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Prakrit | Prâkrit | The Prakrits (; Early Brahmi, "prākṛta"; Devanagari, ; ; ; Kannada: "pāgada") are a group of vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan languages used in India from around the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE. The term Prakrit is usually applied to the middle period of Middle Indo-Aryan languages, excluding earlier inscriptions and the later Pali. The Prakrits were used contemporaneously with the prestigious Classical Sanskrit of higher social classes. "Prākṛta" literally means "natural", as opposed to "saṃskṛta", which literally means "constructed" or "refined". | Prâkrit (parfois aussi francisé sous la forme pracrit) (sanskrit : "prākṛta" प्राकृत (de "pra-kṛti" प्रकृति)) est un terme qui désigne soit une langue indo-aryenne dérivée du sanskrit classique soit d'autres dialectes indo-aryens. Le mot lui-même a une définition assez souple, car il a parfois le sens de, contrastant ainsi avec la forme littéraire et religieuse du sanskrit; mais parfois, on peut aussi comprendre "prâkrit" comme signifiant « dérivé d'une langue originelle », c'est-à-dire, dérivé du sanskrit. | [
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Covalent bond | Liaison covalente | A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration. In organic chemistry, covalent bonds are much more common than ionic bonds. | Une liaison covalente est une liaison chimique dans laquelle deux atomes se partagent deux électrons (un électron chacun ou deux électrons venant du même atome) d'une de leurs couches externes afin de former un doublet d'électrons liant les deux atomes. C'est une des forces qui produit l'attraction mutuelle entre atomes. | [
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Marcel Pagnol | Marcel Pagnol | Marcel Paul Pagnol (; ; 28 February 1895 – 18 April 1974) was a French novelist, playwright, and filmmaker. Regarded as an auteur, in 1946, he became the first filmmaker elected to the Académie française. Although his work is less fashionable than it once was, Pagnol is still generally regarded as one of France's greatest 20th-century writers and is notable for the fact that he excelled in almost every medium—memoir, novel, drama and film. | Marcel Pagnol est un écrivain, dramaturge, cinéaste et producteur français, né le à Aubagne (Bouches-du-Rhône) et mort à Paris le. | [
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Algebraic topology | Topologie algébrique | Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence. | La topologie algébrique, anciennement appelée topologie combinatoire, est la branche des mathématiques appliquant les outils de l'algèbre dans l'étude des espaces topologiques. Plus exactement, elle cherche à associer de manière "naturelle" des invariants algébriques aux structures topologiques associées. La naturalité signifie que ces invariants vérifient des propriétés de fonctorialité au sens de la théorie des catégories. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Scientific notation | Notation scientifique | Scientific notation (also referred to as scientific form or standard index form, or standard form in the UK) is a way of expressing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form. It is commonly used by scientists, mathematicians and engineers, in part because it can simplify certain arithmetic operations. On scientific calculators it is usually known as "SCI" display mode. In scientific notation, all numbers are written in the form ("m" times ten raised to the power of "n"), where the exponent "n" is an integer, and the coefficient "m" is any real number. The integer "n" is called the order of magnitude and the real number "m" is called the "significand" or "mantissa". However, the term "mantissa" may cause confusion because it is the name of the fractional part of the common logarithm. If the number is negative then a minus sign precedes "m" (as in ordinary decimal notation). In normalized notation, the exponent is chosen so that the absolute value (modulus) of the significand "m" is at least 1 but less than 10. | La notation scientifique est une façon de représenter les nombres décimaux. Elle consiste à exprimer le nombre sous la forme formula_1, où formula_2 est appelé signe, "a" est un nombre décimal de l'intervalle [1 ; 10[ appelé mantisse (ou significande) et "n" est un entier relatif appelé exposant. Il n’y a donc qu’un seul chiffre (non nul) à gauche de la virgule, puis un nombre variable de décimales (chiffres après la virgule), lequel dépend de la précision. Ainsi,. | [
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Fantastic Planet | La Planète sauvage | Fantastic Planet (,, lit. "The Wild Planet") is a 1973 adult animated science fiction film directed by René Laloux and written by Laloux and Roland Topor. Topor also completed the film's production design and it was animated at Jiří Trnka Studio in Prague. The film was an international co-production between companies from France and Czechoslovakia. The allegorical story, about humans living on a strange planet dominated by giant humanoid aliens who consider them animals, is based on the 1957 novel "Oms en série" by French writer Stefan Wul. | La Planète sauvage est un film d'animation de science-fiction réalisé par René Laloux, sorti en 1973. Le scénario s'inspire librement du roman "Oms en série" de Stefan Wul. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Dysprosium | Dysprosium | Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare-earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes, the most abundant of which is Dy. | Le dysprosium est un élément chimique, de symbole Dy et de numéro atomique 66. Son nom vient du grec / "dus-prósitos", « difficile à obtenir ». | [
250004,
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Exquisite corpse | Cadavre exquis | Exquisite corpse, also known as exquisite cadaver (from the original French term ), is a method by which a collection of words or images is collectively assembled. Each collaborator adds to a composition in sequence, either by following a rule (e.g. "The "adjective" "noun" "adverb" "verb" the "adjective" "noun"." as in "The green duck sweetly sang the dreadful dirge.") or by being allowed to see only the end of what the previous person contributed. | Le cadavre exquis est un jeu graphique ou d'écriture collectif inventé par les surréalistes, en particulier Jacques Prévert et Yves Tanguy, vers 1925. | [
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Sequence of Saint Eulalia | Séquence de sainte Eulalie | The Sequence of Saint Eulalia, also known as the Canticle of Saint Eulalia () is the earliest surviving piece of French hagiography and one of the earliest extant texts in the vernacular langues d'oïl (Old French). It dates from around 880. | La Séquence (ou Cantilène) de sainte Eulalie, composée vers 880, est vraisemblablement le premier texte littéraire écrit dans une langue romane différenciée du latin, une "romana lingua" marquée par d'importants changements phonétiques et morphosyntaxiques. Il constitue un document paléographique majeur « plus proche vraisemblablement de la langue courante de cette époque que le texte des "Serments de Strasbourg"». Il s'agit donc d'un témoignage précoce de la langue d'oïl. | [
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Chemical bond | Liaison chimique | A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" or "primary bonds" such as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds, and "weak bonds" or "secondary bonds" such as dipole–dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding. | Une liaison chimique est une interaction entre plusieurs atomes, ions ou molécules, à une distance permettant la stabilisation du système et la formation d'un agrégat ou d'une substance chimique. Cette notion paraît simple mais cache en réalité une très grande diversité de phénomènes façonnant la matière. Ainsi, la liaison chimique peut être covalente (normale ou de coordination), ionique, métallique, banane, (a)polaire, (dé)localisée, (non) directionnelle, faible, forte, simple, double, triple, σ, π, δ, φ, à un électron, à trois centres (avec deux électrons ou quatre électrons), à quatre centres, hydrogène, halogène, π-π, cation-π, anion-π, de van der Waals, etc. Cette variété amène le double problème de la classification et de la description difficiles et non uniformisées des liaisons chimiques. La notion de liaison chimique est, par conséquent, particulièrement compliquée à aborder dans sa globalité et génère de nombreuses préconceptions fausses chez les élèves, lors de leur apprentissage. | [
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Coromandel Coast | Côte de Coromandel | The Coromandel Coast is the southeastern coast region of the Indian subcontinent, bounded by the Utkal Plains to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Kaveri delta to the south, and the Eastern Ghats to the west, extending over an area of about 22,800 square kilometres. Its definition can also include the northwestern coast of the island of Sri Lanka. The coast has an average elevation of 80 metres and is backed by the Eastern Ghats, a chain of low, flat-topped hills. | La côte de Coromandel est une portion du littoral de l'Inde baignée par le golfe du Bengale, dans l'océan Indien. Elle est située sur la côte du sud-est de la péninsule indienne, entre le delta du fleuve Krishna au nord et la pointe Calimere dans le delta de la Kaveri au sud, et constitue une partie du rivage des États et territoires du Tamil Nadu, de l'Andhra Pradesh et de Pondichéry. Le nom provient d'une francisation de "Chola mandalam", c'est-à-dire pays des Chola. | [
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Space opera | Space opera | Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare, melodramatic adventure, interplanetary battles, chivalric romance, and risk-taking. Set mainly or entirely in outer space, it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities, futuristic weapons, and other sophisticated technology. The term has no relation to music, as in a traditional opera, but is instead a play on the terms "soap opera", a melodramatic television series, and "horse opera", which was coined during the 1930s to indicate a clichéd and formulaic Western movie. Space operas emerged in the 1930s and continue to be produced in literature, film, comics, television, and video games. | Le ou opéra de l'espace est un sous-genre de la science-fiction caractérisé par des histoires d'aventure épiques ou dramatiques se déroulant dans un cadre géopolitique complexe. Suivant les œuvres, le "space opera" rime avec exploration spatiale à grande échelle, guerres intergalactiques ou rigueur dans le réalisme scientifique. Apparu formellement au début des années 1940, le genre devient très populaire à partir des années 1960 et 1970 avec notamment "Star Trek" et "Star Wars". | [
