StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀	tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀	input_ids sequence	attention_mask sequence	labels sequence	text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀	summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀	gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀	src_document sequence
Christian Democratic Union of Germany	Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne	The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (, CDU; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics.	L’Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne (en, CDU) est un parti politique allemand, libéral-conservateur, fondé en 1945. Se référant à la démocratie chrétienne européenne, la CDU est la principale force de centre droit en Allemagne. Elle n'est pas présente sur le territoire de l'État libre de Bavière, où la tendance démocrate-chrétienne est représentée par l'Union chrétienne-sociale (CSU). Au niveau fédéral, on parle donc de la CDU/CSU (en ).	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Hokusai	Hokusai	, known simply as Hokusai, was a Japanese artist, ukiyo-e painter and printmaker of the Edo period. Born in Edo (now Tokyo), Hokusai is best known as author of the woodblock print series which includes the internationally iconic print, "The Great Wave off Kanagawa".	, est un peintre, dessinateur et graveur spécialiste de l’"ukiyo-e", ainsi qu'auteur d'écrits populaires japonais surtout connu sous le nom de, ou de son surnom de « Vieux Fou de dessin ».	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Monsoon	Mousson	A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is sometimes incorrectly used for locally heavy but short-term rains.	La mousson est un mot qui provient (par le portugais) de l'arabe "mawsim" et qui signifie saison, désignant notamment la saison favorable à la navigation vers l'Inde dans l'océan Indien. C'est un flux de masses d'air, originaires d'un hémisphère géographique et qui s'intègre dans la circulation du second hémisphère. Au sens strict, "mousson" ne s'applique qu'au climat indien, mais le concept s'est élargi.	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Saxophone	Saxophone	The saxophone (referred to colloquially as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece. Although most saxophones are made from brass, they are categorized as woodwind instruments, because sound is produced by an oscillating reed (traditionally made out of woody cane) rather than lips vibrating in a mouthpiece cup as with the brass instrument family. As with the other woodwind instruments, the pitch of the note being played is controlled by covering holes in the body tube to control the resonant frequency of the air column by changing the effective length of the tube. The player covers or uncovers the holes by pressing keys.	Le saxophone est un instrument de musique à vent appartenant à la famille des bois. Il a été inventé par le Belge Adolphe Sax et breveté à Paris le.	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RC5	RC5 (chiffrement)	In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, "RC" stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code" (compare RC2 and RC4). The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) candidate RC6 was based on RC5.	RC5 est un chiffrement par bloc, fonctionnant grâce à une clé, dont la longueur varie de 40 à. Il a été créé en 1994 par Ron Rivest pour la. L'acronyme « RC » signifie « » ou « ».	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Social Democratic Party of Germany	Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne	The Social Democratic Party of Germany (, SPD; ) is a social-democratic, political party in Germany. It is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Germany along with the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).	Le Parti social-démocrate d’Allemagne (, abrégé en SPD), qui a été fondé en 1875 (sous le nom de SAP, renommé SPD en 1891), est le plus vieux parti politique d'Allemagne. C'est le seul des grands partis actuels de la République fédérale d'Allemagne qui existait sous une forme comparable avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. C'est, avec la CDU, le parti politique allemand ayant le plus d'adhérents avec un total de. Après la guerre, il a longtemps été le seul parti de gauche de taille notable du pays, jusqu'à la création de ", plus à gauche.	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Tony Garnier (architect)	Tony Garnier	Tony Garnier (August 13, 1869 in Lyon – January 19, 1948 in Roquefort-la-Bédoule, France) was a noted architect and city planner. He was most active in his hometown of Lyon. Garnier is considered the forerunner of 20th century French architects.	Tony Garnier, né le à Lyon et mort le à Roquefort-la-Bédoule, est un architecte et urbaniste français. Nombre de ses projets sont à l’origine d’avancées considérables dans la réflexion que menaient alors les architectes sur ce qu’ils considéraient être l’architecture et l'urbanisme moderne.	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Gallo language	Gallo	Gallo is a regional language of eastern Brittany. It is today far less commonly spoken than was once the case, the standard form of French now predominating in this area. Gallo is classified as one of the "langues d'oïl".	Le gallo (endonyme "galo") ou la langue gallèse est la langue d'oïl de la Haute-Bretagne. Il est traditionnellement parlé en Ille-et-Vilaine, dans la Loire-Atlantique et dans l'est du Morbihan et des Côtes-d'Armor, derrière une frontière linguistique allant de Plouha à Guérande. La limite orientale du gallo est moins claire, car il existe un continuum avec les langues d'oïl voisines ("mainiau" mayennais, normand, angevin...), voire donc des isolats de langues bretonnes celtiques. Certains linguistes considèrent par exemple que le gallo s'étend dans des régions contiguës à la Bretagne historique, en particulier dans l'aire plus vaste du Massif armoricain.	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Controlled-release fertiliser	Engrais à diffusion lente	A controlled-release fertiliser (CRF) is a granulated fertiliser that releases nutrients gradually into the soil (i.e., with a controlled release period). The slowness of the release is determined by the low solubility of the chemical compounds in the soil moisture. Since conventional fertilisers are soluble in water, the nutrients can disperse quickly as the fertiliser dissolves. Because controlled-release fertilisers are not water-soluble, their nutrients disperse into the soil more slowly. The fertiliser granules may have an insoluble substrate or a semi-permeable jacket that prevents dissolution while allowing nutrients to flow outward.	Dans le domaine des engrais chimiques, un engrais à diffusion lente (ou "retardée") est un type d'engrais qui se présente sous la forme de granulés ou d'enrobés qui vont plus ou moins lentement se solubiliser dans le sol et l'eau en larguant peu à peu l'engrais qu'ils contiennent. Ils peuvent être utilisés dans tous les types de culture, y compris en arboriculture.	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Cutting (plant)	Bouturage	A plant cutting is a piece of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual) propagation. A piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil. If the conditions are suitable, the plant piece will begin to grow as a new plant independent of the parent, a process known as striking. A stem cutting produces new roots, and a root cutting produces new stems. Some plants can be grown from leaf pieces, called leaf cuttings, which produce both stems and roots. The scions used in grafting are also called cuttings.	Le bouturage est un mode de multiplication végétative de certaines plantes consistant à donner naissance à un nouvel individu (individu enfant de la plante mère) à partir d'un organe ou d'un fragment d'organe isolé (morceau de rameau, feuille, racine, tige, écaille de bulbe). En effet, il y a séparation de l'organe végétatif suivi de son enracinement, à la différence du marcottage où, cette fois, il y a enracinement puis séparation de l'organe végétatif.	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Supernova	Supernova	A supernova ( plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is a powerful and luminous stellar explosion. This transient astronomical event occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion. The original object, called the "progenitor", either collapses to a neutron star or black hole, or it is completely destroyed. The peak optical luminosity of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire galaxy, before fading over several weeks or months.	Une supernova est l'ensemble des phénomènes qui résultent de l'implosion d'une étoile en fin de vie, notamment une gigantesque explosion qui s'accompagne d'une augmentation brève mais fantastiquement grande de sa luminosité. Vue depuis la Terre, une supernova apparaît donc souvent comme une étoile nouvelle, alors qu'elle correspond en réalité à la disparition d'une étoile.	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Swedish-speaking population of Finland	Suédois en Finlande	The Swedish-speaking population of Finland (whose members are often called Swedish-speaking Finns, Finland-Swedes, Finland Swedes, Finnish Swedes, or Swedes of Finland—see below; ; ; the term Swedo-Finnish—; —can be used as an attribute) is a linguistic minority in Finland. They maintain a strong identity and are seen either as a separate ethnic group, while still being Finns, or as a distinct nationality. They speak Finland Swedish, which encompasses both a standard language and distinct dialects that are mutually intelligible with the dialects spoken in Sweden and, to a lesser extent, other Scandinavian languages.	Le suédois en Finlande a le statut de langue officielle (avec le finnois) et est parlé comme langue maternelle par 5,6 % de la population en Finlande continentale. Il est également la langue maternelle de 87,6 % des habitants d’Åland, dont le monolinguisme suédois est garanti par des traités internationaux et les lois finlandaises.	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Lannion	Lannion	Lannion ( ; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is a subprefecture of Côtes-d'Armor, the capital of Trégor and the center of an urban area of almost 60,000 inhabitants.	Lannion est une commune française située dans le département des Côtes-d'Armor en région Bretagne. Ses habitants sont appelés les Lannionnais.	[ 250004, 250054, 360, 109261, 16037, 111, 10082, 93, 191, 621, 35839, 44, 46086, 1830, 30080, 58, 23, 92265, 5, 10082, 93, 191, 51776, 6863, 9351, 1295, 44, 866, 6763, 7674, 191, 58, 23, 6499, 1507, 707, 44, 94646, 111, 7674, 191, 58, 23, 14941, 5, 581, 10332, 128274, 111, 10082, 93, 191, 110281, 7, 5941, 135474, 7, 47, 70, 26349, 5, 581, 10332, 128274, 70541, 7, 10332, 6, 108047, 7, 4, 10, 106820, 35839, 13008, 50763, 1353, 1255, 4, 23552, 9, 118, 26278, 297, 18276, 7, 4, 107076, 14794, 136, 89221, 90, 5, 2161, 1105, 18374, 65942, 70, 14834, 2481, 83184, 297, 10, 1774, 47, 125568, 70, 6499, 1507, 46876, 8305, 70, 2369, 104, 25, 147, 136397, 24073, 91480, 47, 6499, 1507, 18939, 178727, 5, 360, 43304, 4541, 1126, 12187, 111, 70, 20020, 29966, 297, 333, 65279, 289, 115215, 23, 158978, 53019, 5, 10082, 93, 191, 83, 10, 21334, 5501, 222535, 7, 25188, 27585, 23, 9942, 678, 40368, 11037, 7, 6044, 237, 26014, 4, 74888, 136, 5377, 136787, 16113, 172852, 2685, 5, 581, 169424, 111, 10, 21334, 5501, 222535, 7, 53099, 23, 70, 16128, 1556, 12441, 47, 6626, 32872, 90, 111, 55556, 23, 70, 16128, 4, 87, 17632, 10082, 93, 191, 136, 10, 40466, 111, 177907, 4, 6, 42603, 65727, 5, 47881, 42, 20428, 7, 51529, 237, 44, 68016, 6760, 428, 3132, 58, 621, 34658, 23, 70, 59444, 6, 108047, 20271, 70, 51065, 21775, 5, 10082, 93, 191, 83, 2843, 5368, 47, 70, 44, 21851, 4273, 5695, 11503, 830, 10, 5299, 51529, 163198, 13, 14380, 23, 70, 16128, 5, 10082, 93, 191, 83, 149976, 390, 1119, 41745, 272, 6181, 22317, 5, 581, 43573, 1272, 10082, 93, 191, 46, 26229, 67, 8, 14091, 217, 48938, 509, 78684, 71062, 297, 47, 211196, 67, 150679, 113014, 7, 24387, 6496, 1295, 7270, 136, 3789, 92265, 78869, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 1632, 9, 497, 474, 113014, 1295, 10082, 93, 191, 47, 7270, 5, 581, 29398, 87344, 384, 75166, 11374, 47, 6499, 271, 4, 2907, 5, 15640, 13, 18190, 4, 15790, 1444, 136, 7270, 237, 5299, 237, 26193, 22317, 47, 4000, 29398, 7, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 5324, 4516, 37067, 214, 70, 59444, 11698, 47, 206990, 58555, 4, 46139, 618, 15, 62624, 6982, 7, 5337, 277, 12303, 10442, 8, 10082, 93, 191, 9, 618, 4273, 6504, 247, 678, 37195, 124519, 5, 10082, 93, 191, 83, 138241, 14534, 678, 12, 581, 25632, 3542, 103122, 23, 10082, 93, 191, 12, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 10082, 93, 191, 437, 773, 45556, 72358, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 224, 26229, 1636, 9, 71, 25, 7614, 4514, 22, 38038, 6, 198715, 5, 47324, 111123, 2045, 163396, 7, 199, 10082, 93, 191, 30080, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Écouché	Écouché	Écouché is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Écouché-les-Vallées.	Écouché est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de l'Orne en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle d'Écouché-les-Vallées.	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Barneville-Carteret	Barneville-Carteret	Barneville-Carteret is a commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region of north-western France. For many years it has been a popular seaside resort destination.	Barneville-Carteret (prononcé ) est une commune française, située sur la Côte des Isles dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, peuplée de.	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Institut des techniques d'ingénieur de l'industrie	Institut des techniques d'ingénieur de l'industrie	The Institut des Techniques d'Ingénieur de l'industrie or iTii is a French Engineering Institute which coordinates the delivering of "Diplôme d'Ingénieur" in Co-Operative (Co-Op) education with connection to academic partners (Grandes Ecoles, Universities) as well as professional partners. There are 22 of these institutions in France.	Le réseau des instituts des techniques d'ingénieur de l'industrie (iTii) regroupe aujourd'hui une vingtaine de structures dans toutes les régions françaises. Les iTii ne sont pas des établissements d’enseignement (ne délivrant aucun diplôme) mais des structures de coordination ou plus précisément une entité responsable de la sélection des candidats, des relations entre les branches professionnelles (unions patronales : MEDEF, UIMM) d'une part et les écoles d'ingénieurs d'autre part (afin de définir les programmes académiques, les profils recherchés, etc. permettant d'être le plus en adéquation possible avec la demande formulée par les entreprises). L'ITII est donc un organe paritaire où siègent branches professionnelles et structures de formations et a aussi pour objectifs de promouvoir le diplôme et de s'assurer de la bonne employabilité des diplômés, Il est représenté, au niveau national, par la conférence des ITII, garantes de la qualité de ses enseignements. La formation d'ingénieur ITII est effectuée sous le principe de l'apprentissage, se rapprochant ainsi du modèle anglo-saxon de coopération (co-op).	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Carentan	Carentan	Carentan () is a small rural town near the north-eastern base of the French Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy in north-western France near the port city of Cherbourg, with a population somewhat over 6,000. It is a former commune in the Manche department. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Carentan-les-Marais. The town was a strategic early goal of the World War II landings as capturing the town was necessary to link the lodgements at Utah and Omaha beaches which were divided by the Douve River estuary (nearby fields were flooded by the Germans up to the town's outskirts). The town was also needed as an intermediate staging position for the capture of the cities of Cherbourg and Octeville, with the critically important port facilities in Cherbourg.	Carentan est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Carentan-les-Marais.	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Second Vatican Council	IIe concile œcuménique du Vatican	The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the or, addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world. The Council, through the Holy See, was formally opened under the pontificate of Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and was closed under Pope Paul VI on the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December 1965.	Le concile œcuménique du Vatican, plus couramment appelé concile Vatican II, est le concile œcuménique de l'Église catholique. Il est ouvert le par le pape Jean XXIII et se termine le sous le pontificat de Paul VI.	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Chandrasekhar limit	Masse de Chandrasekhar	The Chandrasekhar limit () is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. The currently accepted value of the Chandrasekhar limit is about ().	La masse de Chandrasekhar est la masse maximale que la pression de dégénérescence électronique d'un objet peut supporter sans qu'il y ait d'effondrement gravitationnel. Elle intervient lorsque de la matière s'accumule autour d'un objet fait de matière dégénérée, comme une naine blanche ou un cœur d'étoile massive.	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Stendhal	Stendhal	Marie-Henri Beyle (; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal (, ; ), was a 19th-century French writer. Best known for the novels "Le Rouge et le Noir" ("The Red and the Black", 1830) and "La Chartreuse de Parme" ("The Charterhouse of Parma", 1839), he is highly regarded for the acute analysis of his characters' psychology and considered one of the early and foremost practitioners of realism.	Henri Beyle, plus connu sous le pseudonyme de Stendhal ( ), né le à Grenoble et mort d'apoplexie le dans le arrondissement de Paris, est un écrivain français, connu en particulier pour ses romans "Le Rouge et le Noir" et "La Chartreuse de Parme".	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Pong	Pong	Pong is a table tennis sports game featuring simple two-dimensional graphics, manufactured by Atari and originally released in 1972. It was one of the earliest arcade video games and created by Allan Alcorn as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell. Bushnell based the game's concept on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console. In response, Magnavox later sued Atari for patent infringement. Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney were surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work and decided to manufacture the game.	Pong (stylisé PONG) est un des premiers jeux vidéo d'arcade et le premier jeu vidéo d'arcade de sport. Il a été imaginé par l'Américain Nolan Bushnell et développé par Allan Alcorn, et la société Atari le commercialise à partir de novembre 1972. Bien que d'autres jeux vidéo aient été inventés précédemment, comme "", "Pong" est le premier à devenir populaire.	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Guinness	Guinness	Guinness () is a dark Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland, in 1759. It is one of the most successful alcohol brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in over 120. Sales in 2011 amounted to. It is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co. Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of beer annually.	Guinness (prononcé ) est une marque de bière ainsi qu'une brasserie irlandaise. Fondée en 1759, celle-ci est devenue une entreprise de taille mondiale avec l'acquisition en 1986 de Distillers Company, un groupe écossais possédant notamment les marques de whiskies Johnnie Walker, Ballantine's ou Chivas Regal. Guinness PLC a disparu en 1997, date de la création de l'entreprise Diageo PLC par fusion-acquisition avec Grand Metropolitan.	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Physical chemistry	Chimie physique	Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.	La chimie physique est l’étude des bases physiques des systèmes chimiques et des procédés. En particulier, la description énergétique des diverses transformations fait partie de la chimie physique. On y trouve des disciplines importantes comme la thermodynamique chimique (ou thermochimie), la cinétique chimique, la mécanique statistique, la spectroscopie et l’électrochimie.	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Cerisy-la-Forêt	Cerisy-la-Forêt	The area has been occupied since antiquity and is linked to the foundation of the Saint-Vigor Abbey in the early 20th century. The 2,300 ha commune comprises several castles (Château de la Boulaye, Château de la Couespellière) and manor houses and is bordered by Cerisy forest.	Cerisy-la-Forêt est une commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, peuplée de. Elle bénéficie d'un important patrimoine environnemental et architectural.	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Édouard Herriot	Édouard Herriot	Édouard Marie Herriot (; 5 July 1872 – 26 March 1957) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic who served three times as Prime Minister and for many years as President of the Chamber of Deputies. He was leader of the first Cartel des Gauches.	Édouard Herriot, né le à Troyes (Aube) et mort le à Saint-Genis-Laval (Rhône), est un homme d'État français. Membre du Parti radical, il est une figure centrale de la.	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Hiesville	Hiesville	Hiesville (other spellings: Yeville, or Hevilla) is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France. A small commune, Hiesville covers an area of just. It is bounded by Boutteville to the north, Blosville to the west, Sainte-Marie-du-Mont to the east, and Vierville to the south, and lies several kilometres from the Normandy coast.	