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Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom | Armoiries royales du Royaume-Uni | The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, or the Royal Arms for short, is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom. Variants of the Royal Arms are used by other members of the British royal family, by the British Government in connection with the administration and government of the country, and some courts and legislatures in a number of Commonwealth realms. In Scotland, there exists a separate version of the Royal Arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office and the Judiciary. The arms in banner form serve as basis for the monarch's official flag, known as the "Royal Standard". | Les armoiries royales du Royaume-Uni sont les armoiries officielles du monarque britannique, actuellement la reine Élisabeth II. Ces armoiries sont utilisées par la reine en tant que monarque du Royaume-Uni partout sauf en Écosse, où une autre version des armoiries est utilisée. Des variantes des armoiries royales sont utilisées par le gouvernement britannique et les membres de la famille royale. | [
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Cryptanalysis | Cryptanalyse | Cryptanalysis (from the Greek "kryptós", "hidden", and "analýein", "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of analyzing information systems in order to study the hidden aspects of the systems. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. | La cryptanalyse est la technique qui consiste à déduire un texte en clair d’un texte chiffré sans posséder la clé de chiffrement. Le processus par lequel on tente de comprendre un message en particulier est appelé une "attaque". | [
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Signal processing | Traitement du signal | Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analysing, modifying, and synthesizing signals such as sound, images, and scientific measurements. Signal processing techniques can be used to improve transmission, storage efficiency and subjective quality and to also emphasize or detect components of interest in a measured signal. | Le traitement du signal est la discipline qui développe et étudie les techniques de traitement, d'analyse et d' des. Parmi les types d'opérations possibles sur ces signaux, on peut dénoter le contrôle, le filtrage, la compression et la transmission de données, la réduction du bruit, la déconvolution, la prédiction, l'identification, la classification | [
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Crypt | Crypte | A crypt (from Latin "crypta" "vault") is a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building. It typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or religious relics. | Une crypte est un des éléments constitutifs des églises chrétiennes depuis le style carolingien. Construit, enterré ou non, sous l'église supérieure, il s'agit d'un caveau de l'église inférieure (ou église basse) servant généralement de sépulcre. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Axial tilt | Inclinaison de l'axe | In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, or, equivalently, the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane. It differs from orbital inclination. | L'inclinaison de l'axe ou obliquité est une grandeur qui donne l'angle entre l'axe de rotation d'une planète (ou d'un satellite naturel d'une planète) et une perpendiculaire à son plan orbital. | [
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Deuterium | Deutérium | Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol'or ', also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1). The nucleus of a deuterium atom, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common protium has no neutrons in the nucleus. Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom in of hydrogen. Thus deuterium accounts for approximately 0.02% (0.03% by mass) of all the naturally occurring hydrogen in the oceans, while protium accounts for more than 99.98%. The abundance of deuterium changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another (see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). | Le deutérium, symbolisé H ou D, est un isotope naturel stable de l'hydrogène. Son noyau atomique, appelé deuton ou deutéron, possède un proton et un neutron, d'où un nombre de masse égal à 2. Le deutérium a été découvert en 1931 par Harold Clayton Urey, un chimiste de l'université Columbia. Cette découverte lui valut le prix Nobel de chimie en 1934. | [
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Cyborg | Cyborg | A cyborg (), a contraction of "cybernetic organism", is a being with both organic and biomechatronic body parts. The term was coined in 1960 by Manfred Clynes and Nathan S. Kline. | Un cyborg (de l'anglais « "cybernetic organism" », traduisible par « organisme cybernétique ») est un être humain qui a reçu des greffes de parties mécaniques ou électroniques. | [
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Joseph Joffre | Joseph Joffre | Marshal Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre (; 12 January 1852 – 3 January 1931), was a French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916. He is best known for regrouping the retreating allied armies to defeat the Germans at the strategically decisive First Battle of the Marne in September 1914. | Joseph Joffre est un officier général français de la Première Guerre mondiale, né le à Rivesaltes (Pyrénées-Orientales) et mort le à. | [
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Ellipse | Ellipse (mathématiques) | In mathematics, an ellipse is a plane curve surrounding two focal points, such that for all points on the curve, the sum of the two distances to the focal points is a constant. As such, it generalizes a circle, which is the special type of ellipse in which the two focal points are the same. The elongation of an ellipse is measured by its eccentricity "e", a number ranging from "e =" 0 (the limiting case of a circle) to "e" = 1 (the limiting case of infinite elongation, no longer an ellipse but a parabola). | En géométrie, une ellipse est une courbe plane fermée obtenue par l’intersection d’un cône de révolution avec un plan, à condition que celui-ci coupe l'axe de rotation du cône ou du cylindre : c'est une conique d'excentricité strictement comprise entre 0 et 1. On peut également la définir comme le lieu des points dont la somme des distances à deux points fixes, dits foyers, est constante (sa construction par la méthode du jardinier est très simple). | [
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Berbers | Berbères | Berbers, or Amazighs, (; singular:, ) are an ethnicity of several nations mostly indigenous to North Africa and some northern parts of West Africa. | Les Berbères ou Amazighs (en berbère : "Imaziḡen" (tifinagh : ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ABL : Imaziɣen)) sont les membres d’un groupe ethnique autochtone d'Afrique du Nord. Connus dans l'Antiquité sous le nom de Libyens, les Berbères ont porté différents noms durant l'histoire, tels que Mazices, Maures, Numides, Gétules, Garamantes et autres. Ils sont répartis dans une zone s'étendant de l'océan Atlantique à l'oasis de Siwa en Égypte, et de la mer Méditerranée au fleuve Niger en Afrique de l'Ouest. Historiquement, ils parlaient des langues berbères, classées dans la branche berbère de la famille afro-asiatique. | [
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Spoken word | Spoken word | Spoken word is a poetic performance art that is word-based. It is an oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play such as intonation and voice inflection. It is a "catchall" term that includes any kind of poetry recited aloud, including poetry readings, poetry slams, jazz poetry, and hip hop, and can include comedy routines and prose monologues. Although spoken word can include any kind of poetry read aloud, it is different from written poetry in that how it sounds is often one of the main components. Unlike written poetry, it has less to do with physical, on the page aesthetics and more to do with phonaesthetics, or the aesthetics of sound. | Le (littéralement ) est une façon particulière d'oraliser un texte, qu'il soit poétique ou autre. Il comprend souvent une collaboration (ou expérimentation) avec d'autres formes d'art comme la musique, le théâtre ou la danse. Cependant, le "" se concentre essentiellement sur les mots eux-mêmes, la dynamique et le ton de la voix, les gestes, les expressions. | [
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Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling | Code DTMF | Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is a telecommunication signaling system using the voice-frequency band over telephone lines between telephone equipment and other communications devices and switching centers. DTMF was first developed in the Bell System in the United States, and became known under the trademark Touch-Tone for use in push-button telephones supplied to telephone customers, starting in 1963. DTMF is standardized as ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as "MF4". | Un code DTMF (dual-tone multi-frequency) ou FV (Fréquences Vocales) est une combinaison de fréquences utilisée pour la téléphonie fixe classique (sauf voix sur IP). Ces codes sont émis lors de la pression sur une touche du clavier téléphonique, et sont utilisés pour la composition des numéros de téléphones (en opposition aux anciens téléphones dits « à impulsions », utilisant un cadran) ainsi que pour la communication avec les serveurs vocaux interactifs. | [
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Bonsai | Bonsaï | Bonsai (, ) is an East Asian art form which utilizes cultivation techniques to produce, in containers, small trees that mimic the shape and scale of full size trees. Similar practices exist in other cultures, including the Chinese tradition of "penzai" or "penjing" from which the art originated, and the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese. The tradition started from China then have influenced Japan by Korea. | Le ou bonzaï, culture miniaturisante de végétaux, est un art traditionnel japonais dérivé de l'art originaire chinois du penjing. Cette pratique se retrouve également dans les cultures d'autres pays de cette région du monde comme le Vietnam ou la Corée sous l'influence chinoise. | [
