StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Oboe	Hautbois	The oboe ( ) is a type of double reed woodwind instrument. Oboes are usually made of wood, but may also be made of synthetic materials, such as plastic, resin or hybrid composites. The most common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range. A soprano oboe measures roughly long, with metal keys, a conical bore and a flared bell. Sound is produced by blowing into the reed at a sufficient air pressure, causing it to vibrate with the air column. The distinctive tone is versatile and has been described as "bright". When the word "oboe" is used alone, it is generally taken to mean the treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family, such as the "bass oboe", the "cor anglais" (English horn), or oboe "d'amore".	Le hautbois est un instrument de musique à vent de la famille des bois, de perce conique et dont le son est créé par la vibration d'une anche double au passage du souffle. Son timbre peut être puissant et sonore ou doux et charmeur, clair ou plein de rondeur et de chaleur. Le joueur de cet instrument est un hautboïste.	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Svante Arrhenius	Svante August Arrhenius	Svante August Arrhenius (; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate. In 1905, he became director of the Nobel Institute, where he remained until his death.	Svante August Arrhenius (né le au, près d'Uppsala et mort le à Stockholm) est un chimiste suédois, pionnier dans de nombreux domaines. Il reçoit le prix Nobel de chimie en 1903.	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Jansky	Jansky (unité)	The jansky (symbol Jy, plural "janskys") is a non-SI unit of spectral flux density, or spectral irradiance, used especially in radio astronomy. It is equivalent to 10 watts per square metre per hertz.	Le jansky, de symbole Jy, est l'unité employée généralement en radioastronomie pour mesurer l'intensité, ou plus précisément la densité de flux, des signaux radio d'origine galactique ou extragalactique. Elle est ainsi nommée en l'honneur de Karl Jansky, le physicien américain qui a découvert les ondes radio d'origine galactique en 1930.	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Star cluster	Amas stellaire	Star clusters are very large groups of stars. Two types of star clusters can be distinguished: globular clusters are tight groups of hundreds to millions of old stars which are gravitationally bound, while open clusters, more loosely clustered groups of stars, generally contain fewer than a few hundred members, and are often very young. Open clusters become disrupted over time by the gravitational influence of giant molecular clouds as they move through the Galaxy, but cluster members will continue to move in broadly the same direction through space even though they are no longer gravitationally bound; they are then known as a stellar association, sometimes also referred to as a "moving group".	Un amas stellaire est une concentration locale d'étoiles d'origine commune et liées entre elles par la gravitation, dans un espace dont les dimensions peuvent atteindre 200 pc.	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Java Database Connectivity	Java Database Connectivity	Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is a Java-based data access technology used for Java database connectivity. It is part of the Java Standard Edition platform, from Oracle Corporation. It provides methods to query and update data in a database, and is oriented toward relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in the Java virtual machine (JVM) host environment.	JDBC () est une interface de programmation créée par Sun Microsystems — depuis racheté par Oracle Corporation — pour les programmes utilisant la plateforme Java. Elle permet aux applications Java d'accéder par le biais d'une interface commune à des sources de données pour lesquelles il existe des pilotes JDBC. Normalement, il s'agit d'une base de données relationnelle, et des pilotes JDBC sont disponibles pour tous les systèmes connus de bases de données relationnelles.	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Idiophone	Idiophone	An idiophone is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the vibration of the instrument itself, without the use of air (as is the case with aerophones), strings (chordophones) or membranes (membranophones). It is the first of the four main divisions in the original Hornbostel–Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification (see List of idiophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number). The early classification of Victor-Charles Mahillon called this group of instruments "autophones". The most common are struck idiophones, or concussion idiophones, which are made to vibrate by being struck, either directly with a stick or hand (like the wood block, singing bowl, steel tongue drum, triangle or marimba) or indirectly, by way of a scraping or shaking motion (like maracas or flexatone). Various types of bells fall into both categories. A common plucked idiophone is the Jew's harp.	Un idiophone, ou autophone, est un instrument de musique de la famille des percussions dont le son est produit par le matériau de l'instrument lui-même, lors d'un impact produit soit par un accessoire extérieur (comme une baguette), soit par une autre partie de l'instrument (comme des graines sur un filet qui l'entoure).	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Karl Guthe Jansky	Karl Jansky	Karl Guthe Jansky (October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American physicist and radio engineer who in August 1931 first discovered radio waves emanating from the Milky Way. He is considered one of the founding figures of radio astronomy.	Karl Guthe Jansky, né à Normand (Oklahoma) le et mort le, est un physicien et ingénieur radio américain. Il découvrit en 1932 que notre Galaxie émettait des ondes radio, marquant ainsi la naissance de la radioastronomie.	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Rastafari	Mouvement rastafari	Rastafari, also known as Rastafarianism, is an Abrahamic religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas.	Le mouvement rastafari (ou ) est un mouvement social, culturel et spirituel qui s’est développé à partir de la Jamaïque dans les années 1930.	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Organology	Organologie	Organology (from Greek: – "organon", "instrument" and λόγος – "logos", "study") is the science of musical instruments and their classifications. It embraces study of instruments' history, instruments used in different cultures, technical aspects of how instruments produce sound, and musical instrument classification. There is a degree of overlap between organology, ethnomusicology (being subsets of musicology) and the branch of the science of acoustics devoted to musical instruments.	L’organologie (du grec ancien "ὄργανον" (organon) « instrument » et de "λόγος" (logos) « discours ») a pour objet l'étude des instruments de musique et leur histoire. Elle est basée dès l'origine sur les examens et les analyses iconographiques, picturaux, sculpturaux et manuscrits des recherches musicologiques et ethnomusicologiques dans les cultures et les civilisations du monde entier. Ses domaines sont larges et étendus, de l'archéologie aux technologies les plus modernes en passant par la restauration et la classification des instruments. Cette discipline scientifique qui naît au est une composante de la musicologie et de l’ethnomusicologie, dans ce dernier cas on parle d’ethno-organologie.	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CMOS	Complementary metal oxide semi-conductor	Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS), also known as complementary-symmetry metal–oxide–semiconductor (COS-MOS), is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. CMOS technology is used for constructing integrated circuit (IC) chips, including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips (including CMOS BIOS), and other digital logic circuits, and replaced earlier transistor-transistor logic (TTL) technology.	On appelle CMOS, ou, une technologie de fabrication de composants électroniques et, par extension, les composants fabriqués selon cette technologie. Ce sont pour la plupart des circuits logiques (NAND, NOR) comme ceux de la famille Transistor-Transistor logic (TTL) mais, à la différence de ces derniers, ils peuvent être aussi utilisés comme résistance variable.	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Urea	Urée	Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH). This amide has two –NH groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group.	Le terme urée désigne à la fois un composé chimique particulier et un ensemble de composés organiques : L'urée joue un rôle important dans le métabolisme des composés azotés chez les animaux et est la principale substance contenant de l'azote dans l'urine des espéces urotéliques comme les mammifères. C'est un solide incolore et inodore, hautement soluble dans l'eau, et pratiquement non toxique (DL de chez le rat). Dissoute dans l'eau, elle n'est ni acide ni basique. Dans le corps humain, elle intervient dans de nombreux processus métaboliques, notamment pour l'excrétion d'azote. Elle est synthétisée dans le foie par la combinaison de deux molécules d'ammoniac () avec une molécule de dans le cycle de l'urée.	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Brass instrument	Cuivres (musique)	A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called "labrosones", literally meaning "lip-vibrated instruments".	La famille des cuivres regroupe des instruments à vent (également appelés aérophones) où le son est produit par vibration des lèvres dans une embouchure.	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Astrophysics	Astrophysique	Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in space". Among the objects studied are the Sun, other stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background. Emissions from these objects are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, "astrophysicists" apply concepts and methods from many disciplines of physics, including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.	L’astrophysique (du grec : étoile, astre et : science de la nature, physique) est une branche interdisciplinaire de l'astronomie qui concerne principalement la physique et l'étude des propriétés des objets de l'univers (étoiles, planètes, galaxies, milieu interstellaire par exemple), comme leur luminosité, leur densité, leur température et leur composition chimique.	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Michael Faraday	Michael Faraday	Michael Faraday (; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.	Michael Faraday (Newington, - Hampton Court, ) est un physicien et un chimiste britannique, connu pour ses travaux fondamentaux dans le domaine de l'électromagnétisme, l'électrochimie, le diamagnétisme, et l'électrolyse. Il donne son nom à de multiples lois et phénomènes dans ces domaines, notamment la loi de Faraday (ou Lenz-Faraday) en induction électromagnétique, les lois de Faraday en électrochimie, l'effet Faraday, ou encore à des dispositifs expérimentaux comme la cage de Faraday et la cavité de Faraday. Le farad, unité de capacité électrique, est également nommée en son honneur.	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Galaxy	Galaxie	A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek "" (), literally "milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few hundred million () stars to giants with one hundred trillion () stars, each orbiting its galaxy's center of mass.	Une galaxie est un assemblage d'étoiles, de gaz, de poussières, de vide et peut-être essentiellement de matière noire, contenant parfois un trou noir supermassif en son centre.	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Ivan Pavlov	Ivan Pavlov	Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (; 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research". Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s, and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the University of Saint Petersburg in order to study natural science.	Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (en ), né le à Riazan, dans l'Empire russe, et mort le à Léningrad, en URSS, est un médecin et un physiologiste russe, lauréat du prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine de 1904 et de la médaille Copley en 1915.	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Harpsichord	Clavecin	A harpsichord (,,,, ) is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. Like a pipe organ, a harpsichord may have more than one keyboard manual and harpsichords may have stop buttons which add or remove additional octaves. Some harpsichords may have a lute stop, which simulates the sound of a plucked lute. This activates a row of levers that turn a trigger mechanism that plucks one or more strings with a small plectrum made from quill or plastic. The strings are under tension on a soundboard, which is mounted in a wooden case; the soundboard amplifies the vibrations from the strings so that the listeners can hear it.	Un clavecin est un instrument de musique à cordes muni d'un ou plusieurs claviers dont chacune des cordes est « pincée » par un dispositif nommé sautereau.	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Game	Jeu	A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as Mahjong, solitaire, or some video games).	On peut définir le jeu comme une activité d'ordre psychique ou bien physique pensée pour divertir et improductive à court terme. Le jeu entraîne des dépenses d'énergie et de moyens matériels, sans créer aucune richesse nouvelle. La plupart des individus qui s'y engagent n'en retirent que du plaisir, bien que certains puissent en obtenir des avantages matériels. De ce fait, Johan Huizinga remarque que de très nombreuses activités humaines peuvent s'assimiler à des jeux. La difficulté de circonscrire la définition du jeu présente un intérêt pour la philosophie.	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Basse-sur-le-Rupt	Basse-sur-le-Rupt	Basse-sur-le-Rupt is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Its inhabitants are called Bassurois. It is a mountainous commune of seven hamlets, crossed by the river Rupt. Its landmarks include Le Haut du Roc, Le Pierre des Communes, Le Piquante Pierre and the memorial of Le Croix des Moinats. Its historical industries were textiles, sawmills and granite.	Basse-sur-le-Rupt est une commune du massif des Vosges, dans le département des Vosges en région Grand Est. Elle appartient aux unité et aire urbaines de La Bresse. Elle fait partie de la Communauté de communes des Hautes Vosges. C'est l'une des 189 communes du parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges.	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Conch (instrument)	Conque	Conch, or conque, also known as a "seashell horn" or "shell trumpet", is a wind instrument that is made from a conch, the shell of several different kinds of sea snails. Their natural conical bore is used to produce a musical tone. Conch shell trumpets have been played in many Pacific Island countries, as well as South America and Southern Asia.	La conque est un coquillage de mollusque qui est utilisé comme instrument de musique à vent et où l'instrumentiste souffle pour produire le son selon le même principe que la trompe de chasse ou la corne. C'est l'un des plus anciens instruments de musique qui nous soient parvenus, comme le montre l’exemplaire de la conque de Marsoulas du Magdalénien, conservé au Muséum de Toulouse.	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Coal dust	Poussier	Coal dust is a fine powdered form of coal, which is created by the crushing, grinding, or pulverizing of coal. Because of the brittle nature of coal, coal dust can be created during mining, transportation, or by mechanically handling coal. It is a form of fugitive dust.	Le poussier est un ensemble de fines particules de poussières de carbone hautement inflammables présent durant l'exploitation des mines de charbon.	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Bailiff	Bailli	A bailiff (from Middle English baillif, Old French "baillis", "bail" "custody, charge, office"; cf. bail, based on the adjectival form, baiulivus, of Latin "bajulus", carrier, manager) is a manager, overseer or custodian; a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. Bailiffs are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly.	Un bailli (du latin "bajulus", terme ayant revêtu de multiples significations) est, au sens général, le représentant d'une autorité sur un territoire.	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Penrose triangle	Triangle de Penrose	The Penrose triangle, also known as the Penrose tribar or the impossible tribar, is a triangular impossible object, an optical illusion consisting of an object which can be depicted in a perspective drawing, but cannot exist as a solid object. It was first created by the Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd in 1934. Independently from Reutersvärd, the triangle was devised and popularized in the 1950s by psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son, prominent mathematician Roger Penrose, who described it as "impossibility in its purest form". It is featured prominently in the works of artist M. C. Escher, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it.	Le triangle de Penrose, aussi connu comme la tripoutre ou la tribarre, est un objet impossible conçu par le mathématicien Roger Penrose dans les années 1950. C’est une figure importante dans les travaux de l’artiste Maurits Cornelis Escher.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 1927, 1299, 135179, 47, 186, 10, 18652, 36746, 4, 7228, 111, 17262, 80560, 186, 8256, 111, 6, 108047, 41421, 9, 7, 58994, 3129, 23356, 80836, 90825, 99, 7108, 55291, 7, 99, 70, 95378, 5170, 111, 70, 1927, 109217, 1836, 3173, 5, 581, 186, 8256, 1543, 186, 148431, 4, 3173, 214, 314, 7438, 707, 314, 837, 30185, 5, 3293, 162515, 111, 183871, 53418, 186, 185171, 390, 2499, 17262, 9, 157955, 36746, 23, 23335, 1294, 5177, 34937, 130265, 32628, 5, 62771, 142, 36746, 831, 32316, 23, 24233, 5177, 34937, 130265, 5691, 9051, 42822, 7, 5, 8622, 2843, 32316, 17262, 9, 157955, 18652, 115700, 7, 12638, 111, 3129, 4, 3229, 21455, 297, 1295, 10, 24233, 55291, 4, 135179, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 4720, 157955, 8, 1434, 10763, 111, 70, 4267, 75287, 1927, 109217, 98, 903, 9191, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 46, 100, 27781, 46, 70, 123594, 16797, 29569, 8, 18695, 1916, 10, 152319, 3408, 23, 908, 927, 4, 28173, 194, 581, 13579, 44, 76114, 75287, 1927, 109217, 58, 831, 15005, 47, 70, 4720, 157955, 8, 1434, 10763, 707, 70, 69201, 36746, 68034, 5, 4263, 10, 13315, 83, 144851, 71, 10932, 70, 4267, 75287, 1927, 109217, 4, 10, 7306, 28354, 51175, 964, 223, 43613, 83, 100, 4806, 5, 276, 5, 441, 5, 1184, 5372, 25, 7, 16060, 497, 41382, 44, 107774, 56, 9146, 58, 15, 160733, 16, 8, 18695, 933, 10, 7401, 100599, 13, 450, 86608, 7, 23, 10, 6, 38170, 114546, 33233, 70, 4989, 5609, 7, 111, 6626, 28, 10617, 27686, 4267, 75287, 1927, 109217, 7, 4, 221, 450, 442, 3564, 7, 1257, 6626, 43515, 77546, 3501, 442, 80723, 5, 581, 16750, 214, 7401, 9146, 4, 3173, 214, 70, 16610, 5609, 7, 111, 15044, 1927, 109217, 7, 4, 22648, 7, 10, 7401, 160298, 5, 1184, 5372, 26847, 1810, 450, 23, 12989, 47, 13695, 70, 160298, 174548, 4, 3060, 7401, 8110, 46505, 25958, 186, 49814, 47, 56381, 67, 100, 70890, 4680, 2320, 5, 51404, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 64549, 165419, 90, 47, 70, 4267, 75287, 1927, 109217, 678, 3789, 115700, 7, 136, 20324, 35874, 6126, 7, 47, 28282, 10, 4267, 75287, 35874, 6126, 4, 70, 21176, 21543, 83, 959, 237, 22223, 6048, 4, 136, 237, 70, 5609, 7, 51312, 4, 70, 36746, 37202, 2563, 538, 47, 186, 1631, 20051, 707, 165292, 297, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 1927, 109217, 8, 4267, 75287, 4, 5206, 70561, 3739, 21, 24745, 6056, 107, 628, 21, 109120, 32055, 4, 437, 51, 6, 74204, 69201, 149864, 366, 95, 48909, 446, 47148, 6594, 48861, 4267, 75287, 807, 199, 24881, 27631, 5, 313, 26, 525, 773, 26366, 4247, 807, 199, 63318, 8, 96, 26, 142416, 76264, 933, 74352, 164, 1184, 5372, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Necker cube	Cube de Necker	The Necker cube is an optical illusion first published as a rhomboid in 1832 by Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Necker. It is a simple wire-frame drawing of a cube with no visual cues as to its orientation, so it can be interpreted to have either the lower-left or the upper-right square as its front side.	Le cube de Necker est une illusion d'optique publiée pour la première fois en 1832 par le cristallographe suisse Louis-Albert Necker.	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Impossible object	Objet impossible	An impossible object (also known as an impossible figure or an undecidable figure) is a type of optical illusion. It consists of a two-dimensional figure which is instantly and subconsciously interpreted by the visual system as representing a projection of a three-dimensional object.	Un objet impossible est la représentation d'une construction fictive d'un objet contraire aux lois physiques connues de la nature. L'objet impossible illustre un problème de topologie mathématique entre la dimension de la représentation (dessin dans le plan ou espace en deux dimensions) et celle de l'objet fictif (dans l'espace en trois dimensions).	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M. C. Escher	Maurits Cornelis Escher	Maurits Cornelis Escher (; 17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for long somewhat neglected in the art world, even in his native Netherlands. He was 70 before a retrospective exhibition was held. In the twenty-first century, he became more widely appreciated, with exhibitions across the world.	Maurits Cornelis Escher, né à Leeuwarden le et mort à Laren le, plus couramment nommé M. C. Escher, est un artiste néerlandais, connu pour ses gravures sur bois, manières noires et lithographies souvent inspirées des mathématiques. Au cours de sa vie, il a réalisé, et plus de et esquisses. Il a également illustré des livres, des tapisseries, des timbres et des œuvres murales.	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Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres	Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres	Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (, ; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Ingres was profoundly influenced by past artistic traditions and aspired to become the guardian of academic orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style. Although he considered himself a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, it is his portraits, both painted and drawn, that are recognized as his greatest legacy. His expressive distortions of form and space made him an important precursor of modern art, influencing Picasso, Matisse and other modernists.	Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) est un peintre français. Après un premier apprentissage à Montauban, sa ville natale, il devient à Paris élève de Jacques-Louis David. Prix de Rome en 1801, il ne se rend en Italie qu'en 1806, et y reste jusqu'en 1824. De retour à Paris, il connaît la reconnaissance officielle, apparaissant comme le champion de la doctrine du beau et de la primauté du dessin sur la couleur, en opposition successive aux courants romantiques et réalistes. Nommé directeur de l'Académie de France à Rome, il y retourne de 1835 à 1842.	