles ont de nombreuses applications dans la synthèse d'images et le rendu de polices de caractères. Elles ont donné naissance à de nombreux autres objets mathématiques. | [
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Atari | Atari | Atari () is a brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972, currently by Atari Interactive, a subsidiary of the French publisher Atari, SA. The original Atari, Inc., founded in Sunnyvale, California in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was a pioneer in arcade games, home video game consoles, and home computers. The company's products, such as "Pong" and the Atari 2600, helped define the electronic entertainment industry from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. | Atari est une entreprise française de jeu vidéo, dont le siège est situé à Paris, en France. Atari est à l'origine une entreprise américaine fondée en 1972 par Nolan Bushnell et Ted Dabney, considérée comme pionnière et fondatrice de l'industrie du jeu vidéo, devenue française en 2003 par son rachat par Infogrames. Elle est spécialisée dans le développement des jeux vidéo et fabrique des bornes d'arcade, des consoles de jeux et des ordinateurs personnels. | [
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Flag of Colombia | Drapeau de la Colombie | The national flag of Colombia symbolizes Colombian independence from Spain, gained on July 20, 1810. It is a horizontal tricolor of yellow, blue and red. The yellow stripe takes up a half of the flag and the blue and red take up a quarter of the space each. | Le drapeau national de la République de Colombie, officiellement adopté en 1861, est un drapeau tricolore composé de trois bandes horizontales, de haut en bas jaune, bleu et rouge, qui sont devenues les couleurs nationales du pays. La bande jaune étant deux fois plus large que chacune des deux autres, elle fait donc la moitié de la hauteur du drapeau. Tout comme les armoiries de la Colombie et l'hymne national, il a le statut de symbole national. | [
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Sima Qian | Sima Qian | Sima Qian (; ; c. 145 – c. 86 BC) was a Chinese historian of the early Han dynasty (206AD220). He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his "Records of the Grand Historian", a general history of China in the "Jizhuanti" style (紀傳體) covering more than two thousand years beginning from the rise of the legendary Yellow Emperor and the formation of the first Chinese polity to the reigning sovereign of Sima Qian's time, Emperor Wu of Han. As the first universal history of the world as it was known to the ancient Chinese, the "Records of the Grand Historian" served as a model for official history-writing for subsequent Chinese dynasties and the Chinese cultural sphere (Korea, Vietnam, Japan) up until the 20th century. | Sima Qian (chinois traditionnel :, simplifié :, pinyin : "Sīmǎ Qiān", EFEO "Sseu-ma Ts’ien", transcription de Chavannes Se Ma T'sien) (145 av. J.-C.-86 av. J.-C.) est un historien chinois, le premier à avoir tenté de décrire l'histoire de la Chine depuis sa création. Tous les historiens impériaux chinois se sont par la suite inspirés de son œuvre, le "Shiji" (史記 / 史记, "Shǐjì"). | [
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Confucius | Confucius | Confucius ( ; 551 BC–479 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period. The philosophy of Confucius, also known as Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, kindness, and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction in the new government and were further developed into a system known in the West as Neo-Confucianism, and later New Confucianism (Modern Neo-Confucianism). | Confucius ( ; ), né le à Zou (陬) et mort le à Qufu (曲阜) dans l’actuelle province du Shandong, est un philosophe chinois. Son patronyme est Kong, son prénom Qiu, et son prénom social Zhongni. Il est le personnage historique qui a le plus marqué la civilisation chinoise, et est considéré comme le premier « éducateur » de la Chine. | [
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The Internationale | L'Internationale | "The Internationale" () is a left-wing anthem. It has been a standard of the socialist movement since the late nineteenth century, when the Second International adopted it as its official anthem. The title arises from the "First International", an alliance of workers which held a congress in 1864. The author of the anthem's lyrics, Eugène Pottier, an anarchist, attended this congress. | L'Internationale est un chant révolutionnaire dont les paroles furent écrites par Eugène Pottier en 1871 lors de la répression de la Commune de Paris, sous forme d'un poème à la gloire de l'Internationale ouvrière, et dont la musique fut composée par Pierre Degeyter à Lille en 1888. | [
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Latino sine flexione | Latino sine flexione | Latino sine flexione ("Latin without inflections"), Interlingua de Academia pro Interlingua (IL de ApI) or Peano's Interlingua (abbreviated as IL), is an international auxiliary language compiled by the Academia pro Interlingua under chairmanship of the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) in 1887-1914. It is a simplified version of Latin, and retains its vocabulary. Interlingua-IL was published in the journal "Revue de Mathématiques" in an article of 1903 entitled "De Latino Sine Flexione, Lingua Auxiliare Internationale" (meaning "Latin Without Inflection, International Auxiliary Language"), which explained the reason for its creation. The article argued that other auxiliary languages were unnecessary, since Latin was already established as the world's international language. The article was written in classical Latin, but it gradually dropped its inflections until there were none. | Le (), aussi appelé de Peano ou de l'API (), et abrégé en LsF ou IL, est une langue auxiliaire internationale inventée en 1903 par le mathématicien italien Giuseppe Peano. | [
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Tayt | Taït | Tayt (also Tait, Tayet, and Taytet) was an Egyptian goddess. Some attest her husband was Neper while others state she was possibly the consort of Hedjhotep. | Dans la mythologie égyptienne, Tayet est la déesse des tisserands et des fabricants d'étoffe ; elle participe aux rites funéraires en apportant les bandelettes nécessaires aux embaumements et habille le roi dont elle est la mère. Elle donne aussi au prêtre un vêtement de lin blanc, nommé tunique osirienne, symbole d'énergie, de pureté et de protection. | [
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Kassaman | Kassaman | "Kassaman" or "Qassaman" (, "we pledge";, "the oath" or "we swear") is the national anthem of Algeria. Moufdi Zakaria authored the lyrics, while the music was composed by Egyptian composer Mohamed Fawzi. The song was adopted as the national anthem in 1962, when the country gained independence from France. | Le Kassaman ou Qasaman (, « nous jurons » ;, « le serment ») est l'hymne national de l'Algérie. Ses paroles ont été écrites par le poète nationaliste Moufdi Zakaria. | [
