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Mark Antony | Marc Antoine | Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony or Anthony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire. | Marc Antoine, en latin ', est un homme politique et militaire romain, né le et mort le Après une jeunesse turbulente aux côtés notamment de Curion et Publius Clodius Pulcher, il sert de 57 à dans l'armée avec le grade de chef de la cavalerie en Syrie, Palestine et Égypte, sous le commandement de Gabinius. | [
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Least developed countries | Pays les moins avancés | The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. | Les pays les moins avancés (PMA) sont une catégorie de pays créée en 1971 par l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU), regroupant les pays les moins développés socio-économiquement de la planète. Ils présentent les indices de développement humain (IDH) les plus faibles et devraient à ce titre obtenir une attention particulière de la part de la communauté internationale. La plupart ont des États en situation de déliquescence. Au, 47 pays appartiennent à cette catégorie ; la plupart d'entre eux se situent en Afrique. | [
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R. Daneel Olivaw | R. Daneel Olivaw | R. Daneel Olivaw is a fictional robot created by Isaac Asimov. The "R" initial in his name stands for "Robot," a naming convention in Asimov's future society. Daneel appears in Asimov's "Robot" and "Foundation" series, most notably in the novels "The Caves of Steel", "The Naked Sun", "The Robots of Dawn", "Robots and Empire", "Prelude to Foundation", "Forward the Foundation", "Foundation and Earth" as well as the short story "Mirror Image". He is constructed immediately prior to the age of the Settlers, and lives at least until the formation of Galaxia, thus spanning the entire history of the First Empire, the Second Empire run by the Second Foundation, and finally the group consciousnesses of Galaxia, although this last is uncertain as no book about this was ever written. | R. Daneel Olivaw est un personnage fictif créé par Isaac Asimov. Il s'agit d'un robot androïde construit pour être indiscernable d'un être humain. | [
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Gas Mark | Thermostat (four) | The Gas Mark is a temperature scale used on gas ovens and cookers in the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth of Nations countries. | Le thermostat d'un four est le dispositif permettant de régler et de maintenir automatiquement une certaine température dans le four, commandé le plus souvent par un commutateur rotatif placé à l'avant de l'appareil. | [
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Heinrich Hertz | Heinrich Hertz | Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (; ; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves predicted by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. The unit of frequency, cycle per second, was named the "hertz" in his honor. | Heinrich Hertz (né le à Hambourg et mort le à Bonn) est un ingénieur et physicien allemand renommé pour avoir découvert les ondes hertziennes auxquelles il a donné son nom. | [
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US Open (tennis) | US Open de tennis | The United States Open Tennis Championships is a hard court tennis tournament. The tournament is the modern version of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, the U.S. National Championship, for which men's singles and men's doubles were first played in 1881. | LUS Open de tennis est un tournoi de tennis se déroulant annuellement dans le parc municipal de Flushing Meadows-Corona Park à New York, au sein de l'USTA National Tennis Center. Appelé « US National Championships » jusqu'en 1967, il se joue depuis 1881 et a connu plusieurs implantations. D'abord joué à Newport, il déménage ensuite au sein du West Side Tennis Club avant de s'implanter à Flushing Meadows en 1978. D'abord uniquement ouvert aux hommes, les femmes font leur entrée dans le tournoi en 1887. À partir de 1968 et comme tous les autres tournois, il s'ouvre aux professionnels. Aux côtés du simple messieurs et simple dames se déroulent aussi des compétitions de double messieurs, double dames et double mixte. Le tournoi fait partie de la catégorie des tournois du Grand Chelem, comme l'Open d'Australie, les Internationaux de France de tennis (Roland-Garros) et Wimbledon. L'US Open est la dernière levée de l'année et se joue traditionnellement entre la fin août et le début du mois de septembre. | [