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Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey	Abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel	The Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey is an abbey located within the city and island of Mont-Saint-Michel in Lower Normandy, in the department of Manche.	L’abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel est une abbaye, anciennement bénédictine et désormais confiée aux Fraternités monastiques de Jérusalem. Classée monument historique, elle est située sur l'îlot du mont Saint-Michel, qui se trouve lui-même sur le territoire de la commune française nommée Le Mont-Saint-Michel, dans le département de la Manche en région de Normandie.	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Jainism	Jaïnisme	Jainism (), traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion. Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a word derived from the Sanskrit word "jina", meaning "victor". Jains trace their spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or "tirthankaras", with the first being Rishabhanatha, who according to Jain tradition lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third "tirthankara" Parshvanatha in 900 BCE, and the twenty-fourth "tirthankara" the Mahāvīra around 500 BCE. Jains believe that Jainism is an eternal "dharma" with the "tirthankaras" guiding every cycle of the Jain cosmology. Their canonical religious texts are called "Agamas" and "Paramagamas".	Le jaïnisme ou jinisme (du sanskrit :, IAST : de ', « vainqueur » et'« doctrine ») est une religion qui aurait probablement commencé à apparaître vers le ou. Le jaïnisme ou dharma jaïn compte près de dix millions de fidèles dans le monde, ascètes et laïcs confondus, en majorité en Inde ( en Europe et aux États-Unis).	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Grid illusion	Grille d'Hermann	A grid illusion is any kind of grid that deceives a person's vision. The two most common types of grid illusions are the Hermann grid illusion and the scintillating grid illusion.	La grille d'Hermann a été découverte il y a plus de 100 ans. Cette illusion d'optique nous fait croire à des taches grises entre les carrés noirs (ou blancs sur fond noir). Ce phénomène est désormais un classique.	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Unobtainium	Unobtainium	In fiction, engineering, and thought experiments, unobtainium is any hypothetical, fictional, extremely rare, costly, or impossible material. Less commonly, it can refer to a device with desirable engineering properties for an application, but which are difficult or impossible to achieve. The properties of any particular unobtainium depend on the intended use. For example, a pulley made of unobtainium might be massless and frictionless; however, if used in a nuclear rocket, unobtainium might be light, strong at high temperatures, and resistant to radiation damage. The concept of unobtainium is often applied hand-waving, flippantly or humorously.	Unobtainium est un terme utilisé pour décrire tout matériau fictif ayant des propriétés physiques impossibles pour tout matériau réel. De tels matériaux apparaissent souvent dans des récits de science-fiction.	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Deponent verb	Verbe déponent	In linguistics, a deponent verb is a verb that is active in meaning but takes its form from a different voice, most commonly the middle or passive. A deponent verb has no active forms.	On nomme en grammaire latine verbe déponent un verbe qui ne se conjugue qu'au passif, mais qui a un sens actif. Le terme provient du latin "deponens" « qui abandonne (les autres voix) ».	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Müller-Lyer illusion	Illusion de Müller-Lyer	The Müller-Lyer illusion is an optical illusion consisting of three stylized arrows. When viewers are asked to place a mark on the figure at the midpoint, they invariably place it more towards the "tail" end. The illusion was devised by Franz Carl Müller-Lyer (1857–1916), a German sociologist, in 1889.	L’illusion de Müller-Lyer ou illusion de Brentano est une illusion d'optique perceptive distordante qui se résume à un dessin linéaire en flèche : un segment terminé, d'un côté (la « pointe »), par deux courts segments obliques symétriques par rapport au premier. Un sujet à qui l'expérimentateur demande de placer une marque au milieu de la figure la pose invariablement plus loin de la pointe que le milieu repéré avec des instruments.	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Optical illusion	Illusion d'optique	An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by a visual percept that arguably appears to differ from reality. Illusions come in a wide variety; their categorization is difficult because the underlying cause is often not clear but a classification proposed by Richard Gregory is useful as an orientation. According to that, there are three main classes: physical, physiological, and cognitive illusions, and in each class there are four kinds: Ambiguities, distortions, paradoxes, and fictions. A classical example for a physical distortion would be the apparent bending of a stick half immerged in water; an example for a physiological paradox is the motion aftereffect (where, despite movement, position remains unchanged). An example for a physiological fiction is an afterimage. Three typical cognitive distortions are the Ponzo, Poggendorff, and Müller-Lyer illusion. Physical illusions are caused by the physical environment, e.g. by the optical properties of water. Physiological illusions arise in the eye or the visual pathway, e.g. from the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific receptor type. Cognitive visual illusions are the result of unconscious inferences and are perhaps those most widely known.	On appelle illusion d'optique une perception visuelle qui s'oppose à l'expérience de la réalité qu'on peut avoir par ailleurs. Les illusions d'optique surviennent naturellement ou sont créées délibérément par des dispositifs qui utilisent certains principes de fonctionnement du système visuel humain. Dans le spectacle, les illusionnistes en tirent parti ; ces perceptions sont aussi les expériences dont les neurosciences disposent pour expliquer la vision.	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Montauban	Montauban	Montauban (, ; ) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies north of Toulouse. Montauban is the most populated town in Tarn-et-Garonne, and the sixth most populated of Occitanie behind Toulouse, Montpellier, Nîmes, Perpignan and Béziers. In 2013, there were 57,921 inhabitants, called "Montalbanais". The town has been classified "Ville d’art et d’histoire" (City of art and history) since 2015.	Montauban est une commune française du Quercy, chef-lieu du département de Tarn-et-Garonne en région Occitanie. Montauban est la commune la plus peuplée du département de Tarn-et-Garonne et la sixième plus peuplée d'Occitanie. En 2016 la commune compte, appelés les "Montalbanais".	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Mortain	Mortain	Mortain is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Mortain-Bocage.	Mortain est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Mortain-Bocage.	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Ames room	Chambre d'Ames	An Ames room is a distorted room that creates an optical illusion. Likely influenced by the writings of Hermann Helmholtz, it was invented by American scientist Adelbert Ames, Jr. in 1946, and constructed in the following year.	La chambre d'Ames fut construite par l'ophtalmologiste américain en 1946. Il se basa, pour cette construction, sur un concept d'Hermann von Helmholtz à la fin du. Elle est le fruit de l'association de deux illusions.	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Émile Basly	Émile Basly	Émile Basly (29 March 1854 – 11 February 1928) is one of the great figures of trade unionism in mining in the mineral field of Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France, along with Arthur Lamendin. He is primarily known for his participation in the strike of 1884, when he became known as "the untameable miner" and "the tsar of Lens". He was the inspiration for the character "Etienne Lantier" in Émile Zola's novel "Germinal".	Émile Basly, né le à Valenciennes, et mort le à Lens, à l'âge de 74 ans, est un syndicaliste et homme politique français. Une des grandes figures du syndicalisme dont il est l'animateur et le pilier pendant vingt ans dans le bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, avec Arthur Lamendin, il fait ensuite une carrière politique à Lens, où son nom est indissociable de la ville, et passe à la postérité pour avoir inspiré à Émile Zola le personnage d'Étienne Lantier dans "Germinal".	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Réthoville	Réthoville	Réthoville is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vicq-sur-Mer. Its population was 127 in 2012.	Réthoville est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, peuplée de habitants Devenue commune déléguée au sein de Vicq-sur-Mer depuis le, le statut de commune déléguée est supprimée en mars 2020 par décision du conseil municipal.	[ 250004, 250054, 360, 1324, 70, 43904, 509, 58033, 160641, 4, 136, 70, 43904, 168, 7, 2481, 509, 4669, 3395, 117, 1785, 5, 581, 127501, 36356, 34695, 111, 18436, 24948, 10745, 23, 1532, 509, 8983, 33297, 117776, 136, 7621, 33297, 11280, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 8272, 136, 2021, 2685, 509, 142, 83080, 127319, 34515, 111, 6626, 5, 581, 83080, 47219, 34515, 20271, 450, 5701, 1733, 509, 1672, 1632, 47219, 117, 6602, 5, 8622, 3542, 729, 127319, 136, 427, 47219, 7, 17721, 11704, 136, 55482, 17721, 24427, 136, 11704, 2685, 509, 616, 127319, 7, 4, 678, 611, 47219, 7, 5, 8622, 3542, 427, 47219, 7, 136, 1632, 127319, 17721, 29172, 136, 24427, 5, 132556, 127319, 7, 136, 136659, 47219, 7, 34739, 3687, 17721, 28015, 136, 26527, 5, 581, 16128, 111, 18436, 24948, 10745, 83, 1031, 11548, 1785, 5, 581, 83080, 144, 35810, 83, 1105, 11903, 9677, 30508, 5, 581, 21, 35810, 111, 70, 45556, 83, 7218, 5, 194148, 79385, 7, 47, 70, 23924, 678, 10, 152050, 13, 111, 615, 129971, 79385, 7, 47, 70, 10542, 5, 717, 70, 23924, 111, 18436, 24948, 10745, 83, 70, 14941, 55969, 4, 47, 70, 127067, 83, 70, 45556, 3323, 796, 10745, 5, 717, 70, 24453, 111, 18436, 24948, 10745, 83, 70, 36770, 45556, 177420, 2186, 9, 7102, 9, 30248, 136, 47, 70, 10542, 83, 70, 36770, 45556, 111, 1311, 30590, 10745, 5, 360, 70, 41710, 21775, 18436, 24948, 10745, 1556, 142, 83080, 11192, 111, 1672, 382, 16207, 441, 136, 142, 83080, 27226, 111, 1672, 201, 16207, 441, 5, 581, 31576, 21775, 765, 142, 83080, 11192, 111, 1672, 427, 16207, 441, 678, 10, 27226, 111, 361, 16207, 441, 5, 581, 51065, 21775, 765, 142, 83080, 11192, 111, 953, 16207, 441, 136, 142, 83080, 27226, 111, 702, 16207, 441, 5, 581, 6817, 21775, 765, 10, 11192, 111, 423, 16207, 441, 136, 142, 83080, 27226, 111, 209, 16207, 441, 5, 581, 6602, 538, 102044, 6817, 111, 18436, 24948, 10745, 83, 1672, 6, 123141, 2866, 5, 581, 176735, 102044, 6817, 83080, 7, 1672, 4039, 2866, 5, 581, 41710, 21775, 765, 142, 83080, 111, 190, 143161, 2866, 111, 102044, 6817, 5, 581, 31576, 21775, 765, 142, 83080, 102044, 6817, 111, 1672, 12498, 304, 2866, 5, 581, 51065, 21775, 765, 142, 83080, 102044, 6817, 111, 1672, 7245, 1019, 2866, 5, 581, 6817, 21775, 765, 142, 83080, 102044, 6817, 111, 1672, 201, 158296, 2866, 5, 581, 15333, 111, 18436, 24948, 10745, 100, 70, 37195, 9, 46799, 13579, 111, 2021, 47, 1049, 83, 16162, 9, 193206, 24917, 12631, 5, 45709, 2397, 8, 24479, 136210, 583, 893, 543, 927, 142642, 7401, 48137, 450, 509, 59038, 71, 23, 8272, 390, 70, 6, 166697, 11, 76659, 8, 6, 166697, 90, 115, 31186, 19, 8, 12190, 9, 196243, 9, 647, 8773, 184, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 18436, 24948, 10745, 437, 773, 184280, 45556, 72358, 4, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 8, 21, 185162, 22, 38038, 209469, 13, 4, 6253, 152863, 13, 8, 111123, 262, 68334, 45556, 104, 50763, 87361, 13, 531, 2988, 8, 49643, 864, 9, 7102, 9, 30248, 13106, 95, 4, 95, 44830, 8, 45556, 104, 50763, 87361, 13, 437, 15811, 35188, 4170, 22, 10283, 11075, 366, 71746, 115, 59978, 14834, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Jehovah's Witnesses	Témoins de Jéhovah	Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.68 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, United States, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.	Les Témoins de Jéhovah forment un mouvement pré-millénariste et restaurationniste se réclamant du christianisme. Ils sont issus d'un groupe né aux États-Unis dans les années 1870, connu sous le nom d'Étudiants de la Bible.	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Friedrich Wöhler	Friedrich Wöhler	Friedrich Wöhler () FRS(For) HFRSE (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a German chemist, known for his work in inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form. He was the first to prepare several inorganic compounds including silane and silicon nitride.	Friedrich Wöhler, né le à Eschersheim, qui fait aujourd'hui partie de Francfort-sur-le-Main et mort le à Göttingen, est un chimiste allemand.	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Pessac	Pessac	Pessac () is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is a member of the metropolis of Bordeaux, being the second-largest suburb of Bordeaux and located just southwest of it. Pessac is also home to the Montesquieu University, the Bordeaux Montaigne University, and the Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux.	Pessac est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France, située en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, dans le département de la Gironde. La commune est renommée pour ses vins de l'AOC pessac-léognan qui sont internationalement réputés.	[ 250004, 250054, 1460, 1192, 238, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 127067, 111, 70, 164298, 23205, 16128, 136, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 164298, 4, 10656, 6620, 4, 22453, 124222, 4, 2041, 733, 2864, 4, 313, 79564, 4, 12190, 9, 11670, 66, 9, 71, 25, 24687, 28549, 136, 67044, 14, 139930, 5, 581, 171827, 2831, 111, 70, 45556, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 49653, 8, 164298, 5, 241, 147, 538, 23, 6661, 5550, 1995, 15, 97866, 13, 1039, 27712, 247, 70, 59444, 509, 70, 28302, 111, 10, 2799, 186514, 133, 71924, 1830, 98, 70, 809, 2852, 37457, 111, 1446, 55101, 191, 5, 65056, 60013, 64370, 126663, 7, 4, 1632, 111, 136565, 4, 48861, 8446, 402, 1674, 4, 509, 959, 14373, 21567, 3542, 54940, 70, 144281, 90, 1295, 70, 116338, 101085, 23, 7270, 4, 3542, 152388, 23, 70, 486, 840, 18, 40, 7612, 2408, 390, 79063, 1314, 111, 70, 198387, 47806, 5, 3293, 7225, 4, 18507, 47314, 44, 237051, 207068, 58, 100, 2358, 5369, 4, 1556, 78684, 2809, 122273, 297, 390, 70, 4816, 19, 21763, 53, 8302, 8876, 23, 70, 32692, 41260, 1172, 19211, 399, 5, 799, 6958, 3422, 44462, 7, 111, 1460, 1192, 238, 152, 135016, 3674, 98, 70, 1460, 1192, 238, 9, 866, 446, 1663, 4458, 77861, 1363, 4, 2685, 621, 40368, 108069, 10484, 4, 26719, 70, 102211, 525, 111, 70, 164298, 108069, 10776, 7, 4, 212282, 42522, 9, 104207, 191, 5, 667, 24908, 390, 636, 5631, 4223, 6815, 23, 70777, 4, 70, 103724, 83, 142, 195935, 185517, 100, 133325, 5, 3293, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 729, 107653, 82451, 43240, 111, 636, 5631, 4223, 6815, 145870, 237, 46015, 604, 14, 16852, 16792, 6360, 48772, 56, 88303, 23, 70, 33418, 7, 678, 10, 70634, 26349, 6, 159958, 5, 483, 226807, 7, 423, 22453, 13, 115215, 190, 102256, 115215, 138, 19694, 115215, 1460, 1192, 238, 1556, 10, 6, 68823, 7514, 29398, 98, 70, 65272, 99091, 13315, 1295, 164298, 4, 6389, 13, 8, 1460, 1192, 238, 5, 1460, 1192, 238, 83, 2843, 149976, 390, 70, 27081, 6181, 33120, 111, 70, 164298, 1377, 38869, 1991, 2320, 4, 20913, 7, 164298, 39447, 2955, 37035, 15, 28941, 594, 194, 1460, 1192, 238, 83, 105866, 98, 13315, 335, 111, 70, 4937, 39, 7514, 8, 164298, 5, 1460, 1192, 238, 83, 138241, 14534, 678, 12, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 1460, 1192, 238, 437, 773, 45556, 115, 15334, 9, 219975, 8, 21, 9942, 4, 165067, 22, 38038, 205297, 9, 284, 83150, 1212, 4, 807, 95, 123708, 8, 21, 112923, 1067, 5, 239, 45556, 437, 102545, 10528, 13, 578, 3401, 3862, 7, 8, 96, 25, 284, 29065, 280, 1192, 238, 9, 3703, 1663, 4458, 569, 2045, 29208, 674, 66686, 76659, 7, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Symmetric matrix	Matrice symétrique	In linear algebra, a symmetric matrix is a square matrix that is equal to its transpose. Formally, Because equal matrices have equal dimensions, only square matrices can be symmetric.	En algèbre linéaire et bilinéaire, une matrice symétrique est une matrice carrée qui est égale à sa propre transposée, c'est-à-dire telle que "a = a" pour tous "i" et "j" compris entre 1 et "n", où les "a" sont les coefficients de la matrice et "n" est son ordre.	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Wilhelmus	Wilhelmus van Nassouwe	"Wilhelmus van Nassouwe", usually known just as "Wilhelmus" (; ; English translation: "The William"), is the national anthem of the Netherlands. It dates back to at least 1572, making it the national anthem with the oldest music. Although the "Wilhelmus" was not recognized as the official national anthem until 1932, it has always been popular with parts of the Dutch population and resurfaced on several occasions in the course of Dutch history before gaining its present status. It was also the anthem of the Netherlands Antilles from 1954 to 1964.	Le (littéralement "Guillaume de Nassau" en néerlandais) est l'hymne national et royal des Pays-Bas. Chanté depuis 1574, il est considéré comme l'un des chants populaires les plus anciens au monde, bien que le texte de l'hymne national japonais soit plus ancien encore.	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Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle	Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle	Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (), sometimes spelled de l'Isle or de Lile (10 May 1760 – 26 June 1836), was a French army officer of the French Revolutionary Wars. He is known for writing the words and music of the "Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin" in 1792, which would later be known as "La Marseillaise" and become the French national anthem.	Claude Joseph Rouget dit de Lisle, souvent appelé Rouget de l'Isle, est un officier français du génie militaire, poète et auteur dramatique, né le à Lons-le-Saunier, et mort le à Choisy-le-Roi. Il est l'auteur de "La Marseillaise" et d'autres hymnes moins connus tels que l"'Hymne Dithyrambique sur la conjuration de Robespierre et la Révolution du 9 Thermidor" (1794) et "Vive le Roi!" (1814).	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Lyceum (Classical)	Lycée (école philosophique)	The Lyceum () or Lycaeum was a temple dedicated to Apollo Lyceus ("Apollo the wolf-god"). It was best known for the Peripatetic school of philosophy founded there by Aristotle in 334 BC. Aristotle fled Athens in 323 BC, but the school continued to function under a series of leaders until the Roman general Sulla destroyed it during his assault on Athens in 86 BC.	Le Lycée (en grec ancien / ) est l'école philosophique fondée par Aristote à Athènes. On la désigne communément sous le nom d'école péripatéticienne parce que cette école possédait une galerie couverte ou un promenoir planté d’arbres appelé en grec ancien, /, « promenade ». Les disciples d'Aristote furent appelés /, « ceux qui se promènent près du Lycée », d'où leur nom de péripatéticiens en français.<br> L'école a été fondée par Aristote en 335 av. J.-C. et ses activités ont pris fin avec Andronicos de Rhodes en 47 av. J.-C. Mais dès 86 av. J.-C., le Lycée est détruit dans l’assaut mené par les troupes romaines de Sylla, au cours du siège contre Athènes, et la bibliothèque d’Aristote est emportée à Rome.	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Blowing horn	Corne (musique)	The blowing horn or winding horn is a sound device that is usually made of or shaped like an animal horn, arranged to blow from a hole in the pointed end of it. This rudimentary device had a variety of functions in many cultures, in most cases reducing its scope to exhibiting, celebratory or group identification purposes (signal instrument). On the other hand, it has kept its function and profile in many cattle raising, agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies.	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Richard R. Ernst	Richard R. Ernst	Richard Robert Ernst (born 14 August 1933) is a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel Laureate. Ernst was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his contributions towards the development of Fourier transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while at Varian Associates, Palo Alto and the subsequent development of multi-dimensional NMR techniques. These underpin applications to both to chemistry with NMR spectroscopy and to medicine with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).	Richard Robert Ernst, né le à Winterthour, en Suisse, est un chimiste suisse. Il a reçu le prix Nobel de chimie de 1991.	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Touch guitar	Touch guitar	The touch guitar is a stringed instrument of the guitar family which has been designed to use a fretboard-tapping playing style. Touch guitars are meant to be touched or tapped, not strummed.	La touch guitar, parfois nommée touchguitare en français, est un instrument à cordes frappées. C'est un dérivé de la guitare apparu à l'époque des premiers amplificateurs microphoniques.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 23996, 707, 308, 26783, 61353, 509, 23113, 538, 27044, 47314, 390, 15672, 101275, 1419, 41994, 6224, 4002, 1515, 23, 1919, 50940, 55300, 12877, 35839, 70, 44, 24687, 68567, 3674, 56811, 12353, 740, 4002, 1515, 22299, 297, 39580, 2037, 51517, 20904, 262, 7614, 15882, 678, 5117, 106804, 214, 70, 38516, 100, 23996, 9, 40946, 75169, 5, 4002, 1515, 66570, 57119, 3674, 678, 10255, 66489, 209048, 7, 98, 10, 101275, 135137, 39580, 2037, 4331, 100, 70, 56811, 12353, 15, 143321, 51158, 70, 4950, 7, 136, 106453, 1459, 140992, 47, 6626, 84797, 70827, 74332, 7, 247, 1284, 70, 23755, 509, 959, 60091, 538, 65771, 5, 992, 5062, 4002, 1515, 26, 7, 51515, 4, 3129, 509, 47, 11301, 98, 10, 11001, 9, 86, 76622, 13984, 4, 101275, 1419, 136, 40971, 88394, 103383, 667, 38644, 82775, 4, 88303, 4, 136, 33407, 297, 15, 73, 40418, 16, 70, 5117, 41929, 9, 86, 76622, 4, 10336, 9393, 4, 23996, 9, 102, 26783, 13984, 35839, 70, 65453, 5267, 238, 867, 5, 51404, 15044, 101275, 7, 6, 212423, 10, 6626, 9, 12336, 297, 308, 26783, 20489, 45602, 4, 4002, 1515, 11814, 10, 11001, 9, 86, 76622, 13984, 12960, 667, 38644, 11814, 1919, 41929, 9, 86, 76622, 65453, 5267, 238, 867, 101275, 5, 4002, 1515, 25, 7, 308, 26783, 61353, 831, 186, 49782, 98, 10, 41722, 17164, 5, 360, 23936, 4, 667, 38644, 5117, 106804, 297, 1919, 41929, 9, 86, 76622, 13984, 100, 70, 195997, 199716, 3378, 73962, 4, 136, 7068, 98, 70, 15889, 538, 226347, 113976, 7639, 62468, 66874, 98830, 7039, 5, 18763, 4331, 7, 20654, 37838, 12441, 47, 1919, 41929, 9, 86, 76622, 23996, 101275, 23, 26527, 5, 64511, 4331, 7, 134629, 5, 2022, 4021, 2856, 509, 70, 11001, 9, 86, 2594, 85853, 669, 111618, 15, 229815, 297, 390, 169938, 3062, 85853, 669, 23, 19340, 136, 181653, 23, 27898, 247, 70, 11001, 9, 86, 2594, 5550, 42, 209048, 15, 13448, 271, 181653, 23, 12898, 16, 136, 70, 11001, 9, 86, 2594, 134820, 223, 26842, 867, 5, 64511, 23996, 101275, 7, 765, 99201, 70, 6678, 1151, 4, 164460, 24303, 20402, 7, 25, 7, 87758, 9, 86, 76622, 1843, 284, 4878, 15, 4453, 33, 3674, 23, 15643, 136, 181653, 20271, 70, 39395, 15643, 7, 247, 136, 110224, 5906, 45740, 25, 7, 4804, 2661, 63473, 7, 5, 6035, 133, 4937, 1824, 46505, 25958, 11814, 10, 308, 26783, 20623, 98, 1919, 11001, 9, 86, 2594, 4, 6, 85684, 4806, 101275, 4, 237, 6777, 73969, 81775, 2594, 4, 14787, 3000, 43816, 7, 4, 71876, 53, 20644, 1428, 136, 194092, 1572, 112035, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 5369, 765, 51592, 192429, 3000, 4772, 33, 4, 138109, 44532, 4, 41550, 9079, 4, 101681, 54953, 4293, 4, 136, 111246, 853, 25208, 756, 60213, 70, 4527, 111, 308, 26783, 53088, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 239, 23996, 101275, 4, 58472, 110, 2276, 4170, 23996, 17086, 7696, 22, 43054, 4, 437, 51, 13984, 253, 132449, 7, 588, 6366, 8493, 5, 313, 25, 525, 51, 3402, 416, 5057, 8, 21, 101275, 13, 20939, 34, 253, 96, 25, 89780, 224, 111186, 218955, 16034, 11948, 75189, 19640, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Horn (anatomy)	Corne (biologie)	A horn is a permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals that consists of a covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone. Horns are distinct from antlers, which are not permanent. In mammals, true horns are found mainly among the ruminant artiodactyls, in the families Antilocapridae (pronghorn) and Bovidae (cattle, goats, antelope etc.). Cattle horns arise from subcutaneous connective tissue (under the scalp) and later is fused to the underlying frontal bone.	