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Data compression | Compression de données | In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information. Typically, a device that performs data compression is referred to as an encoder, and one that performs the reversal of the process (decompression) as a decoder. | La compression de données ou codage de source est l'opération informatique consistant à transformer une suite de bits A en une suite de bits B plus courte pouvant restituer les mêmes informations, ou des informations voisines, en utilisant un algorithme de "décompression". C'est une opération de codage qui raccourcit la taille (de transmission, de stockage) des données au prix d'un travail de compression. Celle-ci est l'opération inverse de la décompression. | [
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Valentina Tereshkova | Valentina Terechkova | Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (; born 6 March 1937) is a member of the Russian State Duma, engineer, and former cosmonaut. She is the first and youngest woman to have flown in space with a solo mission on the Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. She orbited the Earth 48 times, spent almost three days in space, and remains the only woman to have been on a solo space mission. | Valentina Vladimirovna Terechkova (en,, née le à Maslennikovo, raion de Toutaïev dans l'oblast de Iaroslavl) est la première femme à effectuer un vol dans l'espace. C'est une pionnière de la conquête spatiale. Elle reste encore aujourd'hui, la seule femme à avoir effectué un vol solitaire en orbite. Seule à bord de son vaisseau spatial Vostok 6 qui décolle le du cosmodrome de Baïkonour, elle passe près de trois jours en orbite basse dans le cadre d'un vol conjoint avec Valeri Bykovski lancé de son côté à bord du vaisseau Vostok 5 deux jours auparavant. | [
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Time zone | Fuseau horaire | A time zone is a region of the globe that observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time. | Un fuseau horaire est une zone de la surface terrestre qui observe une heure uniforme en tout lieu. Pour des raisons pratiques, ces fuseaux ont tendance à suivre les frontières des pays ou de leurs subdivisions. Généralement, ils diffèrent du temps universel coordonné d'un nombre d'heures entiers, mais quelques-uns sont décalés de 30 ou 45 minutes. Aux latitudes élevées, certains pays font en plus usage d'une heure d'été pendant une partie de l'année, modifiant ainsi leur fuseau horaire. | [
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Aerospace | Aérospatiale (discipline scientifique) | Aerospace is the human effort in science, engineering, and business to fly in the atmosphere of Earth (aeronautics) and surrounding space (astronautics). Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, or maintain aircraft or spacecraft. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications. | L'aérospatiale (nom commun féminin singulier) est une discipline scientifique qui rassemble les techniques de l'aéronautique (déplacement dans l'atmosphère, utilisant des avions ou des hélicoptères par exemple) et spatiales (déplacements spatiaux, c'est-à-dire trajets hors atmosphère et interplanétaires, en utilisant des navettes spatiales ainsi que des fusées). | [
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Wednesday | Mercredi | Wednesday is the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday. According to international standard ISO 8601 it is the third day of the week. In countries that have Friday as their holiday and in some Muslim countries, Wednesday would be the fifth day of the week. In countries that use the "Sunday-first" convention and in the Jewish Hebrew calendar Wednesday is defined as the fourth day of the week. The name is derived from Old English "Wōdnesdæg" and Middle English "Wednesdei", "day of Woden", reflecting the religion practiced by the Anglo-Saxons, a variation of the Norse god Odin. In some other languages, such as the French "mercredi" or Italian "mercoledì", the day's name is a calque of "dies Mercurii" "day of Mercury". | Le mercredi est habituellement considéré comme le troisième jour de la semaine, notamment dans le calendrier grégorien ; dans certains autres calendriers, c'est le quatrième jour. Le mercredi est le jour de la semaine qui succède au mardi et qui précède le jeudi. | [
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Monday | Lundi | Monday is the day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday. According to the international standard ISO 8601 it is the first day of the week. In countries that adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the second day of the week. The name of Monday is derived from Old English "Mōnandæg" and Middle English "Monenday", originally a translation of Latin "dies lunae" "day of the Moon". | Le lundi est le jour de la semaine qui succède au dimanche et qui précède le mardi. Traditionnellement le deuxième jour de la semaine, il est considéré de façon récente comme le premier jour de la semaine dans un grand nombre de pays. | [
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Saturday | Samedi | Saturday is the day of the week between Friday and Sunday. The Romans named Saturday "Sāturni diēs" ("Saturn's Day") no later than the 2nd century for the planet Saturn, which controlled the first hour of that day, according to Vettius Valens. The day's name was introduced into West Germanic languages and is recorded in the Low German languages such as Middle Low German "sater(s)dach", Middle Dutch "saterdag" (Modern Dutch "zaterdag") and Old English "Sætern(es)dæġ" and "Sæterdæġ". The day was also referred to as ""Sæternes dæġe"" in an Old English translation of Bede's "Ecclesiastical History of the English People". In Old English, Saturday was also known as "sunnanæfen" ("sun" + "eve" cf. dialectal German "Sonnabend"). | Le samedi est le sixième jour des semaines légales et le septième et dernier jour selon la religion chrétienne. Le mot "samedi" est issu du bas latin "sambati dies", variante d'origine grecque du latin "sabbati dies", influencé par l'ancien français "seme" « septième » (< latin "septima") signifiant « jour du shabbat ». Il a remplacé le "Saturnies dies" des Romains, signifiant « Jour de Saturne » cf. anglais "Saturday". Les autres jours de la semaine sont dimanche, lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi et vendredi. La norme ISO code le samedi par le chiffre 6 (). | [
