StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Karl Marx	Karl Marx	Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the reading room of the British Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet, "The Communist Manifesto", and the three-volume "Das Kapital" (1867–1883). His political and philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual, economic and political history, and his name has been used as an adjective, a noun and a school of social theory.	Karl Marx ( ), né le à Trèves en Rhénanie et mort le à Londres, est un philosophe, historien, sociologue, économiste, journaliste, théoricien de la révolution, socialiste et communiste allemand.	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Beowulf	Beowulf	Beowulf (; ) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important works of Old English literature. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. The anonymous poet is referred to by scholars as the ""Beowulf" poet".	Le Beowulf est un poème épique majeur de la littérature anglo-saxonne, probablement composé entre la première moitié du et la fin du premier millénaire. Le poème est inspiré de la tradition orale anglo-saxonne et retranscrit une épopée germanique en vers, contant les exploits du héros Beowulf qui donna son nom au poème, sur lesquels viennent se greffer des ajouts chrétiens.	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Versailles, Yvelines	Versailles	Versailles () is a city in the Yvelines département in the Île-de-France region, renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the western suburbs of the French capital, from the centre of Paris, Versailles is in the 21st century a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and a major tourist destination as well. According to the 2008 census, the population of the city is 88,641 inhabitants, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975.	Versailles () est une commune française, chef-lieu du département des Yvelines dans la région Île-de-France, mondialement connue pour son château ainsi que pour ses jardins, sites classés sous l’égide de l'UNESCO dans la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’humanité. D'après le recensement de 2015, la population de la ville est de.	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Middle East	Moyen-Orient	The Middle East is a transcontinental region which generally includes Western Asia (except for Transcaucasia), all of Egypt (mostly in North Africa), and Turkey (partly in Europe). The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to the Far East) beginning in the early 20th century. The broader concept of the "Greater Middle East" (or Middle East and North Africa) also adds the Maghreb, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and sometimes even Transcaucasia and Central Asia into the region. The term "Middle East" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions.	Le Moyen-Orient (en arabe "Al-Sharq Al-awsat", en persan, en turc ou "Orta Şark", en kurde, en hébreu ) est une expression d'origine occidentale qui désigne, pour les occidentaux, une région comprise entre la rive orientale de la mer Méditerranée et la ligne tracée par la frontière entre l'Iran d'une part et le Pakistan d'autre part. Le Moyen-Orient est l'Asie de l'Ouest et l'Égypte. Proche-Orient et Moyen-Orient ne désignent pas deux espaces géographiques clairement séparés, comme si, en allant vers l'est, on voyait se succéder le Proche-Orient et le Moyen-Orient avant d'atteindre l'Extrême-Orient. Ces termes désignent un même espace défini, au tournant des, par le "Foreign Office britannique" comme le "Middle East", et par le Quai d'Orsay français comme le Proche-Orient.	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Predation	Prédation	Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the host) and parasitoidism (which always does, eventually). It is distinct from scavenging on dead prey, though many predators also scavenge; it overlaps with herbivory, as seed predators and destructive frugivores are predators.	La prédation (emprunt de la Renaissance [1574] au latin "praedator", « voleur, pilleur », lui-même issu de "praeda", « proie » et de "prehendō", « prendre », qui exprime le fait de se saisir de quelqu'un ou de capturer une proie déterminée par ) est une interaction trophique directe, de nature antagoniste, entre deux organismes, par laquelle une espèce dénommée prédateur, consomme entièrement ou partiellement une à plusieurs espèces dénommée(s) proies, généralement en les tuant, pour s'en nourrir ou pour alimenter sa progéniture. La définition "sensu lato" inclut la zoophagie (depuis les micro-organismes procaryotes jusqu'aux superprédateurs, en passant par les hématophages ou les plantes carnivores), la bactériophagie, la microphagie, mais aussi la phytophagie (consommation de plantes par les herbivores, de graines par les granivores...), le parasitoïsme, le parasitisme ou les interactions hôte-pathogène.	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Bill Clinton	Bill Clinton	William Jefferson Clinton ("né" Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to his presidency, he served as governor of Arkansas (1979–1981 and 1983–1992) and as attorney general of Arkansas (1977–1979). A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was known as a New Democrat, and many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of former secretary of state, former U.S. senator, and two-time candidate for president Hillary Clinton.	William Jefferson Clinton (de son nom de naissance William Jefferson Blythe III), dit Bill Clinton, né le à Hope (Arkansas), est un juriste et homme d'État américain, en fonction de 1993 à 2001.	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Huesca	Huesca	Huesca (; ) is a city in north-eastern Spain, within the autonomous community of Aragon. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and of the comarca of Hoya de Huesca. In 2009 it had a population of 52,059, almost a quarter of the total population of the province. The city is one of the smallest provincial capitals in Spain.	Huesca ("Huesca" en espagnol, "Uesca" en aragonais) est une ville du Nord de l'Espagne, capitale de la province du même nom, dans la communauté autonome d'Aragon et la comarque de Hoya de Huesca.	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Abel Prize	Prix Abel	The Abel Prize () is a Norwegian prize awarded annually by the King of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians. It is named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829) and directly modeled after the Nobel Prizes. It comes with a monetary award of 7.5 million Norwegian Kroner (NOK), award prize money enhanced from 6 million NOK to 7.5 million NOK in 2019.	Le prix Abel est une des deux plus prestigieuses récompenses en mathématiques avec la médaille Fields. Tous deux sont considérés comme équivalents d'un prix Nobel, inexistant pour cette discipline.	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Cyrillic script	Alphabet cyrillique	The Cyrillic script () is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia and is used as the national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic and Iranic-speaking countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Northern Asia.	L’alphabet cyrillique (bulgare et macédonien : кирилица ; en russe : кириллица ; en ukrainien : кирилиця ; en biélorusse : кірыліца ; en ruthène/rusyn : кырилиця ; en serbe : ћирилица et ćirilica) est un alphabet bicaméral de trente lettres, créé vers la fin du au Monastère de Ravna et en Macédoine du Nord à Ohrid, à partir du grec dans sa graphie onciale et de l’alphabet glagolitique.	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Science	Science	Science (from the Latin word "scientia", meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.	La (du latin "scientia", « connaissance ») est l'ensemble des connaissances et études d'une valeur universelle, caractérisées par un objet et une méthode fondée sur des observations objectives vérifiables et des raisonnements rigoureux. On la divise communément en différents domaines (ou disciplines) qualifiés de sciences (au pluriel).	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Michel Debré	Michel Debré	Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He is considered the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962. In terms of political personality, he was intense and immovable, with a tendency to rhetorical extremism.	Michel Debré, né le dans le arrondissement de Paris et mort le à Montlouis-sur-Loire, est un homme d'État français. Il est notamment le premier Premier ministre de la, du au.	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Russian language	Russe	Russian (, "rússky yazýk") is an East Slavic language, which is an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages, one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages alongside, and part of the larger Balto-Slavic branch. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian.	Le russe () est une langue appartenant au groupe des langues slaves orientales de la famille des langues indo-européennes, auquel appartiennent aussi l'ukrainien et le biélorusse. Il compte plus de de locuteurs (comme langue maternelle ou langue seconde). Il est la langue officielle de la Fédération de Russie et l'une des langues officielles des républiques de Biélorussie, du Kazakhstan et du Kirghizistan, langue de communication au sein de la Communauté des États indépendants (CEI), dominante dans certaines régions d'Ukraine (notamment le Sud et l'Est ukrainien ainsi que la capitale Kiev). Il est également une des langues officielles de l'ONU.	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Portuguese language	Portugais	Portuguese ( or, in full, ) is a Western Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula. It is the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea and Macau. A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as "Lusophone" ("Lusófono"). As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found around the world (e.g., Cape Verdean Creole, and Papiamento the most widely spoken of these).	Le portugais (en portugais ") est une langue appartenant à la branche romane de la famille des langues indo-européennes. Les locuteurs du portugais s'appellent les « lusophones ».	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Siberia	Sibérie	Siberia (; ) is an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and Northern Asia. Siberia has been part of modern Russia since the latter half of the 16th century.	La Sibérie (en, "Sibír") est la partie de la Russie située en Asie : une immense région d'une surface de très peu peuplée ( d'habitants soit environ ). Située dans le centre et l'est de la Fédération de Russie, elle s’étend de l'Oural à l'ouest-nord-ouest jusqu'à l'océan Pacifique à l'est-nord-est et de l'océan Arctique au nord jusqu'aux monts Altaï situés au sud-sud-ouest entre le Kazakhstan et la Mongolie et jusqu'aux frontières mongoles et chinoises respectivement au sud-sud-est et à l'est-sud-est. Constituant la partie nord de l'Asie, la Sibérie représente 77 % de la surface de la Russie, mais seulement 27 % de sa population, et se caractérise par un climat froid et continental avec un paysage au relief modéré sillonné par d'énormes fleuves. Longtemps habitée par des populations pastorales de langues ouralo-altaïques, elle a été progressivement colonisée par l'Empire russe à partir du XVIIe siècle. Le régime soviétique a poursuivi l'exploitation forestière et a débuté l'extraction minière, gazière et pétrolière au.	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Arrondissements of Paris	Arrondissements de Paris	The city of Paris is divided into twenty "arrondissements municipaux", administrative districts, more simply referred to as arrondissements (). These are not to be confused with departmental arrondissements, which subdivide the 100 French "départements". The word "arrondissement", when applied to Paris, refers almost always to the municipal arrondissements listed below. The number of the arrondissement is indicated by the last two digits in most Parisian postal codes (75001 up to 75020).	Les arrondissements de Paris sont des divisions administratives intracommunales qui partagent Paris, la capitale de la France, en vingt arrondissements municipaux. Ils servent de cadre à l'élection des conseillers de Paris, qui ont à la fois les compétences de conseillers municipaux et de conseillers départementaux.	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Niels Henrik Abel	Niels Henrik Abel	Niels Henrik Abel (; ; 5 August 1802 – 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian mathematician who made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. His most famous single result is the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation in radicals. This question was one of the outstanding open problems of his day, and had been unresolved for over 250 years. He was also an innovator in the field of elliptic functions, discoverer of Abelian functions. He made his discoveries while living in poverty and died at the age of 26 from tuberculosis.	Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) est un mathématicien norvégien. Il est connu pour ses travaux en analyse mathématique sur la semi-convergence des séries numériques, des suites et séries de fonctions, les critères de convergence d'intégrale généralisée, sur la notion d'intégrale elliptique ; et en algèbre, sur la résolution des équations.	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Gnumeric	Gnumeric	Gnumeric is a spreadsheet program that is part of the GNOME Free Software Desktop Project. Gnumeric version 1.0 was released on 31 December 2001. Gnumeric is distributed as free software under the GNU GPL license; it is intended to replace proprietary spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel. Gnumeric was created and developed by Miguel de Icaza, but he has since moved on to other projects. The maintainer was Jody Goldberg.	Gnumeric est un tableur libre sous licence GNU GPL compatible avec les fichiers ".xls" produits avec Excel ou.ods de l'OpenDocument (utilisé notamment par LibreOffice) ou d'autres applications. L'interface et les raccourcis de Gnumeric sont similaires à ceux d'Excel.	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Associative property	Associativité	In mathematics, the associative property is a property of some binary operations. In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement for expressions in logical proofs.	En mathématiques, et plus précisément en algèbre générale, une loi de composition interne ou loi interne formula_1 sur un ensemble S est dite associative si pour tous x, y et z dans S :	[ 250004, 250054, 15236, 25958, 4, 10, 2394, 6635, 41018, 6, 246232, 98, 10, 5423, 44, 294, 58, 83, 35839, 166027, 272, 2174, 442, 40407, 3387, 70, 166027, 272, 27165, 12, 11853, 4, 6, 246232, 83, 11814, 47, 91995, 70, 26582, 111, 70, 41018, 4, 3129, 1543, 186, 2499, 26582, 4, 136, 3853, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 26582, 15, 461, 29621, 40322, 16, 237, 100, 127664, 1363, 5, 581, 166027, 272, 27165, 831, 2843, 186, 36510, 297, 23, 123309, 110, 22062, 4911, 7, 12, 5, 4263, 10, 2394, 6635, 41018, 83, 166027, 272, 4, 119140, 297, 38415, 111, 70, 41018, 27489, 7, 70, 5701, 16750, 211460, 111, 3642, 35604, 80836, 7, 111, 49129, 35412, 90, 621, 183540, 297, 23, 70, 125195, 5, 3293, 83, 35839, 70, 4537, 29367, 166027, 272, 27165, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 10, 12996, 111, 22759, 80854, 1543, 186, 59121, 4, 15490, 151134, 70, 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Bratislava	Bratislava	Bratislava (,, ;, formerly ; ) is the capital of Slovakia. With a population of about 430,000, it is one of the smaller capitals of Europe but still the country's largest city. The greater metropolitan area is home to more than 650,000 people. Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia, occupying both banks of the River Danube and the left bank of the River Morava. Bordering Austria and Hungary, it is the only national capital that borders two sovereign states.	Bratislava () est la capitale de la Slovaquie indépendante depuis 1993, située dans le sud-ouest du pays, à proximité des frontières avec l'Autriche, la Hongrie et la Tchéquie d'une part et de la capitale autrichienne, Vienne, d'autre part.	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High-performance liquid chromatography	Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance	High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography) is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture. It relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material. Each component in the sample interacts slightly differently with the adsorbent material, causing different flow rates for the different components and leading to the separation of the components as they flow out of the column.	La chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (CLHP) — mais on trouve plus fréquemment l'abréviation anglaise HPLC (' ou plus rarement') depuis les années 1990 — est une technique de séparation analytique et/ou préparatrice de molécules présentes dans un mélange. Cela permet d'adapter les méthodes chromatographiques usuelles (voir Colonne) sur un montage haute pression.	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Seismic magnitude scales	Magnitude (sismologie)	Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary on what aspect of the seismic waves are measured and how they are measured. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, the information available, and the purposes for which the magnitudes are used.	La magnitude est en sismologie la représentation logarithmique du moment sismique, qui est lui-même une mesure de l'énergie libérée par un séisme.	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]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Vienna	Vienne (Autriche)	Vienna (; ; ; ) is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 1.9 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.	Vienne ( ; ; ; ) est la capitale et la plus grande ville de l'Autriche ; elle est aussi l'un des neuf "Länder" (État fédéré) du pays ().	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Vichy	Vichy	Vichy () is a city in the Allier department of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.	Vichy ( ) est une commune française, située dans le sud-est du département de l'Allier, en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Vichyssois".	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History of Nepal	Histoire du Népal	The history of Nepal is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions, comprising the areas of South Asia and East Asia.	Cet article présente un résumé de l'histoire du Népal. Le Népal est un pays de l'Himalaya, enclavé, bordé au nord par la République populaire de Chine, région autonome du Tibet, au sud, à l'ouest et à l'est par l'Inde.	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RATP Group	Régie autonome des transports parisiens	The RATP Group (French: Groupe RATP), best known as the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (English: Autonomous Parisian Transportation Administration), is a state-owned public transport operator and maintainer headquartered in Paris, France. Formed in 1949, it has its origins as the city's public transport operator. Its logo represents, in a stylised version, the Seine's meandering through the Paris area as the face of a person looking up.	La Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP) est un établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial de l'État assurant l'exploitation d'une partie des transports en commun de Paris et de sa banlieue. Elle exploite les seize lignes du métro de Paris, huit des dix lignes du tramway d'Île-de-France (T1, T2, T3a, T3b, T5, T6, T7 et T8), une partie des lignes de bus d'Île-de-France, et une partie des lignes A et B du réseau express régional d'Île-de-France (RER). En région parisienne, elle transporte plus de de passagers par an (2016).	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Volcano	Volcan	A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.	Un volcan est une structure géologique qui résulte de la montée d'un magma puis de l'éruption de matériaux (gaz et lave) issus de ce magma, à la surface de la croûte terrestre ou d'un autre astre. Il peut être aérien ou sous-marin.	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Danube	Danube	The Danube ( ; ) is Europe's second-longest river, after the Volga. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe.	Le Danube ( ) est le deuxième fleuve d’Europe par sa longueur (après la Volga qui coule entièrement en Russie). Il prend sa source dans la Forêt-Noire en Allemagne lorsque deux cours d’eau, la Brigach et la Breg, se rencontrent à Donaueschingen où le fleuve prend le nom de Danube.	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Köchel catalogue	Catalogue Köchel	The Köchel catalogue () is a chronological catalogue of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, originally created by Ludwig von Köchel, in which the entries are abbreviated "K.", or "KV". The numbers of the Köchel catalogue reflect the continuing establishment of a complete chronology of Mozart's works, and provide a shorthand reference to the compositions.	Le catalogue Köchel ou en allemand, est un inventaire chronologique des œuvres de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, dressé par Ludwig von Köchel puis complété après sa mort par d'autres spécialistes.	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Pressure	Pression	Pressure (symbol: "p" or "P") is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled "gage" pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.	La pression est une grandeur physique qui traduit les échanges de quantité de mouvement dans un système thermodynamique, et notamment au sein d'un solide ou d'un fluide. Elle est définie classiquement comme l'intensité de la force qu'exerce un fluide par unité de surface.	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François Cheng	François Cheng	François Cheng (, born 30 August 1929) is a Chinese-born French academician, writer, poet and calligrapher. He is the author of essays, novels, collections of poetry and books on art written in the French language, and the translator of some of the great French poets into Chinese.	François Cheng (nom d'auteur, en chinois : 程抱一, « Qui embrasse l'Unité », Chéng Bàoyī en transcription phonétique pinyin), né le à Nanchang dans la province du Jiangxi, est un écrivain, poète et calligraphe chinois naturalisé français en 1971.	[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 37226, 90965, 4, 3291, 1463, 5134, 23, 54566, 4, 5024, 449, 26983, 297, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 953, 47, 9942, 23, 31100, 98, 10, 35187, 80731, 5, 360, 1919, 5726, 116483, 47, 70, 62, 408, 11056, 6224, 72358, 4, 5024, 449, 2804, 4, 44, 568, 100512, 10, 92265, 669, 23, 27165, 4, 7086, 136, 26498, 1286, 3501, 6, 95037, 939, 5369, 6650, 1449, 41866, 1295, 450, 3095, 3229, 87, 64317, 34, 37838, 23409, 645, 47, 70, 92265, 46876, 4, 20662, 442, 70, 142172, 4, 707, 70, 57289, 4, 111, 759, 85403, 4488, 5, 3293, 46876, 4, 3642, 831, 87, 5154, 26818, 450, 87, 6, 2600, 47, 442, 32, 1650, 83, 221, 24833, 11, 37838, 6, 99091, 1257, 678, 70, 3917, 87, 6867, 136, 759, 75414, 6897, 450, 442, 1556, 77443, 47, 186, 70, 119492, 111, 759, 73872, 53, 1242, 5024, 449, 25, 7, 5117, 43240, 3542, 108858, 96335, 1672, 76438, 30260, 1294, 136, 178829, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 23936, 7, 136, 39395, 19340, 7, 4, 764, 79786, 678, 70, 69982, 174976, 18, 117085, 239, 4398, 98, 35187, 214, 136, 3900, 143, 1916, 7986, 7, 1295, 70, 54704, 289, 76438, 74413, 5, 32255, 121122, 7, 27257, 71, 239, 4398, 25, 7, 72399, 128169, 98, 69982, 140815, 206019, 5, 147466, 764, 80723, 47, 33022, 85745, 7, 23, 92265, 4, 8108, 77681, 174548, 47, 70, 32562, 111, 21261, 7, 5, 5024, 449, 23742, 70, 9571, 87696, 51230, 885, 100, 1919, 21261, 44, 5267, 3011, 8, 150732, 2387, 58, 24073, 58, 3957, 59144, 111, 150732, 2387, 58, 18939, 15, 111596, 5, 105137, 19, 44767, 4, 7270, 4, 9571, 194, 360, 5726, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 47, 70, 62, 408, 11056, 6224, 72358, 4, 70, 5117, 3445, 111, 67009, 59665, 47, 186, 221, 20338, 297, 5, 66016, 43304, 764, 1556, 2809, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 34750, 2320, 5585, 20251, 25, 7, 3486, 34639, 175352, 5, 5024, 449, 139505, 10, 249, 10433, 2750, 509, 2843, 10, 76438, 15889, 5, 10660, 100512, 92265, 130367, 7, 136, 1902, 10, 14449, 5, 581, 481, 76849, 14245, 5024, 449, 509, 103122, 23, 7270, 23, 47114, 5, 4687, 1556, 24209, 142, 108858, 136, 12385, 106622, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 115065, 5024, 449, 15, 1687, 104, 25, 60540, 4, 22, 204493, 152, 6, 11072, 24968, 684, 4, 94, 7644, 28, 12846, 2619, 96, 25, 14256, 5097, 340, 4, 184461, 449, 39914, 31, 53, 7138, 22, 30334, 59478, 6, 75189, 76572, 6520, 9298, 247, 18673, 95, 253, 37226, 90965, 807, 21, 140280, 115, 3291, 1463, 5134, 4, 437, 51, 6, 186945, 21845, 4, 160, 79693, 82, 11782, 14, 41382, 13, 204493, 6083, 52992, 43054, 22, 32158, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Andromeda (mythology)	Andromède (mythologie)	In Greek mythology, Andromeda (; Greek: Ἀνδρομέδα, "Androméda" or Ἀνδρομέδη, "Andromédē") is the daughter of the king of the Kingdom of Kush; Cepheus and his wife Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasts that she is more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to ravage the coast of Ethiopia as divine punishment. Andromeda is chained to a rock as a sacrifice to sate the monster, but is saved from death by Perseus, who marries her and takes her to Greece to reign as his queen.	