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Liège | Liège | Liège (,, ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège. | Liège (prononcé, anciennement écrit Liége ; aussi prononcé "Liége" ou "Lièche" en liégeois ; ; ; en wallon : "Lîdje" ), aussi surnommée « La Cité ardente », est une ville francophone de l'est de la Belgique. Elle est le chef-lieu de la province de Liège et la capitale économique de la Wallonie. De 972 à 1795, elle fut la capitale de la Principauté de Liège. Du, elle fut le siège du vaste évêché de Liège, héritier de la Civitas Tungrorum. | [
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King Arthur | Roi Arthur | King Arthur (,, ) was a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and modern historians generally agree that he is unhistorical. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the "Annales Cambriae", the "Historia Brittonum", and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as "Y Gododdin". | Le roi Arthur ou Arthur Pendragon est, d'après les romances médiévales, un seigneur breton qui aurait organisé la défense des peuples celtes des îles Britanniques et de Bretagne armoricaine face aux envahisseurs germaniques à la fin du ou au début du. La légende d'Arthur est principalement inspirée par le folklore et l'invention littéraire, et son existence historique n'est pas attestée. Les sources historiques sont recueillies sur de rares textes contradictoires, essentiellement des poèmes et contes en langue galloise, des annales et chroniques décrivant la romanisation et la christianisation de la Grande-Bretagne comme les "Annales Cambriae" et l’"Historia Brittonum" et la vie des premiers saints de l'île bretonne, comme Gildas le Sage. Le nom d'Arthur apparaît également dans d'anciens poèmes tel que le "Y Gododdin". Son histoire se situe à une époque où le terme « Bretagne » désignait la grande moitié sud de l'actuelle Grande-Bretagne. | [
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Injective function | Injection (mathématiques) | In mathematics, an injective function (also known as injection, or one-to-one function) is a function that maps distinct elements of its domain to distinct elements of its codomain. In other words, every element of the function's codomain is the image of "at most" one element of its domain. The term "one-to-one function" must not be confused with "one-to-one correspondence" that refers to bijective functions, which are functions such that each element in the codomain is an image of exactly one element in the domain. A homomorphism between algebraic structures is a function that is compatible with the operations of the structures. For all common algebraic structures, and, in particular for vector spaces, an "injective homomorphism" is also called a "monomorphism". However, in the more general context of category theory, the definition of a monomorphism differs from that of an injective homomorphism. This is thus a theorem that they are equivalent for algebraic structures; see for more details. | Une application "f" est dite injective ou est une injection si tout élément de son ensemble d'arrivée a au plus un antécédent par "f", ce qui revient à dire que deux éléments distincts de son ensemble de départ ne peuvent pas avoir la même image par "f". | [
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Louis Philippe I | Louis-Philippe Ier | Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 and the last king of France. As Duke of Chartres he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary Wars, but broke with the Republic over its decision to execute King Louis XVI. He fled to Switzerland in 1793 after being connected with a plot to restore France's monarchy. His father Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (Philippe Égalité) fell under suspicion and was executed, and Louis Philippe remained in exile for 21 years until the Bourbon Restoration. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after his cousin Charles X was forced to abdicate by the July Revolution. The reign of Louis Philippe is known as the July Monarchy and was dominated by wealthy industrialists and bankers. He followed conservative policies, especially under the influence of French statesman François Guizot during the period 1840–48. He also promoted friendship with Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria. His popularity faded as economic conditions in France deteriorated in 1847, and he was forced to abdicate after the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1848. He lived out his life in exile in the United Kingdom. His supporters were known as Orléanists, as opposed to Legitimists who supported the main line of the House of Bourbon. | , né le à Paris en France et mort le à Claremont au Royaume-Uni, est le dernier roi français et le seul à avoir été photographié. Il règne de 1830 à 1848 sur la France, avec le titre de « roi des Français ». Bien moins traditionaliste que ses prédécesseurs, il incarna un tournant majeur dans la conception et l'image de la royauté en France. | [
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Laser | Laser | A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. | Un laser (acronyme issu de l'anglais "" qui signifie « amplification de la lumière par émission stimulée de radiation ») est un système photonique. Il s'agit d'un appareil qui produit un rayonnement lumineux spatialement et temporellement cohérent reposant sur le processus d'émission stimulée. Descendant du maser, le laser s'est d'abord appelé « maser optique ». | [
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Baja California Sur | Basse-Californie du Sud | Baja California Sur (; ), officially the "Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California Sur" (), is the second-smallest Mexican state by population and the 31st admitted state of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. | La Basse-Californie du Sud (en espagnol : "Baja California Sur"), officiellement l'État libre et souverain de Basse-Californie du Sud ou BCS est un État du Mexique, situé au nord-ouest du pays. Il est entouré par la Basse-Californie dont il est séparé par le, par l'océan Pacifique et par le golfe de Californie, il a une superficie de et une population de en 2015. Sa capitale est la ville de La Paz. | [
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Surjective function | Surjection | In mathematics, a function "f" from a set "X" to a set "Y" is surjective (also known as onto, or a surjection), if for every element "y" in the codomain "Y" of "f", there is at least one element "x" in the domain "X" of "f" such that "f"("x") = "y". It is not required that "x" be unique; the function "f" may map one or more elements of "X" to the same element of "Y". | En mathématiques, une surjection ou application surjective est une application pour laquelle tout élément de l'ensemble d'arrivée a au moins un antécédent, c'est-à-dire est image d'au moins un élément de l'ensemble de départ. Il est équivalent de dire que l'ensemble image est égal à l'ensemble d'arrivée. | [
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Bijection | Bijection | In mathematics, a bijection, bijective function, one-to-one correspondence, or invertible function, is a function between the elements of two sets, where each element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the other set, and each element of the other set is paired with exactly one element of the first set. There are no unpaired elements. In mathematical terms, a bijective function is a one-to-one (injective) and onto (surjective) mapping of a set "X" to a set "Y". The term "one-to-one correspondence" must not be confused with "one-to-one function" (a.k.a. injective function) (see figures). A bijection from the set "X" to the set "Y" has an inverse function from "Y" to "X". If "X" and "Y" are finite sets, then the existence of a bijection means they have the same number of elements. For infinite sets, the picture is more complicated, leading to the concept of cardinal number—a way to distinguish the various sizes of infinite sets. | En mathématiques, une bijection est une "application bijective". Une application est bijective si et seulement si tout élément de son "ensemble d'arrivée" a un et un seul "antécédent", c'est-à-dire est "image" d'exactement un élément (de son domaine de définition), ou encore si elle est "injective" et "surjective". Les bijections sont aussi parfois appelées correspondances biunivoques. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Rodenticide | Rodenticide | Rodenticides, colloquially rat poison, are typically non-specific pest control chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing rodents. Some rodenticides are lethal after one exposure while others require more than one. Rodents are disinclined to gorge on an unknown food (perhaps reflecting an adaptation to their inability to vomit), preferring to sample, wait and observe whether it makes them or other rats sick. This phenomenon of poison shyness is the rationale for poisons that kill only after multiple doses. | Un produit rodenticide (du latin, "rodere", ronger) ou raticide est une substance active ou une préparation ayant la propriété de tuer des rongeurs. | [
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Bagh nakh | Bagh-nakha | The bagh nakh, vagh nakh, or vagh nakhya (,,, lit. tiger claw) is a "fist-load, claw-like" weapon, originating from the Indian subcontinent, designed to fit over the knuckles or be concealed under and against the palm. It consists of four or five curved blades affixed to a crossbar or glove, and is designed to slash through skin and muscle. It is believed to have been inspired by the armament of big cats, and the term "bagh nakh" itself means tiger's claw in Hindi. | Le Bagh-nakh (ou "wagnak"), soit « "griffe de tigre" », est une arme de corps à corps indienne utilisée par les Rajputs, les Moghols et les Marathes. Elle est constituée de griffes d'acier fixées à la main, parfois au moyen d'un gant. | [