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Tuesday | Mardi | Tuesday is the day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. According to international standard ISO 8601, Monday is the first day of the week; thus, Tuesday is the second day of the week. According to some commonly used calendars, however, especially in the United States, Sunday is the first day of the week, so Tuesday is the third day of the week. The English name is derived from Old English "Tiwesdæg" and Middle English "Tewesday," meaning "Tīw's Day", the day of Tiw or Týr, the god of single combat, and law and justice in Norse mythology. Tiw was equated with Mars in the interpretatio germanica, and the name of the day is a translation of Latin "dies Martis". | Le mardi est le jour de la semaine qui succède au lundi et qui précède le mercredi. Traditionnellement le troisième jour de la semaine, il est cependant considéré de façon récente comme le deuxième jour de la semaine dans certains pays. | [
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Friday | Vendredi | Friday is the day of the week between Thursday and Saturday. In countries adopting the "Monday-first" convention it is the fifth day of the week. In countries that adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the sixth and penultimate day of the week. | Le vendredi est le cinquième jour de la semaine si l'on considère que la semaine commence le lundi et le sixième si l'on considère que la semaine commence le dimanche. Le mot "vendredi" est issu du latin "Veneris dies", signifiant « jour de Vénus », le nom de Vénus au génitif en latin étant "Veneris". Les autres jours de la semaine sont lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi, samedi, et dimanche. La norme ISO 8601 code donc le vendredi par le chiffre 5. | [
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Oliver Heaviside | Oliver Heaviside | Oliver Heaviside FRS (; 18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was an English self-taught electrical engineer, mathematician, and physicist who adapted complex numbers to the study of electrical circuits, invented mathematical techniques for the solution of differential equations (equivalent to Laplace transforms), reformulated Maxwell's field equations in terms of electric and magnetic forces and energy flux, and independently co-formulated vector analysis. Although at odds with the scientific establishment for most of his life, Heaviside changed the face of telecommunications, mathematics, and science. | Oliver Heaviside ( - ) est un physicien britannique autodidacte. Il a formulé à nouveau et simplifié les équations de Maxwell sous leur forme actuelle utilisée en calcul vectoriel. | [
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Marcha Real | Marcha Real | The "Marcha Real" (; "Royal March") is the national anthem of Spain. It is one of only four national anthems in the world (along with those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and San Marino) that has no official lyrics (although it had lyrics in the past, they are no longer used). | La ( « Marche royale ») est l'hymne national et royal de l'Espagne. C'est l'un des plus vieux hymnes nationaux officiels encore utilisés au monde (avec l'hymne japonais). Il n'a pas de paroles officielles, en dépit de plusieurs tentatives de lui en fournir. | [
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Sensor | Capteur | In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor is always used with other electronics. | Un capteur est un dispositif transformant l'état d'une grandeur physique observée en une grandeur utilisable, telle qu'une tension électrique, une hauteur de mercure, une intensité ou la déviation d'une aiguille. On fait souvent (à tort) la confusion entre "capteur" et transducteur : le "capteur" est "au minimum" constitué d'un transducteur. | [
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Sunday | Dimanche | Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. Sunday is a day of rest in most Western countries, and a part of the weekend. In some Eastern countries such as Israel Sunday is part of the weekdays. | Le dimanche est, en France, le septième et dernier jour de la semaine civile.. La norme internationale ISO 8601 considère que le dimanche clôt la semaine et le code avec le chiffre 7. Pour les religions bibliques, le dimanche est le premier jour de la semaine juive et chrétienne. Pour les chrétiens, le dimanche est le jour de la résurrection du Christ ainsi que celui de la Pentecôte. Selon toute vraisemblance, les premiers chrétiens se réunissaient déjà le dimanche pour célébrer le culte et partager la cène. | [
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Thursday | Jeudi | Thursday is the day of the week between Wednesday and Friday. According to the ISO 8601 international standard, it is the fourth day of the week. In countries that adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the fifth day of the week. | Le jeudi est le quatrième jour de la semaine civile dans plusieurs pays. Il est le cinquième de la semaine chrétienne, de la semaine juive et de la semaine musulmane. Il succède à mercredi et précède vendredi. | [
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National anthem of Russia | Hymne national de la Russie | The "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" () is the name of the official national anthem of Russia. It uses the same melody as the "State Anthem of the Soviet Union", composed by Alexander Alexandrov, and new lyrics by Sergey Mikhalkov, who had collaborated with Gabriel El-Registan on the original anthem. From 1944, that earliest version replaced "С Инторнацоналом", as a new, more Soviet-centric, and Russia-centric Soviet anthem. The same melody, but without lyrics mentioning the denounced Stalin by name, was used after 1956. A second version of the lyrics was written by Mikhalkov in 1970 and adopted in 1977, placing less emphasis on World War II and more on the victory of communism. | L’Hymne national de la fédération de Russie ou "Hymne russe" (en, "Gossoudarstvennyï gimn Rossiïskoï Federatsii") est l'actuel hymne national de la Russie. | [
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Xhosa language | Xhosa (langue) | Xhosa (), also isiXhosa, is a Nguni Bantu language with click consonants and is one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe. Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8.2 million people and by another 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape, Gauteng and Northern Cape. It is also notable for having perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consonants in a Bantu language (approximately tied with Yeyi), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained a click. | Le xhosa est une langue tonale d'Afrique australe. Cette langue compte, pour la seule Afrique du Sud, un peu plus de huit millions de locuteurs, soit environ 18 % de la population, ce qui en fait la deuxième du pays après le zoulou. Elle est la langue du peuple xhosa. | [