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Mechanics | Mécanique (science) | Mechanics (Greek ) is the area of physics concerned with the motions of macroscopic objects. Forces applied to objects result in displacements, or changes of an object's position relative to its environment. This branch of physics has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes (see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics). During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics. It is a branch of classical physics that deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving with velocities significantly less than the speed of light. It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion of and forces on bodies not in the quantum realm. The field is today less widely understood in terms of quantum theory. | La mécanique (du grec ancien "", « l'art de construire une machine ») est une branche de la physique dont l'objet est l'étude du mouvement, des déformations ou des états d'équilibre des systèmes physiques. Cette science vise ainsi à décrire les mouvements de différentes sortes de corps, depuis les particules subatomiques avec la mécanique quantique, jusqu'aux galaxies avec la mécanique céleste. | [
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Distance | Distance (mathématiques) | Distance is a numerical measurement of how far apart objects or points are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length or an estimation based on other criteria (e.g. "two counties over"). In most cases, "distance from A to B" is interchangeable with "distance from B to A". In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance, a way of describing what it means for elements of some space to be "close to" or "far away from" each other. In psychology or social sciences distance is a non numerical measurement; Psychological distance is defined as "the different ways in which an object might be removed from" the self along dimensions such as "time, space, social distance, and hypotheticality. | En mathématiques, une distance est une application qui formalise l'idée intuitive de distance, c'est-à-dire la longueur qui sépare deux points. C'est par l'analyse des principales propriétés de la distance usuelle que Fréchet introduit la notion d'espace métrique, développée ensuite par Hausdorff. Elle introduit un langage géométrique dans de nombreuses questions d'analyse et de théorie des nombres. | [
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MIDI | Musical Instrument Digital Interface | MIDI (; an acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a technical standard that describes a communications protocol, digital interface, and electrical connectors that connect a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers, and related audio devices for playing, editing and recording music. The specification originates in a paper published by Dave Smith and Chet Wood then of Sequential Circuits at the October 1981 Audio Engineering Society conference in New York City then titled "Universal Synthesizer Interface." A single MIDI link through a MIDI cable can carry up to sixteen channels of information, each of which can be routed to a separate device or instrument. This could be sixteen different digital instruments, for example. MIDI carries event messages, data that specify the instructions for music, including a note's notation, pitch, velocity (which is heard typically as loudness or softness of volume), vibrato, panning to the right or left of stereo, and clock signals (which set tempo). When a musician plays a MIDI instrument, all of the key presses, button presses, knob turns and slider changes are converted into MIDI data. One common MIDI application is to play a MIDI keyboard or other controller and use it to trigger a digital sound module (which contains synthesized musical sounds) to generate sounds, which the audience hears produced by a keyboard amplifier. MIDI data can be transferred via MIDI or USB cable, or recorded to a sequencer or digital audio workstation to be edited or played back. | Le ou MIDI est un protocole de communication et un format de fichier dédiés à la musique, et utilisés pour la communication entre instruments électroniques, contrôleurs, séquenceurs, et logiciels de musique. | [
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Penrose stairs | Escalier de Penrose | The Penrose stairs or Penrose steps, also dubbed the impossible staircase, is an impossible object created by Lionel Penrose and his son Roger Penrose. A variation on the Penrose triangle, it is a two-dimensional depiction of a staircase in which the stairs make four 90-degree turns as they ascend or descend yet form a continuous loop, so that a person could climb them forever and never get any higher. This is clearly impossible in three-dimensional Euclidean geometry. | L'escalier de Penrose est un objet impossible prenant la forme d'un escalier. Il a été conçu en 1958 par le généticien britannique, en se basant sur le triangle de Penrose créé par son fils, le mathématicien et physicien Roger Penrose. | [
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Lata Mangeshkar | Lata Mangeshkar | Lata Mangeshkar ( (born 28 September 1929) is an Indian playback singer and music director. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India. She has recorded songs in over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages, though primarily in Marathi, Hindi, Bengali and Assamese. | Lata Mangeshkar ("लता मंगेशकर"), née le à Indore (Madhya Pradesh), est une chanteuse, compositrice et productrice indienne. Elle est l'une des chanteuses de playback les plus grandes et les plus respectées en Inde. | [
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Roger Penrose | Roger Penrose | Sir Roger Penrose (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science. He is Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford, an emeritus fellow of Wadham College, Oxford and an honorary fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. | Roger Penrose, né le à Colchester, est un physicien et mathématicien britannique. Il enseigne les mathématiques au Birkbeck College de Londres où il élabore la théorie décrivant l'effondrement des étoiles sur elles-mêmes, entre 1964 et 1973, et où il rencontre le célèbre physicien Stephen Hawking. Ils travaillent alors à une théorie de l'origine de l'univers, Penrose apportant sa contribution mathématique à la théorie de la relativité générale appliquée à la cosmologie et à l'étude des trous noirs. Il est actuellement professeur émérite à l'Université d'Oxford. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram | Diagramme de Hertzsprung-Russell | The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, abbreviated as H–R diagram, HR diagram or HRD, is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their stellar classifications or effective temperatures. The diagram was created independently in around 1910 by Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell, and represented a major step towards an understanding of stellar evolution. | En astronomie, le diagramme de Hertzsprung-Russell, en abrégé diagramme H-R, est un graphique dans lequel est indiquée la luminosité d'un ensemble d'étoiles en fonction de leur température effective. Ce type de diagramme a permis d'étudier les populations d'étoiles et d'établir la théorie de l'évolution stellaire. | [
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Gaia hypothesis | Hypothèse Gaïa | The Gaia hypothesis, also known as the Gaia theory or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet. | L'hypothèse Gaïa, appelée également hypothèse biogéochimique, est une hypothèse controversée, initialement avancée en 1970 par le climatologue anglais James Lovelock en collaboration avec la microbiologiste américaine Lynn Margulis, mais également évoquée par d'autres scientifiques avant eux, selon laquelle la Terre serait. | [
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25188,
1556,
42459,
297,
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250008,
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21,
74910,
39435,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chinese grammar | Grammaire du mandarin | The grammar of Standard Chinese or Mandarin shares many features with other varieties of Chinese. The language almost entirely lacks inflection, so that words typically have only one grammatical form. Categories such as number (singular or plural) and verb tense are frequently not expressed by any grammatical means, although there are several particles that serve to express verbal aspect, and to some extent mood. | La grammaire du mandarin est très proche de celle des autres langues chinoises. Sa phonologie est traitée séparément. La morphologie est relativement simple, étant donné l'absence de flexion dans cette langue isolante. | [
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John Cunningham (RAF officer) | John Cunningham (aviateur) | John "Cat's Eyes" Cunningham (27 July 1917 – 21 July 2002) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) night fighter ace during the Second World War and a test pilot. During the war he was nicknamed "Cat's Eyes" by the British Press to explain his successes and to avoid communicating the existence of airborne radar to the enemy. | John (Cat's Eyes) Cunningham, ( – ), était un célèbre pilote d'essai de chez De Havilland et pilote de chasse de nuit. Il est le as de la Royal Air Force avec 20 victoires homologuées. | [
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Battlement | Créneau | A battlement in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (i.e., a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences. These gaps are termed "crenels" (also known as "carnels", or "embrasures"), and a wall or building with them is called crenellated; alternative (older) terms are castellated and embattled. The act of adding crenels to a previously unbroken parapet is termed crenellation. | Un créneau est une ouverture pratiquée au sommet d'un rempart. Les intervalles pleins laissés entre les créneaux sont les « merlons » ou carnel. Cependant, le nom de créneau désignait indistinctement les vides laissés entre les merlons ou les merlons eux-mêmes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Infrared | Infrarouge | Infrared (IR), sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than those of visible light. It is therefore generally invisible to the human eye, although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nanometers (nm)s from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions. IR wavelengths extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz), to 1 millimeter (300 GHz). Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared. As with all EMR, IR carries radiant energy and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon. | Le rayonnement infrarouge (IR) est un rayonnement électromagnétique de longueur d'onde supérieure à celle du spectre visible mais plus courte que celle des micro-ondes ou du domaine térahertz. | [