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Saint Paul, Minnesota | Saint Paul (Minnesota) | Saint Paul (abbreviated St. Paul) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2019, the city's estimated population was 308,096. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the state's largest city. Known as the "Twin Cities", the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.6 million residents. | Saint Paul (en anglais : ) est la capitale de l'État du Minnesota, aux États-Unis. Elle en est la deuxième ville par le nombre d'habitants après Minneapolis avec (recensement de 2010), avec laquelle elle forme la conurbation de Minneapolis-Saint Paul, qui comptait en 2010. | [
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Mohs scale of mineral hardness | Échelle de Mohs | The Mohs scale of mineral hardness () is a qualitative ordinal scale characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material. Created in 1812 by German geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs, it is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science, some of which are more quantitative. The method of comparing hardness by observing which minerals can scratch others is of great antiquity, having been mentioned by Theophrastus in his treatise "On Stones",, followed by Pliny the Elder in his "Naturalis Historia",. While greatly facilitating the identification of minerals in the field, the Mohs scale does not show how well hard materials perform in an industrial setting. | L'échelle de Mohs fut inventée en 1812 par le minéralogiste allemand Friedrich Mohs afin de mesurer la dureté des minéraux. Elle est basée sur dix minéraux facilement disponibles. | [
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Ayodhya | Ayodhya | Ayodhya (; IAST: "") is a city and the administrative headquarters of Faizabad district (officially Ayodhya district) of Uttar Pradesh, India. It shares municipal corporation with its neighbouring twin town of Faizabad. The city is identified with the legendary city of Ayodhya, and as such, is the birthplace of Rama and setting of the epic "Ramayana". The accuracy of this identification is central to the Ayodhya dispute: modern scholars variously believe that the present-day Ayodhya is same as the legendary Ayodhya, or that the legendary city is a mythical place that came to be identified with the present-day Ayodhya only during the Gupta period around the 4th–5th century CE. | Ayodhya (hindî : अयोध्या - du sanskrit : अयोध्या, « ayodhyā » qui signifie « qui ne peut être conquis ») (Aoude en français) est une cité antique et une ville de l'Inde, située dans l'État de l'Uttar Pradesh. | [
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José Raúl Capablanca | José Raúl Capablanca | José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 November 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a Cuban chess player who was world chess champion from 1921 to 1927. A chess prodigy, he is considered by many one of the greatest players of all time, widely renowned for his exceptional endgame skill and speed of play. | José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera, né le à La Havane (Cuba) et mort le à Harlem (New York), est un joueur d'échecs cubain. | [
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Swiss Psalm | Cantique suisse | The "Swiss Psalm" (, ;, ;, ;, ) is the national anthem of Switzerland. It was composed in 1841, by Alberich Zwyssig (1808–1854). Since then, it has been frequently sung at patriotic events. The Federal Council declined however on numerous occasions to accept the psalm as the official anthem. This was because the council wanted the people to express their say on what they wanted as a national anthem. From 1961 to 1981 it provisionally replaced "" ("When You Call, My Country"; French ""; Italian "", Romansh ""), the anthem by Johann Rudolf Wyss (1743–1818) which was set to the melody of "God Save the Queen". On 1 April 1981, the Swiss Psalm was declared the official Swiss national anthem. | Le Cantique suisse est l'hymne national de la Suisse, depuis la seconde moitié du. Chant composé en 1841 par Alberich Zwyssig (1808-1854) avec les paroles allemandes de Leonhard Widmer (1809-1867), il devient hymne national avec un statut provisoire en 1961 puis définitif en 1981. Le texte officiel français est de Charles Chatelanat (1833-1907). | [
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Claviceps purpurea | Ergot du seigle | Claviceps purpurea is an ergot fungus that grows on the ears of rye and related cereal and forage plants. Consumption of grains or seeds contaminated with the survival structure of this fungus, the ergot sclerotium, can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals. "C. purpurea" most commonly affects outcrossing species such as rye (its most common host), as well as triticale, wheat and barley. It affects oats only rarely. | L'ergot du seigle ( Tul.) est un champignon du groupe des ascomycètes, parasite du seigle (et d'autres céréales). Il contient des alcaloïdes responsables de l'ergotisme, en particulier l’acide lysergique dont est dérivé le LSD. | [
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Bromeliaceae | Bromeliaceae | The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) is a family of monocot flowering plants of 75 genera and around 3590 known species native mainly to the tropical Americas, with a few species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, "Pitcairnia feliciana". | Les Bromeliaceae (Broméliacées) forment une famille de plantes monocotylédones, originaires majoritairement des régions tropicales d'Amérique, minoritairement des régions subtropicales d'Amérique et une espèce ("Pitcairnia feliciana") originaire des régions tropicales d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Cette famille comporte environ espèces regroupées en 48 ou 58 genres (selon les auteurs), plus huit nothogenres, et entre 3 et 8 sous-familles. De nombreuses espèces sont épiphytes comme les "Tillandsia" et vivent pendues aux branches des arbres de la forêt tropicale. D'autres sont terrestres comme le genre "Ananas" (qui est cultivé pour son fruit, l'ananas). | [
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Madhya Pradesh | Madhya Pradesh | Madhya Pradesh (MP;, ; meaning "Central Province") is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Gwalior, Ujjain, Sagar being the other major cities. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest. Before 2000, when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state, Singoli and Konta, was 1500 km. | Le Madhya Pradesh (hindi, « province du Centre ») est un État au centre de l’Inde. Sa capitale est Bhopal. | [
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Arunachal Pradesh | Arunachal Pradesh | Arunachal Pradesh (, literally "land of dawn-lit mountains") is the northeasternmost state of India. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the McMahon Line. Itanagar is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh, which is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India. | LArunachal Pradesh (hindi: ) est un État du nord-est de l'Inde, créé d'abord comme territoire de l'Union le 20 janvier 1972 avant d'accéder au rang d'État proprement dit le 20 février 1987. Sa partie septentrionale est revendiquée par la Chine comme faisant partie de la Région autonome du Tibet. Il a une frontière internationale de avec le Bhoutan à l'ouest, de au nord avec la Chine et de à l'est avec la Birmanie. Il s'étend des pics enneigés de l'Himalaya au nord jusqu'à la vallée du Brahmapoutre au sud. C'est le plus vaste État du nord-est, plus étendu que l'Assam qui est cependant plus peuplé. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Stolen Kisses | Baisers volés | Stolen Kisses () is a 1968 French romantic comedy-drama film directed by François Truffaut starring Jean-Pierre Léaud and Claude Jade. It continues the story of the character Antoine Doinel, whom Truffaut had previously depicted in "The 400 Blows" and the short film "Antoine and Colette". In this film, Antoine begins his relationship with Christine Darbon, which is depicted further in the last two films in the series, "Bed & Board" and "Love on the Run". | Baisers volés est un film français réalisé par François Truffaut, sorti en 1968. Il s’agit du troisième volet des aventures d’Antoine Doinel, inspiré du roman "Le Lys dans la vallée" de Balzac. | [
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The 400 Blows | Les Quatre Cents Coups | The 400 Blows () is a 1959 French New Wave drama film, and the directorial debut of François Truffaut. The film, shot in DyaliScope, stars Jean-Pierre Léaud, Albert Rémy, and Claire Maurier. One of the defining films of the French New Wave, it displays many of the characteristic traits of the movement. Written by Truffaut and Marcel Moussy, the film is about Antoine Doinel, a misunderstood adolescent in Paris who struggles with his parents and teachers due to his rebellious behavior. Filmed on location in Paris and Honfleur, it is the first in a series of five films in which Léaud plays the semi-autobiographical character. | Les Quatre Cents Coups est un film français de François Truffaut, sorti en 1959. Premier film du jeune réalisateur, il révèle celui-ci au grand public et devient un film emblématique de l'essor de la Nouvelle Vague. Quatre autres films viendront par la suite compléter la saga "Antoine Doinel", toujours interprété par Jean-Pierre Léaud : "Antoine et Colette" (segment du film à sketches "L'Amour à 20 ans") en 1962, "Baisers volés" en 1968, "Domicile conjugal" en 1970 et "L'Amour en fuite" en 1979. | [
