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Solar wind | Vent solaire | The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between. The composition of the solar wind plasma also includes a mixture of materials found in the solar plasma: trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. There are also rarer traces of some other nuclei and isotopes such as P, Ti, Cr, Ni, Fe 54 and 56, and Ni 58,60,62. Embedded within the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field. The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona, which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field. | Le vent solaire est un flux de plasma constitué essentiellement d'ions et d'électrons qui sont éjectés de la haute atmosphère du Soleil. Ce flux varie en vitesse et en température au cours du temps en fonction de l'activité solaire. Pour les étoiles autres que le Soleil, on parle généralement de vent stellaire. Une sonde (mission Genesis) a tenté de recueillir des poussières issues du vent solaire, mais la récupération des échantillons s'est avérée délicate à la suite de l'écrasement sur la Terre de la capsule les contenant. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Sidereal time | Temps sidéral | Sidereal time is a timekeeping system that astronomers use to locate celestial objects. Using sidereal time, it is possible to easily point a telescope to the proper coordinates in the night sky. Briefly, sidereal time is a "time scale that is based on Earth's rate of rotation measured relative to the fixed stars". | Le temps sidéral est à un instant et en un lieu donné l'angle horaire du point vernal. Malgré son appellation, c'est bien un angle (notion géométrique), à ne pas confondre avec le Jour sidéral ou encore l'heure sidérale locale, qui sont bien des notions temporelles. | [
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John Herschel | John Herschel | Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, experimental photographer who invented the blueprint, and did botanical work. | Sir John Frederick William Herschel ( – ), baronnet, était, comme son père, Sir William Herschel, un astronome britannique. Il était aussi philosophe, physicien et météorologue et compte parmi les pionniers de la photographie. | [
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Mexicali | Mexicali | Mexicali (; ) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Baja California and seat of the Municipality of Mexicali. The City of Mexicali has a population of 689,775, according to the 2010 census, while the population of the entire metropolitan area reaches 996,826; making the city and metropolitan area the second most populous in Baja California. | Mexicali est une ville du Mexique, chef-lieu de la municipalité du même nom et capitale de l'État de la Basse-Californie. Elle se trouve dans le nord-ouest du pays, non loin de la ville californienne de San Diego. | [
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Saffron | Safran (épice) | Saffron (pronounced or ) is a spice derived from the flower of "Crocus sativus", commonly known as the "saffron crocus". The vivid crimson stigma and styles, called threads, are collected and dried for use mainly as a seasoning and colouring agent in food. Saffron has long been the world's most costly spice by weight. Although some doubts remain on its origin, it is believed that saffron originated in Iran. However, Greece and Mesopotamia have also been suggested as the possible region of origin of this plant: Harold McGee states that it was domesticated in or near Greece during the Bronze Age. "C. sativus" is possibly a triploid form of "Crocus cartwrightianus", which is also known as "wild saffron". Saffron crocus slowly propagated throughout much of Eurasia and was later brought to parts of North Africa, North America, and Oceania. | Le safran est un produit agricole classé dans la famille des épices. Il est obtenu par la culture de "Crocus sativus" L. (Iridacée) et par prélèvement et déshydratation des trois stigmates rouges (extrémités distales des carpelles de la plante), dont la longueur varie généralement entre. | [
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Bussigny, Vaud | Bussigny | Bussigny (until 2014 Bussigny-près-Lausanne) is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Ouest Lausannois. | Bussigny est une commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district de l'Ouest lausannois. La commune est appelée Bussigny-sur-Morges jusqu'en 1959, puis Bussigny-près-Lausanne jusqu'en 2014. La commune est nominée Cité de l'énergie en 2013. Elle obtient le statut de ville en 2015. | [
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Armillary sphere | Sphère armillaire | An armillary sphere (variations are known as spherical astrolabe, armilla, or armil) is a model of objects in the sky (on the celestial sphere), consisting of a spherical framework of rings, centred on Earth or the Sun, that represent lines of celestial longitude and latitude and other astronomically important features, such as the ecliptic. As such, it differs from a celestial globe, which is a smooth sphere whose principal purpose is to map the constellations. It was invented separately in ancient Greece and ancient China, with later use in the Islamic world and Medieval Europe. | Une sphère armillaire est un instrument anciennement employé en astronomie pour modéliser la sphère céleste. Elle était utilisée pour montrer le mouvement apparent des étoiles, du Soleil et de l’écliptique autour de la Terre. Le système de référence est alors le système géocentrique dit aussi « système de Ptolémée ». Autrement dit il s’agit d'un modèle dans lequel on considère la Terre comme le centre de l’Univers. | [
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MacOS | MacOS | macOS (; previously Mac OS X and later OS X) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows. | macOS (auparavant Mac OS X puis OS X) est un système d’exploitation partiellement propriétaire développé et commercialisé par Apple depuis, dont la version la plus récente est macOS Catalina (version 10.15) lancée le. Avec iOS, iPadOS, watchOS et tvOS, il fait partie des systèmes d'exploitation d'Apple. | [
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Active galactic nucleus | Galaxie active | An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much-higher-than-normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an "active galaxy". The non-stellar radiation from an AGN is theorized to result from the accretion of matter by a supermassive black hole at the center of its host galaxy. | En astronomie, une galaxie active est une galaxie abritant un noyau actif (plus précisément noyau actif de galaxie, en abrégé NAG, ou "AGN" d'après le vocable anglais "Active Galactic Nucleus"). Ce noyau est une région compacte localisée au centre de la galaxie et dont la luminosité est beaucoup plus intense que la normale dans au moins quelque domaine du spectre électromagnétique (ondes radio, infrarouge, lumière visible, ultraviolet, rayons X, et/ou rayons gamma), avec des caractéristiques qui montrent que cette forte luminosité n'est pas d'origine stellaire. Le rayonnement du NAG résulterait théoriquement de l'accrétion par un trou noir supermassif situé au centre de la galaxie-hôte. Les NAG sont les sources continues de rayonnement électromagnétique les plus lumineuses de l'univers, et comme telles permettent la détection d'objets distants; leur évolution en fonction du temps cosmique constitue aussi des contraintes aux modèles cosmologiques. | [
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Bombard (music) | Bombarde (instrument) | The bombard (, ) is a contemporary conical-bore double-reed instrument widely used to play traditional Breton music. The bombard is a woodwind instrument, and a member of the shawm family. Like most shawms, it has a broad and very powerful sound, vaguely resembling a trumpet. It is played as other shawms are played, with the double reed placed between the lips. The second octave is 'over-blown'; achieved via increased lip and air pressure or through the use of an octave key. It plays a diatonic scale of up to two octaves, although contemporary instruments frequently have added keywork permitting some degree of chromaticism. A bombard player is known as a "talabarder" after 'talabard', the older Breton name for the bombard. | La bombarde est un instrument de musique à vent à anche double de la famille des hautbois, employé dans la musique ancienne et la musique bretonne. Le mot « bombarde » provient du latin "bombus", signifiant « bourdonnement » ou « bruit sourd ». | [
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Dieppe | Dieppe (Seine-Maritime) | Dieppe () is a coastal community in the Arrondissement of Dieppe in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. The population stood at 29,606 in 2016. | Dieppe est une commune française située dans le département de la Seine-Maritime (dont elle est chef-lieu d'arrondissement) en région Normandie. | [
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Edward the Black Prince | Édouard de Woodstock | Edward of Woodstock, known to history as the Black Prince (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376), was the eldest son of King Edward III of England, and thus the heir to the English throne. He died before his father and so his son, Richard II, succeeded to the throne instead. Edward nevertheless earned distinction as one of the most successful English commanders during the Hundred Years' War, being regarded by his English contemporaries as a model of chivalry and one of the greatest knights of his age. He is on the other hand remembered in France for his well documented brutality and the massacres he ordered. | Édouard Plantagenêt, plus connu sous le surnom de Prince Noir ou parfois d’Édouard le Noir (, Woodstock –, Westminster), prince de Galles, comte de Chester, duc de Cornouailles et prince d'Aquitaine, était le fils aîné d'Édouard III d'Angleterre et de Philippa de Hainaut. | [
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Kushinagar | Kushinagar | Kushinagar is a pilgrimage town in the Kushinagar district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site, where Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha attained Parinirvana after his death. It is an international Buddhist pilgrimage centre. The followers of Buddhism, especially from Asian countries, wish to visit this place at least once in their lifetime. | Kushinagar, en hindi, est une ville rurale de l'État de l'Uttar Pradesh en Inde du nord. Au, connue aussi sous le nom de Kasia, elle était la capitale du royaume des Malla, et est importante pour le bouddhisme. | [