La corne animale est une extrémité protubérante chez certains animaux. Elle peut être formée de kératine seule (cas des rhinocérotidés) ou d'une base osseuse recouverte de kératine (cas des bovinés, caprinés). Les cornes ne doivent pas être confondues avec les bois de cervidés (organe osseux).	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Romanization	Romanisation (écriture)	Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into "phonemic transcription", which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict "phonetic transcription", which records speech sounds with precision.	La romanisation (ou latinisation) est la transcription ou la translittération d'une écriture non latine vers une écriture latine. La romanisation de la langue chinoise désigne en même temps cette transcription et le projet ambitieux de moderniser la langue en l'écrivant avec l'alphabet latin, sous l'égide de la République de Chine puis de la République populaire de Chine.	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Institutional Revolutionary Party	Parti révolutionnaire institutionnel	The Institutional Revolutionary Party (, PRI) is a Mexican political party founded in 1929 that held uninterrupted power in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000, first as the National Revolutionary Party (, PNR), then as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (, PRM) and finally as the PRI beginning in 1946.	Le Parti révolutionnaire institutionnel ou PRI (en espagnol ) est une des principales forces politiques du Mexique. Il est né en 1929 sous l'impulsion du général Calles. Il est membre de l'Internationale socialiste et membre fondateur de la COPPPAL.	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Great Barrier Reef	Grande Barrière	The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over over an area of approximately. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland.	Les récifs de la Grande Barrière (en ), appelés aussi Grande Barrière de Corail, constituent le plus grand récif corallien du monde. L'ensemble, qui s'étire sur plus de depuis Bundaberg jusqu'à la pointe de la péninsule du cap York, couvre une superficie de.	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Gadzarts	Gadzarts	Gadz'Arts or Gadzarts is the nickname given to the students and the alumni of Arts et Métiers ParisTech (formerly École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers - ENSAM), a prestigious university (grande ecole) specialised in engineering.	Le terme gadzarts, parfois orthographié « Gadz'Arts », désigne les élèves et les Ingénieurs issus de l'« École nationale supérieure d'Arts et Métiers » (ENSAM) ou Arts et Métiers ParisTech. Il s'agit d'une contraction de « Gars des Arts » : « Les Arts » ou « les Arts et Métiers » étant le diminutif habituellement donné à l'École.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 99047, 169, 25, 23825, 7, 26908, 83, 79961, 111, 6863, 142, 45964, 40250, 7, 3129, 621, 35509, 98, 70, 142424, 111, 199849, 36442, 136, 135488, 19, 2481, 237, 5299, 237, 98, 70, 30202, 98323, 111, 183851, 10, 21986, 246, 1636, 136, 52336, 162711, 47, 70, 32692, 111, 70, 10696, 5, 581, 99047, 169, 25, 23825, 7, 4527, 10, 5361, 166944, 4, 35839, 1172, 15575, 25, 169, 3129, 83, 20653, 10, 17664, 111, 92265, 166944, 136, 116338, 46876, 4, 17664, 297, 678, 67842, 4000, 220734, 7, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 34153, 621, 27983, 16610, 33, 297, 136, 7068, 2046, 10, 2704, 94, 91, 340, 707, 94, 97, 340, 45730, 136, 621, 183114, 297, 678, 70, 954, 1165, 2661, 94, 80, 340, 5, 581, 190219, 1294, 83, 10861, 297, 54940, 70, 12921, 90356, 7, 111, 70, 10696, 5, 581, 5551, 669, 16070, 11814, 83, 137567, 16940, 221, 390, 3535, 23, 159960, 1771, 11782, 14, 41382, 53, 9, 40946, 120820, 100, 5526, 46505, 7, 5, 581, 99047, 169, 25, 23825, 7, 25, 146631, 83, 7868, 22766, 2481, 12, 4865, 621, 6097, 24092, 7, 100, 110, 2721, 25, 939, 3688, 100, 32, 581, 481, 98320, 24682, 2109, 53418, 48, 13894, 133, 1821, 5, 11853, 4, 113138, 4, 36373, 2481, 8360, 5908, 4, 25074, 219475, 7, 4, 70, 13, 8110, 756, 117, 4745, 5, 102517, 4, 2633, 1821, 90365, 903, 221791, 642, 28780, 19, 4, 1301, 1221, 3714, 5299, 450, 99, 70, 19188, 111, 64624, 4, 44, 108386, 22766, 2481, 830, 6044, 47143, 7, 2446, 390, 47416, 4, 62771, 442, 47143, 7, 100, 11907, 29568, 99047, 169, 25, 23825, 7, 5, 19188, 61112, 621, 24, 4806, 7103, 12, 1326, 110527, 4, 25921, 2750, 30957, 297, 70, 10696, 23, 10586, 4, 23, 140077, 299, 621, 32786, 111, 70, 140077, 299, 10586, 707, 313, 141, 129098, 18507, 5, 129098, 83, 11814, 64457, 111, 14819, 47, 6392, 6332, 16407, 67, 1295, 70, 117430, 18507, 5, 8622, 765, 959, 2809, 2499, 61112, 1295, 70, 7270, 11698, 16792, 70, 72399, 27712, 7, 5, 35014, 90, 56104, 28282, 142, 125413, 47, 131168, 70, 25921, 3229, 1836, 31358, 10696, 5, 31384, 61112, 2843, 55076, 142, 125413, 9351, 450, 129927, 7, 1295, 2363, 115723, 4331, 2320, 5, 201106, 4, 756, 70, 61112, 111, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 23, 756, 70880, 4, 621, 34475, 10, 36998, 9351, 390, 70, 127927, 93, 67081, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 70, 24427, 61112, 765, 2809, 34475, 70, 9351, 44, 193206, 8901, 74549, 740, 717, 1957, 70, 5303, 111, 70, 170277, 99047, 6383, 933, 1957, 152, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 24117, 914, 8243, 67987, 4, 58472, 707, 24948, 41382, 14, 446, 94, 99047, 169, 25, 23825, 7, 340, 4, 54238, 40255, 199, 90186, 82, 199, 360, 46643, 14, 17706, 83, 7921, 8, 96, 25, 4754, 3050, 46813, 40567, 94326, 13, 104, 25, 23825, 7, 82, 39447, 118, 1314, 340, 15, 42603, 8922, 16, 628, 64624, 82, 39447, 118, 1314, 7270, 43721, 5, 891, 91, 25, 30235, 104, 25, 1811, 158, 117474, 8, 94, 6389, 7, 224, 64624, 340, 152, 94, 1734, 64624, 340, 628, 94, 199, 64624, 82, 39447, 118, 1314, 340, 72005, 95, 45, 67403, 3190, 65501, 84319, 50222, 253, 96, 25, 6642, 46813, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
William Howard Taft	William Howard Taft	William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for re-election by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position in which he served until a month before his death.	William Howard Taft, né le à Cincinnati (Ohio) et mort le à Washington (district de Columbia), est un homme d'État américain, vingt-septième président des États-Unis en fonction de 1909 à 1913 puis dixième président de la Cour suprême des États-Unis de 1921 à 1930.	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Shoot 'em up	Shoot 'em up	Shoot 'em up (also known as shmup or STG) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre. There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up. Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives.	Un (aussi écrit ou contracté en shmup ; littéralement « abattez-les tous ») est un genre de jeu vidéo dérivé du jeu d'action dans lequel le joueur dirige un véhicule ou un personnage devant détruire un grand nombre d'ennemis à l'aide d'armes de plus en plus puissantes, au fur et à mesure des niveaux, tout en esquivant les projectiles adverses pour rester en vie.	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Ardhanarishvara	Ardhanarishvara	The Ardhanarishvara (, ) is a composite androgynous form of the Hindu deities Shiva and Parvati (the latter being known as Devi, Shakti and Uma in this icon). Ardhanarishvara is depicted as half-male and half-female, equally split down the middle. The right half is usually the male Shiva, illustrating his traditional attributes.	Ardhanarishvara (sanskrit IAST : "ardhanārīśvara" ; le ) : est dans l'hindouisme, une épithète de Shiva représenté sous la forme androgyne ("ardhanaru") : Shiva du côté droit et Parvati du côté gauche d'un même corps. Cette image symbolise l'ambivalence de la nature divine, féminine et masculine à la fois, ni homme ni femme, car à l'origine de toute chose, transcendant les distinctions de genre.	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Helmholtz free energy	Énergie libre	In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume (isothermal, isochoric). The negative of the change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process in which volume is held constant. If the volume were not held constant, part of this work would be performed as boundary work. This makes the Helmholtz energy useful for systems held at constant volume. Furthermore, at constant temperature, the Helmholtz free energy is minimized at equilibrium.	L'énergie libre formula_1 (appelée aussi énergie de Helmholtz) est, en thermodynamique, une fonction d'état extensive dont la variation permet d'obtenir le travail utile susceptible d'être fourni par un système thermodynamique fermé, à température constante, au cours d'une transformation réversible. En anglais, cette grandeur est appelée énergie libre de Helmholtz et est généralement représentée par la lettre formula_2 dans les équations.	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Taoism	Taoïsme	Taoism (), or Daoism (, ), is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasises living in harmony with the "Tao" (, also romanised as "Dao"). The "Tao" is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasising rigid rituals and social order, but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving "perfection" by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called "the way" or "tao". Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to emphasise "wu wei" (action without intention), "naturalness", simplicity, spontaneity, and the Three Treasures: "compassion", "frugality", and "humility".	Le taoïsme (chinois: 道教, pinyin: "dàojiào", « enseignement de la voie ».) est un des trois piliers de la philosophie chinoise avec le confucianisme et le bouddhisme, et se fonde sur l'existence d'un principe à l’origine de toute chose, appelé « Tao ».	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Semen	Sperme	Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid created to contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize the female ovum. In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa: proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa, and provide a medium through which they can move or "swim". Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle, which is located in the pelvis. The process that results in the discharge of semen is called ejaculation. Semen is also a form of genetic material. In animals, semen has been collected for cryoconservation. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that calls for the collection of genetic material in efforts for conservation of a particular breed.	Le sperme est un liquide biologique expulsé du corps lors de l'éjaculation et contenant les spermatozoïdes. Sécrétés par les organes sexuels mâles, les spermatozoïdes contenus dans le sperme peuvent fertiliser l'ovocyte femelle et ainsi entamer le processus de reproduction.	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Geologic time scale	Échelle des temps géologiques	The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events that once occurred, also allowing them to accurately file the times when different creatures were fossilised, after carbon dating.Earth's history. The table of geologic time spans, presented here, agree with the nomenclature, dates and standard color codes set forth by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).	Une échelle des temps géologiques est un système de classement chronologique utilisé, notamment en géologie, pour dater les événements survenus durant l'histoire de la Terre. Si son origine date du, elle prend une forme de datation précise en 1913, lorsque Arthur Holmes, reconnu aujourd'hui comme le père de l'échelle des temps géologiques, publie la première. Les techniques de datation, la science de la chronostratigraphie ne cessent de s'enrichir ; les échelles doivent ainsi être périodiquement mises à jour, les âges devenant plus précis.	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Dune II	Dune II : La Bataille d'Arrakis	Dune II: The Building of a Dynasty (titled Dune II: Battle for Arrakis in Europe and Dune: The Battle for Arrakis for the North American Mega Drive/Genesis port respectively) is a real-time strategy "Dune" video game developed by Westwood Studios and released by Virgin Games in December 1992. It is based upon David Lynch's 1984 movie "Dune", an adaptation of Frank Herbert's science fiction novel of the same name.	Dune II : La Bataille d'Arrakis ( en version américaine, rebaptisé en Europe) est un jeu vidéo de stratégie en temps réel développé par Westwood Studios et basé sur l'univers de science-fiction du roman "Dune" écrit par Frank Herbert. La version PC du jeu, fonctionnant sous DOS, est publiée en 1992 par Virgin Interactive avant d'être édité sur Amiga et Mega Drive (sous le nom de "Dune : The Battle for Arrakis" pour cette dernière) en 1993 et sur Acorn Archimedes en 1995. Un remake appelé "Dune 2000" et fonctionnant sous Windows est publié en 1998 sur PC avant d'être porté sur PlayStation en 2000. Westwood développe ensuite une suite appelé "" qui est publié le par EA Games.	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Pulp Fiction	Pulp Fiction	Pulp Fiction is a 1994 American independent neo-noir crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, who conceived it with Roger Avary. Starring John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Bruce Willis, Tim Roth, Ving Rhames, and Uma Thurman, it tells several stories of criminal Los Angeles. The title refers to the pulp magazines and hardboiled crime novels popular during the mid-20th century, known for their graphic violence and punchy dialogue.	Il est récompensé par la Palme d'or au Festival de Cannes 1994, ainsi que par l'Oscar du meilleur scénario original l'année suivante, il est un succès aussi bien critique que commercial, établissant ainsi définitivement la réputation de Tarantino. Il est, selon le classement établi en 2007 par l'AFI, le film américain de tous les temps. L'AFI le classe également à la de sa liste des meilleurs films de gangsters. En 2013, le film est sélectionné par le National Film Registry pour être conservé à la Bibliothèque du Congrès pour son.	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Miscegenation	Métis	Miscegenation () is the interbreeding of people who are considered to be of different racial types. This racial mixing requires sexual activity between members of different races, thus producing mixed-race offspring. Opposition to miscegenation, thereby preserving their race's purity and nature, is a typical theme of racial supremacist movements, especially white supremacy.	Le terme métis, au féminin : métisse, du latin :'ou'qui signifie « mélangé »/« mêlé », est employé, dans le langage courant, pour désigner des personnes dont les parents sont des caractéristiques géographiques, culturelles ou phénotypiques différentes. Pour les scientifiques, tous les êtres humains sont le produit d'un mélange génétique de même nature. Comme la « race », le métissage n'est pas une catégorie biologique.	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Menacer	Sega Menacer	The Menacer is a light gun peripheral released by Sega in 1992 for its Sega Genesis and Sega CD video game consoles. It was created in response to Nintendo's Super Scope and as Sega's successor to the Master System Light Phaser. The gun is built from three detachable parts (pistol, shoulder stock, sights), and communicates with the television via an infrared sensor. The Menacer was announced at the May 1992 Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago and was released later that year. The gun was bundled with a pack-in six-game cartridge of mostly shooting gallery games. Sega also released a Menacer bundle with "".	Le Sega Menacer est un pistolet optique pour la console Mega Drive de Sega à l'image du Super Scope de Nintendo. Contrairement au pistolet disponible sur Master System, le Menacer se présente sous la forme d'un pistolet pouvant se transformer en fusil à l'aide d'une crosse mobile. Le Menacer fonctionne grâce à une cellule infrarouge reliée à la Mega Drive via un port manette. Cette cellule est placée sur l'écran de jeu.	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Leonhard Euler	Leonhard Euler	Leonhard Euler ( ; ; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, geographer, logician and engineer who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy and music theory.	Leonhard Euler, né le à Bâle (Suisse) et mort à 76 ans le à Saint-Pétersbourg (Empire russe), est un mathématicien et physicien suisse, qui passa la plus grande partie de sa vie dans l'Empire russe et en Allemagne. Il était notamment membre de l'Académie royale des sciences de Prusse à Berlin.	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Alan Sugar	Alan Sugar	Alan Michael Sugar, Baron Sugar (born 24 March 1947) is a British business magnate, media personality, politician, and political adviser. In 1968, he started what would later become his largest business venture, consumer electronics company Amstrad. In 2007, he sold his remaining interest in the company in a deal to BSkyB for £125m.	Alan Michael Sugar (né le ), baron Sugar, est un homme d'affaires britannique avec une fortune estimée à 830 millions de livres sterling. Il est surtout connu pour avoir créé la société Amstrad (contraction de « Alan Michael Sugar TRADing ») en 1968. Il est marié depuis 1968 à Ann Simons.	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Percussion instrument	Instrument de percussion	A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, following the human voice.	Un instrument de percussion — souvent appelé simplement percussion, au féminin — est un instrument de musique dont l'émission sonore résulte de la frappe ou du grattage d'une membrane ou d'un matériau résonnant. Les instruments de percussion ont probablement constitué les tout premiers instruments de musique et font partie intégrante de la plupart des genres musicaux. On les trouve en effet depuis la musique traditionnelle jusqu'à la musique classique.	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Artois	Artois	Artois (, ; ; English adjective "Artesian") is a region of northern France. Its territory covers an area of about 4,000 km2 and it has a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras (Dutch: "Atrecht"), Saint-Omer, Lens, and Béthune.	L’Artois est un pays traditionnel de France et une province du royaume sous l’Ancien Régime, ayant pour capitale Arras, aujourd’hui inclus dans le département du Pas-de-Calais. Les habitants de l’Artois sont les "Artésiens". Le nom "Artois" demeure aujourd’hui dans le nom de communautés de communes et de pays d’aménagement du territoire.	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Yoni	Yoni	Yoni (; sometimes also ), sometimes referred to as "pindika", is an aniconic representation of the goddess Shakti in Hinduism. It is usually shown with "linga" – its masculine counterpart. Together, they symbolize the merging of microcosmos and macrocosmos, the divine eternal process of creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence. The "yoni" is conceptualized as nature's gateway of all births, particularly in the esoteric Kaula and Tantra practices, as well as the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism.	Le yoni (en sanskrit / (« origine »)), dans l'hindouisme, désigne l'organe génital féminin (matrice ou vulve) ; il est le symbole de l’énergie féminine dénommée shakti. Il est rarement représenté seul. On le représente le plus fréquemment sous la forme d'un plat carré à bec verseur. Néanmoins, il est remarquable que sa représentation soit presque systématiquement associée à celle du sexe de l'homme. Ainsi, dans le culte de Shiva, et afin d'exprimer la complémentarité du yoni et du symbole phallique (lingam), on note la présence d'un anneau qui entoure le fut d'une colonne, ce qui renvoie à la dualité des deux principes primordiaux masculin et féminin (Shiva-Shakti).	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Lingam	Lingam	A lingam (Sanskrit: लिङ्ग, lit. "sign, symbol or mark"), sometimes referred to as "linga" (pronounced as Ling) or "Shiva linga" (pronounced as Shiv Ling), is an abstract or aniconic representation of the Hindu deity Shiva in Shaivism. It is typically the primary murti or cult image in Hindu temples dedicated to Shiva, also found in smaller shrines, or as self-manifested natural objects. The lingam is often represented within a disc-shaped platform. Lingayats wear a lingam inside a necklace, called Ishtalinga.	Le lingam ou linga (en sanskrit, (« signe ») est un objet dressé, souvent d'apparence phallique, représentation classique, dite anicônique, de Shiva en tant que Brahman (« Absolu, Âme universelle »).	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Diagonal matrix	Matrice diagonale	In linear algebra, a diagonal matrix is a matrix in which the entries outside the main diagonal are all zero; the term usually refers to square matrices. An example of a 2-by-2 diagonal matrix is formula_1, while an example of a 3-by-3 diagonal matrix isformula_2. An identity matrix of any size, or any multiple of it (a scalar matrix), is a diagonal matrix.	En algèbre linéaire, une matrice diagonale est une matrice carrée dont les coefficients en dehors de la diagonale principale sont nuls. Les coefficients de la diagonale peuvent être ou ne pas être nuls.	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Bernhard Schmidt	Bernhard Schmidt	Bernhard Woldemar Schmidt (, Nargen – 1 December 1935, Hamburg) was a Baltic German optician. In 1930 he invented the Schmidt telescope which corrected for the optical errors of spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism, making possible for the first time the construction of very large, wide-angled reflective cameras of short exposure time for astronomical research.	Bernhard Schmidt, né le, à Nargen dans le gouvernement d'Estland (Empire russe) et mort le, à Hambourg est un astronome et opticien allemand de la Baltique.	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Yggdrasil	Yggdrasil	Yggdrasil (from Old Norse ) is an immense mythical tree that plays a central role in Norse cosmology, where it connects the Nine Worlds.	