Hiesville ( ou ) est une commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, peuplée de.	[ 250004, 250054, 1650, 509, 51529, 237, 1529, 36417, 23, 534, 13307, 4, 8, 1529, 13, 36417, 23, 534, 4836, 4, 136, 2673, 13, 36417, 23, 702, 3768, 5, 1650, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 72180, 2182, 44, 5252, 31, 58, 15, 30145, 143, 3674, 1295, 70, 160600, 4, 91084, 44, 112, 20016, 58, 707, 44, 7, 1177, 126, 74054, 136, 44, 36417, 58, 15, 30145, 57860, 12, 44, 36417, 429, 51029, 44767, 95, 2091, 2037, 4, 111, 11246, 10745, 15, 20861, 90, 10745, 247, 509, 472, 54350, 297, 23, 70, 6602, 423, 11548, 5, 581, 110, 2661, 669, 136, 91, 3181, 107, 4, 143608, 11, 15537, 174325, 18, 111, 2673, 90, 10745, 509, 472, 54350, 297, 23, 423, 14889, 5, 360, 423, 16665, 4, 204990, 115, 4061, 24273, 6, 157272, 70, 5618, 420, 3815, 136, 509, 70, 47443, 111, 2673, 90, 10745, 5, 241, 22553, 5369, 14432, 4, 23, 611, 9016, 4, 70, 110, 2661, 1055, 111, 2673, 90, 10745, 99201, 117085, 52774, 6815, 4, 727, 474, 8, 37822, 6332, 50908, 4, 10, 138253, 1419, 74, 117085, 174325, 18, 4, 727, 474, 8, 26265, 796, 10745, 74, 136, 58807, 636, 10617, 4, 727, 474, 8, 50733, 19437, 271, 4, 2843, 10, 138253, 1419, 5, 3311, 196208, 4, 47443, 111, 2673, 90, 10745, 509, 33876, 9, 116858, 9, 196243, 636, 3453, 4079, 7, 7745, 5, 8622, 621, 17262, 21502, 8080, 62548, 47, 70, 116000, 191, 111, 111413, 1459, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 23, 70, 16128, 237, 442, 509, 7440, 70, 1978, 14202, 111, 70, 21027, 271, 5345, 3422, 86, 127152, 3551, 297, 5, 155322, 7, 111, 70, 21027, 271, 5345, 3422, 86, 127152, 5423, 10, 17986, 1257, 99, 70, 18032, 8918, 8, 37822, 6332, 50908, 3129, 509, 99, 70, 144477, 3564, 111, 2673, 90, 10745, 4, 43573, 180, 35442, 18919, 5, 438, 22819, 33976, 7, 26698, 70, 14118, 12811, 12190, 9, 441, 4470, 282, 12190, 9, 11866, 12828, 136, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 228267, 8, 2673, 90, 10745, 3129, 509, 2843, 40964, 3674, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 14118, 12811, 12190, 9, 441, 4470, 282, 12190, 9, 11866, 12828, 4, 70, 366, 4745, 106820, 4, 83, 142, 995, 10617, 6, 108047, 4, 136, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 18227, 141, 136, 10, 50808, 5, 667, 24908, 23, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 136, 40964, 3674, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 442, 83, 171332, 47, 70, 32926, 29721, 933, 111, 12190, 7, 50939, 1510, 136, 220758, 5, 66016, 8719, 363, 4, 442, 509, 142, 3398, 3355, 111, 54231, 7, 10745, 4, 1284, 903, 76755, 134620, 23, 543, 13683, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 2673, 90, 10745, 15, 628, 1388, 437, 773, 45556, 72358, 4, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 8, 21, 185162, 22, 38038, 209469, 13, 4, 6253, 152863, 13, 8, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Group theory	Théorie des groupes	In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, and the methods of group theory have influenced many parts of algebra. Linear algebraic groups and Lie groups are two branches of group theory that have experienced advances and have become subject areas in their own right.	La théorie des groupes est une discipline mathématique. C'est la partie de l'algèbre générale qui étudie les structures algébriques appelées groupes. Le développement de la théorie des groupes est issu de la théorie des nombres, de la théorie des équations algébriques et de la géométrie.	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Relative density	Densité	Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water at its densest (at ); for gases, air at room temperature () is the reference. The term "relative density" is often preferred in scientific usage.	La densité ou densité d'un corps ou densité relative d'un corps est le rapport de sa masse volumique à la masse volumique d'un corps pris comme référence.	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Charcoal (art)	Fusain	Artists' charcoal is a form of dry art medium made of finely ground organic materials that are held together by a gum or wax binder or produced without the use of binders by eliminating the oxygen inside the material during the production process. These charcoals are often used by artists for their versatile properties, such as the rough texture that leaves marks less permanent than other Visual arts media. Charcoal can produce lines that are very light or intensely black, while being easily removable, yet vulnerable to leaving stains on paper. The dry medium can be applied to almost any surface from smooth to very coarse. Fixatives are often used with charcoal drawings to solidify the position to prevent erasing or rubbing off of charcoal dusts.	Le fusain est une branche de saule ou de fusain d'Europe carbonisée en vase clos. Bien que concurrencé par des produits plus élaborés (craies et mines de différents types), le fusain reste un outil de dessin irremplaçable.	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Acrylic paint	Peinture acrylique	Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints are water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels, mediums, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor, a gouache or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media.	La peinture acrylique est un type de peinture (matière) composée de pigments mélangés à une émulsion aqueuse de résines synthétiques polyacryliques ou polyvinyliques développées au milieu du.	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Musical note	Note de musique	In music, a note is a symbol denoting a musical sound. In English usage a note is also the sound itself.	En musique, une note est un symbole ou une lettre permettant de représenter un fragment de musique par une convention d'écriture de la hauteur et de la durée d'un son.	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Extreme programming	Extreme programming	Extreme programming (XP) is a software development methodology which is intended to improve software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirements. As a type of agile software development, it advocates frequent "releases" in short development cycles, which is intended to improve productivity and introduce checkpoints at which new customer requirements can be adopted.	En informatique et plus particulièrement en génie logiciel, (XP) est une méthode agile plus particulièrement orientée sur l'aspect réalisation d'une application, sans pour autant négliger l'aspect gestion de projet. XP est adapté aux équipes réduites avec des besoins changeants. XP pousse à l'extrême des principes simples.	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Lady Jane Grey	Jeanne Grey	Lady Jane Grey ( – 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley (after her marriage) and as "the Nine Days' Queen", was an English noblewoman and de facto Queen of England and Ireland from 10 July until 19 July 1553.	Jeanne Grey ou Lady Jane Grey en anglais ( — ) est brièvement reine régnante du royaume d'Angleterre en, entre la mort de son cousin Édouard VI et sa déposition au profit de Marie. Son court règne lui a valu le surnom de ', « la reine de neuf jours ».	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Sion, Switzerland	Sion (Valais)	Sion (; ; ; ) is a Swiss town, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Valais and of the district of Sion. it had a population of (known as "Sédunois(es)").	Sion (en ) est une ville et une commune de Suisse, chef-lieu et ville la plus peuplée du canton du Valais et du district homonyme.	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Tempera	Tempera	Tempera (), also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually glutinous material such as egg yolk. Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first century AD still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting. A paint consisting of pigment and binder commonly used in the United States as poster paint is also often referred to as "tempera paint", although the binders in this paint are different from traditional tempera paint.	Le terme tempera ou tempéra (du, « détremper ») désigne une technique de peinture basée sur une émulsion, qu'elle soit grasse ou maigre : peinture « a tempera ». 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Amer, India	Amber	Amer or Amber, is a city in Rajasthan state, India. It is now a part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation.	Amber ou Amer (आमेर en hindi et en rajasthani) est une petite ville de l'Inde, l'ancienne capitale de l'État de Dhundhar, renommée en 1727 Jaipur lors du déplacement de sa capitale, dans le Rajputana.	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Oil painting	Peinture à l'huile	Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and safflower oil. The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are also visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium. The oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss.	La peinture à l'huile est une peinture dont le liant ou véhicule est une huile siccative qui enveloppe complètement les particules de pigment.	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Kurt Wüthrich	Kurt Wüthrich	Kurt Wüthrich (born October 4, 1938 in Aarberg, Canton of Bern) is a Swiss chemist/biophysicist and Nobel Chemistry laureate, known for developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for studying biological macromolecules.	Kurt Wüthrich, né le à Aarberg en Suisse, est un chimiste suisse. Il est colauréat du prix Nobel de chimie de 2002.	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Local government	Administration territoriale	A local government is a form of public administration which, in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a given state. The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government and also to supranational government which deals with governing institutions between states. Local governments generally act within powers delegated to them by legislation or directives of the higher level of government. In federal states, local government generally comprises the third (or sometimes fourth) tier of government, whereas in unitary states, local government usually occupies the second or third tier of government, often with greater powers than higher-level administrative divisions.	L'administration territoriale est l'organisation institutionnelle et administrative d'une zone géographique, d'un pays ou d'une confédération de pays. Elle est constituée d’autorités dont les décisions sont valables sur des portions du territoire appelées circonscriptions. Ainsi donc, c'est la portée de leurs décisions qui différencie l'administration centrale de l’État et l'administration territoriale de l’État. L'existence de l'administration territoriale de l’État se justifie par un constat d’évidence : un État ne saurait être administré uniquement à partir de sa capitale par les autorités administratives centrales. Celles-ci s'appuient donc sur des autorités placées à la tête de différentes portions du territoire national dénommées circonscriptions. Les autorités qui dirigent ces circonscriptions forment l’administration territoriale de l’État ; elles sont soumises au contrôle hiérarchique des autorités administratives centrales.	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PH	Potentiel hydrogène	In chemistry, pH () (abbr. power of hydrogen or potential for hydrogen) is a scale used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution is. Acidic solutions have a lower pH, while basic solutions have a higher pH. At room temperature (25°C or 77°F), pure water is neither acidic nor basic and has a pH of 7.	Le potentiel hydrogène, noté pH, est une mesure de l'activité chimique des hydrons (appelés aussi couramment protons ou ions hydrogène) en solution. Notamment, en solution aqueuse, ces ions sont présents sous la forme de l'ion hydronium (le plus simple des ions oxonium).	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Third World	Tiers monde	The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Western European nations and their allies represented the First World, while the post-Soviet Union countries, China, Cuba, and their allies represented the Second World. This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political and economic divisions. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the term "Third World" has decreased in use. It is being replaced with terms such as developing countries, least developed countries or the Global South. The concept itself has become outdated as it no longer represents the current political or economic state of the world.	L'expression tiers monde, ou tiers-monde, lancée en 1952, se rapporte à l'ensemble des pays africains, asiatiques, océaniens ou du continent américain en carence de développement. Ce terme est considéré comme obsolète par certains au profit de celui de pays les moins avancés (PMA).	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Polyhedron	Polyèdre	In geometry, a polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons) is a three dimensional shape with flat polygonal faces, straight edges and sharp corners or vertices. The word polyhedron comes from the Classical Greek πολύεδρον, as "poly-" (stem of πολύς, "many") + "-hedron" (form of ἕδρα, "base" or "seat").	Un polyèdre est une forme géométrique à trois dimensions (un solide géométrique) ayant des faces planes polygonales qui se rencontrent selon des segments de droite qu'on appelle arêtes.	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8, 112428, 1103, 25, 191, 6, 111342, 10, 8222, 1636, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
IEEE 1394	FireWire	IEEE 1394 is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple, which called it FireWire, in cooperation with a number of companies, primarily Sony and Panasonic. The 1394 interface is also known by the brands i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments).	FireWire est le nom commercial donné par Apple à une interface série multiplexée, aussi connue sous la norme IEEE 1394 et également connue sous le nom d'interface i.LINK, nom commercial utilisé par Sony. Il s'agit d'un bus informatique véhiculant à la fois des données et des signaux de commandes des différents appareils qu'il relie.	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Le Monde diplomatique	Le Monde diplomatique	Le Monde diplomatique is a monthly newspaper offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. The publication is owned by Le Monde diplomatique SA, a subsidiary company of "Le Monde" which grants it complete editorial autonomy. Worldwide there were 71 editions in 26 other languages (including 38 in print for a total of about 2.2 million copies and 33 electronic editions).	Le Monde diplomatique est un journal mensuel français d'opinion, fondé en par Hubert Beuve-Méry comme supplément au quotidien "Le Monde". La ligne éditoriale du "Monde diplomatique" est associée à la gauche antilibérale.	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Granville, Manche	Granville	Granville (; Norman: "Graunville") is a commune in the Manche department and region of Normandy in north-western France. Chef-lieu of the canton of Granville and seat of the, it is a seaside resort and health resort of Mont Saint-Michel Bay at the end of the, a former cod fishing port and the first shellfish port of France. It is sometimes nicknamed "Monaco of the north" by virtue of its location on a rocky promontory.	Granville (prononcé ) est une commune française du département de la Manche en Normandie. Bureau centralisateur du canton et siège de la communauté de communes de Granville, terre et mer, c'est une station balnéaire et climatique de la baie du mont Saint-Michel à l’extrémité de la Côte des Havres, un ancien port morutier et le premier port coquillier de France. Elle est parfois surnommée la « Monaco du Nord » de par sa situation sur un promontoire rocheux, la présence d'un casino et de plusieurs grands hôtels de luxe.	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Pope Clement V	Clément V	Pope Clement V (; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled "de Guoth" and "de Goth"), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his death. He is remembered for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members, and as the pope who moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon, ushering in the period known as the Avignon Papacy.	Bertrand de Got (ou de Goth, de Gotz, de Gout) est le premier des sept papes qui siégèrent à Avignon entre 1309 et 1377, et naquit vers 1264 en Guyenne, près de Villandraut (actuellement en Gironde), fils de Béraud de Goth et d'Ide de Blanquefort. Membre de la famille de Goth, il est couronné à Lyon, pour devenir le de l’Église catholique en 1305, et meurt le, à Roquemaure (actuellement dans le Gard). Son tombeau se trouve dans l'église collégiale qu'il avait fait bâtir à Uzeste. Il fut évêque de Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges puis archevêque de Bordeaux, avant de devenir pape sous le nom de. Sous son égide furent aussi construits dans le sud de l'actuel département de la Gironde les châteaux dits « clémentins » : Villandraut, Roquetaillade, Budos, Fargues, La Trave, Duras.	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Porting	Portage informatique	In software engineering, porting is the process of adapting software for the purpose of achieving some form of execution in a computing environment that is different from the one that a given program (meant for such execution) was originally designed for (e.g., different CPU, operating system, or third party library). The term is also used when software/hardware is changed to make them usable in different environments.	Le portage informatique consiste à "porter", c'est-à-dire mettre en œuvre, un logiciel, une fonctionnalité, voire un système d'exploitation dans un autre environnement que celui d'origine. Cet environnement est donc soit logiciel, soit matériel.	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Beer	Bière	Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. Beer is brewed from cereal grains—most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. In commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation.	La bière est une boisson alcoolisée obtenue par fermentation alcoolique d'un moût de produits végétaux amylacés tels que l'orge, le maïs, le riz (saké), la banane, le manioc... Ce moût est obtenu à l'issue d'une étape importante de la fabrication de la bière, le brassage, opération à l'origine des vocables brasseur et brasserie. C'est la plus ancienne boisson alcoolisée connue au monde et la boisson la plus consommée après l'eau et le thé.	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Anarcho-syndicalism	Anarcho-syndicalisme	Anarcho-syndicalism is a political philosophy and anarchist school of thought that views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as a method for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and thus control influence in broader society. The end goal of syndicalism is to abolish the wage system, regarding it as wage slavery. Anarcho-syndicalist theory therefore generally focuses on the labour movement.	L'anarcho-syndicalisme, syndicalisme libertaire ou syndicalisme anarchiste est un syndicalisme basé sur les principes de fonctionnement de l'anarchisme. Il propose une méthode, le syndicalisme, couplée à l'action directe et à la grève générale expropriatrice, comme moyens de lutte et d'accès vers une société libertaire.	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District	District	A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions of municipalities, school district, or political district.	Un district est une division administrative plus ou moins importante dans certains pays. Les formes de gouvernance sont variables, depuis une simple subdivision sans autonomie jusqu'à un territoire autonome avec une représentation élue. De même, la superficie va de celle d'un quartier jusqu'à celle d'une région.	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Rhône wine	Vignoble de la vallée du Rhône	The Rhône wine region in Southern France is situated in the Rhône valley and produces numerous wines under various "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) designations. The region's major appellation in production volume is Côtes du Rhône AOC.	Le vignoble de la vallée du Rhône est un vignoble français s'étendant de part et d'autre du Rhône, de Vienne au nord jusqu'à Avignon au sud, sur un total de 1317 communes. C'est le deuxième vignoble en France quant au volume de production de vins d'appellation d'origine contrôlée, après le Bordelais. Il s'étend sur six départements : Rhône, Loire, Ardèche et Gard, sur la rive droite du Rhône, Drôme et Vaucluse, sur la rive gauche. Ces départements font partie des régions Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Occitanie et Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.	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Tai chi	Tai-chi-chuan	Tai chi (), short for T'ai chi ch'üan or Tàijí quán (), is an internal Chinese martial art practiced for both its defense training, its health benefits and meditation. The term "taiji" is a Chinese cosmological concept for the flux of yin and yang, and 'quan' means fist. Etymologically, Taijiquan is a fist system based on the dynamic relationship between polarities (Yin and Yang). Though originally conceived as a martial art, it is also typically practiced for a variety of other personal reasons: competitive wrestling in the format of pushing hands ("tui shou"), demonstration competitions and achieving greater longevity. As a result, a multitude of training forms exist, both traditional and modern, which correspond to those aims with differing emphasis. Some training forms of tai chi are especially known for being practiced with relatively slow movements.	