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Adoption of the Gregorian calendar | Passage du calendrier julien au calendrier grégorien | The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or "old style") dating system to the modern (or "new style") dating system that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between; however a number continue to use a different civil calendar. For many the new style calendar is only used for civil purposes and the old style calendar remains used in religious contexts. Today, the Gregorian calendar is the world's most widely used civil calendar. During and for some time after the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms "Old Style" and "New Style" when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them. | Le passage du calendrier julien au calendrier grégorien n'eut pas lieu au même moment partout dans le monde, ce qui n’a pas manqué de causer des confusions. Demandée par le concile de Trente, la réforme intervint au moment des guerres de religion ; le refus d’adopter le nouveau "calendrier grégorien" (« "nouveau style" » n.s.) devant remplacer le "calendrier julien" (« "ancien style" » a.s.) était principalement fondé sur une opposition politico-religieuse à la papauté. Il fut principalement le fait des États protestants et du monde orthodoxe dans son ensemble. | [
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America's Cup | Coupe de l'America | The America's Cup, affectionately known as the Auld Mug, is a trophy awarded to the winner of the America's Cup match races between two sailing yachts. One yacht, known as the defender, represents the yacht club that currently holds the America's Cup and the second yacht, known as the challenger, represents the yacht club that is challenging for the cup. The timing of each match is determined by an agreement between the defender and the challenger. The America's Cup is the oldest international sporting trophy. It will next be raced for in the southern summer, in March 2021. | La Coupe de l'America () est une compétition nautique internationale à la voile, voulue par ses initiateurs comme un défi amical et perpétuel entre Yacht Clubs de différentes nations et définie sous cette dénomination en 1857 par les membres du'(NYYC), vainqueurs, six ans plus tôt, en 1851, avec la goélette "America", de la régate internationale originelle, organisée autour de l'île de Wight, par le'(RYS), en marge de l'exposition universelle de Londres. | [
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Running amok | Amok (ethnologie) | Running amok, sometimes referred to as simply amok or having gone amok, also spelled amuck or amuk, is the act of behaving disruptively or uncontrollably. The word derives from Southeast Asian Austronesian languages (especially Malaysian and Indonesian), traditionally meaning "an episode of sudden mass assault against people or objects usually by a single individual following a period of brooding that has traditionally been regarded as occurring especially in Malay culture but is now increasingly viewed as psychopathological behavior". The syndrome of "Amok" is found in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-IV TR). The phrase is often used in a less serious manner when describing something that is wildly out of control or causing a frenzy (e.g., a dog tearing up the living room furniture might be termed as "running amok"). | L'amok est un comportement meurtrier, toujours individuel, observé en de nombreux endroits du monde par l'ethnographie, puis théorisé à partir de sa forme institutionnalisée en Malaisie. | [
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Palais Garnier | Opéra Garnier | The Palais Garnier (, Garnier Palace) or Opéra Garnier (, Garnier Opera), is a 1,979-seat opera house at the Place de l'Opéra in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, France. It was built for the Paris Opera from 1861 to 1875 at the behest of Emperor Napoleon III. Initially referred to as "le nouvel Opéra de Paris" (the new Paris Opera), it soon became known as the Palais Garnier, "in acknowledgment of its extraordinary opulence" and the architect Charles Garnier's plans and designs, which are representative of the Napoleon III style. It was the primary theatre of the Paris Opera and its associated Paris Opera Ballet until 1989, when a new opera house, the Opéra Bastille, opened at the Place de la Bastille. The company now uses the Palais Garnier mainly for ballet. The theatre has been a "monument historique" of France since 1923. | L’opéra Garnier, ou palais Garnier, est un théâtre national qui a la vocation d'être une académie de musique, de chorégraphie et de poésie lyrique ; il est un élément majeur du patrimoine du de Paris et de la capitale. Il est situé place de l'Opéra, à l'extrémité nord de l'avenue de l'Opéra et au carrefour de nombreuses voies. Il est accessible par le métro (station Opéra), par le RER (ligne A, gare d'Auber) et par le bus. L'édifice s'impose comme un monument particulièrement représentatif de l'architecture éclectique et du style historiciste de la seconde moitié du. Sur une conception de l’architecte Charles Garnier retenue à la suite d’un concours, sa construction, décidée par dans le cadre des transformations de Paris menées par le préfet Haussmann et interrompue par la guerre de 1870, fut reprise au début de la Troisième République, après la destruction par incendie de l’opéra Le Peletier en 1873. Le bâtiment est inauguré le par le président Mac Mahon sous la. | [
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Hydrochloric acid | Acide chlorhydrique | Hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula. Hydrochloric acid has a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as strongly acidic and can attack the skin over a wide composition range, since the hydrogen chloride completely dissociates in an aqueous solution. | L'acide chlorhydrique est une solution de chlorure d'hydrogène dans l'eau. Le chlorure d'hydrogène, un acide fort, est un gaz diatomique de formule chimique HCl qui s'ionise totalement en solution aqueuse pour donner toute une variété d'espèces chimiques, notamment des anions chlorure Cl et des cations hydronium, ces derniers étant en moyenne solvatés par cinq molécules d'eau ; diverses variétés d'ions oxonium sont également présents parmi les solutés. Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide incolore d'aspect aqueux à l'odeur piquante très reconnaissable. L'acide concentré est très corrosif, avec des émanations ou « fumées » toxiques, et il doit être manié avec précaution ; il peut avoir un pH inférieur à -1. | [
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Hard rock | Hard rock | Hard rock (or heavy rock) is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music typified by a heavy use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, and drums, sometimes accompanied with keyboards. It began in the mid-1960s with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. Hard rock developed into a major form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as the Who, Boston, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, Kiss, Queen, AC/DC and Van Halen. During the 1980s, some hard-rock bands moved away from their hard-rock roots and more towards pop rock. Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and hard rock reached a commercial peak in the 1980s, with glam metal bands like Bon Jovi, and Def Leppard and the rawer sounds of Guns N' Roses, which followed up with great success in the later part of that decade. | Le hard rock est un genre de rock apparu au milieu des années 1960 essentiellement aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni en même temps que les mouvements blues rock, garage rock et rock psychédélique. Il se caractérise par une forte utilisation de chants agressifs, de distorsions de guitare, guitare basse, et batterie ainsi que d'éléments blues, notamment au recours de gammes pentatoniques, le tout accompagné parfois de pianos et de claviers. | [
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Maurice (emperor) | Maurice (empereur romain d'Orient) | Maurice (; ; 539 – 27 November 602) was Byzantine Emperor from 582 to 602. A prominent general, Maurice fought with success against the Sasanian Empire. After he became Emperor, he brought the war with Sasanian Persia to a victorious conclusion. Under him the Empire's eastern border in the South Caucasus was vastly expanded and, for the first time in nearly two centuries, the Romans were no longer obliged to pay the Persians thousands of pounds of gold annually for peace. | Maurice (latin : "Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus", grec : ) (539-) est empereur romain de 582 à 602. Si ses origines et les premiers temps de son existence demeurent mal connus, Maurice s'impose comme l'un des principaux généraux de l'Empire sous le règne de Tibère II Constantin (578-582), dont il a été un des proches avant son arrivée au pouvoir. Il combat notamment les Sassanides lors de plusieurs campagnes et finit par être l'héritier désigné, accédant au pouvoir en 582. Son règne, principalement connu par l'oeuvre de Théophylacte Simocatta voit l'Empire combattre sur deux fronts. D'abord, il remporte un succès éclatant contre les Sassanides, puisqu'il finit par prendre le parti du souverain Khosro II contre un usurpateur et peut ensuite conclure une paix avantageuse pour l'Empire, qui s'étend en Orient sur une grande partie de l'Arménie. Une fois la frontière orientale stabilisée, Maurice s'efforce de rétablir la solidité du "limes" danubien face aux incursions des Slaves et des Avars. Par une stratégie agressive, consistant à porter la guerre en territoire ennemi, il semble en passe de réaffirmer la souveraineté byzantine dans les Balkans. Cependant, l'armée, fatiguée de ces campagnes incessantes, confrontées à des effectifs en baisse et à des soldes irrégulièrement payés, symboles des difficultés financières de l'Empire, finit par se révolter et par renverser Maurice qui est exécuté par Phocas, son successeur par la force. | [
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Apocalyptica | Apocalyptica | Apocalyptica is a Finnish symphonic metal band from Helsinki, Finland, formed in 1993. The band is composed of classically trained cellists Eicca Toppinen, Paavo Lötjönen, and Perttu Kivilaakso (all three of whom are graduates of the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki), and drummer Mikko Sirén. Originally a Metallica classical tribute band, the band eventually adopted a neoclassical metal style without the use of conventional guitars. They have sold over four million albums to date. | Apocalyptica est un groupe de heavy metal finlandais, originaire de Helsinki. Composé de violoncellistes et d'un batteur, il présente la particularité de consacrer son répertoire à la musique heavy metal, qu'il s'agisse de compositions originales ou de reprises. Apocalyptica est formé en 1993 par Eicca Toppinen, Paavo Lötjönen, Max Lilja et Antero Manninen (remplacé par Perttu Kivilaakso après son départ en 1999), tous issus de l'Académie Sibelius d'Helsinki. Les leaders et compositeurs du groupe sont Eicca Toppinen et Perttu Kivilaakso. | [