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History of Colombia | Histoire de la Colombie | The history of Colombia includes the settlements and society by indigenous peoples, most notably, the Muisca Confederation, Quimbaya Civilization, and Tairona Chiefdoms; the Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of annexation and colonization, most noteworthy being Spanish conquest of the Muisca; ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, with its capital at Bogotá. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the "Gran Colombia" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s, but then decreased from 2005 onward. The legacy of Colombia's history has resulted in one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world giving rise to a rich cultural heritage; while varied geography, and the imposing landscape of the country has resulted in the development of very strong regional identities. | L’histoire de la Colombie commence il y a plus de. Différentes civilisations amérindiennes se développent dès cette époque, dont la plus influente est celle du peuple Chibcha. Celui-ci domine le centre du pays lorsque Christophe Colomb « découvre » l'Amérique en 1492. | [
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List of Spanish monarchs | Liste des rois et reines d'Espagne | This is a list of Spanish monarchs, that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word. The forerunners of the monarchs of the Spanish throne were the following: | Cet article donne la liste des rois et reines d'Espagne, anciennement des rois des Espagnes, à partir de l'union dynastique des couronnes de Castille et d'Aragon en 1479. Pendant trois quarts de siècle, néanmoins, chaque royaume conserva encore son propre souverain. Il faut par ailleurs attendre le pour que cette union dynastique aboutisse sur la fusion des deux couronnes en un royaume unique et unifié, dirigé par le roi d'Espagne. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Secure Electronic Transaction | Secure Electronic Transaction | Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is a communications protocol standard for securing credit card transactions over networks, specifically, the Internet. SET was not itself a payment system, but rather a set of security protocols and formats that enabled users to employ the existing credit card payment infrastructure on an open network in a secure fashion. However, it failed to gain attraction in the market. Visa now promotes the 3-D Secure scheme. | Le SET (Secure Electronic Transaction) est un protocole destiné spécialement à sécuriser les transactions Internet de paiement par carte bancaire. Il a été développé à l'origine par Visa International et MasterCard, en 1996, avec l'aide des grandes compagnies informatiques de la planète. | [
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Flag of Russia | Drapeau de la Russie | The flag of Russia () is a tricolour flag consisting of three equal horizontal fields: white on the top, blue in the middle, and red on the bottom. The flag was first used as an ensign for Russian merchant ships and became official as the flag of the Tsardom of Russia in 1696. It remained in use until 1858, when the first official flag of the Russian Empire was decreed by Alexander II, which was a tricolor consisting of three horizontal fields: black on the top, yellow in the middle, and white on the bottom. A decree in 1896 made the original white, blue, and red tricolor the official flag of the Russian Empire until its eventual capitulation in 1917. Following the creation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic after the Bolshevik Revolution, the Russian tricolor was abolished, and its usage was preserved by the White Movement and the Russian state during the Russian Civil War. | Le drapeau de la Russie (en russe : Флаг России) est le drapeau national et le pavillon marchand de la Fédération de Russie. Le drapeau actuel russe remonte au règne du tsar Pierre le Grand (1682 – 1725). | [
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Zulu language | Zoulou | Zulu, or isiZulu, is a Southern Bantu language of the Nguni branch spoken in Southern Africa. It is the language of the Zulu people, with about 12 million native speakers, who primarily inhabit the province of KwaZulu-Natal of South Africa. Zulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population. It became one of South Africa's 11 official languages in 1994. | Le zoulou ("" en zoulou) est une langue appartenant au groupe nguni (qui comprend également le xhosa et le ndébélé) des langues bantoues. C'est l'une des langues comptant le plus de locuteurs en Afrique australe. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Click consonant | Clic (phonétique) | Click consonants, or clicks, are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in three languages of East Africa. Examples familiar to English-speakers are the "Tut-tut" (British spelling) or "Tsk! Tsk!" (American spelling) used to express disapproval or pity, the "tchick!" used to spur on a horse, and the "clip-clop!" sound children make with their tongue to imitate a horse trotting. | En phonétique, un clic est un son produit avec la langue ou les lèvres sans l'aide des poumons (il appartient aux consonnes non pulmonaires, au même titre que les consonnes glottalisées, injectives et éjectives). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Bantu languages | Langues bantoues | The Bantu languages (English:, Proto-Bantu: *bantʊ̀) are a large family of languages spoken by the Bantu peoples throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. | La famille des langues bantoues est un ensemble de langues africaines qui regroupe environ 400 langues parlées dans une vingtaine de pays de la moitié sud de l'Afrique. Elles forment un sous-ensemble de la grande famille des langues nigéro-congolaises. Le nombre total de locuteurs de ces langues est évalué à 310 millions. | [
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Internet Explorer | Internet Explorer | Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in-service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. The browser is discontinued, but still maintained. | , parfois abrégé IE, MIE ou MSIE, est le navigateur web développé par la société américaine Microsoft et installé par défaut avec Windows. Entre la fin des années 1990, quand il détrône Netscape Navigator, jusque vers 2012, c'est le navigateur web le plus utilisé au monde. En 2014, il est deuxième en Europe et troisième en France. Ses principaux concurrents sont Mozilla Firefox (depuis 2004), Google Chrome (depuis 2008) et Safari. | [