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Hengist and Horsa | Hengist et Horsa | Hengist and Horsa are legendary brothers said to have led the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in their invasion of Britain in the 5th century. Tradition lists Hengist as the first of the Jutish kings of Kent. | Hengist (ou "Hengest" en vieil anglais) et Horsa sont deux frères originaires du Jutland (Danemark) qui, selon la tradition, auraient mené leur peuple durant l'invasion de la (Grande-) Bretagne et fondé le premier royaume anglo-saxon sur l'île : le royaume de Kent, dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre. Ces deux rois sont considérés comme semi-légendaires. En langue vieil anglaise, "hengest" signifie « étalon », tandis que "hors" (auj. "horse"), au sens de « cheval », en est un synonyme. La mythème des deux chefs frères des Grandes Invasions est typiquement germanique et continue celle des Jumeaux divins indo-européens (Alcis, Dioscures, Ashvins). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Arabic alphabet | Alphabet arabe | The Arabic alphabet (,'or, '), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing Arabic. It is written from right to left in a cursive style and includes 28 letters. Most letters have contextual letterforms. | L'alphabet arabe est un abjad, c'est-à-dire un système d'écriture ne notant que les consonnes (ou peu s'en faut). Il comporte initialement 28 lettres et s'écrit horizontalement de droite à gauche. Les diverses langues qu'il sert à noter ont donné lieu à de nombreuses adaptations de l'alphabet arabe à leur système phonologique. | [
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Maharashtra | Maharashtra | Maharashtra (;, abbr. MH) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. As the home of the Marathi people, Maharashtra is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area in India. Spread over, it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north, and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west. It is also the world's second-most populous subnational entity. | Le Maharashtra (en marathi : ) est un État de l'ouest de l'Inde créé en 1960, sur des bases linguistiques. | [
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Charles Trenet | Charles Trenet | Louis Charles Augustin Georges Trenet (; 18 May 1913 – 19 February 2001) was a French singer-songwriter, who composed both the music and the lyrics to nearly a thousand songs, which he sang to the exclusion of any others. These include "La Mer", "Boum!" and "Y'a d'la joie", and supported a career that lasted well over sixty years, despite periodic'retirements'. His act was characterised by a jaunty air, touched with eccentricity, and he was sometimes known as the singing madman or the singing vagabond. | Charles Trenet, né le à Narbonne (Aude) et mort le à Créteil (Val-de-Marne), est un auteur-compositeur-interprète français. Surnommé « le Fou chantant », il est l'auteur de près de mille chansons à l'inspiration souvent poétique, dont certaines, comme "La Mer", "Y'a d'la joie", "L'Âme des poètes", "Ménilmontant" ou encore "Douce France", demeurent des succès populaires intemporels, au-delà même de la francophonie. | [
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Synthesizer | Synthétiseur | A synthesizer (also spelled synthesiser) is an electronic musical instrument that generates audio signals. Synthesizers generate audio through methods including subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis, and frequency modulation synthesis. These sounds may be shaped and modulated by components such as filters, envelopes, and low-frequency oscillators. Synthesizers are typically played with keyboards or controlled by sequencers, software, or other instruments, often via MIDI. | Un synthétiseur (ou simplement synthé) est un instrument de musique électronique capable de créer et de moduler des sons sous forme de signal électrique. Il peut être utilisé pour imiter, avec plus ou moins de réalisme, des instruments de musique traditionnels, des bruits naturels ou encore pour créer des sonorités complètement originales. | [
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Spectrum of a ring | Spectre d'anneau | In algebra and algebraic geometry, the spectrum of a commutative ring "R", denoted by formula_1, is the set of all prime ideals of "R". It is commonly augmented with the Zariski topology and with a structure sheaf, turning it into a locally ringed space. A locally ringed space of this form is called an affine scheme. | En mathématiques, le spectre premier d'un anneau commutatif unitaire "A" désigne l'ensemble des idéaux premiers de "A". Cet ensemble est muni d'une topologie (de Zariski) et d'un faisceau d'anneaux commutatifs unitaires qui en font un espace topologique annelé en anneaux locaux. Cet espace est alors appelé un schéma affine et il sert d'espace de base pour la construction des schémas en géométrie algébrique. | [
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Closure (topology) | Adhérence (mathématiques) | In mathematics, the closure of a subset "S" of points in a topological space consists of all points in "S" together with all limit points of "S". The closure of "S" may equivalently be defined as the union of "S" and its boundary, and also as the intersection of all closed sets containing "S". Intuitively, the closure can be thought of as all the points that are either in "S" or "near" "S". A point which is in the closure of "S" is a point of closure of "S". The notion of closure is in many ways dual to the notion of interior. | En topologie, l'adhérence d'une partie d'un espace topologique est le plus petit ensemble fermé contenant cette partie. Lorsque l'espace est métrisable, c'est aussi l'ensemble des limites de suites convergentes à valeurs dans cette partie. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Atomic radius | Rayon atomique | The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding shells of electrons. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Three widely used definitions of atomic radius are: Van der Waals radius, ionic radius, and covalent radius. | Le rayon atomique d'un élément chimique est une mesure de la taille de ses atomes, d'habitude la distance moyenne entre le noyau et la frontière du nuage électronique qui l'entoure. Comme cette frontière n'est pas une entité physique bien définie, il y a plusieurs définitions non équivalentes du rayon atomique. | [
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Thomas Jefferson | Thomas Jefferson | Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He previously served as the second vice president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights, motivating American colonists to break from the Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation; he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level. | Thomas Jefferson, né le à Shadwell (colonie de Virginie) et mort le à Monticello (Virginie), est un homme d'État américain, troisième président des États-Unis, en fonction de 1801 à 1809. Il est également secrétaire d'État des États-Unis entre 1790 et 1793 et vice-président de 1797 à 1801. | [
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Assam | Assam | Assam (, ) is a state in northeastern India, situated south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of. The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur to the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor, a strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India. It is also one of the world's most populous subdivisions. | L' (en, "oxom" ) fait partie des États de l'extrémité Est de l'Inde, au centre de la région du Nord-Est indien. Il a deux frontières internationales avec le Bhoutan et le Bangladesh et des frontières avec l'Arunachal Pradesh, le Nagaland, le Manipur, le Mizoram, le Tripura, le Meghalaya et le Bengale-Occidental. | [
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Euphrates | Euphrate | The Euphrates () is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (the "Land between the Rivers"). Originating in the Armenian Highlands (eastern Turkey), the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf. | LEuphrate (tiré du nom du cours d'eau en grec ancien, appelé aussi "Եփրատ" en arménien, "Firat" en kurde, "Ufrat" en persan, "Prâth/Frot" en araméen, Al-Furat en arabe, "Fırat" en turc et "Pu-rat-tu" en assyrien) est un fleuve d'Asie de de long. Il forme avec le Tigre dans sa partie basse la Mésopotamie (du grec ["mesos"] « milieu » et ["potamos"] « fleuve »), l'un des berceaux de la civilisation. | [
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Electron configuration | Configuration électronique | In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s 2s 2p, using the notation explained below. | En physique des particules comme en chimie quantique, la configuration électronique, également appelée structure électronique ou formule électronique, décrit la distribution des électrons d'un atome, d'une molécule ou d'une espèce chimique dans un ensemble de fonctions d'onde correspondant à des orbitales atomiques ou à des orbitales moléculaires. Par exemple, la configuration électronique à l'état fondamental d'un atome d'oxygène est, tandis que celle d'une molécule d'oxygène est, d'où, en spectroscopie, les multiplets, et. | [
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Himachal Pradesh | Himachal Pradesh | Himachal Pradesh (; "snow-laden province") is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the eleven mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh to the south. The state also has a border with the autonomous region of Tibet to the east. | Le Himachal Pradesh (en hindi : ) est un État du nord-ouest de l’Inde. Territoire de l'Union en 1950, le Himachal Pradesh est devenu le dix-huitième État de la République indienne en 1971. Sa capitale, Shimla, fut pendant près d'un siècle la capitale d'été du Raj britannique. | [
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Hadrian | Hadrien | Hadrian (; ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus in Italica, Hispania Baetica, into a Roman Italo-Hispanic family that settled in Spain from the Italian city of Atri in Picenum. His father was of senatorial rank and was a first cousin of Emperor Trajan. He married Trajan's grand-niece Vibia Sabina early in his career, before Trajan became emperor and possibly at the behest of Trajan's wife Pompeia Plotina. Plotina and Trajan's close friend and adviser Lucius Licinius Sura were well disposed towards Hadrian. When Trajan died, his widow claimed that he had nominated Hadrian as emperor immediately before his death. | Publius Aelius Hadrianus, dit Hadrien ("Imperator Cæsar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus", en latin), né le 24 janvier 76 à Italica (près de Séville) et mort le 10 juillet 138 à Baïes, est un empereur romain de la dynastie des Antonins. Il succède à Trajan en 117 et règne jusqu'à sa mort en 138. Empereur lettré, poète et philosophe à la réputation pacifique, il rompt avec la politique expansionniste de son prédécesseur, s'attachant à pacifier et à structurer administrativement l'Empire, tout en consolidant des frontières parfois poreuses. | [