Dans la mythologie grecque, Andromède (en grec ancien ) est une princesse éthiopienne. Fille du roi Céphée, elle est victime de l'orgueil de sa mère Cassiopée. Exposée nue sur un rocher pour y être dévorée par un monstre marin, elle est sauvée de justesse par Persée dont elle deviendra l'épouse.	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Commutative property	Loi commutative	In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Most familiar as the name of the property that says or, the property can also be used in more advanced settings. The name is needed because there are operations, such as division and subtraction, that do not have it (for example, ); such operations are "not" commutative, and so are referred to as "noncommutative operations". The idea that simple operations, such as the multiplication and addition of numbers, are commutative was for many years implicitly assumed. Thus, this property was not named until the 19th century, when mathematics started to become formalized. A corresponding property exists for binary relations; a binary relation is said to be symmetric if the relation applies regardless of the order of its operands; for example, equality is symmetric as two equal mathematical objects are equal regardless of their order.	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Donald Knuth	Donald Knuth	Donald Ervin Knuth ( ; born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is the 1974 recipient of the ACM Turing Award, informally considered the Nobel Prize of computer science.	Donald Ervin Knuth (), né le à Milwaukee au Wisconsin, est un informaticien et mathématicien américain de renom, professeur émérite en informatique à l'université Stanford (en tant que « professeur émérite de l'art de programmer »). Il est un des pionniers de l'algorithmique et a fait de nombreuses contributions dans plusieurs branches de l'informatique théorique.	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Paradox	Paradoxe	A paradox, also known as an antinomy, is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox usually involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements—that exist simultaneously and persist over time.	Un paradoxe, d'après l'étymologie (du grec "paradoxos", « παράδοξος » : « contraire à l'opinion commune », de "para" : « contre », et "doxa" : « opinion »), est une idée ou une proposition à première vue surprenante ou choquante, c'est-à-dire allant contre le sens commun. En ce sens, le "paradoxe" désigne également une figure de style consistant à formuler, au sein d'un discours, une expression, généralement antithétique, qui va à l'encontre du sens commun.	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Port	Port	A port is a maritime facility which may comprise one or more wharves where ships may dock to load and discharge passengers and cargo. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, some ports, such as Hamburg, Manchester and Duluth, are many miles inland, with access to the sea via river or canal. Because of their roles as a port of entry for immigrants many port cities such as London, New York, Shanghai, Los Angeles, Singapore and Vancouver have experienced dramatic multi-ethnic and multicultural changes.	Un port est une infrastructure construite par l'homme, située sur le littoral maritime, sur les berges d'un lac ou sur un cours d'eau, et destinée à accueillir des bateaux et navires. D'autre part il existe des ports à sec installés en sus ou non d'un port maritime ou fluvial comme stationnement portuaire relié à une infrastructure à terre permettant un stockage de petites unités, comme des voiliers, ainsi que des transferts vers des réseaux ferroviaires et routiers.	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Deontic logic	Logique déontique	Deontic logic is the field of philosophical logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts. Alternatively, a deontic logic is a formal system that attempts to capture the essential logical features of these concepts. Typically, a deontic logic uses "OA" to mean "it is obligatory that A", (or "it ought to be (the case) that A"), and "PA" to mean "it is permitted (or permissible) that A".	La logique déontique (du grec "déon, déontos" : devoir, ce qu'il faut, ce qui convient) tente de formaliser les rapports qui existent entre les quatre caractéristiques d'une loi : l'obligation, l'interdiction, la permission et le facultatif.	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Lugdunum	Lugdunum	Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul, established on the current site of Lyon. The city was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus. It served as the capital of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis and was an important city in the western half of the Roman Empire for centuries. Two emperors, Claudius and Caracalla, were born in Lugdunum. In the period AD 69–192 the city's population may have numbered 50,000 to 100,000, and possibly up to 200,000 inhabitants.	Lugdunum (ou Lugudunum), aujourd'hui Lyon, est le nom du site gaulois où une colonie de droit romain fut fondée en 43 av. J.-C. par Lucius Munatius Plancus, alors gouverneur de la Gaule chevelue, sous la titulature initiale de "Colonia Copia Felix Munatia Lugudunum". Cette colonie, fondée à l'occasion des troubles qui suivent l'assassinat de Jules César en 44 av. J.-C., devint la capitale des Gaules à partir de 27 av. J.-C.	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Vienne, Isère	Vienne (Isère)	Vienne (; ) is a commune in southeastern France, located south of Lyon, at the confluence of the Gère river and the Rhône. Today, it is only the fourth largest city in the Isère department, of which it is a subprefecture, but was a major center of the Roman Empire.	Vienne (, "Vièna" en arpitan) est une commune située au sud-est de la France, au confluent du Rhône et de la Gère, en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes dans le département de l'Isère. Elle est avec La Tour-du-Pin, l'une des deux sous-préfectures du département.	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Boulogne-Billancourt	Boulogne-Billancourt	Boulogne-Billancourt (; often colloquially called simply Boulogne, until 1924 Boulogne-sur-Seine) is a commune in the western suburbs, and from the centre, of the French capital Paris. Boulogne-Billancourt is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Boulogne-Billancourt.	Boulogne-Billancourt est une commune française des Hauts-de-Seine et de la Métropole du Grand Paris en région Île-de-France, la plus peuplée des communes franciliennes après Paris. Elle résulte de la réunion, réalisée sous le nom de Boulogne sur Seine en 1790, de Boulogne la Petite, paroisse érigée en 1343 autour de l'église Notre Dame de Boulogne sur Seyne, et de la rive droite de Saint-Cloud. Le nom de Boulogne Billancourt, tardivement adopté en 1926, acte le démantèlement, au profit du XVI arrondissement, du vaste territoire de Longchamp et du Bois de Boulogne, et l'adjonction, accordée en 1860 comme une compensation, de Billancourt, écart d'Auteuil devenu dans l'entre deux guerres le fief historique des usines Renault.	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Addition	Addition	Addition (usually signified by the plus symbol ) is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic, the other three being subtraction, multiplication and division. The addition of two whole numbers results in the total amount or "sum" of those values combined. The example in the adjacent picture shows a combination of three apples and two apples, making a total of five apples. This observation is equivalent to the mathematical expression i.e., "3 "add" 2 is equal to 5".	L'addition est une opération élémentaire, permettant notamment de décrire la réunion de quantités ou l'adjonction de grandeurs extensives de même nature, comme les longueurs, les aires, ou les volumes. En particulier en physique, l'addition de deux grandeurs ne peut s'effectuer numériquement que si ces grandeurs sont exprimées avec la même unité de mesure. Le résultat d'une addition est appelé une somme, et les nombres que l'on additionne, les termes.	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Holy Roman Empire	Saint-Empire romain germanique	The Holy Roman Empire (; ), often unofficially referred to as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also included the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia and Kingdom of Italy, plus numerous other territories, and soon after the Kingdom of Burgundy was added. However, while by the 15th century the Empire was still in theory composed of three major blocks – Italy, Germany, and Burgundy – in practice, the links between these blocks had become so unsubstantial that only the Kingdom of Germany remained, nearly all the Italian territories for instance having become in effect part of a narrowly-defined Habsburg dynastic patrimony, unconnected to the Empire. The external borders of the Empire did not change noticeably from the Peace of Westphalia – which acknowledged the exclusion of Switzerland and the Northern Netherlands, and the French protectorate over Alsace – to the dissolution of the Empire. By then, it largely contained only German-speaking territories, plus the Kingdom of Bohemia. At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the German Confederation.	Le Saint-Empire romain est un regroupement politique, aujourd'hui disparu, de terres d’Europe occidentale et centrale au Moyen Âge, dirigé par un souverain arborant le titre d'« empereur des Romains ». Il se considérait, de sa fondation au jusqu'à sa suppression au début du par Napoléon, comme le continuateur de l’empire d’Occident des Carolingiens et, au-delà, de l’Empire romain. L’adjectif "Saint" fut rajouté pour sa part sous le règne de Frédéric Barberousse (attesté en 1157) pour légitimer le pouvoir de manière divine.	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Ludwig van Beethoven	Ludwig van Beethoven	Ludwig van Beethoven (; ; baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist; his music is amongst the most performed of the classical music repertoire, and he is one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music. His works span the transition from the classical period to the romantic era in classical music. His career has conventionally been divided into early, middle, and late periods. The "early" period in which he forged his craft is typically seen to last until 1802. His "middle" period, sometimes characterised as "heroic", showing an individual development from the "classical" styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, covers the years 1802 to 1812, during which he increasingly suffered from deafness. In the "late" period from 1812 to his death in 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression.	Ludwig van Beethoven ( ) est un compositeur et pianiste allemand né à Bonn le 15 ou et mort à Vienne le.	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Houlgate	Houlgate	Houlgate () is a small tourist resort in northwestern France along the English Channel with a beach and a casino. It is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region.	Houlgate est une cité balnéaire style 1900 située dans le Calvados sur la Côte Fleurie créée sur les landes de Beuzeval. Cette ville de Normandie, localisée dans le pays d'Auge, à mi-distance entre Cabourg à l'ouest et Villers-sur-Mer à l'est, se trouve à une vingtaine de kilomètres de Caen et de Deauville. La ville est réputée pour son architecture balnéaire typique de cette période.	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Les Autels-Saint-Bazile	Les Autels-Saint-Bazile	Les Autels-Saint-Bazile is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.	Les Autels-Saint-Bazile est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.	[ 250004, 250054, 1734, 52236, 14794, 9, 166154, 9, 8023, 124510, 83, 105866, 3060, 2678, 1785, 127067, 9, 13, 4438, 111, 2041, 33, 136, 1372, 1785, 127067, 9, 25617, 111, 1261, 172, 10999, 5, 581, 8394, 48850, 136, 127067, 9022, 132988, 111, 70, 45556, 83, 70, 130625, 289, 132988, 17721, 9113, 34952, 7, 136, 3347, 86, 5, 40266, 47, 70, 45556, 83, 390, 70, 391, 10991, 33816, 1295, 1529, 474, 67, 16274, 23, 70, 144477, 3129, 3173, 7, 2831, 111, 70, 144477, 9022, 132988, 8108, 41421, 214, 70, 45556, 136, 452, 6953, 8305, 70, 54427, 19686, 214, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 581, 391, 119477, 32497, 1295, 70, 144477, 136, 10922, 7, 7565, 70, 144477, 9, 13, 11, 48850, 5609, 111, 70, 45556, 8108, 19686, 214, 127067, 47, 636, 853, 3165, 5861, 5, 581, 391, 10991, 284, 60899, 28, 4438, 1295, 70, 54427, 47, 37067, 678, 70, 391, 119477, 5, 581, 391, 97024, 2843, 10922, 7, 127067, 8305, 70, 171827, 111938, 111, 70, 45556, 5, 581, 45556, 83, 17664, 297, 100, 525, 136, 40617, 1760, 5, 581, 7465, 86, 96113, 3173, 7, 70, 8394, 48850, 132988, 111, 70, 45556, 237, 442, 86608, 7, 144477, 9, 13, 4438, 47, 33284, 70, 71907, 144477, 111, 239, 13008, 58988, 47623, 5, 893, 85589, 4806, 75973, 9588, 90, 23, 70, 11698, 111, 70, 45556, 136, 86608, 7, 28, 4438, 47, 33284, 70, 7465, 86, 5, 581, 5655, 4626, 67, 3173, 7, 70, 171827, 132988, 111, 70, 171827, 111938, 111, 70, 45556, 5, 581, 4518, 11999, 916, 8, 313, 603, 15477, 9588, 90, 23, 70, 65272, 111, 70, 45556, 136, 86608, 7, 144477, 47, 33284, 70, 5655, 4626, 67, 5, 32036, 111, 144053, 5844, 104610, 7, 360, 1532, 70, 45556, 1902, 4572, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 581, 28, 137089, 111, 70, 14012, 111, 23, 109261, 16037, 83, 51529, 1295, 70, 43904, 149039, 5908, 55080, 297, 23, 70, 45556, 16792, 729, 11591, 5, 28090, 70, 952, 271, 142642, 4, 10, 149039, 7, 111, 45556, 7, 678, 10846, 56, 3501, 84428, 23, 109261, 16037, 83, 34658, 11907, 43606, 5369, 4, 51, 5062, 150679, 45556, 7, 450, 765, 10, 121413, 110297, 11907, 6602, 5, 581, 7270, 127, 84084, 111, 12190, 148021, 13, 70541, 7, 6626, 55769, 450, 621, 189893, 237, 186768, 36746, 7, 12, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 1734, 52236, 14794, 9, 166154, 9, 8023, 124510, 437, 773, 184280, 45556, 72358, 4, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 115, 9113, 34952, 7, 22, 38038, 209469, 13, 4, 8, 68334, 95, 773, 45556, 104, 50763, 87361, 13, 531, 2988, 8, 21, 45556, 24164, 8, 1261, 31399, 18, 9, 104709, 7, 9, 71, 25, 186432, 13, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Livarot	Livarot	Livarot is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.	Livarot est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.	[ 250004, 250054, 1261, 31399, 18, 83, 39501, 297, 99, 70, 27022, 10763, 111, 70, 391, 617, 136, 391, 172070, 33816, 7, 5, 581, 43573, 525, 26349, 83, 2041, 33, 4, 189275, 47, 70, 144477, 9, 25617, 5, 581, 3687, 83, 243, 525, 297, 72399, 23, 70, 3173, 44, 9506, 1961, 16210, 58, 23, 534, 11663, 4, 136, 44, 9506, 1961, 132, 42, 16, 796, 58, 23, 534, 13683, 707, 534, 12243, 5, 581, 82, 4650, 109622, 187136, 111, 903, 3687, 9351, 1556, 110, 220, 1956, 2481, 54940, 2663, 45757, 64370, 12, 2161, 729, 20414, 26748, 4, 70, 6, 163414, 318, 271, 136, 104610, 111, 1261, 31399, 18, 91048, 5117, 36442, 47, 2777, 18891, 25632, 70, 85336, 214, 111, 1919, 2258, 390, 142, 884, 71516, 1831, 56379, 4, 959, 2060, 16065, 4, 17721, 70, 54427, 7, 111, 12190, 13, 9, 27591, 53, 9, 112, 9, 146794, 519, 6947, 53, 136, 582, 432, 7130, 1314, 5, 1529, 509, 7068, 166499, 3674, 4, 70, 5701, 5155, 4, 47, 70, 30839, 116338, 17986, 23, 79191, 53, 5, 1261, 31399, 18, 509, 16177, 3674, 98, 953, 8055, 5, 77168, 214, 102203, 22017, 19298, 4, 70, 56101, 361, 927, 33119, 796, 2822, 127152, 509, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 70, 5, 581, 91853, 7068, 2577, 71, 10, 37515, 39746, 7154, 390, 70, 1438, 304, 2208, 127152, 111, 70, 30839, 87880, 1294, 4, 1284, 2843, 134729, 297, 388, 5908, 47, 101786, 11476, 1295, 884, 71516, 1831, 56379, 5, 2161, 953, 8055, 4, 56101, 4927, 33150, 53, 17305, 5115, 53, 62825, 71, 70, 16128, 5, 581, 56101, 174920, 47, 40, 20650, 10, 6, 80728, 4, 3129, 1902, 19, 25, 18, 2809, 163684, 297, 4, 36880, 70, 96113, 47, 12190, 9, 197558, 9, 112, 9, 70567, 18, 4, 144477, 111, 1261, 31399, 18, 5, 581, 92265, 9624, 14, 116071, 7068, 97384, 450, 70, 30839, 7, 1902, 32997, 297, 1261, 31399, 18, 136, 450, 70, 5117, 56101, 79063, 1314, 1902, 30957, 297, 70, 5701, 5155, 5, 581, 14834, 215394, 83, 150350, 71, 111, 1105, 43032, 4, 26719, 70, 15333, 136, 37195, 195644, 7, 5, 360, 27997, 70, 14834, 2481, 1902, 116538, 17168, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 66016, 86097, 149039, 5908, 23, 14834, 31075, 111, 40715, 3501, 84428, 23, 109261, 16037, 621, 34658, 11907, 43606, 5369, 15, 73, 43304, 24159, 267, 4, 3021, 5, 100, 1261, 31399, 18, 16, 136, 8437, 14834, 43904, 621, 25902, 5256, 23, 3789, 5369, 5, 1261, 31399, 18, 54529, 297, 115261, 12338, 23, 109261, 16037, 23, 26527, 5, 581, 44, 6642, 188, 1340, 4706, 5844, 1261, 31399, 10471, 13, 58, 378, 9506, 31399, 10471, 13, 39170, 4612, 268, 216479, 71, 6626, 101740, 87199, 23, 5, 581, 6, 166871, 40059, 111, 70, 11938, 1556, 25550, 297, 5941, 171503, 7, 6044, 237, 67373, 136, 775, 115065, 136, 8321, 73, 62612, 59438, 2940, 4, 136, 2843, 5, 149282, 361, 111, 70, 918, 11330, 8, 9942, 83, 2843, 203251, 47, 4034, 23, 1261, 31399, 18, 5, 581, 1261, 31399, 18, 5024, 7717, 34997, 83, 34658, 11907, 6602, 23, 8055, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 1261, 31399, 18, 437, 773, 184280, 45556, 72358, 4, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 115, 9113, 34952, 7, 22, 38038, 209469, 13, 4, 8, 68334, 95, 773, 45556, 104, 50763, 87361, 13, 531, 2988, 8, 21, 45556, 24164, 8, 1261, 31399, 18, 9, 104709, 7, 9, 71, 25, 186432, 13, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Lisieux	Lisieux	Lisieux () is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is the capital of the Pays d'Auge area, which is characterised by valleys and hedged farmland.	Lisieux est une commune française située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie et peuplée de appelés Lexoviens et Lexoviennes.	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Orchard	Verger	An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs that is maintained for food production. Orchards comprise fruit- or nut-producing trees which are generally grown for commercial production. Orchards are also sometimes a feature of large gardens, where they serve an aesthetic as well as a productive purpose. A fruit garden is generally synonymous with an orchard, although it is set on a smaller non-commercial scale and may emphasize berry shrubs in preference to fruit trees. Most temperate-zone orchards are laid out in a regular grid, with a grazed or mown grass or bare soil base that makes maintenance and fruit gathering easy.	Un verger est un espace de terrain dévolu à la culture d'arbres fruitiers, appelée arboriculture fruitière. Il en existe différents types : les vergers conservatoires, les prés-vergers, les vergers commerciaux et de jardin potager.	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Kitchen garden	Jardin potager	The traditional kitchen garden, also known as a potager (in French, "jardin potager") or in Scotland a kailyaird, is a space separate from the rest of the residential garden – the ornamental plants and lawn areas. Most vegetable gardens are still miniature versions of old family farm plots, but the kitchen garden is different not only in its history, but also its design.	Un jardin potager, ou plus simplement potager, est un jardin ou une partie de jardin où se pratique la culture vivrière de plantes potagères destinées à la consommation familiale. Il a donc essentiellement une fonction utilitaire, mais en même temps ce type de jardinage peut être un passe-temps ou/et une passion et être bénéfique pour la santé physique ou mentale. Enfin il peut également avoir une fonction ornementale et contribuer au maintien de la biodiversité animale et végétale.	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Pont-Farcy	Pont-Farcy	Pont-Farcy is a former commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. Before 1 January 2018, it was part of the Calvados department. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune of Tessy-Bocage.	Pont-Farcy est une ancienne commune française, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Tessy-Bocage. Elle est située à compter de cette date dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie et est peuplée de habitants.	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Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados	Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer (Calvados)	Saint Aubin-sur-Mer, in the District of Caen, is a commune in the Calvados department (14), of la Basse-Normandie (25), in northwestern France. Administratively, in the Township of Douvres-la-Délivrande, along its coast the town is 2.1 km to Bernieres-sur-Mer, and driving south is 5.1 to Beny-sur-Mer.	Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer est une commune française, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie, peuplée de "(les Saint-Aubinais)". Station balnéaire de la Côte de Nacre, elle est surnommée « la Reine de l'iode ».	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Saint-Sever-Calvados	Saint-Sever-Calvados	Saint-Sever-Calvados is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Noues de Sienne.	Saint-Sever-Calvados est une ancienne commune française, ancien chef-lieu de canton, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie, peuplée de habitants, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Noues de Sienne.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 36770, 92265, 45556, 127918, 111877, 12231, 183001, 7, 4, 10, 11192, 123875, 111, 442, 8035, 70, 12190, 9, 4233, 814, 100, 525, 5, 581, 12190, 9, 4233, 814, 100, 525, 83, 70, 31344, 111, 6626, 96113, 7, 4, 70, 96113, 582, 107, 136, 70, 96113, 727, 76, 5, 116166, 318, 50908, 4, 99, 70, 127067, 111, 70, 16128, 83, 167375, 6275, 99, 1672, 14877, 106384, 4, 136, 70, 459, 25617, 4, 99, 70, 144477, 28, 4438, 16128, 111, 70, 99, 1672, 51332, 106384, 5, 581, 127067, 111, 70, 16128, 83, 98, 70, 134654, 13, 1163, 47022, 111, 582, 107, 9, 21851, 45878, 7, 4, 136, 70, 144477, 98, 70, 5094, 5176, 223, 3647, 674, 111, 70, 4950, 73, 174072, 429, 279, 93905, 5, 581, 83080, 102044, 9146, 83, 106, 4, 19236, 2866, 5, 581, 44677, 28032, 70, 16128, 621, 12, 21, 2076, 27305, 5056, 4, 199, 17848, 33657, 7, 4, 21, 6163, 14, 32832, 4, 12190, 9, 571, 19164, 13, 4, 21, 2041, 20628, 13, 4, 199, 77135, 13, 10484, 4, 21, 6557, 13, 4, 95, 182359, 44, 132, 916, 10761, 16, 830, 21, 6955, 2529, 47623, 4, 21, 53513, 173213, 10389, 4, 21, 667, 157, 1674, 47623, 4, 21, 96742, 13, 148810, 13, 4, 21, 42522, 13, 148810, 13, 4, 95, 45709, 1507, 4, 199, 45471, 36711, 7, 4, 95, 91006, 107, 42077, 4, 21, 276, 138193, 35890, 4, 95, 24303, 65735, 4, 21, 42620, 49589, 164081, 4, 199, 153335, 933, 4, 95, 582, 10999, 228267, 4, 95, 51053, 7, 4, 21, 33198, 481, 47623, 4, 21, 930, 686, 10389, 4, 21, 3036, 20628, 13, 4, 21, 24277, 71, 47623, 4, 21, 129956, 10821, 7, 47623, 4, 21, 5813, 3055, 478, 4, 21, 72242, 35890, 4, 21, 1446, 15882, 47623, 4, 21, 313, 603, 27811, 13, 44, 132, 1298, 96, 25, 525, 16, 830, 21, 11330, 86, 5056, 4, 95, 12021, 17324, 4, 21, 1111, 1179, 47623, 4, 21, 3342, 34680, 47623, 4, 21, 14304, 36340, 10389, 4, 199, 116166, 318, 50908, 4, 21, 28566, 13, 8, 727, 9657, 4, 96, 25, 18468, 266, 16852, 44, 132, 916, 8932, 16, 830, 95, 32783, 18, 4, 32173, 21555, 4, 21, 42620, 5861, 47623, 4, 21, 51661, 47623, 4, 21, 6955, 56, 15882, 35890, 4, 21, 63910, 118318, 164081, 4, 199, 88712, 52467, 4, 1311, 9348, 299, 4, 22387, 13, 100561, 184, 4, 95, 51053, 7, 115, 174784, 18, 4, 21, 3698, 13, 16670, 4, 21, 162981, 8, 1311, 9348, 299, 4, 21, 53186, 1341, 13, 4, 95, 2460, 164, 8, 1311, 9348, 299, 4, 95, 72813, 2721, 4759, 44, 132, 1298, 96, 25, 796, 525, 16, 58, 136, 95, 52774, 6169, 4615, 581, 59444, 111, 12190, 9, 4233, 814, 9, 94553, 34952, 7, 83, 39501, 297, 702, 74548, 65272, 111, 582, 107, 136, 616, 74548, 28, 4438, 111, 50776, 7814, 34, 9, 1577, 9, 7192, 691, 1577, 4, 136, 98, 10, 13036, 33816, 17721, 6097, 31913, 7, 5, 581, 45556, 83, 138241, 14534, 678, 12, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 12190, 9, 4233, 814, 9, 94553, 34952, 7, 437, 773, 184280, 45556, 72358, 4, 6, 84582, 21861, 9, 6387, 34, 8, 31186, 19, 4, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 115, 9113, 34952, 7, 22, 38038, 209469, 13, 4, 6253, 152863, 13, 8, 111123, 4, 8, 68334, 95, 773, 45556, 104, 50763, 87361, 13, 531, 2988, 8, 21, 45556, 24164, 8, 28566, 90, 8, 727, 9657, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Thury-Harcourt	Thury-Harcourt	Thury-Harcourt is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom. The town is south of Caen, in the Orne valley. It is part of Norman Switzerland, which attracts visitors for various sports and outdoor activities with its hilly terrain.	