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Gas chromatography
|
Chromatographie en phase gazeuse
|
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.
|
La chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CPG) est, comme toutes les techniques de chromatographie, une technique qui permet de séparer des molécules d'un mélange éventuellement très complexe de nature très diverses. Elle s'applique principalement aux composés gazeux ou susceptibles d'être vaporisés par chauffage sans décomposition. Elle est de plus en plus utilisée dans les principaux domaines de la chimie, mais aussi en parfumerie ou en œnologie. Le mélange à analyser est vaporisé à l'entrée d'une "colonne", qui renferme une substance active solide ou liquide appelée "phase stationnaire", puis il est transporté à travers celle-ci à l'aide d'un "gaz porteur" (ou "gaz vecteur"). Les différentes molécules du mélange vont se séparer et sortir de la colonne les unes après les autres après un certain laps de temps qui est fonction de l'affinité de la phase stationnaire avec ces molécules.
|
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Food security
|
Sécurité alimentaire
|
Food security is a measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. Affordability is only one factor. There is evidence of food security being a concern many thousands of years ago, with central authorities in ancient China and ancient Egypt being known to release food from storage in times of famine. At the 1974 World Food Conference the term "food security" was defined with an emphasis on supply. They said food security is the "availability at all times of adequate, nourishing, diverse, balanced and moderate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices". Later definitions added demand and access issues to the definition. The final report of the 1996 World Food Summit states that food security "exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life."
|
« La sécurité alimentaire existe lorsque tous les êtres humains ont, à tout moment, la possibilité physique, sociale et économique de se procurer une nourriture suffisante, saine et nutritive leur permettant de satisfaire leurs besoins et préférences alimentaires pour mener une vie saine et active » est la définition formelle du concept de sécurité alimentaire selon le Comité de la Sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Cette définition a été adoptée par un consensus international depuis le Sommet Mondial de l'Alimentation réuni à Rome en 1996.
|
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Edward IV of England
|
Édouard IV
|
Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions between 1455 and 1487. Edward was the eldest son of Richard, Duke of York, a rival claimant to the throne and the leader of the opposition to King Henry VI. When Richard was killed in battle in December 1460, Edward inherited his claim to the throne. In the first few months of 1461 he commanded victorious forces in the battles of Mortimer's Cross and Towton, and became king.
|
Édouard IV, né le et mort le, est roi d'Angleterre de 1461 à 1483. Il prend la succession d'Henri VI le à la suite de la victoire de Towton. Il est le premier roi d'Angleterre issu de la maison d'York. La première partie de son règne s'avère troublée par la guerre des Deux-Roses, mais, une fois la menace de la maison de Lancastre éliminée à la suite de la bataille de Tewkesbury, l'Angleterre connaît la paix jusqu'à sa mort soudaine. Son règne est brièvement interrompu par un retour de Henri VI entre le et le.
|
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Yellow River
|
Fleuve Jaune
|
The Yellow River or Huang He () is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of. Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of Western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province. The Yellow River basin has an east–west extent of about and a north–south extent of about. Its total drainage area is about.
|
Le fleuve Jaune () est le deuxième plus long fleuve de Chine après le Yangzi Jiang. Long de, il prend sa source dans le plateau tibétain et après avoir traversé les provinces de Gansu, Ningxia, Mongolie-Intérieure, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan et Shandong il se jette dans la mer de Bohai, dans la mer Jaune. Le bassin versant du fleuve d'une superficie de est caractérisé par un climat en grande partie semi-aride qui explique le débit modéré du fleuve à son embouchure ().
|
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Taxation in France
|
Imposition en France
|
Taxation in France is determined by the yearly budget vote by the French Parliament, which determines which kinds of taxes can be levied and which rates can be applied.
|
L’imposition en France regroupe l'ensemble des impôts, taxes, redevances, contributions et cotisations sociales auxquels les administrations publiques françaises soumettent les personnes physiques et morales françaises ou vivant en France. Le total des impositions de toutes natures et des cotisations sociales représente 45,8 % du produit intérieur brut (PIB) en 2006. La moitié de ce total correspond au budget de la Sécurité Sociale qui est géré indépendamment du budget de l'Etat. Pour une économie de marché, ce niveau est élevé par rapport aux niveaux des pays développés comparables (à la différence de la Sécurité Sociale, qui n'existe pas, à ce niveau là, dans plusieurs pays de l'OCDE) : l'imposition moyenne des trente pays membres de l'OCDE représente 35,9 % du PIB en 2005 (inférieure en moyenne de de PIB).
|
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Steve Wozniak
|
Steve Wozniak
|
Stephen Gary Wozniak (; born August 11, 1950), also known by his nickname "Woz", is an American electronics engineer, programmer, philanthropist, and technology entrepreneur. In 1976, he co-founded Apple Inc., which later became the world's largest information technology company by revenue and the largest company in the world by market capitalization. Through their work at Apple in the 1970s and 1980s, he and Apple co-founder Steve Jobs are widely recognized as two prominent pioneers of the personal computer revolution.
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Stephen Wozniak, dit Steve Wozniak, né le à San José, aussi appelé Woz, est un informaticien, professeur d'informatique et électronicien américain.
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Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
|
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
|
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (3 January 1756 in Chartres, France – 18 [?] June 1794 in Saint-Magne-de-Castillon (near Saint-Émilion)) was a French writer and politician who served as the second mayor of Paris, from 1791 to 1792.
|
Tapestry (de l'anglais : "tapisserie") est un réseau de recouvrement de type table de hachage distribuée pour les réseaux pair à pair (P2P).
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
François Villon
|
François Villon
|
François Villon (pronounced in modern French; in fifteenth-century French,, c. 1431 – c. 1463) is the best known French poet of the Late Middle Ages. A ne'er-do-well who was involved in criminal behavior and had multiple encounters with law enforcement authorities, Villon wrote about some of these experiences in his poems.
|
François de Montcorbier dit Villon (//), né en 1431 (à Paris?) et mort après 1463, est un poète français de la fin du Moyen Âge.
|
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Tapestry (DHT)
|
Tapestry (DHT)
|
Tapestry is a peer-to-peer overlay network which provides a distributed hash table, routing, and multicasting infrastructure for distributed applications. The Tapestry peer-to-peer system offers efficient, scalable, self-repairing, location-aware routing to nearby resources.
|
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, né à Chartres le, mort dans la commune de Saint-Magne-de-Castillon le, est un avocat et un révolutionnaire français, maire de Paris de 1791 à 1792.
|
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Studio Ghibli
|
Studio Ghibli
|
Six of Studio Ghibli's films are among the 10 highest-grossing anime films made in Japan, with "Spirited Away" (2001) being the second highest, grossing over US$360 million worldwide. Many of their works have won the Animage Anime Grand Prix award, and four have won the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. Five of Studio Ghibli's films have received Academy Award nominations. "Spirited Away" won the Golden Bear in 2002 and the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film in 2003. Totoro, a character from "My Neighbor Totoro", is the studio's mascot.
|
Le est un studio d'animation japonais fondé par Hayao Miyazaki et Isao Takahata en 1985. Il produit des longs-métrages et courts-métrages d'animation, ainsi que, dans une moindre mesure, des téléfilms, des anime et des jeux vidéo. Le studio est connu principalement pour ses longs-métrages destinés à un large public et dont plusieurs ont remporté des succès auprès de la critique et du public, ainsi que de nombreuses récompenses. Le logo du studio est une représentation de Totoro, une créature apparue dans "Mon voisin Totoro", l'un des films emblématiques du studio, sorti en 1988.
|
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Richard III of England
|
Richard III
|
Richard III (2 October 145222 August 1485) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat and death at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the protagonist of "Richard III", one of William Shakespeare's history plays.
|
Richard III ( – ) est le dernier roi d'Angleterre de la maison d'York, de 1483 à sa mort. Frère cadet du roi Édouard IV, titré duc de Gloucester en 1461, membre de la maison d'York, Richard participe comme la plupart de ses contemporains à la guerre des Deux-Roses. Élevé au métier des armes par Richard Neville dans son jeune âge, il se révèle, comme son professeur, un capitaine de grand talent. Dernier-né de Richard d'York, il est le soutien le plus fidèle et le plus capable du règne d'Édouard.
|
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Media (communication)
|
Média
|
Media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), and advertising.
|
Le terme média désigne tout moyen de distribution, de diffusion ou de communication, d'œuvres, de documents, ou de messages écrits, visuels, sonores ou audiovisuels (comme la radio, la télévision, le cinéma, Internet, la presse, les télécommunications, etc.). Ce terme est souvent utilisé comme l'abréviation du terme anglais " ou médias de masse en français.
|
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Edward III of England
|
Édouard III
|
Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death. He is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His 50-year reign was the second-longest in medieval English history, and saw vital developments in legislation and government, in particular the evolution of the English Parliament, as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He outlived his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, and the throne passed to his grandson, Richard II.
|
Édouard est couronné en l'abbaye de Westminster à Londres le, à l'âge de 14 ans, en raison de la destitution de son père le précédent. Alors qu'il est à peine âgé de dix-huit ans, il fait juger et exécuter le Roger Mortimer, commanditaire des assassins de son père et concubin de sa mère Isabelle de France, à qui cette dernière avait confié le gouvernement. Édouard III commence ainsi son règne personnel. Ayant restauré l'autorité royale après le règne désastreux de son père, il fait du royaume d'Angleterre la première puissance militaire d'Europe. Après avoir défait mais non soumis le royaume d'Écosse, il s'attaque à la France avec laquelle son royaume est en conflit larvé du fait de l'emprise économique de l'Angleterre sur toute la partie occidentale du royaume de France, des Flandres à l'Aquitaine, et de l'alliance franco-écossaise. Ces contentieux sont doublés par le problème de la souveraineté sur la Guyenne, fief pour lequel il est vassal du roi de France, qui peut à ce titre annuler toutes ses décisions de justice. Il se déclare héritier légitime du trône de France, en tant que petit-fils de Philippe IV le Bel par sa mère, le, déclenchant la guerre de Cent Ans.
|
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Swimsuit
|
Maillot de bain
|
A swimsuit is an item of clothing designed to be worn by people engaging in a water-based activity or water sports, such as swimming, diving and surfing, or sun-orientated activities, such as sun bathing. Different types may be worn by men, women, and children. A swimsuit can be described by various names, some of which are used only in particular locations, including swimwear, bathing suit, swimming costume, bathing costume, swimming suit, swimmers, swimming togs, bathers, cossie (short for "costume"), or swimming trunks for men, besides others.
|
Le maillot de bain (ou le costume de bain en Suisse et au Québec) est un vêtement destiné à cacher certaines parties du corps lors de la pratique de la natation, de la baignade, de la détente au bord de l'eau (plage, bronzage...) ou, plus généralement, lors de toute activité de plein air.
|
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Chola dynasty
|
Dynastie Chola
|
The Chola dynasty was a Tamil dynasty of southern India, one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the world's history. The earliest datable references to the Chola are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE left by Ashoka, of the Maurya Empire (Ashoka Major Rock Edict No.13). As one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam, along with the Chera and Pandya, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territory until the 13th century CE. Despite these ancient origins, the period when it is appropriate to speak of a "Chola Empire" only begins with the medieval Cholas in the mid-9th century CE.