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Campeche City | Campeche (ville) | San Francisco de Campeche (;, ), 19th c. English also Campeachy, is a city in Campeche Municipality in the state of Campeche, Mexico on the shore of the Bay of Campeche of the Gulf of Mexico. Both the seat of the municipality and the state's capital, the city had a population at the 2010 census of 220,389, and the municipality had a population of 259,005. | Campeche, parfois francisé en « Campêche » (abrégé de San Francisco de Campeche) est une ville du Mexique et la capitale de l'État du même nom. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2010. | [
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Theophany | Théophanie | Theophany (from Ancient Greek, meaning "appearance of god") is the appearance of a deity to a human. This term has been used to refer to appearances of the gods in the ancient Greek and Near Eastern religions. While the "Iliad" is the earliest source for descriptions of theophanies in the classical tradition/era (and they occur throughout Greek mythology), probably the earliest description of a theophany is in the Epic of Gilgamesh. | Une théophanie (des radicaux grecs "théo-", θεός « dieu », et "phan-", « apparition ») est, dans le domaine religieux, une manifestation divine, au cours de laquelle a normalement lieu la révélation d'un message divin aux hommes ou simplement d'un avertissement. | [
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Climatology | Climatologie | Climatology (from Greek, "klima", "place, zone"; and, "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry. | La climatologie est l'étude du climat et de l'état moyen de l'atmosphère, c'est-à-dire la succession des conditions météorologiques sur de longues périodes dans le temps. Il s'agit d'une branche combinée de la géographie physique et de la météorologie, l'étude du temps à court terme étant le domaine de la météorologie opérationnelle. Un climatologue, ou climatologiste, est un spécialiste qui fait l'étude des variations locales et temporelles des climats grâce aux statistiques des données provenant de plusieurs domaines qui affectent le climat. | [
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French Democratic Confederation of Labour | Confédération française démocratique du travail | The French Democratic Confederation of Labour (, CFDT) is a national trade union center, one of the five major French confederations of trade unions, led since 2012 by Laurent Berger. It is the largest French trade union confederation by number of members (875,000) but comes only second after the Confédération générale du travail (CGT) in voting results for representative bodies. | La Confédération française démocratique du travail (CFDT) est une confédération interprofessionnelle de syndicats français de salariés, première ou seconde par le nombre de syndiqués en fonction du mode de calcul retenu ( revendiqués en 2018, mais une étude de 2007 estimait que la CFDT avait moins d'adhérents que la CGT) et la première dans le secteur privé depuis le 31 mars 2017 par son audience électorale aux élections professionnelles. En 2018, elle est la première organisation syndicale en matière d'audience électorale si on amalgame les résultats de la fonction publique et le secteur privé. | [
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Louchébem | Loucherbem et largonji | Louchébem or loucherbem () is Parisian and Lyonnaise butchers' (French "boucher") slang, similar to Pig Latin and Verlan. It originated in the mid-19th century and was in common use until the 1950s. | Le mot "louchébem" (ou "loucherbem" ou "louchébème" ou "louch'bem", etc.) – issu de la déformation par largonji du mot "boucher," attestée pour la première fois en 1876 sous la forme "luchebem –" a été utilisé à partir de la fin du pour désigner le largonji des louchébems (« jargon des bouchers »), autrement dit l'argot des bouchers. Le louchébem reste au XXIe siècle connu et utilisé dans cet univers professionnel. | [
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Insecticide | Insecticide | Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-century's agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals; some become concentrated as they spread along the food chain. | Les insecticides sont des substances actives ou des préparations phytosanitaires ayant la propriété de tuer les insectes, leurs larves et/ou leurs œufs. Ils font partie de la famille des pesticides, eux-mêmes inclus dans la famille des biocides, tous deux réglementés en Europe par des directives spécifiques. | [
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Quintana Roo | Quintana Roo | Quintana Roo (, ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 11 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal. | L'État de Quintana Roo est un État situé dans le Sud du Mexique dans la péninsule du Yucatán. Entouré par les États de Yucatán et de Campeche, la mer des Caraïbes et le Belize, Quintana Roo occupe une superficie de. La capitale est Chetumal. Quintana Roo comptait en 2015. Autrefois, la région était habitée par les Mayas comme l'attestent de nombreuses ruines. Jusqu'en 1974, Quintana Roo a eu le statut de Territoire de la fédération. C'est en cette année qu'il devint le État du Mexique. | [
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Rational number | Nombre rationnel | In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction of two integers, a numerator and a non-zero denominator. Since may be equal to 1, every integer is a rational number. The set of all rational numbers, often referred to as "the rationals", the field of rationals or the field of rational numbers is usually denoted by a boldface (or blackboard bold formula_1, Unicode Q); it was thus denoted in 1895 by Giuseppe Peano after "quoziente", Italian for "quotient". | Un nombre rationnel est, en mathématiques, un nombre qui peut s'exprimer comme le quotient de deux entiers relatifs. Les nombres rationnels non entiers (souvent appelés fractions) sont souvent notés formula_1, où "a" et "b" sont deux entiers relatifs (avec "b" non nul). On appelle "a" le numérateur et "b" le dénominateur. | [
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Herbicide | Herbicide | Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weedkillers, are substances used to control unwanted plants. Selective herbicides control specific weed species, while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called total weedkillers in commercial products) can be used to clear waste ground, industrial and construction sites, railways and railway embankments as they kill all plant material with which they come into contact. Apart from selective/non-selective, other important distinctions include "persistence" (also known as "residual action": how long the product stays in place and remains active), "means of uptake" (whether it is absorbed by above-ground foliage only, through the roots, or by other means), and "mechanism of action" (how it works). Historically, products such as common salt and other metal salts were used as herbicides, however these have gradually fallen out of favor and in some countries a number of these are banned due to their persistence in soil, and toxicity and groundwater contamination concerns. Herbicides have also been used in warfare and conflict. | Un herbicide est une substance active ou une préparation phytosanitaire ayant la propriété de tuer les végétaux. Le terme « désherbant » est synonyme d'herbicide. | [
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Edward VI of England | Édouard VI | Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was the King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine. Edward was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, and England's first monarch to be raised as a Protestant. During his reign, the realm was governed by a regency council because he never reached maturity. The council was first led by his uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547–1549), and then by John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick (1550–1553), who from 1551 was Duke of Northumberland. | Édouard VI (né "Edward", 12 octobre 1537 – 6 juillet 1553) est roi d'Angleterre et d'Irlande de 1547 à sa mort. Il est couronné le 20 février 1547 à l'âge de neuf ans ce qui en fait l'un des plus jeunes souverains anglais. Il est le fils d'Henri VIII d'Angleterre et de Jeanne Seymour, et devient le troisième souverain de la dynastie des Tudor et le premier souverain anglais calviniste à monter sur le trône. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Degree (angle) | Degré (angle) | A degree (in full, a degree of arc, arc degree, or arcdegree), usually denoted by ° (the degree symbol), is a measurement of a plane angle, defined so that a full rotation is 360 degrees. | Un degré, généralement représenté par ° (le symbole degré), est une mesure d'un angle plan, qui représente le 1/360 d'un tour complet ; un degré est aussi équivalent à /180 radians. Lorsque cet angle est en rapport avec un méridien de référence, il indique un emplacement le long d'un grand cercle d'une sphère, comme la Terre (voir Coordonnées géographiques), Mars ou la sphère céleste. Le rapport entre 365,25 (nombre de jours moyen de la rotation de la Terre autour du Soleil) et 360° (tour complet) permet d'établir l'approximation suivante : « La Terre tourne d'environ un degré autour du Soleil chaque jour ». | [