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Greenwich Mean Time | Temps moyen de Greenwich | Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, reckoned from midnight. At different times in the past, it has been calculated in different ways, including being calculated from noon; as a consequence, it cannot be used to specify a precise time unless a context is given. | Le temps moyen de Greenwich ou heure moyenne de Greenwich, en anglais, abrégé en GMT, est l'heure solaire moyenne au méridien de Greenwich, méridien d’origine des longitudes, traversant l’Observatoire royal de Greenwich, près de Londres en Angleterre. | [
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Friedrich Mohs | Friedrich Mohs | Carl Friedrich Christian Mohs (; 29 January 1773 – 29 September 1839) was a German geologist and mineralogist. He was the creator of the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Mohs also introduced a classification of the crystal forms in crystal systems independently of Christian Samuel Weiss. | Friedrich Mohs (né le à Gernrode et mort le à Agordo en Italie) est un géologue et minéralogiste allemand du début du. | [
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AZERTY | AZERTY | AZERTY () is a specific layout for the characters of the Latin alphabet on typewriter keys and computer keyboards. The layout takes its name from the first six letters to appear on the first row of alphabetical keys; that is, ( ). Similar to the German QWERTZ layout, it is modelled on the English QWERTY layout. It is used by most French and Flemish speakers based in Europe, although France and Belgium each have their own national variations on the layout. Luxembourg and Switzerland use the Swiss QWERTZ keyboard. Most of the residents of Quebec, the mainly French-speaking province of Canada, use a QWERTY keyboard that has been adapted to the French language such as the Multilingual Standard keyboard CAN/CSA Z243.200-92 which is stipulated by the government of Quebec and the Government of Canada. | AZERTY est un arrangement spécifique des caractères de l’alphabet latin et de divers caractères typographiques sur les touches des machines à écrire et claviers d’ordinateur. Elle dérive, tout comme le QWERTZ germanique, de la disposition QWERTY anglaise et possède ses propres variantes nationales en France et en Belgique. Son nom provient des six premières lettres de la première rangée des touches alphabétiques. | [
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Sedimentary rock | Roche sédimentaire | Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock are called sediment, and may be composed of geological detritus (minerals) or biological detritus (organic matter). Before being deposited, the geological detritus was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Biological detritus was formed by bodies and parts (mainly shells) of dead aquatic organisms, as well as their fecal mass, suspended in water and slowly piling up on the floor of water bodies (marine snow). Sedimentation may also occur as dissolved minerals precipitate from water solution. | Les roches sédimentaires proviennent de l'accumulation de sédiments qui se déposent le plus souvent en couches ou lits superposés, appelés strates. Elles résultent de l'accumulation de sédiments divers, c'est-à-dire d'éléments solides (clastes : morceaux de roches ou fragments minéraux, débris coquilliers...) et/ou de précipitations à partir de solutions (elles-mêmes constitutives ou à l'origine de ciments, souvent intercalaires entre grains, particules ou clastes). On rassemble sous le nom de diagenèse l'ensemble des processus par lesquels les dépôts issus de l'érosion sont transformés en roches sédimentaires. | [
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Vesoul | Vesoul | Vesoul () is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté located in eastern France. It is the most populated municipality of the department with inhabitants in 2014. The same year, the Communauté d'agglomération de Vesoul which covers 20 municipalities together had inhabitants while the Urban area of Vesoul which includes 78 municipalities, had inhabitants. Its inhabitants are known in French as "Vésuliens". | Vesoul (prononcé traditionnellement ) est une commune de l'est de la France, préfecture du département de la en région et chef-lieu de cantons et d'arrondissement. La ville est aussi le siège de la communauté d'agglomération de Vesoul et du pays de Vesoul et du Val de Saône. Elle fait partie de la région culturelle et historique de Franche-Comté. Située au nord de la Métropole Rhin-Rhône, Vesoul compte, en 2015, "intra-muros" et l'aire urbaine de Vesoul totalise. Ses habitants sont appelés "Vésuliens". | [
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Limestone | Calcaire | Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera, and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO). A closely related rock is dolomite, which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite, CaMg(CO). In old USGS publications, dolomite was referred to as "magnesian limestone", a term now reserved for magnesium-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones. | Les calcaires sont des roches sédimentaires, tout comme les grès ou les gypses, facilement solubles dans l'eau (voir karst), composées majoritairement de carbonate de calcium CaCO, mais aussi de carbonate de magnésium MgCO. | [
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Marne (department) | Marne (département) | Marne () is a department in the Grand Est region of France. It is named after the river Marne which flows through it. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, and Vitry-le-François. | Le département de la Marne est un département français, qui doit son nom à la Marne, rivière qui l'arrose. Il fait partie de la région Grand Est et de la Champagne historique, connue pour sa boisson du même nom. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le. Sa préfecture est Châlons-en-Champagne et sa plus grande ville est Reims. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Astatine | Astate | Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. A sample of the pure element has never been assembled, because any macroscopic specimen would be immediately vaporized by the heat of its own radioactivity. | L'astate est un radioélément, de symbole At et de numéro atomique 85. C'est le plus rare des éléments chimiques hors transuraniens trouvés naturellement dans la croûte terrestre, où il est produit par décroissance radioactive d'éléments plus lourds. Tous les isotopes de l'astate ont des demi-vies courtes, le moins instable est l'astate 210 avec une période radioactive de. Un échantillon visible de l'élément pur n'a jamais été produit mais tout spécimen macroscopique serait rapidement vaporisé par la chaleur résultant de sa propre radioactivité. | [
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Pier Paolo Pasolini | Pier Paolo Pasolini | Pier Paolo Pasolini (; 5 March 1922 – 2 November 1975) was an Italian film director, poet, writer, and intellectual, who also distinguished himself as an actor, journalist, novelist, playwright, and political figure. He remains a controversial personality in Italy due to his blunt style and the focus of some of his works on taboo sexual matters. He was an established major figure in European literature and cinematic arts. His murder prompted an outcry in Italy and its circumstances continue to be a matter of heated debate. | Pier Paolo Pasolini est un écrivain, poète, journaliste, scénariste et réalisateur italien, né le à Bologne, et assassiné dans la nuit du 1 au, sur la plage d'Ostie, près de Rome. | [
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Caryophyllales | Caryophyllales | Caryophyllales ( ) is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. | Les Caryophyllales (synonyme : "Centrospermales") sont un ordre de plantes dicotylédones comprenant 38 familles (selon la dernière classification APG IV) et espèces. Cet ordre est nettement monophylétique comme le montrent de nombreuses synapomorphies. Les espèces sont notamment caractérisés par des feuilles généralement opposées, des ovules à placentation centrale libre ou basale (d'où l'ancien nom de Centrospermales), souvent campylotropes (d'où l'ancien nom de Curvembryales), et la présence de bétalaïne (à l'exception des "Caryophyllaceae" qui ont des anthocyanes), pigments azotés qui expliquent que beaucoup des espèces sont des plantes rudérales nitrophiles. | [
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Simón Bolívar | Simón Bolívar | Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte-Andrade y Blanco (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830), generally known as Simón Bolívar (, ) and also colloquially as "El Libertador", or the Liberator, was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama to independence from the Spanish Empire. | Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios, plus connu sous le nom de Simón Bolívar et surnommé El Libertador, né le à Caracas au Venezuela, et mort le à Santa Marta en Colombie, fut un général et homme d'État vénézuélien. Il est une figure emblématique, avec l'Argentin José de San Martín et le Chilien Bernardo O'Higgins, de l'émancipation des colonies espagnoles en Amérique du Sud dès 1813. Il participa de manière décisive à l'indépendance de la Bolivie, de la Colombie, de l'Équateur, du Panama, du Pérou et du Venezuela. Bolívar participa également à la création de la Grande Colombie, dont il souhaitait qu'elle devint partie d'une grande confédération politique et militaire regroupant l'ensemble de l'Amérique latine, et dont il fut le premier président. | [