Thury-Harcourt est depuis le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle du Hom, et une ancienne commune française, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 7311, 9351, 83, 12613, 1294, 4, 1284, 70, 1784, 28694, 111, 12613, 1294, 75204, 10, 137909, 13, 1295, 45233, 104, 25, 30404, 118383, 1379, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 51978, 111, 1950, 118383, 23, 729, 6463, 4, 186607, 449, 10, 15549, 111, 9351, 5, 581, 59444, 509, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 70, 84616, 111, 83572, 102126, 23, 18237, 111, 27712, 7103, 9942, 25, 7, 613, 18280, 42, 134620, 70, 99381, 111, 9942, 5, 1326, 22759, 5369, 70, 54427, 158930, 1379, 83572, 6, 167618, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 30839, 116338, 86052, 23, 95699, 34, 138518, 9942, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 12613, 1294, 9, 30404, 118383, 509, 16177, 3674, 390, 56101, 79063, 1314, 2750, 3542, 2831, 111, 70, 11156, 927, 15, 42378, 420, 13534, 72567, 16, 360, 57463, 1294, 127152, 5, 581, 11156, 927, 15, 42378, 420, 13534, 72567, 16, 360, 57463, 1294, 127152, 5775, 46526, 2363, 3917, 3934, 136, 8305, 12613, 1294, 9, 30404, 118383, 23, 8055, 111, 26748, 5, 1913, 70, 4000, 81843, 7, 111, 11994, 27580, 70, 15333, 10208, 313, 16139, 6815, 509, 456, 9, 100184, 297, 5, 581, 14834, 215394, 58055, 7, 111, 953, 43032, 4, 26719, 70, 15333, 136, 190, 8, 7077, 53, 15333, 7, 5, 360, 70, 133868, 7, 111, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 4, 7103, 70, 111413, 1459, 132260, 7, 70, 59444, 509, 62825, 71, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 98, 496, 18237, 26748, 74, 70, 212282, 144281, 71, 82649, 5, 1650, 509, 20271, 38781, 329, 181952, 26548, 70, 56101, 11156, 927, 15, 42378, 420, 13534, 72567, 16, 360, 57463, 1294, 127152, 98, 702, 1104, 617, 8055, 26748, 450, 70, 30839, 84616, 10267, 107, 27686, 1295, 70, 59444, 136, 5423, 11476, 47, 70, 3245, 8918, 4, 3129, 1902, 134729, 297, 10176, 82649, 1257, 47, 450, 6275, 5, 581, 11476, 163684, 297, 5941, 3835, 43878, 90, 4, 10, 35773, 1294, 111, 110518, 106, 26738, 21950, 7, 4, 136, 75281, 7, 111, 14449, 115923, 5, 6, 68823, 7514, 29398, 509, 163684, 297, 390, 1831, 153350, 7, 23, 26748, 136, 122905, 89829, 23, 70, 27631, 7, 5, 581, 44828, 1505, 13315, 142096, 23, 172457, 136, 509, 155738, 23, 32158, 5, 21612, 22553, 4516, 118066, 23, 26819, 5, 62, 135474, 25550, 1295, 42225, 24299, 299, 15, 155648, 47, 2041, 33, 16, 47, 313, 3703, 2408, 160404, 71, 1295, 12898, 47, 103709, 360, 70, 37195, 8927, 927, 142642, 5941, 87143, 66399, 27686, 47, 25730, 4, 35971, 678, 2856, 70, 13943, 67, 136, 1563, 9190, 111, 70, 366, 4745, 4, 15, 68016, 34, 7745, 194, 1529, 14037, 297, 70, 366, 4745, 12190, 9, 143568, 272, 474, 4, 5813, 33970, 5, 58807, 636, 137267, 474, 4163, 4537, 6226, 111, 205297, 9, 160392, 136, 26038, 1919, 9351, 47, 70, 59444, 7, 111, 636, 6389, 77991, 136, 33742, 33, 9348, 299, 23, 5813, 33970, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 12613, 1294, 9, 30404, 118383, 437, 13106, 95, 773, 45556, 104, 50763, 87361, 13, 531, 2988, 8, 21, 45556, 24164, 115, 27762, 4, 82, 773, 184280, 45556, 72358, 4, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 115, 9113, 34952, 7, 22, 38038, 209469, 13, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
TV Azteca	TV Azteca	TV Azteca, S.A.B. de C.V. is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. It primarily competes with Televisa and Imagen Televisión, as well as some local operators. It owns two national television networks, Azteca Uno and Azteca 7, and operates two other nationally distributed services, adn40 and a+. All three of these networks have transmitters in most major and minor cities.	Televisión Azteca, plus connu sous les noms TV Azteca et Azteca, est un groupe audiovisuel mexicain. Propriétaire des réseaux de télévision Azteca Uno et Azteca 7 ainsi que de la chaîne ADN 40, il est le deuxième plus grand groupe de télévision au Mexique derrière Televisa.	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Deus (band)	DEUS	Deus (styled as dEUS) is a rock band based in Antwerp, Belgium, whose only continuous members up to the present day are Tom Barman (vocals, guitars) and Klaas Janzoons (keyboards, violin). The rest of the band's line-up currently consists of drummer Stéphane Misseghers, bassist Alan Gevaert, and guitarist/backing vocalist Bruno De Groote.	dEUS est un groupe de rock indépendant belge, originaire d'Anvers. Formé en 1991 par Tom Barman, il est un des tout premiers groupes de rock belges à avoir connu une certaine popularité au niveau international.	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Theorem	Théorème	In mathematics, a theorem is a non-self-evident statement that has been proven to be true, either on the basis of generally accepted statements such as axioms or on the basis of previously established statements such as other theorems. A theorem is hence a logical consequence of the axioms, with a proof of the theorem being a logical argument which establishes its truth through the inference rules of a deductive system. As a result, the proof of a theorem is often interpreted as justification of the truth of the theorem statement. In light of the requirement that theorems be proved, the concept of a theorem is fundamentally "deductive", in contrast to the notion of a scientific law, which is "experimental".	En mathématiques et en logique, un théorème (du grec "théorêma", objet digne d'étude) est une assertion qui est démontrée, c'est-à-dire établie comme "vraie" à partir d'autres assertions déjà démontrées (théorèmes ou autres formes d'assertions) ou des assertions acceptées comme vraies, appelées axiomes. Un théorème se démontre dans un système déductif et est une conséquence logique d'un système d'axiomes. En ce sens, il se distingue d'une loi scientifique, obtenue par l'expérimentation.	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Dardenne brothers	Frères Dardenne	Brothers Jean-Pierre Dardenne (; born 21 April 1951) and Luc Dardenne (born 10 March 1954), collectively referred to as the Dardenne brothers, are a Belgian filmmaking duo. They write, produce, and direct their films together.	Jean-Pierre Dardenne, né le à Engis, et Luc Dardenne, né le aux Awirs, sont deux frères belges qui réalisent leurs films en commun. Ils sont également scénaristes et producteurs.	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Giuseppe Peano	Giuseppe Peano	Giuseppe Peano (; ; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician and glottologist. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named the Peano axioms in his honor. As part of this effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin. He also wrote an international auxiliary language, Latino sine flexione ("Latin without inflections"), which is a simplified version of Classical Latin. Most of his books and papers are in Latin sine flexione, others are in Italian.	Giuseppe Peano (Spinetta di Cuneo (Coni), - Cavoretto, près de Turin, ) est un mathématicien et linguiste italien de la fin du. Pionnier de l’approche formaliste des mathématiques, il développa, parallèlement à l’Allemand Richard Dedekind, une axiomatisation de l'arithmétique (1889). Il est par ailleurs l’inventeur d'une langue auxiliaire internationale, le Latino sine flexione (LsF) ("le latin sans déclinaisons") en 1903. Il fut membre du comité qui créa la délégation pour l'adoption d'une langue auxiliaire internationale.	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Vire	Vire	Vire () is a town and a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.	Vire est une ancienne commune française du Bocage virois, située dans le département du Calvados (dont elle est une sous-préfecture) et la région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Vire Normandie.	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Japanese language	Japonais	Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial texts did not appear until the 8th century. During the Heian period (794–1185), Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) included changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, and the first appearance of European loanwords. The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo (modern Tokyo) region in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid-19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly. English loanwords, in particular, have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated.	Le japonais est la langue du Japon, parlée par le peuple japonais. Néanmoins, aucune loi ne lui donne le statut de langue officielle, même si elle est en revanche la langue des documents officiels et de l'éducation. Le japonais est également utilisé par la diaspora nippone (notamment au Brésil et au Pérou, où d'importantes communautés parlant cette langue sont implantées, comme à Lima et à Sao Paulo), et a un statut de langue officielle sur l'île de Angaur dans les Palaos bien qu'il n'y soit plus parlé.	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Joost van den Vondel	Joost van den Vondel	Joost van den Vondel (; 17 November 1587 – 5 February 1679) was a Dutch poet, writer and playwright. He is considered the most prominent Dutch poet and playwright of the 17th century. His plays are the ones from that period that are still most frequently performed, and his epic "Joannes de Boetgezant" (1662), on the life of John the Baptist, has been called the greatest Dutch epic.	Joost van den Vondel est un écrivain, poète et dramaturge néerlandais né à Cologne le, mort à Amsterdam le.	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Glasnost	Glasnost	In the Russian language the word glasnost (;, ) has several general and specific meanings. It has been used in Russian to mean "openness and transparency" since at least the end of the eighteenth century.	La glasnost (en « publicité [des débats] », traditionnellement traduit par « transparence ») est une politique de liberté d'expression et de la publication d'informations qui s'amorça par l'accident nucléaire de Tchernobyl puis fut portée en URSS par Mikhaïl Gorbatchev à partir de 1986.	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Geography of Nicaragua	Géographie du Nicaragua	Nicaragua (officially the Republic of Nicaragua ) is a country in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras. Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America in square kilometers.	Le Nicaragua est un pays d'Amérique centrale entouré par la mer des Caraïbes à l'est, l'océan Pacifique à l'ouest, le Costa Rica au sud, et le Honduras au nord.	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Shreveport, Louisiana	Shreveport	Shreveport ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is the most populous city in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan area. Shreveport ranks third in population in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge and 133rd in the U.S. The bulk of Shreveport is in Caddo Parish, of which it is the parish seat. Shreveport extends along the west bank of the Red River (most notably at Wright Island, the Charles and Marie Hamel Memorial Park, and Bagley Island) into neighboring Bossier Parish. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The United States Census Bureau's 2019 estimates for the city's population decreased to 187,112.	Shreveport est la troisième ville de la Louisiane, aux États-Unis. Elle est étroitement liée à la ville de Bossier City, avec une population métropolitaine de. Elle est le siège de la paroisse de Caddo et s’étend légèrement sur la paroisse de Bossier.	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René Thom	René Thom	René Frédéric Thom (; 2 September 1923 – 25 October 2002) was a French mathematician. He made his reputation as a topologist, moving on to aspects of what would be called singularity theory; he became world-famous among the wider academic community and the educated general public for one aspect of this latter interest, his work as founder of catastrophe theory (later developed by Erik Christopher Zeeman). He received the Fields Medal in 1958.	René Thom, né à Montbéliard le et mort à Bures-sur-Yvette le, est un mathématicien et épistémologue français, fondateur de la théorie des catastrophes. Il reçut la médaille Fields en 1958. Il est le père de l'historienne et soviétologue Françoise Thom. Parmi les continuateurs des travaux de René Thom, on peut mentionner Erik Christopher Zeeman.	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The Star-Spangled Banner	The Star-Spangled Banner	"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from the Defence of Fort M'Henry, a poem written on September 14, 1814, by 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the U.S. victory.	La musique utilisée pour cet hymne était à l'origine créée pour "", également connue sous le nom "To Anacreon in Heaven", une chanson à boire d'un club de musiciens britanniques en hommage au poète grec, Anacréon. La musique a été reprise par des Américains, et les paroles remplacées par celles de l'hymne actuel des États-Unis. Il a été reconnu pour un usage officiel par la marine américaine en 1889 et par la Maison-Blanche en 1916. Il a été finalement adopté comme hymne national par une résolution du Congrès en date du. La chanson se compose de quatre strophes, mais généralement seuls la première strophe et le premier refrain sont chantés aujourd’hui.	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Kim Stanley Robinson	Kim Stanley Robinson	Kim Stanley Robinson (born March 23, 1952) is an American writer of science fiction. He has published nineteen novels and numerous short stories but is best known for his "Mars" trilogy. His work has been translated into 24 languages. Many of his novels and stories have ecological, cultural, and political themes and feature scientists as heroes. Robinson has won numerous awards, including the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel and the World Fantasy Award. Robinson's work has been labeled by "The Atlantic" as "the gold-standard of realistic, and highly literary, science-fiction writing." According to an article in "The New Yorker", Robinson is "generally acknowledged as one of the greatest living science-fiction writers."	Kim Stanley Robinson, né le dans l'Illinois, est un auteur américain de romans et nouvelles de science-fiction. Il habite à Davis en Californie.	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Language transfer	Interférence linguistique	Language transfer is the application of linguistic features from one language to another by a bilingual or multilingual speaker. Language transfer may occur across both languages in the acquisition of a simultaneous bilingual, from a mature speaker's first language (L1) to a second (L2) or third (L3) language they are acquiring, or from an L2 back to the L1. Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, and crosslinguistic influence) is most commonly discussed in the context of English language learning and teaching, but it can occur in any situation when someone does not have a native-level command of a language, as when translating into a second language. Language transfer is also a common topic in bilingual child language acquisition as it occurs frequently in bilingual children especially when one language is dominant.	L'interférence linguistique, ou transfert linguistique, se passe lorsque les langues entrent en contact les unes avec les autres au cours de leur évolution, à la fois historique et géographique. Elles s'influencent alors mutuellement, ce qui peut se manifester par des emprunts lexicaux, de nouvelles formulations syntaxiques etc. Concrètement, cela se traduit par l'apparition de nouveaux mots (éventuellement adaptés à la prononciation spécifique à leur langue), de nouvelles tournures de phrase et/ou la traduction littérale d'expressions idiomatiques (calques). Le plus souvent, cela commence par une déformation progressive et très peu perceptible de la prononciation qui, pour certains phonèmes, va petit à petit s'assimiler à une prononciation étrangère assez proche.	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Raoul Vaneigem	Raoul Vaneigem	Raoul Vaneigem (; born 21 March 1934) is a Belgian writer known for his 1967 book "The Revolution of Everyday Life".	Raoul Vaneigem, né à Lessines (Hainaut, Belgique) le, est un écrivain et philosophe situationniste belge. Médiéviste, spécialiste des hérésies, il est l'auteur d'une trentaine d'ouvrages.	[ 250004, 250054, 3000, 1399, 14716, 136, 71263, 262, 18492, 3542, 6626, 111, 70, 7893, 3790, 24816, 7, 111, 70, 53577, 1419, 112664, 5, 3000, 1399, 14716, 25, 7, 68049, 7, 195409, 7228, 442, 98, 188, 70, 58982, 7, 111, 7270, 20271, 70, 4347, 28015, 75, 22876, 5180, 5, 18763, 2684, 170277, 12877, 4, 136, 70, 1632, 450, 70541, 7, 70, 2684, 170277, 68049, 7, 4, 83, 44, 3957, 135555, 111, 87769, 5636, 16505, 58, 15, 73, 92265, 44, 28542, 5097, 8, 19628, 9, 33328, 107, 253, 96, 25, 147152, 224, 40290, 161883, 7, 51029, 360, 442, 4, 764, 66801, 71, 2367, 764, 35839, 44, 13409, 5844, 25370, 8780, 830, 10, 101766, 13, 26946, 7154, 111, 70, 48152, 31075, 111, 5744, 8780, 3129, 764, 90698, 44, 66, 645, 6644, 47, 19911, 8780, 740, 129551, 47, 70, 4165, 44, 157, 64113, 7432, 5, 1478, 830, 581, 54479, 111, 72733, 202, 3000, 1399, 14716, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 37515, 525, 111, 70, 53577, 64370, 5, 197956, 120178, 297, 47, 71263, 262, 18492, 25, 7, 68894, 136, 5664, 21068, 20623, 4, 3000, 1399, 14716, 122399, 10, 1286, 30260, 1771, 136, 52101, 297, 117303, 5, 44, 3957, 135555, 111, 87769, 5636, 16505, 58, 24073, 28542, 5097, 8, 19628, 9, 33328, 107, 253, 96, 25, 147152, 224, 40290, 161883, 7, 74054, 91376, 23, 70, 5701, 6602, 237, 378, 4657, 18492, 25, 7, 268, 44, 3957, 67081, 111, 70, 24990, 102, 11030, 830, 104902, 134744, 33, 136, 40197, 70, 92252, 111, 70, 10000, 25, 7, 3790, 10484, 136, 41361, 7, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 4989, 525, 10000, 43032, 4, 136, 103351, 30391, 111, 70, 68828, 44, 130196, 13, 53577, 93, 824, 830, 3000, 1399, 14716, 77681, 25737, 70, 10000, 23, 7582, 19340, 4, 1059, 1916, 2363, 137578, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 1919, 10002, 23, 1919, 31330, 111, 199747, 2320, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 4, 262, 18492, 31089, 71, 10, 205794, 6, 16275, 64113, 57553, 8, 3165, 60636, 15044, 3000, 1399, 14716, 136, 1919, 127472, 111, 70, 53577, 1419, 8357, 5, 24372, 137802, 70, 53577, 1419, 8357, 4, 3000, 1399, 14716, 54397, 10, 36549, 111, 5664, 39, 21533, 42840, 65922, 214, 70, 6528, 111, 10, 4092, 136, 15970, 9, 144867, 1916, 2265, 12989, 5, 1529, 195409, 7228, 4527, 111, 74189, 5264, 7, 4, 26719, 44, 1052, 22846, 275, 830, 44, 105214, 58258, 8, 70535, 164, 53, 4, 58, 44, 196006, 5581, 90, 7, 67987, 4, 58, 44, 105214, 90, 9, 919, 1603, 8250, 164, 786, 1766, 164, 4, 58, 44, 74257, 4384, 108066, 93, 583, 4, 58, 44, 7251, 86, 8, 23684, 13650, 4, 58, 136, 44, 197558, 38692, 2870, 1242, 169549, 538, 764, 1556, 2809, 142, 204797, 111, 10, 3525, 10644, 111, 153350, 4, 23, 3129, 4516, 136, 6181, 2320, 133325, 22691, 11374, 100, 4092, 136, 128120, 47, 43799, 81997, 707, 4889, 7, 5, 360, 1877, 3000, 1399, 14716, 509, 33683, 297, 390, 15745, 225051, 3545, 24816, 100, 28, 9, 18026, 425, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 72733, 202, 3000, 1399, 14716, 4, 18673, 253, 1734, 7, 12741, 15, 6495, 885, 1003, 4, 41267, 944, 16, 95, 4, 437, 51, 6, 186945, 21845, 82, 6, 119598, 13, 16648, 93, 824, 70200, 5, 276, 31571, 446, 114998, 4, 163047, 224, 10128, 36838, 90, 4, 211, 437, 96, 25, 60540, 104, 25, 1811, 7497, 102, 1212, 104, 25, 138903, 7, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Dauphin of France	Dauphin (titre)	Dauphin of France (, ; ), originally Dauphin of Viennois ("Dauphin de Viennois"), was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830. The word "dauphin" is French for dolphin. At first the heirs were granted the County of Viennois (Dauphiné) to rule, but eventually only the title was granted.	Le titre de dauphin était attribué à sa naissance au fils aîné du roi de France régnant. En cas de mort du Dauphin, son frère cadet recevait à sa place le titre de dauphin.	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Law of excluded middle	Principe du tiers exclu	In logic, the law of excluded middle (or the principle of excluded middle) states that for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is true. It is one of the so called three laws of thought, along with the law of noncontradiction, and the law of identity. The law of excluded middle is logically equivalent to the law of noncontradiction by De Morgan's laws; however, no system of logic is built on just these laws, and none of these laws provide inference rules, such as modus ponens or De Morgan's laws.	En logique formelle, le principe du tiers exclu (ou « principe du milieu exclu » ou « tertium non datur » ou «principium medii », ou simplement le « tiers exclu ») énonce qu'ou bien une proposition est vraie, ou bien sa négation est vraie. Par exemple, Socrate est vivant ou mort, et il n'y a pas de cas intermédiaire entre ces deux états de Socrate, c'est pourquoi on parle de « tiers-exclu » : tous les autres cas de figure sont nécessairement exclus. C'est un des principes de la logique classique. Au début de la formalisation des mathématiques, ce principe a été tenu comme un dogme intangible. 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Émilie Jolie	Émilie Jolie	Émilie Jolie is a French children's musical by Philippe Chatel and arranged by Jean-Louis Bucchi. It later became a film involving Georges Brassens, Henri Salvador, Julien Clerc, Alain Souchon, Laurent Voulzy, Louis Chedid, Françoise Hardy and Eddy Mitchell in the first rendition and Johnny Hallyday, Alain Bashung, Jacques Dutronc, Maurane, Florent Pagny, Axelle Red and Etienne Daho.	Émilie Jolie est un conte musical de Philippe Chatel, arrangé par Jean-Louis Bucchi et sorti en disque en 1979. Le conte est devenu un classique et une référence comme comédie musicale pour enfants.	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Geodesy	Géodésie	Geodesy () is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space and gravitational field. The field also incorporates studies of how these properties change over time and equivalent measurements for other planets (known as planetary geodesy). Geodynamical phenomena include crustal motion, tides and polar motion, which can be studied by designing global and national control networks, applying space and terrestrial techniques and relying on datums and coordinate systems.	La géodésie (du grec ancien : / "geôdaisía", de / "gễ" (« Terre ») et / "daíô" (« diviser »)) est la science, destinée à l'origine au tracé des cartes, qui s'est attachée à résoudre le problème des dimensions, puis de la forme de la Terre, ce qui fait d'elle, à son origine, la première forme de la géographie moderne.	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Law of noncontradiction	Principe de non-contradiction	In logic, the law of non-contradiction (LNC) (also known as the law of contradiction, principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction) states that contradictory propositions cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time, e. g. the two propositions ""A is B"" and ""A is not B"" are mutually exclusive. Formally this is expressed as the tautology ¬(p ∧ ¬p).	En logique, le principe de non-contradiction est la loi qui interdit d'affirmer et nier le même terme ou la même proposition.	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Propositional calculus	Calcul des propositions	Propositional calculus is a branch of logic. It is also called propositional logic, statement logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes zeroth-order logic. It deals with propositions (which can be true or false) and argument flow. Compound propositions are formed by connecting propositions by logical connectives. The propositions without logical connectives are called atomic propositions.	