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Cunt | Con | Cunt () is a vulgar word for the vulva or vagina and is also used as a term of disparagement. Reflecting different national usages, "cunt" is described as a "usually disparaging and obscene" term for a woman or an "offensive way to refer to a woman" in the United States by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, but "an unpleasant or stupid person" in the "Compact Oxford English Dictionary", and "a contemptible person" in the "Macquarie Dictionary" of Australian English. In Australia and New Zealand, it can also be used as a neutral or, when used with a positive qualifier (e.g., "good, funny, clever"), a positive way of referring to a person. | Con est un mot polysémique et un substantif trivial qui désigne à l'origine le sexe de la femme. Au sens figuré, le mot con est aussi un mot vulgaire en général employé comme insulte dans les pays francophones, mais dans un sens très atténué, voire amical, dans le Midi de la France. Il désigne une personne stupide, naïve ou désagréable, de même que ses dérivés « connard » et « connasse ». Con a aussi un emploi impersonnel, souvent dépréciatif dans les expressions « jouer au con », « bande de cons » Le mot dérivé « connerie » désigne une erreur, une bêtise, la stupidité en général. Con est également à l'origine du nom des "confréries de Conards", sociétés festives et carnavalesques traditionnelles de Normandie, Auvergne, Bourgogne... | [
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Weed | Adventice | A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place". Examples commonly are plants unwanted in human-controlled settings, such as farm fields, gardens, lawns, and parks. Taxonomically, the term "weed" has no botanical significance, because a plant that is a weed in one context is "not" a weed when growing in a situation where it "is" in fact wanted, and where one species of plant is a valuable crop plant, another species in the same genus might be a serious weed, such as a wild bramble growing among cultivated loganberries. In the same way, volunteer crops (plants) are regarded as weeds in a subsequent crop. Many plants that people widely regard as weeds also are intentionally grown in gardens and other cultivated settings, in which case they are sometimes called beneficial weeds. The term "weed" also is applied to any plant that grows or reproduces aggressively, or is invasive outside its native habitat. More broadly "weed" occasionally is applied pejoratively to species outside the plant kingdom, species that can survive in diverse environments and reproduce quickly; in this sense it has even been applied to humans. | Une adventice (du latin "adventicius" issu du verbe advenire, « qui vient de l'extérieur »), appelée également « mauvaise herbe », désigne, pour les agriculteurs et les jardiniers, une plante qui pousse dans un endroit (champ, massif...) sans y avoir été intentionnellement installée. Les adventices sont généralement considérées comme nuisibles à la production agricole, bien qu'elles puissent également être bénéfiques. | [
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Gérard de Nerval | Gérard de Nerval | Gérard de Nerval (; 22 May 1808 – 26 January 1855) was the "nom-de-plume" of the French writer, poet, and translator Gérard Labrunie, a major figure of French romanticism, best known for his novellas and poems, especially the collection "Les Filles du feu" ("The Daughters of Fire"), which included the novella "Sylvie" and the poem "El Desdichado". He played a major role in introducing French readers to the works of German Romantic authors, including Klopstock, Schiller, Bürger and Goethe. His later work merged poetry and journalism in a fictional context and influenced Marcel Proust. His last novella, "", influenced André Breton and Surrealism. | Gérard Labrunie, dit Gérard de Nerval, est un écrivain et un poète français, né le à Paris, ville où il est mort le. Figure majeure du romantisme français, il est essentiellement connu pour ses poèmes et ses nouvelles, notamment son ouvrage "Les Filles du feu", recueil de nouvelles (la plus célèbre étant "Sylvie") et son recueil de sonnet ("Les Chimères") publié en 1854. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ring Nebula | Nébuleuse de la Lyre | The Ring Nebula (also catalogued as Messier 57, M57 or NGC 6720) is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Lyra. Such objects are formed when a shell of ionized gas is expelled into the surrounding interstellar medium by a star in the last stages of its evolution before becoming a white dwarf. | La Nébuleuse de la Lyre (en anglais '), cataloguée dans le Catalogue de Messier sous le nom M57, est une nébuleuse planétaire située dans la constellation de la Lyre. Sa forme caractéristique lui vaut également le surnom de nébuleuse de l'Anneau. Elle a entre et. | [
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Globular cluster | Amas globulaire | A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes, and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers. The name of this category of star cluster is derived from the Latin, "globulus"—a small sphere. Occasionally, a globular cluster is known simply as a "globular". | En astronomie, un amas globulaire est un amas stellaire très dense, contenant typiquement une centaine de milliers d'étoiles distribuées dans une sphère dont la taille varie d'une vingtaine à quelques centaines d'années-lumière. Leur densité est ainsi nettement plus élevée que celle des amas ouverts. Les étoiles de ces amas sont généralement des géantes rouges. | [
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Moruroa | Moruroa | Moruroa (Mururoa, Mururura), also historically known as Aopuni, is an atoll which forms part of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia in the southern Pacific Ocean. It is located about southeast of Tahiti. Administratively Moruroa Atoll is part of the commune of Tureia, which includes the atolls of Tureia, Fangataufa, Tematangi and Vanavana. France undertook nuclear weapon tests between 1966 and 1996 at Moruroa and Fangataufa, causing international protests, notably in 1974 and 1995. The number of tests performed has been variously reported as 175 and 181. | Moruroa, aussi transcrit en Mururoa et historiquement appelé Aopuni, est un atoll de l’archipel des Tuamotu, situé en Polynésie française. Celui-ci a servi, comme un autre site de l’océan Pacifique, l’atoll de Fangataufa distant de, de lieu d’expérimentation à 138 essais nucléaires français. Moruroa appartient en pleine propriété à l’État français depuis 1964. | [
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Nalanda | Nâlandâ | Nalanda (ISO:, ) was an ancient "Mahavihara", a revered Buddhist monastery which also served as a renowned centre of learning, in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in India. The ancient university of Nalanda obtained significant fame, prestige and relevance during ancient times, and rose to legendary status due to its contribution to the emergence of India as a great power around the fourth century. The site is located about southeast of Patna near the city of Bihar Sharif, and was one of the greatest centres of learning from the fifth century CE to. Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. | Nālandā (hindî/sanskrit/pâli : नालंदा) est une ville de l'État du Bihar, en Inde du nord, près du Népal, ancien siège d'un important centre universitaire bouddhiste, comptant à son apogée jusqu'à moines. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hamiltonian mechanics | Mécanique hamiltonienne | Hamiltonian mechanics is an equivalent but more abstract reformulation of classical mechanic theory. Historically, it contributed to the formulation of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. | La mécanique hamiltonienne est une reformulation de la mécanique newtonienne. Son formalisme a facilité l'élaboration théorique de la mécanique quantique. | [
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Sikhism | Sikhisme | Sikhi (', or Sikhism ();, from ), is a religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century. | Le sikhisme est une religion monothéiste fondée dans le nord de l'Inde au par le Gurû Nanak. Le mot "ਸਿੱਖ" (sikkh) est un mot pendjabi qui est dérivé du mot sanskrit "शिष्यः" (śiṣya) signifiant "disciple" ou "étudiant", ou de "शिक्ष" (śikṣa), signifiant "étude" ou « instruction ». Transcrit littéralement cela revient à dire « l'âme de dieu ». La doctrine du sikhisme se fonde sur les enseignements spirituels des Dix gurûs, recueillis dans le Sri Guru Granth Sahib. | [
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Economic growth | Croissance économique | One can define economic growth as the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. | La croissance économique désigne la variation positive de la production de biens et de services dans une économie sur une période donnée, généralement une longue période. En pratique, l'indicateur le plus utilisé pour la mesurer est le produit intérieur brut (PIB). Il est mesuré « en volume » ou « à prix constants » pour corriger les effets de l'inflation. Le taux de croissance, lui, est le taux de variation du PIB. On utilise souvent la croissance du PIB par habitant comme indication de l'amélioration de la richesse individuelle, assimilée au "niveau de vie". | [
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States of Austria | Land d'Autriche | Austria is a federal republic made up of nine states, known in German as Länder. Since "Land" is also the German word for "country", the term Bundesländer ("federal states") is often used instead to avoid ambiguity. The Constitution of Austria uses both terms. Even though English "land" is a cognate, the term "(Bundes)land" is commonly rendered as "state" or "province" by tradition in English writing. | Un land ( ; au pluriel : "" ou « lands » au pluriel en français) est un État fédéré de la république d'Autriche. Le pays est constitué de neuf États fédérés. | [