Le tai-chi-chuan ou tai chi ou taiji quan (, également prononcé en japonais "taikyoku ken") est un art martial chinois dit « interne » ("neijia") souvent réduit à une gymnastique de santé. Il peut aussi comporter une dimension spirituelle. Il a pour objet le travail de l'énergie appelée "chi."	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Korean cuisine	Cuisine coréenne	Korean cuisine is the customary cooking traditions and practices of the culinary arts of Korea. Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in Korea and southern Manchuria, Korean cuisine has evolved through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.	La Corée est une région reconnue pour la variété et la qualité de sa cuisine. Ses grands classiques ne sauraient éclipser un répertoire unique à la gloire du goût sous toutes ses formes et sous tous les modes de préparation. Cette cuisine se distingue de celles des pays voisins, notamment le Japon et la Chine, cependant on retrouve des parfums assez proches dans la cuisine de la province pourtant relativement éloignée de Hubei, en Chine. La cuisine coréenne utilise beaucoup de piment (notamment dans le "kimchi" (김치) ou avec le "gochujang" (고추장)), le sésame, sous forme d'huile et de graines y est une quasi constante, l'ail, ainsi qu'une grande variété de légumes, fruits de mer, légumes sauvages, etc. Il existe des différences selon les régions de la péninsule dans la gastronomie coréenne, mais en général la cuisine des régions situées plus au nord est moins épicée que celle des régions situées au sud, notamment en ce qui concerne le "kimchi".	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Washboard (musical instrument)	Planche à laver (instrument)	There are three general ways of deploying the washboard for use as an instrument. The first, mainly used by American players like Washboard Chaz of the Washboard Chaz Blues Trio and Ralf Reynolds of the Reynolds Brothers Rhythm Rascals, is to drape it vertically down the chest. The second, used by European players like David Langlois of the Blue Vipers of Brooklyn, Ben Turner of Piedmont Bluz, and Stephane Seva of Paris Washboard, is to hold it horizontally across the lap, or, for more complex setups, to mount it horizontally on a purpose-built stand. The third (and least common) method, used by Washboard Sam, Súle Greg Wilson of the Carolina Chocolate Drops and Sankofa Strings, and Deryck Guyler, is to hold it in a perpendicular orientation between the legs while seated, so that both sides of the board might be played at the same time.	La planche à laver () est un instrument de musique frotté apparu à La Nouvelle-Orléans. C'est un ustensile sanitaire détourné de sa fonction originelle et adapté à un jeu musical par le détournement d'autres objets usuels, tels des dés à coudre.	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Communes of France	Commune (France)	The () is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are analogous to civil townships and incorporated municipalities in the United States and Canada, "Gemeinden" in Germany, "comuni" in Italy or "municipio" in Spain. The United Kingdom has no exact equivalent, as communes resemble districts in urban areas, but are closer to parishes in rural areas where UK districts are much larger. Communes are based on historical geographic communities or villages and are vested with significant powers to manage the populations and land of the geographic area covered. The communes are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France.	En France, la commune est une collectivité territoriale, consistant en un territoire administré par une municipalité, formée par un conseil municipal, le maire ainsi que, le cas échéant, un ou plusieurs adjoints. Elle constitue l'échelon de base des divisions administratives du territoire français. Les communes sont régies par le de la Constitution de 1958 et la deuxième partie du code général des collectivités territoriales. Les trois plus importantes communes, Paris, Lyon et Marseille, ont un statut particulier visé par la loi du, dite « loi PLM » : elles ont notamment été découpées en arrondissements dits "municipaux", mais l'essentiel des pouvoirs a été laissé aux municipalités centrales.	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Ancient Greek	Grec ancien	Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BC), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic period (Koine Greek, 3rd century BC to 4th century AD).	Le grec ancien est l’étape historique de la langue grecque qui s'étend du au. Principale langue parlée et écrite en Grèce antique, elle devient le vecteur de la littérature grecque antique qui produit de nombreuses œuvres littéraires et scientifiques à l'influence durable, dont l’"Iliade" et l’"Odyssée" attribuées dans l'Antiquité au poète légendaire Homère. On distingue en grec ancien plusieurs dialectes bien distincts, le plus employé étant l'attique.	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Max Planck	Max Planck	Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.	Max Planck, né Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck le à Kiel, dans le duché de Schleswig (dorénavant en Allemagne) et mort le à Göttingen, en Allemagne (pendant l'occupation alliée), est un physicien allemand.	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Alliance 90/The Greens	Alliance 90 / Les Verts	Alliance 90/The Greens, often simply Greens ( or ""; ), is a green political party in Germany. It was formed in 1993 as the merger of The Greens, formed in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, formed in East Germany in 1990. The Greens had itself merged with the East German Green Party after German reunification in 1990.	L’Alliance 90 / Les Verts () est un parti politique allemand écologiste de centre gauche. Fondé en 1980 en Allemagne de l'Ouest sous le nom de Les Verts (), il fait son entrée au Bundestag à l'occasion des élections fédérales de 1983. Il fusionne en 1993 avec l'Alliance 90 (), formation fondée en Allemagne de l'Est en 1990 à la suite de la chute du mur de Berlin et issue de l’opposition au régime dictatorial communiste.	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Erhu	Erhu	The erhu (; ), is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument, more specifically a spike fiddle, which may also be called a "Southern Fiddle", and sometimes known in the Western world as the "Chinese violin" or a "Chinese two-stringed fiddle".	L’erhu (, du chinois, puisqu'il a deux cordes, et ) est un instrument de musique traditionnel chinois. Inventé il y a plus de mille ans, l'erhu appartient à la famille des huqin (), les instruments à cordes d'origine « "barbare" ». Il a probablement pour ancêtre un instrument d'Asie centrale ou de Mongolie. Il existe d'ailleurs des instruments mongols très proches, comme le "morin khuur" (en chinois, ), l'igil. La variante à quatre cordes, appelée sihu (, ), est également utilisée dans la musique mongole où elle est appelée "khuuchir".	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Bopomofo	Bopomofo	Bopomofo, also called Zhuyin () or Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, is the major Chinese transliteration system for Mandarin Chinese and other related languages and dialects which is nowadays most commonly used in Taiwanese Mandarin. It is also used to transcribe other varieties of Chinese, particularly other varieties of Standard Chinese and related Mandarin dialects, as well as Taiwanese Hokkien.	Le bopomofo (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) ou zhuyin fuhao (caractères traditionnels : ; caractères simplifiés : ; pinyin : Zhùyīn fúhào ; Tongyong pinyin : Jhùyin fúhào ; Wade-Giles : Chu-yin fu-hao) est un alphabet créé pour être utilisé dans la transcription du mandarin à des fins pédagogiques et didactiques. Aujourd'hui, à Taïwan il est, avec le "cāngjié" et le "dayi" l'une des trois méthodes les plus utilisées pour la saisie de l'écriture sur les claviers taïwanais. Il peut permettre la notation d'autres langues chinoises, notamment le hakka et le minnan, deux autres principales langues de Taïwan. En Chine continentale, ce système a été abandonné au profit du pinyin fondé sur une translittération latine au moment de la prise du pouvoir du Parti communiste chinois.	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Edsger W. Dijkstra	Edsger Dijkstra	Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (; ; 11 May 1930 – 6 August 2002) was a Dutch computer scientist, programmer, software engineer, systems scientist, science essayist, and pioneer in computing science. A theoretical physicist by training, he worked as a programmer at the Mathematisch Centrum (Amsterdam) from 1952 to 1962. A university professor for much of his life, Dijkstra held the Schlumberger Centennial Chair in Computer Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until his retirement in 1999. He was a professor of mathematics at the Eindhoven University of Technology (1962–1984) and a research fellow at the Burroughs Corporation (1973–1984).	Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (prononciation : ), né à Rotterdam le et mort à Nuenen le, est un mathématicien et informaticien néerlandais du. Il reçoit en 1972 le prix Turing pour ses contributions sur la science et l’art des langages de programmation et au langage Algol. Juste avant sa mort, en 2002, il reçoit le prix PoDC de l'article influent, pour ses travaux sur l'autostabilisation. L'année suivant sa mort, le prix sera renommé en son honneur prix Dijkstra.	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Light-emitting diode	Diode électroluminescente	A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.	Une diode électroluminescente (abrégé en LED, de l', ou DEL en français) est un dispositif opto-électronique capable d’émettre de la lumière lorsqu’il est parcouru par un courant électrique. Une diode électroluminescente ne laisse passer le courant électrique que dans un seul sens et produit un rayonnement monochromatique ou polychromatique non cohérent par conversion d’énergie électrique lorsqu'un courant la traverse.	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Shanghai	Shanghai	Shanghai (,, ) is one of the four municipalities of the People's Republic of China. It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze, with the Huangpu River flowing through it. With a population of 24.28 million, it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world. Shanghai is a global center for finance, innovation and transportation and the Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest container port.	Shanghai (, EFEO : Chang-haï, ; shanghaïen : "Zanhe") est une des municipalités autonomes chinoises situées sur le fleuve Huangpu près de l'embouchure du Yangzi Jiang, dans l'Est de la Chine.	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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar () (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) was an Indian-American astrophysicist who spent his professional life in the United States. He was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler for "...theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him.	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( à Lahore, Punjab, Indes britanniques - à Chicago) est un astrophysicien et un mathématicien d'origine indienne. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1983.	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Joseph Henry	Joseph Henry	Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797 – May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He was the secretary for the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, a precursor of the Smithsonian Institution. He was highly regarded during his lifetime. While building electromagnets, Henry discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon of self-inductance. He also discovered mutual inductance independently of Michael Faraday, though Faraday was the first to make the discovery and publish his results. Henry developed the electromagnet into a practical device. He invented a precursor to the electric doorbell (specifically a bell that could be rung at a distance via an electric wire, 1831) and electric relay (1835). The SI unit of inductance, the Henry, is named in his honor. Henry's work on the electromagnetic relay was the basis of the practical electrical telegraph, invented by Samuel F. B. Morse and Sir Charles Wheatstone, separately.	Joseph Henry (né le à Albany (New York), mort le à Washington) est un physicien américain qui découvrit l'auto-induction et le principe de l'induction électromagnétique des courants induits.	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Natural satellite	Satellite naturel	A natural satellite, or moon, is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet or minor planet (or sometimes another small Solar System body).	Un satellite naturel est un objet céleste en orbite autour d'une planète ou d'un autre objet plus grand que lui-même qui n'est pas d'origine humaine, par opposition aux satellites artificiels. Ils peuvent être de grosse taille et ressembler à de petites planètes. De tels objets sont également appelés lunes, par analogie avec la Lune, le satellite naturel de la Terre.	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Antoine Lavoisier	Antoine Lavoisier	Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (,, ; 26 August 17438 May 1794), also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".	Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, ci-devant de Lavoisier, né le à Paris et guillotiné le à Paris, est un chimiste, philosophe et économiste français, souvent présenté comme le père de la chimie moderne, qui se développera à partir des bases et des notions qu'il a établies et d'une nouvelle exigence de précision offerte par les instruments qu'il a mis au point. Il a inauguré la méthode scientifique, à la fois expérimentale et mathématique, dans ce domaine qui, au contraire de la mécanique, semblait devoir y échapper.	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Diels–Alder reaction	Réaction de Diels-Alder	In organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile ("also spelled dieneophile"), to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism. More specifically, it is classified as a thermally-allowed [4+2] cycloaddition with Woodward–Hoffmann symbol [4 + 2]. It was first described by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder in 1928. For the discovery of this reaction, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1950. Through the simultaneous construction of two new carbon–carbon bonds, the Diels–Alder reaction provides a reliable way to form six-membered rings with good control over the regio- and stereochemical outcomes. Consequently, it has served as a powerful and widely applied tool for the introduction of chemical complexity in the synthesis of natural products and new materials. The underlying concept has also been applied to π-systems involving heteroatoms, such as carbonyls and imines, which furnish the corresponding heterocycles; this variant is known as the hetero-Diels–Alder reaction. The reaction has also been generalized to other ring sizes, although none of these generalizations have matched the formation of six-membered rings in terms of scope or versatility. Because of the negative values of Δ"H"° and Δ"S"° for a typical Diels–Alder reaction, the microscopic reverse of a Diels–Alder reactions becomes favorable at high temperatures, although this is of synthetic importance for only a limited range of Diels-Alder adducts, generally with some special structural features; this reverse reaction is known as the retro-Diels–Alder reaction.	La réaction de Diels-Alder est une réaction chimique utilisée en chimie organique, dans laquelle un alcène (diénophile) s'additionne à un diène conjugué pour former un dérivé du cyclohexène. Otto Diels et Kurt Alder reçurent le prix Nobel de chimie en 1950 pour les travaux relatifs à cette réaction.	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Frequency	Fréquence	Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. Frequency is measured in units of hertz (Hz) which is equal to one occurrence of a repeating event per second. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example: if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute (2 hertz), its period,, — the time interval between beats—is half a second (60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio signals (sound), radio waves, and light.	En physique, la fréquence est le nombre de fois qu'un phénomène périodique se reproduit par unité de mesure du temps. Son unité dans le Système international d'unités est le hertz (Hz).	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European Economic Community	Communauté économique européenne	The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation that aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states. It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957. Upon the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1993, the EEC was incorporated and renamed the European Community (EC). In 2009, the EC's institutions were absorbed into the EU's wider framework and the community ceased to exist.	La Communauté économique européenne (CEE) est une organisation supranationale créée en 1957 pour mener une intégration économique (dont le marché commun) entre l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, la Belgique, la France, l'Italie, le Luxembourg et les Pays-Bas.	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Bully-les-Mines	Bully-les-Mines	The Imperial Abbey of Kaisersheim (German:"Reichsstift Kaisersheim" or "Kloster Kaisersheim"), was a Cistercian monastery in Kaisersheim (now Kaisheim), Bavaria, Germany.	Bully-les-Mines est une commune française située dans le département du Pas-de-Calais en région Hauts-de-France. Elle fait partie de la communaupole de Lens-Liévin (communauté d'agglomération) qui regroupe et comptait en 2010.	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Sharp (music)	Dièse	In music, sharp, dièse (from French), or diesis (from Greek) means higher in pitch. More specifically, in musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by one semitone (half step)". Sharp is the opposite of flat, which is a lowering of pitch.	En musique, dans le solfège, un dièse est un symbole graphique () appartenant à la famille des altérations et dont la fonction est d'indiquer, sur la partition, que la hauteur naturelle de la note associée à ce dièse doit être élevée d'un demi-ton chromatique. Il est souvent confondu avec le croisillon « # ».	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Koxinga	Koxinga	Zheng Chenggong, Prince of Yanping (27 August 1624 – 23 June 1662), better known internationally by his Dutch-Romanised Hokkien honorific Koxinga or Coxinga (), was a Chinese Ming loyalist who resisted the Qing conquest of China in the 17th century, fighting them on China's southeastern coast.	Zhèng Chénggōng, plus connu sous son nom en hokkien Koxinga (en ), né en 1624 à Hirado et mort en 1662 à Taïwan, est un pirate et général chinois.	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Paintbrush	Pinceau	A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or sometimes ink. A paintbrush is usually made by clamping the bristles to a handle with a ferrule. They are available in various sizes, shapes, and materials. Thicker ones are used for filling in, and thinner ones are used for details. They may be subdivided into decorators' brushes used for painting and decorating and artists' brushes use for visual art.	Le pinceau (du latin "peniculus", petite queue) est une variété de à poils souples terminant en pointe, destiné à enduire une surface d'une couche mince de matière, peinture, encre, vernis, fard. On ne distingue pas toujours le "pinceau" de la "brosse".	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Christopher Nolan	Christopher Nolan	Christopher Edward Nolan (; born 30 July 1970) is a British-American filmmaker known for making personal, distinctive films within the Hollywood mainstream. His directorial efforts have grossed more than US$4.7billion worldwide and garnered a total of 34 Oscar nominations and ten wins.	Christopher Nolan ( ) est un réalisateur, scénariste, monteur et producteur de cinéma britannico-américain, né le à Westminster (Londres). Il se fait connaître à la fin des années 1990 par un premier long métrage, "Following, le suiveur", tourné en noir et blanc. Son deuxième film, "Memento" (2000), lui apporte une renommée, qui lui permet d'obtenir pour le troisième, "Insomnia" (2002), la collaboration d'Al Pacino et de Robin Williams. Il est ensuite choisi pour réaliser la trilogie des Batman produite par Warner Bros. : "Batman Begins" (2005), "" (2008) et "The Dark Knight Rises" (2012) avec Christian Bale dans le rôle-titre. Tout en travaillant sur le projet, il met en scène "Le Prestige" (2006), où il dirige une nouvelle fois Bale, ainsi que deux films de science-fiction, "Inception" (2010) et "Interstellar" (2014).	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Watercolor painting	Aquarelle	Watercolor (American English) or watercolour (British English; see spelling differences), also aquarelle (French, from Italian diminutive of Latin "aqua" "water"), is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. "Watercolor" refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork. Aquarelles painted with water-soluble colored ink instead of modern water colors are called "aquarellum atramento" (Latin for "aquarelle made with ink") by experts. However, this term has been more and more passing out of use.	L’aquarelle est une peinture dans laquelle la gomme arabique lie des pigments transparents laissant apparaître le support de peinture. La gouache, de composition identique, est opaque.	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Vimy	Vimy	Vimy ( or ; ; Dutch: "Wimi") is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France. It is located east of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial dedicated to the Battle of Vimy Ridge and the Canadian soldiers who were killed during the war. The Memorial is also the site of two Canadian cemeteries.	