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24 Hours of Le Mans | 24 Heures du Mans | The 24 Hours of Le Mans () is the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since near the town of Le Mans, France. It is considered one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world and has been called the "Grand Prix of Endurance and Efficiency". The event represents one leg of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, other events being the Indianapolis 500 and the Monaco Grand Prix. Unlike fixed-distance races whose winner is determined by minimum time, the 24 Hours of Le Mans is won by the car that covers the greatest distance in 24 hours. Racing teams must balance the demands of speed with the cars' ability to run for 24 hours without mechanical failure. In the 2018 race, 41 of the 60 qualifying cars ran the full duration. | Les 24 Heures du Mans sont une compétition automobile d'une durée de, se déroulant en juin (généralement la vingt-quatrième semaine de l'année) sur un circuit routier, au sud de la ville du Mans, dans le département de la Sarthe en France. Cette épreuve, existant depuis 1923, est l'une des trois courses les plus prestigieuses au monde avec le Grand Prix de Monaco et les 500 miles d'Indianapolis. | [
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Guiana Shield | Plateau des Guyanes | The Guiana Shield is one of the three cratons of the South American Plate. It is a 1.7 billion-year-old Precambrian geological formation in northeast South America that forms a portion of the northern coast. The higher elevations on the shield are called the Guiana Highlands, which is where the table-like mountains called tepuis are found. The Guiana Highlands are also the source of some of the world's most spectacular waterfalls such as Angel Falls, Kaieteur Falls and Kuquenan Falls. | Le bouclier guyanais ou plateau des Guyanes constitue une région d'Amérique du Sud, située sur la côte nord-est. Il s'agit d'une formation géologique formée au Précambrien, d'âge compris entre 2,5 et 1,9 milliard d'années. Elle représente un des plus anciens massifs toujours visibles sur la planète, composé d'imposants plateaux d'altitude appelés tepuys. Des cascades impressionnantes, comme les chutes de Kaieteur, les Kuquenan Falls et le Salto Angel, se jettent de ces plateaux. | [
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Group 6 element | Groupe 6 du tableau périodique | Group 6, numbered by IUPAC style, is a group of elements in the periodic table. Its members are chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and seaborgium (Sg). These are all transition metals and chromium, molybdenum and tungsten are refractory metals. The period 8 elements of group 6 are likely to be either unpenthexium (Uph) or unpentoctium (Upo). This may not be possible; drip instability may imply that the periodic table ends around unbihexium. Neither unpenthexium nor unpentoctium have been synthesized, and it is unlikely that this will happen in the near future. | Le groupe 6 du tableau périodique, autrefois appelé groupe A dans l'ancien système IUPAC utilisé en Europe et groupe B dans le système CAS nord-américain, contient les éléments chimiques de la, ou "groupe", du tableau périodique des éléments<ref name="10.1351/pac198860030431"> : | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Electrical resistivity and conductivity | Conductivité électrique | Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity) and its inverse, electrical conductivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows electric current. Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter "ρ" (rho). The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ω⋅m). For example, if a solid cube of material has sheet contacts on two opposite faces, and the resistance between these contacts is 1 Ω, then the resistivity of the material is 1 Ω⋅m. | La conductivité électrique caractérise l'aptitude d'un matériau ou d'une solution à laisser les charges électriques se déplacer librement et donc permettre le passage d'un courant électrique. | [
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International Standard Book Number | International Standard Book Number | The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency. | L (ISBN) ou Numéro international normalisé du livre est un numéro internationalement reconnu, créé en 1970, identifiant de manière unique chaque édition de chaque livre publié postérieurement à l’introduction de l’ISBN, quel que soit son support. Cet identifiant pérenne est destiné à simplifier la gestion pour tous les intervenants de la chaîne du livre (éditeurs, imprimeurs, grossistes, libraires, bibliothèques). En 2007, le numéro ISBN est passé de 10 à 13 chiffres pour compatibilité avec le code-produit GTIN-13, base du code-barre universellement utilisé dans la distribution. | [
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Neon Genesis Evangelion | Neon Genesis Evangelion | "Evangelion" is set fifteen years after a worldwide cataclysm, particularly in the futuristic fortified city of Tokyo-3. The protagonist is Shinji, a teenage boy who was recruited by his father Gendo to the shadowy organization Nerv to pilot a giant bio-machine mecha called an "Evangelion" into combat with alien beings called "Angels". The series explores the experiences and emotions of Evangelion pilots and members of Nerv as they try to prevent Angels from causing more cataclysms. In the process they are called upon to understand the ultimate causes of events and the motives for human action. | , souvent abrégé Evangelion (ou parfois simplement Eva), est une série d'animation japonaise écrite et réalisée par Hideaki Anno et produite par le studio Gainax. Elle est composée de 26 épisodes et a été diffusée originellement au Japon d' à sur la chaîne TV Tokyo avant d'être distribuée en VHS en France en par Dynamic Visions. | [
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Fantasy | Fantasy | Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction set in a fictional universe, often inspired by real world myth and folklore. Its roots are in oral traditions, which then became fantasy literature and drama. From the twentieth century it has expanded further into various media, including film, television, graphic novels, manga and video games. | La fantasy, ou fantasie (terme issu de l'anglais "" « imagination » ; à ne pas confondre avec la fantaisie musicale, ni avec le terme allemand "Phantasie" qui désigne le concept psychologique de fantasme), est un genre littéraire présentant un ou plusieurs éléments surnaturels qui relèvent souvent du mythe et qui sont souvent incarnés par l'irruption ou l'utilisation de la magie. | [
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Miguel Induráin | Miguel Indurain | Miguel Induráin Larraya (; born 16 July 1964) is a retired Spanish road racing cyclist. Induráin won five Tours de France from 1991 to 1995, the fourth, and last, to win five times, and the only five-time winner to achieve those victories consecutively. | Miguel Indurain Larraya, né à Villava (Navarre, Espagne) le, est un coureur cycliste espagnol, professionnel de 1984 à 1996. Il est le seul coureur à avoir remporté cinq fois consécutivement le Tour de France, et a également gagné à deux reprises le Tour d'Italie devenant le seul coureur à avoir réalisé le doublé "Giro"-Tour deux années d'affilée. Numéro un mondial de à, il remporte également un titre olympique et un titre mondial en contre-la-montre. Il a également été détenteur du record de l'heure. | [
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History of the United States (1945–1964) | Histoire des États-Unis de 1945 à 1964 | A diner is a small restaurant found predominantly in the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Midwestern United States, as well as in other parts of the US, Canada, and parts of Western Europe. Diners offer a wide range of foods, mostly American cuisine, a casual atmosphere, and, characteristically, a combination of booths served by a waitstaff and a long sit-down counter with direct service, in the smallest simply by a cook. Many diners have extended hours, and some along highways and areas with significant shift work stay open for 24 hours. Many diners share an archetypal exterior form. Some of the earliest were converted rail cars, retaining their streamlined structure and interior fittings. From the 1920s to the 1940s, diners, by then commonly known as "lunch cars", were usually prefabricated in factories, like modern mobile homes, and delivered on site with only the utilities needing to be connected. As a result, many early diners were typically small and narrow in order to fit onto a rail car or truck. This small footprint also allowed them to be fitted into tiny and relatively inexpensive lots that otherwise were unable to support a larger enterprise. Diners were historically small businesses operated by the owner, with some presence of restaurant chains evolving over time. | Après leur victoire en 1945, les États-Unis sont vus comme les défenseurs du monde libre. La lutte contre le communisme, les accords de Bretten Woods et le Plan Marshall ne vont qu'accroître leur domination et leur influence sur le monde. | [
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History of the United States (1865–1918) | Histoire des États-Unis de 1865 à 1918 | The history of the United States from 1865 until 1918 covers the Reconstruction Era, the Gilded Age, and the Progressive Era, and includes the rise of industrialization and the resulting surge of immigration in the United States. This article focuses on political, economic, and diplomatic history. | La période de l'histoire des États-Unis de 1865 à 1918 commence avec la fin de la guerre de Sécession (1861-1865), qui opposa les États industriels du Nord aux États confédérés, notamment sur la question de l'esclavage, et se termine avec la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale. Elle est marquée en particulier par la Reconstruction, qui prend fin avec le Compromis de 1877 et le retrait des troupes du Nord des États sudistes. La période de l'Histoire des États-Unis qui s'est déroulée entre la fin de la guerre et le début du est parfois appelée « période dorée » (en anglais "), et fut marquée par une longue prospérité du pays dans de nombreux domaines (économie, industrialisation). Cependant, cette même période étendue jusqu'à la Seconde Guerre mondiale fut aussi caractérisée par un retrait progressif des droits acquis par les Noirs américains à la fin de la guerre dans les États du Sud, qui parvint à son point culminant lors de l'arrestation de Plessy en 1896, qui entérina la ségrégation raciale dans les transports publics. La Grande Dépression toucha aussi l'Amérique, laquelle en sort peu avant la Première Guerre mondiale. | [