Le calcul des propositions ou calcul propositionnel fait partie de la logique mathématique. Il a pour objet l'étude des relations logiques entre « propositions » et définit les lois formelles selon lesquelles les propositions complexes sont formées en assemblant des propositions simples au moyen des connecteurs logiques et celles-ci sont enchaînées pour produire des raisonnements valides. Il est un des systèmes formels, piliers de la logique mathématique dont il aide à la formulation des concepts. Il est considéré comme la forme moderne de la logique stoïcienne.	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Karl Wilhelm Naundorff	Karl-Wilhelm Naundorff	Karl Wilhelm Naundorff (1785? – August 10, 1845) was a German clock- and watch-maker who until his death claimed to be Prince Louis-Charles, or Louis XVII of France. Naundorff was one of the more stubborn of more than thirty men who claimed to be Louis XVII.	Karl-Wilhelm Naundorff, mort le à Delft, est un horloger prussien. Il fut le plus célèbre de ceux qui au déclarèrent être l'ancien dauphin Louis XVII, censé avoir survécu à sa détention à la prison du Temple.	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Principle of bivalence	Principe de bivalence	In logic, the semantic principle (or law) of bivalence states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition (of a theory under inspection) has exactly one truth value, either true or false. A logic satisfying this principle is called a two-valued logic or bivalent logic.	En logique, le principe de bivalence énonce que toute proposition P ne peut avoir qu'une et une seule des deux valeurs de vérité ː vraie ou fausse. Une logique respectant le principe de bivalence est dite logique bivalente. La logique classique est bivalente.	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Bass drum	Grosse caisse	The bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. The instrument is typically cylindrical, with the drum's diameter much greater than the drum's depth, with a struck head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of calf skin or plastic and there is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings. Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size does not dictate the volume produced by the drum. The pitch and the sound can vary much with different sizes, but the size is also chosen based on convenience and aesthetics. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in several musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished.	La grosse caisse (aussi appelée tonnant) est un instrument de percussion membranophone de diamètre large. Comme la caisse claire, c'est un des éléments principaux de la batterie. Elle est également utilisée indépendamment dans les fanfares et dans les orchestres classiques (depuis la musique baroque) et les bagad. Son origine semble remonter aux premiers âges de l'humanité.	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Anne Boleyn	Anne Boleyn	Anne Boleyn (; 1501 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII. Their marriage, and her execution for treason and other charges by beheading, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Queen Claude of France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon.	Anne Boleyn (vers 1507 – ) est la deuxième épouse du roi Henri VIII d'Angleterre et reine consort de 1533 à 1536. Elle est la mère de la reine Élisabeth. Son mariage avec Henri VIII est à l'origine du changement politique et religieux complexe, et souvent tragique, qu'a été la réforme anglaise. Accusée d'adultère, d'inceste et de haute trahison, elle est exécutée par décapitation. Il est maintenant généralement admis qu'elle était innocente de ces accusations. Anne Boleyn a été célébrée plus tard comme martyre dans la culture protestante, particulièrement dans l'œuvre de John Foxe.	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Contradiction	Contradiction	In traditional logic, a contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility or incongruity between two or more propositions. It occurs when the propositions, taken together, yield two conclusions which form the logical, usually opposite inversions of each other. Illustrating a general tendency in applied logic, Aristotle's law of noncontradiction states that "It is impossible that the same thing can at the same time both belong and not belong to the same object and in the same respect."	En logique des propositions, une contradiction ou antilogie, de symbole formula_1, est une formule qui est toujours fausse, quelle que soit la valeur des variables propositionnelles. On dit aussi que la formule est insatisfaisable, antilogique ou encore contradictoire.	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Louis XVIII of France	Louis XVIII	Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for the Hundred Days in 1815. He spent twenty-three years in exile: during the French Revolution and the First French Empire (1791–1814); and during the Hundred Days.	Louis — né à Versailles le sous le nom de Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, et par ailleurs comte de Provence (1755-1795) — est roi de France et du royaume de Navarre du au puis du à sa mort, le, à Paris.	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Trade union	Syndicat professionnel	A trade union (or a labor union in the U.S.) is an association of workers forming a legal unit or legal personhood, usually called a "bargaining unit", which acts as bargaining agent and legal representative for a unit of employees in all matters of law or right arising from or in the administration of a collective agreement. Labour unions typically fund the formal organization, head office, and legal team functions of the labour union through regular fees or union dues. The delegate staff of the labour union representation in the workforce are made up of workplace volunteers who are appointed by members in democratic elections.	Un syndicat professionnel est une organisation professionnelle ou catégorielle à caractère privé qui a pour but d'. Dans les pays démocratiques, ces organisations sont indépendantes de l'État (mais reconnues par celui-ci) et régies par un ensemble de lois qui précisent leur statut, les modalités, les garanties et les limites de leur exercice. Ce type d'organisation peut regrouper des salariés (syndicat de salariés) ou des membres du patronat (organisation patronale).	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Fork (system call)	Fork (programmation)	In computing, particularly in the context of the Unix operating system and its workalikes, fork is an operation whereby a process creates a copy of itself. It is an interface which is required for compliance with the POSIX and Single UNIX Specification standards. It is usually implemented as a C Standard Library (libC) wrapper to the fork, clone, or other system calls of the kernel. Fork is the primary method of process creation on Unix-like operating systems.	La fonction fork fait partie des appels système standard d'UNIX (norme POSIX). Cette fonction permet à un processus (un programme en cours d'exécution) de donner naissance à un nouveau processus qui est sa copie conforme, par exemple en vue de réaliser un second traitement parallèlement au premier. Un bon moyen de visualiser l'effet d'un fork sur un processus est d'imaginer une division cellulaire.	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Limburg (Belgium)	Province de Limbourg (Belgique)	Limburg (, ; Dutch and Limburgish: "Limburg"; ) is a province in Belgium. It is the easternmost of the five Dutch-speaking provinces that together form the Region of Flanders, one of the three main political and cultural sub-divisions of modern Belgium.	Le Limbourg est une province de Belgique située en Région flamande. Elle est située au nord-est de la Belgique et est placée sous la tutelle de la Région flamande.	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Application programming interface	Interface de programmation	An application programming interface (API) is a computing interface which defines interactions between multiple software intermediaries. It defines the kinds of calls or requests that can be made, how to make them, the data formats that should be used, the conventions to follow, etc. It can also provide extension mechanisms so that users can extend existing functionality in various ways and to varying degrees. An API can be entirely custom, specific to a component, or it can be designed based on an industry standard to ensure interoperability. Some APIs have to be documented, others are designed so that they can be "interrogated" to determine supported functionality. Since other components/systems rely only on the API, the system that provides the API can (ideally) change its internal details "behind" that API without affecting its users.	En informatique, une interface de programmation d’application ou interface de programmation applicative (souvent désignée par le terme API pour ') est un ensemble normalisé de classes, de méthodes, de fonctions et de constantes qui sert de façade par laquelle un logiciel offre des services à d'autres logiciels. Elle est offerte par une bibliothèque logicielle ou un service web, le plus souvent accompagnée d'une description qui spécifie comment des programmes "consommateurs" peuvent se servir des fonctionnalités du programme "fournisseur".	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Leopold II of Belgium	Léopold II (roi des Belges)	Leopold II (; ; ; 9 April 183517 December 1909) was King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909 and, in a completely separate role, the Sovereign of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908. His absolute rule of the Congo was well-known by the contemporary international press for its brutality, which led to an early use of the term "crime against humanity."	, de son nom Léopold Louis-Philippe Marie Victor de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, né au palais royal de Bruxelles (en Belgique) le et mort le au château de Laeken (en Belgique) est le deuxième roi des Belges (du au ), prince de Belgique, duc de Saxe, prince de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha, duc de Brabant (1840-1865), fondateur de l'État indépendant du Congo (1885-1908). Il succède à son père, Léopold, au trône de Belgique en 1865. Par sa mère Louise d'Orléans, il est le petit-fils de Louis-Philippe, roi des Français. Il est le frère de Charlotte, impératrice consort du Mexique.	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Charles X of France	Charles X	Charles X (born Charles Philippe, Count of Artois; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Charles (as heir-presumptive) became the leader of the ultra-royalists, a radical monarchist faction within the French court that affirmed rule by divine right and opposed the concessions towards liberals and guarantees of civil liberties granted by the Charter of 1814. Charles gained influence within the French court after the assassination of his son Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, in 1820 and eventually succeeded his brother in 1824.	Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois, plus connu sous le nom de, né le au château de Versailles à Versailles en France et mort le à Goritz en Autriche, est roi de France et de Navarre de 1824 à 1830.	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Neutron star	Étoile à neutrons	A neutron star is the collapsed core of a giant star, which before collapse had a total mass of between 10 and 29 solar masses. Neutron stars are the smallest and densest stars, excluding black holes and hypothetical white holes, quark stars, and strange stars. Neutron stars have a radius on the order of and a mass of about 1.4 solar masses. They result from the supernova explosion of a massive star, combined with gravitational collapse, that compresses the core past white dwarf star density to that of atomic nuclei.	Une étoile à neutrons est un astre principalement composé de neutrons maintenus ensemble par les forces de gravitation. De tels objets sont le résidu compact issu de l'effondrement gravitationnel du cœur d'une certaine étoile massive quand celle-ci a épuisé son combustible nucléaire. Cet effondrement s'accompagne d'une explosion des couches externes de l'étoile, qui sont complètement disloquées et rendues au milieu interstellaire, phénomène appelé supernova. Le résidu compact n'a d'étoile que le nom : il n'est plus le siège de réactions nucléaires et sa structure est radicalement différente de celle d'une étoile ordinaire. Sa masse volumique est en effet extraordinairement élevée, de l'ordre de mille milliards de tonnes par litre, et sa masse comprise dans une fourchette très étroite, entre la masse du Soleil (voir masse de Chandrasekhar). Ainsi, une étoile à neutrons est une boule de seulement 20 à 40 kilomètres de diamètre.	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Phanerozoic	Phanérozoïque	The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers million years to the present, and began with the Cambrian Period when animals first developed hard shells preserved in the fossil record. The time before the Phanerozoic, called the "Precambrian", is now divided into the Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic eons.	Le Phanérozoïque est un éon couvrant les 541 derniers millions d'années. Il commence par la période géologique du Cambrien, avec l'apparition des petits animaux à coquilles, puis a vu le développement d'une vie animale abondante jusqu'à nos jours. L'éon précédent est le Protérozoïque, qui fait partie du Précambrien, une large période allant de la formation de la Terre au début du Phanérozoïque.	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Kernel (algebra)	Noyau (algèbre)	In algebra, the kernel of a homomorphism (function that preserves the structure) is generally the inverse image of 0 (except for groups whose operation is denoted multiplicatively, where the kernel is the inverse image of 1). An important special case is the kernel of a linear map. The kernel of a matrix, also called the "null space", is the kernel of the linear map defined by the matrix.	En mathématiques et plus particulièrement en algèbre générale, le noyau d'un morphisme mesure la non-injectivité d'un morphisme. Dans de nombreux cas, le noyau d'un morphisme est un sous-ensemble de l'ensemble de définition du morphisme : l'ensemble des éléments qui sont envoyés sur l'élément neutre de l'ensemble d'arrivée. Dans des contextes plus généraux, le noyau est interprété comme une relation d'équivalence sur l'ensemble de définition : la relation qui relie les éléments qui sont envoyés sur une même image par le morphisme.	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Larvicide	Larvicide	A larvicide (alternatively larvacide) is an insecticide that is specifically targeted against the larval life stage of an insect. Their most common use is against mosquitoes. Larvicides may be contact poisons, stomach poisons, growth regulators, or (increasingly) biological control agents.	Un produit phytosanitaire larvicide est une substance active ou une préparation ayant la propriété de tuer les larves. En protection des cultures contre les parasites, la connaissance des caractéristiques larvicides des produits phytopharmaceutiques appliqués, et de la date de début d'apparition des larves, permettent de raisonner l'emploi des insecticides et des acaricides.	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Domain of a function	Ensemble de définition	In mathematics, the domain or set of departure of a function is the set into which all of the input of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set in the notation. Since a function is defined on its entire domain, its domain coincides with its domain of definition, the subset of the domain for which the function associates an image. However this coincidence is no longer true for a partial function since the domain of definition of a partial function can be a proper subset of the domain.	En mathématiques, l'ensemble de définition d'une fonction dont l'ensemble de départ est noté et l'ensemble d'arrivée est l'ensemble des éléments de qui possèdent une image dans par, autrement dit l'ensemble des éléments de pour lesquels existe :	[ 250004, 250054, 62, 5299, 9, 112, 5983, 297, 32354, 8110, 22288, 11907, 12830, 111, 6863, 77758, 47, 142, 12830, 111, 6863, 552, 56206, 73, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 32354, 26168, 115187, 61924, 71, 390, 1556, 110, 34292, 100, 26168, 454, 363, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 70, 5423, 111, 756, 2773, 101935, 4, 26168, 454, 617, 4, 53418, 186, 6863, 77758, 5, 360, 50218, 1884, 903, 4, 70, 32354, 83, 40101, 61924, 71, 98, 26168, 454, 758, 707, 70, 44, 208, 254, 83, 76329, 17704, 58, 390, 143726, 538, 13204, 449, 26168, 454, 363, 5, 4263, 1632, 65042, 7, 70, 80934, 111, 26168, 115187, 47, 70, 63847, 90825, 32354, 7068, 44, 420, 58, 83, 61924, 71, 100, 756, 2773, 101935, 4, 136, 6863, 77758, 83, 26168, 454, 617, 5, 28541, 32354, 831, 186, 173072, 297, 47, 10, 1614, 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Baja California	Basse-Californie (État)	Baja California (; ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California (), is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California ("El Territorio Norte de Baja California"). It has an area of, or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel, plus oceanic Guadalupe Island. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. state of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the "Sea of Cortez" and "Vermilion Sea"), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.	L'État libre et souverain de Basse-Californie (en espagnol : "Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California") est l'État du Mexique situé le plus au nord. La majeure partie de son territoire comprend la moitié de la péninsule de Basse-Californie au nord du Nord. Cette région constitue la presqu'île du Nord-Ouest du Mexique, située entre le golfe de Californie et l'océan Pacifique. Longue de plus de, et d'une largeur variant entre 50 et, elle est constituée de chaînes montagneuses qui s'élèvent dans le nord à plus de d'altitude. Entourée par l'État de Sonora et à l'est et la Basse-Californie du Sud au sud, elle est également frontalière des États de l'Arizona et de Californie aux États-Unis.	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Holocene	Holocène	The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years before present, after the last glacial period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1. It is considered by some to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch, called the Flandrian interglacial.	L'Holocène (du grec ancien "holos" - : entier, et "kainos" - : récent) est une époque géologique s'étendant sur les années, toujours en cours de nos jours. Il est fréquemment subdivisé en fonction de palynozones.	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Community-supported agriculture	Association pour le maintien d'une agriculture paysanne	Community-supported agriculture (CSA model) is a system that connects the producer and consumers within the food system more closely by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms. It is an alternative socioeconomic model of agriculture and food distribution that allows the producer and consumer to share the risks of farming. The model is a subcategory of civic agriculture that has an overarching goal of strengthening a sense of community through local markets.	Une association pour le maintien d'une agriculture paysanne ou une association pour le maintien d'une agriculture de proximité (AMAP) est, en France, un partenariat de proximité entre un groupe de consommateurs et une exploitation locale (généralement une ferme), débouchant sur un partage de récolte régulier (le plus souvent hebdomadaire) composée des produits de la ferme. L'AMAP est un contrat solidaire, basé sur un engagement financier des consommateurs, qui paient à l’avance la totalité de leur consommation sur une période définie. Ce système fonctionne donc sur le principe de la confiance et de la responsabilité du consommateur ; il représente une forme de circuit court de distribution.	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General Confederation of Labour (France)	Confédération générale du travail	The General Confederation of Labour (, CGT) is a national trade union center, founded in 1895 in the city of Limoges. It is the first of the five major French confederations of trade unions.	La Confédération générale du travail, abrégé en CGT, est un syndicat français de salariés créé le à Limoges. Elle faisait partie des cinq confédérations de syndicats de salariés français considérées, par présomption irréfragable, comme représentatives par l'État avant la réforme de 2008.	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Berthe Morisot	Berthe Morisot	Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot (; January 14, 1841 – March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists.	Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot, née le à Bourges et morte le à Paris 16, est une artiste peintre française, membre fondateur et doyenne du mouvement d'avant-garde que fut l'Impressionnisme.	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Leopold III of Belgium	Léopold III (roi des Belges)	Leopold III (; ; ; 3 November 1901 – 25 September 1983) reigned as King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951.	Léopold III ("Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel") ( - ) est le quatrième roi des Belges ; il a régné du au. Il était le fils d’Albert et d’Élisabeth en Bavière. Léopold III a abdiqué au terme de la longue polémique et de la crise nationale suscitée par son comportement controversé lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.	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Hubble's law	Loi de Hubble-Lemaître	Hubble's law, also known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from the Earth at velocities proportional to their distance. In other words, the further they are the faster they are moving away from Earth. The velocity of the galaxies has been determined by their redshift, a shift of the light they emit to the red end of the spectrum.	En astronomie, la loi de Hubble-Lemaître (anciennement loi de Hubble) énonce que les galaxies s'éloignent les unes des autres à une vitesse approximativement proportionnelle à leur distance. Autrement dit, plus une galaxie est loin de nous, plus elle semble s'éloigner rapidement. Cette loi ne concerne que la partie de l'univers accessible aux observations. L'extrapolation de la loi de Hubble-Lemaître sur des distances plus grandes est possible, mais uniquement si l'univers demeure homogène et isotrope sur de plus grandes distances.	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Computer music	Musique assistée par ordinateur	Computer music is the application of computing technology in music composition, to help human composers create new music or to have computers independently create music, such as with algorithmic composition programs. It includes the theory and application of new and existing computer software technologies and basic aspects of music, such as sound synthesis, digital signal processing, sound design, sonic diffusion, acoustics, and psychoacoustics. The field of computer music can trace its roots back to the origins of electronic music, and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at the turn of the 20th century.	La musique assistée par ordinateur (MAO) regroupe l'ensemble des utilisations de l'informatique comme outil associé à la chaîne de création musicale depuis la composition musicale jusqu'à la diffusion des œuvres, en passant par la formation pédagogique au solfège et la pratique d'instruments.	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Codomain	Ensemble d'arrivée	In mathematics, the codomain or set of destination of a function is the set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set in the notation. The codomain is sometimes referred to as the range, but that term is ambiguous because it may also refer to the image.	En mathématiques, pour une fonction donnée, l'ensemble est appelé l'ensemble d'arrivée, le but ou le codomaine de. L'ensemble d'arrivée ne doit pas être confondu avec l'image de, qui est en général seulement un sous-ensemble de.	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Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the reading room of the British Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet, "The Communist Manifesto", and the three-volume "Das Kapital" (1867–1883). His political and philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual, economic and political history, and his name has been used as an adjective, a noun and a school of social theory.