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Linear B | Linéaire B | Linear B is a syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of Greek. The script predates the Greek alphabet by several centuries. The oldest Mycenaean writing dates to about 1450 BC. It is descended from the older Linear A, an undeciphered earlier script used for writing the Minoan language, as is the later Cypriot syllabary, which also recorded Greek. Linear B, found mainly in the palace archives at Knossos, Cydonia, Pylos, Thebes and Mycenae, disappeared with the fall of Mycenaean civilization during the Late Bronze Age collapse. The succeeding period, known as the Greek Dark Ages, provides no evidence of the use of writing. It is also the only one of the Bronze Age Aegean scripts to have been deciphered, by English architect and self-taught linguist Michael Ventris. | Le linéaire B est un syllabaire utilisé pour l'écriture du mycénien, une forme archaïque du grec ancien. Il se compose d'environ 87 signes. Les nombres sont décimaux, les poids et mesures sont d'inspiration babylonienne. Le linéaire B est complètement oublié dès le début du premier millénaire avant notre ère; il sera par la suite remplacé par l'alphabet grec, avec lequel il n'a aucun lien. | [
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Duke Nukem (character) | Duke Nukem | Duke Nukem is a fictional character and protagonist of the "Duke Nukem" series of video games. The character first appeared in the 1991 video game "Duke Nukem," developed by Apogee Software. He has since starred in multiple sequels developed by 3D Realms. Most recently, he starred in "Duke Nukem Forever", released by Gearbox Software, which now owns the rights and intellectual property. | Duke Nukem est un personnage de jeu vidéo, protagoniste d'une série de jeux d'action du même nom, créée par Todd Replogle, George Broussard, Allen Blum et Scott Miller, développeurs chez 3D Realms. | [
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Flanders | Flandre (Belgique) | Flanders (, ; Dutch: "[het] Vlaanderen" ; French: "[la] Flandre" ; German: "[das] Flandern", Latin: "Flandria") is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. However, there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history, and sometimes involving neighbouring countries. The demonym associated with Flanders is Fleming, while the corresponding adjective is Flemish. The official capital of Flanders is the City of Brussels, although the Brussels Capital Region has an independent regional government, and the government of Flanders only oversees the community aspects of Flanders life in Brussels such as (Flemish) culture and education. | En Belgique, à partir du et surtout du, l'importance historique du comté de Flandre a progressivement conduit à utiliser le terme "Flandre" par synecdoque ("pars pro toto") pour désigner l'ensemble de la Belgique néerlandophone. En néerlandais, on emploie dans le même sens le terme "". | [
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Cactus | Cactaceae | A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word "cactus" derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek, a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain. Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth. Cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. Almost all cacti are succulents, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Cacti are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north—except for "Rhipsalis baccifera", which also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka. | Les Cactus, Cactées ou encore Cactacées (Cactaceae) sont une famille de plantes à fleurs. Ce sont presque toutes des plantes grasses ou plantes succulentes, c'est-à-dire des plantes xérophytes qui stockent dans leurs tissus des réserves de « suc » pour faire face aux longues périodes de sécheresse. | [
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Westminster Abbey | Abbaye de Westminster | Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the United Kingdom's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. The building itself was a Benedictine monastic church until the monastery was dissolved in 1539. Between 1540 and 1556, the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, the building is no longer an abbey or a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. | L’abbaye de Westminster est l'un des édifices religieux les plus célèbres de Londres. Sa construction date pour l'essentiel du, sous Henri III. C'est le lieu de sépulture d'une partie des rois et reines d'Angleterre et aussi des hommes et des femmes célèbres. Le Coin des poètes fait honneur aux écrivains du royaume. La quasi-totalité des couronnements des monarques anglais a eu lieu dans cette abbaye. | [
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Hung Ga | Hung-gar | Hung Ga (), Hung Kuen (), or Hung Ga Kuen () is a southern Chinese martial art belonging to the southern shaolin styles. It is associated with the Cantonese folk hero Wong Fei Hung, a Hung Ga master. | Le hung-gar (en cantonais) ou hongjia (en mandarin) est un art martial chinois (un style de "wushu gong fu"). "hung-gar" (洪家) signifie « famille Hung ». En effet, son fondateur légendaire est Hung Hei-Kwun. | [
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Indian Rebellion of 1857 | Révolte des cipayes | The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, northeast of Delhi (now Old Delhi). It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859. Its name is contested, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence. | La révolte des cipayes est un soulèvement populaire qui a lieu en Inde en 1857 contre la Compagnie anglaise des Indes orientales. Il est également appelé première guerre d'indépendance indienne ou rébellion indienne de 1857. | [
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Jean-Marie Déguignet | Jean-Marie Déguignet | Jean-Marie Déguignet (19 July 1834 – 29 August 1905) was a Breton soldier, farmer, salesman, shopkeeper, and writer who is best known for his memoirs illuminating the life of the rural poor of 19th-century France. | Jean-Marie Déguignet, né le à Guengat, mort à Quimper, le, est un écrivain breton de langue française et bretonne. | [
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Egyptian temple | Temple de l'Égypte antique | Egyptian temples were built for the official worship of the gods and in commemoration of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt and regions under Egyptian control. Temples were seen as houses for the gods or kings to whom they were dedicated. Within them, the Egyptians performed a variety of rituals, the central functions of Egyptian religion: giving offerings to the gods, reenacting their mythological interactions through festivals, and warding off the forces of chaos. These rituals were seen as necessary for the gods to continue to uphold "maat", the divine order of the universe. Housing and caring for the gods were the obligations of pharaohs, who therefore dedicated prodigious resources to temple construction and maintenance. Out of necessity, pharaohs delegated most of their ritual duties to a host of priests, but most of the populace was excluded from direct participation in ceremonies and forbidden to enter a temple's most sacred areas. Nevertheless, a temple was an important religious site for all classes of Egyptians, who went there to pray, give offerings, and seek oracular guidance from the god dwelling within. | Un temple de l'Égypte antique est un édifice religieux dédié au culte d'une ou plusieurs divinités en Égypte ancienne. Souvent associé avec un important complexe comprenant des habitations pour les prêtres, des ateliers de production divers, des entrepôts et éventuellement une maison de vie, le temple forme un complexe culturel, économique et agricole d'importance capitale dans l'Égypte ancienne. Ils étaient construits pour le culte officiel des dieux et la commémoration des pharaons dans l'Égypte antique et dans les régions sous contrôle égyptien. Les temples étaient considérés comme des demeures pour les dieux ou les rois auxquels ils étaient dédiés. Les Égyptiens y pratiquaient toute une série de rites qui étaient les fonctions centrales de la religion égyptienne : offrandes aux dieux, reconstitution de leurs actions mythologiques à travers des fêtes, et conjuration des forces du chaos. Ces rites étaient considérés comme nécessaires pour que les dieux continuent à défendre la Maât, l'ordre divin de l'univers. Loger et soigner les dieux étaient des obligations pour les pharaons, qui consacraient donc des ressources prodigieuses pour la construction et l'entretien des temples. Dès la fin du, lors de la période dite de la Première Période intermédiaire, l'effacement de la monarchie memphite marque l'émergence de pouvoirs locaux, incarnés par des « Grands chefs », des nomarques à la tête de puissantes familles locales qui se substituent au pharaon pour la construction et l'entretien des temples. Ceux-ci constituaient également une importante source de revenus pour les prêtres qui y étaient attachés (revenus agricoles des terres dépendant des domaines des temples). Depuis les débuts de la monarchie memphite (fin du ), le système des donations royales permit à certains temples de se constituer un domaine foncier important. La Première Période intermédiaire prolongea ce système en le privatisant à l'échelle des pouvoirs provinciaux et locaux. | [
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Capoeira | Capoeira | Capoeira () is an Afro-Brazilian martial art that combines elements of dance, acrobatics, and music. It was developed by enslaved Africans in Brazil at the beginning of the 16th century. It is known for its acrobatic and complex maneuvers, often involving hands on the ground and inverted kicks. It emphasizes flowing movements rather than fixed stances; the "ginga", a rocking step, is usually the focal point of the technique. The most widely accepted origin of the word "capoeira" comes from the Tupi words "ka'a" ("forest") "paũ" ("round"), referring to the areas of low vegetation in the Brazilian interior where fugitive slaves would hide. A practitioner of the art is called a capoeirista (). | La capoeira est un art martial afro-brésilien qui aurait ses racines dans les techniques de combat des peuples africains du temps de l'esclavage au Brésil. Elle se distingue des autres arts martiaux par son côté ludique et souvent acrobatique. Les pieds sont très largement mis à contribution durant le combat bien que d'autres parties du corps puissent être employées telles que, principalement, les mains, la tête, les genoux et les coudes. Les « joueurs » peuvent prendre position en appui ou en équilibre sur les mains pour effectuer des coups de pieds ou des acrobaties. De formes diverses, la capoeira est jouée et/ou luttée à différents niveaux du sol et à différentes vitesses, accompagnée le plus souvent par des instruments, des chants et des frappements de mains. | [