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Universe | Univers | The universe () is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. While the spatial size of the entire universe is unknown, it is possible to measure the size of the observable universe, which is currently estimated to be 93 billion light-years in diameter. In various multiverse hypotheses, "a universe" is one of many causally disconnected constituent parts of a larger multiverse, which itself comprises all of space and time and its contents; as a consequence, ‘the universe’ and ‘the multiverse’ are synonymous in such theories. | L'univers est l'ensemble de tout ce qui existe, régi par un certain nombre de lois. La cosmologie cherche à appréhender l'univers d'un point de vue scientifique, comme l'ensemble de la matière distribuée dans l'espace-temps. Pour sa part, la cosmogonie vise à établir une théorie de la création de l'univers sur des bases philosophiques ou religieuses. La différence entre ces deux définitions n'empêche pas nombre de physiciens d'avoir une conception finaliste de l'univers (voir à ce sujet le principe anthropique). | [
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Proleptic Gregorian calendar | Calendrier grégorien proleptique | The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. In countries that adopted the Gregorian calendar later, dates occurring in the interim (between 1582 and the local adoption) are sometimes "Gregorianized" as well. For example, George Washington was born on February 11, 1731 (Old Style), as Great Britain and its possessions were using the Julian calendar with English years starting on March 25 until September 1752. After the switch, that day became February 22, 1732, which is the date commonly given as Washington's birthday. | Le calendrier grégorien proleptique est produit en rétropolant le calendrier grégorien aux dates précédant son introduction officielle (à Rome, le jeudi en calendrier julien, suivi du vendredi en calendrier grégorien). | [
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Battle of Adrianople | Bataille d'Andrinople (378) | The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between an Eastern Roman army led by the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern. The battle took place in the vicinity of Adrianople, in the Roman province of Thracia (modern Edirne in European Turkey). It ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths and the death of Emperor Valens. | La bataille d’Andrinople ou d’Adrianople (aujourd’hui Edirne en Turquie européenne) a eu lieu le. Elle désigne l’affrontement entre l’armée romaine, commandée par l’empereur romain Valens, et certaines tribus germaniques, principalement des Wisigoths ("Goths Thervingues") et des Ostrogoths ("Goths Greuthungues"), commandées par Fritigern. Il s’agit d’un des plus grands désastres militaires de l'histoire de Rome, comparable à la défaite de Cannes. Cette bataille n'est pas due à une invasion, mais à une mutinerie des fédérés goths établis dans l’Empire romain. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Le Locle | Le Locle | Le Locle (German: Luggli) is a municipality in Le Locle District in the Canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. It is situated in the Jura Mountains, a few kilometers from the city of La Chaux-de-Fonds. It is the third smallest city in Switzerland (in Switzerland a place needs more than 10,000 inhabitants to be considered a city). | Le Locle est une ville et une commune suisse du canton de Neuchâtel, située dans la région Montagnes. Mère commune des Montagnes, berceau de la Révolution neuchâteloise, ville inscrite au Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO, Le Locle comprend environ 10'400 habitants, 8'000 emplois et 900 ans d'histoire. | [
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Alyson Hannigan | Alyson Hannigan | Alyson Lee Hannigan (born March 24, 1974) is an American actress and television presenter. She is best known for her roles as Willow Rosenberg in the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" (1997–2003), Lily Aldrin in the sitcom "How I Met Your Mother" (2005–2014) for which she won a People's Choice Award in 2009, and Michelle Flaherty in the "American Pie" film series (1999–2012). Since 2016, Hannigan has presented the television show "". She also provides the voice of Claire Clancy in the Disney Junior animated series "Fancy Nancy" (2018–present). | Alyson Lee Hannigan, née le à Washington, DC, est une actrice américaine. Elle se fait connaître mondialement, grâce à son interprétation du personnage de Willow Rosenberg dans la série télévisée fantastique "Buffy contre les vampires" (1997-2003). Par la suite, elle confirme sur le petit écran grâce au rôle de Lily Aldrin dans la sitcom comique "How I Met Your Mother" (2005-2014). Au cinéma, elle est célèbre pour avoir joué Michelle Flaherty dans la saga cinématographique "American Pie" (1999-2003 et puis 2012). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Metonic cycle | Cycle métonique | The Metonic cycle or enneadecaeteris (from (enneakaidekaeteris), "nineteen") is a period of 19 years after which the phases of the moon recur on the same day of the year. The recurrence is not perfect and precise observation shows that there is lag of about an hour which would accumulate through a series of cycles. The Metonic cycle is defined as 235 synodic lunar months, a period which is just 1h27m33s longer than 19 tropical years. Using these integer numbers facilitates the construction of a luni-solar calendar. | En astronomie et dans l'établissement des calendriers, le cycle de Méton ou cycle métonique est un commun multiple approximatif des périodes orbitales de la Terre et de la Lune. | [
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Milan | Milan | Milan (, ; ; ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome. Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire, the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.26 million inhabitants. Its continuously built-up urban area, that stretches well beyond the boundaries of the administrative metropolitan city, is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants. The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area, also known as Greater Milan, is estimated at 8.2 million, making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU. | Milan (en italien ', du latin'; en lombard "" ) est une ville d'Italie située au nord du pays, à proximité des Alpes. Chef-lieu de la région Lombardie, située au milieu de la plaine du Pô, la ville de Milan compte 1 404 239 en 2019, ce qui en fait la deuxième ville d'Italie en nombre d'habitants. La Ville métropolitaine de Milan compte 3 261 873 d'habitants en 2019. Elle constitue toutefois la plus grande aire urbaine du pays, avec ses d'habitants en 2009. Région dynamique et densément peuplée, cœur industriel et poumon financier de l'Italie, elle représente la partie méridionale de la dorsale européenne, aussi appelée. | [
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Amorphophallus titanum | Arum titan | Amorphophallus titanum, the titan arum, is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world. The talipot palm, "Corypha umbraculifera", has a larger inflorescence, but it is branched rather than unbranched. "A. titanum" is endemic to Sumatra. | L’Arum titan, Amorphophallus titanum, également appelé le « phallus de titan », est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Aracées. Son inflorescence est une des plus hautes du monde après celle du tallipot, avec plus de trois mètres (la fleur simple la plus grande étant la Rafflesia). | [
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Accelerating expansion of the universe | Accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers | The accelerating expansion of the universe is the observation that the expansion of the universe is such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from the observer is continuously increasing with time. | L'accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers est le nom donné au phénomène qui voit la vitesse de fuite des galaxies par rapport à la Voie lactée augmenter au cours du temps. Ce phénomène a été mis en évidence en 1998 par deux équipes internationales, le Supernova Cosmology Project, mené par Saul Perlmutter, et le High-Z supernovae search team, mené par Adam Riess, ce qui leur vaudra l'obtention du prix Nobel de physique en 2011. | [
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Cuban Missile Crisis | Crise des missiles de Cuba | The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962 (), the Caribbean Crisis (), or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war. | La crise des missiles de Cuba est une suite d'événements survenus du au et qui ont opposé les États-Unis et l'Union soviétique au sujet des missiles nucléaires soviétiques pointés en direction du territoire des États-Unis depuis l'île de Cuba. Cette crise a mené les deux blocs au bord de la guerre nucléaire. | [
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Eddy Merckx | Eddy Merckx | Baron Édouard Louis Joseph Merckx (; ; born 17 June 1945) is a Belgian former professional road and track bicycle racer who is widely seen as the most successful rider in the history of competitive cycling and is considered the greatest cyclist of all time as well as the greatest in Tour de France history. His victories include an unequalled eleven Grand Tours (five Tours of France, five Tours of Italy, and a Tour of Spain), all of the five Monuments, three World Championships, the hour record, every major one-day race other than Paris–Tours, and extensive victories on the track. | Édouard Louis Joseph, baron Merckx (), plus connu sous le nom d’Eddy Merckx, est un cycliste belge né le dans la commune de Meensel-Kiezegem, en province du Brabant flamand à l'est de Louvain. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Julian day | Jour julien | Julian day is the continuous count of days since the beginning of the Julian Period and is used primarily by astronomers, and in software for easily calculating elapsed days between two events (e.g. food production date and sell by date). | Le jour julien est un système de datation consistant à compter le nombre de jours et fraction de jour écoulés depuis une date conventionnelle fixée au janvier de l'an 4713 av. J.-C. (= -4712) à 12 heures temps universel. | [
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Province of Granada | Province de Grenade | Granada is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Albacete, Murcia, Almería, Jaén, Córdoba, Málaga, and the Mediterranean Sea (along the Costa Tropical). Its capital city is also called Granada. | La province de Grenade (en espagnol : "Provincia de Granada") est l'une des huit provinces de la communauté autonome d'Andalousie, dans le sud de l'Espagne. Sa capitale est la ville de Grenade. Elle dérive de l'histoire du royaume de Grenade. | [