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Kaliningrad | Kaliningrad | Kaliningrad (, historically,, ) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea. At the 2010 Census, Kaliningrad's population was 431,902. | Kaliningrad (en, en allemand : "Königsberg," en, en ), anciennement Königsberg en Prusse-Orientale, est une ville de Russie située dans une exclave territoriale, l'oblast de Kaliningrad, totalement isolée du reste du territoire russe, entre la Pologne et la Lituanie. Sa population s'élève à en 2018. | [
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Harald V of Norway | Harald V | Harald V (; born 21 February 1937) is the King of Norway, having ascended the throne upon the death of his father King Olav V on 17 January 1991. Harald was the third child and only son of King Olav V and Princess Märtha of Sweden. He was second in the line of succession at the time of his birth, behind his father. In 1940, as a result of the German occupation during World War II, the royal family went into exile. Harald spent part of his childhood in Sweden and the United States. He returned to Norway in 1945, and subsequently studied for periods at the University of Oslo, the Norwegian Military Academy and Balliol College, Oxford. | Harald V, né le à Asker, issu de la maison de Glücksbourg, est l'actuel roi de Norvège depuis le. | [
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Königsberg | Königsberg | Königsberg (,, ) is the name for the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Originally a Sambian or Old Prussian settlement, it then belonged to the State of the Teutonic Order, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, and Nazi Germany. After being largely destroyed in World War II by Allied bombing and the Red Army, it was annexed by the Soviet Union and its surviving inhabitants forcibly expelled. Thereafter, the city was renamed Kaliningrad. Few traces of the former Königsberg remain today. | Kœnigsberg ou Königsberg in Preussen (en vieux-prussien : "Twangste, Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg" ; en ; en ) est l'ancien nom de l'actuelle ville russe de Kaliningrad (en ). Capitale de la Prusse-Orientale, au bord de la mer Baltique, elle fut d'abord la capitale du duché de Prusse, avant de devenir l'une des principales villes du royaume de Prusse puis de l'Empire allemand. Presque totalement détruite durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle est rebaptisée Kaliningrad après son annexion par les Soviétiques. | [
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Venus (mythology) | Vénus (mythologie) | Venus (, Classical Latin: ; genitive "Veneris" ) is a Roman goddess, whose functions encompassed love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity and victory. In Roman mythology, she was the ancestor of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles. | Vénus est la déesse de l'amour, de la séduction, de la beauté féminine dans la mythologie romaine. Elle a été assez tôt assimilée à la déesse grecque Aphrodite. | [
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Sewage treatment | Épuration des eaux | Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater, containing mainly household sewage plus some industrial wastewater. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or treated effluent) that is safe enough for release into the environment. A by-product of sewage treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or application to land. | L’épuration des eaux est un ensemble de techniques qui consistent à purifier l'eau soit pour réutiliser ou recycler les eaux usées dans le milieu naturel, soit pour transformer les eaux naturelles en eau potable. | [
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Bricolage | Bricolage | In the arts, bricolage (French for "DIY" or "do-it-yourself projects") is the construction or creation of a work from a diverse range of things that happen to be available, or a work constructed using mixed media. | Le bricolage regroupe communément maintenant les occupations exercées hors du cadre professionnel, en tant qu'amateur, liées à la création, l'amélioration, la réparation et l'entretien de toutes choses matérielles. | [
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Mining law | Droit minier | Mining law is the branch of law relating to the legal requirements affecting minerals and mining. Mining law covers <section begin=overview /> several basic topics, including the ownership of the mineral resource and who can work them. Mining is also affected by various regulations regarding the health and safety of miners, as well as the environmental impact of mining.<section end=overview /> | Le droit minier, généralement résumé dans un « code minier », est défini comme l’ensemble des règles régissant l’exploitation du sous-sol. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Conjecture | Conjecture | In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or a proposition which is suspected to be true due to preliminary supporting evidence, but for which no proof or disproof has yet been found. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis (still a conjecture) or Fermat's Last Theorem (a conjecture until proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them. | En mathématiques, une conjecture est une assertion pour laquelle on ne connaît pas encore de démonstration, mais que l'on croit fortement être vraie, en l'absence de contre-exemple. | [
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Zheng He | Zheng He | Zheng He (; 1371 – 1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family, and later adopted the surname Zheng conferred by Emperor Yongle. Zheng commanded expeditionary treasure voyages to Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. According to legend, his larger ships carried hundreds of sailors on four decks and were almost twice as long as any wooden ship ever recorded. | Zheng He (1371 – 1433) (, arabe : [Ḥaǧǧy Maḥmwd]) est un eunuque chinois musulman et un explorateur maritime célèbre, que ses voyages amenèrent jusqu'au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique de l'Est. | [
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Justine Henin | Justine Henin | Justine Henin (; born 1 June 1982) is a Belgian former professional tennis player known for her all-court style of play and notably being one of the few female players to use a single-handed backhand. She spent a total of 117 weeks as the world No. 1 and was the year-end No. 1 in 2003, 2006 and 2007. Henin, coming from a country with limited success in men's or women's tennis, helped establish Belgium as a leading force in women's tennis with Kim Clijsters, and led the country to its first Fed Cup crown in 2001. | Justine Henin est une joueuse de tennis belge née à Liège (Belgique) le. Elle est l'une des joueuses dominantes des années 2003 à 2008 et se construit un palmarès riche de 43 titres en simple (dont 7 levées du Grand Chelem, 1 médaille d'or olympique et 2 masters) grâce à la variété de son jeu dont John McEnroe qualifia le revers à une main de « meilleur revers du monde », hommes et femmes confondus. | [
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Missionary position | Position du missionnaire | The missionary position or man-on-top position is a sex position in which, generally, a woman lies on her back and a man lies on top of her while they face each other and engage in vaginal intercourse. The position may also be used for other sexual activity, such as anal sex. It is commonly associated with heterosexual sexual activity, but is also used by same-sex couples. | La position du missionnaire est une position sexuelle dans laquelle l’un des deux partenaires — généralement la femme — est couché sur le dos, jambes légèrement écartées, tandis que l'autre s'allonge sur ou légèrement à côté d'elle (ou de lui). | [
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Spoil tip | Terril | A spoil tip (also called a boney pile, gob pile, culm bank, waste tip or bing) is a pile built of accumulated "spoil" – waste material removed during mining. These waste materials are typically composed of shale, as well as smaller quantities of carboniferous sandstone and various other residues. Spoil tips are not formed of slag, but in some areas they are referred to as slag heaps. | Un terril, terri ou halde est une colline artificielle construite par accumulation de résidu minier, sous-produits de l'exploitation minière, composés principalement de schistes, et en plus petite quantité de grès carbonifères et de résidus divers (quelquefois pollués). | [
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Rafael Carrera | Rafael Carrera | José Rafael Carrera Turcios (24 October 1814 – 14 April 1865) was the president of Guatemala from 1844 to 1848 and from 1851 until his death in 1865, after being appointed President for Life in 1854. During his military career and presidency, new nations in Central America were facing numerous problems: William Walker's invasions, liberal attempts to overthrow the Catholic Church and aristocrats' power, the Civil War in the United States, Mayan uprising in the east, Belize boundary dispute with the United Kingdom, and the wars in Mexico under Benito Juarez. This led to a rise of caudillos, a term that refers to charismatic populist leaders among the indigenous people. Many regional and national caudillos were interested in power for their own gain. Carrera was an exception as he genuinely took the interests of Guatemala's Indian majority to heart. | Rafael Carrera, de son nom complet José Rafael Carrera y Turcios, né le à Guatemala et mort le, était un homme d'État guatémaltèque. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Firedamp | Grisou | Firedamp is flammable gas found in coal mines. It is the name given to a number of flammable gases, especially methane. It is particularly found in areas where the coal is bituminous. The gas accumulates in pockets in the coal and adjacent strata, and when they are penetrated, the release can trigger explosions. Historically, if such a pocket was highly pressurized, it was termed a "bag of foulness". | Le grisou est l'une des formes de carbone fossile. Il se distingue du gaz naturel par sa composition et sa formation. Il est composé à plus de 90 % de méthane. Ce gaz invisible et inodore se dégage des couches de charbon et des terrains encaissants lors de leur exploitation. Comme le radon, à très faible dose, il fait partie de l'atmosphère normale des mines profondes et il dégage d'autant plus que le charbon est fracturé ou exploité. | [