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory | Jet Propulsion Laboratory | The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center in the city of La Cañada Flintridge with a Pasadena mailing address, within the state of California, United States. | Le (littéralement « Laboratoire de recherche sur la propulsion par réaction »), plus connu sous son acronyme JPL, basé à Pasadena (Californie) aux États-Unis, est un centre de recherche spatiale de la NASA géré par le California Institute of Technology créé en 1936. Il dispose d'une expertise sans équivalent dans le domaine des missions spatiales robotiques. Au sein de l'agence spatiale américaine le JPL développe les missions d'exploration du système solaire en particulier à destination de Mars (mission Mars Exploration Rover, Mars Science Laboratory, InSight, Mars 2020...) et des planètes externes (Cassini, Europa Clipper,...) ainsi que des missions scientifiques d'observation de la Terre et d'astronomie spatiale. Le JPL gère également le réseau de stations terriennes Deep Space Network qui permet à l'agence spatiale de communiquer avec ses sondes spatiales interplanétaires. Le JPL emploie en 2017 environ. Sur le plan statutaire il s'agit d'un centre de recherche financé par l'état fédéral mais géré par un organisme privé ("Federally funded research and development center"). | [
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Great Law of Peace | Constitution de la nation iroquoise | Among the Haudenosaunee (the "Six Nations," comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora peoples) the Great Law of Peace is the oral constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy. The law was written on wampum belts, conceived by Dekanawidah, known as the Great Peacemaker, and his spokesman Hiawatha. The original five member nations ratified this constitution near modern-day Victor, New York, with the sixth nation (the Tuscarora) being added in 1722. | La constitution de la nation iroquoise, ou (mot qui signifie « grande loi qui lie » ou « grande loi de l'Unité » ou « grande loi de paix ») est l'ancien code juridique des Iroquois rédigé en 1720 en anglais sous forme de 117 paragraphes qui comprennent une constitution et quelques rares dispositions de coutume. Son fonctionnement avait été décrit en détail dès 1702 par le Français Louis Armand Delom d'Arce. | [
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Transport Layer Security | Transport Layer Security | Transport Layer Security (TLS), and its now-deprecated predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols designed to provide communications security over a computer network. Several versions of the protocols find widespread use in applications such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, and voice over IP (VoIP). Websites can use TLS to secure all communications between their servers and web browsers. | La "(TLS)" ou « Sécurité de la couche de transport », et auparavant son prédécesseur la "(SSL)" ou « Couche de "sockets" sécurisée », sont des protocoles de sécurisation des échanges sur un réseau informatique, en général, mais en particulier, sur Internet. Le protocole "SSL" a été développé à l'origine par l'entreprise Netscape pour son navigateur. L'organisme de normalisation "IETF" en a poursuivi le développement en le rebaptisant "" "(TLS)". On parle parfois de "SSL/TLS" pour désigner indifféremment "SSL" ou "TLS". | [
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Flag of Brazil | Drapeau du Brésil | The flag of Brazil (), known in Portuguese as Verde e amarela ("The Green and Yellow"), or less usually Auriverde ("The Gold-Green"), is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto ""Ordem e Progresso"" ("Order and Progress"), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. Brazil officially adopted this design for its national flag on November 19, 1889 — four days after the Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares. | Le drapeau du Brésil est le drapeau national et le pavillon national de la République fédérative du Brésil. Il a été institué le, à l'occasion de la proclamation de la république en 1889. Un précédent drapeau national vert et or, qui ne comportait pas le globe étoilé, avait été créé par le peintre français Jean-Baptiste Debret à l'occasion de la déclaration d'indépendance du Brésil pour l'empereur, le 1822. | [
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Lord Protector | Lord-protecteur | Lord Protector (plural: "Lords Protectors") is a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. It is also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It is sometimes used to refer to holders of other temporary posts, for example, a regent acting for the absent monarch. | En Angleterre, lord-protecteur ("Lord Protector" en anglais) est un titre qui désignait le « chef du gouvernement ». De fait, le titre a connu deux significations différentes à deux moments différents. | [
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Jacques de Vaucanson | Jacques Vaucanson | Jacques de Vaucanson (February 24, 1709 – November 21, 1782) was a French inventor and artist who was responsible for the creation of impressive and innovative automata. He also was the first person to design an automatic loom and built the first all-metal lathe. | Jacques Vaucanson, ou Jacques de Vaucanson, né le à Grenoble et mort le à Paris, est un inventeur et mécanicien français. Il invente plusieurs automates dont le canard de Vaucanson. | [
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Julia set | Ensemble de Julia | In the context of complex dynamics, a topic of mathematics, the Julia set and the Fatou set are two complementary sets (Julia "laces" and Fatou "dusts") defined from a function. Informally, the Fatou set of the function consists of values with the property that all nearby values behave similarly under repeated iteration of the function, and the Julia set consists of values such that an arbitrarily small perturbation can cause drastic changes in the sequence of iterated function values. Thus the behavior of the function on the Fatou set is "regular", while on the Julia set its behavior is "chaotic". | En dynamique holomorphe, l'ensemble de Julia et l'ensemble de Fatou sont deux ensembles complémentaires l'un de l'autre, définis à partir du comportement d'une fonction (ou d'une application) holomorphe par composition itérée avec elle-même. | [
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Leo Perutz | Leo Perutz | Leopold Perutz (2 November 1882, Prague – 25 August 1957, Bad Ischl) was an Austrian novelist and mathematician. He was born in Prague (now capital of the Czech Republic) and was thus a citizen of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He lived in Vienna until the Nazi "Anschluss" in 1938, when he emigrated to Palestine. | Leo Perutz, né le à Prague, en Autriche-Hongrie, et mort le à Bad Ischl, est un écrivain autrichien de langue allemande du. | [