Vimy est une commune française située dans le département du Pas-de-Calais en région Hauts-de-France. Elle fait partie de la Communaupole de Lens-Liévin (communauté d'agglomération) qui regroupe et comptait en 2010. Elle est traversée par la RN 17 qui relie Arras et Lens.	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Steelpan	Steel-drum	Steelpans (also known as steel pans, steel drums or pans, and sometimes, collectively with other musicians, as a steel band or orchestra) is a musical instrument originating from Trinidad and Tobago. Steelpan musicians are called pannists.	Un steel-drum ou steeldrum, c'est-à-dire « tambour d'acier » en anglais, plus couramment appelé pan (« casserole ») ou steelpan, est un instrument de percussion idiophone mélodique.	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Authors' rights	Droit d'auteur	"Author's rights" is a term frequently used in connection with laws about intellectual property. The term is considered as a direct translation of the French term droit d’auteur (also German "Urheberrecht"). It was first (1777) promoted in France by Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, who had close relations with Benjamin Franklin. It is generally used in relation to the copyright laws of civil law countries and in European Union law. Authors' rights are internationally protected by the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and by other similar treaties. “Author” is used in a very wide sense, and includes composers, artists, sculptors and even architects: in general, the author is the person whose creativity led to the protected work being created, although the exact definition varies from country to country.	Le droit d’auteur est l’ensemble des droits dont dispose un ou ses ayants droit (héritiers, sociétés de production), sur des œuvres de l’esprit originales et des droits corrélatifs du public à l'utilisation et à la réutilisation de ces œuvres sous certaines conditions.	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Bagpipes	Cornemuse	Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Scottish Great Highland bagpipes are the best known examples in the Anglophone world; however, people have played bagpipes for centuries, and they occur throughout large parts of Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, including Anatolia, the Caucasus, and around the Persian Gulf. The term "bagpipe" is equally correct in the singular or plural, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".	La cornemuse est un instrument de musique à vent et plus particulièrement à anches. Il en existe plus d'une centaine de types dans le monde. Sa répartition géographique correspond à l'Europe entière, au Caucase, au Maghreb, au golfe Persique et va jusqu'à l'Inde du Nord.	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Special administrative regions of China	Région administrative spéciale	The special administrative regions (SAR) are one type of provincial-level administrative divisions of China directly under Central People's Government. They possess the highest degree of autonomy.	Une région administrative spéciale (RAS) est une dénomination utilisée pour désigner une subdivision politique de la République populaire de Chine (RPC) ou de la République populaire démocratique de Corée (RPDC, ou Corée du Nord) ayant un statut administratif spécial, notamment dans le domaine économique. Hong Kong et Macao sont les seules RAS chinoises actuelles.	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George Boole	George Boole	George Boole (; 2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was a largely self-taught English mathematician, philosopher and logician, most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in Ireland. He worked in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic, and is best known as the author of "The Laws of Thought" (1854) which contains Boolean algebra. Boolean logic is credited with laying the foundations for the information age. Boole maintained that:	George Boole, né le à Lincoln (Royaume-Uni) et mort le à Ballintemple (Irlande), est un logicien, mathématicien et philosophe britannique. Il est le créateur de la logique moderne, fondée sur une structure algébrique et sémantique, que l'on appelle algèbre de Boole en son honneur.	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Swern oxidation	Oxydation de Swern	The Swern oxidation, named after Daniel Swern, is a chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde or ketone using oxalyl chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and an organic base, such as triethylamine. It is one of the many oxidation reactions commonly referred to as 'activated DMSO' oxidations. The reaction is known for its mild character and wide tolerance of functional groups.	L’oxydation de Swern est l'oxydation douce des alcools primaires et secondaires en aldéhyde et en cétone dans un milieu contenant du chlorure d'oxalyle, du diméthylsulfoxyde et de la triéthylamine.	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Protests against the Iraq War	Manifestations mondiales contre la guerre d'Irak	Beginning in 2002, and continuing after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, large-scale protests against the Iraq War were held in many cities worldwide, often coordinated to occur simultaneously around the world. After the biggest series of demonstrations, on February 15, 2003, "New York Times" writer Patrick Tyler claimed that they showed that there were two superpowers on the planet: the United States and worldwide public opinion.	Cet article recense quelques grandes manifestations mondiales contre l'intervention de la coalition internationale qui, sous l'égide de l'USCENTCOM, a mené à la guerre d'Irak.	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Newton's laws of motion	Lois du mouvement de Newton	Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries, and can be summarised as follows:	Les lois du mouvement de Newton ont été énoncées dans son ouvrage "Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica" en 1687. Il s'agit en fait des "principes" à la base de la grande théorie de Newton concernant le mouvement des corps, théorie que l'on nomme aujourd'hui mécanique newtonienne ou encore mécanique classique. À ces lois générales du mouvement fondées en particulier sur le principe de relativité des mouvements, Newton a ajouté la loi de la gravitation universelle permettant d'interpréter aussi bien la chute des corps que le mouvement de la Lune autour de la Terre.	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String instrument	Instrument à cordes	String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.	Un instrument à cordes est un instrument de musique dans lequel le son est produit par la vibration d'une ou plusieurs cordes. L'organologie les classe dans la catégorie des cordophones.	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Françoise d'Eaubonne	Françoise d'Eaubonne	Françoise d'Eaubonne (12 March 1920 in Paris – 3 August 2005 in Paris) was a French feminist, who introduced the term "ecofeminism" ("écologie-féminisme", "éco-féminisme", or "écoféminisme") in 1974.	Françoise d'Eaubonne, née Françoise Marie-Thérèse Piston d'Eaubonne le à Paris et morte le à Paris, est une femme de lettres française, romancière, philosophe, essayiste et biographe, et militante féministe libertaire et écoféministe.	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Flugelhorn	Bugle	The flugelhorn (—also spelled fluegelhorn, flugel horn, or Flügelhorn—from German meaning "wing horn" or "flank horn", ) is a brass instrument that is usually pitched in B but occasionally found in C. It resembles a trumpet, and the tube has the same length but a wider, conical bore. A type of valved bugle, the flugelhorn was developed in Germany from a traditional English valveless bugle, with the first version sold by Heinrich Stölzel in Berlin in 1828. The valved bugle provided Adolphe Sax (creator of the saxophone family) with the inspiration for his B soprano (contralto) saxhorns, on which the modern-day flugelhorn is modeled.	Le bugle (en allemand et par extension en anglais) est un instrument de musique de la famille des cuivres, plus exactement des saxhorns mis au point par Adolphe Sax au XIXe siècle.	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Rio Group	Groupe de Rio	The Rio Group (G-Rio) was a permanent association of political consultation of Latin America and Caribbean countries, created in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on December 18, 1986 with the purpose of creating a better political relationship among the countries. It was succeeded in 2011 by the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States	Le groupe de Rio est une organisation créée le. Cette association vise à améliorer la coopération entre les différents pays d'Amérique latine.	[ 250004, 250054, 74057, 117249, 64, 53404, 21094, 23, 6, 229231, 21533, 12989, 390, 3365, 316, 19, 12, 581, 12163, 10760, 136, 70, 28811, 32528, 76104, 7, 142, 38016, 289, 29367, 144483, 4, 35509, 98, 70, 11704, 51651, 98501, 1363, 5, 184293, 24284, 7, 111, 70, 21115, 111, 12163, 914, 9319, 297, 100, 10, 6626, 9, 5636, 41714, 47, 45252, 37348, 26719, 70, 68894, 16648, 23, 4368, 118, 4, 136, 47, 3249, 212485, 7, 100, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 543, 927, 184679, 5423, 100, 7582, 201, 1104, 758, 5, 133698, 70, 41714, 4, 10077, 991, 54660, 464, 2804, 450, 70, 30089, 3378, 3428, 68818, 621, 35971, 2831, 23, 70, 14098, 145704, 123466, 47691, 77905, 100, 4368, 118, 15, 84139, 141950, 841, 194, 1529, 45252, 297, 70, 157353, 111, 25134, 136, 42845, 21629, 4, 136, 2804, 450, 70, 12163, 10760, 5809, 11301, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 33493, 1916, 70, 456, 241860, 111, 39485, 3934, 70, 14449, 111, 42845, 21629, 5, 54660, 464, 2843, 2804, 52, 3957, 10760, 111, 12163, 1556, 126809, 6863, 3540, 41159, 47, 29823, 3525, 37348, 4, 153161, 25313, 136, 57476, 1363, 64333, 4, 136, 83, 5036, 520, 6496, 237, 142, 5526, 191619, 100, 144483, 974, 133698, 70, 41714, 23, 15360, 39495, 23, 12163, 8, 40185, 4, 70, 21115, 45252, 70, 93425, 111, 7964, 47691, 98, 42845, 21629, 76726, 5, 3311, 903, 1733, 12163, 10760, 134454, 90, 953, 76726, 4, 26719, 34170, 4, 192777, 4, 54766, 4, 74291, 4, 23047, 92051, 4, 120725, 66, 47806, 4, 167844, 4, 540, 61356, 4, 190537, 4, 191019, 4, 82167, 4, 218334, 4, 149674, 4, 220577, 4, 32969, 4, 168919, 4, 136, 68570, 5, 133698, 70, 41714, 111, 13918, 7, 111, 42845, 21629, 136, 70, 223487, 23, 4171, 37545, 4, 82167, 4, 70, 13918, 7, 45252, 297, 70, 75312, 8202, 136, 456, 277, 40322, 111, 70, 161227, 1215, 17032, 8780, 100, 82077, 1363, 136, 200541, 1311, 43297, 1363, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 12163, 10760, 5, 581, 12163, 10760, 509, 75935, 23, 21735, 23, 12163, 8, 40185, 4, 30089, 390, 99638, 90, 111, 136659, 76726, 4, 390, 1532, 70, 12163, 10760, 509, 150350, 71, 390, 1105, 76726, 136, 106, 99638, 13, 1295, 70, 24453, 9022, 223487, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 19492, 90, 111, 70, 12163, 10760, 509, 22546, 27201, 7657, 19, 5, 29187, 4, 43677, 5, 11436, 378, 254, 5, 1438, 48590, 268, 70, 4734, 200541, 136, 105739, 238, 4738, 450, 19095, 7, 25842, 756, 3912, 117249, 450, 3249, 1257, 52, 190474, 792, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 37769, 8, 12163, 437, 773, 49894, 102103, 13, 95, 5, 20097, 125413, 18920, 253, 6, 107123, 21, 552, 91149, 1148, 199, 50726, 19859, 104, 25, 230885, 21, 10325, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Lute	Luth	A lute ( or ) is any plucked string instrument with a neck (either fretted or unfretted) and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. More specifically, the term "lute" can refer to an instrument from the family of European lutes. The term also refers generally to any string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to the sound table (in the Hornbostel–Sachs system). The strings are attached to pegs or posts at the end of the neck, which have some type of turning mechanism to enable the player to tighten the tension on the string or loosen the tension before playing (which respectively raise or lower the pitch of a string), so that each string is tuned to a specific pitch (or note). The lute is plucked or strummed with one hand while the other hand "frets" (presses down) the strings on the neck's fingerboard. By pressing the strings on different places of the fingerboard, the player can shorten or lengthen the part of the string that is vibrating, thus producing higher or lower pitches (notes).	Le luth est un instrument à cordes pincées. Le terme désigne aussi de manière générale tout instrument ayant les cordes parallèles à un manche.	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Cycloalkane	Cycloalcane	In organic chemistry, the cycloalkanes (also called naphthenes, but distinct from naphthalene) are the monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons. In other words, a cycloalkane consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a structure containing a single ring (possibly with side chains), and all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single. Cycloalkanes are named analogously to their normal alkane counterparts of the same carbon count: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc. The larger cycloalkanes, with more than 20 carbon atoms are typically called "cycloparaffins".	En chimie organique, les cycloalcanes (ou cyclanes) sont une série de molécules contenant deux atomes d'hydrogène par carbone et arrangées en forme d'anneau. Ils font partie des composés alicycliques.	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Silk Road	Route de la soie	The Silk Road was a network of trade routes which connected the East and West, and was central to the economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century. The Silk Road primarily refers to the land routes connecting East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe.	La route de la soie est un réseau ancien de routes commerciales entre l'Asie et l'Europe, reliant la ville de Chang'an (actuelle Xi'an) en Chine à la ville d'Antioche, en Syrie médiévale (aujourd'hui en Turquie). Elle tire son nom de la plus précieuse marchandise qui y transitait : la soie.	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Count of Holland	Liste des comtes de Hollande	The counts of Holland ruled over the County of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century.	Les premiers seigneurs de Hollande portaient le titre de comte de Frise occidentale et encore avant de comte de Kennemerland. Ce n'est qu'avec Thierry Ier qu’apparaît le titre de comte de Frise occidentale puis avec Thierry V qu'apparaît le titre de "comte de Hollande".	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History of the Republic of China	Histoire de la république de Chine	The History of the Republic of China begins after the Qing dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China as a constitutional republic put an end to 4,000 years of imperial rule. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912. The Republic experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.	L’histoire de la république de Chine débute avec la chute de la dynastie Qing et la formation d'une république constitutionnelle en 1912. Dans ses premières décennies, la république de Chine connait une histoire mouvementée, marquée par la perte de territoires situés aux confins de l'ancien empire, les conflits internes, la domination des seigneurs de guerre, la guerre civile et l'occupation japonaise. À la suite de la capitulation japonaise et de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en 1945, la république de Chine devient un membre fondateur de l'Organisation des Nations unies et l'un des cinq membres permanent de son Conseil de sécurité.	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Ahmed Zewail	Ahmed Zewail	Ahmed Hassan Zewail (, ; February 26, 1946 – August 2, 2016) was an Egyptian chemist, known as the "father of femtochemistry". He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field. He was the Linus Pauling Chair Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Physics, and the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology.	Ahmed Hassan Zewail (), né le à Damanhur et mort le à Pasadena, est un chimiste et universitaire égyptien travaillant aux États-Unis. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de chimie en 1999.	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Woodwind instrument	Bois (musique)	Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the more general category of wind instruments. Common examples include flute, clarinet, oboe, saxophone, and bassoon. There are two main types of woodwind instruments: flutes and reed instruments (otherwise called reed pipes). The main distinction between these instruments and other wind instruments is the way in which they produce sound. All woodwinds produce sound by splitting the air blown into them on a sharp edge, such as a reed or a fipple. Despite the name, a woodwind may be made of any material, not just wood. Common examples include brass, silver, cane, as well as other metals such as gold and platinum. The saxophone, for example, though made of brass, is considered a woodwind because it requires a reed to produce sound. Occasionally, woodwinds are made out of earthen materials, especially ocarinas.	Les bois sont une famille d'instruments de musique à vent qui se caractérisent par leur système d'émission du son constitué :	[ 250004, 250054, 36157, 1636, 27489, 45730, 390, 8951, 214, 10, 162393, 75973, 111, 1831, 35064, 70, 121303, 111, 10, 108564, 23, 10, 19932, 150, 29887, 6827, 43333, 5, 581, 14838, 67, 14449, 831, 186, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 1614, 9, 69128, 7, 12, 9803, 14838, 1636, 136, 155738, 14838, 1636, 5, 717, 27489, 10, 45730, 678, 142, 9803, 14838, 67, 4, 70, 58585, 83, 56065, 47, 102310, 10, 75973, 111, 1831, 36880, 10, 189173, 121303, 450, 7068, 65450, 7, 70, 1831, 86429, 5, 3293, 65450, 1831, 86429, 7068, 27992, 7, 54799, 70, 1831, 3365, 316, 19, 70541, 297, 28032, 70, 14838, 67, 25, 7, 739, 41566, 216806, 442, 47, 69255, 67, 136, 27489, 45730, 5, 89536, 99726, 111, 9803, 14838, 1636, 621, 70, 3900, 37676, 14838, 67, 4, 2652, 1434, 13569, 136, 9638, 60863, 1861, 5, 893, 45964, 14838, 1636, 111, 903, 96551, 3542, 27983, 7228, 1295, 69323, 35975, 40059, 7, 111, 18153, 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Ampersand	Esperluette	The ampersand is the logogram, representing the conjunction "and". It originated as a ligature of the letters "et"—Latin for "and".	L’esperluette ou esperluète (nom féminin), également appelée perluette, perluète ou « et » commercial, désigne le logogramme &. Elle résulte de la ligature des lettres de la conjonction de coordination « et » et possède la même signification.	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Chemist	Chimiste	A chemist (from Greek chēm (ía) alchemy; replacing chemist from Medieval Latin alchimista) is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. The word 'chemist' is also used to address Pharmacists in Commonwealth English.	Un chimiste est un scientifique qui étudie la chimie, c’est-à-dire la science de la matière à l’échelle moléculaire ou atomique (« supra-atomique »). Le mot "chimiste" est dérivé "d’alchimiste" mais prend un sens bien différent.	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Belgian First Division A	Championnat de Belgique de football	The Belgian First Division A (; ; ) is the top league competition for association football clubs in Belgium. Following the 2015–16 season it was renamed from the "Belgian Pro League" (officially known as Jupiler Pro League (). Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Belgian First Division B. Seasons run from late July to early May, with teams playing 30 matches each in the regular season, and then entering play-offs I or play-offs II according to their position in the regular season. Play-offs I (also known as the "title playoffs") are contested by the top-six clubs in the regular season, with each club playing each other twice. Play-offs II (also known as the "Europa League playoff") are contested by teams ranked 7 to 16 in the regular season, divided in four groups of four teams playing each other twice (six teams from the Belgian First Division B also take part in playoff II). The team finishing in 16th place is relegated. the league was sponsored by AB InBev, brewers of Jupiler beer, and officially known as Jupiler Pro League.	Le championnat de Belgique de football D1A est une compétition de football-association créée en 1895. En Belgique, le terme « championnat » s'applique à toutes les divisions. La plus haute, souvent dénommée « Division 1 », porte le nom officiel de « Jupiler Pro League » d’après le sponsor Jupiler. Depuis la saison 2016-2017 et la réforme des championnats, le championnat est renommé "Division 1A".	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Alphorn	Cor des Alpes	The alphorn or alpenhorn or alpine horn is a labrophone, consisting of a straight several-meter-long wooden natural horn of conical bore, with a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece. It is used by mountain dwellers in the Swiss Alps, Austrian Alps, Bavarian Alps in Germany, French Alps, and elsewhere. Similar wooden horns were used for communication in most mountainous regions of Europe, from the Alps to the Carpathians. Alphorns are today used as musical instruments.	Le cor des Alpes est un instrument de musique à vent, en bois, de la famille des cuivres. Apparu au, il était utilisé initialement pour communiquer à distance en montagne. On le trouve surtout en Suisse, mais aussi en Autriche, en Allemagne, en France, en Pologne, en Ukraine et en Roumanie.	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Christian Democratic Union of Germany

Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne

The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (, CDU; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics.

L’Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne (en, CDU) est un parti politique allemand, libéral-conservateur, fondé en 1945. Se référant à la démocratie chrétienne européenne, la CDU est la principale force de centre droit en Allemagne. Elle n'est pas présente sur le territoire de l'État libre de Bavière, où la tendance démocrate-chrétienne est représentée par l'Union chrétienne-sociale (CSU). Au niveau fédéral, on parle donc de la CDU/CSU (en ).

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null

Hokusai

, known simply as Hokusai, was a Japanese artist, ukiyo-e painter and printmaker of the Edo period. Born in Edo (now Tokyo), Hokusai is best known as author of the woodblock print series which includes the internationally iconic print, "The Great Wave off Kanagawa".

, est un peintre, dessinateur et graveur spécialiste de l’"ukiyo-e", ainsi qu'auteur d'écrits populaires japonais surtout connu sous le nom de, ou de son surnom de « Vieux Fou de dessin ».

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null

Monsoon

Mousson

A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is sometimes incorrectly used for locally heavy but short-term rains.

La mousson est un mot qui provient (par le portugais) de l'arabe "mawsim" et qui signifie saison, désignant notamment la saison favorable à la navigation vers l'Inde dans l'océan Indien. C'est un flux de masses d'air, originaires d'un hémisphère géographique et qui s'intègre dans la circulation du second hémisphère. Au sens strict, "mousson" ne s'applique qu'au climat indien, mais le concept s'est élargi.

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Saxophone

The saxophone (referred to colloquially as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece. Although most saxophones are made from brass, they are categorized as woodwind instruments, because sound is produced by an oscillating reed (traditionally made out of woody cane) rather than lips vibrating in a mouthpiece cup as with the brass instrument family. As with the other woodwind instruments, the pitch of the note being played is controlled by covering holes in the body tube to control the resonant frequency of the air column by changing the effective length of the tube. The player covers or uncovers the holes by pressing keys.

Le saxophone est un instrument de musique à vent appartenant à la famille des bois. Il a été inventé par le Belge Adolphe Sax et breveté à Paris le.

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RC5

RC5 (chiffrement)

In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, "RC" stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code" (compare RC2 and RC4). The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) candidate RC6 was based on RC5.

RC5 est un chiffrement par bloc, fonctionnant grâce à une clé, dont la longueur varie de 40 à. Il a été créé en 1994 par Ron Rivest pour la. L'acronyme « RC » signifie « » ou « ».

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null

Social Democratic Party of Germany

Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (, SPD; ) is a social-democratic, political party in Germany. It is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Germany along with the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).

Le Parti social-démocrate d’Allemagne (, abrégé en SPD), qui a été fondé en 1875 (sous le nom de SAP, renommé SPD en 1891), est le plus vieux parti politique d'Allemagne. C'est le seul des grands partis actuels de la République fédérale d'Allemagne qui existait sous une forme comparable avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. C'est, avec la CDU, le parti politique allemand ayant le plus d'adhérents avec un total de. Après la guerre, il a longtemps été le seul parti de gauche de taille notable du pays, jusqu'à la création de ", plus à gauche.

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Tony Garnier (architect)

Tony Garnier

Tony Garnier (August 13, 1869 in Lyon – January 19, 1948 in Roquefort-la-Bédoule, France) was a noted architect and city planner. He was most active in his hometown of Lyon. Garnier is considered the forerunner of 20th century French architects.

Tony Garnier, né le à Lyon et mort le à Roquefort-la-Bédoule, est un architecte et urbaniste français. Nombre de ses projets sont à l’origine d’avancées considérables dans la réflexion que menaient alors les architectes sur ce qu’ils considéraient être l’architecture et l'urbanisme moderne.

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null

Gallo language

Gallo

Gallo is a regional language of eastern Brittany. It is today far less commonly spoken than was once the case, the standard form of French now predominating in this area. Gallo is classified as one of the "langues d'oïl".

Le gallo (endonyme "galo") ou la langue gallèse est la langue d'oïl de la Haute-Bretagne. Il est traditionnellement parlé en Ille-et-Vilaine, dans la Loire-Atlantique et dans l'est du Morbihan et des Côtes-d'Armor, derrière une frontière linguistique allant de Plouha à Guérande. La limite orientale du gallo est moins claire, car il existe un continuum avec les langues d'oïl voisines ("mainiau" mayennais, normand, angevin...), voire donc des isolats de langues bretonnes celtiques. Certains linguistes considèrent par exemple que le gallo s'étend dans des régions contiguës à la Bretagne historique, en particulier dans l'aire plus vaste du Massif armoricain.

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Controlled-release fertiliser

Engrais à diffusion lente

A controlled-release fertiliser (CRF) is a granulated fertiliser that releases nutrients gradually into the soil (i.e., with a controlled release period). The slowness of the release is determined by the low solubility of the chemical compounds in the soil moisture. Since conventional fertilisers are soluble in water, the nutrients can disperse quickly as the fertiliser dissolves. Because controlled-release fertilisers are not water-soluble, their nutrients disperse into the soil more slowly. The fertiliser granules may have an insoluble substrate or a semi-permeable jacket that prevents dissolution while allowing nutrients to flow outward.

Dans le domaine des engrais chimiques, un engrais à diffusion lente (ou "retardée") est un type d'engrais qui se présente sous la forme de granulés ou d'enrobés qui vont plus ou moins lentement se solubiliser dans le sol et l'eau en larguant peu à peu l'engrais qu'ils contiennent. Ils peuvent être utilisés dans tous les types de culture, y compris en arboriculture.

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Cutting (plant)

Bouturage

A plant cutting is a piece of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual) propagation. A piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil. If the conditions are suitable, the plant piece will begin to grow as a new plant independent of the parent, a process known as striking. A stem cutting produces new roots, and a root cutting produces new stems. Some plants can be grown from leaf pieces, called leaf cuttings, which produce both stems and roots. The scions used in grafting are also called cuttings.

Le bouturage est un mode de multiplication végétative de certaines plantes consistant à donner naissance à un nouvel individu (individu enfant de la plante mère) à partir d'un organe ou d'un fragment d'organe isolé (morceau de rameau, feuille, racine, tige, écaille de bulbe). En effet, il y a séparation de l'organe végétatif suivi de son enracinement, à la différence du marcottage où, cette fois, il y a enracinement puis séparation de l'organe végétatif.

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Supernova

A supernova ( plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is a powerful and luminous stellar explosion. This transient astronomical event occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion. The original object, called the "progenitor", either collapses to a neutron star or black hole, or it is completely destroyed. The peak optical luminosity of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire galaxy, before fading over several weeks or months.

Une supernova est l'ensemble des phénomènes qui résultent de l'implosion d'une étoile en fin de vie, notamment une gigantesque explosion qui s'accompagne d'une augmentation brève mais fantastiquement grande de sa luminosité. Vue depuis la Terre, une supernova apparaît donc souvent comme une étoile nouvelle, alors qu'elle correspond en réalité à la disparition d'une étoile.

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Swedish-speaking population of Finland

Suédois en Finlande

The Swedish-speaking population of Finland (whose members are often called Swedish-speaking Finns, Finland-Swedes, Finland Swedes, Finnish Swedes, or Swedes of Finland—see below; ; ; the term Swedo-Finnish—; —can be used as an attribute) is a linguistic minority in Finland. They maintain a strong identity and are seen either as a separate ethnic group, while still being Finns, or as a distinct nationality. They speak Finland Swedish, which encompasses both a standard language and distinct dialects that are mutually intelligible with the dialects spoken in Sweden and, to a lesser extent, other Scandinavian languages.

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Lannion

Lannion ( ; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is a subprefecture of Côtes-d'Armor, the capital of Trégor and the center of an urban area of almost 60,000 inhabitants.

Lannion est une commune française située dans le département des Côtes-d'Armor en région Bretagne. Ses habitants sont appelés les Lannionnais.

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Écouché

Écouché is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Écouché-les-Vallées.

Écouché est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de l'Orne en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle d'Écouché-les-Vallées.

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Barneville-Carteret

Barneville-Carteret is a commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region of north-western France. For many years it has been a popular seaside resort destination.

Barneville-Carteret (prononcé ) est une commune française, située sur la Côte des Isles dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, peuplée de.

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Institut des techniques d'ingénieur de l'industrie

The Institut des Techniques d'Ingénieur de l'industrie or iTii is a French Engineering Institute which coordinates the delivering of "Diplôme d'Ingénieur" in Co-Operative (Co-Op) education with connection to academic partners (Grandes Ecoles, Universities) as well as professional partners. There are 22 of these institutions in France.

Le réseau des instituts des techniques d'ingénieur de l'industrie (iTii) regroupe aujourd'hui une vingtaine de structures dans toutes les régions françaises. Les iTii ne sont pas des établissements d’enseignement (ne délivrant aucun diplôme) mais des structures de coordination ou plus précisément une entité responsable de la sélection des candidats, des relations entre les branches professionnelles (unions patronales : MEDEF, UIMM) d'une part et les écoles d'ingénieurs d'autre part (afin de définir les programmes académiques, les profils recherchés, etc. permettant d'être le plus en adéquation possible avec la demande formulée par les entreprises). L'ITII est donc un organe paritaire où siègent branches professionnelles et structures de formations et a aussi pour objectifs de promouvoir le diplôme et de s'assurer de la bonne employabilité des diplômés, Il est représenté, au niveau national, par la conférence des ITII, garantes de la qualité de ses enseignements. La formation d'ingénieur ITII est effectuée sous le principe de l'apprentissage, se rapprochant ainsi du modèle anglo-saxon de coopération (co-op).

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Carentan

Carentan () is a small rural town near the north-eastern base of the French Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy in north-western France near the port city of Cherbourg, with a population somewhat over 6,000. It is a former commune in the Manche department. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Carentan-les-Marais. The town was a strategic early goal of the World War II landings as capturing the town was necessary to link the lodgements at Utah and Omaha beaches which were divided by the Douve River estuary (nearby fields were flooded by the Germans up to the town's outskirts). The town was also needed as an intermediate staging position for the capture of the cities of Cherbourg and Octeville, with the critically important port facilities in Cherbourg.