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Hubei | Hubei | Hubei (; formerly Hupeh) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The provincial capital, Wuhan, serves as a major transportation hub and the political, cultural, and economic hub of central China. | Le Hubei () est une province du centre-est de la Chine. D'une superficie de elle est peuplée de de personnes. La capitale de la province est Wuhan, métropole de habitants. | [
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Vishnu | Vishnou | Vishnu (; ; Sanskrit: विष्णु, IAST: "") is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. The "preserver" in the Hindu triad (Trimurti), Vishnu is revered as the supreme being In Vaishnavism as identical to the metaphysical concept of Brahman (Atman, the self, or unchanging ultimate reality), and is notable for adopting various incarnations (avatars such as Rama and Krishna) to preserve and protect dharmic principles whenever the world is threatened with evil, chaos, and destructive forces. In the Smarta Tradition of Hinduism Vishnu is also one of the five equivalent deities worshipped in Panchayatana puja. | Vishnou (en sanskrit /, en tamoul ), on trouve aussi Vichnou, également appelé Hari, Padmanabhi ou Padmanabha), est le deuxième dieu de la trimūrti (également appelée la « trinité hindoue »), avec Brahma et Shiva. La trimūrti incarne le cycle de manifestation, conservation et dissolution de l'univers dont Brahma est le créateur, Vishnou le protecteur et Shiva (Rudra) le destructeur. Vishnou est connu pour ses nombreux avatars. Il est la divinité principale du vishnouisme, l'une des deux grandes écoles qui partagent l'hindouisme avec le shivaïsme. Vishnou est souvent représenté en homme bleu avec une parure royale et quatre bras, tenant généralement une roue ou chakra, une conque ou shankha, un lotus (padma) et une massue (gada) dans les mains. Il porte sur sa tête une tiare dorée, appelée "kirita-mukuta". Il est dépeint également se reposant sur le serpent Shesha, un lotus sort alors de son nombril ; Brahma sort lui-même du lotus ; cette scène se reproduit à chaque nouveau grand cycle temporel ou kalpa, période liée à la cosmologie hindoue ; Vishnou et Brahma recréent ainsi l'univers. Sa parèdre est Lakshmi, la déesse de la richesse et de la bonne fortune, sa monture Garuda, l'aigle. Il est le fils de Dharma et de Ahimsa. | [
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Caboclo | Caboclo | A caboclo () is a person of mixed Indigenous Brazilian and European ancestry (the most common use), or a culturally assimilated or detribalized person of full Amerindian descent. In Brazil, a "caboclo" generally refers to this specific type of "mestiço". | Caboclo, ou caboco, est un terme brésilien désignant les métis descendant d'unions entre européens blancs et d'amérindiens. Ils forment la population la plus importante du bassin amazonien. | [
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Zambo | Zambo (anthropologie) | Zambo ( ) and cafuzo () are racial terms historically used in the Casta caste class system of the Spanish and Portuguese empires. Occasionally in the 21st century, the term is used in the Americas to refer to persons who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry. (The analogous English term, "sambo", is considered a slur.) Historically, the racial cross between enslaved Africans and Amerindians was referred to as a "zambayga", then "zambo", then "sambo". | Le terme zambo ou zamba désignait les métis de noirs et d'amérindiens en Amérique hispanophone ("lobo" au Mexique). Il est aujourd'hui tombé en désuétude en français. | [
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Binche | Binche | Binche (;, Dutch:"Bing") is a Walloon city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. On January 1, 2006, Binche had a total population of 32,409. The total area is 60.66 km2 which gives a population density of 534 inhabitants per km2. Since 1977, the municipality of Binche has gathered the town of Binche itself with seven old municipalities : Bray, Buvrinnes, Epinois, Leval-Trahegnies, Péronnes-lez-Binche, Ressaix and Waudrez. | Binche [] (en wallon "Bince") est une ville francophone de Belgique située en Région wallonne dans la province de Hainaut. Elle est célèbre pour son carnaval et son patrimoine architectural. Binche est située dans la région du Centre sur l'axe reliant les villes de Mons et de Charleroi. | [
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La Brabançonne | La Brabançonne | "La Brabançonne" (; ; ) is the national anthem of Belgium. The originally-French title refers to Brabant; the name is usually maintained untranslated in Belgium's other two official languages, Dutch and German. | La Brabançonne est l'hymne national de la Belgique. Les paroles existent en français, en néerlandais et en allemand. Les paroles originales ont été créées en français ; les deux autres versions officielles (en néerlandais et en allemand) sont donc des adaptations de la version française. | [
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Henry VI of England | Henri VI (roi d'Angleterre) | Henry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. The only child of Henry V, he succeeded to the English throne at the age of nine months upon his father's death, and succeeded to the French throne on the death of his maternal grandfather, Charles VI, shortly afterwards. | Henri VI d'Angleterre ( – ), est roi d'Angleterre de 1422 à 1461, puis de 1470 à 1471. Il est également l'héritier contesté du trône de France ainsi que duc d'Aquitaine de 1422 à 1453, en vertu du traité de Troyes conclu en 1420 par son père, le roi d'Angleterre, avec son grand-père maternel, le roi de France. Il porte en outre dans les tout premiers mois de sa vie qui précèdent son avènement au trône d'Angleterre le titre de duc de Cornouailles, attaché à l'héritier de la couronne. | [
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Danish language | Danois | Danish (; "dansk", "dansk sprog" ) is a North Germanic language spoken by about six million people, principally in Denmark, Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany, where it has minority language status. Also, minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway, Sweden, Spain, the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina. Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas, about 15–20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language. | Le danois est une langue germanique principalement parlée au Danemark par les Danois. Langue officielle du Danemark et des îles Féroé (à parité avec le féroïen), langue seconde du Groenland, le danois est aussi une des langues officielles de l'Union européenne. Il est généralement intelligible par les locuteurs du norvégien et du suédois et reste très enseigné comme langue secondaire en Islande, ancienne dépendance danoise. | [
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Kathakali | Kathakali | Kathakali () is a major form of classical Indian dance. It is a "story play" genre of art, but one distinguished by the elaborately colorful make-up, costumes and face masks that the traditionally male actor-dancers wear. Kathakali is a Hindu performance art in the Malayalam-speaking southwestern region of India (Kerala). | Le kathakali (കഥകളി, (de "katha" histoire et "kali", jeu, en malayâlam)) est une forme de théâtre dansé originaire de l'État du Kerala dans le Sud de l'Inde. Il est fixé il y a plus de cinq siècles à partir de formes traditionnelles comme le Krishnanattam et le Kutiyattam. Il est une combinaison spectaculaire de drame, de danse, de musique et de rituel. Les personnages, aux maquillages élaborés et aux costumes raffinés reconstituent des épisodes tirés des épopées hindoues, le Mahâbhârata, le Rāmāyana et de la vie de Krishna. Les formes et les couleurs du maquillage sont toutes codées, selon l'interprétation du personnage représenté sur scène (prince vertueux, personnage démoniaque, sexe, hiérarchie et qualité). | [
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Bayeux Tapestry | Tapisserie de Bayeux | The Bayeux Tapestry (, ; or ; ) is an embroidered cloth nearly long and tall, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. It is thought to date to the 11th century, within a few years after the battle. It tells the story from the point of view of the conquering Normans, but is now agreed to have been made in England. | La tapisserie de Bayeux, aussi connue sous le nom de « tapisserie de la reine Mathilde », et plus anciennement « Telle du Conquest » (pour « toile de la Conquête ») est une broderie (anciennement « tapisserie aux points d'aiguille ») du inscrite depuis 2007 au registre Mémoire du monde par l'UNESCO. | [
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Angular momentum | Moment cinétique | In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. It is an important quantity in physics because it is a conserved quantity—the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant. | En mécanique classique, le moment cinétique ou moment angulaire d'un point matériel M par rapport à un point O est le moment de la quantité de mouvement formula_1 par rapport au point O, c'est-à-dire le produit vectoriel : | [
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Pun | Calembour | The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of homophonic, homographic, metonymic, or figurative language. A pun differs from a malapropism in that a malapropism is an incorrect variation on a correct expression, while a pun involves expressions with multiple (correct or fairly reasonable) interpretations. Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, especially as their usage and meaning are usually specific to a particular language or its culture. | Le calembour est un jeu de mots oral fondé sur l'homophonie et la polysémie. Le calembour est un trait de l'esprit, à connotation humoristique, qui, par le sens double d'une phrase, permet une approche ironique sur un sujet donné. Il fut souvent utilisé dans cette optique par les journaux satiriques et les chansonniers du début du. Les calembours sont généralement davantage appréciés à l'oral qu'à l'écrit. Une légère différence d'intonation peut, en effet, orienter la compréhension d'une phrase ambiguë. Le procédé est approprié à la langue française, qui est peu accentuée et. | [