Karl Marx ( ), né le à Trèves en Rhénanie et mort le à Londres, est un philosophe, historien, sociologue, économiste, journaliste, théoricien de la révolution, socialiste et communiste allemand.

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Beowulf

Beowulf (; ) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important works of Old English literature. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. The anonymous poet is referred to by scholars as the ""Beowulf" poet".

Le Beowulf est un poème épique majeur de la littérature anglo-saxonne, probablement composé entre la première moitié du et la fin du premier millénaire. Le poème est inspiré de la tradition orale anglo-saxonne et retranscrit une épopée germanique en vers, contant les exploits du héros Beowulf qui donna son nom au poème, sur lesquels viennent se greffer des ajouts chrétiens.

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Versailles, Yvelines

Versailles

Versailles () is a city in the Yvelines département in the Île-de-France region, renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the western suburbs of the French capital, from the centre of Paris, Versailles is in the 21st century a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and a major tourist destination as well. According to the 2008 census, the population of the city is 88,641 inhabitants, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975.

Versailles () est une commune française, chef-lieu du département des Yvelines dans la région Île-de-France, mondialement connue pour son château ainsi que pour ses jardins, sites classés sous l’égide de l'UNESCO dans la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’humanité. D'après le recensement de 2015, la population de la ville est de.

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Middle East

Moyen-Orient

The Middle East is a transcontinental region which generally includes Western Asia (except for Transcaucasia), all of Egypt (mostly in North Africa), and Turkey (partly in Europe). The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to the Far East) beginning in the early 20th century. The broader concept of the "Greater Middle East" (or Middle East and North Africa) also adds the Maghreb, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and sometimes even Transcaucasia and Central Asia into the region. The term "Middle East" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions.

Le Moyen-Orient (en arabe "Al-Sharq Al-awsat", en persan, en turc ou "Orta Şark", en kurde, en hébreu ) est une expression d'origine occidentale qui désigne, pour les occidentaux, une région comprise entre la rive orientale de la mer Méditerranée et la ligne tracée par la frontière entre l'Iran d'une part et le Pakistan d'autre part. Le Moyen-Orient est l'Asie de l'Ouest et l'Égypte. Proche-Orient et Moyen-Orient ne désignent pas deux espaces géographiques clairement séparés, comme si, en allant vers l'est, on voyait se succéder le Proche-Orient et le Moyen-Orient avant d'atteindre l'Extrême-Orient. Ces termes désignent un même espace défini, au tournant des, par le "Foreign Office britannique" comme le "Middle East", et par le Quai d'Orsay français comme le Proche-Orient.

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Predation

Prédation

Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the host) and parasitoidism (which always does, eventually). It is distinct from scavenging on dead prey, though many predators also scavenge; it overlaps with herbivory, as seed predators and destructive frugivores are predators.

La prédation (emprunt de la Renaissance [1574] au latin "praedator", « voleur, pilleur », lui-même issu de "praeda", « proie » et de "prehendō", « prendre », qui exprime le fait de se saisir de quelqu'un ou de capturer une proie déterminée par ) est une interaction trophique directe, de nature antagoniste, entre deux organismes, par laquelle une espèce dénommée prédateur, consomme entièrement ou partiellement une à plusieurs espèces dénommée(s) proies, généralement en les tuant, pour s'en nourrir ou pour alimenter sa progéniture. La définition "sensu lato" inclut la zoophagie (depuis les micro-organismes procaryotes jusqu'aux superprédateurs, en passant par les hématophages ou les plantes carnivores), la bactériophagie, la microphagie, mais aussi la phytophagie (consommation de plantes par les herbivores, de graines par les granivores...), le parasitoïsme, le parasitisme ou les interactions hôte-pathogène.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton ("né" Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to his presidency, he served as governor of Arkansas (1979–1981 and 1983–1992) and as attorney general of Arkansas (1977–1979). A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was known as a New Democrat, and many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of former secretary of state, former U.S. senator, and two-time candidate for president Hillary Clinton.

William Jefferson Clinton (de son nom de naissance William Jefferson Blythe III), dit Bill Clinton, né le à Hope (Arkansas), est un juriste et homme d'État américain, en fonction de 1993 à 2001.

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Huesca

Huesca (; ) is a city in north-eastern Spain, within the autonomous community of Aragon. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and of the comarca of Hoya de Huesca. In 2009 it had a population of 52,059, almost a quarter of the total population of the province. The city is one of the smallest provincial capitals in Spain.

Huesca ("Huesca" en espagnol, "Uesca" en aragonais) est une ville du Nord de l'Espagne, capitale de la province du même nom, dans la communauté autonome d'Aragon et la comarque de Hoya de Huesca.