Carentan est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Carentan-les-Marais.

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Second Vatican Council

IIe concile œcuménique du Vatican

The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the or, addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world. The Council, through the Holy See, was formally opened under the pontificate of Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and was closed under Pope Paul VI on the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December 1965.

Le concile œcuménique du Vatican, plus couramment appelé concile Vatican II, est le concile œcuménique de l'Église catholique. Il est ouvert le par le pape Jean XXIII et se termine le sous le pontificat de Paul VI.

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Chandrasekhar limit

Masse de Chandrasekhar

The Chandrasekhar limit () is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. The currently accepted value of the Chandrasekhar limit is about ().

La masse de Chandrasekhar est la masse maximale que la pression de dégénérescence électronique d'un objet peut supporter sans qu'il y ait d'effondrement gravitationnel. Elle intervient lorsque de la matière s'accumule autour d'un objet fait de matière dégénérée, comme une naine blanche ou un cœur d'étoile massive.

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Stendhal

Marie-Henri Beyle (; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal (, ; ), was a 19th-century French writer. Best known for the novels "Le Rouge et le Noir" ("The Red and the Black", 1830) and "La Chartreuse de Parme" ("The Charterhouse of Parma", 1839), he is highly regarded for the acute analysis of his characters' psychology and considered one of the early and foremost practitioners of realism.

Henri Beyle, plus connu sous le pseudonyme de Stendhal ( ), né le à Grenoble et mort d'apoplexie le dans le arrondissement de Paris, est un écrivain français, connu en particulier pour ses romans "Le Rouge et le Noir" et "La Chartreuse de Parme".

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Pong

Pong is a table tennis sports game featuring simple two-dimensional graphics, manufactured by Atari and originally released in 1972. It was one of the earliest arcade video games and created by Allan Alcorn as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell. Bushnell based the game's concept on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console. In response, Magnavox later sued Atari for patent infringement. Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney were surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work and decided to manufacture the game.

Pong (stylisé PONG) est un des premiers jeux vidéo d'arcade et le premier jeu vidéo d'arcade de sport. Il a été imaginé par l'Américain Nolan Bushnell et développé par Allan Alcorn, et la société Atari le commercialise à partir de novembre 1972. Bien que d'autres jeux vidéo aient été inventés précédemment, comme "", "Pong" est le premier à devenir populaire.

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Guinness

Guinness () is a dark Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland, in 1759. It is one of the most successful alcohol brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in over 120. Sales in 2011 amounted to. It is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co. Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of beer annually.

Guinness (prononcé ) est une marque de bière ainsi qu'une brasserie irlandaise. Fondée en 1759, celle-ci est devenue une entreprise de taille mondiale avec l'acquisition en 1986 de Distillers Company, un groupe écossais possédant notamment les marques de whiskies Johnnie Walker, Ballantine's ou Chivas Regal. Guinness PLC a disparu en 1997, date de la création de l'entreprise Diageo PLC par fusion-acquisition avec Grand Metropolitan.

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null

Physical chemistry

Chimie physique

Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.

La chimie physique est l’étude des bases physiques des systèmes chimiques et des procédés. En particulier, la description énergétique des diverses transformations fait partie de la chimie physique. On y trouve des disciplines importantes comme la thermodynamique chimique (ou thermochimie), la cinétique chimique, la mécanique statistique, la spectroscopie et l’électrochimie.

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Cerisy-la-Forêt

The area has been occupied since antiquity and is linked to the foundation of the Saint-Vigor Abbey in the early 20th century. The 2,300 ha commune comprises several castles (Château de la Boulaye, Château de la Couespellière) and manor houses and is bordered by Cerisy forest.

Cerisy-la-Forêt est une commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, peuplée de. Elle bénéficie d'un important patrimoine environnemental et architectural.

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Édouard Herriot

Édouard Marie Herriot (; 5 July 1872 – 26 March 1957) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic who served three times as Prime Minister and for many years as President of the Chamber of Deputies. He was leader of the first Cartel des Gauches.

Édouard Herriot, né le à Troyes (Aube) et mort le à Saint-Genis-Laval (Rhône), est un homme d'État français. Membre du Parti radical, il est une figure centrale de la.

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Hiesville

Hiesville (other spellings: Yeville, or Hevilla) is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France. A small commune, Hiesville covers an area of just. It is bounded by Boutteville to the north, Blosville to the west, Sainte-Marie-du-Mont to the east, and Vierville to the south, and lies several kilometres from the Normandy coast.

Hiesville ( ou ) est une commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, peuplée de.

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Group theory

Théorie des groupes

In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, and the methods of group theory have influenced many parts of algebra. Linear algebraic groups and Lie groups are two branches of group theory that have experienced advances and have become subject areas in their own right.

La théorie des groupes est une discipline mathématique. C'est la partie de l'algèbre générale qui étudie les structures algébriques appelées groupes. Le développement de la théorie des groupes est issu de la théorie des nombres, de la théorie des équations algébriques et de la géométrie.

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null

Relative density

Densité

Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water at its densest (at ); for gases, air at room temperature () is the reference. The term "relative density" is often preferred in scientific usage.

La densité ou densité d'un corps ou densité relative d'un corps est le rapport de sa masse volumique à la masse volumique d'un corps pris comme référence.

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Charcoal (art)

Fusain

Artists' charcoal is a form of dry art medium made of finely ground organic materials that are held together by a gum or wax binder or produced without the use of binders by eliminating the oxygen inside the material during the production process. These charcoals are often used by artists for their versatile properties, such as the rough texture that leaves marks less permanent than other Visual arts media. Charcoal can produce lines that are very light or intensely black, while being easily removable, yet vulnerable to leaving stains on paper. The dry medium can be applied to almost any surface from smooth to very coarse. Fixatives are often used with charcoal drawings to solidify the position to prevent erasing or rubbing off of charcoal dusts.

Le fusain est une branche de saule ou de fusain d'Europe carbonisée en vase clos. Bien que concurrencé par des produits plus élaborés (craies et mines de différents types), le fusain reste un outil de dessin irremplaçable.

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Acrylic paint

Peinture acrylique

Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints are water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels, mediums, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor, a gouache or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media.

La peinture acrylique est un type de peinture (matière) composée de pigments mélangés à une émulsion aqueuse de résines synthétiques polyacryliques ou polyvinyliques développées au milieu du.

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Musical note

Note de musique

In music, a note is a symbol denoting a musical sound. In English usage a note is also the sound itself.

En musique, une note est un symbole ou une lettre permettant de représenter un fragment de musique par une convention d'écriture de la hauteur et de la durée d'un son.

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null

Extreme programming

Extreme programming (XP) is a software development methodology which is intended to improve software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirements. As a type of agile software development, it advocates frequent "releases" in short development cycles, which is intended to improve productivity and introduce checkpoints at which new customer requirements can be adopted.

En informatique et plus particulièrement en génie logiciel, (XP) est une méthode agile plus particulièrement orientée sur l'aspect réalisation d'une application, sans pour autant négliger l'aspect gestion de projet. XP est adapté aux équipes réduites avec des besoins changeants. XP pousse à l'extrême des principes simples.

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Lady Jane Grey

Jeanne Grey

Lady Jane Grey ( – 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley (after her marriage) and as "the Nine Days' Queen", was an English noblewoman and de facto Queen of England and Ireland from 10 July until 19 July 1553.

Jeanne Grey ou Lady Jane Grey en anglais ( — ) est brièvement reine régnante du royaume d'Angleterre en, entre la mort de son cousin Édouard VI et sa déposition au profit de Marie. Son court règne lui a valu le surnom de ', « la reine de neuf jours ».

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Sion, Switzerland

Sion (Valais)

Sion (; ; ; ) is a Swiss town, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Valais and of the district of Sion. it had a population of (known as "Sédunois(es)").

Sion (en ) est une ville et une commune de Suisse, chef-lieu et ville la plus peuplée du canton du Valais et du district homonyme.

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Tempera

Tempera (), also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually glutinous material such as egg yolk. Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first century AD still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting. A paint consisting of pigment and binder commonly used in the United States as poster paint is also often referred to as "tempera paint", although the binders in this paint are different from traditional tempera paint.

Le terme tempera ou tempéra (du, « détremper ») désigne une technique de peinture basée sur une émulsion, qu'elle soit grasse ou maigre : peinture « a tempera ». Pour préciser la nature de l'émulsion, on énonce simplement les composants : tempera à l'œuf, tempera grasse à la colle de peau, etc.

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Amer, India

Amber

Amer or Amber, is a city in Rajasthan state, India. It is now a part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation.

Amber ou Amer (आमेर en hindi et en rajasthani) est une petite ville de l'Inde, l'ancienne capitale de l'État de Dhundhar, renommée en 1727 Jaipur lors du déplacement de sa capitale, dans le Rajputana.

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Oil painting

Peinture à l'huile

Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and safflower oil. The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are also visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium. The oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss.

La peinture à l'huile est une peinture dont le liant ou véhicule est une huile siccative qui enveloppe complètement les particules de pigment.

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Kurt Wüthrich

Kurt Wüthrich (born October 4, 1938 in Aarberg, Canton of Bern) is a Swiss chemist/biophysicist and Nobel Chemistry laureate, known for developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for studying biological macromolecules.

Kurt Wüthrich, né le à Aarberg en Suisse, est un chimiste suisse. Il est colauréat du prix Nobel de chimie de 2002.

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Local government

Administration territoriale

A local government is a form of public administration which, in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a given state. The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government and also to supranational government which deals with governing institutions between states. Local governments generally act within powers delegated to them by legislation or directives of the higher level of government. In federal states, local government generally comprises the third (or sometimes fourth) tier of government, whereas in unitary states, local government usually occupies the second or third tier of government, often with greater powers than higher-level administrative divisions.

L'administration territoriale est l'organisation institutionnelle et administrative d'une zone géographique, d'un pays ou d'une confédération de pays. Elle est constituée d’autorités dont les décisions sont valables sur des portions du territoire appelées circonscriptions. Ainsi donc, c'est la portée de leurs décisions qui différencie l'administration centrale de l’État et l'administration territoriale de l’État. L'existence de l'administration territoriale de l’État se justifie par un constat d’évidence : un État ne saurait être administré uniquement à partir de sa capitale par les autorités administratives centrales. Celles-ci s'appuient donc sur des autorités placées à la tête de différentes portions du territoire national dénommées circonscriptions. Les autorités qui dirigent ces circonscriptions forment l’administration territoriale de l’État ; elles sont soumises au contrôle hiérarchique des autorités administratives centrales.

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null

PH

Potentiel hydrogène

In chemistry, pH () (abbr. power of hydrogen or potential for hydrogen) is a scale used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution is. Acidic solutions have a lower pH, while basic solutions have a higher pH. At room temperature (25°C or 77°F), pure water is neither acidic nor basic and has a pH of 7.

Le potentiel hydrogène, noté pH, est une mesure de l'activité chimique des hydrons (appelés aussi couramment protons ou ions hydrogène) en solution. Notamment, en solution aqueuse, ces ions sont présents sous la forme de l'ion hydronium (le plus simple des ions oxonium).

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null

Third World

Tiers monde

The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Western European nations and their allies represented the First World, while the post-Soviet Union countries, China, Cuba, and their allies represented the Second World. This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political and economic divisions. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the term "Third World" has decreased in use. It is being replaced with terms such as developing countries, least developed countries or the Global South. The concept itself has become outdated as it no longer represents the current political or economic state of the world.

L'expression tiers monde, ou tiers-monde, lancée en 1952, se rapporte à l'ensemble des pays africains, asiatiques, océaniens ou du continent américain en carence de développement. Ce terme est considéré comme obsolète par certains au profit de celui de pays les moins avancés (PMA).

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null

Polyhedron

Polyèdre

In geometry, a polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons) is a three dimensional shape with flat polygonal faces, straight edges and sharp corners or vertices. The word polyhedron comes from the Classical Greek πολύεδρον, as "poly-" (stem of πολύς, "many") + "-hedron" (form of ἕδρα, "base" or "seat").

Un polyèdre est une forme géométrique à trois dimensions (un solide géométrique) ayant des faces planes polygonales qui se rencontrent selon des segments de droite qu'on appelle arêtes.

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IEEE 1394

FireWire

IEEE 1394 is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple, which called it FireWire, in cooperation with a number of companies, primarily Sony and Panasonic. The 1394 interface is also known by the brands i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments).

FireWire est le nom commercial donné par Apple à une interface série multiplexée, aussi connue sous la norme IEEE 1394 et également connue sous le nom d'interface i.LINK, nom commercial utilisé par Sony. Il s'agit d'un bus informatique véhiculant à la fois des données et des signaux de commandes des différents appareils qu'il relie.

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Le Monde diplomatique

Le Monde diplomatique is a monthly newspaper offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. The publication is owned by Le Monde diplomatique SA, a subsidiary company of "Le Monde" which grants it complete editorial autonomy. Worldwide there were 71 editions in 26 other languages (including 38 in print for a total of about 2.2 million copies and 33 electronic editions).

Le Monde diplomatique est un journal mensuel français d'opinion, fondé en par Hubert Beuve-Méry comme supplément au quotidien "Le Monde". La ligne éditoriale du "Monde diplomatique" est associée à la gauche antilibérale.

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Granville, Manche

Granville

Granville (; Norman: "Graunville") is a commune in the Manche department and region of Normandy in north-western France. Chef-lieu of the canton of Granville and seat of the, it is a seaside resort and health resort of Mont Saint-Michel Bay at the end of the, a former cod fishing port and the first shellfish port of France. It is sometimes nicknamed "Monaco of the north" by virtue of its location on a rocky promontory.

Granville (prononcé ) est une commune française du département de la Manche en Normandie. Bureau centralisateur du canton et siège de la communauté de communes de Granville, terre et mer, c'est une station balnéaire et climatique de la baie du mont Saint-Michel à l’extrémité de la Côte des Havres, un ancien port morutier et le premier port coquillier de France. Elle est parfois surnommée la « Monaco du Nord » de par sa situation sur un promontoire rocheux, la présence d'un casino et de plusieurs grands hôtels de luxe.

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Pope Clement V

Clément V

Pope Clement V (; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled "de Guoth" and "de Goth"), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his death. He is remembered for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members, and as the pope who moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon, ushering in the period known as the Avignon Papacy.

Bertrand de Got (ou de Goth, de Gotz, de Gout) est le premier des sept papes qui siégèrent à Avignon entre 1309 et 1377, et naquit vers 1264 en Guyenne, près de Villandraut (actuellement en Gironde), fils de Béraud de Goth et d'Ide de Blanquefort. Membre de la famille de Goth, il est couronné à Lyon, pour devenir le de l’Église catholique en 1305, et meurt le, à Roquemaure (actuellement dans le Gard). Son tombeau se trouve dans l'église collégiale qu'il avait fait bâtir à Uzeste. Il fut évêque de Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges puis archevêque de Bordeaux, avant de devenir pape sous le nom de. Sous son égide furent aussi construits dans le sud de l'actuel département de la Gironde les châteaux dits « clémentins » : Villandraut, Roquetaillade, Budos, Fargues, La Trave, Duras.

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Porting

Portage informatique

In software engineering, porting is the process of adapting software for the purpose of achieving some form of execution in a computing environment that is different from the one that a given program (meant for such execution) was originally designed for (e.g., different CPU, operating system, or third party library). The term is also used when software/hardware is changed to make them usable in different environments.

Le portage informatique consiste à "porter", c'est-à-dire mettre en œuvre, un logiciel, une fonctionnalité, voire un système d'exploitation dans un autre environnement que celui d'origine. Cet environnement est donc soit logiciel, soit matériel.

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Beer

Bière

Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. Beer is brewed from cereal grains—most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. In commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation.

La bière est une boisson alcoolisée obtenue par fermentation alcoolique d'un moût de produits végétaux amylacés tels que l'orge, le maïs, le riz (saké), la banane, le manioc... Ce moût est obtenu à l'issue d'une étape importante de la fabrication de la bière, le brassage, opération à l'origine des vocables brasseur et brasserie. C'est la plus ancienne boisson alcoolisée connue au monde et la boisson la plus consommée après l'eau et le thé.

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Anarcho-syndicalism

Anarcho-syndicalisme

Anarcho-syndicalism is a political philosophy and anarchist school of thought that views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as a method for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and thus control influence in broader society. The end goal of syndicalism is to abolish the wage system, regarding it as wage slavery. Anarcho-syndicalist theory therefore generally focuses on the labour movement.