|
Les Chola sont une dynastie du sud de l'Inde, mentionnée dans le "Mahābhārata", et qui a donné son nom à la côte de Coromandel (d'après "Chola mandalam", « le pays des Chola ») au Tamil Nadu. Attestée dès la fin du troisième siècle avant notre ère, elle règne sur un territoire de taille variable jusqu'à la fin du.
|
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[
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4960,
143,
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25,
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21,
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115,
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Axiom
|
Axiome
|
An axiom or postulate is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. The word comes from the Greek "axíōma" () 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident.'
|
Un axiome (du grec ancien /"axioma", « considéré comme digne, convenable, évident en soi » – lui-même dérivé de ("axios"), « digne ») est une proposition non démontrée, utilisée comme fondement d’un raisonnement ou d’une théorie mathématique.
|
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Wars of the Roses
|
Guerre des Deux-Roses
|
The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, represented by a red rose, and the House of York, represented by a white rose. Eventually, the wars eliminated the male lines of both families. The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487, but there was related fighting before and after this period between the parties. The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years' War, unfolding the structural problems of bastard feudalism, combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of King Henry VI which revived interest in the House of York's claim to the throne by Richard of York. Historians disagree on which of these factors was the main reason for the wars.
|
La guerre des Deux-Roses désigne un ensemble d'affrontements, constituant globalement une guerre civile discontinue, qui eut lieu en Angleterre entre la maison royale de Lancastre et la maison royale d'York. Elle est appelée ainsi en référence aux emblèmes des deux maisons, la rose rouge de Lancastre et la rose blanche d'York ; cette référence ne se fait pour autant qu’"a posteriori", la rose de Lancastre n'ayant été utilisée comme emblème pour cette maison qu'à partir de 1485, à la dernière bataille du conflit.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Le Canard enchaîné
|
Le Canard enchaîné
|
Le Canard enchaîné (; English: "The Chained Duck" or "The Chained Paper", as "canard" is French slang meaning "newspaper"), is a satirical weekly newspaper in France. Its headquarters is in Paris.
|
Le Canard enchaîné est un hebdomadaire de la presse satirique en France paraissant le mercredi. Fondé le par Jeanne et Maurice Maréchal, aidés par Henri-Paul Deyvaux-Gassier, c’est l’un des plus anciens titres de la presse française actuelle, notamment le plus ancien titre de presse satirique encore actif. Depuis les années 1960, c'est aussi un journal d'enquête qui révèle nombre d'affaires scandaleuses.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Nudity
|
Nudité
|
Nudity is a state of being in which a human is not wearing clothing or specifically is not covering the genitals. In some societies, partial nudity is defined as not covering other parts of the body that are deemed to be sexual.
|
La nudité est l'état d'un corps humain ou d'une de ses parties qui n'est pas recouverte d'un vêtement. Les conventions sociales, ainsi que les préceptes de la plupart des religions, condamnent la nudité de certaines parties du corps. Les lois peuvent réprimer la nudité publique assimilée à de l'exhibitionnisme ; les partisans de la libéralisation des mœurs revendiquent la réduction des aires du corps devant obligatoirement rester couvertes. Le naturisme considère la pratique en commun de la nudité complète comme un mode de vie qui rapproche de la nature. La transgression des interdits de nudité peut servir de signe non verbal d'une protestation ou d'une revendication.
|
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Babur
|
Babur
|
Babur (; 14 February 148326 December 1530), born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad, was the founder of the Mughal Empire and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty () in the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his father and mother respectively.
|
Babur (), parfois orthographié Baber, né le à Andijan et mort le à Agra, est un prince timouride de l'Inde et le fondateur de l'Empire moghol.
|
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Mughal Empire
|
Empire moghol
|
The Mughal Empire (, "Mug̱ẖliyāh Sālṭanāt") or Mogul Empire, self-designated as Gurkani (, Gūrkāniyān, meaning “son-in-law”), was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. For some two centuries, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan plateau in south India.
|
L'Empire moghol (ou « mogol » ; en, ; en, ) est fondé en Inde par Babur, le descendant de Tamerlan, en 1526, lorsqu'il défait Ibrahim Lodi, le dernier sultan de Delhi à la bataille de Pânipat.
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History of the United States (1776–1789)
|
Histoire des États-Unis de 1776 à 1865
|
Between 1776 and 1789 thirteen British colonies emerged as a new independent nation, the United States of America. Fighting in the American Revolutionary War started between colonial militias and the British Army in 1775. The Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Under the leadership of General George Washington, the Continental Army and Navy defeated the British military securing the independence of the thirteen colonies. In 1789, the 13 states replaced the Articles of Confederation of 1777 with the Constitution of the United States of America. With its amendments it remains the fundamental governing law of the United States today.
|
La période de la fin du au milieu du est fondamentale pour comprendre le pays : la guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis, l'industrialisation et la guerre de Sécession ont marqué et préparé l'ascension de la puissance américaine.
|
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[
250008,
239,
57194,
8,
21,
2270,
115,
531,
46531,
115,
437,
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578,
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95,
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Complexity
|
Complexité
|
Complexity characterises the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions.
|
Un système complexe "est composé d'un grand nombre d'éléments interagissant sans coordination centrale, sans plan établi par un architecte, et menant spontanément à l'émergence de structures complexes" (Alain Barrat, directeur de recherche au Centre de physique théorique de Marseille).
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Matrix (mathematics)
|
Matrice (mathématiques)
|
In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular "array" (see irregular matrix) of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in "rows" and "columns". For example, the dimension of the matrix below is 2 × 3 (read "two by three"), because there are two rows and three columns: Provided that they have the same size (each matrix has the same number of rows and the same number of columns as the other), two matrices can be added or subtracted element by element (see conformable matrix). The rule for matrix multiplication, however, is that "two matrices can be multiplied only when the number of columns in the first equals the number of rows in the second" (i.e., the inner dimensions are the same, n for an ("m"×n)-matrix times an (n×"p")-matrix, resulting in an ("m"×"p")-matrix). There is no product the other way round, a first hint that matrix multiplication is not commutative. Any matrix can be multiplied element-wise by a scalar from its associated field.
|
En mathématiques, les matrices sont des tableaux de nombres qui servent à interpréter en termes calculatoires, et donc opérationnels, les résultats théoriques de l'algèbre linéaire et même de l'algèbre bilinéaire.
|
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Edward V of England
|
Édouard V
|
Edward V (2 November 1470) succeeded his father, Edward IV, as King of England and Lord of Ireland upon the latter's death on 9 April 1483. Edward V was never crowned, and his brief reign was dominated by the influence of his uncle and Lord Protector, the Duke of Gloucester, who deposed him to reign as Richard III on 26 June 1483; this was confirmed by the Act entitled Titulus Regius, which denounced any further claims through his father's heirs.
|
Édouard V, né le à Westminster et mort probablement en à Londres, est roi d'Angleterre pendant deux mois seulement en 1483. Avant de régner, il est comte de March et de Pembroke, duc de Cornouailles et prince de Galles.
|
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
250008,
3050,
21555,
5861,
310,
4,
18673,
95,
253,
231601,
82,
17904,
151635,
22,
253,
67557,
4,
437,
55352,
104,
25,
53480,
133,
720,
107,
24320,
7821,
13411,
42447,
22,
616,
17168,
5,
92959,
8,
35775,
1679,
4,
211,
437,
375,
67,
8,
11994,
82,
8,
1460,
27726,
350,
4,
95279,
8,
5631,
3165,
11,
51432,
82,
54631,
8,
21713,
90,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Goldbach's conjecture
|
Conjecture de Goldbach
|
Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states:
|
La conjecture de Goldbach est l'assertion mathématique non démontrée qui s’énonce comme suit : Formulée en 1742 par Christian Goldbach, c’est l’un des plus vieux problèmes non résolus de la théorie des nombres et des mathématiques. Il partage avec l'hypothèse de Riemann et la conjecture des nombres premiers jumeaux le numéro 8 des problèmes de Hilbert, énoncés par celui-ci en 1900.
|
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2
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pentium FDIV bug
|
Bug de la division du Pentium
|
The Pentium FDIV bug is a hardware bug affecting the floating point unit (FPU) of the early Intel Pentium processors. Because of the bug, the processor might return incorrect binary floating point results when dividing a number. The bug was discovered in 1994 by Professor Thomas R. Nicely at Lynchburg College. Intel attributed the error to missing entries in the lookup table used by the floating-point division circuitry.
|
Le bug de la division du Pentium est un bug informatique ayant affecté le microprocesseur Pentium du fabricant Intel peu après son lancement en 1994 : une erreur était introduite lors de certaines opérations de division.
|
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Alès
|
Alès
|
Alès (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region in southern France. It is one of the sub-prefectures of the department. It was formerly known as "Alais".
|
Alès (prononcer ) est une commune française située dans le département du Gard, en région Occitanie. Souvent considérée comme la « capitale » des Cévennes, elle est le siège d'une des deux sous-préfectures du Gard.
|
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Fractal
|
Fractale
|
In mathematics, a fractal is a self-similar subset of Euclidean space whose fractal dimension strictly exceeds its topological dimension. Fractals appear the same at different levels, as illustrated in successive magnifications of the Mandelbrot set. Fractals exhibit similar patterns at increasingly small scales called self similarity, also known as expanding symmetry or unfolding symmetry; if this replication is exactly the same at every scale, as in the Menger sponge, it is called affine self-similar. Fractal geometry lies within the mathematical branch of measure theory.
|
Une figure fractale est un objet mathématique,, qui présente une structure similaire à toutes les échelles. L'adjectif « fractal », à partir duquel l'usage a imposé le substantif une fractale pour désigner une figure ou une équation de géométrie fractale, est un néologisme créé par Benoît Mandelbrot en 1975 à partir de la racine latine "", qui signifie « brisé », « irrégulier », et de la désinence "-al" présente dans les adjectifs "naval" et "banal" (pluriels : navals, banals, fractals). De nombreux phénomènes naturels – comme le tracé des lignes de côtes ou l'aspect du chou romanesco – possèdent des formes fractales approximatives.
|
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Information
|
Information
|
Information can be thought of as the resolution of uncertainty; it is that which answers the question of "what an entity is" and thus defines both its essence and nature of its characteristics. The concept of "information" has different meanings in different contexts. Thus the concept becomes related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, education, knowledge, meaning, understanding, mental stimuli, pattern, perception, representation, and entropy.
|
L’information est un concept de la discipline des sciences de l'information et de la communication (SIC). Au sens étymologique, l'« information » est ce qui donne une forme à l'esprit. Elle vient du verbe latin « "informare" », qui signifie « donner forme à » ou « se former une idée de ».
|
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Musée de Cluny
|
Musée de Cluny
|
The Musée de Cluny ("Cluny Museum", ), also known as Musée national du Moyen Âge – Thermes et hôtel de Cluny ("National Museum of the Middle Ages – Cluny thermal baths and mansion), is a museum of the Middle Ages in Paris, France. It is located in the Latin quarter in the 5th arrondissement of Paris at 6 Place Paul-Painlevé, south of the Boulevard Saint-Germain, between the Boulevard Saint-Michel and the Rue Saint-Jacques.