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Juhani Aho | Juhani Aho | Juhani Aho, originally Johannes Brofeldt (11 September 1861 – 8 August 1921), was a Finnish-Swedish author and journalist. He was nominated for the Nobel prize in literature twelve times. | Juhani Aho (Johannes Brofeldt jusqu'en 1907 ; né le à Lapinlahti et décédé le à Helsinki) est un écrivain finlandais. Sa carrière d'écrivain a duré quarante ans. | [
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Pesticide | Pesticide | Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticides (which may include insect growth regulators, termiticides, etc.) nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, and fungicide. The most common of these are herbicides which account for approximately 80% of all pesticide use. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. | Un pesticide est une substance utilisée pour lutter contre des organismes considérés comme nuisibles. C'est un terme générique qui rassemble les insecticides, les fongicides, les herbicides et les parasiticides conçus pour avoir une action biocide. Les pesticides s'attaquent respectivement aux insectes ravageurs, aux champignons, aux « adventices » et aux vers parasites. | [
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Gustave Caillebotte | Gustave Caillebotte | Gustave Caillebotte (; 19 August 1848 – 21 February 1894) was a French painter who was a member and patron of the Impressionists, although he painted in a more realistic manner than many others in the group. Caillebotte was noted for his early interest in photography as an art form. | Gustave Caillebotte, né à Paris le et mort à Gennevilliers le, est un peintre français, collectionneur, mécène et organisateur des expositions impressionnistes de 1877, 1879, 1880 et 1882. | [
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Alain Delon | Alain Delon | Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon (; born 8 November 1935) is a French actor and businessman. He is known as one of Europe's most prominent actors and screen sex symbols from the 1960s. He achieved critical acclaim for roles in films such as "Rocco and His Brothers" (1960), "Plein Soleil" (1960), "L'Eclisse" (1962), "The Leopard" (1963), "The Yellow Rolls-Royce" (1965), "Lost Command" (1966) and "Le Samouraï" (1967). Over the course of his career Delon worked with many well-known directors, including Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, Jean-Pierre Melville, Michelangelo Antonioni and Louis Malle. He acquired Swiss citizenship in 1999. | Alain Delon, né le à Sceaux, est un acteur français. Il est aussi producteur à travers sa société Adel Productions, ayant réalisé deux films. | [
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Insect | Insecte | Insects or Insecta (from Latin ') are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Definitions and circumscriptions vary; usually, insects comprise a class within the Arthropoda. As used here, the term Insecta is synonymous with Ectognatha. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms. The total number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million; potentially over 90% of the animal life forms on Earth are insects. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, which are dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans. | Les insectes (Insecta) sont une classe d'animaux invertébrés de l'embranchement des arthropodes et du sous-embranchement des hexapodes. Ils sont caractérisés par un corps segmenté en trois tagmes (tête possédant des pièces buccales externes, une paire d'antennes et au moins une paire d'yeux composés ; thorax pourvu de trois paires de pattes articulées et deux paires d'ailes plus ou moins modifiées ; abdomen dépourvu d'appendices) protégés par une cuticule formant un exosquelette composé de chitine et pourvu de trachées respiratoires. | [
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Mary I of England | Marie Ire (reine d'Angleterre) | Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was the queen of England from July 1553 until her death. She is best known for her vigorous attempt to reverse the English Reformation, which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. Her attempt to restore to the Church the property confiscated in the previous two reigns was largely thwarted by parliament, but during her five-year reign, Mary had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian persecutions, which led to her denunciation as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents. | Marie, également connue sous le nom de Marie Tudor, née le et morte le, est la première reine régnante d'Angleterre et d'Irlande, de 1553 à sa mort, et, par son mari Philippe II (roi d'Espagne), reine d'Espagne, de Sicile et de Naples, duchesse de Bourgogne, de Milan, de Brabant, de Luxembourg et de Limbourg, comtesse de Flandre, de Hainaut et comtesse palatine de Bourgogne. | [
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Robert I, Duke of Normandy | Robert Ier de Normandie | Robert the Magnificent (; 22 June 1000 – 1–3 July 1035), was the duke of Normandy from 1027 until his death in 1035. | Robert de Normandie (v. 1010 – ), dit Robert "le Libéral ou plus couramment Robert "le Magnifique, est duc de Normandie d'août 1027 jusqu'à sa mort survenue en Terre sainte le, lors d'un pèlerinage. Il est le père de Guillaume II de Normandie dit « Guillaume le Bâtard » futur Guillaume le Conquérant. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Apparent magnitude | Magnitude apparente | Apparent magnitude () is a measure of the brightness of a star or other astronomical object observed from the Earth. An object's apparent magnitude depends on its intrinsic luminosity, its distance from Earth, and any extinction of the object's light caused by interstellar dust along the line of sight to the observer. | La magnitude apparente est une mesure de l'irradiance d'un objet céleste observé depuis la Terre. Utilisée quasi exclusivement en astronomie, la magnitude correspondait historiquement à un classement des étoiles, les plus brillantes étant de « première magnitude », les deuxièmes et troisièmes magnitudes étant plus faibles, jusqu'à la sixième magnitude, étoiles à peine visibles à l'œil nu. Elle est à présent définie suivant une échelle logarithmique inverse, dans laquelle la magnitude augmente d'une unité lorsque l'irradiance est divisée par environ 2,5. Ainsi, plus un objet céleste est brillant, plus sa magnitude est faible voire négative. Il est habituel de définir la magnitude zéro comme étant celle de l'étoile Véga, aux erreurs d'étalonnage près. | [
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San Luis Potosí City | San Luis Potosí | San Luis Potosí, commonly called SLP or simply San Luis, is the capital and the most populous city of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. The city lies at an elevation of. It has an estimated population of 824,229 in the city proper and a population of approximately 1,221,526 in its metropolitan area, formed with the neighbour city of Soledad de Graciano Sánchez and other surrounding municipalities, which makes the metropolitan area of Greater San Luis Potosí the eleventh largest in Mexico. | San Luis Potosí est la capitale de l'État de San Luis Potosí, Mexique. La ville est située à au nord-nord-ouest de Mexico, et à une altitude moyenne de. Sa population s'élevait à en 2005 et, pour l'ensemble de l'agglomération, de. Sa superficie est de. | [
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Bharatanatyam | Bharata natyam | Bharatanatyam is a major form of Indian classical dance that originated thousands of years ago. Bharata Natyam is the oldest classical dance tradition in India. It was nurtured in the temples and courts of southern India since ancient times It is one of eight forms of dance recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi (the others being Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Manipuri and Sattriya) and it expresses South Indian religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly of Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism. | Le Bharata natyam est une forme de danse classique tamoule originaire du Tamil Nadu en Inde. C'est l'une des plus anciennes danses indiennes. Mélange de danse classique et d'art martial à la base, elle était liée aux pratiques religieuses dès son origine. Avec le temps, elle fut interdite sous la domination anglaise, mais autorisée dans les comptoirs français de Pondichéry (Sud du pays). | [
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Holomorphic function | Fonction holomorphe | In mathematics, a holomorphic function is a complex-valued function of one or more complex variables that is, at every point of its domain, complex differentiable in a neighborhood of the point. The existence of a complex derivative in a neighbourhood is a very strong condition, for it implies that any holomorphic function is actually infinitely differentiable and equal, locally, to its own Taylor series ("analytic"). Holomorphic functions are the central objects of study in complex analysis. | En analyse complexe, une fonction holomorphe est une fonction à valeurs complexes, définie et dérivable en tout point d'un sous-ensemble ouvert du plan complexe C. | [
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Meromorphic function | Fonction méromorphe | In the mathematical field of complex analysis, a meromorphic function on an open subset "D" of the complex plane is a function that is holomorphic on all of "D" "except" for a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function. The term comes from the Ancient Greek "meros" (μέρος), meaning "part". | En mathématiques, et plus précisément en analyse complexe, une fonction méromorphe est une fonction holomorphe dans tout le plan complexe, sauf éventuellement sur un ensemble de points isolés dont chacun est un pôle pour la fonction. Cette terminologie s'explique par le fait qu'en grec ancien, "meros" (μέρος) signifie « partie » et "holos" (ὅλος) signifie « entier ». | [