L'anarcho-syndicalisme, syndicalisme libertaire ou syndicalisme anarchiste est un syndicalisme basé sur les principes de fonctionnement de l'anarchisme. Il propose une méthode, le syndicalisme, couplée à l'action directe et à la grève générale expropriatrice, comme moyens de lutte et d'accès vers une société libertaire.

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District

A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions of municipalities, school district, or political district.

Un district est une division administrative plus ou moins importante dans certains pays. Les formes de gouvernance sont variables, depuis une simple subdivision sans autonomie jusqu'à un territoire autonome avec une représentation élue. De même, la superficie va de celle d'un quartier jusqu'à celle d'une région.

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Rhône wine

Vignoble de la vallée du Rhône

The Rhône wine region in Southern France is situated in the Rhône valley and produces numerous wines under various "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) designations. The region's major appellation in production volume is Côtes du Rhône AOC.

Le vignoble de la vallée du Rhône est un vignoble français s'étendant de part et d'autre du Rhône, de Vienne au nord jusqu'à Avignon au sud, sur un total de 1317 communes. C'est le deuxième vignoble en France quant au volume de production de vins d'appellation d'origine contrôlée, après le Bordelais. Il s'étend sur six départements : Rhône, Loire, Ardèche et Gard, sur la rive droite du Rhône, Drôme et Vaucluse, sur la rive gauche. Ces départements font partie des régions Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Occitanie et Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.

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Tai chi

Tai-chi-chuan

Tai chi (), short for T'ai chi ch'üan or Tàijí quán (), is an internal Chinese martial art practiced for both its defense training, its health benefits and meditation. The term "taiji" is a Chinese cosmological concept for the flux of yin and yang, and 'quan' means fist. Etymologically, Taijiquan is a fist system based on the dynamic relationship between polarities (Yin and Yang). Though originally conceived as a martial art, it is also typically practiced for a variety of other personal reasons: competitive wrestling in the format of pushing hands ("tui shou"), demonstration competitions and achieving greater longevity. As a result, a multitude of training forms exist, both traditional and modern, which correspond to those aims with differing emphasis. Some training forms of tai chi are especially known for being practiced with relatively slow movements.

Le tai-chi-chuan ou tai chi ou taiji quan (, également prononcé en japonais "taikyoku ken") est un art martial chinois dit « interne » ("neijia") souvent réduit à une gymnastique de santé. Il peut aussi comporter une dimension spirituelle. Il a pour objet le travail de l'énergie appelée "chi."

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Korean cuisine

Cuisine coréenne

Korean cuisine is the customary cooking traditions and practices of the culinary arts of Korea. Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in Korea and southern Manchuria, Korean cuisine has evolved through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.

La Corée est une région reconnue pour la variété et la qualité de sa cuisine. Ses grands classiques ne sauraient éclipser un répertoire unique à la gloire du goût sous toutes ses formes et sous tous les modes de préparation. Cette cuisine se distingue de celles des pays voisins, notamment le Japon et la Chine, cependant on retrouve des parfums assez proches dans la cuisine de la province pourtant relativement éloignée de Hubei, en Chine. La cuisine coréenne utilise beaucoup de piment (notamment dans le "kimchi" (김치) ou avec le "gochujang" (고추장)), le sésame, sous forme d'huile et de graines y est une quasi constante, l'ail, ainsi qu'une grande variété de légumes, fruits de mer, légumes sauvages, etc. Il existe des différences selon les régions de la péninsule dans la gastronomie coréenne, mais en général la cuisine des régions situées plus au nord est moins épicée que celle des régions situées au sud, notamment en ce qui concerne le "kimchi".

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Washboard (musical instrument)

Planche à laver (instrument)

There are three general ways of deploying the washboard for use as an instrument. The first, mainly used by American players like Washboard Chaz of the Washboard Chaz Blues Trio and Ralf Reynolds of the Reynolds Brothers Rhythm Rascals, is to drape it vertically down the chest. The second, used by European players like David Langlois of the Blue Vipers of Brooklyn, Ben Turner of Piedmont Bluz, and Stephane Seva of Paris Washboard, is to hold it horizontally across the lap, or, for more complex setups, to mount it horizontally on a purpose-built stand. The third (and least common) method, used by Washboard Sam, Súle Greg Wilson of the Carolina Chocolate Drops and Sankofa Strings, and Deryck Guyler, is to hold it in a perpendicular orientation between the legs while seated, so that both sides of the board might be played at the same time.

La planche à laver () est un instrument de musique frotté apparu à La Nouvelle-Orléans. C'est un ustensile sanitaire détourné de sa fonction originelle et adapté à un jeu musical par le détournement d'autres objets usuels, tels des dés à coudre.

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Communes of France

Commune (France)

The () is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are analogous to civil townships and incorporated municipalities in the United States and Canada, "Gemeinden" in Germany, "comuni" in Italy or "municipio" in Spain. The United Kingdom has no exact equivalent, as communes resemble districts in urban areas, but are closer to parishes in rural areas where UK districts are much larger. Communes are based on historical geographic communities or villages and are vested with significant powers to manage the populations and land of the geographic area covered. The communes are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France.

En France, la commune est une collectivité territoriale, consistant en un territoire administré par une municipalité, formée par un conseil municipal, le maire ainsi que, le cas échéant, un ou plusieurs adjoints. Elle constitue l'échelon de base des divisions administratives du territoire français. Les communes sont régies par le de la Constitution de 1958 et la deuxième partie du code général des collectivités territoriales. Les trois plus importantes communes, Paris, Lyon et Marseille, ont un statut particulier visé par la loi du, dite « loi PLM » : elles ont notamment été découpées en arrondissements dits "municipaux", mais l'essentiel des pouvoirs a été laissé aux municipalités centrales.

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Ancient Greek

Grec ancien

Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BC), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic period (Koine Greek, 3rd century BC to 4th century AD).

Le grec ancien est l’étape historique de la langue grecque qui s'étend du au. Principale langue parlée et écrite en Grèce antique, elle devient le vecteur de la littérature grecque antique qui produit de nombreuses œuvres littéraires et scientifiques à l'influence durable, dont l’"Iliade" et l’"Odyssée" attribuées dans l'Antiquité au poète légendaire Homère. On distingue en grec ancien plusieurs dialectes bien distincts, le plus employé étant l'attique.

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Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

Max Planck, né Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck le à Kiel, dans le duché de Schleswig (dorénavant en Allemagne) et mort le à Göttingen, en Allemagne (pendant l'occupation alliée), est un physicien allemand.

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null

Alliance 90/The Greens

Alliance 90 / Les Verts

Alliance 90/The Greens, often simply Greens ( or ""; ), is a green political party in Germany. It was formed in 1993 as the merger of The Greens, formed in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, formed in East Germany in 1990. The Greens had itself merged with the East German Green Party after German reunification in 1990.

L’Alliance 90 / Les Verts () est un parti politique allemand écologiste de centre gauche. Fondé en 1980 en Allemagne de l'Ouest sous le nom de Les Verts (), il fait son entrée au Bundestag à l'occasion des élections fédérales de 1983. Il fusionne en 1993 avec l'Alliance 90 (), formation fondée en Allemagne de l'Est en 1990 à la suite de la chute du mur de Berlin et issue de l’opposition au régime dictatorial communiste.

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Erhu

The erhu (; ), is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument, more specifically a spike fiddle, which may also be called a "Southern Fiddle", and sometimes known in the Western world as the "Chinese violin" or a "Chinese two-stringed fiddle".

L’erhu (, du chinois, puisqu'il a deux cordes, et ) est un instrument de musique traditionnel chinois. Inventé il y a plus de mille ans, l'erhu appartient à la famille des huqin (), les instruments à cordes d'origine « "barbare" ». Il a probablement pour ancêtre un instrument d'Asie centrale ou de Mongolie. Il existe d'ailleurs des instruments mongols très proches, comme le "morin khuur" (en chinois, ), l'igil. La variante à quatre cordes, appelée sihu (, ), est également utilisée dans la musique mongole où elle est appelée "khuuchir".

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Bopomofo

Bopomofo, also called Zhuyin () or Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, is the major Chinese transliteration system for Mandarin Chinese and other related languages and dialects which is nowadays most commonly used in Taiwanese Mandarin. It is also used to transcribe other varieties of Chinese, particularly other varieties of Standard Chinese and related Mandarin dialects, as well as Taiwanese Hokkien.

Le bopomofo (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) ou zhuyin fuhao (caractères traditionnels : ; caractères simplifiés : ; pinyin : Zhùyīn fúhào ; Tongyong pinyin : Jhùyin fúhào ; Wade-Giles : Chu-yin fu-hao) est un alphabet créé pour être utilisé dans la transcription du mandarin à des fins pédagogiques et didactiques. Aujourd'hui, à Taïwan il est, avec le "cāngjié" et le "dayi" l'une des trois méthodes les plus utilisées pour la saisie de l'écriture sur les claviers taïwanais. Il peut permettre la notation d'autres langues chinoises, notamment le hakka et le minnan, deux autres principales langues de Taïwan. En Chine continentale, ce système a été abandonné au profit du pinyin fondé sur une translittération latine au moment de la prise du pouvoir du Parti communiste chinois.

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Edsger W. Dijkstra

Edsger Dijkstra

Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (; ; 11 May 1930 – 6 August 2002) was a Dutch computer scientist, programmer, software engineer, systems scientist, science essayist, and pioneer in computing science. A theoretical physicist by training, he worked as a programmer at the Mathematisch Centrum (Amsterdam) from 1952 to 1962. A university professor for much of his life, Dijkstra held the Schlumberger Centennial Chair in Computer Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until his retirement in 1999. He was a professor of mathematics at the Eindhoven University of Technology (1962–1984) and a research fellow at the Burroughs Corporation (1973–1984).

Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (prononciation : ), né à Rotterdam le et mort à Nuenen le, est un mathématicien et informaticien néerlandais du. Il reçoit en 1972 le prix Turing pour ses contributions sur la science et l’art des langages de programmation et au langage Algol. Juste avant sa mort, en 2002, il reçoit le prix PoDC de l'article influent, pour ses travaux sur l'autostabilisation. L'année suivant sa mort, le prix sera renommé en son honneur prix Dijkstra.

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null

Light-emitting diode

Diode électroluminescente

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

Une diode électroluminescente (abrégé en LED, de l', ou DEL en français) est un dispositif opto-électronique capable d’émettre de la lumière lorsqu’il est parcouru par un courant électrique. Une diode électroluminescente ne laisse passer le courant électrique que dans un seul sens et produit un rayonnement monochromatique ou polychromatique non cohérent par conversion d’énergie électrique lorsqu'un courant la traverse.

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Shanghai

Shanghai (,, ) is one of the four municipalities of the People's Republic of China. It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze, with the Huangpu River flowing through it. With a population of 24.28 million, it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world. Shanghai is a global center for finance, innovation and transportation and the Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest container port.

Shanghai (, EFEO : Chang-haï, ; shanghaïen : "Zanhe") est une des municipalités autonomes chinoises situées sur le fleuve Huangpu près de l'embouchure du Yangzi Jiang, dans l'Est de la Chine.

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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar () (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) was an Indian-American astrophysicist who spent his professional life in the United States. He was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler for "...theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( à Lahore, Punjab, Indes britanniques - à Chicago) est un astrophysicien et un mathématicien d'origine indienne. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1983.

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Joseph Henry

Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797 – May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He was the secretary for the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, a precursor of the Smithsonian Institution. He was highly regarded during his lifetime. While building electromagnets, Henry discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon of self-inductance. He also discovered mutual inductance independently of Michael Faraday, though Faraday was the first to make the discovery and publish his results. Henry developed the electromagnet into a practical device. He invented a precursor to the electric doorbell (specifically a bell that could be rung at a distance via an electric wire, 1831) and electric relay (1835). The SI unit of inductance, the Henry, is named in his honor. Henry's work on the electromagnetic relay was the basis of the practical electrical telegraph, invented by Samuel F. B. Morse and Sir Charles Wheatstone, separately.

Joseph Henry (né le à Albany (New York), mort le à Washington) est un physicien américain qui découvrit l'auto-induction et le principe de l'induction électromagnétique des courants induits.

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null

Natural satellite

Satellite naturel

A natural satellite, or moon, is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet or minor planet (or sometimes another small Solar System body).

Un satellite naturel est un objet céleste en orbite autour d'une planète ou d'un autre objet plus grand que lui-même qui n'est pas d'origine humaine, par opposition aux satellites artificiels. Ils peuvent être de grosse taille et ressembler à de petites planètes. De tels objets sont également appelés lunes, par analogie avec la Lune, le satellite naturel de la Terre.

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Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (,, ; 26 August 17438 May 1794), also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, ci-devant de Lavoisier, né le à Paris et guillotiné le à Paris, est un chimiste, philosophe et économiste français, souvent présenté comme le père de la chimie moderne, qui se développera à partir des bases et des notions qu'il a établies et d'une nouvelle exigence de précision offerte par les instruments qu'il a mis au point. Il a inauguré la méthode scientifique, à la fois expérimentale et mathématique, dans ce domaine qui, au contraire de la mécanique, semblait devoir y échapper.

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null

Diels–Alder reaction

Réaction de Diels-Alder

In organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile ("also spelled dieneophile"), to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism. More specifically, it is classified as a thermally-allowed [4+2] cycloaddition with Woodward–Hoffmann symbol [4 + 2]. It was first described by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder in 1928. For the discovery of this reaction, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1950. Through the simultaneous construction of two new carbon–carbon bonds, the Diels–Alder reaction provides a reliable way to form six-membered rings with good control over the regio- and stereochemical outcomes. Consequently, it has served as a powerful and widely applied tool for the introduction of chemical complexity in the synthesis of natural products and new materials. The underlying concept has also been applied to π-systems involving heteroatoms, such as carbonyls and imines, which furnish the corresponding heterocycles; this variant is known as the hetero-Diels–Alder reaction. The reaction has also been generalized to other ring sizes, although none of these generalizations have matched the formation of six-membered rings in terms of scope or versatility. Because of the negative values of Δ"H"° and Δ"S"° for a typical Diels–Alder reaction, the microscopic reverse of a Diels–Alder reactions becomes favorable at high temperatures, although this is of synthetic importance for only a limited range of Diels-Alder adducts, generally with some special structural features; this reverse reaction is known as the retro-Diels–Alder reaction.

La réaction de Diels-Alder est une réaction chimique utilisée en chimie organique, dans laquelle un alcène (diénophile) s'additionne à un diène conjugué pour former un dérivé du cyclohexène. Otto Diels et Kurt Alder reçurent le prix Nobel de chimie en 1950 pour les travaux relatifs à cette réaction.

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null

Frequency

Fréquence

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. Frequency is measured in units of hertz (Hz) which is equal to one occurrence of a repeating event per second. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example: if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute (2 hertz), its period,, — the time interval between beats—is half a second (60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio signals (sound), radio waves, and light.

En physique, la fréquence est le nombre de fois qu'un phénomène périodique se reproduit par unité de mesure du temps. Son unité dans le Système international d'unités est le hertz (Hz).

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null

European Economic Community

Communauté économique européenne

The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation that aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states. It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957. Upon the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1993, the EEC was incorporated and renamed the European Community (EC). In 2009, the EC's institutions were absorbed into the EU's wider framework and the community ceased to exist.

La Communauté économique européenne (CEE) est une organisation supranationale créée en 1957 pour mener une intégration économique (dont le marché commun) entre l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, la Belgique, la France, l'Italie, le Luxembourg et les Pays-Bas.

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Bully-les-Mines

The Imperial Abbey of Kaisersheim (German:"Reichsstift Kaisersheim" or "Kloster Kaisersheim"), was a Cistercian monastery in Kaisersheim (now Kaisheim), Bavaria, Germany.

Bully-les-Mines est une commune française située dans le département du Pas-de-Calais en région Hauts-de-France. Elle fait partie de la communaupole de Lens-Liévin (communauté d'agglomération) qui regroupe et comptait en 2010.

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Sharp (music)

Dièse

In music, sharp, dièse (from French), or diesis (from Greek) means higher in pitch. More specifically, in musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by one semitone (half step)". Sharp is the opposite of flat, which is a lowering of pitch.

En musique, dans le solfège, un dièse est un symbole graphique () appartenant à la famille des altérations et dont la fonction est d'indiquer, sur la partition, que la hauteur naturelle de la note associée à ce dièse doit être élevée d'un demi-ton chromatique. Il est souvent confondu avec le croisillon « # ».