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Abel Prize

Prix Abel

The Abel Prize () is a Norwegian prize awarded annually by the King of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians. It is named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829) and directly modeled after the Nobel Prizes. It comes with a monetary award of 7.5 million Norwegian Kroner (NOK), award prize money enhanced from 6 million NOK to 7.5 million NOK in 2019.

Le prix Abel est une des deux plus prestigieuses récompenses en mathématiques avec la médaille Fields. Tous deux sont considérés comme équivalents d'un prix Nobel, inexistant pour cette discipline.

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Cyrillic script

Alphabet cyrillique

The Cyrillic script () is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia and is used as the national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic and Iranic-speaking countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Northern Asia.

L’alphabet cyrillique (bulgare et macédonien : кирилица ; en russe : кириллица ; en ukrainien : кирилиця ; en biélorusse : кірыліца ; en ruthène/rusyn : кырилиця ; en serbe : ћирилица et ćirilica) est un alphabet bicaméral de trente lettres, créé vers la fin du au Monastère de Ravna et en Macédoine du Nord à Ohrid, à partir du grec dans sa graphie onciale et de l’alphabet glagolitique.

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Science

Science (from the Latin word "scientia", meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

La (du latin "scientia", « connaissance ») est l'ensemble des connaissances et études d'une valeur universelle, caractérisées par un objet et une méthode fondée sur des observations objectives vérifiables et des raisonnements rigoureux. On la divise communément en différents domaines (ou disciplines) qualifiés de sciences (au pluriel).

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Michel Debré

Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He is considered the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962. In terms of political personality, he was intense and immovable, with a tendency to rhetorical extremism.

Michel Debré, né le dans le arrondissement de Paris et mort le à Montlouis-sur-Loire, est un homme d'État français. Il est notamment le premier Premier ministre de la, du au.

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Russian language

Russe

Russian (, "rússky yazýk") is an East Slavic language, which is an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages, one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages alongside, and part of the larger Balto-Slavic branch. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian.

Le russe () est une langue appartenant au groupe des langues slaves orientales de la famille des langues indo-européennes, auquel appartiennent aussi l'ukrainien et le biélorusse. Il compte plus de de locuteurs (comme langue maternelle ou langue seconde). Il est la langue officielle de la Fédération de Russie et l'une des langues officielles des républiques de Biélorussie, du Kazakhstan et du Kirghizistan, langue de communication au sein de la Communauté des États indépendants (CEI), dominante dans certaines régions d'Ukraine (notamment le Sud et l'Est ukrainien ainsi que la capitale Kiev). Il est également une des langues officielles de l'ONU.

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Portuguese language

Portugais

Portuguese ( or, in full, ) is a Western Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula. It is the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea and Macau. A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as "Lusophone" ("Lusófono"). As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found around the world (e.g., Cape Verdean Creole, and Papiamento the most widely spoken of these).

Le portugais (en portugais ") est une langue appartenant à la branche romane de la famille des langues indo-européennes. Les locuteurs du portugais s'appellent les « lusophones ».

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Siberia

Sibérie

Siberia (; ) is an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and Northern Asia. Siberia has been part of modern Russia since the latter half of the 16th century.

La Sibérie (en, "Sibír") est la partie de la Russie située en Asie : une immense région d'une surface de très peu peuplée ( d'habitants soit environ ). Située dans le centre et l'est de la Fédération de Russie, elle s’étend de l'Oural à l'ouest-nord-ouest jusqu'à l'océan Pacifique à l'est-nord-est et de l'océan Arctique au nord jusqu'aux monts Altaï situés au sud-sud-ouest entre le Kazakhstan et la Mongolie et jusqu'aux frontières mongoles et chinoises respectivement au sud-sud-est et à l'est-sud-est. Constituant la partie nord de l'Asie, la Sibérie représente 77 % de la surface de la Russie, mais seulement 27 % de sa population, et se caractérise par un climat froid et continental avec un paysage au relief modéré sillonné par d'énormes fleuves. Longtemps habitée par des populations pastorales de langues ouralo-altaïques, elle a été progressivement colonisée par l'Empire russe à partir du XVIIe siècle. Le régime soviétique a poursuivi l'exploitation forestière et a débuté l'extraction minière, gazière et pétrolière au.

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Arrondissements of Paris

Arrondissements de Paris

The city of Paris is divided into twenty "arrondissements municipaux", administrative districts, more simply referred to as arrondissements (). These are not to be confused with departmental arrondissements, which subdivide the 100 French "départements". The word "arrondissement", when applied to Paris, refers almost always to the municipal arrondissements listed below. The number of the arrondissement is indicated by the last two digits in most Parisian postal codes (75001 up to 75020).

Les arrondissements de Paris sont des divisions administratives intracommunales qui partagent Paris, la capitale de la France, en vingt arrondissements municipaux. Ils servent de cadre à l'élection des conseillers de Paris, qui ont à la fois les compétences de conseillers municipaux et de conseillers départementaux.

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Niels Henrik Abel

Niels Henrik Abel (; ; 5 August 1802 – 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian mathematician who made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. His most famous single result is the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation in radicals. This question was one of the outstanding open problems of his day, and had been unresolved for over 250 years. He was also an innovator in the field of elliptic functions, discoverer of Abelian functions. He made his discoveries while living in poverty and died at the age of 26 from tuberculosis.

Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) est un mathématicien norvégien. Il est connu pour ses travaux en analyse mathématique sur la semi-convergence des séries numériques, des suites et séries de fonctions, les critères de convergence d'intégrale généralisée, sur la notion d'intégrale elliptique ; et en algèbre, sur la résolution des équations.

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Gnumeric

Gnumeric is a spreadsheet program that is part of the GNOME Free Software Desktop Project. Gnumeric version 1.0 was released on 31 December 2001. Gnumeric is distributed as free software under the GNU GPL license; it is intended to replace proprietary spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel. Gnumeric was created and developed by Miguel de Icaza, but he has since moved on to other projects. The maintainer was Jody Goldberg.

Gnumeric est un tableur libre sous licence GNU GPL compatible avec les fichiers ".xls" produits avec Excel ou.ods de l'OpenDocument (utilisé notamment par LibreOffice) ou d'autres applications. L'interface et les raccourcis de Gnumeric sont similaires à ceux d'Excel.

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Associative property

Associativité

In mathematics, the associative property is a property of some binary operations. In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement for expressions in logical proofs.

En mathématiques, et plus précisément en algèbre générale, une loi de composition interne ou loi interne formula_1 sur un ensemble S est dite associative si pour tous x, y et z dans S :

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Bratislava

Bratislava (,, ;, formerly ; ) is the capital of Slovakia. With a population of about 430,000, it is one of the smaller capitals of Europe but still the country's largest city. The greater metropolitan area is home to more than 650,000 people. Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia, occupying both banks of the River Danube and the left bank of the River Morava. Bordering Austria and Hungary, it is the only national capital that borders two sovereign states.

Bratislava () est la capitale de la Slovaquie indépendante depuis 1993, située dans le sud-ouest du pays, à proximité des frontières avec l'Autriche, la Hongrie et la Tchéquie d'une part et de la capitale autrichienne, Vienne, d'autre part.

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High-performance liquid chromatography

Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography) is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture. It relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material. Each component in the sample interacts slightly differently with the adsorbent material, causing different flow rates for the different components and leading to the separation of the components as they flow out of the column.

La chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (CLHP) — mais on trouve plus fréquemment l'abréviation anglaise HPLC (' ou plus rarement') depuis les années 1990 — est une technique de séparation analytique et/ou préparatrice de molécules présentes dans un mélange. Cela permet d'adapter les méthodes chromatographiques usuelles (voir Colonne) sur un montage haute pression.

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Seismic magnitude scales

Magnitude (sismologie)

Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary on what aspect of the seismic waves are measured and how they are measured. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, the information available, and the purposes for which the magnitudes are used.

La magnitude est en sismologie la représentation logarithmique du moment sismique, qui est lui-même une mesure de l'énergie libérée par un séisme.

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Vienna

Vienne (Autriche)

Vienna (; ; ; ) is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 1.9 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.

Vienne ( ; ; ; ) est la capitale et la plus grande ville de l'Autriche ; elle est aussi l'un des neuf "Länder" (État fédéré) du pays ().

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Vichy

Vichy () is a city in the Allier department of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.

Vichy ( ) est une commune française, située dans le sud-est du département de l'Allier, en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Vichyssois".

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History of Nepal

Histoire du Népal

The history of Nepal is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions, comprising the areas of South Asia and East Asia.

Cet article présente un résumé de l'histoire du Népal. Le Népal est un pays de l'Himalaya, enclavé, bordé au nord par la République populaire de Chine, région autonome du Tibet, au sud, à l'ouest et à l'est par l'Inde.

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RATP Group

Régie autonome des transports parisiens

The RATP Group (French: Groupe RATP), best known as the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (English: Autonomous Parisian Transportation Administration), is a state-owned public transport operator and maintainer headquartered in Paris, France. Formed in 1949, it has its origins as the city's public transport operator. Its logo represents, in a stylised version, the Seine's meandering through the Paris area as the face of a person looking up.

La Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP) est un établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial de l'État assurant l'exploitation d'une partie des transports en commun de Paris et de sa banlieue. Elle exploite les seize lignes du métro de Paris, huit des dix lignes du tramway d'Île-de-France (T1, T2, T3a, T3b, T5, T6, T7 et T8), une partie des lignes de bus d'Île-de-France, et une partie des lignes A et B du réseau express régional d'Île-de-France (RER). En région parisienne, elle transporte plus de de passagers par an (2016).

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Volcano

Volcan

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

Un volcan est une structure géologique qui résulte de la montée d'un magma puis de l'éruption de matériaux (gaz et lave) issus de ce magma, à la surface de la croûte terrestre ou d'un autre astre. Il peut être aérien ou sous-marin.

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Danube

The Danube ( ; ) is Europe's second-longest river, after the Volga. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe.

Le Danube ( ) est le deuxième fleuve d’Europe par sa longueur (après la Volga qui coule entièrement en Russie). Il prend sa source dans la Forêt-Noire en Allemagne lorsque deux cours d’eau, la Brigach et la Breg, se rencontrent à Donaueschingen où le fleuve prend le nom de Danube.

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Köchel catalogue

Catalogue Köchel

The Köchel catalogue () is a chronological catalogue of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, originally created by Ludwig von Köchel, in which the entries are abbreviated "K.", or "KV". The numbers of the Köchel catalogue reflect the continuing establishment of a complete chronology of Mozart's works, and provide a shorthand reference to the compositions.

Le catalogue Köchel ou en allemand, est un inventaire chronologique des œuvres de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, dressé par Ludwig von Köchel puis complété après sa mort par d'autres spécialistes.

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Pressure

Pression

Pressure (symbol: "p" or "P") is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled "gage" pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

La pression est une grandeur physique qui traduit les échanges de quantité de mouvement dans un système thermodynamique, et notamment au sein d'un solide ou d'un fluide. Elle est définie classiquement comme l'intensité de la force qu'exerce un fluide par unité de surface.

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François Cheng

François Cheng (, born 30 August 1929) is a Chinese-born French academician, writer, poet and calligrapher. He is the author of essays, novels, collections of poetry and books on art written in the French language, and the translator of some of the great French poets into Chinese.

François Cheng (nom d'auteur, en chinois : 程抱一, « Qui embrasse l'Unité », Chéng Bàoyī en transcription phonétique pinyin), né le à Nanchang dans la province du Jiangxi, est un écrivain, poète et calligraphe chinois naturalisé français en 1971.

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Andromeda (mythology)

Andromède (mythologie)

In Greek mythology, Andromeda (; Greek: Ἀνδρομέδα, "Androméda" or Ἀνδρομέδη, "Andromédē") is the daughter of the king of the Kingdom of Kush; Cepheus and his wife Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasts that she is more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to ravage the coast of Ethiopia as divine punishment. Andromeda is chained to a rock as a sacrifice to sate the monster, but is saved from death by Perseus, who marries her and takes her to Greece to reign as his queen.

Dans la mythologie grecque, Andromède (en grec ancien ) est une princesse éthiopienne. Fille du roi Céphée, elle est victime de l'orgueil de sa mère Cassiopée. Exposée nue sur un rocher pour y être dévorée par un monstre marin, elle est sauvée de justesse par Persée dont elle deviendra l'épouse.

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null

Commutative property

Loi commutative

In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Most familiar as the name of the property that says or, the property can also be used in more advanced settings. The name is needed because there are operations, such as division and subtraction, that do not have it (for example, ); such operations are "not" commutative, and so are referred to as "noncommutative operations". The idea that simple operations, such as the multiplication and addition of numbers, are commutative was for many years implicitly assumed. Thus, this property was not named until the 19th century, when mathematics started to become formalized. A corresponding property exists for binary relations; a binary relation is said to be symmetric if the relation applies regardless of the order of its operands; for example, equality is symmetric as two equal mathematical objects are equal regardless of their order.

En mathématiques, et plus précisément en algèbre générale, une loi de composition interne formula_1 sur un ensemble "S" est dite commutative lorsque, pour tous "x" et "y" dans "S",

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null

Donald Knuth

Donald Ervin Knuth ( ; born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is the 1974 recipient of the ACM Turing Award, informally considered the Nobel Prize of computer science.

Donald Ervin Knuth (), né le à Milwaukee au Wisconsin, est un informaticien et mathématicien américain de renom, professeur émérite en informatique à l'université Stanford (en tant que « professeur émérite de l'art de programmer »). Il est un des pionniers de l'algorithmique et a fait de nombreuses contributions dans plusieurs branches de l'informatique théorique.

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Paradox

Paradoxe

A paradox, also known as an antinomy, is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox usually involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements—that exist simultaneously and persist over time.

Un paradoxe, d'après l'étymologie (du grec "paradoxos", « παράδοξος » : « contraire à l'opinion commune », de "para" : « contre », et "doxa" : « opinion »), est une idée ou une proposition à première vue surprenante ou choquante, c'est-à-dire allant contre le sens commun. En ce sens, le "paradoxe" désigne également une figure de style consistant à formuler, au sein d'un discours, une expression, généralement antithétique, qui va à l'encontre du sens commun.

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Port

A port is a maritime facility which may comprise one or more wharves where ships may dock to load and discharge passengers and cargo. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, some ports, such as Hamburg, Manchester and Duluth, are many miles inland, with access to the sea via river or canal. Because of their roles as a port of entry for immigrants many port cities such as London, New York, Shanghai, Los Angeles, Singapore and Vancouver have experienced dramatic multi-ethnic and multicultural changes.

Un port est une infrastructure construite par l'homme, située sur le littoral maritime, sur les berges d'un lac ou sur un cours d'eau, et destinée à accueillir des bateaux et navires. D'autre part il existe des ports à sec installés en sus ou non d'un port maritime ou fluvial comme stationnement portuaire relié à une infrastructure à terre permettant un stockage de petites unités, comme des voiliers, ainsi que des transferts vers des réseaux ferroviaires et routiers.

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Deontic logic

Logique déontique

Deontic logic is the field of philosophical logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts. Alternatively, a deontic logic is a formal system that attempts to capture the essential logical features of these concepts. Typically, a deontic logic uses "OA" to mean "it is obligatory that A", (or "it ought to be (the case) that A"), and "PA" to mean "it is permitted (or permissible) that A".

La logique déontique (du grec "déon, déontos" : devoir, ce qu'il faut, ce qui convient) tente de formaliser les rapports qui existent entre les quatre caractéristiques d'une loi : l'obligation, l'interdiction, la permission et le facultatif.

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Lugdunum

Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul, established on the current site of Lyon. The city was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus. It served as the capital of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis and was an important city in the western half of the Roman Empire for centuries. Two emperors, Claudius and Caracalla, were born in Lugdunum. In the period AD 69–192 the city's population may have numbered 50,000 to 100,000, and possibly up to 200,000 inhabitants.

Lugdunum (ou Lugudunum), aujourd'hui Lyon, est le nom du site gaulois où une colonie de droit romain fut fondée en 43 av. J.-C. par Lucius Munatius Plancus, alors gouverneur de la Gaule chevelue, sous la titulature initiale de "Colonia Copia Felix Munatia Lugudunum". Cette colonie, fondée à l'occasion des troubles qui suivent l'assassinat de Jules César en 44 av. J.-C., devint la capitale des Gaules à partir de 27 av. J.-C.

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Vienne, Isère

Vienne (Isère)

Vienne (; ) is a commune in southeastern France, located south of Lyon, at the confluence of the Gère river and the Rhône. Today, it is only the fourth largest city in the Isère department, of which it is a subprefecture, but was a major center of the Roman Empire.

Vienne (, "Vièna" en arpitan) est une commune située au sud-est de la France, au confluent du Rhône et de la Gère, en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes dans le département de l'Isère. Elle est avec La Tour-du-Pin, l'une des deux sous-préfectures du département.

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Boulogne-Billancourt

Boulogne-Billancourt (; often colloquially called simply Boulogne, until 1924 Boulogne-sur-Seine) is a commune in the western suburbs, and from the centre, of the French capital Paris. Boulogne-Billancourt is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Boulogne-Billancourt.

Boulogne-Billancourt est une commune française des Hauts-de-Seine et de la Métropole du Grand Paris en région Île-de-France, la plus peuplée des communes franciliennes après Paris. Elle résulte de la réunion, réalisée sous le nom de Boulogne sur Seine en 1790, de Boulogne la Petite, paroisse érigée en 1343 autour de l'église Notre Dame de Boulogne sur Seyne, et de la rive droite de Saint-Cloud. Le nom de Boulogne Billancourt, tardivement adopté en 1926, acte le démantèlement, au profit du XVI arrondissement, du vaste territoire de Longchamp et du Bois de Boulogne, et l'adjonction, accordée en 1860 comme une compensation, de Billancourt, écart d'Auteuil devenu dans l'entre deux guerres le fief historique des usines Renault.

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Addition

Addition (usually signified by the plus symbol ) is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic, the other three being subtraction, multiplication and division. The addition of two whole numbers results in the total amount or "sum" of those values combined. The example in the adjacent picture shows a combination of three apples and two apples, making a total of five apples. This observation is equivalent to the mathematical expression i.e., "3 "add" 2 is equal to 5".

L'addition est une opération élémentaire, permettant notamment de décrire la réunion de quantités ou l'adjonction de grandeurs extensives de même nature, comme les longueurs, les aires, ou les volumes. En particulier en physique, l'addition de deux grandeurs ne peut s'effectuer numériquement que si ces grandeurs sont exprimées avec la même unité de mesure. Le résultat d'une addition est appelé une somme, et les nombres que l'on additionne, les termes.