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Viol | Viole de gambe | The viol (), viola da gamba (), or informally gamba, is any one of a family of bowed, fretted and stringed instruments with hollow wooden bodies and pegboxes where the tension on the strings can be increased or decreased to adjust the pitch of each of the strings. Frets on the viol are usually made of gut, tied on the fingerboard around the instrument's neck, to enable the performer to stop the strings more cleanly. Frets improve consistency of intonation and lend the stopped notes a tone that better matches the open strings. Viols first appeared in Spain in the mid to late 15th century and were most popular in the Renaissance and Baroque (1600–1750) periods. Early ancestors include the Arabic "rebab" and the medieval European vielle, but later, more direct possible ancestors include the Venetian "viole" and the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish "vihuela", a 6-course plucked instrument tuned like a lute (and also like a present-day viol) that looked like but was quite distinct from (at that time) the 4-course guitar (an earlier chordophone). | La viole de gambe, ou viole, est un instrument de musique à cordes et à frettes joué à l'aide d'un archet. La famille des violes, qui a dominé la vie musicale européenne dès le, se distingue de celle des violons principalement par le nombre des cordes (six et non quatre, en boyau), la présence de frettes qui divisent la touche comme sur le luth ou la guitare, la tenue de l'instrument sur ou entre les genoux (d'où le terme italien "viola da gamba" () par opposition à la "viola da braccio)" et la tenue de l'archet, qui permet de modifier la tension des crins. | [
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Speleology | Spéléologie | Speleology is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, as well as their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term "speleology" is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity of exploring caves, but this is more properly known as "caving", "potholing" (British English), or "spelunking". Speleology and caving are often connected, as the physical skills required for "in situ" study are the same. | La spéléologie (du grec ancien / "spelaion" « grotte » et / "logos" « discours, raison, parole ») est l'activité qui consiste à rechercher,, explorer, étudier, cartographier ou visiter les cavités souterraines, naturelles, anthropiques ou artificielles, puis à partager ses connaissances. Celui qui pratique ainsi est appelé un spéléologue. | [
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Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques | Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques | The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (), abbreviated INSEE (, ), is the national statistics bureau of France. It collects and publishes information about the French economy and people and carries out the periodic national census. Headquartered in Paris, it is the French branch of Eurostat. The INSEE was created in 1946 as a successor to the Vichy regime's National Statistics Service (SNS). It works in close cooperation with the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED). | L’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee ou INSEE) est chargé de la production, de l'analyse et de la publication des statistiques officielles en France : comptabilité nationale annuelle et trimestrielle, évaluation de la démographie nationale, du taux de chômage Il constitue une direction générale du ministère chargé des finances. Il dispose d’une indépendance de fait vis-à-vis du gouvernement, désormais garantie en droit par la loi. Depuis mars 2012, son directeur est Jean-Luc Tavernier. | [
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Orderic Vitalis | Orderic Vital | Orderic Vitalis (; 1075 – ) was an English chronicler and Benedictine monk who wrote one of the great contemporary chronicles of 11th- and 12th-century Normandy and Anglo-Norman England. Modern historians view him as a reliable source. | Orderic Vital, né le à Atcham, en Angleterre, et mort en 1141 ou 1143 à l’abbaye de Saint-Évroult, est un moine franco-anglais connu comme l'un des plus importants historiens du Moyen Âge central. Sa principale œuvre est l’"Historia ecclesiastica" qui retrace notamment l'histoire du duché de Normandie et du royaume d'Angleterre aux et s. | [
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Flag of China | Drapeau de la république populaire de Chine | The flag of China, officially the National Flag of the People's Republic of China and also known as the Five-starred Red Flag, is a Chinese red field charged in the canton (upper corner nearest the flagpole) with five golden stars. The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in a semicircle set off towards the fly (the side farthest from the flag pole). The red represents the Chinese Communist Revolution and the five stars and their relationships to each other represent the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The first flag was hoisted by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) on a pole overlooking Beijing's Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949, at a ceremony announcing the establishment of the People's Republic of China. | Le drapeau de la république populaire de Chine () est le drapeau d'État, le pavillon marchand et le drapeau d'État de la Chine populaire. C'est un champ rouge qui contient cinq étoiles à cinq branches dorées dans son canton (coin supérieur gauche). Le dessin comporte une grande étoile entourée de quatre plus petites disposées en arc de cercle et orientées vers la plus grande. Le rouge représente la révolution, les cinq étoiles et leur relation représentent l'unité du peuple chinois sous la direction du Parti communiste chinois. En mandarin standard, le drapeau est appelé 五星红旗 (pinyin ), c'est-à-dire « le drapeau rouge aux cinq étoiles ». | [