|
Le musée de Cluny, de son nom officiel Musée national du Moyen Âge - Thermes et hôtel de Cluny, est situé dans le de Paris, au cœur du Quartier latin, dans un hôtel particulier du : l'hôtel de Cluny. Il possède l'une des plus importantes collections mondiales d'objets et d'œuvres d'art de l'époque médiévale et les thermes de Cluny, qui y sont contigus, en font également partie.
|
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13,
142,
109343,
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86,
5,
581,
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2
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12401,
14919,
17875,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Public holidays in Germany
|
Fêtes et jours fériés en Allemagne
|
By law, "the Sundays and the public holidays remain protected as days of rest from work and of spiritual elevation" (Art. 139 WRV, part of the German constitution via Art. 140 GG). Thus all Sundays are, in a manner, public holidays – but usually not understood by the term "holiday" (except for, normally, Easter Sunday and Pentecost Sunday).
|
Les fêtes et jours fériés en Allemagne peuvent varier en fonction du considéré, mis à part le Jour de l'Unité allemande qui est la fête nationale.
|
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Jana Gana Mana
|
Jana Gana Mana
|
Jana Gana Mana is the national anthem of India. It was originally composed as Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore. Later, it was written in sadhu Bengali or tatsama Bengali which is heavily sanskiritised. The first stanza of the song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950. A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately 52 seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally. It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta (now Kolkata) Session of the Indian National Congress.
|
Jana Gana Mana (hindi : ; bengali : ) est l'hymne national de la République d'Inde, adopté par l'Assemblée constituante, le. Il est la première strophe d'un chant écrit et composé par Rabindranath Tagore en 1911 (également auteur de l'hymne bangladais).
|
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Amar Sonar Bangla
|
Amar Shonar Bangla
|
"Amar Sonar Bangla" (, ) is the national anthem of Bangladesh. An Ode to Mother Bengal, the lyrics was written by Bengali polymath Rabindranath Tagore in 1905 while the melody of the hymn was adopted from the Baul singer Gagan Harkara's song "Ami Kothay Pabo Tare" () set to Dadra Tala. The modern instrumental rendition was arranged by Samar Das.
|
Amar Shonar Bangla est l'hymne national du Bangladesh, adopté lors de l'indépendance en 1971. La musique et les paroles ont été composées par Rabindranath Tagore (également auteur de l'hymne indien).
|
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
250008,
28665,
17779,
2322,
25211,
437,
96,
25,
3038,
39,
86,
15889,
115,
43501,
4,
30666,
446,
26510,
8,
96,
25,
242627,
22,
32158,
5,
239,
72905,
82,
199,
30989,
7,
3283,
5325,
144687,
90,
366,
144416,
14519,
76,
927,
4837,
4524,
15,
446,
208,
19929,
6,
60540,
8,
96,
25,
3038,
39,
86,
55802,
194,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Letter frequency
|
Fréquence d'apparition des lettres en français
|
Letter frequency is simply the amount of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (c. 801–873 AD), who formally developed the method to break ciphers. Letter frequency analysis gained importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform. Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it's particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllabic, or ideographic.
|
Le calcul de la fréquence des lettres dans une langue est difficile et soumis à interprétation. On compte la fréquence des lettres d’un texte arbitrairement long, mais un certain nombre de paramètres influencent les résultats :
|
[
250004,
250054,
581,
12478,
944,
27771,
111,
120820,
23,
7986,
1556,
2809,
22282,
71,
100,
4527,
23,
6,
136791,
174976,
164,
4,
136,
12478,
944,
27771,
114137,
23,
17311,
4,
1740,
4420,
47,
70,
69496,
14,
48909,
13,
47148,
3378,
884,
9,
605,
19904,
15,
238,
5,
2248,
418,
1104,
19308,
363,
19831,
247,
2750,
23113,
538,
126809,
70,
55300,
15,
2347,
1059,
94266,
7,
36356,
2886,
390,
903,
61353,
738,
4420,
99,
19713,
47,
70,
64914,
1059,
94266,
26868,
297,
390,
109112,
64914,
4,
221,
903,
55300,
5809,
765,
2809,
88898,
71,
23,
54704,
289,
20028,
194,
105451,
12478,
944,
27771,
114137,
21647,
297,
78301,
131011,
23,
14713,
678,
70,
34754,
111,
6,
30464,
2886,
10644,
23,
616,
2525,
19831,
4,
7440,
1632,
8110,
25902,
67,
70,
41170,
111,
10644,
56065,
100,
12638,
31330,
5037,
4,
237,
77950,
71,
390,
70,
143834,
7,
23,
31330,
37397,
18,
674,
13267,
23,
11417,
31,
41382,
56,
25,
7,
10644,
50218,
5,
438,
24763,
31330,
12478,
944,
27771,
113068,
1379,
25720,
10,
34475,
46876,
4,
16792,
756,
6,
70035,
7,
33022,
161549,
12921,
538,
5,
33306,
4,
2684,
46876,
7,
765,
10,
62816,
48242,
113068,
3129,
83,
37515,
538,
173676,
23,
51713,
7986,
7,
5,
31267,
46876,
65572,
237,
120069,
237,
1295,
10332,
14941,
47,
5744,
14941,
15,
107,
42077,
297,
237,
199849,
538,
51,
73,
1708,
7883,
2661,
16,
7639,
37515,
12768,
7,
23,
62548,
31330,
12478,
944,
117538,
12,
645,
10,
19336,
121413,
111,
66429,
6827,
46692,
7,
4,
1295,
2684,
103351,
47,
19713,
103351,
4,
22,
24232,
6217,
18337,
808,
177,
10830,
141,
16612,
27970,
67466,
53,
6,
1929,
275,
88684,
169,
111,
10332,
14941,
69101,
7,
47,
10240,
3238,
880,
4216,
3480,
4650,
434,
1238,
177,
238,
275,
254,
26687,
170,
864,
425,
169,
111,
5744,
14941,
4,
678,
70,
2684,
120069,
60212,
7,
50509,
214,
31330,
5037,
7,
959,
99764,
5,
1261,
157,
50986,
116491,
100,
70,
14941,
46876,
41591,
71,
70,
31330,
12989,
4,
1295,
2684,
47,
19713,
39210,
4,
47,
186,
522,
31,
73,
90978,
46814,
1827,
420,
5014,
254,
81,
11821,
92,
170,
864,
1022,
169,
35509,
98,
70,
16981,
136,
114122,
111,
23009,
127021,
7,
5,
581,
183234,
100,
70,
92265,
46876,
509,
10301,
31,
73,
91,
71,
4273,
458,
1827,
65325,
30400,
81,
11821,
434,
864,
170,
1022,
169,
5,
187301,
9966,
70,
6,
229231,
23,
5919,
184,
3934,
94407,
111,
120820,
450,
64209,
105950,
41170,
7,
111,
1733,
47,
71872,
4,
136,
7068,
12096,
214,
6097,
94407,
23,
118055,
12989,
4,
11180,
19388,
7,
28,
442,
3725,
3587,
71,
39,
148,
177,
334,
17463,
275,
92,
233,
425,
1863,
1550,
864,
5,
105451,
12478,
944,
27771,
509,
11814,
390,
3789,
5501,
41382,
76519,
4,
6044,
237,
70,
172014,
28864,
5,
209683,
25647,
621,
11814,
23,
5744,
2053,
9,
277,
48448,
53088,
6044,
237,
572,
21493,
669,
552,
6238,
5,
105451,
12478,
944,
117538,
4,
1884,
2565,
12478,
944,
117538,
4,
17660,
47,
285,
53,
4,
15044,
390,
6,
70035,
136,
390,
28368,
5,
6561,
53418,
33022,
142,
34666,
1672,
1022,
9,
7092,
7,
15490,
17368,
103351,
1193,
7,
4,
136,
70,
34666,
1221,
765,
142,
6,
57840,
12654,
15182,
9523,
31330,
12478,
944,
27771,
2174,
70,
34666,
83,
1672,
70,
4527,
111,
1022,
9,
7092,
7,
47,
85689,
116232,
7,
23,
94403,
5,
242520,
42179,
7,
765,
62122,
7,
3129,
831,
186,
44961,
297,
23,
2363,
4527,
111,
120820,
5,
14313,
214,
7514,
25,
7,
32562,
20623,
4,
100,
27781,
4,
83,
9105,
38526,
12921,
1295,
100453,
12121,
1679,
25,
7,
5,
105451,
4,
333,
25561,
4,
1927,
25561,
4,
2565,
12478,
944,
117538,
4,
2565,
140909,
4,
136,
149357,
140909,
831,
186,
74481,
3674,
100,
29458,
42179,
7,
4,
136,
11814,
47,
23534,
707,
2837,
66187,
42179,
16070,
111,
7986,
7,
4,
3853,
100,
42179,
7,
124901,
20623,
7,
621,
959,
221,
45,
814,
46825,
5,
29899,
3168,
67,
83080,
31330,
12478,
944,
117538,
831,
4734,
186,
67830,
66,
297,
390,
7968,
53,
35401,
10,
21334,
41170,
111,
99638,
13,
7986,
5,
17106,
70,
185,
25820,
41159,
111,
5744,
242122,
136,
42486,
7,
111,
21334,
7986,
64118,
4,
6044,
74481,
5256,
621,
72546,
7228,
5,
89536,
99726,
831,
186,
79442,
19,
1295,
10,
96551,
111,
97264,
15,
11856,
13416,
214,
4,
167821,
7986,
7,
4,
57456,
7986,
7,
136,
4537,
127663,
16,
136,
2685,
621,
60212,
7,
41866,
100,
4537,
127663,
678,
70,
19069,
111,
242,
127,
25,
136,
242,
14,
25,
4,
678,
242,
127,
25,
141753,
1286,
39210,
5,
177592,
159,
5,
69693,
4,
23,
1919,
54704,
39864,
31667,
6,
136791,
87168,
7986,
44,
114211,
7,
136,
39008,
213185,
830,
76199,
70,
14941,
31330,
12478,
944,
27771,
40,
944,
3956,
237,
44,
30967,
15513,
6,
213498,
397,
339,
27529,
23330,
527,
94588,
135516,
310,
605,
1375,
1542,
1511,
2737,
830,
70,
2684,
39210,
31330,
80836,
7,
237,
44,
23415,
27544,
14368,
9069,
28695,
5881,
29197,
17672,
64633,
16992,
9764,
7338,
31766,
13018,
44444,
33172,
26906,
35848,
6483,
9926,
830,
136,
70,
2684,
39210,
41929,
71,
120820,
237,
44,
23708,
79990,
29581,
6,
30563,
62497,
106076,
6,
37703,
6,
24455,
12211,
21581,
740,
22376,
4,
47,
20537,
450,
12921,
220734,
7,
111,
10,
46876,
1221,
2843,
52490,
10,
31330,
25,
7,
12478,
944,
27771,
5,
1326,
27781,
4,
142,
42179,
23,
70,
14098,
46684,
2806,
27489,
9844,
23,
3129,
70,
31330,
242,
169,
25,
83,
1286,
39210,
3501,
142,
42179,
23,
70,
14098,
117604,
32562,
98,
70,
5701,
28451,
12,
34153,
1884,
44,
1500,
538,
731,
830,
44,
2631,
12524,
731,
830,
136,
44,
107,
115558,
731,
58,
70541,
70,
31330,
23,
15672,
14941,
4,
7440,
162,
70,
5701,
34153,
621,
160093,
297,
44,
58345,
830,
44,
2631,
12524,
184,
830,
136,
44,
107,
115558,
184,
58,
23,
56101,
14941,
5,
3293,
2806,
103210,
52490,
70,
12478,
944,
27771,
111,
70,
31330,
242,
169,
25,
237,
442,
83,
10,
41207,
538,
11814,
31330,
390,
56101,
119578,
7,
23,
70,
14941,
46876,
5,
581,
44,
13784,
77488,
76456,
58,
120820,
11764,
67,
1672,
20668,
111,
70,
3622,
127689,
5,
581,
44,
13784,
136659,
58,
120820,
11764,
67,
1672,
119675,
111,
70,
3622,
127689,
2
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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Richard I of England
|
Richard Cœur de Lion
|
Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all of his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: "Le quor de lion") or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The troubador Bertran de Born also called him in Richard Oc-e-Non (Occitan for "Yes and No"), possibly from a reputation for terseness.