Yggdrasil ou Yggdrasill est l'Arbre Monde dans la mythologie nordique. Son nom signifie littéralement « cheval d'Ygg » ou « destrier du Redoutable », le Redoutable ("Ygg") désignant le dieu Odin.	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Werner Heisenberg	Werner Heisenberg	Werner Karl Heisenberg (; ; 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics".	Werner Karl Heisenberg, né le à Wurtzbourg, Empire allemand, mort le à Munich, Allemagne, est un physicien allemand qui est l'un des fondateurs de la mécanique quantique. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1932.	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Agricultural economics	Économie agricole	Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber. Agricultural economics began as a branch of economics that specifically dealt with land usage, it focused on maximizing the crop yield while maintaining a good soil ecosystem. Throughout the 20th century the discipline expanded and the current scope of the discipline is much broader. Agricultural economics today includes a variety of applied areas, having considerable overlap with conventional economics. Agricultural economists have made substantial contributions to research in economics, econometrics, development economics, and environmental economics. Agricultural economics influences food policy, agricultural policy, and environmental policy.	L’économie agricole ou économie rurale est la partie de l’économie ou de la science économique qui concerne l’agriculture. L’économie agricole est donc la direction économique qui gère les différents aspects de l’agriculture et du milieu en général. Cette étude concernant l’utilisation optimale du sol s’avère être en corrélation avec les besoins humains.	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ß	Eszett	In German orthography, the grapheme ß, called'() or'(,, "sharp S"), represents the phoneme in Standard German, specifically when following long vowels and diphthongs, while "ss" is used after short vowels. The name combines the names of the letters of "s" () and "z" () in German. The character's Unicode names in English are sharp s and eszett.	L’ ( : ), noté en minuscule, et en majuscule, est une lettre utilisée uniquement dans la langue allemande et est également appelée (« s pointu »). Elle représente une ligature de utilisée sous certaines conditions. Cette lettre ne doit pas être confondue avec la lettre latine bêta minuscule ni avec la lettre grecque bêta minuscule, auxquels elle ressemble graphiquement, mais avec lesquelles elle n'a aucun lien.	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Diablo (video game)	Diablo (jeu vidéo)	Diablo is an action role-playing hack and slash video game developed by Blizzard North and released by Blizzard Entertainment in January 1997.	Diablo est un jeu vidéo de type "hack 'n' slash" développé par. La version PC fonctionnant sous a été publiée en janvier 1997 en Amérique du Nord et en Europe par et Ubisoft. Une version pour, développée par, et une version sont publiées l'année suivante en mars 1998.	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Baldr	Baldr	Baldr (also Balder, Baldur) is a god in Norse mythology and a son of the god Odin and the goddess Frigg. He has numerous brothers, such as Thor and Váli.	Dans la mythologie nordique, Baldr (vieil islandais : "Baldr", ) est le dieu Ase de la lumière, la beauté, la jeunesse et l'amour. Il est le fils d'Odin et de Frigg. Son épouse est Nanna, et leur fils Forseti. Son domaine est Breidablik, qui est dans les cieux (ou en Suède, selon la "Ynglinga Saga"), dans une contrée d'où le mal est banni. Par jalousie, le dieu Loki cause sa mort. Baldr est alors envoyé dans le monde des morts et Loki est puni pour ses méfaits, car il empêche Baldr de revenir de Hel, précipitant l'arrivée de la bataille prophétique du Ragnarök où la majorité des dieux périront. Néanmoins Baldr en sera épargné et avec quelques autres survivants il prendra part au renouveau.	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Swiss Guard	Garde suisse pontificale	The Pontifical Swiss Guard (also Papal Swiss Guard or simply Swiss Guard; ; ; ; ; ) is a minor armed forces and honour guards unit maintained by the Holy See that protects the Pope and the Apostolic Palace, serving as the "de facto" military of Vatican City. Established in 1506 under Pope Julius II, the Pontifical Swiss Guard is among the oldest military units in continuous operation.	La Garde suisse pontificale (en latin : "Pontificia Cohors Helvetica") est une force militaire chargée de veiller à la sécurité du pape et du Vatican. Elle est la dernière Garde suisse encore existante parmi les détachements de mercenaires suisses qui servaient de garde rapprochée et protocolaire dans différentes cours européennes à partir du. Créée le sur l'ordre du pape Jules II, elle est aujourd'hui l'une des plus petites armées du monde avec 135 militaires, derrière la Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince de Monaco.	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Orthoptera	Orthoptera	Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.	Les orthoptères ou Orthoptera (du grec "orthos", droit, et "ptéron", aile) sont un ordre de la classe des insectes. Ces animaux se caractérisent par des ailes alignées avec le corps. On estime à le nombre d'espèces présentes sur la planète. La grande majorité est phytophage (qui se nourrit de végétaux) bien que plusieurs espèces soient régulièrement prédatrices. Cet ordre est scindé en deux sous-ordres : les ensifères (grillons et sauterelles) et les caelifères (criquets).	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Hymenoptera	Hymenoptera	Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through holometabolism (complete metamorphosis)—that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature.	Les hyménoptères (Hymenoptera) sont un ordre d'insectes, de la sous-classe des ptérygotes, de la section des néoptères et du super-ordre des endoptérygotes.	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Conic section	Conique	In mathematics, a conic section (or simply conic) is a curve obtained as the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane. The three types of conic section are the hyperbola, the parabola, and the ellipse; the circle is a special case of the ellipse, though historically it was sometimes called a fourth type. The ancient Greek mathematicians studied conic sections, culminating around 200 BC with Apollonius of Perga's systematic work on their properties.	En géométrie euclidienne, une conique est une courbe plane algébrique, définie initialement comme l’intersection d'un cône de révolution (supposé prolongé à l’infini de part et d’autre du sommet) avec un plan. Lorsque le plan de coupe ne passe pas par le sommet du cône, la conique est dite "non dégénérée" et réalise l’une des courbes suivantes : ellipse, parabole ou hyperbole, caractérisées par un paramètre réel appelé excentricité.	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Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick	Richard Neville (16e comte de Warwick)	Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (22 November 1428 – 14 April 1471), known as Warwick the Kingmaker, was an English nobleman, administrator, and military commander. The eldest son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, he became Earl of Warwick through marriage, and was the wealthiest and most powerful English peer of his age, with political connections that went beyond the country's borders. One of the leaders in the Wars of the Roses, originally on the Yorkist side but later switching to the Lancastrian side, he was instrumental in the deposition of two kings, which led to his epithet of "Kingmaker".	Richard Neville ( – ), comte de Warwick et comte de Salisbury, est un homme politique et leader anglais. Il est principalement actif durant la guerre des Deux-Roses, et le pouvoir qu'il accumule en passant d'un camp à l'autre durant le conflit, tout comme ses qualités de stratège hors pair, lui valent le surnom de « Warwick le faiseur de rois » (« "" »).	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India ink	Encre de Chine	India ink (British English: Indian Ink; also Chinese ink) is a simple black or coloured ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing and outlining, especially when inking comic books and comic strips. India ink is also used in medical applications.	L'encre de Chine est une encre noire utilisée pour l'écriture, le dessin et la peinture au lavis. Réputée venir d'Orient, Chine ou Inde, elle associe un pigment noir de carbone et un liant aqueux.	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Wood	Bois	Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.	Le bois est un matériau naturel d'origine végétale. Il est constitué par un tissu végétal formant la plus grande partie du tronc des plantes ligneuses. Le bois assure, chez la plante, le rôle de conduction de la sève brute des racines jusqu’aux feuilles et le rôle de soutien mécanique de l'arbre ou de l'arbuste. Il sert aussi parfois de tissu de réserve.	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Alcoholic drink	Boisson alcoolisée	An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains the recreational drug ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. The consumption of alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures. Most countries have laws regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Some countries ban such activities entirely, but alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world. The global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2018.	Une boisson alcoolisée (ou boisson alcoolique), ou un alcool, est une boisson contenant de l'éthanol. Le vin, la bière, les eaux-de-vie, sont des exemples de boissons alcoolisées. Le goût, mais aussi l'effet psychotrope de l'éthanol, peuvent participer à l'appétence pour ce type de boisson et motiver sa consommation. Celle-ci peut également être influencée par des facteurs sociaux tels qu'un contexte convivial offrant une disponibilité facile du produit, le mimétisme voire la pression de groupe, ou à l'inverse, la restriction voire l'illégalité de vente ou de consommation du produit. L'alcool est une drogue, dont la consommation forte ou chronique peut dégénérer en addiction appelée alcoolisme. Toute consommation, même faible, est néfaste pour la santé du consommateur, tandis qu'une consommation importante présente divers risques, pour le consommateur et pour autrui.	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Megasthenes	Mégasthène	Megasthenes ( ;, c. 350 – c. 290 BC) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat and Indian ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period. He described India in his book "Indika", which is now lost, but has been partially reconstructed from literary fragments found in later authors.	Mégasthène ou Mégasthénès (en grec ancien / "Megasthénês") est un diplomate, historien et géographe de la Grèce antique, né vers 340, mort en 282 av. J.-C.). Il a laissé l'une des plus anciennes descriptions de l'Inde réalisées par des Européens.	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Architecture of India	Architecture en Inde	The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Among a number of architectural styles and traditions, the contrasting Hindu temple architecture and Indo-Islamic architecture are the best known historical styles. Both of these, but especially the former, have a number of regional styles within them. An early example of town planning was the Harappan architecture of the Indus Valley Civilisation. People lived in cities with baked brick houses, streets in a grid layout, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, granaries, citadels, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. Much other early Indian architecture was in wood, which has not survived.	L'architecture indienne est une architecture très riche puisant ses sources dans la préhistoire et évoluant avec le temps et dans l'espace (architectures locales).	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Cloister	Cloître	A cloister (from Latin "claustrum", "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cathedral or church, commonly against a warm southern flank, usually indicates that it is (or once was) part of a monastic foundation, "forming a continuous and solid architectural barrier... that effectively separates the world of the monks from that of the serfs and workmen, whose lives and works went forward outside and around the cloister."	Un cloître ou cloitre est une galerie couverte et fermée en quadrilatère, entourant souvent un jardin intérieur, établie d'abord au cœur des abbayes et monastères, et plus tard également à côté des cathédrales, collégiales et églises plus importantes.	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Mitosis	Mitose	In cell biology, mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other.	La mitose, du grec "mitos" qui signifie « filament » (référence à l'aspect des chromosomes en microscopie), désigne les événements chromosomiques de la division cellulaire des eucaryotes. Il s'agit d'une duplication non sexuée/asexuée (contrairement à la méiose). C'est la division d'une cellule mère en deux cellules filles strictement identiques génétiquement.	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James Clerk Maxwell	James Clerk Maxwell	James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics" after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.	James Clerk Maxwell ( à Édimbourg en Écosse - à Cambridge en Angleterre) est un physicien et mathématicien écossais. Il est principalement connu pour avoir unifié en un seul ensemble d'équations, les équations de Maxwell, l'électricité, le magnétisme et l'induction, en incluant une importante modification du théorème d'Ampère. Ce fut à l'époque le modèle le plus unifié de l'électromagnétisme. Il est également célèbre pour avoir interprété, dans un article en quatre parties publié dans "Philosophical Magazine" intitulé "On Physical Lines of Force", la lumière comme étant un phénomène électromagnétique en s'appuyant sur les travaux de Michael Faraday. Il a notamment démontré que les champs électriques et magnétiques se propagent dans l'espace sous la forme d'une onde et à la vitesse de la lumière.	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Syllabary	Syllabaire	In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) moras which make up words.	Un syllabaire est un ensemble de symboles utilisés par une écriture syllabique pour représenter les sons vocalisés ou groupés d'une langue. Les symboles représentent des syllabes, à la différence des écritures alphabétiques où les symboles représentent des sons ou des phonèmes unitairement.	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Game Gear	Game Gear	The is an 8-bit fourth generation handheld game console released by Sega on October 6, 1990 in Japan, in April 1991 throughout North America and Europe, and during 1992 in Australia. The Game Gear primarily competed with Nintendo's Game Boy, the Atari Lynx, and NEC's TurboExpress. It shares much of its hardware with the Master System, and can play Master System games by the use of an adapter. Sega positioned the Game Gear, which had a full-color backlit screen with a landscape format, as a technologically superior handheld to the Game Boy.	La est une console de jeux vidéo portable en couleur, sortie en 1990 et produite par Sega afin de concurrencer la Game Boy de Nintendo apparue une année plus tôt.	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Electromagnetic spectrum	Spectre électromagnétique	The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.	Le spectre électromagnétique est le classement des rayonnements électromagnétiques par fréquence, longueur d'onde dans le vide ou énergie photonique. Le spectre électromagnétique s'étend sans rupture de zéro à l'infini. Pour des raisons tant historiques que physiques, on le divise en plusieurs grandes classes, dans lesquelles le rayonnement s'étudie par des moyens particuliers.	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Nebula	Nébuleuse	A nebula (Latin for 'cloud' or 'fog'; pl. nebulae, nebulæ or nebulas) is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Originally, the term was used to describe any diffused astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way. The Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, was once referred to as the "Andromeda Nebula" (and spiral galaxies in general as "spiral nebulae") before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher, Edwin Hubble and others.	Une nébuleuse (du latin ', nuage) désigne, en astronomie, un objet céleste composé de gaz raréfié, de plasma ou de poussières interstellaires. Avant les années 1920, le terme désignait tout objet du ciel d’aspect diffus. Étudiées par des astrophysiciens spécialisés dans l'étude du milieu interstellaire, les nébuleuses jouent un rôle clé dans la naissance des étoiles.	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Sher Shah Suri	Sher Shah Suri	Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545), born Farīd Khān, was the founder of the Suri Empire in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar. He introduced the currency of rupee. An ethnic Pashtun, Sher Shah took control of the Mughal Empire in 1538. After his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and then the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Shah overran the state of Bengal and established the Suri dynasty. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself as a gifted administrator as well as a capable general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar, son of Humayun.	Sher Shah Suri (1486 - 1545) (, Šer Šāh Sūrī), de son vrai nom Fahrid Khan aussi dénommé Sher Khan, est un chef afghan, fils de Hasan Khan, chef de clan. Sher Shah Suri fut le troisième padishah (empereur) de l'Inde et le fondateur de l'empire suri.	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Daisyworld	Daisyworld	Daisyworld, a computer simulation, is a hypothetical world orbiting a star whose radiant energy is slowly increasing or decreasing. It is meant to mimic important elements of the Earth-Sun system, and was introduced by James Lovelock and Andrew Watson in a paper published in 1983 to illustrate the plausibility of the Gaia hypothesis. In the original 1983 version, Daisyworld is seeded with two varieties of daisy as its only life forms: black daisies and white daisies. White petaled daisies reflect light, while black petaled daisies absorb light. The simulation tracks the two daisy populations and the surface temperature of Daisyworld as the sun's rays grow more powerful. The surface temperature of Daisyworld remains almost constant over a broad range of solar output.	Daisyworld est un modèle informatique volontairement très simplifié, simulant comment quelques boucles de rétroactions peuvent avoir pour effet une tendance à la stabilisation d'un système climatique, simplement en modifiant l'albédo qui à son tour modifie ce Vivant. Ce modèle a été imaginé par James Lovelock et répondre aux critiques virulentes de téléologie, dont faisait l'objet son « hypothèse Gaia ».	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List of presidents of Bolivia	Liste des présidents de la Bolivie	This article contains a list of presidents of Bolivia, from the Declaration of Independence after the conclusion of the War of Independence (1825) to the present day.	Le président de l'État plurinational de Bolivie est le chef de l'État bolivien. Avant 2010, son titre était président de la République. Ci-dessous, la liste des présidents ordonnés par mandat.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 59665, 7, 111, 192777, 621, 28560, 19736, 47, 15521, 28694, 8355, 135555, 111, 543, 6463, 23, 26655, 56, 32969, 4, 134629, 390, 239, 51045, 98834, 28032, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 3129, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 42845, 15672, 1631, 7, 111, 23, 215131, 26548, 195374, 190070, 27759, 7, 5, 262, 61518, 3789, 151994, 7, 100, 23, 215131, 4, 70, 23, 7102, 46825, 7, 109312, 100, 4806, 10, 171484, 289, 27759, 2750, 6, 34590, 89829, 2499, 36, 10519, 707, 134454, 13, 678, 84740, 5, 581, 77142, 27759, 2843, 78779, 297, 756, 63920, 111, 43904, 4, 26719, 44, 126194, 40883, 58, 136, 23, 15386, 79357, 5, 33306, 4, 390, 70, 39395, 543, 963, 4, 70, 77142, 7, 3542, 8, 88981, 297, 4, 678, 2363, 119893, 71924, 297, 707, 1926, 3674, 7565, 4, 137802, 70, 208244, 214, 76726, 111, 32969, 136, 34170, 47, 78431, 100, 70, 6226, 7, 111, 70, 26655, 56, 32969, 58555, 5, 360, 39395, 543, 2588, 4, 9082, 23643, 17151, 8, 103544, 107, 12441, 1919, 187, 1176, 47, 26655, 56, 32969, 7103, 1919, 231296, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 62, 395, 1010, 3089, 98, 483, 14487, 543, 2357, 4, 3129, 134620, 70, 195374, 79986, 645, 32969, 4, 22, 33558, 239, 51045, 98, 483, 22482, 543, 2588, 5, 24372, 1919, 30780, 141, 4, 764, 31089, 71, 10, 8, 7612, 13, 90698, 70, 43222, 40491, 111, 192777, 19, 23, 215131, 4, 159029, 10, 44, 159342, 151169, 53, 111, 76677, 3387, 111, 26655, 56, 32969, 58, 23, 70, 59444, 111, 47746, 516, 15, 92733, 109133, 47, 15521, 28694, 8355, 4, 13379, 9, 5636, 103544, 107, 16, 47, 17306, 40383, 70, 68894, 10778, 111, 70, 140280, 5, 2161, 305, 8055, 543, 2588, 4, 70, 99638, 90, 43374, 71, 100, 17262, 30700, 7, 12, 3398, 3355, 2320, 47, 32969, 4, 3398, 3355, 2320, 47, 34170, 707, 4393, 23, 215131, 136, 137633, 674, 111, 10, 122530, 19, 11341, 5, 581, 21334, 144732, 111, 8, 1766, 2449, 233, 3674, 100, 23, 215131, 4, 136, 26655, 56, 32969, 509, 159978, 71, 10, 23295, 23, 70, 5701, 5155, 5, 581, 9082, 602, 52960, 12981, 430, 1961, 509, 53894, 538, 5700, 23, 70, 10776, 4, 136, 509, 109312, 3163, 89829, 390, 70, 9082, 151169, 53, 237, 34202, 5, 717, 20338, 2750, 509, 90698, 1632, 111, 70, 6782, 44, 39873, 18, 17384, 830, 70, 102329, 90, 19667, 47, 9351, 26655, 56, 32969, 237, 44, 4332, 57964, 111, 12981, 430, 1961, 830, 151134, 442, 3934, 192777, 23, 138, 18374, 543, 2588, 4, 28, 3089, 214, 70, 102329, 13, 19639, 146114, 36676, 2750, 11341, 71, 44, 91306, 47, 15594, 67478, 4, 51651, 74, 47, 12981, 430, 1961, 4, 192777, 58, 24073, 8859, 8, 133348, 10391, 4, 8321, 74, 8, 12981, 430, 1961, 4, 192777, 51029, 1301, 111, 4, 2685, 621, 59671, 38043, 36770, 13918, 7, 12, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 77057, 8, 96, 25, 138971, 69795, 122772, 8, 108771, 15959, 437, 95, 21861, 8, 96, 25, 138971, 10990, 7772, 5, 92959, 36404, 775, 39883, 14283, 77057, 8, 21, 171149, 5, 2079, 9, 61751, 4, 21, 15854, 224, 77057, 7, 114029, 57191, 366, 20777, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Physicist	Physicien	A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. Physicists work across a wide range of research fields, spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic and particle physics, through biological physics, to cosmological length scales encompassing the universe as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists: experimental physicists who specialize in the observation of physical phenomena and the analysis of experiments, and theoretical physicists who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as applied physics or engineering physics).	Un physicien est un scientifique qui étudie le champ de la physique, c'est-à-dire la science analysant les constituants fondamentaux de l'univers (sur toutes les échelles) et les forces qui les relient. Le mot "physicien" dérive du grec, "qui connaît la nature". Originellement, les Physiciens étaient les philosophes présocratiques de l'École milésienne, ou plus largement de l'École ionienne.	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Oboe