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Trajan | Trajan | Trajan ( ; ; 18 September 538August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared by the Senate "optimus princeps" ("best ruler"), Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death. He is also known for his philanthropic rule, overseeing extensive public building programs and implementing social welfare policies, which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five Good Emperors who presided over an era of peace and prosperity in the Mediterranean world. | Trajan, né sous le nom de " le à Italica (dans ce qui est maintenant l'Andalousie dans l'Espagne moderne) et mort le 8 ou à Selinus, en Cilicie, est empereur romain de fin à. À sa mort, il porte le nom et les surnoms d'. | [
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Divide-and-conquer algorithm | Diviser pour régner (informatique) | In computer science, divide and conquer is an algorithm design paradigm based on multi-branched recursion. A divide-and-conquer algorithm works by recursively breaking down a problem into two or more sub-problems of the same or related type, until these become simple enough to be solved directly. The solutions to the sub-problems are then combined to give a solution to the original problem. | En informatique, diviser pour régner (du latin, "" en anglais) est une technique algorithmique consistant à : Cette technique fournit des algorithmes efficaces pour de nombreux problèmes, comme la recherche d'un élément dans un tableau trié (recherche dichotomique), le tri (tri fusion, tri rapide), la multiplication de grands nombres (algorithme de Karatsuba) ou la transformation de Fourier discrète (transformation de Fourier rapide). | [
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Forró | Forró | The term forró () refers to a musical genre, a rhythm, a dance and the event itself where forró music is played and danced. Forró is an important part of the Northeastern Region of Brazil. It encompasses various dance types as well as a number of different musical genres. Their music genres and dances have gained widespread popularity in all regions of Brazil, especially during the Brazilian June Festivals. Forró has also become increasingly more popular all over the world, with a well-established forró scene in Europe. | Le forró est une musique traditionnelle de la région nord-est du Brésil. C'est aussi le nom de la danse qui l'accompagne. | [
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Battle of Verneuil | Bataille de Verneuil (1424) | The Battle of Verneuil was a strategically important battle of the Hundred Years' War, fought on 17 August 1424 near Verneuil in Normandy and a significant English victory. It was a particularly bloody battle, described by the English as a second Agincourt. | La bataille de Verneuil fut une bataille de la guerre de Cent Ans, qui se déroula le, à au nord de Verneuil, à proximité du château de Charnelles, en Normandie. Elle se solda par une victoire de l’armée anglaise. | [
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Battle of Grandson | Bataille de Grandson | The Battle of Grandson, which took place on 2 March 1476, was part of the Burgundian Wars, and resulted in a major defeat for Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, at the hands of the Swiss. | La bataille de Grandson oppose l'armée bourguignonne aux Confédérés suisses à Grandson le, dans le cadre des guerres de Bourgogne. | [
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Battle of Pavia | Bataille de Pavie (1525) | The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Austria, the Low Countries, and the Two Sicilies. | La bataille de Pavie () est un événement décisif de la sixième guerre d'Italie (1521-1526). Elle marque la défaite des rois de France dans leur tentative de domination du Nord de l'Italie. | [
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Henri-Pierre Roché | Henri-Pierre Roché | Henri-Pierre Roché (28 May 1879 – 9 April 1959) was a French author who was deeply involved with the artistic avant-garde in Paris and the Dada movement. | Henri Roché dit Pierre Roché puis Henri-Pierre Roché, né le à Paris 6, 1 rue de Médicis, et mort le, à Sèvres, 2 rue Nungesser-et-Coli, est un écrivain français, de son métier marchand d'art, collectionneur, critique et, par intermittence, journaliste. | [
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Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle | Bataille de Mons-en-Pévèle | The Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle (or Pevelenberg) was fought on 18 August 1304 between the French and the Flemish. The French were led by King Philip IV "the Fair" in person. | La bataille de Mons-en-Pévèle opposa les troupes de Philippe le Bel aux troupes flamandes le. Elle fut remportée par Philippe le Bel. | [
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Second French intervention in Mexico | Expédition du Mexique | The Second French Intervention in Mexico (, 1861–1867; known as "Expédition du Mexique" in France), also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War and the Mexican Adventure, was an invasion of Mexico, launched in late 1861, by the Second French Empire (1852–1870). Initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, the French intervention in Mexico was a consequence of Mexican President Benito Juárez's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors. To extend the influence of Imperial France, Napoleon III instigated the intervention in Mexico by claiming that the military adventure was a foreign policy commitment to free trade. The establishment of a European-derived monarchy in Mexico would ensure European access to Mexican resources, particularly French access to Mexican silver. To realize his ambitions without interference from other European nations, Napoleon III of France entered into a coalition with the United Kingdom and Spain. | L’intervention française au Mexique ou l'expédition du Mexique () est une expédition militaire française qui eut lieu de 1861 à 1867 et avait pour objectif de mettre en place au Mexique un régime favorable aux intérêts français. | [
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Red dwarf | Naine rouge | A red dwarf is the smallest and coolest kind of star on the main sequence. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun, but because of their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot be easily observed. From Earth, not one that fits the stricter definitions of a red dwarf is visible to the naked eye. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf, as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars. According to some estimates, red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way. The coolest red dwarfs near the Sun have a surface temperature of ~ and the smallest have radii of ~9% that of the Sun, with masses about ~7.5% that of the Sun. These red dwarfs have spectral classes of L0 to L2. There is some overlap with the properties of brown dwarfs, since the most massive brown dwarfs at lower metallicity can be as hot as and have late M spectral types. | En astronomie, une étoile rouge de la séquence principale, appelée communément naine rouge, est une étoile de type spectral (lire « M cinq »), c'est-à-dire une étoile appartenant à la séquence principale (classe de luminosité ) de type spectral M (étoile rouge). Les étoiles K dites tardives (naines orange les plus froides) sont parfois incluses parmi les naines rouges. | [
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Battle of Tinchebray | Bataille de Tinchebray | The Battle of Tinchebray (alternative spellings: Tinchebrai or Tenchebrai) took place on 28 September 1106, in Tinchebray (today in the Orne "département" of France), Normandy, between an invading force led by King Henry I of England, and the Norman army of his elder brother Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy. Henry's knights won a decisive victory: they captured Robert, and Henry imprisoned him in England (in Devizes Castle) and then in Wales until Robert's death (in Cardiff Castle) in 1134. | La bataille de Tinchebray a eu lieu le, dans la ville de Tinchebray en Normandie, entre des troupes de l'envahisseur Henri Beauclerc, roi d'Angleterre, et celle du duc de Normandie, son frère aîné Robert Courteheuse. | [
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Arthur III, Duke of Brittany | Arthur III de Bretagne | Arthur III (), more commonly known as Arthur de Richemont (24 August 139326 December 1458), was briefly Duke of Brittany from 1457 until his death. He is noted primarily, however, for his role as a leading military commander during the Hundred Years' War. Although Richemont briefly sided with the English once, he otherwise remained firmly committed to the House of Valois. He fought alongside Joan of Arc, and was appointed Constable of France. His military and administrative reforms in the French state were an important factor in assuring the final defeat of the English in the Hundred Years' War. | Arthur III de Bretagne dit le « Connétable de Richemont » ou « le Justicier » (né le, au château de Suscinio, près de Vannes - mort le à Nantes), est un seigneur breton, fils de Jean IV, duc de Bretagne, et de sa troisième épouse Jeanne de Navarre. | [
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Plutarch | Plutarque | Plutarch (;, "Ploútarkhos"; ; AD 46–after 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo. He is known primarily for his "Parallel Lives" and "Moralia". Upon becoming a Roman citizen, he was named Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (). | Plutarque (en grec ancien / ), né à Chéronée en Béotie vers 46 et mort vers 125, est un philosophe, biographe, moraliste et penseur majeur de la Rome antique. Grec d'origine, il est considéré comme un médio-platoniste, il s'opposa dans certaines de ses "Œuvres morales" ou "Moralia" aux courants stoïcien et épicurien. | [