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Liouville's theorem (complex analysis) | Théorème de Liouville (variable complexe) | In complex analysis, Liouville's theorem, named after Joseph Liouville, states that every bounded entire function must be constant. That is, every holomorphic function "f" for which there exists a positive number "M" such that formula_1 for all formula_2 in formula_3 is constant. Equivalently, non-constant holomorphic functions on formula_3 have unbounded images. | En analyse complexe, le théorème de Liouville est un résultat portant sur les fonctions entières (les fonctions holomorphes sur tout le plan complexe). Alors qu'il existe un grand nombre de fonctions infiniment dérivables et bornées sur la droite réelle, le théorème de Liouville affirme que toute fonction entière bornée est constante. Ce théorème est dû à Cauchy. Ce détournement est l'œuvre d'un élève de Liouville qui prit connaissance de ce théorème aux cours lus par ce dernier. | [
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Taj Mahal | Taj Mahal | The Taj Mahal (;, ) is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the southern bank of the river Yamuna in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (reigned from 1628 to 1658) to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself. The tomb is the centrepiece of a complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall. | Le Taj Mahal (en devanagari, en persan qui signifie « la couronne du palais ») est situé à Agra, au bord de la rivière Yamuna, dans l'État de l'Uttar Pradesh, en Inde. C'est un mausolée de marbre blanc construit par l'empereur moghol musulman Shâh Jahân en mémoire de son épouse Arjumand Bânu Begam, aussi connue sous le nom de "Mumtaz Mahal", qui signifie en persan « la lumière du palais ». Elle meurt le en donnant naissance à leur quatorzième enfant alors qu'elle accompagnait son mari pendant une campagne militaire. Elle trouve une première sépulture sur place dans le jardin Zainabad à Burhanpur. La construction du mausolée commence en 1631 et est achevée dans sa plus grande partie en 1648. Son époux, mort le, est inhumé auprès d'elle. | [
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Cauchy's integral formula | Formule intégrale de Cauchy | In mathematics, Cauchy's integral formula, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a central statement in complex analysis. It expresses the fact that a holomorphic function defined on a disk is completely determined by its values on the boundary of the disk, and it provides integral formulas for all derivatives of a holomorphic function. Cauchy's formula shows that, in complex analysis, "differentiation is equivalent to integration": complex differentiation, like integration, behaves well under uniform limits – a result that does not hold in real analysis. | La formule intégrale de Cauchy, due au mathématicien Augustin Louis Cauchy, est un point essentiel de l'analyse complexe. Elle exprime le fait que la valeur en un point d'une fonction holomorphe est complètement déterminée par les valeurs qu'elle prend sur un chemin fermé contenant (c'est-à-dire entourant) ce point. Elle peut aussi être utilisée pour exprimer sous forme d'intégrales toutes les dérivées d'une fonction holomorphe. | [
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Standard Tibetan | Tibétain | Standard Tibetan is a widely spoken form of the Tibetic languages that has many commonalities with the speech of Lhasa, an Ü-Tsang (Central Tibetan) dialect. For this reason, Standard Tibetan is often called Lhasa Tibetan. Tibetan is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The written language is based on Classical Tibetan and is highly conservative. | Le tibétain est une langue parlée par plusieurs millions de locuteurs (de 3 à 8 millions selon les sources) dans l'ancien Tibet (c'est-à-dire la Région autonome du Tibet, les zones à population tibétaine du Qinghai (Amdo), du Gansu, du Sichuan et du Yunnan (Kham) et plus sporadiquement dans d'autres régions de la République populaire de Chine, et dans certaines régions de pays environnants, de l'Himalaya et de l'Asie centrale, comme le Ladakh et le Sikkim en Inde, le Baltistan pakistanais, le Bhoutan et le nord du Népal. Cette langue s'écrit principalement à l'aide de l'alphasyllabaire tibétain et comporte différentes romanisations, le wylie, la plus ancienne, THL, développé aux États-Unis, utilisé généralement pour les noms propres et zangwen pinyin (ou pinyin tibétain), développé en Chine, prenant compte des particularités tonales des langues tibétaines. | [
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Tristan Corbière | Tristan Corbière | Tristan Corbière (18 July 1845 – 1 March 1875), born Édouard-Joachim Corbière, was a French poet born in Coat-Congar, Ploujean (now part of Morlaix) in Brittany, where he lived most of his life before dying of tuberculosis at the age of 29. | Édouard-Joachim Corbière, dit Tristan Corbière, né le à Ploujean (aujourd'hui Morlaix, dans le Finistère) et mort le à Morlaix, est un poète français, proche du symbolisme, figure du « poète maudit ». | [
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Maurienne | Maurienne | Maurienne is one of the provinces of Savoy, corresponding to the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in France. It is also the original name of the capital of the province, now Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne. | La Maurienne est une vallée intra-alpine et une région naturelle française, située dans le département de la Savoie en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. D'une longueur de, elle est traversée par la rivière de l'Arc. Elle correspond à l'une des six provinces historiques de la Savoie, qui fut un "pagus" (), puis au comté de Maurienne intégré au comté de Savoie avant de devenir l'une des provinces administratives (de 1723 à 1860) du duché de Savoie. | [
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Voyager 2 | Voyager 2 | Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets. Part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, Voyager 1, on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with Uranus and Neptune. It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these two ice giant planets. Voyager 2 is the fourth of five spacecraft to achieve the Solar escape velocity, which will allow it to leave the Solar System. | La mission ', conjointement à celle de ', a pu être menée à bien pour un coût nettement inférieur à celui des programmes plus avancés et plus spécialisés qui ont suivi, "Galileo" et "Cassini-Huygens". Avec ', ','et,'est l'une des cinq sondes spatiales à suivre une trajectoire quittant le Système solaire. En 2020, la sonde a parcouru depuis la Terre une distance d'environ de kilomètres et continue à envoyer des données scientifiques sur son environnement après son lancement. Au, la sonde est à environ () du Soleil et à environ ( astronomiques) de la Terre. Elle dépasse l'héliopause, la limite magnétique du Système solaire, en. | [
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Bhangra (music) | Bhangra | Bhaṅgṛā (, ਭੰਗੜਾ ; ) is a type of upbeat popular music associated with the Punjabi diaspora in Europe and North America. | Le bhangra est un style de danse et de musique indienne provenant de la région du Pendjab. Il s'est développé dans la communauté indienne et pakistanaise vivant au Royaume-Uni. | [
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Sati (practice) | Sati (hindouisme) | The Sati or suttee was a largely historical practice found chiefly among Hindus in the northern and pre-modern regions of South Asia, in which a widow sacrifices herself by sitting atop her deceased husband's funeral pyre. | Dans l'épopée hindoue du "Mahabharata", Sati (sanskrit, qui signifie « véracité ») ou Dakshayani est l'aînée des filles de Prasuti et Daksha. Elle aime Shiva, mais son père, Daksha, qui s'est disputé avec le dieu, interdit leur mariage. | [
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Amateur radio operator | Radioamateur | An amateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at an amateur radio station to engage in two-way personal communications with other amateur operators on radio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted an amateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned a call sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. There are about three million amateur radio operators worldwide. | Les radioamateurs sont des personnes qui pratiquent, sans intérêt pécuniaire, un loisir technique permettant d'expérimenter les techniques de transmission et par conséquences d'établir des liaisons radio avec d'autres radioamateurs du monde entier. Beaucoup d'avancées technologiques sont dues aux radioamateurs, c'est par exemple grâce à eux que les fréquences au-dessus de sont aujourd'hui utilisées. L'activité radioamateur permet d'acquérir ainsi des connaissances techniques dans les domaines de la radio et de l'électronique et de développer des liens d'amitié entre amateurs de différents pays. | [
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Queen Latifah | Queen Latifah | Dana Elaine Owens (born March 18, 1970), better known by her stage name Queen Latifah, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, and producer. Born in Newark, New Jersey, she signed with Tommy Boy Records in 1989 and released her debut album "All Hail the Queen" on November 28, 1989, featuring the hit single "Ladies First". "Nature of a Sista'" (1991) was her second and final album with Tommy Boy Records. | Queen Latifah, de son vrai nom Dana Elaine Owens, née le à Newark, dans le New Jersey, est une chanteuse, rappeuse, productrice, mannequin, animatrice de télévision et actrice américaine. | [