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Ashoka | Ashoka | Ashoka (Brāhmi: 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓, "Asoka", IAST: Aśoka, ), also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from to 232 BCE. The grandson of the founder of the Maurya Dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka promoted the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia. Considered by many to be one of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka expanded Chandragupta's empire to reign over a realm stretching from present-day Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east. It covered the entire Indian subcontinent except for parts of present-day Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. The empire's capital was Pataliputra (in Magadha, present-day Patna), with provincial capitals at Taxila and Ujjain. | Ashoka ou Aśoka (en l'absence de signes diacritiques /ś/, on écrit aussi Asoka ou Açoka ; sanskrit en écriture devanagari : अशोकः ; IAST : Aśoka ; né v. 304 av. J.-C. et mort en 232 av. J.-C.) est le troisième empereur de la dynastie indienne des Maurya. | [
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Fulgencio Batista | Fulgencio Batista | Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (; ; born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, and as its U.S.-backed military dictator from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution. Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants, which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces, with the rank of colonel, and effectively controlled the five-member "pentarchy" that functioned as the collective head of state. He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940, when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform. He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba and served until 1944. After finishing his term he lived in Florida, returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952. Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a military coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás that preempted the election. | Rubén Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (né le à Banes et mort le à Marbella en Espagne), est un militaire et homme d’État cubain, il est nommé colonel en 1933. Élu à la présidence de la République de Cuba en 1940, il respecte les règles démocratiques lors de ce premier mandat. Il ne se représente pas en 1944, mais le candidat qu'il soutient est battu par Ramón Grau San Martín. En novembre 1948 il est élu sénateur. Il revient au pouvoir à la suite d'un coup d'État en 1952 puis il est élu sans opposition comme chef d'État en 1954. | [
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Atomium | Atomium | The Atomium ( ) is a landmark building in Brussels (Belgium), originally constructed for the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair (Expo 58). It is located on the Heysel Plateau, where the exhibition took place. It is now a museum. | L’Atomium est un monument de Bruxelles, en Belgique, construit à l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle de 1958 et représentant la maille conventionnelle du cristal de fer (structure cubique centrée) agrandie de fois. Il est situé à Laeken sur le plateau du Heysel où eut lieu cette exposition. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Quantum chemistry | Chimie quantique | Quantum chemistry, also called molecular quantum mechanics, is a branch of chemistry focused on the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems. Understanding electronic structure and molecular dynamics using the Schrödinger equations are central topics in quantum chemistry. | La chimie quantique est une branche de la chimie théorique qui applique la mécanique quantique aux systèmes moléculaires pour étudier les processus et les propriétés chimiques. Le comportement électronique et nucléaire des molécules étant responsable des propriétés chimiques, il ne peut être décrit adéquatement qu'à partir de l'équation du mouvement quantique (équation de Schrödinger) et des autres postulats fondamentaux de la mécanique quantique. Cette nécessité a motivé le développement de concepts (notamment orbitale moléculaire,...) et de méthodes de calculs numériques qui ont permis à la chimie moderne de faire des progrès considérables tant en ce qui concerne la compréhension des phénomènes que des applications. | [
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Albert Uderzo | Albert Uderzo | Alberto Aleandro Uderzo (; ; 25 April 1927 – 24 March 2020) was a French comic book artist and scriptwriter. He is best known as the co-creator and illustrator of the "Astérix" series in collaboration with René Goscinny. He also drew other comics such as "Oumpah-pah", again with Goscinny. Uderzo retired in September 2011. | Albert Uderzo, nom de plume d'Alberto Aleandro Uderzo, né le à Fismes (Marne) et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine (Hauts-de-Seine), est un auteur de bande dessinée français. | [
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Philippe Kahn | Philippe Kahn | Philippe Kahn (born March 16, 1952) is a mathematician, technology innovator, entrepreneur and founder of four technology companies: Fullpower Technologies, LightSurf Technologies, Starfish Software and Borland. Kahn is credited with creating the first camera phone, being a pioneer for wearable technology intellectual property, and is the author of dozens of technology patents covering Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI) modeling, wearable, eyewear, smartphone, mobile, imaging, wireless, synchronization and medical technologies. | Philippe Kahn (né le ) est un innovateur en technologie, et un entrepreneur américain d'origine française. Il est connu comme l'inventeur de la première solution de partage de photographies pour téléphone appareil-photo, permettant le partage instantané sur les réseaux télécom publics. | [
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Electromagnetic field | Champ électromagnétique | An electromagnetic field (also EM field) is a classical (i.e. non-quantum) field produced by moving electric charges. It is the field described by classical electrodynamics and is the classical counterpart to the quantized electromagnetic field tensor in quantum electrodynamics. The electromagnetic field propagates at the speed of light (in fact, this field can be identified "as" light) and interacts with charges and currents. Its quantum counterpart is one of the four fundamental forces of nature (the others are gravitation, weak interaction and strong interaction.) | Un champ électromagnétique ou Champ EM (en anglais, "electromagnetic field" ou "EMF") est la représentation dans l'espace de la force électromagnétique qu'exercent des particules chargées. Concept important de l'électromagnétisme, ce champ représente l'ensemble des composantes de la force électromagnétique s'appliquant sur une particule chargée se déplaçant dans un référentiel galiléen. Une particule de charge "q" et de vecteur vitesse formula_1 subit une force qui s'exprime par : formula_2 où formula_3 est le champ électrique et formula_4 est le champ magnétique. Le champ électromagnétique est l'ensemble formula_5. | [
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Amber Diceless Roleplaying Game | Ambre (jeu de rôle) | The Amber Diceless Roleplaying Game is a role-playing game created and written by Erick Wujcik, set in the fictional universe created by author Roger Zelazny for his "Chronicles of Amber". The game is unusual in that no dice are used in resolving conflicts or player actions; instead a simple diceless system of comparative ability, and narrative description of the action by the players and gamemaster, is used to determine how situations are resolved. | Ambre est un jeu de rôle édité en France par les Jeux Descartes à partir de 1994. Il a été conçu et écrit par Erick Wujcik, d'après le "Cycle des Princes d'Ambre" de Roger Zelazny. En 1970, Zelazny publie le premier tome du "Cycle". À sa mort, en 1995, la série comptait une dizaine de romans et un jeu de rôles. Bien que le cycle ne fut pas achevé, il fit l'effet d'une petite révolution dans le monde de la fantasy à cause de son système de jeu sans dés. | [
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Unification (computer science) | Unification | In logic and computer science, unification is an algorithmic process of solving equations between symbolic expressions. Depending on which expressions (also called "terms") are allowed to occur in an equation set (also called "unification problem"), and which expressions are considered equal, several frameworks of unification are distinguished. If higher-order variables, that is, variables representing functions, are allowed in an expression, the process is called higher-order unification, otherwise first-order unification. If a solution is required to make both sides of each equation literally equal, the process is called syntactic or free unification, otherwise semantic or equational unification, or E-unification, or unification modulo theory. | En informatique et en logique, l'unification est un processus algorithmique qui, étant donnés deux termes, trouve une substitution qui appliquée aux deux termes les rend identiques. Par exemple, formula_1 et formula_2 peuvent être rendus identiques par la substitution formula_3 et formula_4, qui donne quand on l'applique à chacun de ces termes le terme formula_5. Dit autrement, l'unification est la résolution d'une équation dans l'algèbre des termes (unification syntaxique) ou dans une algèbre quotient par un ensemble d'identités (unification modulo une théorie) ; la solution de l'équation est la substitution qui rend les deux termes identiques et que l'on appelle l'unificateur. L'unification a des applications en inférence de types, programmation logique, en démonstration automatique de théorèmes, en système de réécriture, en traitement du langage naturel. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Enthalpy | Enthalpie | Enthalpy, a property of a thermodynamic system, is the sum of the system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. In a system contained so as to prevent mass transfer, for processes at constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released equals the change in enthalpy. | En physique, la variable enthalpie est une quantité reliée à l'énergie d'un système thermodynamique. Elle comprend l'énergie interne du système (notée formula_1), à laquelle est ajouté le produit de la pression par le volume (noté formula_2) : formula_3. | [