|
Richard dit Cœur de Lion (, palais de Beaumont à Oxford –, château de Châlus-Chabrol) fut roi d'Angleterre, duc de Normandie, duc d'Aquitaine, comte de Poitiers, comte du Maine et comte d'Anjou de 1189 à sa mort en 1199.
|
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[
250008,
22758,
854,
313,
52908,
474,
8,
82209,
15,
4,
5381,
164,
8,
91006,
15477,
253,
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25,
7251,
50683,
8,
534,
18949,
253,
57,
17904,
22,
534,
5046,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Poincaré conjecture
|
Conjecture de Poincaré
|
In mathematics, the Poincaré conjecture (,, ) is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space.
|
La conjecture de Poincaré était une conjecture mathématique du domaine de la topologie algébrique portant sur la caractérisation d'une variété particulière, la sphère de dimension trois ; elle fut démontrée en 2003 par le Russe Grigori Perelman. On peut ainsi également l'appeler « théorème de Perelman ».
|
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Gnuplot
|
Gnuplot
|
gnuplot is a command-line program that can generate two- and three-dimensional plots of functions, data, and data fits. The program runs on all major computers and operating systems (Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows, macOS, and others). It is a program with a fairly long history, dating back to 1986. Despite its name, this software is not part of the GNU Project.
|
Gnuplot est un logiciel qui sert à produire des représentations graphiques en deux ou trois dimensions de fonctions numériques ou de données. Le programme fonctionne sur de nombreux ordinateurs et systèmes d'exploitation (Linux, Windows, OS/2, VMS...) et peut envoyer les graphiques à l'écran ou dans des fichiers dans de nombreux formats. Gnuplot utilise également l'algorithme de Levenberg-Marquardt pour ajuster les paramètres d'une fonction numérique sur des données expérimentales.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Diffractometer
|
Diffractomètre
|
A diffractometer is a measuring instrument for analyzing the structure of a material from the scattering pattern produced when a beam of radiation or particles (such as X-rays or neutrons) interacts with it.
|
Le diffractomètre est un appareil permettant de mesurer la diffraction d'un rayonnement sur une cible. Le terme est utilisé pour la diffractométrie de rayons X et la diffraction de neutrons.
|
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Steve Ballmer
|
Steve Ballmer
|
Steven Anthony Ballmer (; born March 24, 1956) is an American businessman and investor who was the chief executive officer of Microsoft from January 13, 2000, to February 4, 2014, and is the current owner of the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA)., his personal wealth is estimated at US $63.6 billion, ranking him the 16th richest person in the world.
|
Steven Anthony Ballmer, né le à Détroit aux États-Unis, est un chef d'entreprise américain. Il fait la connaissance de Bill Gates à l'Université Harvard et entre chez Microsoft en 1980. Ballmer est CEO de l'entreprise de 2000 à 2014, date à laquelle il cède son poste à Satya Nadella. Depuis le, il est officiellement le nouveau propriétaire des Clippers, une franchise de basket-ball de la NBA basée à Los Angeles.
|
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Tuareg people
|
Touaregs
|
The Tuareg people (; also spelt Twareg or Touareg; endonym: "Kel Tamasheq", "Kel Tagelmust") are a large Berber ethnic confederation. They principally inhabit the Sahara in a vast area stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. Traditionally nomadic pastoralists, small groups of Tuareg are also found in northern Nigeria.
|
Les Touaregs, qui se nomment eux-mêmes les Kel Tamasheq (en berbère : ⴾⵍⵜⵎⴰⵣⵗⵜ "Kel Tamacheq") sont des habitants du Sahara central et de ses bordures (Algérie, Libye, Niger, Mali, Mauritanie, Tchad, et Burkina Faso). Ils parlent une langue berbère, le "tamasheq", et utilisent un alphabet appelé tifinagh (prononcé en français "tifinar").
|
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147,
51029,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Euler's sum of powers conjecture
|
Conjecture d'Euler
|
Euler's conjecture is a disproved conjecture in mathematics related to Fermat's last theorem. It was proposed by Leonhard Euler in 1769. It states that for all integers and greater than 1, if the sum of th powers of positive integers is itself a th power, then is greater than or equal to :
|
La conjecture d'Euler est une conjecture mathématique de théorie des nombres, réfutée, mais qui a été originellement proposée par le mathématicien suisse Leonhard Euler en 1772, et qui s'énonce de la façon suivante :Pour tout entier "n" strictement supérieur à 2, la somme de "n "– 1 puissances "n"-ièmes n'est pas une puissance "n"-ième.
|
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P5 (microarchitecture)
|
Intel P5
|
The first Pentium microprocessor was introduced by Intel on March 22, 1993. Its P5 microarchitecture, also sometimes referred to as i586, was the fifth generation for Intel, and the first superscalar IA-32 microarchitecture. As a direct extension of the 80486 architecture, it included dual integer pipelines, a faster floating-point unit, wider data bus, separate code and data caches and features for further reduced address calculation latency. In October 1996, the "Pentium with MMX Technology" (often simply referred to as "Pentium MMX") was introduced, complementing the same basic microarchitecture with the MMX instruction set, larger caches, and some other enhancements.
|
L'architecture Intel P5 est à la base des microprocesseurs Pentium, lancé en en tant que premier processeur x86 superscalaire. Il s'agit pour Intel de la de processeurs x86. Il succède au dernier processeur de la série 80x86, l'Intel 80486. Il fut présenté pour la première fois le. Le Pentium MMX est une évolution mineure du Pentium.
|
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Alsace wine region
|
Vignoble et viticulture d'Alsace
|
The wine region of Alsace produces wines under three different "Appellations d'Origine Contrôlées" (AOCs): Alsace AOC for white, rosé and red wines, Alsace Grand Cru AOC for white wines from certain classified vineyards and Crémant d'Alsace AOC for sparkling wines. This region is the only French wine region allowed to label its wines based on variety (i.e., varietal wines).
|
Le vignoble d'Alsace est une région viticole française. Il s'étire en une étroite bande sur presque toute la longueur de la région Alsace, entre le massif des Vosges et la plaine du Rhin.
|
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Hungarian cuisine
|
Cuisine hongroise
|
Hungarian or Magyar cuisine is the cuisine characteristic of the nation of Hungary and its primary ethnic group, the Magyars. Traditional Hungarian dishes are primarily based on meats, seasonal vegetables, fruits, fresh bread, dairy products and cheeses.
|
La cuisine hongroise fait référence à une tradition gastronomique originaire de Hongrie, partagée par les habitants du pays et les minorités magyares vivant en Slovaquie, Ukraine, Roumanie et Serbie. Utilisant les mêmes ingrédients que la plupart des cuisines d'Europe centrale (chou et de nombreuses variétés de tubercules, bœuf, porc, volaille), elle se distingue par une forte influence orientale (turque et balkanique) et l'utilisation privilégiée de poudre de paprika, sous forme de légume ou poivron. Elle est également inspiratrice de nombreux plats de la cuisine juive ashkénaze.
|
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] |
[
250008,
239,
57409,
3486,
8407,
3075,
3193,
96661,
253,
773,
40250,
59975,
944,
62038,
2149,
8,
34854,
5056,
4,
203573,
13,
366,
199,
111123,
115,
19859,
82,
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66320,
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238901,
13,
8,
20618,
7090,
8,
111761,
4,
12570,
13822,
8,
47017,
15537,
628,
160,
4371,
1900,
5,
14663,
437,
14919,
33437,
19077,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Collatz conjecture
|
Conjecture de Syracuse
|
The Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics that concerns a sequence defined as follows: start with any positive integer. Then each term is obtained from the previous term as follows: if the previous term is even, the next term is one half of the previous term. If the previous term is odd, the next term is 3 times the previous term plus 1. The conjecture is that no matter what value of, the sequence will always reach 1.
|
En mathématiques, on appelle suite de Syracuse une suite d'entiers naturels définie de la manière suivante : on part d'un nombre entier plus grand que zéro ; s’il est pair, on le divise par 2 ; s’il est impair, on le multiplie par 3 et on ajoute 1. En répétant l’opération, on obtient une suite d'entiers positifs dont chacun ne dépend que de son prédécesseur.
|
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2
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff
|
Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff
|
Gustaaf Willem, Baron van Imhoff (8 August 1705 – 1 November 1750) was a Dutch colonial administrator for the Dutch East India Company (VOC). He served as Governor of Ceylon from 1736 to 1740 and as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1743 until his death in 1750 at Istana Cipanas.
|
Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff (né le à Leer - mort le à Batavia) fut gouverneur du Ceylan néerlandais puis des Indes Néerlandaises (l'Indonésie actuelle) pour la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales (VOC).
|
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Oliver Cromwell
|
Oliver Cromwell
|
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English general and statesman who led the Parliament of England's armies against King Charles I during the English Civil War and ruled the British Isles as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. He acted simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republican commonwealth.
|
Oliver ou Olivier Cromwell, né à Huntingdon le et mort à Londres le, est un militaire et homme politique anglais, resté dans les mémoires pour avoir pris part à l'établissement d'un Commonwealth républicain d'Angleterre (ainsi qu'en Irlande et en Écosse), puis pour en être devenu le Lord Protecteur. Il est également l'un des commandants de la New Model Army, vainqueur des royalistes lors de la Première révolution anglaise. Après la mise à mort du roi Charles en 1649, il se hisse à un rôle de premier plan au sein de l'éphémère Commonwealth d'Angleterre, conquérant l'Irlande et l'Écosse, et règne en tant que Lord Protecteur de 1653 jusqu'à sa mort, causée par la malaria, en 1658.