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Holy Roman Empire

Saint-Empire romain germanique

The Holy Roman Empire (; ), often unofficially referred to as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also included the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia and Kingdom of Italy, plus numerous other territories, and soon after the Kingdom of Burgundy was added. However, while by the 15th century the Empire was still in theory composed of three major blocks – Italy, Germany, and Burgundy – in practice, the links between these blocks had become so unsubstantial that only the Kingdom of Germany remained, nearly all the Italian territories for instance having become in effect part of a narrowly-defined Habsburg dynastic patrimony, unconnected to the Empire. The external borders of the Empire did not change noticeably from the Peace of Westphalia – which acknowledged the exclusion of Switzerland and the Northern Netherlands, and the French protectorate over Alsace – to the dissolution of the Empire. By then, it largely contained only German-speaking territories, plus the Kingdom of Bohemia. At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the German Confederation.

Le Saint-Empire romain est un regroupement politique, aujourd'hui disparu, de terres d’Europe occidentale et centrale au Moyen Âge, dirigé par un souverain arborant le titre d'« empereur des Romains ». Il se considérait, de sa fondation au jusqu'à sa suppression au début du par Napoléon, comme le continuateur de l’empire d’Occident des Carolingiens et, au-delà, de l’Empire romain. L’adjectif "Saint" fut rajouté pour sa part sous le règne de Frédéric Barberousse (attesté en 1157) pour légitimer le pouvoir de manière divine.

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Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (; ; baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist; his music is amongst the most performed of the classical music repertoire, and he is one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music. His works span the transition from the classical period to the romantic era in classical music. His career has conventionally been divided into early, middle, and late periods. The "early" period in which he forged his craft is typically seen to last until 1802. His "middle" period, sometimes characterised as "heroic", showing an individual development from the "classical" styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, covers the years 1802 to 1812, during which he increasingly suffered from deafness. In the "late" period from 1812 to his death in 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression.

Ludwig van Beethoven ( ) est un compositeur et pianiste allemand né à Bonn le 15 ou et mort à Vienne le.

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Houlgate

Houlgate () is a small tourist resort in northwestern France along the English Channel with a beach and a casino. It is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region.

Houlgate est une cité balnéaire style 1900 située dans le Calvados sur la Côte Fleurie créée sur les landes de Beuzeval. Cette ville de Normandie, localisée dans le pays d'Auge, à mi-distance entre Cabourg à l'ouest et Villers-sur-Mer à l'est, se trouve à une vingtaine de kilomètres de Caen et de Deauville. La ville est réputée pour son architecture balnéaire typique de cette période.

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Les Autels-Saint-Bazile

Les Autels-Saint-Bazile is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

Les Autels-Saint-Bazile est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

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Livarot

Livarot is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

Livarot est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

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Lisieux

Lisieux () is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is the capital of the Pays d'Auge area, which is characterised by valleys and hedged farmland.

Lisieux est une commune française située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie et peuplée de appelés Lexoviens et Lexoviennes.

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Orchard

Verger

An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs that is maintained for food production. Orchards comprise fruit- or nut-producing trees which are generally grown for commercial production. Orchards are also sometimes a feature of large gardens, where they serve an aesthetic as well as a productive purpose. A fruit garden is generally synonymous with an orchard, although it is set on a smaller non-commercial scale and may emphasize berry shrubs in preference to fruit trees. Most temperate-zone orchards are laid out in a regular grid, with a grazed or mown grass or bare soil base that makes maintenance and fruit gathering easy.

Un verger est un espace de terrain dévolu à la culture d'arbres fruitiers, appelée arboriculture fruitière. Il en existe différents types : les vergers conservatoires, les prés-vergers, les vergers commerciaux et de jardin potager.

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Kitchen garden

Jardin potager

The traditional kitchen garden, also known as a potager (in French, "jardin potager") or in Scotland a kailyaird, is a space separate from the rest of the residential garden – the ornamental plants and lawn areas. Most vegetable gardens are still miniature versions of old family farm plots, but the kitchen garden is different not only in its history, but also its design.

Un jardin potager, ou plus simplement potager, est un jardin ou une partie de jardin où se pratique la culture vivrière de plantes potagères destinées à la consommation familiale. Il a donc essentiellement une fonction utilitaire, mais en même temps ce type de jardinage peut être un passe-temps ou/et une passion et être bénéfique pour la santé physique ou mentale. Enfin il peut également avoir une fonction ornementale et contribuer au maintien de la biodiversité animale et végétale.

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Pont-Farcy

Pont-Farcy is a former commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. Before 1 January 2018, it was part of the Calvados department. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune of Tessy-Bocage.

Pont-Farcy est une ancienne commune française, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Tessy-Bocage. Elle est située à compter de cette date dans le département de la Manche en région Normandie et est peuplée de habitants.

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Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados

Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer (Calvados)

Saint Aubin-sur-Mer, in the District of Caen, is a commune in the Calvados department (14), of la Basse-Normandie (25), in northwestern France. Administratively, in the Township of Douvres-la-Délivrande, along its coast the town is 2.1 km to Bernieres-sur-Mer, and driving south is 5.1 to Beny-sur-Mer.

Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer est une commune française, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie, peuplée de "(les Saint-Aubinais)". Station balnéaire de la Côte de Nacre, elle est surnommée « la Reine de l'iode ».

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Saint-Sever-Calvados

Saint-Sever-Calvados is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Noues de Sienne.

Saint-Sever-Calvados est une ancienne commune française, ancien chef-lieu de canton, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie, peuplée de habitants, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Noues de Sienne.

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Thury-Harcourt

Thury-Harcourt is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom. The town is south of Caen, in the Orne valley. It is part of Norman Switzerland, which attracts visitors for various sports and outdoor activities with its hilly terrain.

Thury-Harcourt est depuis le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle du Hom, et une ancienne commune française, située dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie.

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TV Azteca

TV Azteca, S.A.B. de C.V. is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. It primarily competes with Televisa and Imagen Televisión, as well as some local operators. It owns two national television networks, Azteca Uno and Azteca 7, and operates two other nationally distributed services, adn40 and a+. All three of these networks have transmitters in most major and minor cities.

Televisión Azteca, plus connu sous les noms TV Azteca et Azteca, est un groupe audiovisuel mexicain. Propriétaire des réseaux de télévision Azteca Uno et Azteca 7 ainsi que de la chaîne ADN 40, il est le deuxième plus grand groupe de télévision au Mexique derrière Televisa.

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null

Deus (band)

DEUS

Deus (styled as dEUS) is a rock band based in Antwerp, Belgium, whose only continuous members up to the present day are Tom Barman (vocals, guitars) and Klaas Janzoons (keyboards, violin). The rest of the band's line-up currently consists of drummer Stéphane Misseghers, bassist Alan Gevaert, and guitarist/backing vocalist Bruno De Groote.

dEUS est un groupe de rock indépendant belge, originaire d'Anvers. Formé en 1991 par Tom Barman, il est un des tout premiers groupes de rock belges à avoir connu une certaine popularité au niveau international.

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null

Theorem

Théorème

In mathematics, a theorem is a non-self-evident statement that has been proven to be true, either on the basis of generally accepted statements such as axioms or on the basis of previously established statements such as other theorems. A theorem is hence a logical consequence of the axioms, with a proof of the theorem being a logical argument which establishes its truth through the inference rules of a deductive system. As a result, the proof of a theorem is often interpreted as justification of the truth of the theorem statement. In light of the requirement that theorems be proved, the concept of a theorem is fundamentally "deductive", in contrast to the notion of a scientific law, which is "experimental".

En mathématiques et en logique, un théorème (du grec "théorêma", objet digne d'étude) est une assertion qui est démontrée, c'est-à-dire établie comme "vraie" à partir d'autres assertions déjà démontrées (théorèmes ou autres formes d'assertions) ou des assertions acceptées comme vraies, appelées axiomes. Un théorème se démontre dans un système déductif et est une conséquence logique d'un système d'axiomes. En ce sens, il se distingue d'une loi scientifique, obtenue par l'expérimentation.

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Dardenne brothers

Frères Dardenne

Brothers Jean-Pierre Dardenne (; born 21 April 1951) and Luc Dardenne (born 10 March 1954), collectively referred to as the Dardenne brothers, are a Belgian filmmaking duo. They write, produce, and direct their films together.

Jean-Pierre Dardenne, né le à Engis, et Luc Dardenne, né le aux Awirs, sont deux frères belges qui réalisent leurs films en commun. Ils sont également scénaristes et producteurs.

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Giuseppe Peano

Giuseppe Peano (; ; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician and glottologist. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named the Peano axioms in his honor. As part of this effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin. He also wrote an international auxiliary language, Latino sine flexione ("Latin without inflections"), which is a simplified version of Classical Latin. Most of his books and papers are in Latin sine flexione, others are in Italian.

Giuseppe Peano (Spinetta di Cuneo (Coni), - Cavoretto, près de Turin, ) est un mathématicien et linguiste italien de la fin du. Pionnier de l’approche formaliste des mathématiques, il développa, parallèlement à l’Allemand Richard Dedekind, une axiomatisation de l'arithmétique (1889). Il est par ailleurs l’inventeur d'une langue auxiliaire internationale, le Latino sine flexione (LsF) ("le latin sans déclinaisons") en 1903. Il fut membre du comité qui créa la délégation pour l'adoption d'une langue auxiliaire internationale.

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Vire

Vire () is a town and a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

Vire est une ancienne commune française du Bocage virois, située dans le département du Calvados (dont elle est une sous-préfecture) et la région Normandie, devenue le une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de Vire Normandie.

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Japanese language

Japonais

Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial texts did not appear until the 8th century. During the Heian period (794–1185), Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) included changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, and the first appearance of European loanwords. The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo (modern Tokyo) region in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid-19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly. English loanwords, in particular, have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated.

Le japonais est la langue du Japon, parlée par le peuple japonais. Néanmoins, aucune loi ne lui donne le statut de langue officielle, même si elle est en revanche la langue des documents officiels et de l'éducation. Le japonais est également utilisé par la diaspora nippone (notamment au Brésil et au Pérou, où d'importantes communautés parlant cette langue sont implantées, comme à Lima et à Sao Paulo), et a un statut de langue officielle sur l'île de Angaur dans les Palaos bien qu'il n'y soit plus parlé.

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Joost van den Vondel

Joost van den Vondel (; 17 November 1587 – 5 February 1679) was a Dutch poet, writer and playwright. He is considered the most prominent Dutch poet and playwright of the 17th century. His plays are the ones from that period that are still most frequently performed, and his epic "Joannes de Boetgezant" (1662), on the life of John the Baptist, has been called the greatest Dutch epic.

Joost van den Vondel est un écrivain, poète et dramaturge néerlandais né à Cologne le, mort à Amsterdam le.

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Glasnost

In the Russian language the word glasnost (;, ) has several general and specific meanings. It has been used in Russian to mean "openness and transparency" since at least the end of the eighteenth century.

La glasnost (en « publicité [des débats] », traditionnellement traduit par « transparence ») est une politique de liberté d'expression et de la publication d'informations qui s'amorça par l'accident nucléaire de Tchernobyl puis fut portée en URSS par Mikhaïl Gorbatchev à partir de 1986.

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Geography of Nicaragua

Géographie du Nicaragua

Nicaragua (officially the Republic of Nicaragua ) is a country in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras. Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America in square kilometers.

Le Nicaragua est un pays d'Amérique centrale entouré par la mer des Caraïbes à l'est, l'océan Pacifique à l'ouest, le Costa Rica au sud, et le Honduras au nord.

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Shreveport, Louisiana

Shreveport

Shreveport ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is the most populous city in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan area. Shreveport ranks third in population in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge and 133rd in the U.S. The bulk of Shreveport is in Caddo Parish, of which it is the parish seat. Shreveport extends along the west bank of the Red River (most notably at Wright Island, the Charles and Marie Hamel Memorial Park, and Bagley Island) into neighboring Bossier Parish. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The United States Census Bureau's 2019 estimates for the city's population decreased to 187,112.

Shreveport est la troisième ville de la Louisiane, aux États-Unis. Elle est étroitement liée à la ville de Bossier City, avec une population métropolitaine de. Elle est le siège de la paroisse de Caddo et s’étend légèrement sur la paroisse de Bossier.

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René Thom

René Frédéric Thom (; 2 September 1923 – 25 October 2002) was a French mathematician. He made his reputation as a topologist, moving on to aspects of what would be called singularity theory; he became world-famous among the wider academic community and the educated general public for one aspect of this latter interest, his work as founder of catastrophe theory (later developed by Erik Christopher Zeeman). He received the Fields Medal in 1958.

René Thom, né à Montbéliard le et mort à Bures-sur-Yvette le, est un mathématicien et épistémologue français, fondateur de la théorie des catastrophes. Il reçut la médaille Fields en 1958. Il est le père de l'historienne et soviétologue Françoise Thom. Parmi les continuateurs des travaux de René Thom, on peut mentionner Erik Christopher Zeeman.

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The Star-Spangled Banner

"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from the Defence of Fort M'Henry, a poem written on September 14, 1814, by 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the U.S. victory.

La musique utilisée pour cet hymne était à l'origine créée pour "", également connue sous le nom "To Anacreon in Heaven", une chanson à boire d'un club de musiciens britanniques en hommage au poète grec, Anacréon. La musique a été reprise par des Américains, et les paroles remplacées par celles de l'hymne actuel des États-Unis. Il a été reconnu pour un usage officiel par la marine américaine en 1889 et par la Maison-Blanche en 1916. Il a été finalement adopté comme hymne national par une résolution du Congrès en date du. La chanson se compose de quatre strophes, mais généralement seuls la première strophe et le premier refrain sont chantés aujourd’hui.

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Kim Stanley Robinson

Kim Stanley Robinson (born March 23, 1952) is an American writer of science fiction. He has published nineteen novels and numerous short stories but is best known for his "Mars" trilogy. His work has been translated into 24 languages. Many of his novels and stories have ecological, cultural, and political themes and feature scientists as heroes. Robinson has won numerous awards, including the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel and the World Fantasy Award. Robinson's work has been labeled by "The Atlantic" as "the gold-standard of realistic, and highly literary, science-fiction writing." According to an article in "The New Yorker", Robinson is "generally acknowledged as one of the greatest living science-fiction writers."

Kim Stanley Robinson, né le dans l'Illinois, est un auteur américain de romans et nouvelles de science-fiction. Il habite à Davis en Californie.

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Language transfer

Interférence linguistique

Language transfer is the application of linguistic features from one language to another by a bilingual or multilingual speaker. Language transfer may occur across both languages in the acquisition of a simultaneous bilingual, from a mature speaker's first language (L1) to a second (L2) or third (L3) language they are acquiring, or from an L2 back to the L1. Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, and crosslinguistic influence) is most commonly discussed in the context of English language learning and teaching, but it can occur in any situation when someone does not have a native-level command of a language, as when translating into a second language. Language transfer is also a common topic in bilingual child language acquisition as it occurs frequently in bilingual children especially when one language is dominant.

L'interférence linguistique, ou transfert linguistique, se passe lorsque les langues entrent en contact les unes avec les autres au cours de leur évolution, à la fois historique et géographique. Elles s'influencent alors mutuellement, ce qui peut se manifester par des emprunts lexicaux, de nouvelles formulations syntaxiques etc. Concrètement, cela se traduit par l'apparition de nouveaux mots (éventuellement adaptés à la prononciation spécifique à leur langue), de nouvelles tournures de phrase et/ou la traduction littérale d'expressions idiomatiques (calques). Le plus souvent, cela commence par une déformation progressive et très peu perceptible de la prononciation qui, pour certains phonèmes, va petit à petit s'assimiler à une prononciation étrangère assez proche.

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Raoul Vaneigem

Raoul Vaneigem (; born 21 March 1934) is a Belgian writer known for his 1967 book "The Revolution of Everyday Life".

Raoul Vaneigem, né à Lessines (Hainaut, Belgique) le, est un écrivain et philosophe situationniste belge. Médiéviste, spécialiste des hérésies, il est l'auteur d'une trentaine d'ouvrages.

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Dauphin of France

Dauphin (titre)

Dauphin of France (, ; ), originally Dauphin of Viennois ("Dauphin de Viennois"), was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830. The word "dauphin" is French for dolphin. At first the heirs were granted the County of Viennois (Dauphiné) to rule, but eventually only the title was granted.

Le titre de dauphin était attribué à sa naissance au fils aîné du roi de France régnant. En cas de mort du Dauphin, son frère cadet recevait à sa place le titre de dauphin.

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Law of excluded middle

Principe du tiers exclu

In logic, the law of excluded middle (or the principle of excluded middle) states that for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is true. It is one of the so called three laws of thought, along with the law of noncontradiction, and the law of identity. The law of excluded middle is logically equivalent to the law of noncontradiction by De Morgan's laws; however, no system of logic is built on just these laws, and none of these laws provide inference rules, such as modus ponens or De Morgan's laws.

En logique formelle, le principe du tiers exclu (ou « principe du milieu exclu » ou « tertium non datur » ou «principium medii », ou simplement le « tiers exclu ») énonce qu'ou bien une proposition est vraie, ou bien sa négation est vraie. Par exemple, Socrate est vivant ou mort, et il n'y a pas de cas intermédiaire entre ces deux états de Socrate, c'est pourquoi on parle de « tiers-exclu » : tous les autres cas de figure sont nécessairement exclus. C'est un des principes de la logique classique. Au début de la formalisation des mathématiques, ce principe a été tenu comme un dogme intangible. D'ailleurs, David Hilbert, un de ses grands défenseurs, a écrit,

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Émilie Jolie

Émilie Jolie is a French children's musical by Philippe Chatel and arranged by Jean-Louis Bucchi. It later became a film involving Georges Brassens, Henri Salvador, Julien Clerc, Alain Souchon, Laurent Voulzy, Louis Chedid, Françoise Hardy and Eddy Mitchell in the first rendition and Johnny Hallyday, Alain Bashung, Jacques Dutronc, Maurane, Florent Pagny, Axelle Red and Etienne Daho.

Émilie Jolie est un conte musical de Philippe Chatel, arrangé par Jean-Louis Bucchi et sorti en disque en 1979. Le conte est devenu un classique et une référence comme comédie musicale pour enfants.

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Geodesy

Géodésie

Geodesy () is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space and gravitational field. The field also incorporates studies of how these properties change over time and equivalent measurements for other planets (known as planetary geodesy). Geodynamical phenomena include crustal motion, tides and polar motion, which can be studied by designing global and national control networks, applying space and terrestrial techniques and relying on datums and coordinate systems.