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Born–Oppenheimer approximation | Approximation de Born-Oppenheimer | In quantum chemistry and molecular physics, the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation is the most known mathematical approximation in molecular dynamics. Specifically, it is the assumption that the motion of atomic nuclei and electrons in a molecule can be treated separately, based on the fact that the nuclei are much heavier than the electrons. The approach is named after Max Born and J. Robert Oppenheimer who proposed it in 1927, in the early period of quantum mechanics. | L’approximation de Born et Oppenheimer constitue la première étape dans la simplification de l’équation de Schrödinger. Elle consiste à découpler le mouvement des électrons de celui des noyaux, en s’appuyant sur l’importante différence de masse entre les deux types de particules. En effet, à cause de leur masse plus élevée d'un facteur environ (~ ), le mouvement des noyaux est beaucoup plus lent que celui des électrons, et on peut considérer que les électrons s’adaptent de manière adiabatique à la position des noyaux. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Placebo (band) | Placebo (groupe) | Placebo are a European rock band, formed in London in 1994 by vocalist–guitarist Brian Molko and bassist–guitarist Stefan Olsdal. The band were soon joined by drummer Robert Schultzberg, who left in 1996 due to conflicts with Molko and was replaced the same year by Steve Hewitt. | Placebo est un groupe de rock alternatif britannique, originaire de Londres, en Angleterre. Il est formé en 1994 par Brian Molko et Stefan Olsdal, qui sont d'abord accompagnés par Robert Schultzberg jusqu'en 1996, puis Steve Hewitt jusqu'en 2007, et Steve Forrest jusque début 2015. | [
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Noble gas | Gaz noble | The noble gases (historically also the inert gases; sometimes referred to as aerogens) make up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odourless, colourless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). Oganesson (Og) is variously predicted to be a noble gas as well or to break the trend due to relativistic effects; its chemistry has not yet been investigated. | On appelle gaz nobles, ou gaz rares, les éléments chimiques du groupe 18 (anciennement « "groupe VIIIA" », voire « "groupe 0" ») du tableau périodique. Ce sont l'hélium He, le néon Ne, l'argon Ar, le krypton Kr, le xénon Xe et le radon Rn, ce dernier étant radioactif, avec une période de pour le, son isotope le plus stable. Ils forment une famille d'éléments chimiques très homogène de gaz monoatomiques incolores et inodores chimiquement très peu réactifs, voire totalement inertes pour les deux plus légers — hormis dans des conditions très particulières. L'oganesson Og, découvert au début du, prolonge le, mais ses propriétés chimiques sont encore trop largement méconnues pour pouvoir le ranger dans une quelconque famille ; les effets relativistes d'un noyau atomique très chargé sur son cortège électronique pourraient en altérer suffisamment les propriétés, de sorte que cet élément, qui serait probablement solide et non gazeux, ne serait plus nécessairement un gaz noble. | [
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Voice (grammar) | Diathèse | In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice. Voice is sometimes called diathesis. | La diathèse, en linguistique, est un trait grammatical qui décrit comment s'organisent les rôles sémantiques dévolus aux actants, par rapport au procès exprimé par le verbe, en particulier les rôles d'agent et de patient. La diathèse affecte la répartition syntaxique et le marquage morphologique de ces rôles sur le verbe et les différents actants. En revanche, le changement de la diathèse d'un verbe, quand il est possible, ne modifie pas profondément le sens de l'énoncé. On parle, plus spécifiquement, de voix du point de vue de la morphologie verbale pour décrire la forme que prend le verbe pour signifier une diathèse. | [
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Seine-et-Oise | Seine-et-Oise | Seine-et-Oise was a "département" of France encompassing the western, northern, and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris. Its "préfecture" (capital) was Versailles and its official number was 78. Seine-et-Oise was abolished in 1968 as part of the reorganization of the départements of the Paris metropolitan area. | La Seine-et-Oise ( ) est un ancien département français créé en 1790 et dissous en 1968, qui était identifié par le numéro minéralogique « 78 », ensuite attribué aux Yvelines. | [
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Zaire | Zaïre | Zaire (), officially the Republic of Zaire (; ), was the name of a sovereign state between 1971 and 1997 in Central Africa that is now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country was a one-party totalitarian dictatorship, run by Mobutu Sese Seko and his ruling Popular Movement of the Revolution party. Zaire was established following Mobutu's seizure of power in a military coup in 1965, following five years of political upheaval following independence known as the Congo Crisis. Zaire had a strongly centralist constitution, and foreign assets were nationalized. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second Congolese Republic. | Le Zaïre, en forme longue : La République du Zaïre, était le nom porté par l'actuelle République démocratique du Congo sous la Deuxième République, entre 1971 et 1997, période marquée par la prise de pouvoir dictatoriale de Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. Cet article concerne l'histoire du pays de 1960 à 1997. | [
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Prague | Prague | Prague (;,, ) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated on the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.7 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with relatively warm summers and chilly winters. | Prague (, ) est la capitale et la plus grande ville de la Tchéquie, en Bohême. Située au cœur de l'Europe centrale, à l'ouest du pays, la ville est édifiée sur les rives de la Vltava (en allemand : "Moldau"). | [
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Baudouin of Belgium | Baudouin (roi des Belges) | Baudouin (;, ;, ; ; 7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993) reigned as King of the Belgians, following his father's abdication, from 1951 until his death in 1993. He was the last Belgian king to be sovereign of the Congo. | Baudouin ("Boudewijn" en néerlandais, "Baudouin" en français, "Balduin" en allemand), né au château du Stuyvenberg le et mort à Motril le, est le cinquième roi des Belges. Il règne du jusqu’à sa mort. Deuxième enfant et premier fils de Léopold III et de la reine Astrid, il porte le titre de comte de Hainaut alors que son père est encore duc de Brabant puis devient duc de Brabant à l'avènement de Léopold III au trône de Belgique. Il est le frère aîné et prédécesseur du roi Albert II et le frère cadet de la grande-duchesse Joséphine-Charlotte de Luxembourg. | [
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Dimensional analysis | Analyse dimensionnelle | In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometres, or pounds vs. kilograms) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed. The conversion of units from one dimensional unit to another is often easier within the metric or SI system than in others, due to the regular 10-base in all units. Dimensional analysis, or more specifically the factor-label method, also known as the unit-factor method, is a widely used technique for such conversions using the rules of algebra. | L'analyse dimensionnelle est une méthode pratique permettant de vérifier l'homogénéité d'une formule physique à travers ses équations aux dimensions, c'est-à-dire la décomposition des grandeurs physiques qu'elle met en jeu en un produit de grandeurs de base : longueur, durée, masse, intensité électrique, irréductibles les unes aux autres. | [
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The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind | The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind | The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind is an open-world role-playing video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. It is the third installment in "The Elder Scrolls" series, following "", and was released in 2002 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox. The main story takes place on Vvardenfell, an island in the Dunmer (Dark Elf) province of Morrowind, part of the continent of Tamriel. The central quests concern the deity Dagoth Ur, housed within the volcanic Red Mountain, who seeks to gain power and break Morrowind free from Imperial reign. | Le joueur dirige un personnage dans la contrée de Morrowind, et plus précisément sur l'île volcanique de Vvardenfell (). Son personnage évoluera grâce aux centaines de quêtes que lui proposent les PNJ. La quête principale peut être abandonnée ou reprise à n'importe quel moment ; elle doit être considérée plus comme un fil conducteur narratif que comme le « but du jeu ». L'univers est assez dense pour permettre — tout comme ses prédécesseurs — de se promener longuement dans l'île. | [
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Activism | Militantisme | Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct, or intervene in social, political, economic, or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good. Forms of activism range from mandate building in the community (including writing letters to newspapers), petitioning elected officials, running or contributing to a political campaign, preferential patronage (or boycott) of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes. | Le militantisme est une forme d'engagement collectif à une cause de nature morale, religieuse, sociale, politique, associative ou syndicale souvent en vue de protester contre ce qui est perçu comme une injustice. | [
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Pierre Bourdieu | Pierre Bourdieu | Pierre Bourdieu (; 1 August 1930 – 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist, anthropologist, philosopher and public intellectual. Bourdieu's major contributions to the sociology of education, the theory of sociology, and sociology of aesthetics have achieved wide influence in several related academic fields (e.g. anthropology, media and cultural studies, education), popular culture, and the arts. During his academic career he was primarily associated with the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris and the Collège de France. | Pierre Bourdieu, né le à Denguin (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) et mort le à Paris, est un sociologue français d'origine béarnaise. Il est considéré comme l'un des sociologues les plus importants de la seconde moitié du. Son ouvrage "La Distinction" est considéré comme l'un des dix plus importants travaux en sociologie du siècle par l'Association internationale de sociologie. | [