|
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AbiWord
|
AbiWord
|
AbiWord () is a free and open-source software word processor. It was originally written in C++ and since version 3 it is based on GTK+ 3. The name "AbiWord" is derived from the root of the Spanish word ""abierto"", meaning "open".
|
AbiWord est un logiciel de traitement de texte pour les plates-formes Unix et BeOS lancé en 2002 et distribué sous licence GNU GPL v2.0.
|
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Frank Zappa
|
Frank Zappa
|
Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American multi-instrumentalist musician, composer, and bandleader. His work is characterized by nonconformity, free-form improvisation, sound experiments, musical virtuosity, and satire of American culture. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa composed rock, pop, jazz, jazz fusion, orchestral and "musique concrète" works, and produced almost all of the 60-plus albums that he released with his band the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his era.
|
Frank Vincent Zappa, né le à Baltimore et mort le à Los Angeles, est un compositeur, musicien, guitariste, cinéaste, producteur et satiriste américain.
|
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Volga
|
Volga
|
The Volga (;,,,,,,, ) is the longest river in Europe with length and a catchment area of. It is also Europe's largest river in terms of discharge and drainage basin. The river flows through Central Russia and into the Caspian Sea, and is widely regarded as the national river of Russia. Due to its geographical situation the Volga played an important role in the movement of people between east and west (from Asia to Europe) as well as south and north. Historically, it was an important meeting place of Eurasian civilizations.
|
La Volga ( ; en, en ) est le plus grand fleuve d'Europe. Avec ses affluents, il draine plus d'un tiers de la surface de la Russie européenne. La Volga prend sa source dans les collines de Valdaï à d'altitude entre Moscou et Saint-Pétersbourg avant de se jeter dans la mer Caspienne après un long parcours de. Le fleuve est navigable sur presque toute sa longueur grâce à d'énormes aménagements réalisés pour l'essentiel durant la seconde moitié du. Son bassin versant, d'une superficie de, rassemble une mosaïque de peuples. La vallée de la Volga concentre depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale une part importante des activités industrielles de la Russie. La Volga joue également un grand rôle dans l'imaginaire russe et a inspiré de nombreux romans, tableaux et chansons, tels que "Les Bateliers de la Volga".
|
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Grenada
|
Grenade (pays)
|
Grenada ( ; Grenadian Creole French: "Gwenad") is a sovereign state in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain. Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself plus six smaller islands which lie to the north of the main island. It is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Its size is, and it had an estimated population of 112,200 in July 2018. Its capital is St. George's. Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops. The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada dove. Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Grenada was inhabited by the indigenous Arawaks and later by the Island Caribs. Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage to the Americas. Although it was deemed the property of the King of Spain, there are no records to suggest the Spanish ever landed or settled on the island. Following several unsuccessful attempts by Europeans to colonise the island due to resistance from the Island Caribs, French settlement and colonisation began in 1650 and continued for the next century. On 10 February 1763, Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris. British rule continued until 1974 (except for a period of French rule between 1779 and 1783). From 1958 to 1962 Grenada was part of the Federation of the West Indies, a short-lived federation of British West Indian colonies. On 3 March 1967, Grenada was granted full autonomy over its internal affairs as an associated state.
|
La Grenade (, ; en créole grenadien : "Gwenad") est un pays des Antilles. Sa capitale est Saint-Georges. Cet État insulaire de la mer des Caraïbes comprend l'île de la Grenade, l'île Ronde, l'île de Carriacou et l'île de Petite Martinique, toutes situées dans la partie méridionale de l'archipel des Grenadines. En y incluant les îles désertes, le pays possède une superficie de. En 2015, on comptait. La langue officielle est l'anglais.
|
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Hypotenuse
|
Hypoténuse
|
In geometry, a hypotenuse is the longest side of a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the right angle. The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle can be found using the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. For example, if one of the other sides has a length of 3 (when squared, 9) and the other has a length of 4 (when squared, 16), then their squares add up to 25. The length of the hypotenuse is the square root of 25, that is, 5.
|
Dans un triangle rectangle, le côté opposé à l'angle droit est appelé hypoténuse de ce triangle rectangle. Le théorème de Pythagore, parfois appelé "théorème de l'hypoténuse", affirme que dans un triangle rectangle, la longueur de l'hypoténuse égale la racine carrée de la somme des carrés des longueurs des deux autres côtés, appelée parfois somme pythagoricienne de ces deux longueurs. L'hypoténuse d'un triangle rectangle est un diamètre du cercle circonscrit à celui-ci (voir angle inscrit dans un demi-cercle).
|
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Tsugaru-jamisen
|
Tsugaru shamisen
|
Tsugaru-jamisen (kanji: 津軽三味線, hiragana: つがるじゃみせん) or Tsugaru-shamisen (hiragana: つがるしゃみせん) refers to both the Japanese genre of shamisen music originating from Tsugaru Peninsula in present-day Aomori prefecture and the instrument it is performed with. It is performed throughout Japan, though associations with the Tsugaru remain strong. Tsugaru-jamisen is considered the most recognized genre of shamisen music, and has enjoyed multiple periods of popularity in Japan.
|
Le ou tsugaru jamisen, est un style de musique japonaise folklorique joué sur plusieurs variantes régionales du :, et. Plus rythmé que le shamisen classique, il est originaire de la région de Tsugaru, actuelle préfecture d' au Nord de, l'île principale du Japon.
|
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GTK
|
GTK (boîte à outils)
|
GTK (formerly GTK+, GNOME ToolKit) is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it. Along with Qt, it is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems.
|
GTK (, anciennement GTK+) est un ensemble de bibliothèques logicielles, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de fonctions permettant de réaliser des interfaces graphiques. Cette bibliothèque a été développée originellement pour les besoins du logiciel de traitement d'images GIMP. GTK+ est maintenant utilisé dans de nombreux projets, dont les environnements de bureau GNOME, Xfce, Lxde et ROX.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Fast Fourier transform
|
Transformation de Fourier rapide
|
A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT). Fourier analysis converts a signal from its original domain (often time or space) to a representation in the frequency domain and vice versa. The DFT is obtained by decomposing a sequence of values into components of different frequencies. This operation is useful in many fields, but computing it directly from the definition is often too slow to be practical. An FFT rapidly computes such transformations by factorizing the DFT matrix into a product of sparse (mostly zero) factors. As a result, it manages to reduce the complexity of computing the DFT from formula_1, which arises if one simply applies the definition of DFT, to formula_2, where formula_3 is the data size. The difference in speed can be enormous, especially for long data sets where "N" may be in the thousands or millions. In the presence of round-off error, many FFT algorithms are much more accurate than evaluating the DFT definition directly or indirectly. There are many different FFT algorithms based on a wide range of published theories, from simple complex-number arithmetic to group theory and number theory.
|
La transformation de Fourier rapide (sigle anglais : "FFT" ou "") est un algorithme de calcul de la transformation de Fourier discrète (TFD).
|
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Aragon
|
Aragon (communauté autonome)
|
Aragon ( or, Spanish and, ) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. Located in northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces (from north to south): Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza. The current Statute of Autonomy declares Aragon a "historic nationality" of Spain.
|
LAragon ("Aragón" en espagnol et aragonais, "l'Aragó" en catalan) est une communauté autonome située dans le nord de l'Espagne. Elle est composée de trois provinces : la province de Huesca, la province de Saragosse et la province de Teruel. Elle est bordée au nord par la France, à l'est par la Catalogne et le Pays valencien, au sud par la Castille-La Manche, à l'ouest par la Castille-et-León et la Navarre.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Abelian group
|
Groupe abélien
|
In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers form abelian groups, and the concept of an abelian group may be viewed as a generalization of these examples. Abelian groups are named after early 19th century mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.
|
Un groupe abélien (du nom de Niels Abel), ou groupe commutatif, est un groupe dont la loi de composition interne est commutative. Vu autrement, un groupe commutatif peut aussi être défini comme un module sur l'anneau commutatif Z des entiers relatifs ; l'étude des groupes abéliens apparaît alors comme un cas particulier de la théorie des modules.
|
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In Nomine Satanis/Magna Veritas
|
In Nomine Satanis - Magna Veritas
|
In Nomine Satanis/Magna Veritas is a French role-playing game, created by Croc. In Nomine Satanis ("In Satan's Name") was the Demonic player's guide and Magna Veritas ("The Great Truth") was the Angelic player's guide.
|
In Nomine Satanis - Magna Veritas (INS/MV) est un jeu de rôle fantastique et humoristique français créé par Croc et publié à partir de 1990 par Siroz Productions (devenu Asmodee Éditions).
|
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Accor
|
Accor
|
Accor S.A. is a French multinational hospitality company that owns, manages and franchises hotels, resorts and vacation properties. It is the single largest hospitality company in Europe, and the sixth largest worldwide.
|
Accor est un groupe hôtelier français qui possède, gère et franchise des hôtels, des stations touristiques et résidences de vacances. Accor est le premier groupe hôtelier en Europe et le sixième à l’échelle mondiale.
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4,
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5117,
23,
70,
2
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1
] |
[
250008,
29899,
748,
437,
51,
37769,
127847,
6815,
43054,
569,
136134,
4,
706,
10389,
82,
160981,
224,
127847,
7,
4,
224,
29398,
7,
208936,
7,
82,
165665,
7,
8,
48735,
5,
29899,
748,
437,
95,
9882,
37769,
127847,
6815,
22,
14713,
82,
95,
78,
5134,
23846,
253,
96,
26,
205845,
57416,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Aitken's delta-squared process
|
Delta-2
|
In numerical analysis, Aitken's delta-squared process or Aitken Extrapolation is a series acceleration method, used for accelerating the rate of convergence of a sequence. It is named after Alexander Aitken, who introduced this method in 1926. Its early form was known to Seki Kōwa (end of 17th century) and was found for rectification of the circle, i.e. the calculation of π. It is most useful for accelerating the convergence of a sequence that is converging linearly.
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Delta-2 est un procédé d'accélération de la convergence de suites en analyse numérique, popularisé par le mathématicien Alexander Aitken en 1926. C'est l'un des algorithmes d'accélération de la convergence les plus populaires du fait de sa simplicité et de son efficacité. Une première forme de cet algorithme a été utilisée par Seki Kōwa (fin du ) pour calculer une approximation de par la méthode des polygones d'Archimède.
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gas
|
Gaz
|
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture, such as air, contains a variety of pure gases. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible, as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image.
|
Un gaz est un ensemble d'atomes ou de molécules très faiblement liés et quasi indépendants. Dans l’état gazeux, la matière n'a pas de forme propre ni de volume propre : un gaz tend à occuper tout le volume disponible. Cette phase constitue l'un des quatre états dans lequel peut se trouver un corps pur, les autres étant les phases solide, liquide et plasma (ce dernier, proche de l'état gazeux, s'en distingue par sa conduction électrique). Le passage de l'état liquide à l'état gazeux est appelé vaporisation. On qualifie alors le corps de "vapeur" (par exemple la vapeur d'eau).