La géodésie (du grec ancien : / "geôdaisía", de / "gễ" (« Terre ») et / "daíô" (« diviser »)) est la science, destinée à l'origine au tracé des cartes, qui s'est attachée à résoudre le problème des dimensions, puis de la forme de la Terre, ce qui fait d'elle, à son origine, la première forme de la géographie moderne.

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null

Law of noncontradiction

Principe de non-contradiction

In logic, the law of non-contradiction (LNC) (also known as the law of contradiction, principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction) states that contradictory propositions cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time, e. g. the two propositions ""A is B"" and ""A is not B"" are mutually exclusive. Formally this is expressed as the tautology ¬(p ∧ ¬p).

En logique, le principe de non-contradiction est la loi qui interdit d'affirmer et nier le même terme ou la même proposition.

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null

Propositional calculus

Calcul des propositions

Propositional calculus is a branch of logic. It is also called propositional logic, statement logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes zeroth-order logic. It deals with propositions (which can be true or false) and argument flow. Compound propositions are formed by connecting propositions by logical connectives. The propositions without logical connectives are called atomic propositions.

Le calcul des propositions ou calcul propositionnel fait partie de la logique mathématique. Il a pour objet l'étude des relations logiques entre « propositions » et définit les lois formelles selon lesquelles les propositions complexes sont formées en assemblant des propositions simples au moyen des connecteurs logiques et celles-ci sont enchaînées pour produire des raisonnements valides. Il est un des systèmes formels, piliers de la logique mathématique dont il aide à la formulation des concepts. Il est considéré comme la forme moderne de la logique stoïcienne.

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Karl Wilhelm Naundorff

Karl-Wilhelm Naundorff

Karl Wilhelm Naundorff (1785? – August 10, 1845) was a German clock- and watch-maker who until his death claimed to be Prince Louis-Charles, or Louis XVII of France. Naundorff was one of the more stubborn of more than thirty men who claimed to be Louis XVII.

Karl-Wilhelm Naundorff, mort le à Delft, est un horloger prussien. Il fut le plus célèbre de ceux qui au déclarèrent être l'ancien dauphin Louis XVII, censé avoir survécu à sa détention à la prison du Temple.

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null

Principle of bivalence

Principe de bivalence

In logic, the semantic principle (or law) of bivalence states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition (of a theory under inspection) has exactly one truth value, either true or false. A logic satisfying this principle is called a two-valued logic or bivalent logic.

En logique, le principe de bivalence énonce que toute proposition P ne peut avoir qu'une et une seule des deux valeurs de vérité ː vraie ou fausse. Une logique respectant le principe de bivalence est dite logique bivalente. La logique classique est bivalente.

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Bass drum

Grosse caisse

The bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. The instrument is typically cylindrical, with the drum's diameter much greater than the drum's depth, with a struck head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of calf skin or plastic and there is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings. Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size does not dictate the volume produced by the drum. The pitch and the sound can vary much with different sizes, but the size is also chosen based on convenience and aesthetics. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in several musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished.

La grosse caisse (aussi appelée tonnant) est un instrument de percussion membranophone de diamètre large. Comme la caisse claire, c'est un des éléments principaux de la batterie. Elle est également utilisée indépendamment dans les fanfares et dans les orchestres classiques (depuis la musique baroque) et les bagad. Son origine semble remonter aux premiers âges de l'humanité.

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Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn (; 1501 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII. Their marriage, and her execution for treason and other charges by beheading, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Queen Claude of France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon.

Anne Boleyn (vers 1507 – ) est la deuxième épouse du roi Henri VIII d'Angleterre et reine consort de 1533 à 1536. Elle est la mère de la reine Élisabeth. Son mariage avec Henri VIII est à l'origine du changement politique et religieux complexe, et souvent tragique, qu'a été la réforme anglaise. Accusée d'adultère, d'inceste et de haute trahison, elle est exécutée par décapitation. Il est maintenant généralement admis qu'elle était innocente de ces accusations. Anne Boleyn a été célébrée plus tard comme martyre dans la culture protestante, particulièrement dans l'œuvre de John Foxe.

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Contradiction

In traditional logic, a contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility or incongruity between two or more propositions. It occurs when the propositions, taken together, yield two conclusions which form the logical, usually opposite inversions of each other. Illustrating a general tendency in applied logic, Aristotle's law of noncontradiction states that "It is impossible that the same thing can at the same time both belong and not belong to the same object and in the same respect."

En logique des propositions, une contradiction ou antilogie, de symbole formula_1, est une formule qui est toujours fausse, quelle que soit la valeur des variables propositionnelles. On dit aussi que la formule est insatisfaisable, antilogique ou encore contradictoire.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for the Hundred Days in 1815. He spent twenty-three years in exile: during the French Revolution and the First French Empire (1791–1814); and during the Hundred Days.

Louis — né à Versailles le sous le nom de Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, et par ailleurs comte de Provence (1755-1795) — est roi de France et du royaume de Navarre du au puis du à sa mort, le, à Paris.

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Trade union

Syndicat professionnel

A trade union (or a labor union in the U.S.) is an association of workers forming a legal unit or legal personhood, usually called a "bargaining unit", which acts as bargaining agent and legal representative for a unit of employees in all matters of law or right arising from or in the administration of a collective agreement. Labour unions typically fund the formal organization, head office, and legal team functions of the labour union through regular fees or union dues. The delegate staff of the labour union representation in the workforce are made up of workplace volunteers who are appointed by members in democratic elections.

Un syndicat professionnel est une organisation professionnelle ou catégorielle à caractère privé qui a pour but d'. Dans les pays démocratiques, ces organisations sont indépendantes de l'État (mais reconnues par celui-ci) et régies par un ensemble de lois qui précisent leur statut, les modalités, les garanties et les limites de leur exercice. Ce type d'organisation peut regrouper des salariés (syndicat de salariés) ou des membres du patronat (organisation patronale).

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Fork (system call)

Fork (programmation)

In computing, particularly in the context of the Unix operating system and its workalikes, fork is an operation whereby a process creates a copy of itself. It is an interface which is required for compliance with the POSIX and Single UNIX Specification standards. It is usually implemented as a C Standard Library (libC) wrapper to the fork, clone, or other system calls of the kernel. Fork is the primary method of process creation on Unix-like operating systems.

La fonction fork fait partie des appels système standard d'UNIX (norme POSIX). Cette fonction permet à un processus (un programme en cours d'exécution) de donner naissance à un nouveau processus qui est sa copie conforme, par exemple en vue de réaliser un second traitement parallèlement au premier. Un bon moyen de visualiser l'effet d'un fork sur un processus est d'imaginer une division cellulaire.

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Limburg (Belgium)

Province de Limbourg (Belgique)

Limburg (, ; Dutch and Limburgish: "Limburg"; ) is a province in Belgium. It is the easternmost of the five Dutch-speaking provinces that together form the Region of Flanders, one of the three main political and cultural sub-divisions of modern Belgium.

Le Limbourg est une province de Belgique située en Région flamande. Elle est située au nord-est de la Belgique et est placée sous la tutelle de la Région flamande.

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null

Application programming interface

Interface de programmation

An application programming interface (API) is a computing interface which defines interactions between multiple software intermediaries. It defines the kinds of calls or requests that can be made, how to make them, the data formats that should be used, the conventions to follow, etc. It can also provide extension mechanisms so that users can extend existing functionality in various ways and to varying degrees. An API can be entirely custom, specific to a component, or it can be designed based on an industry standard to ensure interoperability. Some APIs have to be documented, others are designed so that they can be "interrogated" to determine supported functionality. Since other components/systems rely only on the API, the system that provides the API can (ideally) change its internal details "behind" that API without affecting its users.

En informatique, une interface de programmation d’application ou interface de programmation applicative (souvent désignée par le terme API pour ') est un ensemble normalisé de classes, de méthodes, de fonctions et de constantes qui sert de façade par laquelle un logiciel offre des services à d'autres logiciels. Elle est offerte par une bibliothèque logicielle ou un service web, le plus souvent accompagnée d'une description qui spécifie comment des programmes "consommateurs" peuvent se servir des fonctionnalités du programme "fournisseur".

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Leopold II of Belgium

Léopold II (roi des Belges)

Leopold II (; ; ; 9 April 183517 December 1909) was King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909 and, in a completely separate role, the Sovereign of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908. His absolute rule of the Congo was well-known by the contemporary international press for its brutality, which led to an early use of the term "crime against humanity."

, de son nom Léopold Louis-Philippe Marie Victor de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, né au palais royal de Bruxelles (en Belgique) le et mort le au château de Laeken (en Belgique) est le deuxième roi des Belges (du au ), prince de Belgique, duc de Saxe, prince de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha, duc de Brabant (1840-1865), fondateur de l'État indépendant du Congo (1885-1908). Il succède à son père, Léopold, au trône de Belgique en 1865. Par sa mère Louise d'Orléans, il est le petit-fils de Louis-Philippe, roi des Français. Il est le frère de Charlotte, impératrice consort du Mexique.

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Charles X of France

Charles X

Charles X (born Charles Philippe, Count of Artois; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Charles (as heir-presumptive) became the leader of the ultra-royalists, a radical monarchist faction within the French court that affirmed rule by divine right and opposed the concessions towards liberals and guarantees of civil liberties granted by the Charter of 1814. Charles gained influence within the French court after the assassination of his son Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, in 1820 and eventually succeeded his brother in 1824.

Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois, plus connu sous le nom de, né le au château de Versailles à Versailles en France et mort le à Goritz en Autriche, est roi de France et de Navarre de 1824 à 1830.

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null

Neutron star

Étoile à neutrons

A neutron star is the collapsed core of a giant star, which before collapse had a total mass of between 10 and 29 solar masses. Neutron stars are the smallest and densest stars, excluding black holes and hypothetical white holes, quark stars, and strange stars. Neutron stars have a radius on the order of and a mass of about 1.4 solar masses. They result from the supernova explosion of a massive star, combined with gravitational collapse, that compresses the core past white dwarf star density to that of atomic nuclei.

Une étoile à neutrons est un astre principalement composé de neutrons maintenus ensemble par les forces de gravitation. De tels objets sont le résidu compact issu de l'effondrement gravitationnel du cœur d'une certaine étoile massive quand celle-ci a épuisé son combustible nucléaire. Cet effondrement s'accompagne d'une explosion des couches externes de l'étoile, qui sont complètement disloquées et rendues au milieu interstellaire, phénomène appelé supernova. Le résidu compact n'a d'étoile que le nom : il n'est plus le siège de réactions nucléaires et sa structure est radicalement différente de celle d'une étoile ordinaire. Sa masse volumique est en effet extraordinairement élevée, de l'ordre de mille milliards de tonnes par litre, et sa masse comprise dans une fourchette très étroite, entre la masse du Soleil (voir masse de Chandrasekhar). Ainsi, une étoile à neutrons est une boule de seulement 20 à 40 kilomètres de diamètre.

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Phanerozoic

Phanérozoïque

The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers million years to the present, and began with the Cambrian Period when animals first developed hard shells preserved in the fossil record. The time before the Phanerozoic, called the "Precambrian", is now divided into the Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic eons.

Le Phanérozoïque est un éon couvrant les 541 derniers millions d'années. Il commence par la période géologique du Cambrien, avec l'apparition des petits animaux à coquilles, puis a vu le développement d'une vie animale abondante jusqu'à nos jours. L'éon précédent est le Protérozoïque, qui fait partie du Précambrien, une large période allant de la formation de la Terre au début du Phanérozoïque.

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null

Kernel (algebra)

Noyau (algèbre)

In algebra, the kernel of a homomorphism (function that preserves the structure) is generally the inverse image of 0 (except for groups whose operation is denoted multiplicatively, where the kernel is the inverse image of 1). An important special case is the kernel of a linear map. The kernel of a matrix, also called the "null space", is the kernel of the linear map defined by the matrix.

En mathématiques et plus particulièrement en algèbre générale, le noyau d'un morphisme mesure la non-injectivité d'un morphisme. Dans de nombreux cas, le noyau d'un morphisme est un sous-ensemble de l'ensemble de définition du morphisme : l'ensemble des éléments qui sont envoyés sur l'élément neutre de l'ensemble d'arrivée. Dans des contextes plus généraux, le noyau est interprété comme une relation d'équivalence sur l'ensemble de définition : la relation qui relie les éléments qui sont envoyés sur une même image par le morphisme.

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null

Larvicide

A larvicide (alternatively larvacide) is an insecticide that is specifically targeted against the larval life stage of an insect. Their most common use is against mosquitoes. Larvicides may be contact poisons, stomach poisons, growth regulators, or (increasingly) biological control agents.

Un produit phytosanitaire larvicide est une substance active ou une préparation ayant la propriété de tuer les larves. En protection des cultures contre les parasites, la connaissance des caractéristiques larvicides des produits phytopharmaceutiques appliqués, et de la date de début d'apparition des larves, permettent de raisonner l'emploi des insecticides et des acaricides.

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null

Domain of a function

Ensemble de définition

In mathematics, the domain or set of departure of a function is the set into which all of the input of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set in the notation. Since a function is defined on its entire domain, its domain coincides with its domain of definition, the subset of the domain for which the function associates an image. However this coincidence is no longer true for a partial function since the domain of definition of a partial function can be a proper subset of the domain.

En mathématiques, l'ensemble de définition d'une fonction dont l'ensemble de départ est noté et l'ensemble d'arrivée est l'ensemble des éléments de qui possèdent une image dans par, autrement dit l'ensemble des éléments de pour lesquels existe :

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Baja California

Basse-Californie (État)

Baja California (; ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California (), is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California ("El Territorio Norte de Baja California"). It has an area of, or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel, plus oceanic Guadalupe Island. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. state of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the "Sea of Cortez" and "Vermilion Sea"), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.

L'État libre et souverain de Basse-Californie (en espagnol : "Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California") est l'État du Mexique situé le plus au nord. La majeure partie de son territoire comprend la moitié de la péninsule de Basse-Californie au nord du Nord. Cette région constitue la presqu'île du Nord-Ouest du Mexique, située entre le golfe de Californie et l'océan Pacifique. Longue de plus de, et d'une largeur variant entre 50 et, elle est constituée de chaînes montagneuses qui s'élèvent dans le nord à plus de d'altitude. Entourée par l'État de Sonora et à l'est et la Basse-Californie du Sud au sud, elle est également frontalière des États de l'Arizona et de Californie aux États-Unis.

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Holocene

Holocène

The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years before present, after the last glacial period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1. It is considered by some to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch, called the Flandrian interglacial.

L'Holocène (du grec ancien "holos" - : entier, et "kainos" - : récent) est une époque géologique s'étendant sur les années, toujours en cours de nos jours. Il est fréquemment subdivisé en fonction de palynozones.

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Community-supported agriculture

Association pour le maintien d'une agriculture paysanne

Community-supported agriculture (CSA model) is a system that connects the producer and consumers within the food system more closely by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms. It is an alternative socioeconomic model of agriculture and food distribution that allows the producer and consumer to share the risks of farming. The model is a subcategory of civic agriculture that has an overarching goal of strengthening a sense of community through local markets.

Une association pour le maintien d'une agriculture paysanne ou une association pour le maintien d'une agriculture de proximité (AMAP) est, en France, un partenariat de proximité entre un groupe de consommateurs et une exploitation locale (généralement une ferme), débouchant sur un partage de récolte régulier (le plus souvent hebdomadaire) composée des produits de la ferme. L'AMAP est un contrat solidaire, basé sur un engagement financier des consommateurs, qui paient à l’avance la totalité de leur consommation sur une période définie. Ce système fonctionne donc sur le principe de la confiance et de la responsabilité du consommateur ; il représente une forme de circuit court de distribution.

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General Confederation of Labour (France)

Confédération générale du travail

The General Confederation of Labour (, CGT) is a national trade union center, founded in 1895 in the city of Limoges. It is the first of the five major French confederations of trade unions.

La Confédération générale du travail, abrégé en CGT, est un syndicat français de salariés créé le à Limoges. Elle faisait partie des cinq confédérations de syndicats de salariés français considérées, par présomption irréfragable, comme représentatives par l'État avant la réforme de 2008.

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Berthe Morisot

Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot (; January 14, 1841 – March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists.

Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot, née le à Bourges et morte le à Paris 16, est une artiste peintre française, membre fondateur et doyenne du mouvement d'avant-garde que fut l'Impressionnisme.

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Leopold III of Belgium

Léopold III (roi des Belges)

Leopold III (; ; ; 3 November 1901 – 25 September 1983) reigned as King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951.

Léopold III ("Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel") ( - ) est le quatrième roi des Belges ; il a régné du au. Il était le fils d’Albert et d’Élisabeth en Bavière. Léopold III a abdiqué au terme de la longue polémique et de la crise nationale suscitée par son comportement controversé lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

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Hubble's law

Loi de Hubble-Lemaître

Hubble's law, also known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from the Earth at velocities proportional to their distance. In other words, the further they are the faster they are moving away from Earth. The velocity of the galaxies has been determined by their redshift, a shift of the light they emit to the red end of the spectrum.

En astronomie, la loi de Hubble-Lemaître (anciennement loi de Hubble) énonce que les galaxies s'éloignent les unes des autres à une vitesse approximativement proportionnelle à leur distance. Autrement dit, plus une galaxie est loin de nous, plus elle semble s'éloigner rapidement. Cette loi ne concerne que la partie de l'univers accessible aux observations. L'extrapolation de la loi de Hubble-Lemaître sur des distances plus grandes est possible, mais uniquement si l'univers demeure homogène et isotrope sur de plus grandes distances.

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Computer music

Musique assistée par ordinateur

Computer music is the application of computing technology in music composition, to help human composers create new music or to have computers independently create music, such as with algorithmic composition programs. It includes the theory and application of new and existing computer software technologies and basic aspects of music, such as sound synthesis, digital signal processing, sound design, sonic diffusion, acoustics, and psychoacoustics. The field of computer music can trace its roots back to the origins of electronic music, and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at the turn of the 20th century.

La musique assistée par ordinateur (MAO) regroupe l'ensemble des utilisations de l'informatique comme outil associé à la chaîne de création musicale depuis la composition musicale jusqu'à la diffusion des œuvres, en passant par la formation pédagogique au solfège et la pratique d'instruments.

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null

Codomain

Ensemble d'arrivée

In mathematics, the codomain or set of destination of a function is the set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set in the notation. The codomain is sometimes referred to as the range, but that term is ambiguous because it may also refer to the image.

En mathématiques, pour une fonction donnée, l'ensemble est appelé l'ensemble d'arrivée, le but ou le codomaine de. L'ensemble d'arrivée ne doit pas être confondu avec l'image de, qui est en général seulement un sous-ensemble de.

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null