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Schrödinger equation | Équation de Schrödinger | The Schrödinger equation is a linear partial differential equation that describes the wave function or state function of a quantum-mechanical system. It is a key result in quantum mechanics, and its discovery was a significant landmark in the development of the subject. The equation is named after Erwin Schrödinger, who postulated the equation in 1925, and published it in 1926, forming the basis for the work that resulted in his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933. | L'équation de Schrödinger, conçue par le physicien autrichien Erwin Schrödinger en 1925, est une équation fondamentale en mécanique quantique. Elle décrit l'évolution dans le temps d'une particule massive non relativiste, et remplit ainsi le même rôle que la relation fondamentale de la dynamique en mécanique classique. | [
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Axelle Red | Axelle Red | Fabienne Demal (born 15 February 1968), better known by her stage name Axelle Red, is a Belgian R&B singer-songwriter. She has released 11 albums, including "Sans plus attendre", "À Tâtons", "Toujours Moi" and "Jardin Secret"; she is best known for her 1993 "Sensualité" single which became a successful hit in France in 1994. | Fabienne Demal, dite Axelle Red, née le à Hasselt dans la province du Limbourg en Belgique, est une auteure-compositrice-interprète belge. Au début de sa carrière musicale, elle a également utilisé les pseudonymes Fabby et Axelle. | [
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Plumbing | Plomberie | Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids. Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications. The word derives from the Latin for lead, "plumbum", as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes. | La plomberie est une spécialité de l'ingénieur en mécanique appliquée au bâtiment et du plombier spécialisé, regroupant l'ensemble des techniques utilisées pour faire circuler des fluides (liquide ou gaz) à l'aide de tuyaux, tubes, vannes, robinets, soupapes, pompes aux différents points d'usage d'une installation. Le mot a pour origine le terme latin pour plomb ("plumbum") et provient de l'utilisation de ce métal malléable pour réaliser les installations de plomberie au cours des siècles précédents. | [
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Schaerbeek | Schaerbeek | Schaerbeek (obsolete Dutch spelling, retained in French, pronounced ) or Schaarbeek (Dutch, ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region (Belgium). Located in the north-eastern part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, Etterbeek, Evere and Saint-Josse-ten-Noode. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch). | Schaerbeek (,, en brusseleir Schoerebeik ou Schoûrebeik) est l'une des 19 communes bilingues de Bruxelles-Capitale en Belgique. Elle comptait, au, (Schaerbeekois), hommes et femmes, pour une superficie de, soit. Elle est située dans le nord-est de la Région bruxelloise. | [
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Pope Alexander II | Alexandre II (pape) | Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1061 to his death in 1073. Born in Milan, Anselm was deeply involved in the Pataria reform movement. Elected according to the terms of his predecessor's bull, "In nomine Domini", Anselm's was the first election by the cardinals without the participation of the people and minor clergy of Rome. | Anselme de Lucques, né vers 1010 ou 1015 à Milan et mort à Rome le, est élu pape en 1061 sous le nom d'Alexandre II. | [
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Flemish | Flamand (dialecte) | Flemish ("Vlaams") also called Flemish Dutch (), Belgian Dutch ( ), or Southern Dutch () is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language, as spoken in Flanders, a historical region in northern Belgium, by Flemings, the dominant ethnic group of the region. Along with Flanders, it is also spoken to some extent in French Flanders and the Dutch Zeelandic Flanders by approximately 6.5 million people. | Le terme flamand désigne un groupe de dialectes germaniques du bas-francique (les dialectes du néerlandais). Au sens strict, le terme désigne deux dialectes parlés actuellement en grande partie sur le territoire de l'ancien comté de Flandre : le flamand occidental et le flamand oriental. Au sens plus large, on utilise le terme « "flamand" » comme terme générique pour désigner l'ensemble des dialectes néerlandais parlés en Belgique (le brabançon (dont fait partie l'anversois), le flamand oriental, le flamand occidental et le limbourgeois), ou même comme synonyme, bien que linguistiquement incorrect, du néerlandais tel qu'il est parlé en Flandre (tout comme l'usage populaire du mot « hollandais » pour désigner le néerlandais aux Pays-Bas). | [
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Party | Fête | A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration of a special occasion. A party will typically feature food and beverages, and often music and dancing or other forms of entertainment. In many Western countries, parties for teens and adults are associated with drinking alcohol such as beer, wine, or distilled spirits. | Une fête est une période de réjouissance collective destinée à célébrer quelque chose ou quelqu'un. Une fête est limitée dans le temps : il n'y a pas de fête solitaire ; les funérailles ne sont pas considérées comme une fête. La fête peut devenir un devoir ou une obligation sociale, comme les préceptes catholiques (Noël, Pâques...) ou les fêtes nationales. Il existe des fêtes publiques, qui engagent une société tout entière, et des fêtes privées limitées à une famille, à une corporation, à des clients, etc. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Triple point | Point triple | In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is that temperature and pressure at which the sublimation curve, fusion curve and the vaporisation curve meet. For example, the triple point of mercury occurs at a temperature of and a pressure of 0.2 mPa. | Un point triple est un point du diagramme de phase température-pression d'une substance chimique pure où peuvent coexister trois phases différentes. Ce point est unique, c'est-à-dire que les trois phases ne peuvent coexister qu'à une température et une pression bien précises, dénommées « la température et la pression du point triple ». Quand les trois phases sont effectivement présentes, la variance du système est nulle. La notion de point triple s'applique principalement aux diagrammes de phase des corps purs : | [
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Brigitte Lahaie | Brigitte Lahaie | Brigitte Vanmeerhaeghe, known as Brigitte Lahaie (born 12 October 1955), is a French radio talk show host, mainstream film actress and former pornographic actress. She performed in erotic films from 1976 through 1980 and is a member of the XRCO Hall of Fame. | Brigitte Lahaie, née le à Tourcoing, est une actrice et animatrice de radio française. Elle fut l'une des premières stars du cinéma pornographique français à l'époque de son « âge d’or » et de la libération sexuelle des années 1970 à 1980, période durant laquelle des salles confidentielles passaient des films X tournés en 35 mm. Brigitte Lahaie fut l'une des égéries de cette période. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Visegrád Group | Groupe de Visegrád | The Visegrád Group, Visegrád Four, or V4, is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European countriesthe Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, that are members of the European Union (EU) and NATOfor the purposes of advancing military, cultural, economic and energy cooperation with one another along with furthering their integration in the EU. | Le groupe de Visegrád (aussi appelé Visegrád 4 ou V4 ou triangle de Visegrád) est un groupe informel réunissant quatre pays d’Europe centrale : la Hongrie, la Pologne, la Tchéquie et la Slovaquie. Ces pays sont tous des États membres de l'Union européenne et de l'OTAN. La population du groupe s’élève à 63,8 millions d’habitants en 2016 (13 % de la population de l’UE). L’Indice de développement humain moyen est élevé et croissant (l’indice moyen est de 0,8535 d’après le rapport de 2016 sur l’année 2015). Le PIB total du groupe est estimé à 876 milliards de dollars. | [
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Brussels | Région de Bruxelles-Capitale | Brussels ( or ; ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (; ), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the Flemish Region (within which it forms an enclave) and the Walloon Region. Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita. It covers, a relatively small area compared to the two other regions, and has a population of over 1.2 million. The five times larger metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people, which makes it the largest in Belgium. It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent, Antwerp, Leuven and Walloon Brabant, home to over 5 million people. | La Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ( ), ou Région bruxelloise, est l'une des trois régions qui composent la Belgique. Elle ne doit pas être confondue avec la Ville de Bruxelles, qui n'est qu'une des 19 communes de la région de Bruxelles-Capitale, ni avec la région bilingue de Bruxelles-Capitale (article 4 de la Constitution belge). | [
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Official language | Langue officielle | An official language, also called state language, is a language given a special status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically a country's official language refers to the language used in government (judiciary, legislature, administration). The term "official language" does not typically refer to the language used by a people or country, but by its government, as "the means of expression of a people cannot be changed by any law". | Une langue officielle est une langue qui est spécifiquement désignée comme telle, dans la constitution ou les textes de loi d'un pays, d'un État ou d'une organisation quelconque. | [