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Atomic mass
|
Masse atomique
|
The atomic mass ("m" or "m") is the mass of an atom. Although the SI unit of mass is kilogram (symbol: kg), the atomic mass is often expressed in the non-SI unit dalton (symbol: Da, or u) where 1 dalton is defined as of the mass of a single carbon-12 atom, at rest. The protons and neutrons of the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms, with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions. Thus, the numeric value of the atomic mass when expressed in daltons has nearly the same value as the mass number. Conversion between mass in kilograms and mass in daltons can be done using the atomic mass constant formula_1.
|
Au sens strict,, devenu avec IMAP 4 (IMAP), est un protocole qui permet d'accéder à ses courriers électroniques directement sur les serveurs de messagerie. Son fonctionnement est donc à l'opposé de POP qui, lui, récupère les messages (depuis le poste de travail) et les stockent localement via un logiciel spécialisé (par défaut, ce client supprime sur le serveur les messages récupérés). L'évolution des différentes versions d'IMAP (IMAP 4) en fait aujourd'hui un protocole permettant également de récupérer les messages localement.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Arachnid
|
Arachnida
|
Arachnida () is a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Spiders are the largest order in the class, which also includes scorpions, ticks, mites, harvestmen, and solifuges. In 2019, a molecular phylogenetic study also placed horseshoe crabs in Arachnida.
|
Les Arachnides (Arachnida) sont une classe d'arthropodes chélicérés, terrestres ou aquatiques, souvent insectivores. C'est le groupe qui comprend, entre autres, les araignées, les scorpions et les acariens. Ils se distinguent au sein de l’embranchement des arthropodes par le fait qu'ils possèdent quatre paires de pattes, qu'ils n'ont ni ailes ni antennes, et que leurs yeux sont simples (ocelles) et non composés. La plupart des arachnides sont ovipares et les sexes sont généralement de morphologies distinctes (dimorphisme sexuel).
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
CP/M
|
Control Program/Monitor
|
CP/M, originally standing for Control Program/Monitor and later Control Program for Microcomputers, is a mass-market operating system created in 1974 for Intel 8080/85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. Initially confined to single-tasking on 8-bit processors and no more than 64 kilobytes of memory, later versions of CP/M added multi-user variations and were migrated to 16-bit processors.
|
Tux est un manchot, mascotte officielle du noyau Linux. Dessiné par Larry Ewing en 1996, son usage est libre et se retrouve dans de très nombreux projets et logotypes liés à Linux.
|
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2
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[
250008,
1371,
425,
437,
51,
332,
3089,
18,
4,
291,
224708,
13,
121494,
115,
110,
395,
34,
29908,
5,
5581,
172,
733,
366,
174821,
241,
14775,
22,
11891,
4,
775,
127689,
437,
11506,
82,
40,
95582,
807,
8,
4099,
40182,
66198,
82,
7643,
50986,
7,
400,
2246,
253,
29908,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Population density
|
Densité de population
|
Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term. In simple terms, population density refers to the number of people living in an area per square kilometre.
|
La densité de population est une mesure du nombre d'individus ou d'habitants occupant une surface donnée. Elle est le plus souvent exprimée en individus par unité de surface (par exemple, habitants/km).
|
[
250004,
250054,
157890,
1363,
168,
7,
2481,
83,
43904,
101637,
71,
390,
3622,
3551,
16128,
707,
7401,
21950,
4,
237,
95307,
5,
61187,
168,
7,
31075,
1543,
22304,
142,
1119,
2311,
10763,
1248,
24371,
136,
37105,
47,
53333,
34390,
71,
92895,
2481,
5,
3293,
83,
35839,
70,
4344,
13,
21543,
7103,
70,
172647,
2750,
207487,
442,
5,
89536,
99726,
111,
70,
113660,
111,
34390,
71,
92895,
2481,
23,
27226,
43904,
168,
7,
31075,
621,
12,
157890,
1363,
168,
7,
2481,
83,
70,
14012,
111,
3395,
117,
25072,
111,
16128,
4,
56104,
66747,
71,
117,
6,
108047,
140635,
707,
6,
108047,
84765,
4,
136,
3129,
1543,
26698,
707,
39041,
112,
100,
27781,
58555,
111,
7401,
707,
169783,
1314,
5,
151301,
538,
903,
1543,
186,
74481,
3674,
100,
10,
54529,
53,
4,
26349,
4,
23295,
4,
15700,
181991,
53,
707,
70,
64194,
8999,
5,
581,
8999,
25,
7,
43904,
83,
10932,
361,
4,
4283,
158887,
136,
64883,
25,
7,
3622,
16128,
15,
216561,
3551,
136,
7401,
16,
83,
135532,
158887,
1785,
5173,
966,
158887,
91,
864,
5,
324,
5,
194,
228072,
4,
70,
214574,
14135,
43904,
168,
7,
2481,
83,
10932,
361,
4,
4283,
158887,
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Tux (mascot)
|
Tux
|
Tux is a penguin character and the official brand character of the Linux kernel. Originally created as an entry to a Linux logo competition, Tux is the most commonly used icon for Linux, although different Linux distributions depict Tux in various styles. The character is used in many other Linux programs and as a general symbol of Linux.
|
CP/M, sigle de "Control Program/Monitor ou /Microcomputer", est un système d'exploitation créé en 1974 par Gary Kildall, fondateur de Digital Research.
|
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Adam Smith
|
Adam Smith
|
Adam Smith ( 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment, also known as "The Father of Economics" or "The Father of Capitalism". Smith wrote two classic works, "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759) and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as "The Wealth of Nations", is considered his "magnum opus" and the first modern work of economics. In his work, Adam Smith introduced his theory of absolute advantage.
|
Adam Smith ( - ) est un philosophe et économiste écossais des Lumières. Il reste dans l’histoire comme le père des sciences économiques modernes, dont l'œuvre principale, publiée en 1776, "La Richesse des nations", est un des textes fondateurs du libéralisme économique. Professeur de philosophie morale à l'université de Glasgow, il consacre dix années de sa vie à ce texte qui inspire les grands économistes suivants, ceux que Karl Marx appellera les « classiques » et qui poseront les grands principes du libéralisme économique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Internet Message Access Protocol
|
Internet Message Access Protocol
|
In computing, the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is an Internet standard protocol used by email clients to retrieve email messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection. IMAP is defined by RFC 3501.
|
La masse atomique relative (ou poids atomique) est la masse d'un atome en particulier ou un élément chimique en général (auquel cas on envisage un mélange isotopique) exprimée en tant que multiple d'une masse élémentaire de référence qui se veut proche de celle d'un nucléon unique. En effet la masse d'un atome est proportionnelle en première approximation au nombre de ses nucléons, dit nombre de masse. La masse élémentaire de référence, appelée unité de masse atomique, est définie depuis les années 1960 comme le douzième de la masse de l'atome de carbone 12.
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Electronegativity
|
Électronégativité
|
Electronegativity, symbol "χ", is a concept that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons (or electron density) towards itself. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electronegativity number, the more an atom or a substituent group attracts electrons towards itself.
|
En chimie, l'électronégativité d'un atome est une grandeur physique qui caractérise sa capacité à attirer les électrons lors de la formation d'une liaison chimique avec un autre élément. La différence d'électronégativité entre ces deux éléments détermine la nature de la liaison covalente : liaison apolaire lorsque la différence est nulle ou faible, liaison polaire quand la différence est moyenne, et ionique quand la différence est tellement forte qu'un des atomes a attiré complètement, ou presque, les électrons de la liaison: les atomes sont devenus des ions et portent des charges électriques entières. La notion d'électronégativité, qui décrit le comportement des électrons dans une liaison chimique, ne doit pas être confondue avec celle d'affinité électronique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Acceleration
|
Accélération
|
In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time. Accelerations are vector quantities (in that they have magnitude and direction). The orientation of an object's acceleration is given by the orientation of the net force acting on that object. The magnitude of an object's acceleration, as described by Newton's Second Law, is the combined effect of two causes:
|
L'accélération est une grandeur physique vectorielle, appelée de façon plus précise « vecteur accélération », utilisée en cinématique pour représenter la modification affectant la vitesse d'un mouvement en fonction du temps. La norme (l'intensité) de ce vecteur est appelée simplement « accélération » sans autre qualificatif.
|
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Daniel Balavoine
|
Daniel Balavoine
|
Daniel Balavoine (5 February 1952 – 14 January 1986) was a French singer and songwriter. He was hugely popular in the French-speaking world, and inspired many singers in the 1980s, such as Jean-Jacques Goldman, Michel Berger, his closest friend, or the Japanese pop-rock group Crystal King; he was also a part of the original cast of the rock opera "Starmania" in 1978, which was written by Berger. He took part in French political life and is known for a 1980 televised verbal confrontation with then presidential candidate François Mitterrand.
|
Daniel Balavoine est un auteur-compositeur-interprète et musicien français, né le à Alençon (Orne) et mort le aux environs de Gourma-Rharous (Mali).
|
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Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action
|
Association pour la taxation des transactions financières et pour l'action citoyenne
|
The Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières et pour l'Action Citoyenne (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions and Citizen's Action, ATTAC) is an activist organisation originally created to promote the establishment of a tax on foreign exchange transactions.
|
L'Association pour la taxation des transactions financières et pour l'action citoyenne, généralement connue par son acronyme Attac (ou ATTAC), est une organisation altermondialiste créée en France en 1998. Elle est présente dans.
|
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4,
3229,
9208,
2263,
236386,
68872,
47,
4488,
98,
10,
130306,
12877,
1672,
2
] |
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[
250008,
339,
25,
214813,
578,
21,
36235,
1363,
224,
124161,
7,
141859,
7,
82,
578,
96,
25,
44713,
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86,
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437,
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37264,
15882,
399,
12897,
102103,
13,
22,
9942,
22,
82490,
14663,
437,
45618,
807,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Density
|
Masse volumique
|
The density (more precisely, the volumetric mass density; also known as specific mass), of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is "ρ" (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter "D" can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:
|
La masse volumique d'une substance, aussi appelée volumique de masse, est une grandeur physique qui caractérise la masse de cette substance par unité de volume. C'est l'inverse du volume massique.
|
[
250004,
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360,
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31895,
6885,
238,
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9342,
4,
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282,
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124901,
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6777,
959,
35707,
272,
111,
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4902,
6259,
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78599,
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47,
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39958,
142,
3807,
6889,
101086,
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54799,
22,
33558,
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21950,
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107,
10519,
8305,
70,
2837,
23935,
674,
111,
70,
7401,
5,
345,
5416,
903,
103882,
53,
4,
764,
95,
2631,
18,
1295,
1919,
101086,
136,
13028,
24,
12225,
8305,
70,
48800,
7,
15756,
34,
1916,
4,
44,
647,
3408,
161,
38,
156327,
161,
3890,
15,
7634,
152821,
9165,
38,
160600,
44,
568,
765,
14037,
442,
51029,
1301,
10,
16750,
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13579,
44,
7745,
26228,
58,
30957,
297,
39210,
366,
107777,
136,
83,
11814,
18925,
47,
117414,
10,
3095,
111,
22,
20016,
33,
674,
5,
581,
13765,
5117,
118775,
23,
59121,
3173,
23,
48379,
149696,
3834,
25,
44,
81415,
111,
6,
159958,
830,
6626,
202032,
90,
7103,
442,
134598,
538,
34739,
3687,
5,
31384,
191225,
7,
765,
92814,
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BBC
|
British Broadcasting Corporation
|
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster. Headquartered at Broadcasting House in Westminster, London, it is the world's oldest national broadcaster, and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 22,000 staff in total, more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed-contract staff are included.