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Juan Pablo Montoya | Juan Pablo Montoya | Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán (; born September 20, 1975), is a Colombian racing driver. He currently competes in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship driving for Acura Team Penske, having won the championship in 2019. | Juan Pablo Montoya est un pilote automobile colombien né le à Bogota (Colombie). En Formule 1 entre 2001 et 2006, il a remporté sept Grands Prix. Il a quitté la F1 en juillet 2006 pour se reconvertir dans les épreuves de Nascar puis d'IndyCar aux États-Unis. Il est le seul pilote à avoir remporté le Grand Prix de Monaco en Formule 1, les 500 miles d'Indianapolis, les 24 Heures de Daytona, le titre Champ Car en monoplace aux États-Unis, deux courses de Nascar et la Race of Champions. À une époque où les pilotes se spécialisent plus dans une catégorie en particulier, Montoya a su gagner sur diverses machines et dans divers types de championnats. | [
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Serfdom | Servage | Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude, which developed during the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century. | Le servage (du latin "servus" « esclave ») est défini par la convention supplémentaire relative à l'abolition de l'esclavage des Nations unies concernant aussi le servage comme la « condition de quiconque est tenu par la loi, la coutume ou un accord, de vivre et de travailler sur une terre appartenant à une autre personne et de fournir à cette autre personne, contre rémunération ou gratuitement, certains services déterminés, sans pouvoir changer sa condition ». | [
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayeux | Diocèse de Bayeux et Lisieux | The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayeux and Lisieux (Latin: "Dioecesis Baiocensis et Lexoviensis"; French: "Diocèse de Bayeux et Lisieux") is a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The diocese is coextensive with the Department of Calvados and is a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Rouen, which is also in Normandy. | Le diocèse de Bayeux-Lisieux, ou avant 1854 diocèse de Bayeux, est une circonscription de l'Église catholique en France. Créé en 1801 à partir des limites du département du Calvados, il est renommé le à la suite de la restauration du titre d'évêque de Lisieux par un bref du pape Pie IX et par décret de l'empereur, conféré à tous les évêques de Bayeux. | [
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Triumphal arch | Arc de triomphe | A triumphal arch is a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch, crowned with a flat entablature or attic on which a statue might be mounted or which bears commemorative inscriptions. The main structure is often decorated with carvings, sculpted reliefs, and dedications. More elaborate triumphal arches may have multiple archways. | Un arc de triomphe, et plus généralement un arc monumental, est une structure libre monumentale enjambant une voie et utilisant la forme architecturale de l'arc avec un ou plusieurs passages voûtés. Ce type d'ouvrage est un des éléments les plus caractéristiques de l'architecture romaine, utilisé pour commémorer les généraux victorieux ou les évènements importants comme le décès d'un membre de la famille impériale, l'accession au trône d'un nouvel empereur ou encore les fondations de nouvelles colonies, la construction d'une route ou d'un pont. | [
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Bastide | Bastide (ville) | Bastides are fortified new towns built in medieval Languedoc, Gascony, Aquitaine, England and Wales during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, although some authorities count Mont-de-Marsan and Montauban, which was founded in 1144, as the first bastides. | Contrairement au terme provençal qui désigne une construction en pierre, la bastide de Gascogne, du Haut-Languedoc et de Guyenne vient du languedocien "bastida" et désigne un village ou une ville qui a été construit sur un plan régulier et qui lui donne sa spécificité. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Specific heat capacity | Capacité thermique massique | The specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample. Informally, it is the amount of energy that must be added, in the form of heat, to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in its temperature. The SI unit of specific heat is joule per kelvin and kilogram, J/(K kg). | La capacité thermique massique (symbole usuel "c"), anciennement appelée chaleur massique ou chaleur spécifique, est la capacité thermique d'un matériau rapportée à sa masse. C'est une grandeur qui reflète la capacité d'un matériau à accumuler de l'énergie sous forme thermique, pour une masse donnée, quand sa température augmente. Une grande capacité thermique signifie qu'une grande quantité d'énergie peut être stockée, moyennant une augmentation relativement faible de la température. | [
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Macbeth | Macbeth (Shakespeare) | Macbeth (; full title The Tragedy of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare; it is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I, who was patron of Shakespeare's acting company, "Macbeth" most clearly reflects the playwright's relationship with his sovereign. It was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is Shakespeare's shortest tragedy. | Macbeth est une tragédie de William Shakespeare. Elle prend place dans l'Écosse médiévale et retrace de manière très romancée le règne de Macbeth (1040-1057), en s'inspirant de près du récit qu'en fait Raphael Holinshed dans ses "Chroniques", parues en 1587. Dévoré d'ambition, le général Macbeth commet le crime de régicide pour s'emparer du pouvoir, poussé par son épouse Lady Macbeth, mais la culpabilité et la paranoïa les font peu à peu sombrer dans la folie. | [
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London Psychogeographical Association | Comité psychogéographique de Londres | The London Psychogeographical Association (LPA), sometimes referred to as the London Psychogeographical Committee, is an organisation devoted to psychogeography. The LPA is perhaps best understood in the context of psychogeographical praxis. | L'Association psychogéographique de Londres (en, LPA) fut fondée par Ralph Rumney dans la ville italienne de Corsio d'Arroscia le. Elle fusionna immédiatement avec l'Internationale lettriste et le Mouvement international pour un Bauhaus imaginiste pour former l'Internationale situationniste. | [
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Papal States | États pontificaux | The Papal States () (), officially the State of the Church (, ; ; also ""), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia successfully unified the Italian Peninsula by conquest in a campaign virtually concluded in 1861 and definitively in 1870. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria and Romagna, and portions of Emilia. These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. | Les États pontificaux, ou États de l'Église, ou États du Pape sont les États qui furent entre 754 et 1870 sous l'autorité temporelle du pape. Le premier noyau de ces États était baptisé patrimoine de saint Pierre. Les accords du Latran en 1929 ayant réglé la question romaine sans toutefois se prononcer sur l'abolition des États pontificaux proclamée par Victor-Emmanuel II en 1870 mais non acceptée par le pape, on considère que leur continuité se retrouve aujourd'hui dans l'État de la Cité du Vatican. | [
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Hanau | Hanau | Hanau is a town in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main and is part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Its station is a major railway junction and it has a port on the river Main, making it an important transport centre. The town is known for being the birthplace of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm and Franciscus Sylvius. Since the 16th century it was a centre of precious metal working with many goldsmiths. It is home to Heraeus, one of the largest family-owned companies in Germany. | Hanau () est une ville d'Allemagne, située dans le Land de Hesse, sur le Main. Elle compte. C'est une ville commerciale et industrielle (orfèvrerie), proche de Francfort. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ohmmeter | Ohmmètre | An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance (the opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current). Micro-ohmmeters (microhmmeter or micro ohmmeter) make low resistance measurements. Megohmmeters (also a trademarked device Megger) measure large values of resistance. The unit of measurement for resistance is ohms (Ω). | Un ohmmètre est un instrument de mesure qui permet de mesurer la résistance électrique d'un composant ou d'un circuit électrique. L'unité de mesure est l'ohm, dont le symbole est Ω. | [
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Celestial sphere | Sphère céleste | In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an abstract sphere that has an arbitrarily large radius and is concentric to Earth. All objects in the sky can be conceived as being projected upon the inner surface of the celestial sphere, which may be centered on Earth or the observer. If centered on the observer, half of the sphere would resemble a hemispherical screen over the observing location. | La sphère céleste est la notion d'astronomie sphérique telle qu'elle se présente immédiatement aux yeux d'un observateur isolé. Incapable de déterminer les distances qui le séparent des astres, il imagine qu'ils sont situés sur la surface d'une sphère visible : le ciel nocturne. | [
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Antipope | Antipape | An antipope () is a person who, in opposition to the lawful pope, makes a significant attempt to occupy the position of Bishop of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church. At times between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by important factions within the Church itself and by secular rulers. | Un antipape est une personne qui a exercé la fonction et porté le titre de pape, mais dont l'avènement à cette charge n'est pas ou plus reconnu aujourd'hui comme régulier et valable par l'Église catholique. | [
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Rainbow | Arc-en-ciel | A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun. | Un arc-en-ciel est un photométéore qui rend visible le spectre continu de la lumière du soleil quand il brille pendant la pluie. C'est un arc coloré avec le rouge à l'extérieur et le violet à l'intérieur. | [