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Manetho | Manéthon de Sebennytos | Manetho (; "Manéthōn", "gen".: Μανέθωνος) is believed to have been an Egyptian priest from Sebennytos () who lived in the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the early third century BC, during the Hellenistic period. He authored the "Aegyptiaca" ("History of Egypt") in Greek, a major chronological source for the reigns of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. It is unclear if he wrote his work during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or Ptolemy II Philadelphos, but no later than that of Ptolemy III Euergetes. | Manéthon de Sebennytos (en grec ancien ) ( avant notre ère) est un prêtre égyptien qui a écrit une "Histoire de l'Égypte" ("Ægyptiaca") en trois volumes en grec sous le règne de Ptolémée, mais sans doute à la demande de son prédécesseur Ptolémée "Sôter". Manéthon était un Égyptien originaire de Sebennytos, ville du delta du Nil et dernière capitale pharaonique des. En tant que prêtre, il avait sans doute accès aux listes royales des bibliothèques de temples, mais aussi aux contes populaires à propos de divers pharaons mythiques. C'est à Manéthon que l'on doit la division en trente dynasties des souverains d'Égypte, toujours utilisée par les égyptologues avec quelques modifications (dynastie égyptienne zéro par exemple), car elle rend l'analyse de l'histoire égyptienne plus commode. C'est également à lui que l'on doit l'usage d'appeler Aménophis les Amenhotep, les Djéhoutimès ou les. Il s'agit là en effet des transcriptions hellénisées de noms égyptiens. | [
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Palaeography | Paléographie | Palaeography (UK) or paleography (US; ultimately from, "palaiós", "old", and, "gráphein", "to write") is the study of ancient and historical handwriting (that is to say, of the forms and processes of writing; not the textual content of documents). Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of scriptoria. | La paléographie (du grec ancien / (« ancien »), et / (« écriture ») est l'étude des écritures manuscrites anciennes, indépendamment de la langue utilisée (grec ancien, latin classique, latin médiéval, occitan médiéval, ancien français, moyen français, français classique, anciens caractères chinois, arabe, notation musicale, etc.) | [
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Plebs | Plèbe | The plebeians, also called plebs, were, in ancient Rome, the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census or in other words "commoners". The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, though it may be that they began as a limited political movement in opposition to the elite (patricians) which became more widely applied and known as the conflict of orders. | La plèbe (du latin, ) est une partie du peuple () romain, c'est-à-dire les citoyens romains, distincts des esclaves. La plèbe — les "plébéiens" — se définit par opposition aux patriciens. Dans le langage courant, la "plèbe" désigne le peuple par opposition aux élites de pouvoir. | [
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Suetonius | Suétone | Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly known as Suetonius (; c. 69 – after 122 AD), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire. | Suétone (en latin "Caius Suetonius Tranquillus)" est un haut fonctionnaire romain, membre de l'ordre équestre, auteur de nombreux ouvrages dont la "Vie des douze Césars" qui rassemble les biographies de Jules César à Domitien. Il a vécu à la fin du et au début du. | [
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New Hebrides | Condominium des Nouvelles-Hébrides | New Hebrides, officially the New Hebrides Condominium (, "Condominium of the New Hebrides") and named for the Hebrides Scottish archipelago, was the colonial name for the island group in the South Pacific Ocean that is now Vanuatu. Native people had inhabited the islands for three thousand years before the first Europeans arrived in 1606 from a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós. The islands were colonised by both the British and French in the 18th century, shortly after Captain James Cook visited. | Le condominium des Nouvelles-Hébrides () était une colonie franco-britannique érigée dans l'archipel des Nouvelles-Hébrides, sur le territoire de l'actuel Vanuatu, du à son indépendance le. C'est l'un des deux condominiums coloniaux du avec le Soudan anglo-égyptien et le « dernier exemple du régime condominial s'appliquant à un territoire et à une population d'importance notable ». | [
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Battle of Crécy | Bataille de Crécy | The Battle of Crécy took place on 26 August 1346 in north-east France between a French army commanded by King Philip VI and an English army led by King Edward III. The French attacked the English while they were traversing northern France during the Hundred Years' War resulting in an English victory and heavy loss of life among the French. | La bataille de Crécy oppose, le, l'armée du royaume de France à l'armée d'Angleterre, venue pour saccager et piller les terres proches des rivages de la Manche. Cette bataille violente et sanglante où les monarques respectifs, Philippe VI de Valois et Édouard III Plantagenêt, sont présents et actifs, se conclut dans la nuit par une victoire écrasante de l’armée anglaise, pourtant en infériorité numérique, sur la chevalerie et l'infanterie françaises et ses alliés, qui accusent des pertes très importantes du fait de l'indiscipline et des lacunes du commandement. Cette grande bataille marque le début de la guerre de Cent Ans et le retour d'une technique traditionnelle d'archerie. | [
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Alessandro Manzoni | Alessandro Manzoni | Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio Manzoni (,, ; 7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet, novelist and philosopher. He is famous for the novel "The Betrothed" (orig. ) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. The novel is also a symbol of the Italian Risorgimento, both for its patriotic message and because it was a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern, unified Italian language. Manzoni also contributed to the stabilization of the modern Italian language and helped to insure linguistic unity throughout Italy. He was an influential proponent of Liberal Catholicism in Italy. His work and thinking has often been contrasted with that of his younger contemporary Giacomo Leopardi by critics. | Alessandro Manzoni, né le à Milan où il meurt le, est un poète, dramaturge et prosateur romantique considéré comme l'un des plus importants écrivains italiens. | [
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Agrippina the Elder | Agrippine l'Aînée | Vipsania Agrippina (Classical Latin: ; c. 14 BC – AD 33), commonly referred to as Agrippina the Elder (), was a prominent member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was born in c. 14 BC the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a close supporter of Rome's first emperor Augustus, and Augustus' daughter Julia the Elder. At the time of her birth, her brothers Lucius and Gaius were the adoptive sons of Augustus and were his heirs until their deaths in AD 2 and 4, respectively. Following their deaths, her cousin Germanicus was made the adoptive son of Tiberius as part of Augustus' succession scheme in the adoptions of AD 4 in which Tiberius was adopted by Augustus. As a corollary to the adoption, Agrippina was wed to Germanicus in order to bring him closer to the Julian family. | Agrippine l'Aînée (en latin "Agrippina maior", ), (vers 14 - 33) est la fille de Julia (et donc la petite fille d'Auguste) et d'Agrippa. Elle épouse Germanicus. Elle est également la belle-sœur et belle-fille de l’empereur Tibère, la mère de l’empereur Caligula, la cousine et belle-sœur de Claude et la grand-mère maternelle de l’empereur Néron. | [
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Plessy v. Ferguson | Plessy v. Ferguson | Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). | Plessy vs. Ferguson ("Plessy contre Ferguson") est un arrêt de la Cour suprême des États-Unis, (arrêt N° 163 U.S. 537) rendu le. Il est parfois cité simplement comme "Plessy". | [
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Josephus | Flavius Josèphe | Titus Flavius Josephus (; ; 37 – 100), born Yosef ben Matityahu (, "Yosef ben Matityahu"; ), was a first-century Romano-Jewish historian who was born in Jerusalem—then part of Roman Judea—to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry. | Joseph fils de Matthatias le Prêtre (hébreu :, « "Yossef ben Matityahou HaCohen" »), plus connu sous son nom latin de Flavius Josèphe (latin : Titus Flavius Iosephus ; grec ancien, « ), né à Jérusalem en 37/38 et mort à Rome vers 100, est un historiographe romain juif d'origine judéenne du. | [
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Pouancé | Pouancé | Pouancé is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Ombrée d'Anjou. It is located on the border of 4 French departements: Maine-et-Loire, Mayenne in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the north-west, and Loire-Atlantique in the west. | Pouancé est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de Maine-et-Loire, dans la région des Pays de la Loire. Elle est le chef-lieu du canton de Pouancé. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Pouancéens". | [
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Scipio Africanus | Scipion l'Africain | Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (; 236/235–183 BC) was a Roman general and later consul who is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders and strategists of all time. His main achievements were during the Second Punic War. He is best known for defeating Hannibal at the final Battle of Zama (near modern Zama, Tunisia) in 202 BC. The victory was one of the feats that earned him the agnomen "Africanus". | Scipion l'Africain "(Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus)" est un général et un homme d'État romain, né v. 236-, et mort en, à Linterne en Campanie. Il est connu pour ses campagnes militaires victorieuses contre les Carthaginois en Hispanie, puis la conquête du Nord de l'Afrique. | [
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Caligula | Caligula | Caligula (; Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 31 August 12 – 24 January 41) was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 to 41. The son of the popular Roman general Germanicus and Augustus's granddaughter Agrippina the Elder, Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Caligula's uncle and adoptive father, Tiberius, succeeded Augustus as emperor of Rome in 14. | Caligula ( à Antium - à Rome) (latin : "Caius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus") est le troisième empereur romain. Il régna de 37 à 41, succédant à l'empereur Tibère. Selon les principales sources concernant son règne, principalement les récits du biographe latin Suétone et de l'historien grec Dion Cassius, il eut tout d'abord un début de règne prometteur, durant lequel il connut une grande popularité auprès du peuple romain. Cependant il devint peu à peu un empereur autocratique, délaissant et assassinant tous ceux qui avaient soutenu son ascension, tout en nourrissant une profonde haine pour le Sénat. Dans la lignée des travaux de l'historien allemand H. Willrich, de nombreux historiens contemporains ont toutefois pris leurs distances vis-à-vis de ces témoignages. Caligula meurt à Rome en 41, assassiné par un groupe de prétoriens. | [