Hautbois

The oboe ( ) is a type of double reed woodwind instrument. Oboes are usually made of wood, but may also be made of synthetic materials, such as plastic, resin or hybrid composites. The most common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range. A soprano oboe measures roughly long, with metal keys, a conical bore and a flared bell. Sound is produced by blowing into the reed at a sufficient air pressure, causing it to vibrate with the air column. The distinctive tone is versatile and has been described as "bright". When the word "oboe" is used alone, it is generally taken to mean the treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family, such as the "bass oboe", the "cor anglais" (English horn), or oboe "d'amore".

Le hautbois est un instrument de musique à vent de la famille des bois, de perce conique et dont le son est créé par la vibration d'une anche double au passage du souffle. Son timbre peut être puissant et sonore ou doux et charmeur, clair ou plein de rondeur et de chaleur. Le joueur de cet instrument est un hautboïste.

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Svante Arrhenius

Svante August Arrhenius

Svante August Arrhenius (; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate. In 1905, he became director of the Nobel Institute, where he remained until his death.

Svante August Arrhenius (né le au, près d'Uppsala et mort le à Stockholm) est un chimiste suédois, pionnier dans de nombreux domaines. Il reçoit le prix Nobel de chimie en 1903.

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null

Jansky

Jansky (unité)

The jansky (symbol Jy, plural "janskys") is a non-SI unit of spectral flux density, or spectral irradiance, used especially in radio astronomy. It is equivalent to 10 watts per square metre per hertz.

Le jansky, de symbole Jy, est l'unité employée généralement en radioastronomie pour mesurer l'intensité, ou plus précisément la densité de flux, des signaux radio d'origine galactique ou extragalactique. Elle est ainsi nommée en l'honneur de Karl Jansky, le physicien américain qui a découvert les ondes radio d'origine galactique en 1930.

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null

Star cluster

Amas stellaire

Star clusters are very large groups of stars. Two types of star clusters can be distinguished: globular clusters are tight groups of hundreds to millions of old stars which are gravitationally bound, while open clusters, more loosely clustered groups of stars, generally contain fewer than a few hundred members, and are often very young. Open clusters become disrupted over time by the gravitational influence of giant molecular clouds as they move through the Galaxy, but cluster members will continue to move in broadly the same direction through space even though they are no longer gravitationally bound; they are then known as a stellar association, sometimes also referred to as a "moving group".

Un amas stellaire est une concentration locale d'étoiles d'origine commune et liées entre elles par la gravitation, dans un espace dont les dimensions peuvent atteindre 200 pc.

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Java Database Connectivity

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is a Java-based data access technology used for Java database connectivity. It is part of the Java Standard Edition platform, from Oracle Corporation. It provides methods to query and update data in a database, and is oriented toward relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in the Java virtual machine (JVM) host environment.

JDBC () est une interface de programmation créée par Sun Microsystems — depuis racheté par Oracle Corporation — pour les programmes utilisant la plateforme Java. Elle permet aux applications Java d'accéder par le biais d'une interface commune à des sources de données pour lesquelles il existe des pilotes JDBC. Normalement, il s'agit d'une base de données relationnelle, et des pilotes JDBC sont disponibles pour tous les systèmes connus de bases de données relationnelles.

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Idiophone

An idiophone is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the vibration of the instrument itself, without the use of air (as is the case with aerophones), strings (chordophones) or membranes (membranophones). It is the first of the four main divisions in the original Hornbostel–Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification (see List of idiophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number). The early classification of Victor-Charles Mahillon called this group of instruments "autophones". The most common are struck idiophones, or concussion idiophones, which are made to vibrate by being struck, either directly with a stick or hand (like the wood block, singing bowl, steel tongue drum, triangle or marimba) or indirectly, by way of a scraping or shaking motion (like maracas or flexatone). Various types of bells fall into both categories. A common plucked idiophone is the Jew's harp.

Un idiophone, ou autophone, est un instrument de musique de la famille des percussions dont le son est produit par le matériau de l'instrument lui-même, lors d'un impact produit soit par un accessoire extérieur (comme une baguette), soit par une autre partie de l'instrument (comme des graines sur un filet qui l'entoure).

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Karl Guthe Jansky

Karl Jansky

Karl Guthe Jansky (October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American physicist and radio engineer who in August 1931 first discovered radio waves emanating from the Milky Way. He is considered one of the founding figures of radio astronomy.

Karl Guthe Jansky, né à Normand (Oklahoma) le et mort le, est un physicien et ingénieur radio américain. Il découvrit en 1932 que notre Galaxie émettait des ondes radio, marquant ainsi la naissance de la radioastronomie.

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Rastafari

Mouvement rastafari

Rastafari, also known as Rastafarianism, is an Abrahamic religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas.

Le mouvement rastafari (ou ) est un mouvement social, culturel et spirituel qui s’est développé à partir de la Jamaïque dans les années 1930.

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Organology

Organologie

Organology (from Greek: – "organon", "instrument" and λόγος – "logos", "study") is the science of musical instruments and their classifications. It embraces study of instruments' history, instruments used in different cultures, technical aspects of how instruments produce sound, and musical instrument classification. There is a degree of overlap between organology, ethnomusicology (being subsets of musicology) and the branch of the science of acoustics devoted to musical instruments.

L’organologie (du grec ancien "ὄργανον" (organon) « instrument » et de "λόγος" (logos) « discours ») a pour objet l'étude des instruments de musique et leur histoire. Elle est basée dès l'origine sur les examens et les analyses iconographiques, picturaux, sculpturaux et manuscrits des recherches musicologiques et ethnomusicologiques dans les cultures et les civilisations du monde entier. Ses domaines sont larges et étendus, de l'archéologie aux technologies les plus modernes en passant par la restauration et la classification des instruments. Cette discipline scientifique qui naît au est une composante de la musicologie et de l’ethnomusicologie, dans ce dernier cas on parle d’ethno-organologie.