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Ideal gas | Gaz parfait | An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics. | Le gaz parfait est un modèle thermodynamique décrivant le comportement des gaz réels à basse pression. Ce modèle a été développé du milieu du au milieu du et formalisé au. Il est fondé sur l'observation expérimentale selon laquelle tous les gaz tendent vers ce comportement à pression suffisamment basse, quelle que soit la nature chimique du gaz, ce qu'exprime la loi d'Avogadro, énoncée en 1811 : la relation entre la pression, le volume et la température est, dans ces conditions, indépendante de la nature du gaz. Cette propriété s'explique par le fait que lorsque la pression est faible, les molécules de gaz sont suffisamment éloignées les unes des autres pour que l'on puisse négliger les interactions électrostatiques qui dépendent, elles, de la nature du gaz (molécules plus ou moins polaires). De nombreux gaz réels vérifient avec une excellente approximation le modèle du gaz parfait dans les conditions normales. C'est le cas des gaz principaux de l'air, le diazote et le dioxygène. | [
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Rembrandt | Rembrandt | Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (,, ; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669) was a Dutch draughtsman, painter, and printmaker. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history. Unlike most Dutch masters of the 17th century, depict a wide range of style and subject matter, from portraits and self-portraits to landscapes, genre scenes, allegorical and historical scenes, and biblical and mythological themes as well as animal studies. His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age, when (especially Dutch painting), although in many ways antithetical to the Baroque style that dominated Europe, was extremely prolific and innovative and gave rise to important new genres. Like many artists of the Dutch Golden Age, such as Jan Vermeer of Delft, Rembrandt was also an avid art collector and dealer. | Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (en néerlandais ), habituellement désigné sous son seul prénom de Rembrandt, né à Leyde le ou 1607 et mort à Amsterdam le, est généralement considéré comme l'un des plus grands peintres de l'histoire de la peinture, notamment de la peinture baroque, et l'un des plus importants peintres de l'École hollandaise du. Rembrandt a également réalisé des gravures et des dessins et est l'un des plus importants aquafortistes de l'histoire. Il a vécu pendant ce que les historiens appellent le siècle d'or néerlandais (approximativement le ), durant lequel culture, sciences, commerce et influence politique des Provinces-Unies ont atteint leur apogée. | [
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Ramesses II | Ramsès II | Ramesses II (variously also spelt Rameses or Ramses ( "Ra is the one who bore him" > ); – July or August 1213; reigned 1279–1213 BC), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom, itself the most powerful period of Ancient Egypt. His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor". | Ramsès (en égyptien ancien "Ousirmaâtrê Setepenrê, Ramessou Meryamon"), né aux alentours de -1304 et mort à Pi-Ramsès vers -1213, est le troisième pharaon de la égyptienne. Il est aussi appelé "Ramsès le Grand" ou encore "Ozymandias". Manéthon l'appelle Ramsès (ou Ramesses Miamoun, Rampses). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Trebuchet | Trébuchet | A trebuchet (French "trébuchet") is a type of catapult that uses a long arm to throw a projectile. It was a common powerful siege engine until the advent of gunpowder. | Le trébuchet fait partie des pièces d’artillerie médiévales dites à contrepoids. Il s’agit d’un engin de siège qui a été utilisé au Moyen Âge, soit pour détruire la maçonnerie des murs, soit pour lancer des projectiles par-dessus les fortifications. Il est parfois appelé « trébuchet à contrepoids » afin de le différencier d'une arme plus ancienne qu’on appelait « trébuchet à traction », une version primitive de l’engin où la force de propulsion était fournie par des hommes et non par un contrepoids. | [
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Juno (mythology) | Junon | Juno ( ;, ) is an ancient Roman goddess, the protector and special counselor of the state. A daughter of Saturn, she is the wife of Jupiter and the mother of Mars, Vulcan, Bellona and Juventas. She is the Roman equivalent of Hera, queen of the gods in Greek mythology; like Hera, her sacred animal was the peacock. Her Etruscan counterpart was Uni, and she was said to also watch over the women of Rome. As the patron goddess of Rome and the Roman Empire, Juno was called ("Queen") and was a member of the Capitoline Triad ("Juno Capitolina"), centered on the Capitoline Hill in Rome; it consisted of her, Jupiter, and Minerva, goddess of wisdom. | Dans la mythologie romaine, Junon, ( ) est la reine des dieux et protectrice du mariage. Fille de Rhéa et de Saturne, elle est à la fois sœur et épouse de Jupiter. Elle a été assimilée à l'Héra des Grecs. | [
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Egyptian pound | Livre égyptienne | The Egyptian pound ('; sign: E£, L.E. ; code: EGP"') is the currency of Egypt. It is divided into 100 piastres, or ersh ( ; "plural" ), or 1,000 milliemes ( ; ). | La livre égyptienne ( "" ; LE, £E, ou E£ ainsi qu'EGP selon la norme ISO 4217) est la monnaie officielle de l'Égypte, bien qu'un grand nombre de monnaies, notamment le dollar américain, la livre sterling et l'euro, soient en circulation sur le territoire, une grande part de l'activité économique du pays étant liée au tourisme international. | [
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Nicola Sirkis | Nicola Sirkis | Nicolas Henri Didier Sirchis (; born June 22, 1959 in Antony, Hauts-de-Seine), better known by his stage name Nicola Sirkis, is the frontman and singer of the French rock band Indochine. He is the only remaining member of the original line-up of the band which he formed in 1981 with a friend, Dominique Nicolas, soon to be joined by his twin brother Stéphane and Dimitri Bodianski. | Nicola Sirkis, né le à Antony (Hauts-de-Seine), est un auteur-compositeur-interprète, chanteur et musicien français. Il est un des membres fondateurs du groupe français Indochine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gottlob Frege | Gottlob Frege | Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (; ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He worked as a mathematics professor at the University of Jena, and is understood by many to be the father of analytic philosophy, concentrating on the philosophy of language, logic, and mathematics. Though he was largely ignored during his lifetime, Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) introduced his work to later generations of philosophers. | Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (né le à Wismar – mort le à Bad Kleinen) est un mathématicien, logicien et philosophe allemand, créateur de la logique moderne et plus précisément du calcul propositionnel moderne : le calcul des prédicats. | [
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Oaths of Strasbourg | Serments de Strasbourg | The Oaths of Strasbourg (; ; ) were mutual pledges of allegiance between Louis the German (†876), ruler of East Francia, and his half-brother Charles the Bald (†877), ruler of West Francia made on 12 February 842. They are written in three different languages: Medieval Latin, Old Gallo-Romance and Old High German, all in Caroline minuscule. The Romance passages are generally considered to be the earliest texts in a language that is distinctly Gallo-Romance. | Les Serments de Strasbourg (""), datant du 14 février 842, signent l'alliance militaire entre Charles le Chauve et Louis le Germanique, contre leur frère aîné, Lothaire. Ils sont tous trois les fils de Louis le Pieux, lui-même fils de Charlemagne. Ces serments précèdent d'un an le traité de Verdun, lequel sera d'une importance géopolitique considérable. | [
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Meurthe (department) | Meurthe (département) | Meurthe () is a former department of France created in 1790. Its prefecture (capital) was Nancy. It ceased to exist following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany in 1871. | Le département de la Meurthe était un département français entre 1790 et 1871 et dont le chef-lieu était Nancy. Il tirait son nom de la rivière de la Meurthe et comptait en 1866 appelés les "Meurthois". | [
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Interoperability | Interopérabilité | Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system, whose interfaces are completely understood, to work with other products or systems, at present or in the future, in either implementation or access, without any restrictions. | L’interopérabilité est la capacité que possède un produit ou un système, dont les interfaces sont intégralement connues, à fonctionner avec d’autres produits ou systèmes existants ou futurs et ce sans restriction d’accès ou de mise en œuvre. | [
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Kernel (operating system) | Noyau de système d'exploitation | The kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system with complete control over everything in the system. It is an integral part of any operating system. It is the "portion of the operating system code that is always resident in memory". It facilitates interactions between hardware and software components. On most systems, it is one of the first programs loaded on startup (after the bootloader). It handles the rest of startup as well as input/output requests from software, translating them into data-processing instructions for the central processing unit. It handles memory and peripherals like keyboards, monitors, printers, and speakers. | Un noyau de système d’exploitation, ou simplement noyau, ou en anglais, est une des parties fondamentales de certains systèmes d’exploitation. Il gère les ressources de l’ordinateur et permet aux différents composants — matériels et logiciels — de communiquer entre eux. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Alkaline earth metal | Métal alcalino-terreux | The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure. | Les métaux alcalino-terreux (ou alcalinoterreux) sont les six éléments chimiques du du tableau périodique : béryllium Be, magnésium Mg, calcium Ca, strontium Sr, baryum Ba et radium Ra. Leurs propriétés sont très semblables : ils sont blanc argenté, brillants, et chimiquement assez réactifs à température et pression ambiantes. Leur configuration électronique contient une sous-couche s saturée avec deux électrons, qu'ils perdent facilement pour former un cation divalent (état d'oxydation +2). | [
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