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Mandelbrot set | Ensemble de Mandelbrot | The Mandelbrot set is the set of complex numbers formula_1 for which the function formula_2 does not diverge when iterated from formula_3, i.e., for which the sequence formula_4, formula_5, etc., remains bounded in absolute value. Its definition is credited to Adrien Douady who named it in tribute to the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot. The set is connected to a Julia set, and related Julia sets produce similarly complex fractal shapes. | En mathématiques, l'ensemble de Mandelbrot est une fractale définie comme l'ensemble des points "c" du plan complexe pour lesquels la suite de nombres complexes définie par récurrence par : est bornée. | [
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Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | Indiana Jones et le Temple maudit | Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second installment in the "Indiana Jones" franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film "Raiders of the Lost Ark", featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character. After arriving in India, Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic and ritualistic human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali. | Indiana Jones et le Temple maudit ("Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom") est un film d'aventures américain réalisé par Steven Spielberg et sorti en 1984. | [
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Klein four-group | Groupe de Klein | In mathematics, the Klein four-group is a group with four elements, in which each element is self-inverse (composing it with itself produces the identity) and in which composing any two of the three non-identity elements produces the third one. It can be described as the symmetry group of a non-square rectangle (with the three non-identity elements being horizontal and vertical reflection and 180-degree rotation), as the group of bitwise exclusive or operations on two-bit binary values, or more abstractly as, the direct product of two copies of the cyclic group of order 2. It was named Vierergruppe (meaning four-group) by Felix Klein in 1884. It is also called the Klein group, and is often symbolized by the letter V or as K. | En mathématiques, le groupe de Klein (ou Vierergruppe), du nom de Felix Klein, est le plus petit groupe non trivial qui ne soit pas cyclique. | [
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Flag of Israel | Drapeau d'Israël | The flag of Israel ( '; ') was adopted on 28 October 1948, five months after the establishment of the State of Israel. It depicts a blue Star of David on a white background, between two horizontal blue stripes. The Israeli flag legislation states that the official measurements are 160 × 220 cm. Therefore, the official proportions are 8:11. Variants can be found at a wide range of proportions, with 2:3 being common. | Le drapeau d'Israël flottant a été adopté par le mouvement sioniste au et repris lors de la création de l'État en 1948. Il comporte en son centre l'étoile de David, ou « Maguen David » (de l'hébreu, littéralement « Bouclier de David »). | [
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Henry VIII of England | Henri VIII | Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII on the question of such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy," as he invested heavily in the navy, increasing its size from a few to more than 50 ships, and established the Navy Board. | Henri VIII (né "Henry", – ) fut roi d'Angleterre et d'Irlande de 1509 à sa mort. La controverse juridique et théologique relative à la validité de son premier mariage avec Catherine d'Aragon et à sa reconnaissance de nullité fut l'une des principales causes du schisme en 1534 de l'Église d'Angleterre avec Rome et de la Réforme anglaise. Henri VIII supervisa cette séparation avec notamment la dissolution des monastères et fut pour cela excommunié ; il resta néanmoins un défenseur des fondamentaux de la théologie catholique. Henri VIII se maria à six reprises et fit exécuter deux de ses épouses, Anne Boleyn et Catherine Howard. | [
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Cupid | Cupidon | In classical mythology, Cupid (Latin Cupīdō, meaning "passionate desire") is the god of desire, erotic love, attraction and affection. He is often portrayed as the son of the love goddess Venus and the god of war Mars. He is also known in Latin as "" ("Love"). His Greek counterpart is Eros. Although Eros is generally portrayed as a slender winged youth in Classical Greek art, during the Hellenistic period, he was increasingly portrayed as a chubby boy. During this time, his iconography acquired the bow and arrow that represent his source of power: a person, or even a deity, who is shot by Cupid's arrow is filled with uncontrollable desire. In myths, Cupid is a minor character who serves mostly to set the plot in motion. He is a main character only in the tale of Cupid and Psyche, when wounded by his own weapons, he experiences the ordeal of love. Although other extended stories are not told about him, his tradition is rich in poetic themes and visual scenarios, such as "Love conquers all" and the retaliatory punishment or torture of Cupid. His powers are similar, though not identical, to Kamadeva the Hindu god of human love. | Dans la mythologie romaine, Cupidon (en latin : "Cupido, inis, f" qui signifie ; en anglais contemporain : "Cupid" ; en allemand contemporain : "Cupido"), fils de Vénus et de Mars, est le dieu de l'amour. C’est le serviteur très dévoué de sa mère comme on peut le constater dans le mythe de Psyché. Cupidon est assimilé au dieu Éros qui semble être sa représentation grecque. Mais dans la tradition romaine, il n’appartient pas à une divinité primordiale contrairement à Éros. Cupidon est souvent représenté sous la forme d’un ange. Ses attributs sont un arc, un carquois, une fleur et des ailes. Avec une fleur, ou le plus souvent, un arc, il envoie des flèches censées représenter les pointes du désir dans le cœur des dieux et des hommes. Selon la mythologie, quiconque est touché par les flèches de Cupidon tombe amoureux de la première personne qu'elle voit à ce moment-là. | [
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Political parties in Belgium | Partis politiques belges | Belgium is a federal state with a multi-party political system, with numerous parties who factually have no chance of gaining power alone, and therefore must work with each other to form coalition governments. | Parfois décrite comme une particratie, la vie politique belge s'organise autour de partis politiques de taille et d'influence diverses. La société belge des était pilarisée en trois grandes familles politiques qui ont dominé l'histoire politique belge : catholique, libérale et socialiste. Si la pilarisation de la société belge s'est aujourd'hui atténuée, ces partis "traditionnels" gardent encore aujourd'hui une influence majeure dans la vie politique du pays. Il existe également d'autres familles politiques en Belgique qui n'ont pas pour autant formé de pilier : c'est notamment le cas, depuis les années 1980, de la famille écologiste. L'importance des partis politiques dans la vie politique belge donne à leurs présidents un pouvoir considérable, notamment dans le cadre des négociations visant à former un gouvernement. | [