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Hubble Space Telescope | Hubble (télescope spatial) | The Hubble Space Telescope (often referred to as HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It was not the first space telescope but it is one of the largest and most versatile, well known both as a vital research tool and as a public relations boon for astronomy. The Hubble telescope is named after astronomer Edwin Hubble and is one of NASA's Great Observatories, along with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the Spitzer Space Telescope. | Le télescope spatial "Hubble" (en, en abrégé HST) est un télescope spatial développé par la NASA avec une participation de l'Agence spatiale européenne, opérationnel depuis 1990. Son miroir de grande taille ( de diamètre), qui lui permet de restituer des images avec une résolution angulaire inférieure à, ainsi que sa capacité à observer à l'aide d'imageurs et de spectroscopes dans l'infrarouge proche et l'ultraviolet, lui permettent de surclasser, pour de nombreux types d'observation, les instruments au sol les plus puissants, handicapés par la présence de l'atmosphère terrestre. Les données collectées par "Hubble" ont contribué à des découvertes de grande portée dans le domaine de l'astrophysique, telles, que la mesure du taux d'expansion de l'Univers, la confirmation de la présence de trous noirs supermassifs au centre des galaxies, ou l'existence de la matière noire et de l'énergie noire. | [
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Greg LeMond | Greg LeMond | Gregory James "Greg" LeMond (born June 26, 1961) is an American former professional road racing cyclist, entrepreneur, and anti-doping advocate. A two-time winner of the Road Race World Championship (1983 and 1989) and a three-time winner of the Tour de France (1986, 1989, and 1990), LeMond is considered by many to be the greatest American cyclist of all time. | Gregory James LeMond, dit Greg LeMond, né le à Lakewood, en Californie, est un coureur cycliste américain. Il devient professionnel en 1981 et arrête sa carrière en 1994 à la suite d'une myopathie mitochondriale (maladie potentiellement induite par un accident de chasse, certains plombs n'ayant pu être retirés par le chirurgien). Il a remporté à trois reprises le Tour de France en 1986, 1989 et 1990 et deux fois le titre mondial sur route en 1983 et 1989. Il est ainsi le premier Américain, le seul à ce jour, et le premier non-européen à remporter le Tour de France. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Grimm's law | Loi de Grimm | Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift) is a set of statements first systematically put forward by Jacob Grimm but first remarked upon by Rasmus Rask describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic (the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops, fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages (Grimm used mostly Latin and Greek for illustration). | La loi de Grimm est une loi de phonétique historique qui décrit l'évolution des consonnes occlusives du proto-germanique, l'ancêtre des actuelles langues germaniques, à partir de celles de l'indo-européen commun, au cours du | [
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Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira | Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira | Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira (born December 13, 1944), more famous under his pen name Léo is a Brazilian comics creator. | Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira, connu sous le pseudonyme de Leo (correspondant à ses initiales), est un auteur de bande dessinée brésilien de langue française né à Rio de Janeiro (Brésil) le. | [
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Arturo Toscanini | Arturo Toscanini | Arturo Toscanini (, ; March 25, 1867 – January 16, 1957) was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed musicians of the late 19th and of the 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orchestral detail and sonority, and his eidetic memory. He was at various times the music director of La Scala in Milan and the New York Philharmonic. Later in his career he was appointed the first music director of the NBC Symphony Orchestra (1937–54), and this led to his becoming a household name (especially in the United States) through his radio and television broadcasts and many recordings of the operatic and symphonic repertoire. | Arturo Toscanini, né à Parme le et mort dans le Bronx à New York le, est un chef d'orchestre italien. | [
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Onomatopoeia | Onomatopée | Onomatopoeia is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. Such words are themselves also called "onomatopoeias". Common onomatopoeias include animal noises such as "oink", "meow" (or "miaow"), "roar" and "chirp". Onomatopoeia can differ between languages: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system; hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as "tick tock" in English, "tic tac" in Spanish and Italian (shown in the picture), "dī dā" in Mandarin, "katchin katchin" in Japanese, or "tik-tik" in Hindi. | Lonomatopée (mot féminin issu du grec ancien, ("ὀνομα(το)" ("mot") et "poiía" ("fabrication", soit « création de mots »)) est une catégorie d'interjections émises pour simuler un bruit particulier associé à un être, un animal ou un objet, par l'imitation des sons que ceux-ci produisent : onomatopée. Certaines onomatopées sont improvisées de manière spontanée, d'autres sont conventionnelles. | [
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Manneken Pis | Manneken-Pis | Manneken Pis (; ) is a landmark bronze fountain sculpture in the centre of Brussels (Belgium), depicting a naked little boy urinating into the fountain's basin. It was designed by and put in place in 1618 or 1619. The current statue is a replica which dates from 1965. The original is kept in the Brussels City Museum. Manneken Pis is the best-known symbol of the people of Brussels. It also embodies their sense of humour (called "zwanze" in the dialect of Brussels) and their independence of mind. | , signifiant « le petit homme [qui] pisse » en bruxellois, est une fontaine sous la forme d'une statue en bronze de de hauteur ( avec le socle) qui représente un petit garçon nu en train d'uriner. Elle est située au cœur de Bruxelles, à deux pas de la Grand-Place, à l'intersection de la rue de l'Étuve et de la rue du Chêne. Depuis 1965, la statuette présente sur place est une copie à l'identique de celle conçue en 1619-1620 qui est précieusement conservée au Musée de la Ville de Bruxelles situé dans la Maison du Roi. Manneken-Pis est le symbole le plus connu des Bruxellois, il personnifie aussi leur sens de l'humour (la "zwanze" en bruxellois) et leur indépendance d'esprit. | [
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First Punic War | Première guerre punique | The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy, primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa. After immense material and human losses on both sides the Carthaginians were defeated. | La première guerre punique ou guerre de Sicile est la première des trois guerres qui opposent Rome et Carthage, deux puissances majeures en Méditerranée occidentale. L’adjectif punique, formé d'après le latin "Punicus", vient du nom "Poeni" que les Romains donnent à leurs adversaires, assimilés aux Phéniciens ("Phoenīces"). Ce conflit, engagé pour le contrôle de la Sicile et qui dure de 264 à 241, est l'un des plus longs menés par Rome. Son déroulement est connu par les auteurs grecs et latins, principalement Polybe. | [
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Colombier, Vaud | Colombier (Vaud) | Colombier is a former municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. The municipalities of Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges merged on 1 July 2011 into the municipality of Echichens. | Colombier, également Colombier-sur-Morges, est une localité dans la commune d'Échichens et une ancienne commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district de Morges. Le village possède une auberge, une boulangerie ainsi qu’un clocher situé vers le centre du village. À l’ouest du village se situent les maisons anciennes alors qu’à l’est et au nord les maisons récentes et modernes. | [
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Proselytism | Prosélytisme | Proselytism () is the act or fact of religious conversion, and it also includes actions which invite it. The word "proselytize" is derived from the Greek language prefix (, "toward") and the verb (, "I come") in the form of (, "newcomer"). Historically in the Koine Greek Septuagint and New Testament, the word proselyte denoted a Gentile who was considering conversion to Judaism. Though the word proselytism originally referred to Judaism (and earlier Gentiles such as God-fearers), it now refers to the attempt of any religion or religious individuals to convert people to their beliefs, or any attempt to convert people to a different point of view, religious or not. Proselytism is illegal in some countries. However, the right to convert to another religion and to manifest religion is enshrined in Article 18 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights. The term is generally understood as pejorative, by contrast with evangelism which is viewed as a term of approval. The World Council of Churches has indicated that, used pejoratively, proselytism refers to attempts at conversion by 'unjust means that violate the conscience of the human person', such as by coercion or bribery. | Le prosélytisme désigne l'attitude de personnes cherchant à « susciter voire forcer l'adhésion » d'autres personnes (d'un public éventuellement) à leur foi. Par extension, le prosélytisme désigne le zèle déployé afin de rallier des personnes à un dogme ou une théorie ou doctrine. Le « nouveau converti » est dit prosélyte (du latin ecclésiastique "proselytus", et du grec προσήλυτος "prosêlutos", « nouveau venu (dans un pays) ». | [
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Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges | Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges | Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges is a former municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. The villages of Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges merged on 1 July 2011 into the municipality of Echichens. | Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges est une localité dans la commune d'Échichens et une ancienne commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district de Morges. | [
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Monnaz | Monnaz | Monnaz was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. The municipalities of Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges merged on 1 July 2011 into the municipality of Echichens. | Monnaz est une localité dans la commune d'Échichens et une ancienne commune suisse du canton de Vaud, situé dans le district de Morges. | [