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Eclipse | Éclipse | An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object or spacecraft is temporarily obscured, by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three celestial objects is known as a syzygy. Apart from syzygy, the term eclipse is also used when a spacecraft reaches a position where it can observe two celestial bodies so aligned. An eclipse is the result of either an occultation (completely hidden) or a transit (partially hidden). | Une éclipse correspond à l'occultation d'une source de lumière par un objet physique. En astronomie, une éclipse est la disparition apparente (occultation) et temporaire, pour un observateur, de tout (éclipse totale) ou partie (éclipse partielle) d'un astre (une étoile comme le Soleil, une planète ou un satellite naturel comme la Lune) résultant de l'interposition d'un autre objet céleste soit entre cet astre et la source de lumière qui l'éclaire (éclipse vraie), soit entre cet astre et l'œil de l'observateur (éclipse apparente). La disparition de l'astre éclipsé, ou occulté, est son immersion ; sa réapparition, son émersion. | [
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Music of India | Musique indienne | The music of India includes multiple varieties of classical music, folk music, filmi, Indian rock, and Indian pop. Indian pop and Indian rock are derived from western rock and roll. India's classical music tradition, including Hindustani music, Bhartiya music and Carnatic, has a history spanning millennia and developed over several areas. Music in India began as an integral part of socio-religious life. | La musique indienne est, sous ses formes variées, l'expression d'une très longue tradition qui bien qu'elle ait été en partie divisée par l'éclatement du système colonial, reste néanmoins la musique d'un sous-continent composé de l'Inde, du Pakistan, du Bangladesh, du Népal et du Sri Lanka. Malgré les différences linguistiques ou religieuses, un même genre de musique se retrouve par delà les frontières politiques. | [
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2003 Cannes Film Festival | Festival de Cannes 2003 | The 56th Cannes Film Festival started on 14 May and ran until 25 May 2003. French opera and theatre director, filmmaker, actor and producer Patrice Chéreau was the President of the Jury. The Palme d'Or went to the American film "Elephant" by Gus Van Sant based on the Columbine High School massacre. | Le Festival de Cannes 2003, du festival, a lieu du 11 au. Le président du jury est le metteur en scène et réalisateur français Patrice Chéreau. La maîtresse de cérémonie est l'actrice italienne Monica Bellucci. | [
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Constitution of the United States | Constitution des États-Unis | The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress (Article One); the executive, consisting of the president (Article Two); and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts (Article Three). Articles Four, Five and Six embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force. | La Constitution des États-Unis est, selon ses propres termes, la « loi suprême du pays ». Acceptée le par une convention réunie à Philadelphie, elle s'applique depuis le. Modifiée par vingt-sept amendements, elle est une des plus anciennes constitutions écrites encore appliquées. | [
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Inex | Inex | The inex is an eclipse cycle of 10,571.95 days (about 29 years minus 20 days). The cycle was first described in modern times by Crommelin in 1901, but was named by George van den Bergh who studied it half a century later. It has been suggested that the cycle was known to Hipparchos. One inex after an eclipse of a particular saros series there will be an eclipse in the next saros series, unless the latter saros series has come to an end. | L'inex est une durée égale à 358 lunaisons (ou mois synodiques), soit environ 28 ans et 50 semaines. L'inex a la propriété intéressante d'être également proche d'un nombre demi-entier de fois la valeur du mois draconitique, ce qui le rend utile pour la prédiction des éclipses de Soleil et de Lune. En effet, une éclipse ne peut avoir lieu que si deux conditions simultanées sont respectées : | [
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Saros (astronomy) | Saros | The saros () is a period of exactly 223 synodic months (approximately 6585.3211 days, or 18 years, 11 days, 8 hours), that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. One saros period after an eclipse, the Sun, Earth, and Moon return to approximately the same relative geometry, a near straight line, and a nearly identical eclipse will occur, in what is referred to as an eclipse cycle. A sar is one half of a saros. | Le saros est, en astronomie, une période de ou lunaisons (environ ) qui peut être utilisée pour prédire les éclipses de Soleil et de Lune. Un saros après une éclipse, le Soleil, la Terre et la Lune retrouvent approximativement la même configuration relative et une éclipse presque identique se produit. | [
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Cauchy's integral theorem | Théorème intégral de Cauchy | In mathematics, the Cauchy integral theorem (also known as the Cauchy–Goursat theorem) in complex analysis, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy (and Édouard Goursat), is an important statement about line integrals for holomorphic functions in the complex plane. Essentially, it says that if two different paths connect the same two points, and a function is holomorphic everywhere in between the two paths, then the two path integrals of the function will be the same. | En analyse complexe, le théorème intégral de Cauchy, ou de Cauchy-Goursat, est un important résultat concernant les intégrales curvilignes de fonctions holomorphes dans le plan complexe. D'après ce théorème, si deux chemins différents relient les deux mêmes points et si une fonction est holomorphe « entre » les deux chemins, alors les deux intégrales de cette fonction suivant ces chemins sont égales. | [
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Thar Desert | Désert du Thar | The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a large arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent that covers an area of and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. It is the world's 17th largest desert, and the world's 9th largest subtropical desert. | Le désert du Thar (rajasthani : थार मरुधर ; hindi : थार मरुस्थल) — appelé aussi le Grand Désert indien ou Mârusthali, le "Pays de la mort" — est un désert qui s'étend sur dans l'État du Rajasthan, dans le nord-ouest de l'Inde et au Pakistan où il est appelé désert du Cholistan. | [
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Windows NT | Windows NT | Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released on July 27, 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating system. | Windows NT (« "New technology" » ou « nouvelle technologie ») désigne la série de systèmes d'exploitation multitâche préemptif, multi-utilisateur, multiprocesseur, créés par Microsoft et ne reposant pas sur le système historique MS-DOS de Microsoft, contrairement à Windows 1.0, 2, 3.x, 95, 98 et Me. Il a permis à Microsoft et son partenaire Intel d'entrer sur le marché des serveurs, une nouvelle stratégie qui a contribué à la de la seconde partie des années 1990. | [
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Latitude | Latitude | In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or "parallels", run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. On its own, the term latitude should be taken to be the "geodetic latitude" as defined below. Briefly, geodetic latitude at a point is the angle formed by the vector perpendicular (or "normal") to the ellipsoidal surface from that point, and the equatorial plane. Also defined are six "auxiliary latitudes" that are used in special applications. | La latitude est une coordonnée géographique représentée par une valeur angulaire, expression de la position d'un point sur Terre (ou sur une autre planète), au nord ou au sud de l'équateur qui est le plan de référence. La latitude est une mesure angulaire ; elle varie entre la valeur 0° à l'équateur et 90° aux pôles. La latitude est utilisée en combinaison avec la longitude pour indiquer la position précise d'un élément sur Terre. Lorsqu'ils sont reliés entre eux, tous les endroits de la Terre ayant une même latitude forment un cercle dont le plan est parallèle à celui de l'équateur, d'où l'autre terme « parallèle » permettant de nommer une latitude. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Residue theorem | Théorème des résidus | In complex analysis, a discipline within mathematics, the residue theorem, sometimes called Cauchy's residue theorem, is a powerful tool to evaluate line integrals of analytic functions over closed curves; it can often be used to compute real integrals and infinite series as well. It generalizes the Cauchy integral theorem and Cauchy's integral formula. From a geometrical perspective, it is a special case of the generalized Stokes' theorem. | En analyse complexe, le théorème des résidus est un outil puissant pour évaluer des intégrales curvilignes de fonctions holomorphes sur des courbes fermées qui repose sur les résidus de la fonction à intégrer. | [