|
La (BBC) fondée en 1922 est une société de production et de diffusion de programmes de radio-télévision britannique. Ayant son siège au Royaume-Uni, c’est un (équivalent d’une autorité administrative indépendante) chargé des médias. La BBC bénéficie d’une réputation d’excellence culturelle, et est parfois affectueusement appelée « » ou « » (langage enfantin pour tante, « tantine ») par les Britanniques. Pendant longtemps, elle est restée la seule société diffusant des programmes de télévision et de radio au Royaume-Uni.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Homeostasis
|
Homéostasie
|
In biology, homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits (homeostatic range). Other variables include the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium ions, as well as that of the blood sugar level, and these need to be regulated despite changes in the environment, diet, or level of activity. Each of these variables is controlled by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms, which together maintain life.
|
En biologie et en systémique, l’homéostasie est un phénomène par lequel un facteur clé (par exemple, la température) est maintenu autour d'une valeur bénéfique pour le système considéré, grâce à un processus de régulation. Des exemples typiques d'homéostasie sont : la température d'une pièce grâce à un thermostat, la température du corps d'un animal homéotherme, le taux de sucre sanguin, le degré d'acidité d'un milieu, la pression interne d'un milieu... Plus globalement, on désigne aussi par "homéostasie" la capacité globale d'un système à maintenir tout un ensemble de tels facteurs clés, notamment chez un organisme vivant.
|
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National Assembly
|
Assemblée nationale
|
In politics, a National Assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the representatives of the nation." The population base represented by this name is manifestly the nation as a whole, as opposed to a geographically select population, such as that represented by a provincial assembly. The powers of a National Assembly vary according to the type of government. It may possess all the powers of government, generally governing by committee, or it may function solely within the legislative branch of the government.
|
L'Assemblée nationale est le nom souvent donné au Parlement d'un État ou à sa chambre basse dans le système législatif bicaméral ou dans le système monocaméral. Il est utilisé dans plus d'un tiers de tous les pays du monde (voir liste plus bas : sur environ reconnus dans le monde). Le terme est notamment présent dans les pays francophones ou dans ceux qui ont été une colonie française, mais pas seulement. On le trouve également dans certains pays du Commonwealth.
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Kiev
|
Kiev
|
Kiev or Kyiv (; ) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. Its population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the seventh-most populous city in Europe.
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Kiev ( ou, en, "Kyiv" ; en, "Kiyev" ) est la capitale et la plus grande ville d'Ukraine. C'est aussi le chef-lieu de l'oblast de Kiev et l'une des plus anciennes villes de Ruthénie (au sens large). Elle comptait en 2015.
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Constantine the Great
|
Constantin Ier (empereur romain)
|
Constantine the Great (; ; 27 February 27222 May 337), also known as Constantine I, was a Roman emperor who ruled between AD 306 and 337. Born in Naissus, in Dacia Ripensis, the city now known as Niš (in Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer of Illyrian origins, later known as Constantius Chlorus. His mother, Helena, was Greek. His father became "Caesar", the deputy emperor in the west, in AD 293. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under Emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius was raised to the rank of "Augustus", senior western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia (Britain). Constantine was acclaimed as emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in AD 306. He emerged victorious in the civil wars against Emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of the eastern and western empires by AD 324.
|
Constantin (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus en latin), né à Naissus en Mésie (aujourd'hui Niš en Serbie) le, est proclamé empereur romain en 306 par les légions de Bretagne (actuel sud de la Grande-Bretagne), et mort le après 31 ans de règne. C'est une figure prépondérante du.
|
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] |
[
250008,
73138,
15,
919,
19033,
3834,
108929,
223,
154027,
223,
73138,
223,
22,
45137,
247,
18673,
253,
353,
164,
7921,
22,
56109,
478,
15,
218552,
25,
12522,
1520,
794,
22,
68035,
13,
16,
95,
4,
437,
502,
60397,
446,
6,
88940,
7745,
72851,
73,
22,
496,
910,
366,
199,
121942,
5245,
8,
6,
198715,
15,
47013,
20129,
8932,
8,
21,
22634,
9,
198715,
247,
82,
17904,
95,
13220,
1936,
7210,
8,
73874,
16123,
5,
313,
25,
525,
773,
26366,
7442,
5416,
11056,
61106,
115,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Irrational number
|
Nombre irrationnel
|
In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers. When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being "incommensurable", meaning that they share no "measure" in common, that is, there is no length ("the measure"), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the two given segments as integer multiples of itself.
|
Un nombre irrationnel est un nombre réel qui n'est pas rationnel, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne peut pas s'écrire sous la forme d'une fraction, où et sont deux entiers relatifs (avec non nul). Les nombres irrationnels peuvent être caractérisés de manière équivalente comme étant les nombres réels dont le développement décimal n'est pas périodique ou dont le développement en fraction continue est infini.
|
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250004,
250054,
581,
5117,
6,
98869,
111,
70,
6,
116311,
111,
193,
30494,
289,
101935,
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28960,
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1055,
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101668,
90,
44,
7779,
8797,
830,
707,
23,
136091,
28236,
5,
45644,
3166,
223,
4,
49903,
4,
509,
959,
21,
1674,
297,
100,
1919,
79825,
12,
59499,
47,
1632,
37254,
4,
764,
7228,
1919,
103882,
53,
12960,
1810,
99,
15520,
4,
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221419,
538,
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19,
645,
24351,
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1919,
145042,
27512,
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5073,
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2472,
19441,
181653,
142,
12830,
23,
70,
14997,
13,
3129,
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93,
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29713,
3996,
86,
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756,
11521,
21004,
12470,
23,
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14997,
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831,
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34390,
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204988,
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31075,
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31075,
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2737,
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3293,
9433,
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21342,
54241,
21286,
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15700,
23552,
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65450,
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1286,
20028,
70,
33180,
83,
19326,
297,
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20903,
42,
70,
25072,
111,
72350,
32497,
47,
45234,
4,
1284,
442,
8306,
58359,
90,
66161,
45234,
5,
3293,
83,
1660,
2367,
3786,
157,
221,
46526,
47,
23534,
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221,
46526,
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23534,
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390,
26168,
1916,
22759,
145358,
90,
4,
3129,
106804,
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2304,
18403,
5256,
235529,
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291,
140363,
70760,
17569,
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1733,
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51404,
3786,
157,
25,
7,
145358,
90,
152018,
538,
106804,
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8,
11044,
13,
117538,
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43581,
291,
140363,
70760,
145520,
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4,
1836,
3542,
959,
28601,
297,
237,
6,
98869,
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30700,
5,
360,
70,
7086,
7,
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70,
160600,
7,
4,
2837,
70628,
214,
70,
35604,
2481,
111,
1632,
21455,
6777,
959,
204988,
23534,
70,
35604,
2481,
111,
15700,
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127298,
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1902,
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11737,
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5177,
246,
80140,
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93,
6862,
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23113,
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3934,
15426,
3739,
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53,
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3542,
233,
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201,
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54241,
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28236,
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70460,
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13204,
449,
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13,
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123875,
237,
142,
28,
161789,
17721,
6626,
70460,
7,
5,
3311,
35971,
88779,
5844,
142424,
15,
2606,
1297,
7,
16,
1810,
111,
2
] |
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
General relativity
|
Relativité générale
|
General relativity (GR), also known as the general theory of relativity (GTR), is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and refines Newton's law of universal gravitation, providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or spacetime. In particular, the "" is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present. The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations, a system of partial differential equations.
|
La relativité générale est une théorie relativiste de la gravitation, c'est-à-dire qu'elle décrit l'influence sur le mouvement des astres de la présence de matière et, plus généralement d'énergie, en tenant compte des principes de la relativité restreinte. La relativité générale englobe et supplante la théorie de la gravitation universelle d'Isaac Newton qui en représente la limite aux petites vitesses (comparées à la vitesse de la lumière) et aux champs gravitationnels faibles.
|
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General Motors
|
General Motors
|
General Motors Company, commonly referred to as General Motors (GM), is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services, with global headquarters in Detroit's Renaissance Center. It was originally founded by William C. Durant on September 16, 1908 as a holding company. The company is the largest American automobile manufacturer, and one of the world's largest. As of 2019, General Motors is ranked #13 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.
|
General Motors (ou General Motors Corporation ou GM) est un constructeur automobile américain basé à Détroit dans le Michigan, aux États-Unis, qui contrôlait encore une quinzaine de marques à la fin des années 1990.
|
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Ozone
|
Ozone
|
Ozone (), or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to (dioxygen). Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet (UV) light and electrical discharges within the Earth's atmosphere. It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
|
L'ozone (de l'allemand ', dérivé du grec'« exhaler une odeur »), ou trioxygène, est une substance de formule chimique : ses molécules sont triatomiques, formées de trois atomes d'oxygène. L'ozone est ainsi une variété allotropique de l'oxygène, mais bien moins stable que le dioxygène, en lequel il tend naturellement à se décomposer. Il se liquéfie à () sous forme d'un liquide bleu foncé et se solidifie à () en un solide pourpre. À température ambiante, c'est un gaz bleu pâle, voire incolore, qui se démarque par son odeur. L'ozone atteint son point critique à et.
|
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République
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A republic (, meaning "public affair") is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers. The primary positions of power within a republic are attained, through democracy, oligarchy, or a mix thereof, rather than being unalterably occupied. It has become the opposing form of government to a monarchy and has therefore no monarch as head of state.
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La république désigne un mode de gouvernement dans lequel le pouvoir est exercé par des personnes élues. Une république est typiquement antonyme d'une monarchie héréditaire, mais n'est pas toujours synonyme de démocratie.