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James Madison | James Madison | James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, expansionist, philosopher and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the United States Bill of Rights. He co-wrote "The Federalist Papers", co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party, and served as the fifth United States secretary of State from 1801 to 1809. | James Madison, Jr., né le dans le comté de King George (colonie de Virginie) et mort le à Orange (Virginie), est un homme d'État américain, quatrième président des États-Unis, en fonction de 1809 à 1817. | [
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Prime Minister of Israel | Premier ministre d'Israël | The prime minister of Israel (, "Rosh HaMemshala", "lit." Head of the Government, Hebrew acronym: ;, "Ra'īs al-Ḥukūma") is the head of government and chief executive of Israel. | Depuis sa création, l'État d'Israël a adopté un système parlementaire, avec un chef du gouvernement appelé "Premier ministre", sur le modèle britannique, et un président comme chef de l'État, aux pouvoirs réduits à des fonctions protocolaires. | [
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Overtone singing | Chant diphonique | Overtone singing – also known as overtone chanting, harmonic singing, or throat singing – is a type of singing in which the singer manipulates the resonances created in the vocal tract, in order to produce a melody. | Le chant diphonique est une technique vocale permettant à une personne de produire un timbre vocal caractérisé par deux notes de fréquences différentes. Il s'agit donc de faire du chant polyphonique (à plusieurs voix) au moyen d'un seul organe vocal combinant d'une part divers types de voix (de poitrine, de tête...) et d'autre part divers positionnements de la langue ou des lèvres. La seconde voix, ou harmonique, est dans un rapport exact de fréquences avec celle de la voix de base, "H", bourdon ou encore fondamental. Elle peut être égale à deux fois la fréquence du bourdon ("H"), trois fois ("H"), quatre ("H"), etc. | [
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Panarchy | Panarchisme | Panarchy (from pan- and -archy), coined by Paul Émile de Puydt in 1860, is a form of governance that would encompass all others. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the noun as "chiefly poetic" with the meaning "a universal realm," citing an 1848 attestation by Philip James Bailey, "the starry panarchy of space". The adjective "panarchic" "all-ruling" has earlier attestations. In the twentieth century the term was re-coined separately by scholars in international relations to describe the notion of global governance and then by systems theorists to describe non-hierarchical organizing theories. | Le panarchisme est une conception prônant la coexistence de tous les systèmes politiques, où chacun s'affilie au gouvernement de son choix (ou ne s'affilie à aucun gouvernement), et | [
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Odisha | Odisha | Odisha (:, ; ), also formerly Orissa, is an Indian state located on the Eastern India. It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south. Odisha has a coastline of along the Bay of Bengal. It is the 8th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India. | LOdisha, appelé Orissa jusqu'au 4 novembre 2011, est un État côtier de l'est de l'Inde. L'Odisha a été occupé par les Britanniques de 1803 à 1848 : | [
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President of Israel | Président de l'État d'Israël | The President of the State of Israel (, "Nesi Medinat Yisra'el", or, "Nesi HaMedina"; literally, "President of the State") is the head of state of Israel. The position is largely a ceremonial figurehead role, with executive power vested in the Government and the Prime Minister. The current president is Reuven Rivlin, who took office on 24 July 2014. Presidents are elected by the Knesset for a single seven-year term. | Le président de l'État d'Israël (en hébreu : נְשִׂיא הַמְּדִינָה, "Nesi HaMedina", littéralement « président de l'État ») est le titre porté par le chef de l'État d'Israël depuis le, date de la prestation de serment de Chaim Weizmann, élu la veille par la première Knesset. | [
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Langres | Langres | Langres () is a commune in northeastern France. It is a subprefecture of the department of Haute-Marne, in the region of Grand Est. | Langres ( ) est une commune française du département de la Haute-Marne, dont elle est l'une des deux sous-préfectures, en région Grand Est. | [
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The Lady and the Unicorn | La Dame à la licorne | The Lady and the Unicorn () is the modern title given to a series of six tapestries created in the style of "mille-fleurs" (meaning: "thousand flowers") and woven in Flanders from wool and silk, from designs ("cartoons") drawn in Paris around 1500. The set, on display in the Musée de Cluny in Paris, is often considered one of the greatest works of art of the Middle Ages in Europe. | La tenture dite de La Dame à la licorne est une composition de six tapisseries du début du. Chef-d'œuvre des débuts de la Renaissance française, elle est conservée au musée national du Moyen Âge-Thermes et hôtel de Cluny, à Paris. | [
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Coset | Classe suivant un sous-groupe | In mathematics, specifically group theory, a subgroup of a group may be used to decompose the underlying set of into disjoint equal size pieces called cosets. There are two types of cosets, "left cosets" and "right cosets". Cosets (of either type) have the same number of elements (cardinality) as does. Furthermore, itself is a coset, which is both a left coset and a right coset. The number of left cosets of in is equal to the number of right cosets of in. The common value is called the index of in and is usually denoted by. | En théorie des groupes, les classes à gauche d'un groupe "G" suivant un sous-groupe "H" sont les parties de "G" de la forme "gH" avec "g" élément de "G", où "gH" désigne l'ensemble des éléments "gh" quand "h" parcourt "H". Elles constituent les classes d'une relation d'équivalence sur "G", donc forment une partition de "G". On peut les voir aussi comme les orbites de l'action à droite de "H" sur "G", par translations par les symétriques des éléments de "H". | [