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Lech Wałęsa | Lech Wałęsa | Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a Polish statesman, dissident, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, who served as the first democratically-elected President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. A shipyard electrician by trade, he became the leader of Solidarity, and led a successful pro-democratic effort which in 1989 ended the communist rule in Poland and ushered in the end of the Cold War. | Lech Wałęsa ( en polonais ), né le à Popowo (Pologne, alors sous domination allemande), est un syndicaliste et homme d'État polonais, président de la République de 1990 à 1995. | [
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Émile Littré | Émile Littré | Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (; 1 February 18012 June 1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, best known for his "Dictionnaire de la langue française", commonly called. | Émile Littré (Maximilien Paul), né à Paris le et mort à Paris le est un médecin, lexicographe, philosophe et homme politique français, surtout connu pour son "Dictionnaire de la langue française", communément appelé « le Littré ». | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Wavelength | Longueur d'onde | In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. It is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase on the wave, such as two adjacent crests, troughs, or zero crossings, and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. The inverse of the wavelength is called the spatial frequency. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter "lambda" (λ). The term "wavelength" is also sometimes applied to modulated waves, and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids. | La longueur d’onde est une grandeur physique homogène à une longueur, caractéristique d'une onde monochromatique dans un milieu homogène, définie comme la distance séparant deux maxima consécutifs de l'amplitude. | [
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Taylor series | Série de Taylor | In mathematics, the Taylor series of a function is an infinite sum of terms that are expressed in terms of the function's derivatives at a single point. For most common functions, the function and the sum of its Taylor series are equal near this point. Taylor's series are named after Brook Taylor who introduced them in 1715. | En mathématiques, et plus précisément en analyse, la série de Taylor au point d'une fonction (réelle ou complexe) indéfiniment dérivable en ce point, appelée aussi le développement en série de Taylor de en, est une série entière: formula_1construite à partir de et de ses dérivées successives en. Une fonction est dite analytique en quand cette série coïncide avec au voisinage de. | [
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Spring and Autumn period | Période des Printemps et Automnes | Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 771 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name derives from the "Spring and Autumn Annals", a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BC, which tradition associates with Confucius (551–479 BC). | La période des Printemps et Automnes ou période Chunqiu (pinyin "Chūnqiū" sin. 春秋) désigne, dans l'histoire de Chine, la première partie de la dynastie des Zhou orientaux ("Dong Zhou", 771-256 av. J.-C.), c'est-à-dire une période allant d'environ 771 à 481/453 av. J.-C. Elle tire son nom des "Annales des Printemps et Automnes", une chronique des événements survenus entre 722 et 481 av. J.-C. issue des scribes de l'État de Lu mais concernant aussi les autres États. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
East Timor | Timor oriental | East Timor () or Timor-Leste (; Tetum: "Timór Lorosa'e"), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (, ), is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by Indonesian West Timor. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is about 15,007 km (5,794 sq mi). | Le Timor oriental, en forme longue la république démocratique du Timor oriental, en portugais et, en tétoum et, est un pays d'Asie du Sud-Est. Il est constitué de la moitié orientale de l'île de Timor, de l'Oecusse, une enclave située dans la partie occidentale de l'île de Timor, entourée par le sous souveraineté indonésienne, ainsi que des îles d'Atauro et Jaco. La capitale du Timor oriental est Dili. | [
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Kepler's laws of planetary motion | Lois de Kepler | In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619. These improved the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, replacing its circular orbits and epicycles with elliptical trajectories, and explaining how planetary velocities vary. The laws state that: | En astronomie, les lois de Kepler décrivent les propriétés principales du mouvement des planètes autour du Soleil. L'éponyme des lois est l'astronome Johannes Kepler (-) qui les a établies de manière empirique à partir des observations et mesures de la position des planètes faites par Tycho Brahe, mesures qui étaient très précises pour l'époque (8 minutes d'arc de précision). Copernic avait soutenu en 1543 que les planètes tournaient autour du Soleil, mais il s'appuyait sur le mouvement circulaire uniforme, hérité de l'antiquité grecque, et les moyens mathématiques n'étaient pas si différents de ceux utilisés par Ptolémée pour son système géocentrique. | [
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Elizabeth I | Élisabeth Ire (reine d'Angleterre) | Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor. | , née le au palais de Placentia à Londres et morte le au palais de Richmond à Londres, fut reine d'Angleterre et d'Irlande de 1558 à sa mort. | [
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Swedish language | Suédois | Swedish ( ) is a North Germanic language spoken natively by 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden (as the sole official language) and in parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, although the degree of mutual intelligibility is largely dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker. Written Norwegian and Danish are usually more easily understood by Swedish speakers than the spoken languages, due to the differences in tone, accent and intonation. Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It has the most speakers of the North Germanic languages. | Le suédois ("" en suédois) est une langue scandinave parlée par environ de locuteurs, principalement en Suède et en Finlande, les deux pays dont il est langue officielle. Comme les autres langues scandinaves, il est issu du vieux norrois, la langue commune à tous les peuples germaniques de Scandinavie à l'époque des Vikings. Il reste aujourd'hui mutuellement intelligible avec le danois et le norvégien. La langue écrite et orale est standardisée, mais il subsiste des variantes régionales issues des anciens dialectes ruraux. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Speed of light | Vitesse de la lumière | The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted, is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its exact value is defined as (approximately ). It is exact because by international agreement a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of second. According to special relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter and information can travel. Though this speed is most commonly associated with light, it is also the speed at which all massless particles and field perturbations travel in vacuum, including electromagnetic radiation and gravitational waves. Such particles and waves travel at regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial reference frame of the observer. Particles with nonzero rest mass can approach, but can never actually reach it. In the special and general theories of relativity, interrelates space and time, and also appears in the famous equation of mass–energy equivalence. | La vitesse de la lumière dans le vide, communément notée pour « célérité », est une constante physique universelle et un invariant relativiste (vitesse limite des théories relativistes), importante dans de nombreux domaines de la physique. Sa valeur exacte est (environ ou ). Selon la relativité restreinte, la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide est la vitesse maximale que peuvent atteindre toutes formes de matière ou d'information dans l'univers. | [
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Taylor's theorem | Théorème de Taylor | In calculus, Taylor's theorem gives an approximation of a "k"-times differentiable function around a given point by a polynomial of degree "k", called the "k"th-order Taylor polynomial. For a smooth function, the Taylor polynomial is the truncation at the order "k" of the Taylor series of the function. The first-order Taylor polynomial is the linear approximation of the function, and the second-order Taylor polynomial is often referred to as the quadratic approximation. There are several versions of Taylor's theorem, some giving explicit estimates of the approximation error of the function by its Taylor polynomial. | En mathématiques, plus précisément en analyse, le théorème de Taylor (ou formule de Taylor), du nom du mathématicien anglais Brook Taylor qui l'établit en 1715, montre qu'une fonction plusieurs fois dérivable au voisinage d'un point peut être approchée par une fonction polynomiale dont les coefficients dépendent uniquement des dérivées de la fonction en ce point. Cette fonction polynomiale est parfois appelée polynôme de Taylor. | [