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Interstellar cloud | Nuage interstellaire | An interstellar cloud is generally an accumulation of gas, plasma, and dust in our and other galaxies. Put differently, an interstellar cloud is a denser-than-average region of the interstellar medium, (ISM), the matter and radiation that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy. Depending on the density, size, and temperature of a given cloud, its hydrogen can be neutral, making an H I region; ionized, or plasma making it an H II region; or molecular, which are referred to simply as molecular clouds, or sometime dense clouds. Neutral and ionized clouds are sometimes also called "diffuse clouds". An interstellar cloud is formed by the gas and dust particles from a red giant in its later life. | En astronomie, nuage interstellaire est le nom générique donné aux accumulations de gaz et de poussières dans notre Galaxie. C'est le milieu d'où naissent les systèmes stellaires. Comptant quelques dizaines de milliards d'atomes par mètre cube (par opposition à notre atmosphère, qui en compte 25 millions de milliards de milliards), et s'étendant sur des centaines d'années-lumière, il contient l'équivalent de plusieurs milliers de fois la masse du Soleil en matière gazeuse. Principalement composé d'hydrogène, l'hélium étant le second élément le plus abondant, il contient également des traces d'éléments plus lourds, tels le carbone, l'azote, et le fer. L'hydrogène contenu dans un nuage interstellaire peut, selon la densité, la taille et la température du nuage, être neutre (région HI), ionisé (région HII) ou moléculaire (nuage moléculaire). | [
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Relational algebra | Algèbre relationnelle | Relational algebra, first created by Edgar F. Codd while at IBM, is a family of algebras with a well-founded semantics used for modelling the data stored in relational databases, and defining queries on it. | L'algèbre relationnelle est un langage de requêtes dans des bases de données relationnelles. L'algèbre relationnelle a été inventée en 1970 par Edgar Frank Codd, le directeur de recherche du centre IBM de San José. Il s'agit de la théorie sous-jacente aux langages de requête des SGBD, comme SQL. Le théorème de Codd dit que l'algèbre relationnelle est équivalente au calcul relationnel (logique du premier ordre sans symbole de fonction). Elle est aussi équivalente à Datalog (Datalog avec la négation) non récursif. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Yamato period | Période Yamato | The is the period of Japanese history when the Japanese Imperial court ruled from modern-day Nara Prefecture, then known as Yamato Province. | La désigne la période de l'histoire du Japon où une structure politique et sociale avec un souverain à sa tête se met en place dans la province de Yamato, autour de Nara, vers 250. | [
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Interstellar medium | Milieu interstellaire | In astronomy, the interstellar medium (ISM) is the matter and radiation that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy. This matter includes gas in ionic, atomic, and molecular form, as well as dust and cosmic rays. It fills interstellar space and blends smoothly into the surrounding intergalactic space. The energy that occupies the same volume, in the form of electromagnetic radiation, is the interstellar radiation field. | En astronomie, le milieu interstellaire est la matière qui, dans une galaxie, remplit l'espace entre les étoiles et se fond dans le milieu intergalactique environnant. Il est un mélange de gaz (ionisés, atomiques et moléculaires), de rayons cosmiques et de poussières. L'énergie qui occupe le même volume, sous forme de rayonnement électromagnétique, correspond au champ de rayonnement interstellaire. | [
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Saint-Prex | Saint-Prex | Saint-Prex () is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. In 1973, St-Prex was awarded the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its architectural heritage. | Saint-Prex est une commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district de Morges. Celle-ci se trouve sur les bords du lac Léman. | [
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Rafflesiaceae | Rafflesiaceae | The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including "Rafflesia arnoldii", which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are endoparasites of vines in the genus "Tetrastigma" (Vitaceae) and lack stems, leaves, roots, and any photosynthetic tissue. They rely entirely on their host plants for both water and nutrients, and only then emerge as flowers from the roots or lower stems of the host plants. | Les Rafflésiacées sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones qui comprend 50 espèces réparties en 3 à 9 genres. On les trouve dans les régions tempérées chaudes (bassin méditerranéen, moyen-orient) et dans les régions subtropicales à tropicales (Amérique du Sud, centrale, sud ouest des États-Unis, Afrique du Sud, Madagascar, Asie du Sud-Est, Malaisie, Australie). En France elle est représentée par le "Cytinus hypocistis" parasite du ciste à fleur blanche sur le pourtour méditerranéen. En Malaisie, "Rafflesia arnoldii" produit la plus grosse fleur du monde (un mètre de diamètre environ). | [
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Acorn Computers | Acorn Computers | Acorn Computers Ltd. was a British computer company established in Cambridge, England, in 1978. The company produced a number of computers which were especially popular in the UK, including the Acorn Electron and the Acorn Archimedes. Acorn's BBC Micro computer dominated the UK educational computer market during the 1980s. It is more known for its computer than for its other products. | Acorn est une entreprise britannique qui a construit des micro-ordinateurs de 1978 jusqu'à 2000. Elle est devenue célèbre dans les années 1980 avec son best-seller, le BBC Micro, qui devint l'un des micro-ordinateurs les plus vendus du Royaume-Uni. | [
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Nymphaeales | Nymphaeales | The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales. Molecular synapomorphies are also known. | L'ordre des Nymphéales "(Nymphaeales)" regroupe des plantes angiospermes basales par rapport aux autres angiospermes. Basal veut dire que les "Nymphaeales" sont à la base de l'arbre phylogénique des Angiospermes, raison pour laquelle elles appartiennent au groupe des "Protoangiospermes". | [
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Verner's law | Loi de Verner | Verner's law described a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby consonants that would usually have been the voiceless fricatives,,,,, following an unstressed syllable, became the voiced fricatives,,,,. The law was formulated by Karl Verner, and first published in 1877. | La loi de Verner est une loi de phonétique historique dont la découverte a marqué l'une des étapes majeures de la linguistique comparée ; elle complète en effet la loi de Grimm et permet d'en expliquer les apparentes irrégularités, la faisant ainsi réellement accéder au statut de « loi ». C'est Karl Verner (1846-1896), linguiste danois, qui, en 1875, a trouvé la solution au problème apparent : alors que la loi de Grimm prévoit que les occlusives sourdes de l'indo-européen deviennent des fricatives sourdes en proto-germanique, dans certains cas ces fricatives sont sonores. Or, la comparaison avec d'autres langues indo-européennes montre bien que le phonème de départ est une consonne sourde. Le problème était important puisqu'il ne permettait pas à la loi de Grimm d'être systématique et sans exception, ce qui est la condition "sine qua non" pour que des changements phonétiques soient qualifiés de "loi scientifique". | [
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Yongle Emperor | Ming Yongle | The Yongle Emperor (pronounced, ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424) — personal name Zhu Di (WG: Chu Ti) — was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1402 to 1424. | Ming Yongle () ( - ), de son nom personnel Zhu Di (), est le troisième empereur de la dynastie Ming et l'un des plus célèbres empereurs chinois. Fils d'un des meneurs de la révolte des Turbans rouges, il renverse son neveu Jianwen et règne de 1402 à 1424. Il mène une politique centralisatrice et expansionniste et transfère la capitale de Nankin à Pékin afin de surveiller plus facilement l'activité des Mongols. Il est l'initiateur de la construction de la Cité interdite de Pékin. | [
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Ganymede (moon) | Ganymède (lune) | Ganymede, a satellite of Jupiter (Jupiter III), is the largest and most massive of the Solar System's moons. The ninth-largest object in the Solar System, it is the largest without a substantial atmosphere. It has a diameter of and is 8% larger than the planet Mercury, although only 45% as massive. Possessing a metallic core, it has the lowest moment of inertia factor of any solid body in the Solar System and is the only moon known to have a magnetic field. Outward from Jupiter, it is the seventh satellite and the third of the Galilean moons, the first group of objects discovered orbiting another planet. Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa and Io, respectively. | Ganymède, de nom international "", est un satellite naturel de Jupiter. Sur l'échelle des distances au centre de Jupiter, il s'agit du septième satellite naturel connu de la planète et du troisième satellite galiléen. Terminant une orbite en approximativement sept jours terrestres, il participe à une résonance orbitale dite de Laplace, de type 1:2:4, avec Europe et Io. Avec son diamètre de, dépassant de 8 % celui de la planète Mercure et de 2 % celui de Titan, la plus grande lune de Saturne, Ganymède est le plus gros satellite naturel de Jupiter mais également le plus gros de tout le Système solaire. Étant constitué en quantités à peu près égales de roches silicatées et de glace d'eau, sa masse n'est que 45 % de celle de Mercure (constituée de roches et de métaux), mais reste la plus importante de tous les satellites planétaires du Système solaire, atteignant celle de la Lune. | [