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CMOS

Complementary metal oxide semi-conductor

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS), also known as complementary-symmetry metal–oxide–semiconductor (COS-MOS), is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. CMOS technology is used for constructing integrated circuit (IC) chips, including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips (including CMOS BIOS), and other digital logic circuits, and replaced earlier transistor-transistor logic (TTL) technology.

On appelle CMOS, ou, une technologie de fabrication de composants électroniques et, par extension, les composants fabriqués selon cette technologie. Ce sont pour la plupart des circuits logiques (NAND, NOR) comme ceux de la famille Transistor-Transistor logic (TTL) mais, à la différence de ces derniers, ils peuvent être aussi utilisés comme résistance variable.

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Urea

Urée

Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH). This amide has two –NH groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group.

Le terme urée désigne à la fois un composé chimique particulier et un ensemble de composés organiques : L'urée joue un rôle important dans le métabolisme des composés azotés chez les animaux et est la principale substance contenant de l'azote dans l'urine des espéces urotéliques comme les mammifères. C'est un solide incolore et inodore, hautement soluble dans l'eau, et pratiquement non toxique (DL de chez le rat). Dissoute dans l'eau, elle n'est ni acide ni basique. Dans le corps humain, elle intervient dans de nombreux processus métaboliques, notamment pour l'excrétion d'azote. Elle est synthétisée dans le foie par la combinaison de deux molécules d'ammoniac () avec une molécule de dans le cycle de l'urée.

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Brass instrument

Cuivres (musique)

A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called "labrosones", literally meaning "lip-vibrated instruments".

La famille des cuivres regroupe des instruments à vent (également appelés aérophones) où le son est produit par vibration des lèvres dans une embouchure.

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Astrophysics

Astrophysique

Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in space". Among the objects studied are the Sun, other stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background. Emissions from these objects are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, "astrophysicists" apply concepts and methods from many disciplines of physics, including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.

L’astrophysique (du grec : étoile, astre et : science de la nature, physique) est une branche interdisciplinaire de l'astronomie qui concerne principalement la physique et l'étude des propriétés des objets de l'univers (étoiles, planètes, galaxies, milieu interstellaire par exemple), comme leur luminosité, leur densité, leur température et leur composition chimique.

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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday (; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.

Michael Faraday (Newington, - Hampton Court, ) est un physicien et un chimiste britannique, connu pour ses travaux fondamentaux dans le domaine de l'électromagnétisme, l'électrochimie, le diamagnétisme, et l'électrolyse. Il donne son nom à de multiples lois et phénomènes dans ces domaines, notamment la loi de Faraday (ou Lenz-Faraday) en induction électromagnétique, les lois de Faraday en électrochimie, l'effet Faraday, ou encore à des dispositifs expérimentaux comme la cage de Faraday et la cavité de Faraday. Le farad, unité de capacité électrique, est également nommée en son honneur.

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Galaxy

Galaxie

A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek "" (), literally "milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few hundred million () stars to giants with one hundred trillion () stars, each orbiting its galaxy's center of mass.

Une galaxie est un assemblage d'étoiles, de gaz, de poussières, de vide et peut-être essentiellement de matière noire, contenant parfois un trou noir supermassif en son centre.

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Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (; 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research". Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s, and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the University of Saint Petersburg in order to study natural science.

Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (en ), né le à Riazan, dans l'Empire russe, et mort le à Léningrad, en URSS, est un médecin et un physiologiste russe, lauréat du prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine de 1904 et de la médaille Copley en 1915.

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null

Harpsichord

Clavecin

A harpsichord (,,,, ) is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. Like a pipe organ, a harpsichord may have more than one keyboard manual and harpsichords may have stop buttons which add or remove additional octaves. Some harpsichords may have a lute stop, which simulates the sound of a plucked lute. This activates a row of levers that turn a trigger mechanism that plucks one or more strings with a small plectrum made from quill or plastic. The strings are under tension on a soundboard, which is mounted in a wooden case; the soundboard amplifies the vibrations from the strings so that the listeners can hear it.

Un clavecin est un instrument de musique à cordes muni d'un ou plusieurs claviers dont chacune des cordes est « pincée » par un dispositif nommé sautereau.

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null

Game

Jeu

A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as Mahjong, solitaire, or some video games).

On peut définir le jeu comme une activité d'ordre psychique ou bien physique pensée pour divertir et improductive à court terme. Le jeu entraîne des dépenses d'énergie et de moyens matériels, sans créer aucune richesse nouvelle. La plupart des individus qui s'y engagent n'en retirent que du plaisir, bien que certains puissent en obtenir des avantages matériels. De ce fait, Johan Huizinga remarque que de très nombreuses activités humaines peuvent s'assimiler à des jeux. La difficulté de circonscrire la définition du jeu présente un intérêt pour la philosophie.

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Basse-sur-le-Rupt

Basse-sur-le-Rupt is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Its inhabitants are called Bassurois. It is a mountainous commune of seven hamlets, crossed by the river Rupt. Its landmarks include Le Haut du Roc, Le Pierre des Communes, Le Piquante Pierre and the memorial of Le Croix des Moinats. Its historical industries were textiles, sawmills and granite.

Basse-sur-le-Rupt est une commune du massif des Vosges, dans le département des Vosges en région Grand Est. Elle appartient aux unité et aire urbaines de La Bresse. Elle fait partie de la Communauté de communes des Hautes Vosges. C'est l'une des 189 communes du parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges.

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Conch (instrument)

Conque

Conch, or conque, also known as a "seashell horn" or "shell trumpet", is a wind instrument that is made from a conch, the shell of several different kinds of sea snails. Their natural conical bore is used to produce a musical tone. Conch shell trumpets have been played in many Pacific Island countries, as well as South America and Southern Asia.

La conque est un coquillage de mollusque qui est utilisé comme instrument de musique à vent et où l'instrumentiste souffle pour produire le son selon le même principe que la trompe de chasse ou la corne. C'est l'un des plus anciens instruments de musique qui nous soient parvenus, comme le montre l’exemplaire de la conque de Marsoulas du Magdalénien, conservé au Muséum de Toulouse.

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Coal dust

Poussier

Coal dust is a fine powdered form of coal, which is created by the crushing, grinding, or pulverizing of coal. Because of the brittle nature of coal, coal dust can be created during mining, transportation, or by mechanically handling coal. It is a form of fugitive dust.

Le poussier est un ensemble de fines particules de poussières de carbone hautement inflammables présent durant l'exploitation des mines de charbon.

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Bailiff

Bailli

A bailiff (from Middle English baillif, Old French "baillis", "bail" "custody, charge, office"; cf. bail, based on the adjectival form, baiulivus, of Latin "bajulus", carrier, manager) is a manager, overseer or custodian; a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. Bailiffs are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly.

Un bailli (du latin "bajulus", terme ayant revêtu de multiples significations) est, au sens général, le représentant d'une autorité sur un territoire.

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Penrose triangle

Triangle de Penrose

The Penrose triangle, also known as the Penrose tribar or the impossible tribar, is a triangular impossible object, an optical illusion consisting of an object which can be depicted in a perspective drawing, but cannot exist as a solid object. It was first created by the Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd in 1934. Independently from Reutersvärd, the triangle was devised and popularized in the 1950s by psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son, prominent mathematician Roger Penrose, who described it as "impossibility in its purest form". It is featured prominently in the works of artist M. C. Escher, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it.

Le triangle de Penrose, aussi connu comme la tripoutre ou la tribarre, est un objet impossible conçu par le mathématicien Roger Penrose dans les années 1950. C’est une figure importante dans les travaux de l’artiste Maurits Cornelis Escher.

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Necker cube

Cube de Necker

The Necker cube is an optical illusion first published as a rhomboid in 1832 by Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Necker. It is a simple wire-frame drawing of a cube with no visual cues as to its orientation, so it can be interpreted to have either the lower-left or the upper-right square as its front side.

Le cube de Necker est une illusion d'optique publiée pour la première fois en 1832 par le cristallographe suisse Louis-Albert Necker.

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Impossible object

Objet impossible

An impossible object (also known as an impossible figure or an undecidable figure) is a type of optical illusion. It consists of a two-dimensional figure which is instantly and subconsciously interpreted by the visual system as representing a projection of a three-dimensional object.

Un objet impossible est la représentation d'une construction fictive d'un objet contraire aux lois physiques connues de la nature. L'objet impossible illustre un problème de topologie mathématique entre la dimension de la représentation (dessin dans le plan ou espace en deux dimensions) et celle de l'objet fictif (dans l'espace en trois dimensions).

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M. C. Escher

Maurits Cornelis Escher

Maurits Cornelis Escher (; 17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for long somewhat neglected in the art world, even in his native Netherlands. He was 70 before a retrospective exhibition was held. In the twenty-first century, he became more widely appreciated, with exhibitions across the world.

Maurits Cornelis Escher, né à Leeuwarden le et mort à Laren le, plus couramment nommé M. C. Escher, est un artiste néerlandais, connu pour ses gravures sur bois, manières noires et lithographies souvent inspirées des mathématiques. Au cours de sa vie, il a réalisé, et plus de et esquisses. Il a également illustré des livres, des tapisseries, des timbres et des œuvres murales.

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Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (, ; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Ingres was profoundly influenced by past artistic traditions and aspired to become the guardian of academic orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style. Although he considered himself a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, it is his portraits, both painted and drawn, that are recognized as his greatest legacy. His expressive distortions of form and space made him an important precursor of modern art, influencing Picasso, Matisse and other modernists.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) est un peintre français. Après un premier apprentissage à Montauban, sa ville natale, il devient à Paris élève de Jacques-Louis David. Prix de Rome en 1801, il ne se rend en Italie qu'en 1806, et y reste jusqu'en 1824. De retour à Paris, il connaît la reconnaissance officielle, apparaissant comme le champion de la doctrine du beau et de la primauté du dessin sur la couleur, en opposition successive aux courants romantiques et réalistes. Nommé directeur de l'Académie de France à Rome, il y retourne de 1835 à 1842.

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Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey

Abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel

The Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey is an abbey located within the city and island of Mont-Saint-Michel in Lower Normandy, in the department of Manche.

L’abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel est une abbaye, anciennement bénédictine et désormais confiée aux Fraternités monastiques de Jérusalem. Classée monument historique, elle est située sur l'îlot du mont Saint-Michel, qui se trouve lui-même sur le territoire de la commune française nommée Le Mont-Saint-Michel, dans le département de la Manche en région de Normandie.

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Jainism

Jaïnisme

Jainism (), traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion. Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a word derived from the Sanskrit word "jina", meaning "victor". Jains trace their spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or "tirthankaras", with the first being Rishabhanatha, who according to Jain tradition lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third "tirthankara" Parshvanatha in 900 BCE, and the twenty-fourth "tirthankara" the Mahāvīra around 500 BCE. Jains believe that Jainism is an eternal "dharma" with the "tirthankaras" guiding every cycle of the Jain cosmology. Their canonical religious texts are called "Agamas" and "Paramagamas".

Le jaïnisme ou jinisme (du sanskrit :, IAST : de ', « vainqueur » et'« doctrine ») est une religion qui aurait probablement commencé à apparaître vers le ou. Le jaïnisme ou dharma jaïn compte près de dix millions de fidèles dans le monde, ascètes et laïcs confondus, en majorité en Inde ( en Europe et aux États-Unis).

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Grid illusion

Grille d'Hermann

A grid illusion is any kind of grid that deceives a person's vision. The two most common types of grid illusions are the Hermann grid illusion and the scintillating grid illusion.

La grille d'Hermann a été découverte il y a plus de 100 ans. Cette illusion d'optique nous fait croire à des taches grises entre les carrés noirs (ou blancs sur fond noir). Ce phénomène est désormais un classique.

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null

Unobtainium

In fiction, engineering, and thought experiments, unobtainium is any hypothetical, fictional, extremely rare, costly, or impossible material. Less commonly, it can refer to a device with desirable engineering properties for an application, but which are difficult or impossible to achieve. The properties of any particular unobtainium depend on the intended use. For example, a pulley made of unobtainium might be massless and frictionless; however, if used in a nuclear rocket, unobtainium might be light, strong at high temperatures, and resistant to radiation damage. The concept of unobtainium is often applied hand-waving, flippantly or humorously.

Unobtainium est un terme utilisé pour décrire tout matériau fictif ayant des propriétés physiques impossibles pour tout matériau réel. De tels matériaux apparaissent souvent dans des récits de science-fiction.

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null

Deponent verb

Verbe déponent

In linguistics, a deponent verb is a verb that is active in meaning but takes its form from a different voice, most commonly the middle or passive. A deponent verb has no active forms.

On nomme en grammaire latine verbe déponent un verbe qui ne se conjugue qu'au passif, mais qui a un sens actif. Le terme provient du latin "deponens" « qui abandonne (les autres voix) ».

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Müller-Lyer illusion

Illusion de Müller-Lyer

The Müller-Lyer illusion is an optical illusion consisting of three stylized arrows. When viewers are asked to place a mark on the figure at the midpoint, they invariably place it more towards the "tail" end. The illusion was devised by Franz Carl Müller-Lyer (1857–1916), a German sociologist, in 1889.

L’illusion de Müller-Lyer ou illusion de Brentano est une illusion d'optique perceptive distordante qui se résume à un dessin linéaire en flèche : un segment terminé, d'un côté (la « pointe »), par deux courts segments obliques symétriques par rapport au premier. Un sujet à qui l'expérimentateur demande de placer une marque au milieu de la figure la pose invariablement plus loin de la pointe que le milieu repéré avec des instruments.

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Optical illusion

Illusion d'optique

An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by a visual percept that arguably appears to differ from reality. Illusions come in a wide variety; their categorization is difficult because the underlying cause is often not clear but a classification proposed by Richard Gregory is useful as an orientation. According to that, there are three main classes: physical, physiological, and cognitive illusions, and in each class there are four kinds: Ambiguities, distortions, paradoxes, and fictions. A classical example for a physical distortion would be the apparent bending of a stick half immerged in water; an example for a physiological paradox is the motion aftereffect (where, despite movement, position remains unchanged). An example for a physiological fiction is an afterimage. Three typical cognitive distortions are the Ponzo, Poggendorff, and Müller-Lyer illusion. Physical illusions are caused by the physical environment, e.g. by the optical properties of water. Physiological illusions arise in the eye or the visual pathway, e.g. from the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific receptor type. Cognitive visual illusions are the result of unconscious inferences and are perhaps those most widely known.

On appelle illusion d'optique une perception visuelle qui s'oppose à l'expérience de la réalité qu'on peut avoir par ailleurs. Les illusions d'optique surviennent naturellement ou sont créées délibérément par des dispositifs qui utilisent certains principes de fonctionnement du système visuel humain. Dans le spectacle, les illusionnistes en tirent parti ; ces perceptions sont aussi les expériences dont les neurosciences disposent pour expliquer la vision.

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Montauban

Montauban (, ; ) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies north of Toulouse. Montauban is the most populated town in Tarn-et-Garonne, and the sixth most populated of Occitanie behind Toulouse, Montpellier, Nîmes, Perpignan and Béziers. In 2013, there were 57,921 inhabitants, called "Montalbanais". The town has been classified "Ville d’art et d’histoire" (City of art and history) since 2015.

Montauban est une commune française du Quercy, chef-lieu du département de Tarn-et-Garonne en région Occitanie. Montauban est la commune la plus peuplée du département de Tarn-et-Garonne et la sixième plus peuplée d'Occitanie. En 2016 la commune compte, appelés les "Montalbanais".

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Mortain

Mortain is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Mortain-Bocage.

Mortain est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Mortain-Bocage.

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Ames room

Chambre d'Ames

An Ames room is a distorted room that creates an optical illusion. Likely influenced by the writings of Hermann Helmholtz, it was invented by American scientist Adelbert Ames, Jr. in 1946, and constructed in the following year.

La chambre d'Ames fut construite par l'ophtalmologiste américain en 1946. Il se basa, pour cette construction, sur un concept d'Hermann von Helmholtz à la fin du. Elle est le fruit de l'association de deux illusions.

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Émile Basly

Émile Basly (29 March 1854 – 11 February 1928) is one of the great figures of trade unionism in mining in the mineral field of Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France, along with Arthur Lamendin. He is primarily known for his participation in the strike of 1884, when he became known as "the untameable miner" and "the tsar of Lens". He was the inspiration for the character "Etienne Lantier" in Émile Zola's novel "Germinal".

Émile Basly, né le à Valenciennes, et mort le à Lens, à l'âge de 74 ans, est un syndicaliste et homme politique français. Une des grandes figures du syndicalisme dont il est l'animateur et le pilier pendant vingt ans dans le bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, avec Arthur Lamendin, il fait ensuite une carrière politique à Lens, où son nom est indissociable de la ville, et passe à la postérité pour avoir inspiré à Émile Zola le personnage d'Étienne Lantier dans "Germinal".

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Réthoville

Réthoville is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vicq-sur-Mer. Its population was 127 in 2012.

Réthoville est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie, peuplée de habitants Devenue commune déléguée au sein de Vicq-sur-Mer depuis le, le statut de commune déléguée est supprimée en mars 2020 par décision du conseil municipal.

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Jehovah's Witnesses

Témoins de Jéhovah

Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.68 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, United States, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.

Les Témoins de Jéhovah forment un mouvement pré-millénariste et restaurationniste se réclamant du christianisme. Ils sont issus d'un groupe né aux États-Unis dans les années 1870, connu sous le nom d'Étudiants de la Bible.

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Friedrich Wöhler

Friedrich Wöhler () FRS(For) HFRSE (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a German chemist, known for his work in inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form. He was the first to prepare several inorganic compounds including silane and silicon nitride.

Friedrich Wöhler, né le à Eschersheim, qui fait aujourd'hui partie de Francfort-sur-le-Main et mort le à Göttingen, est un chimiste allemand.

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null

Pessac

Pessac () is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is a member of the metropolis of Bordeaux, being the second-largest suburb of Bordeaux and located just southwest of it. Pessac is also home to the Montesquieu University, the Bordeaux Montaigne University, and the Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux.