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Roald Dahl | Roald Dahl | Roald Dahl (, commonly pronounced as ; 13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short-story writer, poet, screenwriter, and wartime fighter pilot. His books have sold more than 250 million copies worldwide. | Roald Dahl, né le à Llandaff au pays de Galles et mort le à Oxford en Angleterre, est un écrivain britannique et scénariste, auteur de romans et de nouvelles, qui s'adressent aussi bien aux enfants qu'aux adultes, mais mieux connu pour ses ouvrages de littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse. | [
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Sendai | Sendai | In the summer, the Sendai Tanabata Festival, the largest Tanabata festival in Japan, is held. In winter, the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the, lasting through most of December. | À environ au nord-est de Tokyo, sur l'île de Honshū, Sendai figure parmi les douze plus grandes villes du Japon par le nombre d'habitants. Elle est bordée de montagnes à l'ouest et par la côte du Pacifique à l'est. | [
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List of chancellors of Germany | Liste des chefs du gouvernement allemand | The chancellor of Germany is the political leader of Germany and the head of the federal government. The office holder is responsible for selecting all other members of the government and chairing cabinet meetings. | Cette page dresse la liste des chefs de gouvernement de l'Allemagne depuis 1871. Il a été titré « chancelier » ("Kanzler") dans la plupart des régimes. | [
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Judiciary of France | Organisation juridictionnelle (France) | In France, career judges are considered civil servants exercising one of the sovereign powers of the state, so French citizens are eligible for judgeship, but not citizens of the other EU countries. France's independent court system enjoys special statutory protection from the executive branch. Procedures for the appointment, promotion, and removal of judges vary depending on whether it is for the ordinary ("") or administrative stream. Judicial appointments in the judicial stream must be approved by a special panel, the High Council of the Judiciary. Once appointed, career judges serve for life and cannot be removed without specific disciplinary proceedings conducted before the Council with due process. | L'organisation juridictionnelle nationale française est l'organisation des tribunaux nationaux français, dans l'ordre juridique interne. magistrats sont chargés d'appliquer la loi ; en tout, en 2018, agents travaillent pour le ministère de la Justice. Cela fait 11,9 juges professionnels pour habitants, contre près de 15 en Belgique, 20 en Autriche, et presque 25 en Allemagne. | [
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Chancellor | Chancelier | Chancellor () is a title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the "cancellarii" of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the "cancelli" or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery. The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in all kinds of settings (government, education, religion). Nowadays the term is most often used to describe: | Chancelier (du latin "cancellarius" : appariteur placé à la barrière séparant la cour de justice du public) est un titre officiel attribué dans de nombreuses sociétés dérivées de l'Empire romain. La fonction d'un chancelier peut être très variable. | [
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Faith | Foi | Faith, derived from Latin "fides" and Old French "feid", is confidence or trust in a person, thing, or In the context of religion, one can define faith as "belief in God or in the doctrines or teachings of religion". Religious people often think of faith as confidence based on a perceived degree of warrant, while others who are more skeptical of religion tend to think of faith as simply belief without evidence. | La foi (du latin "fides", « confiance ») désigne étymologiquement le fait d'avoir confiance en quelque chose ou quelqu'un. En général, cela revient à juger authentiques certains faits ou certains événements, en vue de trouver des solutions à des problèmes. Dans le domaine religieux, la foi induit souvent une dévotion, une pratique et des comportements censés traduire cette conviction. La foi est la condition de toute religion et la motivation de sa pratique. | [
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Mandatory Swedish | Suédois obligatoire en Finlande | In Finland, Swedish is a mandatory school subject for Finnish-speaking pupils in the last four years of the primary education (grades 6 to 9). This so-called "other domestic language" is also mandatory in high schools, vocational schools, and vocational universities. Furthermore, all university graduates must demonstrate a certain level of proficiency in Swedish (the so-called "public servant's Swedish"). Altogether 89% of Finnish citizens are native Finnish speakers, whereas 5.3% of the population report Swedish as their mother tongue. Currently, it is possible for Finnish citizens to report a different mother tongue for themselves at any time, and as many times as desired, by submitting a form to the Population Register Center. | Le suédois est l'une des deux langues officielles en Finlande, où il est la langue maternelle de 5,1 % de la population, sans compter les îles Åland, où le suédois est la première langue selon les traités internationaux et les lois finlandaises. | [
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Chrysoperla carnea | Chrysope verte | Chrysoperla carnea, known as the common green lacewing, is an insect in the Chrysopidae family. Although the adults feed on nectar, pollen and aphid honeydew, the larvae are active predators and feed on aphids and other small insects. It has been used in the biological control of insect pests on crops. | La chrysope verte (Chrysoperla carnea), parfois appelée demoiselle aux yeux d'or, est une espèce d'insectes de la famille des chrysopidés, ordre des névroptères. Elle constitue un ennemi naturel de certains ravageurs en horticulture et arboriculture. | [
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Montereau-Fault-Yonne | Montereau-Fault-Yonne | Montereau-Fault-Yonne (), or simply Montereau, is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region, which in turn is in north-central France. | Montereau-Fault-Yonne, prononcé [], est une commune française située dans le département de Seine-et-Marne en grande couronne de Paris en région Île-de-France. | [
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William the Conqueror | Guillaume le Conquérant | William I (c. 1028 – 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. He was a descendant of Rollo and was Duke of Normandy from 1035 onward. His hold was secure on Normandy by 1060, following a long struggle to establish his throne, and he launched the Norman conquest of England six years later. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son, Robert Curthose. | Guillaume le Conquérant (en ancien normand "Williame li Conquereor", en anglais "William the Conqueror"), roi d'Angleterre sous le nom de Guillaume, duc de Normandie sous le nom de Guillaume II, appelé également Guillaume le Bâtard, né à Falaise en 1027 ou 1028 et mort à Rouen le, fut roi d'Angleterre de 1066 jusqu'à sa mort et duc de Normandie de 1035 à sa mort. | [
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Reason | Raison | Reason is the capacity of consciously making sense of things, applying logic, and adapting or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans. Reason is sometimes referred to as rationality. | La raison est généralement considérée comme une faculté propre de l'esprit humain dont la mise en œuvre lui permet de créer des critères de vérité et d'erreur et d'atteindre ses objectifs. Elle repose sur la capacité qu'aurait l'être humain de faire des choix en se basant sur son intelligence, ses perceptions et sa mémoire tout en faisant abstraction de ses préjugés, ses émotions ou ses pulsions. Cette faculté a donc plusieurs emplois : scientifique, éthique et technique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Medium access control | Contrôle d'accès au support | In IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards, the medium access control (MAC, also called media access control) sublayer is the layer that controls the hardware responsible for interaction with the wired, optical or wireless transmission medium. The MAC sublayer and the logical link control (LLC) sublayer together make up the data link layer. Within the data link layer, the LLC provides flow control and multiplexing for the logical link (i.e. EtherType, 802.1Q VLAN tag etc), while the MAC provides flow control and multiplexing for the transmission medium. | La sous-couche de contrôle d'accès au support ( en anglais ou MAC) est la moitié basse de la couche de liaison de données du modèle OSI, selon les standards de réseaux informatiques IEEE 802."x". Elle sert d'interface entre la partie logicielle contrôlant la liaison d'un nœud (Contrôle de la liaison logique) et la couche physique (matérielle). Par conséquent, elle est différente selon le type de média physique utilisé (Ethernet,, WLAN,...) | [
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Area | Aire (géométrie) | Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional object. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat. It is the two-dimensional analog of the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept). | En mathématiques, l'aire est une grandeur relative à certaines figures du plan ou des surfaces en géométrie dans l'espace. Le développement de cette notion mathématique est lié à la rationalisation du calcul de grandeur de surfaces agricoles, par des techniques d'arpentage. Cette évaluation assortie d'une unité de mesure est aujourd'hui plutôt appelée superficie. | [
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