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Crimean War | Guerre de Crimée | The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance made up of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Sardinia. The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at the Ottoman Empire's expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, revealed a "great confusion of purpose", yet they led to a war noted for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery". | La guerre de Crimée opposa de 1853 à 1856 l'Empire russe à une coalition formée de l'Empire ottoman, de la France, du Royaume-Uni et du royaume de Sardaigne. Provoqué par l'expansionnisme russe et la crainte d'un effondrement de l'Empire ottoman, le conflit se déroula essentiellement en Crimée autour de la base navale de Sébastopol. Il s'acheva par la défaite de la Russie, entérinée par le traité de Paris de 1856. | [
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Sulla | Sylla | Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known simply as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman who won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. He had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Sulla was a gifted and innovative general, achieving numerous successes in wars against different opponents, both foreign and domestic. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured through betrayal, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italic tribes during the Social War. He was even awarded the Grass Crown for his command in the latter war. | Sylla ou "Sulla", en latin "" ("Felix" à la fin de sa vie), né en et mort en, est un célèbre général et homme politique romain de la fin du et du début du | [
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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord | Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord | Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (, ; 2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then Prince of Talleyrand, was a French politician and diplomat. After theology studies, he became Agent-General of the Clergy in 1780 and represented the Catholic Church to the French Crown. He worked at the highest levels of successive French governments, most commonly as foreign minister or in some other diplomatic capacity. His career spanned the regimes of Louis XVI, the years of the French Revolution, Napoleon, Louis XVIII, and Louis-Philippe. Those Talleyrand served often distrusted him but, like Napoleon, found him extremely useful. The name "Talleyrand" has become a byword for crafty, cynical diplomacy. | Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, communément nommé Talleyrand, est un homme d'État et diplomate français, né le à Paris, mort dans cette même ville le. | [
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Battle of Hastings | Bataille d'Hastings | The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. | La bataille d'Hastings s'est déroulée le à une dizaine de kilomètres au nord de la ville d'Hastings, dans le Sussex de l'Est. Elle oppose le dernier roi anglo-saxon d'Angleterre, Harold Godwinson, au duc de Normandie Guillaume le Conquérant, qui remporte une victoire décisive. | [
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Ippolito Nievo | Ippolito Nievo | Ippolito Nievo (; 30 November 1831 – 4 March 1861) was an Italian writer, journalist and patriot. His "Confessions of an Italian" is widely considered the most important novel about the Italian Risorgimento. | Ippolito Nievo est un écrivain romantique italien né le à Padoue, dans l'actuelle région Vénétie, alors dans le royaume lombard-vénitien et mort au cours d'un naufrage en mer Méditerranée dans la nuit du 4 au. | [
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Aldo Palazzeschi | Aldo Palazzeschi | Aldo Palazzeschi (; 2 February 1885 – 17 August 1974) was the pen name of Aldo Giurlani, an Italian novelist, poet, journalist and essayist. | Aldo Palazzeschi (né le à Florence - mort le à Rome) est le nom de plume de Aldo Giurlani, poète et romancier italien. Il choisit le nom de « Palazzaschi », qui était le nom de famille de sa grand-mère maternelle, dès ses premières publications. | [
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Photoelectric effect | Effet photoélectrique | The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, like light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called "photoelectrons". This phenomenon is commonly studied in electronic physics and in fields of chemistry such as quantum chemistry and electrochemistry. | En physique, l'effet photoélectrique (EPE) désigne en premier lieu l'émission d'électrons par un matériau soumis à l'action de la lumière. Par extension, il regroupe parfois l'ensemble des phénomènes électriques d'un matériau provoqués par l'action de la lumière. On distinguera alors deux effets : des électrons sont éjectés du matériau (émission photoélectrique) et une modification de la conductivité du matériau (photoconductivité, effet photovoltaïque lorsqu'il est en œuvre au sein d'une cellule photovoltaïque, effet photoélectrochimique, effet photorésistif). | [
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Crécy-en-Ponthieu | Crécy-en-Ponthieu | Crécy-en-Ponthieu, known in archaic English as Cressy, is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France, located south of Calais. It gives its name to Crécy Forest, which starts about two kilometres to the south-west of the town and which is one of the largest forests in the north of France. A small river, the Maye, runs through the town. It was the site of the Battle of Crécy in 1346. | Crécy-en-Ponthieu est une commune française située dans le département de la Somme, en région Hauts-de-France. Depuis le, la commune fait partie du parc naturel régional Baie de Somme - Picardie maritime. | [
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Eiffel (programming language) | Eiffel (langage) | Eiffel is an object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer (an object-orientation proponent and author of "Object-Oriented Software Construction") and Eiffel Software. Meyer conceived the language in 1985 with the goal of increasing the reliability of commercial software development; the first version becoming available in 1986. In 2005, Eiffel became an ISO-standardized language. | Eiffel est un langage de programmation orienté objet (POO) conçu par Bertrand Meyer, auteur de l'ouvrage "Conception et Programmation orientées objet" qui fait figure de référence pour la conception orientée objet. | [
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Livy | Tite-Live | Titus Livius (, ; 64/59 BC – AD 12/17), known as Livy ( ) in English, was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled "", covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own lifetime. He was on familiar terms with members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and even in friendship with Augustus, whose young grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, he exhorted to take up the writing of history. | Tite-Live (), dit « Le Padouan », né en 59 av. J.-C. ou en 64 av. J.-C. et mort en l'an 17. dans sa ville natale de Padoue ("Patavium" en latin), est un historien de la Rome antique, auteur de la monumentale œuvre de l"'Histoire romaine" ("Ab Urbe condita libri" : "AUC"). | [
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Wireless network | Réseau sans fil | A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes. Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and business installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. admin telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure. | Un réseau sans fil (en anglais : "") est un réseau informatique numérique qui connecte différents postes ou systèmes entre eux par ondes radio. Il peut être associé à un réseau de télécommunications pour réaliser des interconnexions à distance entre nœuds. | [
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Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four) | Big Brother | Big Brother is a fictional character and symbol in George Orwell's dystopian 1949 novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four". He is ostensibly the leader of Oceania, a totalitarian state wherein the ruling party Ingsoc wields total power "for its own sake" over the inhabitants. In the society that Orwell describes, every citizen is under constant surveillance by the authorities, mainly by telescreens (with the exception of the Proles). The people are constantly reminded of this by the slogan "Big Brother is watching you": a maxim that is ubiquitously on display. | Big Brother (qui signifie « Grand Frère », même si dans la traduction française le nom est laissé en anglais tel quel) est un personnage de fiction du roman "1984" de George Orwell. L'expression « Big Brother » est depuis utilisée pour qualifier toutes les institutions ou pratiques portant atteinte aux libertés fondamentales et à la vie privée des populations ou des individus. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Bertrand Russell | Bertrand Russell | Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British polymath, philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate. Throughout his life, Russell considered himself a liberal, a socialist and a pacifist, although he also sometimes suggested that his sceptical nature had led him to feel that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense." Russell was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom. | Bertrand Arthur William Russell, Russell, né le à Trellech (Monmouthshire, pays de Galles), et mort le près de Penrhyndeudraeth, au pays de Galles, est un mathématicien, logicien, philosophe, épistémologue, homme politique et moraliste britannique. | [
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