Pessac est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France, située en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, dans le département de la Gironde. La commune est renommée pour ses vins de l'AOC pessac-léognan qui sont internationalement réputés.

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null

Symmetric matrix

Matrice symétrique

In linear algebra, a symmetric matrix is a square matrix that is equal to its transpose. Formally, Because equal matrices have equal dimensions, only square matrices can be symmetric.

En algèbre linéaire et bilinéaire, une matrice symétrique est une matrice carrée qui est égale à sa propre transposée, c'est-à-dire telle que "a = a" pour tous "i" et "j" compris entre 1 et "n", où les "a" sont les coefficients de la matrice et "n" est son ordre.

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Wilhelmus

Wilhelmus van Nassouwe

"Wilhelmus van Nassouwe", usually known just as "Wilhelmus" (; ; English translation: "The William"), is the national anthem of the Netherlands. It dates back to at least 1572, making it the national anthem with the oldest music. Although the "Wilhelmus" was not recognized as the official national anthem until 1932, it has always been popular with parts of the Dutch population and resurfaced on several occasions in the course of Dutch history before gaining its present status. It was also the anthem of the Netherlands Antilles from 1954 to 1964.

Le (littéralement "Guillaume de Nassau" en néerlandais) est l'hymne national et royal des Pays-Bas. Chanté depuis 1574, il est considéré comme l'un des chants populaires les plus anciens au monde, bien que le texte de l'hymne national japonais soit plus ancien encore.

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Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle

Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (), sometimes spelled de l'Isle or de Lile (10 May 1760 – 26 June 1836), was a French army officer of the French Revolutionary Wars. He is known for writing the words and music of the "Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin" in 1792, which would later be known as "La Marseillaise" and become the French national anthem.

Claude Joseph Rouget dit de Lisle, souvent appelé Rouget de l'Isle, est un officier français du génie militaire, poète et auteur dramatique, né le à Lons-le-Saunier, et mort le à Choisy-le-Roi. Il est l'auteur de "La Marseillaise" et d'autres hymnes moins connus tels que l"'Hymne Dithyrambique sur la conjuration de Robespierre et la Révolution du 9 Thermidor" (1794) et "Vive le Roi!" (1814).

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Lyceum (Classical)

Lycée (école philosophique)

The Lyceum () or Lycaeum was a temple dedicated to Apollo Lyceus ("Apollo the wolf-god"). It was best known for the Peripatetic school of philosophy founded there by Aristotle in 334 BC. Aristotle fled Athens in 323 BC, but the school continued to function under a series of leaders until the Roman general Sulla destroyed it during his assault on Athens in 86 BC.

Le Lycée (en grec ancien / ) est l'école philosophique fondée par Aristote à Athènes. On la désigne communément sous le nom d'école péripatéticienne parce que cette école possédait une galerie couverte ou un promenoir planté d’arbres appelé en grec ancien, /, « promenade ». Les disciples d'Aristote furent appelés /, « ceux qui se promènent près du Lycée », d'où leur nom de péripatéticiens en français.<br> L'école a été fondée par Aristote en 335 av. J.-C. et ses activités ont pris fin avec Andronicos de Rhodes en 47 av. J.-C. Mais dès 86 av. J.-C., le Lycée est détruit dans l’assaut mené par les troupes romaines de Sylla, au cours du siège contre Athènes, et la bibliothèque d’Aristote est emportée à Rome.

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Blowing horn

Corne (musique)

The blowing horn or winding horn is a sound device that is usually made of or shaped like an animal horn, arranged to blow from a hole in the pointed end of it. This rudimentary device had a variety of functions in many cultures, in most cases reducing its scope to exhibiting, celebratory or group identification purposes (signal instrument). On the other hand, it has kept its function and profile in many cattle raising, agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies.

En musique, la corne est utilisé pour désigner : ou plus généralement : ou plus généralement : ou plus généralement :

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Richard R. Ernst

Richard Robert Ernst (born 14 August 1933) is a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel Laureate. Ernst was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his contributions towards the development of Fourier transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while at Varian Associates, Palo Alto and the subsequent development of multi-dimensional NMR techniques. These underpin applications to both to chemistry with NMR spectroscopy and to medicine with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Richard Robert Ernst, né le à Winterthour, en Suisse, est un chimiste suisse. Il a reçu le prix Nobel de chimie de 1991.

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Touch guitar

The touch guitar is a stringed instrument of the guitar family which has been designed to use a fretboard-tapping playing style. Touch guitars are meant to be touched or tapped, not strummed.

La touch guitar, parfois nommée touchguitare en français, est un instrument à cordes frappées. C'est un dérivé de la guitare apparu à l'époque des premiers amplificateurs microphoniques.

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Horn (anatomy)

Corne (biologie)

A horn is a permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals that consists of a covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone. Horns are distinct from antlers, which are not permanent. In mammals, true horns are found mainly among the ruminant artiodactyls, in the families Antilocapridae (pronghorn) and Bovidae (cattle, goats, antelope etc.). Cattle horns arise from subcutaneous connective tissue (under the scalp) and later is fused to the underlying frontal bone.

La corne animale est une extrémité protubérante chez certains animaux. Elle peut être formée de kératine seule (cas des rhinocérotidés) ou d'une base osseuse recouverte de kératine (cas des bovinés, caprinés). Les cornes ne doivent pas être confondues avec les bois de cervidés (organe osseux).

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Romanization

Romanisation (écriture)

Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into "phonemic transcription", which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict "phonetic transcription", which records speech sounds with precision.

La romanisation (ou latinisation) est la transcription ou la translittération d'une écriture non latine vers une écriture latine. La romanisation de la langue chinoise désigne en même temps cette transcription et le projet ambitieux de moderniser la langue en l'écrivant avec l'alphabet latin, sous l'égide de la République de Chine puis de la République populaire de Chine.

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Institutional Revolutionary Party

Parti révolutionnaire institutionnel

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (, PRI) is a Mexican political party founded in 1929 that held uninterrupted power in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000, first as the National Revolutionary Party (, PNR), then as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (, PRM) and finally as the PRI beginning in 1946.

Le Parti révolutionnaire institutionnel ou PRI (en espagnol ) est une des principales forces politiques du Mexique. Il est né en 1929 sous l'impulsion du général Calles. Il est membre de l'Internationale socialiste et membre fondateur de la COPPPAL.

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Great Barrier Reef

Grande Barrière

The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over over an area of approximately. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland.

Les récifs de la Grande Barrière (en ), appelés aussi Grande Barrière de Corail, constituent le plus grand récif corallien du monde. L'ensemble, qui s'étire sur plus de depuis Bundaberg jusqu'à la pointe de la péninsule du cap York, couvre une superficie de.

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Gadzarts

Gadz'Arts or Gadzarts is the nickname given to the students and the alumni of Arts et Métiers ParisTech (formerly École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers - ENSAM), a prestigious university (grande ecole) specialised in engineering.

Le terme gadzarts, parfois orthographié « Gadz'Arts », désigne les élèves et les Ingénieurs issus de l'« École nationale supérieure d'Arts et Métiers » (ENSAM) ou Arts et Métiers ParisTech. Il s'agit d'une contraction de « Gars des Arts » : « Les Arts » ou « les Arts et Métiers » étant le diminutif habituellement donné à l'École.

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William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for re-election by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position in which he served until a month before his death.

William Howard Taft, né le à Cincinnati (Ohio) et mort le à Washington (district de Columbia), est un homme d'État américain, vingt-septième président des États-Unis en fonction de 1909 à 1913 puis dixième président de la Cour suprême des États-Unis de 1921 à 1930.

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Shoot 'em up

Shoot 'em up (also known as shmup or STG) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre. There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up. Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives.

Un (aussi écrit ou contracté en shmup ; littéralement « abattez-les tous ») est un genre de jeu vidéo dérivé du jeu d'action dans lequel le joueur dirige un véhicule ou un personnage devant détruire un grand nombre d'ennemis à l'aide d'armes de plus en plus puissantes, au fur et à mesure des niveaux, tout en esquivant les projectiles adverses pour rester en vie.

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Ardhanarishvara

The Ardhanarishvara (, ) is a composite androgynous form of the Hindu deities Shiva and Parvati (the latter being known as Devi, Shakti and Uma in this icon). Ardhanarishvara is depicted as half-male and half-female, equally split down the middle. The right half is usually the male Shiva, illustrating his traditional attributes.

Ardhanarishvara (sanskrit IAST : "ardhanārīśvara" ; le ) : est dans l'hindouisme, une épithète de Shiva représenté sous la forme androgyne ("ardhanaru") : Shiva du côté droit et Parvati du côté gauche d'un même corps. Cette image symbolise l'ambivalence de la nature divine, féminine et masculine à la fois, ni homme ni femme, car à l'origine de toute chose, transcendant les distinctions de genre.

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Helmholtz free energy

Énergie libre

In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume (isothermal, isochoric). The negative of the change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process in which volume is held constant. If the volume were not held constant, part of this work would be performed as boundary work. This makes the Helmholtz energy useful for systems held at constant volume. Furthermore, at constant temperature, the Helmholtz free energy is minimized at equilibrium.

L'énergie libre formula_1 (appelée aussi énergie de Helmholtz) est, en thermodynamique, une fonction d'état extensive dont la variation permet d'obtenir le travail utile susceptible d'être fourni par un système thermodynamique fermé, à température constante, au cours d'une transformation réversible. En anglais, cette grandeur est appelée énergie libre de Helmholtz et est généralement représentée par la lettre formula_2 dans les équations.

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Taoism

Taoïsme

Taoism (), or Daoism (, ), is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasises living in harmony with the "Tao" (, also romanised as "Dao"). The "Tao" is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasising rigid rituals and social order, but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving "perfection" by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called "the way" or "tao". Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to emphasise "wu wei" (action without intention), "naturalness", simplicity, spontaneity, and the Three Treasures: "compassion", "frugality", and "humility".

Le taoïsme (chinois: 道教, pinyin: "dàojiào", « enseignement de la voie ».) est un des trois piliers de la philosophie chinoise avec le confucianisme et le bouddhisme, et se fonde sur l'existence d'un principe à l’origine de toute chose, appelé « Tao ».

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Semen

Sperme

Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid created to contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize the female ovum. In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa: proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa, and provide a medium through which they can move or "swim". Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle, which is located in the pelvis. The process that results in the discharge of semen is called ejaculation. Semen is also a form of genetic material. In animals, semen has been collected for cryoconservation. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that calls for the collection of genetic material in efforts for conservation of a particular breed.

Le sperme est un liquide biologique expulsé du corps lors de l'éjaculation et contenant les spermatozoïdes. Sécrétés par les organes sexuels mâles, les spermatozoïdes contenus dans le sperme peuvent fertiliser l'ovocyte femelle et ainsi entamer le processus de reproduction.

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Geologic time scale

Échelle des temps géologiques

The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events that once occurred, also allowing them to accurately file the times when different creatures were fossilised, after carbon dating.Earth's history. The table of geologic time spans, presented here, agree with the nomenclature, dates and standard color codes set forth by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).

Une échelle des temps géologiques est un système de classement chronologique utilisé, notamment en géologie, pour dater les événements survenus durant l'histoire de la Terre. Si son origine date du, elle prend une forme de datation précise en 1913, lorsque Arthur Holmes, reconnu aujourd'hui comme le père de l'échelle des temps géologiques, publie la première. Les techniques de datation, la science de la chronostratigraphie ne cessent de s'enrichir ; les échelles doivent ainsi être périodiquement mises à jour, les âges devenant plus précis.

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Dune II

Dune II : La Bataille d'Arrakis

Dune II: The Building of a Dynasty (titled Dune II: Battle for Arrakis in Europe and Dune: The Battle for Arrakis for the North American Mega Drive/Genesis port respectively) is a real-time strategy "Dune" video game developed by Westwood Studios and released by Virgin Games in December 1992. It is based upon David Lynch's 1984 movie "Dune", an adaptation of Frank Herbert's science fiction novel of the same name.

Dune II : La Bataille d'Arrakis ( en version américaine, rebaptisé en Europe) est un jeu vidéo de stratégie en temps réel développé par Westwood Studios et basé sur l'univers de science-fiction du roman "Dune" écrit par Frank Herbert. La version PC du jeu, fonctionnant sous DOS, est publiée en 1992 par Virgin Interactive avant d'être édité sur Amiga et Mega Drive (sous le nom de "Dune : The Battle for Arrakis" pour cette dernière) en 1993 et sur Acorn Archimedes en 1995. Un remake appelé "Dune 2000" et fonctionnant sous Windows est publié en 1998 sur PC avant d'être porté sur PlayStation en 2000. Westwood développe ensuite une suite appelé "" qui est publié le par EA Games.

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Pulp Fiction

Pulp Fiction is a 1994 American independent neo-noir crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, who conceived it with Roger Avary. Starring John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Bruce Willis, Tim Roth, Ving Rhames, and Uma Thurman, it tells several stories of criminal Los Angeles. The title refers to the pulp magazines and hardboiled crime novels popular during the mid-20th century, known for their graphic violence and punchy dialogue.

Il est récompensé par la Palme d'or au Festival de Cannes 1994, ainsi que par l'Oscar du meilleur scénario original l'année suivante, il est un succès aussi bien critique que commercial, établissant ainsi définitivement la réputation de Tarantino. Il est, selon le classement établi en 2007 par l'AFI, le film américain de tous les temps. L'AFI le classe également à la de sa liste des meilleurs films de gangsters. En 2013, le film est sélectionné par le National Film Registry pour être conservé à la Bibliothèque du Congrès pour son.

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Miscegenation

Métis

Miscegenation () is the interbreeding of people who are considered to be of different racial types. This racial mixing requires sexual activity between members of different races, thus producing mixed-race offspring. Opposition to miscegenation, thereby preserving their race's purity and nature, is a typical theme of racial supremacist movements, especially white supremacy.

Le terme métis, au féminin : métisse, du latin :'ou'qui signifie « mélangé »/« mêlé », est employé, dans le langage courant, pour désigner des personnes dont les parents sont des caractéristiques géographiques, culturelles ou phénotypiques différentes. Pour les scientifiques, tous les êtres humains sont le produit d'un mélange génétique de même nature. Comme la « race », le métissage n'est pas une catégorie biologique.

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Menacer

Sega Menacer

The Menacer is a light gun peripheral released by Sega in 1992 for its Sega Genesis and Sega CD video game consoles. It was created in response to Nintendo's Super Scope and as Sega's successor to the Master System Light Phaser. The gun is built from three detachable parts (pistol, shoulder stock, sights), and communicates with the television via an infrared sensor. The Menacer was announced at the May 1992 Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago and was released later that year. The gun was bundled with a pack-in six-game cartridge of mostly shooting gallery games. Sega also released a Menacer bundle with "".

Le Sega Menacer est un pistolet optique pour la console Mega Drive de Sega à l'image du Super Scope de Nintendo. Contrairement au pistolet disponible sur Master System, le Menacer se présente sous la forme d'un pistolet pouvant se transformer en fusil à l'aide d'une crosse mobile. Le Menacer fonctionne grâce à une cellule infrarouge reliée à la Mega Drive via un port manette. Cette cellule est placée sur l'écran de jeu.

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null

Leonhard Euler

Leonhard Euler ( ; ; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, geographer, logician and engineer who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy and music theory.

Leonhard Euler, né le à Bâle (Suisse) et mort à 76 ans le à Saint-Pétersbourg (Empire russe), est un mathématicien et physicien suisse, qui passa la plus grande partie de sa vie dans l'Empire russe et en Allemagne. Il était notamment membre de l'Académie royale des sciences de Prusse à Berlin.

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Alan Sugar

Alan Michael Sugar, Baron Sugar (born 24 March 1947) is a British business magnate, media personality, politician, and political adviser. In 1968, he started what would later become his largest business venture, consumer electronics company Amstrad. In 2007, he sold his remaining interest in the company in a deal to BSkyB for £125m.

Alan Michael Sugar (né le ), baron Sugar, est un homme d'affaires britannique avec une fortune estimée à 830 millions de livres sterling. Il est surtout connu pour avoir créé la société Amstrad (contraction de « Alan Michael Sugar TRADing ») en 1968. Il est marié depuis 1968 à Ann Simons.

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Percussion instrument

Instrument de percussion

A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, following the human voice.

Un instrument de percussion — souvent appelé simplement percussion, au féminin — est un instrument de musique dont l'émission sonore résulte de la frappe ou du grattage d'une membrane ou d'un matériau résonnant. Les instruments de percussion ont probablement constitué les tout premiers instruments de musique et font partie intégrante de la plupart des genres musicaux. On les trouve en effet depuis la musique traditionnelle jusqu'à la musique classique.

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Artois

Artois (, ; ; English adjective "Artesian") is a region of northern France. Its territory covers an area of about 4,000 km2 and it has a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras (Dutch: "Atrecht"), Saint-Omer, Lens, and Béthune.

L’Artois est un pays traditionnel de France et une province du royaume sous l’Ancien Régime, ayant pour capitale Arras, aujourd’hui inclus dans le département du Pas-de-Calais. Les habitants de l’Artois sont les "Artésiens". Le nom "Artois" demeure aujourd’hui dans le nom de communautés de communes et de pays d’aménagement du territoire.

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Yoni

Yoni (; sometimes also ), sometimes referred to as "pindika", is an aniconic representation of the goddess Shakti in Hinduism. It is usually shown with "linga" – its masculine counterpart. Together, they symbolize the merging of microcosmos and macrocosmos, the divine eternal process of creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence. The "yoni" is conceptualized as nature's gateway of all births, particularly in the esoteric Kaula and Tantra practices, as well as the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism.

Le yoni (en sanskrit / (« origine »)), dans l'hindouisme, désigne l'organe génital féminin (matrice ou vulve) ; il est le symbole de l’énergie féminine dénommée shakti. Il est rarement représenté seul. On le représente le plus fréquemment sous la forme d'un plat carré à bec verseur. Néanmoins, il est remarquable que sa représentation soit presque systématiquement associée à celle du sexe de l'homme. Ainsi, dans le culte de Shiva, et afin d'exprimer la complémentarité du yoni et du symbole phallique (lingam), on note la présence d'un anneau qui entoure le fut d'une colonne, ce qui renvoie à la dualité des deux principes primordiaux masculin et féminin (Shiva-Shakti).