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Koxinga

Zheng Chenggong, Prince of Yanping (27 August 1624 – 23 June 1662), better known internationally by his Dutch-Romanised Hokkien honorific Koxinga or Coxinga (), was a Chinese Ming loyalist who resisted the Qing conquest of China in the 17th century, fighting them on China's southeastern coast.

Zhèng Chénggōng, plus connu sous son nom en hokkien Koxinga (en ), né en 1624 à Hirado et mort en 1662 à Taïwan, est un pirate et général chinois.

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Paintbrush

Pinceau

A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or sometimes ink. A paintbrush is usually made by clamping the bristles to a handle with a ferrule. They are available in various sizes, shapes, and materials. Thicker ones are used for filling in, and thinner ones are used for details. They may be subdivided into decorators' brushes used for painting and decorating and artists' brushes use for visual art.

Le pinceau (du latin "peniculus", petite queue) est une variété de à poils souples terminant en pointe, destiné à enduire une surface d'une couche mince de matière, peinture, encre, vernis, fard. On ne distingue pas toujours le "pinceau" de la "brosse".

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Christopher Nolan

Christopher Edward Nolan (; born 30 July 1970) is a British-American filmmaker known for making personal, distinctive films within the Hollywood mainstream. His directorial efforts have grossed more than US$4.7billion worldwide and garnered a total of 34 Oscar nominations and ten wins.

Christopher Nolan ( ) est un réalisateur, scénariste, monteur et producteur de cinéma britannico-américain, né le à Westminster (Londres). Il se fait connaître à la fin des années 1990 par un premier long métrage, "Following, le suiveur", tourné en noir et blanc. Son deuxième film, "Memento" (2000), lui apporte une renommée, qui lui permet d'obtenir pour le troisième, "Insomnia" (2002), la collaboration d'Al Pacino et de Robin Williams. Il est ensuite choisi pour réaliser la trilogie des Batman produite par Warner Bros. : "Batman Begins" (2005), "" (2008) et "The Dark Knight Rises" (2012) avec Christian Bale dans le rôle-titre. Tout en travaillant sur le projet, il met en scène "Le Prestige" (2006), où il dirige une nouvelle fois Bale, ainsi que deux films de science-fiction, "Inception" (2010) et "Interstellar" (2014).

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Watercolor painting

Aquarelle

Watercolor (American English) or watercolour (British English; see spelling differences), also aquarelle (French, from Italian diminutive of Latin "aqua" "water"), is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. "Watercolor" refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork. Aquarelles painted with water-soluble colored ink instead of modern water colors are called "aquarellum atramento" (Latin for "aquarelle made with ink") by experts. However, this term has been more and more passing out of use.

L’aquarelle est une peinture dans laquelle la gomme arabique lie des pigments transparents laissant apparaître le support de peinture. La gouache, de composition identique, est opaque.

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Vimy

Vimy ( or ; ; Dutch: "Wimi") is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France. It is located east of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial dedicated to the Battle of Vimy Ridge and the Canadian soldiers who were killed during the war. The Memorial is also the site of two Canadian cemeteries.

Vimy est une commune française située dans le département du Pas-de-Calais en région Hauts-de-France. Elle fait partie de la Communaupole de Lens-Liévin (communauté d'agglomération) qui regroupe et comptait en 2010. Elle est traversée par la RN 17 qui relie Arras et Lens.

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Steelpan

Steel-drum

Steelpans (also known as steel pans, steel drums or pans, and sometimes, collectively with other musicians, as a steel band or orchestra) is a musical instrument originating from Trinidad and Tobago. Steelpan musicians are called pannists.

Un steel-drum ou steeldrum, c'est-à-dire « tambour d'acier » en anglais, plus couramment appelé pan (« casserole ») ou steelpan, est un instrument de percussion idiophone mélodique.

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Authors' rights

Droit d'auteur

"Author's rights" is a term frequently used in connection with laws about intellectual property. The term is considered as a direct translation of the French term droit d’auteur (also German "Urheberrecht"). It was first (1777) promoted in France by Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, who had close relations with Benjamin Franklin. It is generally used in relation to the copyright laws of civil law countries and in European Union law. Authors' rights are internationally protected by the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and by other similar treaties. “Author” is used in a very wide sense, and includes composers, artists, sculptors and even architects: in general, the author is the person whose creativity led to the protected work being created, although the exact definition varies from country to country.

Le droit d’auteur est l’ensemble des droits dont dispose un ou ses ayants droit (héritiers, sociétés de production), sur des œuvres de l’esprit originales et des droits corrélatifs du public à l'utilisation et à la réutilisation de ces œuvres sous certaines conditions.

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Bagpipes

Cornemuse

Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Scottish Great Highland bagpipes are the best known examples in the Anglophone world; however, people have played bagpipes for centuries, and they occur throughout large parts of Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, including Anatolia, the Caucasus, and around the Persian Gulf. The term "bagpipe" is equally correct in the singular or plural, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".

La cornemuse est un instrument de musique à vent et plus particulièrement à anches. Il en existe plus d'une centaine de types dans le monde. Sa répartition géographique correspond à l'Europe entière, au Caucase, au Maghreb, au golfe Persique et va jusqu'à l'Inde du Nord.

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Special administrative regions of China

Région administrative spéciale

The special administrative regions (SAR) are one type of provincial-level administrative divisions of China directly under Central People's Government. They possess the highest degree of autonomy.

Une région administrative spéciale (RAS) est une dénomination utilisée pour désigner une subdivision politique de la République populaire de Chine (RPC) ou de la République populaire démocratique de Corée (RPDC, ou Corée du Nord) ayant un statut administratif spécial, notamment dans le domaine économique. Hong Kong et Macao sont les seules RAS chinoises actuelles.

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George Boole

George Boole (; 2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was a largely self-taught English mathematician, philosopher and logician, most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in Ireland. He worked in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic, and is best known as the author of "The Laws of Thought" (1854) which contains Boolean algebra. Boolean logic is credited with laying the foundations for the information age. Boole maintained that:

George Boole, né le à Lincoln (Royaume-Uni) et mort le à Ballintemple (Irlande), est un logicien, mathématicien et philosophe britannique. Il est le créateur de la logique moderne, fondée sur une structure algébrique et sémantique, que l'on appelle algèbre de Boole en son honneur.

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Swern oxidation

Oxydation de Swern

The Swern oxidation, named after Daniel Swern, is a chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde or ketone using oxalyl chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and an organic base, such as triethylamine. It is one of the many oxidation reactions commonly referred to as 'activated DMSO' oxidations. The reaction is known for its mild character and wide tolerance of functional groups.

L’oxydation de Swern est l'oxydation douce des alcools primaires et secondaires en aldéhyde et en cétone dans un milieu contenant du chlorure d'oxalyle, du diméthylsulfoxyde et de la triéthylamine.

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Protests against the Iraq War

Manifestations mondiales contre la guerre d'Irak

Beginning in 2002, and continuing after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, large-scale protests against the Iraq War were held in many cities worldwide, often coordinated to occur simultaneously around the world. After the biggest series of demonstrations, on February 15, 2003, "New York Times" writer Patrick Tyler claimed that they showed that there were two superpowers on the planet: the United States and worldwide public opinion.

Cet article recense quelques grandes manifestations mondiales contre l'intervention de la coalition internationale qui, sous l'égide de l'USCENTCOM, a mené à la guerre d'Irak.

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Newton's laws of motion

Lois du mouvement de Newton

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries, and can be summarised as follows:

Les lois du mouvement de Newton ont été énoncées dans son ouvrage "Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica" en 1687. Il s'agit en fait des "principes" à la base de la grande théorie de Newton concernant le mouvement des corps, théorie que l'on nomme aujourd'hui mécanique newtonienne ou encore mécanique classique. À ces lois générales du mouvement fondées en particulier sur le principe de relativité des mouvements, Newton a ajouté la loi de la gravitation universelle permettant d'interpréter aussi bien la chute des corps que le mouvement de la Lune autour de la Terre.

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String instrument

Instrument à cordes

String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.

Un instrument à cordes est un instrument de musique dans lequel le son est produit par la vibration d'une ou plusieurs cordes. L'organologie les classe dans la catégorie des cordophones.

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Françoise d'Eaubonne

Françoise d'Eaubonne (12 March 1920 in Paris – 3 August 2005 in Paris) was a French feminist, who introduced the term "ecofeminism" ("écologie-féminisme", "éco-féminisme", or "écoféminisme") in 1974.

Françoise d'Eaubonne, née Françoise Marie-Thérèse Piston d'Eaubonne le à Paris et morte le à Paris, est une femme de lettres française, romancière, philosophe, essayiste et biographe, et militante féministe libertaire et écoféministe.

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Flugelhorn

Bugle

The flugelhorn (—also spelled fluegelhorn, flugel horn, or Flügelhorn—from German meaning "wing horn" or "flank horn", ) is a brass instrument that is usually pitched in B but occasionally found in C. It resembles a trumpet, and the tube has the same length but a wider, conical bore. A type of valved bugle, the flugelhorn was developed in Germany from a traditional English valveless bugle, with the first version sold by Heinrich Stölzel in Berlin in 1828. The valved bugle provided Adolphe Sax (creator of the saxophone family) with the inspiration for his B soprano (contralto) saxhorns, on which the modern-day flugelhorn is modeled.

Le bugle (en allemand et par extension en anglais) est un instrument de musique de la famille des cuivres, plus exactement des saxhorns mis au point par Adolphe Sax au XIXe siècle.

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Rio Group

Groupe de Rio

The Rio Group (G-Rio) was a permanent association of political consultation of Latin America and Caribbean countries, created in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on December 18, 1986 with the purpose of creating a better political relationship among the countries. It was succeeded in 2011 by the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

Le groupe de Rio est une organisation créée le. Cette association vise à améliorer la coopération entre les différents pays d'Amérique latine.

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Lute

Luth

A lute ( or ) is any plucked string instrument with a neck (either fretted or unfretted) and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. More specifically, the term "lute" can refer to an instrument from the family of European lutes. The term also refers generally to any string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to the sound table (in the Hornbostel–Sachs system). The strings are attached to pegs or posts at the end of the neck, which have some type of turning mechanism to enable the player to tighten the tension on the string or loosen the tension before playing (which respectively raise or lower the pitch of a string), so that each string is tuned to a specific pitch (or note). The lute is plucked or strummed with one hand while the other hand "frets" (presses down) the strings on the neck's fingerboard. By pressing the strings on different places of the fingerboard, the player can shorten or lengthen the part of the string that is vibrating, thus producing higher or lower pitches (notes).

Le luth est un instrument à cordes pincées. Le terme désigne aussi de manière générale tout instrument ayant les cordes parallèles à un manche.

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null

Cycloalkane

Cycloalcane

In organic chemistry, the cycloalkanes (also called naphthenes, but distinct from naphthalene) are the monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons. In other words, a cycloalkane consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a structure containing a single ring (possibly with side chains), and all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single. Cycloalkanes are named analogously to their normal alkane counterparts of the same carbon count: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc. The larger cycloalkanes, with more than 20 carbon atoms are typically called "cycloparaffins".

En chimie organique, les cycloalcanes (ou cyclanes) sont une série de molécules contenant deux atomes d'hydrogène par carbone et arrangées en forme d'anneau. Ils font partie des composés alicycliques.

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Silk Road

Route de la soie

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes which connected the East and West, and was central to the economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century. The Silk Road primarily refers to the land routes connecting East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe.

La route de la soie est un réseau ancien de routes commerciales entre l'Asie et l'Europe, reliant la ville de Chang'an (actuelle Xi'an) en Chine à la ville d'Antioche, en Syrie médiévale (aujourd'hui en Turquie). Elle tire son nom de la plus précieuse marchandise qui y transitait : la soie.

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Count of Holland

Liste des comtes de Hollande

The counts of Holland ruled over the County of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century.

Les premiers seigneurs de Hollande portaient le titre de comte de Frise occidentale et encore avant de comte de Kennemerland. Ce n'est qu'avec Thierry Ier qu’apparaît le titre de comte de Frise occidentale puis avec Thierry V qu'apparaît le titre de "comte de Hollande".

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History of the Republic of China

Histoire de la république de Chine

The History of the Republic of China begins after the Qing dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China as a constitutional republic put an end to 4,000 years of imperial rule. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912. The Republic experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.

L’histoire de la république de Chine débute avec la chute de la dynastie Qing et la formation d'une république constitutionnelle en 1912. Dans ses premières décennies, la république de Chine connait une histoire mouvementée, marquée par la perte de territoires situés aux confins de l'ancien empire, les conflits internes, la domination des seigneurs de guerre, la guerre civile et l'occupation japonaise. À la suite de la capitulation japonaise et de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en 1945, la république de Chine devient un membre fondateur de l'Organisation des Nations unies et l'un des cinq membres permanent de son Conseil de sécurité.

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Ahmed Zewail

Ahmed Hassan Zewail (, ; February 26, 1946 – August 2, 2016) was an Egyptian chemist, known as the "father of femtochemistry". He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field. He was the Linus Pauling Chair Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Physics, and the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology.

Ahmed Hassan Zewail (), né le à Damanhur et mort le à Pasadena, est un chimiste et universitaire égyptien travaillant aux États-Unis. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de chimie en 1999.

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Woodwind instrument

Bois (musique)

Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the more general category of wind instruments. Common examples include flute, clarinet, oboe, saxophone, and bassoon. There are two main types of woodwind instruments: flutes and reed instruments (otherwise called reed pipes). The main distinction between these instruments and other wind instruments is the way in which they produce sound. All woodwinds produce sound by splitting the air blown into them on a sharp edge, such as a reed or a fipple. Despite the name, a woodwind may be made of any material, not just wood. Common examples include brass, silver, cane, as well as other metals such as gold and platinum. The saxophone, for example, though made of brass, is considered a woodwind because it requires a reed to produce sound. Occasionally, woodwinds are made out of earthen materials, especially ocarinas.

Les bois sont une famille d'instruments de musique à vent qui se caractérisent par leur système d'émission du son constitué :

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Ampersand

Esperluette

The ampersand is the logogram, representing the conjunction "and". It originated as a ligature of the letters "et"—Latin for "and".

L’esperluette ou esperluète (nom féminin), également appelée perluette, perluète ou « et » commercial, désigne le logogramme &. Elle résulte de la ligature des lettres de la conjonction de coordination « et » et possède la même signification.

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null

Chemist

Chimiste

A chemist (from Greek chēm (ía) alchemy; replacing chemist from Medieval Latin alchimista) is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. The word 'chemist' is also used to address Pharmacists in Commonwealth English.

Un chimiste est un scientifique qui étudie la chimie, c’est-à-dire la science de la matière à l’échelle moléculaire ou atomique (« supra-atomique »). Le mot "chimiste" est dérivé "d’alchimiste" mais prend un sens bien différent.

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Belgian First Division A

Championnat de Belgique de football

The Belgian First Division A (; ; ) is the top league competition for association football clubs in Belgium. Following the 2015–16 season it was renamed from the "Belgian Pro League" (officially known as Jupiler Pro League (). Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Belgian First Division B. Seasons run from late July to early May, with teams playing 30 matches each in the regular season, and then entering play-offs I or play-offs II according to their position in the regular season. Play-offs I (also known as the "title playoffs") are contested by the top-six clubs in the regular season, with each club playing each other twice. Play-offs II (also known as the "Europa League playoff") are contested by teams ranked 7 to 16 in the regular season, divided in four groups of four teams playing each other twice (six teams from the Belgian First Division B also take part in playoff II). The team finishing in 16th place is relegated. the league was sponsored by AB InBev, brewers of Jupiler beer, and officially known as Jupiler Pro League.

Le championnat de Belgique de football D1A est une compétition de football-association créée en 1895. En Belgique, le terme « championnat » s'applique à toutes les divisions. La plus haute, souvent dénommée « Division 1 », porte le nom officiel de « Jupiler Pro League » d’après le sponsor Jupiler. Depuis la saison 2016-2017 et la réforme des championnats, le championnat est renommé "Division 1A".

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Alphorn

Cor des Alpes

The alphorn or alpenhorn or alpine horn is a labrophone, consisting of a straight several-meter-long wooden natural horn of conical bore, with a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece. It is used by mountain dwellers in the Swiss Alps, Austrian Alps, Bavarian Alps in Germany, French Alps, and elsewhere. Similar wooden horns were used for communication in most mountainous regions of Europe, from the Alps to the Carpathians. Alphorns are today used as musical instruments.

Le cor des Alpes est un instrument de musique à vent, en bois, de la famille des cuivres. Apparu au, il était utilisé initialement pour communiquer à distance en montagne. On le trouve surtout en Suisse, mais aussi en Autriche, en Allemagne, en France, en Pologne, en Ukraine et en Roumanie.

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