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Genetics
|
Génétique
|
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, a scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
|
D'après le dictionnaire en ligne Littré, le nom de "génétique" vient de l'adjectif, qui qualifie ce qui est en rapport aux fonctions de génération. Il dérive du grec Γενετὴ (Genete), qui signifie engendrement.
|
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Apollo program
|
Programme Apollo
|
The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in landing the first men on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. It was first conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal of "landing a man on the Moon by the end of this decade and returning him safely to the Earth" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo.
|
Le programme "Apollo" est le programme spatial de la NASA mené durant la période 1961 – 1972, qui a permis aux États-Unis d'envoyer pour la première fois des hommes sur la Lune. Il est lancé par le président John F. Kennedy le, essentiellement pour reconquérir le prestige américain mis à mal par les succès de l'astronautique soviétique, à une époque où la guerre froide entre les deux superpuissances battait son plein.
|
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Reformation
|
Réforme protestante
|
The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the "Ninety-five Theses" by Martin Luther in 1517, there was no schism between the Catholic Church and the nascent Luther until the 1521 Edict of Worms. The edict condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas. The end of the Reformation era is disputed: it could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith. Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation or the Peace of Westphalia. From a Catholic perspective, the Second Vatican Council called for an end to the Counter-Reformation.
|
La réforme protestante, également appelée « la Réforme », amorcée au, est une volonté d'un retour aux sources du christianisme et aussi, par extension, un besoin de considérer la religion et la vie sociale d'une autre manière. Elle reflète l'angoisse des âmes, par la question du salut, centrale dans la réflexion des réformateurs, qui dénoncent la corruption de toute la société engendrée par le commerce des indulgences. Les réformateurs profitent de l'essor de l'imprimerie pour faire circuler la Bible en langues vernaculaires (notamment l'allemand après la première traduction réalisée par Martin Luther), et montrent qu'elle ne fait mention ni des saints, ni du culte de la Vierge, ni du purgatoire. La référence à la Bible comme norme est néanmoins une des principales motivations des réformateurs. Ce principe, "Sola scriptura", les guidera.
|
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Pharmacophore
|
Pharmacophore
|
A pharmacophore is an abstract description of molecular features that are necessary for molecular recognition of a ligand by a biological macromolecule. IUPAC defines a pharmacophore to be "an ensemble of steric and electronic features that is necessary to ensure the optimal supramolecular interactions with a specific biological target and to trigger (or block) its biological response". A pharmacophore model explains how structurally diverse ligands can bind to a common receptor site. Furthermore, pharmacophore models can be used to identify through de novo design or virtual screening novel ligands that will bind to the same receptor.
|
Un pharmacophore est constitué par une partie pharmacologiquement active d'une molécule servant de modèle. Les pharmacophores sont donc des ensembles d'atomes actifs utilisés dans la conception de médicaments. Le pharmacophore est une représentation géométrique idéalisée, seule la modélisation en 3D peut permettre une utilisation optimale pour la création de nouveaux médicaments.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Phenethylamine
|
2-Phényléthylamine
|
Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoamine neurons. To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. In mammals, phenethylamine is produced from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase via enzymatic decarboxylation. In addition to its presence in mammals, phenethylamine is found in many other organisms and foods, such as chocolate, especially after microbial fermentation.
|
La 2-phényléthylamine, β-phényléthylamine ou plus simplement phényléthylamine ou phénéthylamine (PEA) est un composé organique de formule CHCHNH, constitué d'un groupe éthyle substitué par un groupe amine d'un côté, et par un groupe phényle de l'autre. C'est l'un des deux isomères de la phényléthylamine.
|
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Devaluation
|
Dévaluation
|
In modern monetary policy, a devaluation is an official lowering of the value of a country's currency within a fixed exchange-rate system, in which a monetary authority formally sets a lower exchange rate of the national currency in relation to a foreign reference currency or currency basket. The opposite of devaluation, a change in the exchange rate making the domestic currency more expensive, is called a revaluation. A monetary authority (eg., a central bank) maintains a fixed value of its currency by being ready to buy or sell foreign currency with the domestic currency at a stated rate; a devaluation is an indication that the monetary authority will buy and sell foreign currency at a lower rate.
|
Une monnaie subit une dévaluation lorsque les autorités monétaires décident d'abaisser son taux de change par rapport à une référence (un poids d'or en système d'étalon-or, une monnaie étrangère, un panier de monnaies...). La dernière, en France, date de 1983. Le contraire est une « réévaluation », également décidée par les autorités monétaires.
|
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Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
|
Traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne
|
The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on European Union (TEU; also referred to as the "Treaty of Maastricht").
|
Le traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne (TFUE), aussi appelé traité de Rome, est l'un des deux traités fondamentaux des institutions politiques de l'Union européenne avec le traité sur l'Union européenne. Il portait à sa création le le nom de traité instituant la Communauté économique européenne, jusqu'à la signature du traité sur l'Union européenne le qui en modifia son contenu et le renomma en traité instituant la Communauté européenne. Il fut à nouveau modifié en profondeur à la signature du traité de Lisbonne le et devint le traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne.
|
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Totalitarianism
|
Totalitarisme
|
Totalitarianism is a term that denotes a political system or a form of government that prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control over public and private life. It is regarded as the most extreme and complete form of authoritarianism. In totalitarian states, political power has often been held by autocrats who employ all-encompassing campaigns in which propaganda is broadcast by state-controlled mass media.
|
Le totalitarisme est l'un des principaux types de systèmes politiques avec la démocratie et l'autoritarisme. C'est un régime à parti unique, n'admettant aucune opposition organisée et dans lequel l'État tend à confisquer la totalité des activités de la société. C'est un concept forgé au, durant l'entre-deux-guerres, avec une apparition concomitante de régimes totalitaires en Allemagne et en URSS. Le totalitarisme signifie étymologiquement « système tendant à la totalité » : issu de l'ouvrage de Hannah Arendt "Les Origines du totalitarisme" (1951 ; titre original : "The Origins of Totalitarianism"), le mot "totalitarianism" exprime l'idée que la dictature ne s'exerce pas seulement dans la sphère politique, mais dans toutes, y compris les sphères privée et intime, quadrillant toute la société et tout le territoire, en imposant à tous les citoyens l'adhésion à une idéologie obligatoire, hors de laquelle ils sont considérés comme ennemis de la communauté.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Beetle
|
Coleoptera
|
Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 species, is the largest of all orders, constituting almost 40% of described insects and 25% of all known animal life-forms; new species are discovered frequently. The largest of all families, the Curculionidae (weevils), with some 83,000 member species, belongs to this order. Found in almost every habitat except the sea and the polar regions, they interact with their ecosystems in several ways: beetles often feed on plants and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. Some species are serious agricultural pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle, while others such as Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops.
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Les coléoptères (Coleoptera) sont un ordre d'insectes holométaboles dotés d'élytres protégeant leurs ailes. Le mot « coléoptère » vient du grec "κολεός" « fourreau » et "πτερόν" « aile ». Il s'agit de l'ordre animal qui comporte le plus grand nombre d'espèces décrites (près de décrites en 2015 mais le nombre total, basé sur des estimations statistiques, est évalué à 1,5 million d'espèces). Beaucoup d'espèces ou des groupes d'espèces ont des noms vernaculaires bien implantés ; les scarabées, les coccinelles, les lucanes, les chrysomèles, les hannetons, les charançons, les carabes, les leptures, par exemple, sont des coléoptères.
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Astrology
|
Astrologie
|
Astrology is a pseudoscience that claims to divine information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the movements and relative positions of celestial objects. Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some—such as the Hindus, Chinese, and the Maya—developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Western astrology, one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th–17th century BCE Mesopotamia, from where it spread to Ancient Greece, Rome, the Arab world and eventually Central and Western Europe. Contemporary Western astrology is often associated with systems of horoscopes that purport to explain aspects of a person's personality and predict significant events in their lives based on the positions of celestial objects; the majority of professional astrologers rely on such systems.
|
L'astrologie est un ensemble de croyances et de pratiques fondées sur l'interprétation symbolique des correspondances supposées entre les configurations célestes (la position et le mouvement des planètes du système solaire) et les affaires humaines, collectives ou individuelles. L'astrologie est maintenant considérée comme une pseudoscience, une croyance indûment présentée comme scientifique, ou comme une superstition, l'ensemble des recherches menées depuis l'Antiquité ayant abouti au fait que l'astrologie se place, par sa méthode même, en dehors du domaine rationnel ou scientifique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ASEAN
|
Association des nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est
|
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN;, ) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia.
|
L’Association des nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est (ANASE ou ASEAN) est une organisation politique, économique et culturelle regroupant dix pays d'Asie du Sud-Est. Elle a été fondée en 1967 à Bangkok (Thaïlande) par cinq pays dans le contexte de la guerre froide pour faire barrage aux mouvements communistes, développer la croissance et le développement et assurer la stabilité dans la région. Aujourd'hui, l'association a pour but de renforcer la coopération et l'assistance mutuelle entre ses membres, d'offrir un espace pour régler les problèmes régionaux et peser en commun dans les négociations internationales. Un sommet est organisé chaque année au mois de novembre. Son secrétariat général est installé à Jakarta (Indonésie).
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choline
|
Choline
|
Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. Choline occurs as a cation that forms various salts (X in the depicted formula is an undefined counteranion). To maintain health, it must be obtained from the diet as choline or as choline phospholipids, like phosphatidylcholine. Humans and most animals make choline de novo, but production is insufficient in humans and most species. Choline is often not classified as a vitamin, but as a nutrient with an amino acid-like metabolism. In most animals, choline phospholipids are necessary components in cell membranes, in the membranes of cell organelles, and in very low-density lipoproteins. Choline is required to produce acetylcholine – a neurotransmitter – and S-adenosyl methionine, a universal methyl donor involved in the synthesis of homocysteine.
|
La choline (, du grec "", bile) est un nutriment essentiel initialement classé dans le groupe des vitamines B. Chimiquement, la choline est un alcool aminé et est aujourd'hui classée comme bétaïne. Elle peut également être synthétisée par le foie, quoiqu'en quantités insuffisantes.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hydrolysis
|
Hydrolyse
|
Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water ruptures one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.
|
Une hydrolyse (du grec "hydro" : eau et "lysis" : briser) est une réaction chimique et enzymatique dans laquelle une liaison covalente est rompue par action d'une molécule d'eau.
|
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Grid computing
|
Grille informatique
|
Grid computing is the use of widely distributed computer resources to reach a common goal. A computing grid can be thought of as a distributed system with non-interactive workloads that involve many files. Grid computing is distinguished from conventional high-performance computing systems such as cluster computing in that grid computers have each node set to perform a different task/application. Grid computers also tend to be more heterogeneous and geographically dispersed (thus not physically coupled) than cluster computers. Although a single grid can be dedicated to a particular application, commonly a grid is used for a variety of purposes. Grids are often constructed with general-purpose grid middleware software libraries. Grid sizes can be quite large.
|
Une grille informatique (en anglais, "") est une infrastructure virtuelle constituée d'un ensemble de ressources informatiques potentiellement partagées, distribuées, hétérogènes, délocalisées et autonomes.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Inflation
|
Inflation
|
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.
|
Linflation est la perte du pouvoir d'achat de la monnaie qui se traduit par une augmentation générale et durable des prix. Il s'agit d'un phénomène persistant qui fait monter l'ensemble des prix, et auquel se superposent des variations sectorielles des prix.
|
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Cambridge
|
Cambridge
|
Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London, and east of Birmingham. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, the population of the Cambridge built-up area (which is larger than the remit of Cambridge City Council) was 158,434 including 29,327 students. Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.
|
Cambridge /'keɪm.brɪdʒ/ est une ville d’Angleterre, au Royaume-Uni, située à au nord de Londres, sur la rivière Cam. Elle est connue pour son université de renommée mondiale, la deuxième plus ancienne d'Angleterre après celle d'Oxford. Elle est également le centre administratif du comté du Cambridgeshire. Depuis 1951, Cambridge possède officiellement le statut de cité.
|
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