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Lingam

A lingam (Sanskrit: लिङ्ग, lit. "sign, symbol or mark"), sometimes referred to as "linga" (pronounced as Ling) or "Shiva linga" (pronounced as Shiv Ling), is an abstract or aniconic representation of the Hindu deity Shiva in Shaivism. It is typically the primary murti or cult image in Hindu temples dedicated to Shiva, also found in smaller shrines, or as self-manifested natural objects. The lingam is often represented within a disc-shaped platform. Lingayats wear a lingam inside a necklace, called Ishtalinga.

Le lingam ou linga (en sanskrit, (« signe ») est un objet dressé, souvent d'apparence phallique, représentation classique, dite anicônique, de Shiva en tant que Brahman (« Absolu, Âme universelle »).

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null

Diagonal matrix

Matrice diagonale

In linear algebra, a diagonal matrix is a matrix in which the entries outside the main diagonal are all zero; the term usually refers to square matrices. An example of a 2-by-2 diagonal matrix is formula_1, while an example of a 3-by-3 diagonal matrix isformula_2. An identity matrix of any size, or any multiple of it (a scalar matrix), is a diagonal matrix.

En algèbre linéaire, une matrice diagonale est une matrice carrée dont les coefficients en dehors de la diagonale principale sont nuls. Les coefficients de la diagonale peuvent être ou ne pas être nuls.

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Bernhard Schmidt

Bernhard Woldemar Schmidt (, Nargen – 1 December 1935, Hamburg) was a Baltic German optician. In 1930 he invented the Schmidt telescope which corrected for the optical errors of spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism, making possible for the first time the construction of very large, wide-angled reflective cameras of short exposure time for astronomical research.

Bernhard Schmidt, né le, à Nargen dans le gouvernement d'Estland (Empire russe) et mort le, à Hambourg est un astronome et opticien allemand de la Baltique.

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Yggdrasil

Yggdrasil (from Old Norse ) is an immense mythical tree that plays a central role in Norse cosmology, where it connects the Nine Worlds.

Yggdrasil ou Yggdrasill est l'Arbre Monde dans la mythologie nordique. Son nom signifie littéralement « cheval d'Ygg » ou « destrier du Redoutable », le Redoutable ("Ygg") désignant le dieu Odin.

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Werner Heisenberg

Werner Karl Heisenberg (; ; 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics".

Werner Karl Heisenberg, né le à Wurtzbourg, Empire allemand, mort le à Munich, Allemagne, est un physicien allemand qui est l'un des fondateurs de la mécanique quantique. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1932.

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Agricultural economics

Économie agricole

Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber. Agricultural economics began as a branch of economics that specifically dealt with land usage, it focused on maximizing the crop yield while maintaining a good soil ecosystem. Throughout the 20th century the discipline expanded and the current scope of the discipline is much broader. Agricultural economics today includes a variety of applied areas, having considerable overlap with conventional economics. Agricultural economists have made substantial contributions to research in economics, econometrics, development economics, and environmental economics. Agricultural economics influences food policy, agricultural policy, and environmental policy.

L’économie agricole ou économie rurale est la partie de l’économie ou de la science économique qui concerne l’agriculture. L’économie agricole est donc la direction économique qui gère les différents aspects de l’agriculture et du milieu en général. Cette étude concernant l’utilisation optimale du sol s’avère être en corrélation avec les besoins humains.

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ß

Eszett

In German orthography, the grapheme ß, called'() or'(,, "sharp S"), represents the phoneme in Standard German, specifically when following long vowels and diphthongs, while "ss" is used after short vowels. The name combines the names of the letters of "s" () and "z" () in German. The character's Unicode names in English are sharp s and eszett.

L’ ( : ), noté en minuscule, et en majuscule, est une lettre utilisée uniquement dans la langue allemande et est également appelée (« s pointu »). Elle représente une ligature de utilisée sous certaines conditions. Cette lettre ne doit pas être confondue avec la lettre latine bêta minuscule ni avec la lettre grecque bêta minuscule, auxquels elle ressemble graphiquement, mais avec lesquelles elle n'a aucun lien.

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Diablo (video game)

Diablo (jeu vidéo)

Diablo is an action role-playing hack and slash video game developed by Blizzard North and released by Blizzard Entertainment in January 1997.

Diablo est un jeu vidéo de type "hack 'n' slash" développé par. La version PC fonctionnant sous a été publiée en janvier 1997 en Amérique du Nord et en Europe par et Ubisoft. Une version pour, développée par, et une version sont publiées l'année suivante en mars 1998.

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Baldr

Baldr (also Balder, Baldur) is a god in Norse mythology and a son of the god Odin and the goddess Frigg. He has numerous brothers, such as Thor and Váli.

Dans la mythologie nordique, Baldr (vieil islandais : "Baldr", ) est le dieu Ase de la lumière, la beauté, la jeunesse et l'amour. Il est le fils d'Odin et de Frigg. Son épouse est Nanna, et leur fils Forseti. Son domaine est Breidablik, qui est dans les cieux (ou en Suède, selon la "Ynglinga Saga"), dans une contrée d'où le mal est banni. Par jalousie, le dieu Loki cause sa mort. Baldr est alors envoyé dans le monde des morts et Loki est puni pour ses méfaits, car il empêche Baldr de revenir de Hel, précipitant l'arrivée de la bataille prophétique du Ragnarök où la majorité des dieux périront. Néanmoins Baldr en sera épargné et avec quelques autres survivants il prendra part au renouveau.

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Swiss Guard

Garde suisse pontificale

The Pontifical Swiss Guard (also Papal Swiss Guard or simply Swiss Guard; ; ; ; ; ) is a minor armed forces and honour guards unit maintained by the Holy See that protects the Pope and the Apostolic Palace, serving as the "de facto" military of Vatican City. Established in 1506 under Pope Julius II, the Pontifical Swiss Guard is among the oldest military units in continuous operation.

La Garde suisse pontificale (en latin : "Pontificia Cohors Helvetica") est une force militaire chargée de veiller à la sécurité du pape et du Vatican. Elle est la dernière Garde suisse encore existante parmi les détachements de mercenaires suisses qui servaient de garde rapprochée et protocolaire dans différentes cours européennes à partir du. Créée le sur l'ordre du pape Jules II, elle est aujourd'hui l'une des plus petites armées du monde avec 135 militaires, derrière la Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince de Monaco.

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null

Orthoptera

Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.

Les orthoptères ou Orthoptera (du grec "orthos", droit, et "ptéron", aile) sont un ordre de la classe des insectes. Ces animaux se caractérisent par des ailes alignées avec le corps. On estime à le nombre d'espèces présentes sur la planète. La grande majorité est phytophage (qui se nourrit de végétaux) bien que plusieurs espèces soient régulièrement prédatrices. Cet ordre est scindé en deux sous-ordres : les ensifères (grillons et sauterelles) et les caelifères (criquets).

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null

Hymenoptera

Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through holometabolism (complete metamorphosis)—that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature.

Les hyménoptères (Hymenoptera) sont un ordre d'insectes, de la sous-classe des ptérygotes, de la section des néoptères et du super-ordre des endoptérygotes.

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null

Conic section

Conique

In mathematics, a conic section (or simply conic) is a curve obtained as the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane. The three types of conic section are the hyperbola, the parabola, and the ellipse; the circle is a special case of the ellipse, though historically it was sometimes called a fourth type. The ancient Greek mathematicians studied conic sections, culminating around 200 BC with Apollonius of Perga's systematic work on their properties.

En géométrie euclidienne, une conique est une courbe plane algébrique, définie initialement comme l’intersection d'un cône de révolution (supposé prolongé à l’infini de part et d’autre du sommet) avec un plan. Lorsque le plan de coupe ne passe pas par le sommet du cône, la conique est dite "non dégénérée" et réalise l’une des courbes suivantes : ellipse, parabole ou hyperbole, caractérisées par un paramètre réel appelé excentricité.

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Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick

Richard Neville (16e comte de Warwick)

Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (22 November 1428 – 14 April 1471), known as Warwick the Kingmaker, was an English nobleman, administrator, and military commander. The eldest son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, he became Earl of Warwick through marriage, and was the wealthiest and most powerful English peer of his age, with political connections that went beyond the country's borders. One of the leaders in the Wars of the Roses, originally on the Yorkist side but later switching to the Lancastrian side, he was instrumental in the deposition of two kings, which led to his epithet of "Kingmaker".

Richard Neville ( – ), comte de Warwick et comte de Salisbury, est un homme politique et leader anglais. Il est principalement actif durant la guerre des Deux-Roses, et le pouvoir qu'il accumule en passant d'un camp à l'autre durant le conflit, tout comme ses qualités de stratège hors pair, lui valent le surnom de « Warwick le faiseur de rois » (« "" »).

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null

India ink

Encre de Chine

India ink (British English: Indian Ink; also Chinese ink) is a simple black or coloured ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing and outlining, especially when inking comic books and comic strips. India ink is also used in medical applications.

L'encre de Chine est une encre noire utilisée pour l'écriture, le dessin et la peinture au lavis. Réputée venir d'Orient, Chine ou Inde, elle associe un pigment noir de carbone et un liant aqueux.

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Wood

Bois

Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.

Le bois est un matériau naturel d'origine végétale. Il est constitué par un tissu végétal formant la plus grande partie du tronc des plantes ligneuses. Le bois assure, chez la plante, le rôle de conduction de la sève brute des racines jusqu’aux feuilles et le rôle de soutien mécanique de l'arbre ou de l'arbuste. Il sert aussi parfois de tissu de réserve.

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Alcoholic drink

Boisson alcoolisée

An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains the recreational drug ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. The consumption of alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures. Most countries have laws regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Some countries ban such activities entirely, but alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world. The global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2018.

Une boisson alcoolisée (ou boisson alcoolique), ou un alcool, est une boisson contenant de l'éthanol. Le vin, la bière, les eaux-de-vie, sont des exemples de boissons alcoolisées. Le goût, mais aussi l'effet psychotrope de l'éthanol, peuvent participer à l'appétence pour ce type de boisson et motiver sa consommation. Celle-ci peut également être influencée par des facteurs sociaux tels qu'un contexte convivial offrant une disponibilité facile du produit, le mimétisme voire la pression de groupe, ou à l'inverse, la restriction voire l'illégalité de vente ou de consommation du produit. L'alcool est une drogue, dont la consommation forte ou chronique peut dégénérer en addiction appelée alcoolisme. Toute consommation, même faible, est néfaste pour la santé du consommateur, tandis qu'une consommation importante présente divers risques, pour le consommateur et pour autrui.

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Megasthenes

Mégasthène

Megasthenes ( ;, c. 350 – c. 290 BC) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat and Indian ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period. He described India in his book "Indika", which is now lost, but has been partially reconstructed from literary fragments found in later authors.

Mégasthène ou Mégasthénès (en grec ancien / "Megasthénês") est un diplomate, historien et géographe de la Grèce antique, né vers 340, mort en 282 av. J.-C.). Il a laissé l'une des plus anciennes descriptions de l'Inde réalisées par des Européens.

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Architecture of India

Architecture en Inde

The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Among a number of architectural styles and traditions, the contrasting Hindu temple architecture and Indo-Islamic architecture are the best known historical styles. Both of these, but especially the former, have a number of regional styles within them. An early example of town planning was the Harappan architecture of the Indus Valley Civilisation. People lived in cities with baked brick houses, streets in a grid layout, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, granaries, citadels, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. Much other early Indian architecture was in wood, which has not survived.

L'architecture indienne est une architecture très riche puisant ses sources dans la préhistoire et évoluant avec le temps et dans l'espace (architectures locales).

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Cloister

Cloître

A cloister (from Latin "claustrum", "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cathedral or church, commonly against a warm southern flank, usually indicates that it is (or once was) part of a monastic foundation, "forming a continuous and solid architectural barrier... that effectively separates the world of the monks from that of the serfs and workmen, whose lives and works went forward outside and around the cloister."

Un cloître ou cloitre est une galerie couverte et fermée en quadrilatère, entourant souvent un jardin intérieur, établie d'abord au cœur des abbayes et monastères, et plus tard également à côté des cathédrales, collégiales et églises plus importantes.

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Mitosis

Mitose

In cell biology, mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other.

La mitose, du grec "mitos" qui signifie « filament » (référence à l'aspect des chromosomes en microscopie), désigne les événements chromosomiques de la division cellulaire des eucaryotes. Il s'agit d'une duplication non sexuée/asexuée (contrairement à la méiose). C'est la division d'une cellule mère en deux cellules filles strictement identiques génétiquement.

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James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics" after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.

James Clerk Maxwell ( à Édimbourg en Écosse - à Cambridge en Angleterre) est un physicien et mathématicien écossais. Il est principalement connu pour avoir unifié en un seul ensemble d'équations, les équations de Maxwell, l'électricité, le magnétisme et l'induction, en incluant une importante modification du théorème d'Ampère. Ce fut à l'époque le modèle le plus unifié de l'électromagnétisme. Il est également célèbre pour avoir interprété, dans un article en quatre parties publié dans "Philosophical Magazine" intitulé "On Physical Lines of Force", la lumière comme étant un phénomène électromagnétique en s'appuyant sur les travaux de Michael Faraday. Il a notamment démontré que les champs électriques et magnétiques se propagent dans l'espace sous la forme d'une onde et à la vitesse de la lumière.

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Syllabary

Syllabaire

In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) moras which make up words.

Un syllabaire est un ensemble de symboles utilisés par une écriture syllabique pour représenter les sons vocalisés ou groupés d'une langue. Les symboles représentent des syllabes, à la différence des écritures alphabétiques où les symboles représentent des sons ou des phonèmes unitairement.

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Game Gear

The is an 8-bit fourth generation handheld game console released by Sega on October 6, 1990 in Japan, in April 1991 throughout North America and Europe, and during 1992 in Australia. The Game Gear primarily competed with Nintendo's Game Boy, the Atari Lynx, and NEC's TurboExpress. It shares much of its hardware with the Master System, and can play Master System games by the use of an adapter. Sega positioned the Game Gear, which had a full-color backlit screen with a landscape format, as a technologically superior handheld to the Game Boy.

La est une console de jeux vidéo portable en couleur, sortie en 1990 et produite par Sega afin de concurrencer la Game Boy de Nintendo apparue une année plus tôt.

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Electromagnetic spectrum

Spectre électromagnétique

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.

Le spectre électromagnétique est le classement des rayonnements électromagnétiques par fréquence, longueur d'onde dans le vide ou énergie photonique. Le spectre électromagnétique s'étend sans rupture de zéro à l'infini. Pour des raisons tant historiques que physiques, on le divise en plusieurs grandes classes, dans lesquelles le rayonnement s'étudie par des moyens particuliers.

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Nebula

Nébuleuse

A nebula (Latin for 'cloud' or 'fog'; pl. nebulae, nebulæ or nebulas) is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Originally, the term was used to describe any diffused astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way. The Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, was once referred to as the "Andromeda Nebula" (and spiral galaxies in general as "spiral nebulae") before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher, Edwin Hubble and others.

Une nébuleuse (du latin ', nuage) désigne, en astronomie, un objet céleste composé de gaz raréfié, de plasma ou de poussières interstellaires. Avant les années 1920, le terme désignait tout objet du ciel d’aspect diffus. Étudiées par des astrophysiciens spécialisés dans l'étude du milieu interstellaire, les nébuleuses jouent un rôle clé dans la naissance des étoiles.

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Sher Shah Suri

Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545), born Farīd Khān, was the founder of the Suri Empire in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar. He introduced the currency of rupee. An ethnic Pashtun, Sher Shah took control of the Mughal Empire in 1538. After his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and then the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Shah overran the state of Bengal and established the Suri dynasty. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself as a gifted administrator as well as a capable general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar, son of Humayun.

Sher Shah Suri (1486 - 1545) (, Šer Šāh Sūrī), de son vrai nom Fahrid Khan aussi dénommé Sher Khan, est un chef afghan, fils de Hasan Khan, chef de clan. Sher Shah Suri fut le troisième padishah (empereur) de l'Inde et le fondateur de l'empire suri.

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Daisyworld

Daisyworld, a computer simulation, is a hypothetical world orbiting a star whose radiant energy is slowly increasing or decreasing. It is meant to mimic important elements of the Earth-Sun system, and was introduced by James Lovelock and Andrew Watson in a paper published in 1983 to illustrate the plausibility of the Gaia hypothesis. In the original 1983 version, Daisyworld is seeded with two varieties of daisy as its only life forms: black daisies and white daisies. White petaled daisies reflect light, while black petaled daisies absorb light. The simulation tracks the two daisy populations and the surface temperature of Daisyworld as the sun's rays grow more powerful. The surface temperature of Daisyworld remains almost constant over a broad range of solar output.

Daisyworld est un modèle informatique volontairement très simplifié, simulant comment quelques boucles de rétroactions peuvent avoir pour effet une tendance à la stabilisation d'un système climatique, simplement en modifiant l'albédo qui à son tour modifie ce Vivant. Ce modèle a été imaginé par James Lovelock et répondre aux critiques virulentes de téléologie, dont faisait l'objet son « hypothèse Gaia ».

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List of presidents of Bolivia

Liste des présidents de la Bolivie

This article contains a list of presidents of Bolivia, from the Declaration of Independence after the conclusion of the War of Independence (1825) to the present day.

Le président de l'État plurinational de Bolivie est le chef de l'État bolivien. Avant 2010, son titre était président de la République. Ci-dessous, la liste des présidents ordonnés par mandat.

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Physicist

Physicien

A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. Physicists work across a wide range of research fields, spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic and particle physics, through biological physics, to cosmological length scales encompassing the universe as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists: experimental physicists who specialize in the observation of physical phenomena and the analysis of experiments, and theoretical physicists who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as applied physics or engineering physics).

Un physicien est un scientifique qui étudie le champ de la physique, c'est-à-dire la science analysant les constituants fondamentaux de l'univers (sur toutes les échelles) et les forces qui les relient. Le mot "physicien" dérive du grec, "qui connaît la nature". Originellement, les Physiciens étaient les philosophes présocratiques de l'École milésienne, ou plus largement de l'École ionienne.

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