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Nymphaeaceae | Nymphaeaceae | Nymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 known species. Water lilies are rooted in soil in bodies of water, with leaves and flowers floating on or emergent from the surface. The leaves are round, with a radial notch in "Nymphaea" and "Nuphar", but fully circular in "Victoria" and "Euryale". | Les Nymphéacées "(Nymphaeaceae)" sont une famille de plantes à fleurs (les Angiospermes). Les deux principaux genres sont "Nymphaea" et "Nuphar". | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Egyptian pyramid construction techniques | Théories sur la méthode de construction des pyramides égyptiennes | Egyptian pyramid construction techniques are the controversial subject of many hypotheses. These techniques seem to have developed over time; later pyramids were not constructed in the same way as earlier ones. Most of the construction hypotheses are based on the belief that huge stones were carved from quarries with copper chisels, and these blocks were then dragged and lifted into position. Disagreements chiefly concern the methods used to move and place the stones. | Les méthodes de construction des pyramides égyptiennes demeurent incertaines. Les données archéologiques sur ces chantiers gigantesques restent très fragmentaires, tandis que les théories fleurissent et se multiplient, surtout depuis la fin du. | [
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Western Schism | Grand Schisme d'Occident | The Western Schism, also called Papal Schism, Great Occidental Schism and Schism of 1378 (), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which two men (by 1410 three) simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and each excommunicated one another. Driven by authoritative politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418). For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office. | On appelle Grand Schisme d’Occident (ou Grand Schisme) la crise pontificale qui touche le christianisme latin au tournant des et s (1378-1417), divisant pendant quarante ans l'Europe chrétienne en deux courants rivaux. | [
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Écublens, Vaud | Écublens (Vaud) | Écublens is a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Ouest Lausannois. It is a suburb of Lausanne and is served by the Lausanne metro line 1 and several bus lines. The nearest train station is Renens. | Écublens, officiellement Ecublens, est une ville et une commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district de l'Ouest lausannois. | [
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Celtic languages | Langues celtiques | The Celtic languages (, ) are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron, who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages. | Les langues celtiques sont une branche de la famille des langues indo-européennes. Elles regroupent : Après la reconnaissance en juillet 2002 du cornique comme langue minoritaire par les autorités du Royaume-Uni, la langue bretonne, parlée en France par locuteurs, reste la seule langue celtique moderne à ne pas avoir de statut officiel dans sa zone culturelle. | [
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Lavey-Morcles | Lavey-Morcles | Lavey-Morcles is a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Aigle. The municipality was created in 1852 by a merger of Morcles and Lavey. | Lavey-Morcles est une commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district d'Aigle. À Lavey-les-Bains se trouvent des bains thermaux. | [
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Autogyro | Autogire | An autogyro (from Greek and, "self-turning"), also known as a gyroplane or gyrocopter, is a type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor in free autorotation to develop lift. Forward thrust is provided independently, by an engine-driven propeller. While similar to a helicopter rotor in appearance, the autogyro's rotor must have air flowing across the rotor disc to generate rotation, and the air flows upwards through the rotor disc rather than down. | L'autogire (parfois écrit autogyre) est un aéronef dont une voilure tournante libre assure la sustentation, mais dont la propulsion est assurée par une hélice entraînée par un moteur. | [
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Salvador Allende | Salvador Allende | Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (,, ; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean socialist politician and physician, President of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity political coalition government; he was Latin America's first ever Marxist to be elected president in a liberal democracy. | Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens, né le et mort le, est un médecin et un homme d'État socialiste chilien, président de la République du Chili du au. | [
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon | Diocèse de Luçon | The Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon (Latin: "Dioecesis Lucionensis"; French: "Diocèse de Luçon") is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. Its see is Luçon Cathedral in the commune of Luçon. The diocese comprises the department of Vendée. Created in 1317 out of the diocese of Poitiers, its existence was interrupted during the French Revolution, but it was restored in 1821, along with the Bourbon restoration. | Le diocèse de Luçon (en latin : "") est un diocèse de l'Église catholique en France. Le siège épiscopal est à Luçon. | [
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Leysin | Leysin | Leysin is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in the Aigle district of Switzerland. It is first mentioned around 1231–32 as "Leissins", in 1352 as "Leisins". | Leysin est une commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district d'Aigle. Commune de montagne, elle se trouve dans les Préalpes vaudoises, situées dans le massif des Alpes bernoises. | [
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Enigma machine | Enigma (machine) | The Enigma machine is an encryption device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military. | Enigma est une machine électromécanique portable servant au chiffrement et au déchiffrement de l'information. Elle fut inventée par l'Allemand Arthur Scherbius, reprenant un brevet du Néerlandais Hugo Koch, datant de 1919. Enigma fut utilisée principalement par les Allemands "(Die Chiffriermaschine Enigma)" pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le terme Enigma désigne en fait toute une famille de machines, car il en a existé de nombreuses et subtiles variantes, commercialisées en Europe et dans le reste du monde à partir de 1923. Elle fut aussi adoptée par les services militaires et diplomatiques de nombreuses nations. | [
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Villeneuve, Vaud | Villeneuve (Vaud) | Villeneuve is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle. As of December 2018, it had a population of 5771 | Villeneuve est une commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district d'Aigle. Fin 2017, la commune comptait habitants. Villeneuve est à la "tête du lac" autrement dit « Pennolucos ». | [
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War crime | Crime de guerre | A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility. Examples of crimes include intentionally killing civilians or prisoners, torturing, destroying civilian property, taking hostages, performing a perfidy, raping, using child soldiers, pillaging, declaring that no quarter will be given, and seriously violating the principles of distinction, proportionality, and military necessity. | Un crime de guerre est une violation du droit de la guerre d'une gravité particulière. Au sein des Nations-Unies, le crime de guerre est défini par des accords internationaux. Le Statut de Rome (les 59 alinéas de l'article 8) régi les compétences de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI) pour poursuivre des violations graves du droit international humanitaire qui reposent notamment sur les conventions de Genève de 1949. Ceci inclut les cas où une des parties en conflit s'en prend volontairement à des objectifs (aussi bien humains que matériels) non militaires. Un objectif non militaire comprend les civils, les prisonniers de guerre et les blessés. | [
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Hamlet | Hamlet | The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words. Set in Denmark, the play depicts Prince Hamlet and his revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize his throne and marry Hamlet's mother. | La Tragique histoire d'Hamlet, prince de Danemark (en anglais, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark), plus couramment désigné sous le titre abrégé Hamlet, est la plus longue et l'une des plus célèbres pièces de William Shakespeare. La date exacte de sa composition n'est pas connue avec précision ; la première représentation se situe sûrement entre 1598 et 1601. Le texte fut publié en 1603. | [
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Ophiuchus | Ophiuchus | Ophiuchus () is a large constellation straddling the celestial equator. Its name is from the Greek (, "serpent-bearer"), and it is commonly represented as a man grasping a snake (symbol ⛎, Unicode U+26CE). The serpent is represented by the constellation Serpens. Ophiuchus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It was formerly referred to as Serpentarius () and "Anguitenens". | Ophiuchus, également connu sous le nom d’origine latine de Serpentaire, est une constellation de l'hémisphère nord traversée par le Soleil du 29 novembre au 18 décembre. Elle se situe entre le Scorpion à l'ouest et le Sagittaire à l'est. Représentant un homme portant un serpent à bout de bras, le Serpentaire divise la constellation du Serpent en deux parties : la tête et la queue. | [
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Bertrand du Guesclin | Bertrand du Guesclin | Bertrand du Guesclin (c. 1320 – 13 July 1380), nicknamed "The Eagle of Brittany" or "The Black Dog of Brocéliande", was a Breton knight and an important military commander on the French side during the Hundred Years' War. From 1370 to his death, he was Constable of France for King Charles V. Well known for his Fabian strategy, he took part in six pitched battles and won the four in which he held command. | Bertrand du Guesclin, aussi "Bertran du Guesclin", né vers 1320 au château de la Motte-Broons, près de Dinan et mort le devant Châteauneuf-de-Randon, est un noble breton, connétable de France et de Castille, personnage très important de la première partie de la guerre de Cent Ans. | [
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Musaceae | Musaceae | Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with ca 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves with overlapping basal sheaths that form a pseudostem making some members appear to be woody trees. In most treatments, the family has three genera, "Musella", "Musa" and "Ensete". Cultivated bananas are commercially important members of the family, and many others are grown as ornamental plants. | Les Musaceae, ou Musacées, sont une famille de plantes à fleurs des régions tropicales d'Asie, d'Afrique, de Madagascar et d'Australie, naturalisée en Amérique centrale. Ce sont généralement de très grandes plantes herbacées munies d'un pseudo-tronc constitué à partir de la base massive des feuilles. | [
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