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Sonora | Sonora | Sonora (), officially "Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora" (), is one of 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo. Sonora is bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the U.S.–Mexico border primarily with the state of Arizona with a small length with New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California. | Le Sonora ou l’État de Sonora est un État du nord du Mexique, délimité à l'est par l'État de Chihuahua, à l'ouest par l'État de Basse-Californie et par le Golfe de Californie, au nord par la frontière avec les États-Unis (Arizona), et au sud par l ́État de Sinaloa. Les Yaquis, les Mayos et les Seris, qui peuplaient Sonora avant l'arrivée des Espagnols, furent à plusieurs reprises combattus et déportés avant et après l'indépendance du Mexique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Subgroup | Sous-groupe | In group theory, a branch of mathematics, given a group "G" under a binary operation ∗, a subset "H" of "G" is called a subgroup of "G" if "H" also forms a group under the operation ∗. More precisely, "H" is a subgroup of "G" if the restriction of ∗ to is a group operation on "H". This is usually denoted, read as ""H" is a subgroup of "G"". | Un sous-groupe est un objet mathématique décrit par la théorie des groupes. Dans cet article, ("G", ∗) désigne un groupe d'élément neutre "e". | [
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Adansonia digitata | Baobab africain | Adansonia digitata, the African baobab, is the most widespread tree species of the genus "Adansonia", the baobabs, and is native to the African continent. The long-lived pachycauls are typically found in dry, hot savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, where they dominate the landscape, and reveal the presence of a watercourse from afar. Their growth rate is determined by ground water or rainfall, and their maximum age, which is subject to much conjecture, seems to be in the order of 1,500 years. They have traditionally been valued as sources of food, water, health remedies or places of shelter and are steeped in legend and superstition. European explorers of old were inclined to carve their names on baobabs, and many are defaced by modern graffiti. | Le Baobab africain (Adansonia digitata) est la plus connue des huit espèces de baobabs. C'est un arbre africain à caudex du genre "Adansonia" et de la famille des Bombacacées, selon la classification classique, ou des Malvacées, selon la classification phylogénétique. Sacré pour plusieurs cultures, c'est aussi un arbre à palabres qu'il est malvenu ou sacrilège de couper. C’est l’arbre typique de l’Afrique tropicale sèche et l’emblème du Sénégal et de la Guinée. | [
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Indian cuisine | Cuisine indienne | Indian cuisine consists of a variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to the Indian subcontinent. Given the diversity in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables, and fruits. Indian food is also heavily influenced by religion, in particular Hinduism, cultural choices and traditions. The cuisine is also influenced by centuries of Islamic rule, particularly the Mughal rule. Samosas and pilafs are examples. | La cuisine indienne recouvre une grande variété de cuisines régionales d'Inde. Elles sont influencées par les épices, herbes, fruits et légumes que l'on trouve dans chaque région du pays, mais également par la religion et l'histoire. | [
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Atari Lynx | Atari Lynx | The Atari Lynx is a 8/16-bit handheld game console that was released by Atari Corporation in September 1989 in North America, and in Europe and Japan in 1990. | L'Atari Lynx fut la seule console portable d'Atari et la première portable avec un écran LCD couleur. Elle est sortie en 1989, la même année que la Game Boy (originale monochrome) de Nintendo. | [
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Henry Hazlitt | Henry Hazlitt | Henry Stuart Hazlitt (; November 28, 1894 – July 9, 1993) was an American journalist who wrote about business and economics for such publications as "The Wall Street Journal", "The Nation", "The American Mercury", "Newsweek", and "The New York Times". He is widely cited in both libertarian and conservative circles. | Henry Hazlitt ( - ) est un philosophe, essayiste, économiste et journaliste libertarien américain. Journaliste au "Wall Street Journal", à "Newsweek" et au "New York Times", il s'est fait connaître grâce à son livre "L’Économie Politique en une Leçon", un ouvrage de vulgarisation sur les principes de l'économie de marché, basé sur "Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas" de Frédéric Bastiat. Auteur prolifique, il est aussi l'auteur d'une œuvre majeure sur l'éthique, "The Foundations of Morality". | [
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Galois group | Groupe de Galois | In mathematics, more specifically in the area of abstract algebra known as Galois theory, the Galois group of a certain type of field extension is a specific group associated with the field extension. The study of field extensions and their relationship to the polynomials that give rise to them via Galois groups is called Galois theory, so named in honor of Évariste Galois who first discovered them. | En mathématiques, et plus spécifiquement en algèbre dans le cadre de la théorie de Galois, le groupe de Galois d'une extension de corps "L" sur un corps "K" est le groupe des automorphismes de corps de "L" laissant "K" invariant. Le groupe de Galois est souvent noté Gal("L"/"K"). | [
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Évariste Galois | Évariste Galois | Évariste Galois (; ; 25 October 1811 – 31 May 1832) was a French mathematician and political activist. While still in his teens, he was able to determine a necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by radicals, thereby solving a problem standing for 350 years. His work laid the foundations for Galois theory and group theory, two major branches of abstract algebra, and the subfield of Galois connections. He died at age 20 from wounds suffered in a duel. | Évariste Galois est un mathématicien français, né le à Bourg-Égalité (aujourd’hui Bourg-la-Reine) et mort le à Paris. Son nom a été donné à une branche des mathématiques dont il a posé les prémices, la théorie de Galois. Il est un précurseur dans la mise en évidence de la notion de groupe et un des premiers à expliciter la correspondance entre symétries et invariants. Sa « théorie de l'ambiguïté » est toujours féconde au. | [
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Sinaloa | Sinaloa | Sinaloa (), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales. | Le Sinaloa est un État du Mexique situé sur la côte du golfe de Californie (océan Pacifique). Entouré par les États de Sonora, de Chihuahua, de Durango et de Nayarit, il occupe une superficie de. Avec, le Sinaloa est l'État le plus peuplé du nord-ouest du Mexique. | [
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