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Mount Vernon | Mount Vernon | Mount Vernon was the plantation of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and his wife, Martha Washington. The estate is on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince George's County, Maryland. The Washington family owned land in the area since the time of Washington's great-grandfather in 1674. Around 1734 they embarked on an expansion of the estate that continued under George Washington, who began leasing the estate in 1754, but did not become its sole owner until 1761. | Mount Vernon était la résidence de George Washington, premier président des États-Unis, dans l'État de Virginie. Situé sur les bords du fleuve Potomac à quelques minutes au sud de Washington DC, près de la communauté de Mount Vernon, ce domaine est aujourd'hui ouvert au public toute l'année. Les tombeaux de George et Martha Washington s'y trouvent. | [
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Caribbean cuisine | Cuisine antillaise | Caribbean cuisine is a fusion of African, Creole, Cajun, Amerindian, European, Latin American, Indian/South Asian, Middle Eastern, and Chinese. These traditions were brought from many different countries when they came to the Caribbean. In addition, the population has created styles that are unique to the region. | La cuisine antillaise combine les traditions culinaires de tous les peuples qui ont fait escale dans cette région du monde. Des grillades épicées des Indiens caraïbes en passant par le calalou africain, la brandade de morue française ou le colombo indien, c'est toute une large palette gastronomique qui compose cette cuisine dont l’art culinaire reflète la manière d'être et de vivre d'un peuple, mais aussi son histoire. | [
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Jean de Joinville | Jean de Joinville | Jean de Joinville (c. 1 May 1224 – 24 December 1317) was one of the great chroniclers of medieval France. He is most famous for writing the "Life of Saint Louis", a biography of Louis IX of France that chronicled the Seventh Crusade. | Jean de Joinville (v. 1224 - ), également connu sous le nom de Sire de Joinville, est un noble champenois et biographe de Saint Louis. | [
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Kabuki | Kabuki | In 2005, the "Kabuki theatre" was proclaimed by UNESCO as an intangible heritage possessing outstanding universal value. In 2008, it was inscribed in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. | Le est la forme épique du théâtre japonais traditionnel. Centré sur un jeu d'acteur à la fois spectaculaire et codifié, il se distingue par le maquillage élaboré des acteurs et l'abondance de dispositifs scéniques destinés à souligner les paroxysmes et les retournements de la pièce. | [
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Watergate scandal | Scandale du Watergate | The Watergate scandal was a political scandal in the United States involving the administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continuous attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972 failed break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C. Watergate Office Building. After the five perpetrators were arrested, the press and the U.S. Justice Department connected the cash found on them at the time to the Nixon re-election campaign committee. Further investigations, along with revelations during subsequent trials of the burglars, led the U.S. House of Representatives to grant its judiciary committee additional investigation authority to probe into "certain matters within its jurisdiction", and the U.S. Senate to create a special investigative committee. The resultant Senate Watergate hearings commenced were broadcast "gavel-to-gavel" nationwide by PBS and aroused public interest. Witnesses testified that the president had approved plans to cover up administration involvement in the break-in, and that there was a voice-activated taping system in the Oval Office. Throughout the investigation, the administration resisted its probes, which led to a constitutional crisis. | Le scandale du Watergate est une affaire d'espionnage politique qui aboutit, en 1974, à la démission de Richard Nixon, alors président des États-Unis. L'affaire aux multiples ramifications commence en 1972 avec l'arrestation, à l'intérieur de l'immeuble du Watergate, de cambrioleurs dans les locaux du Parti démocrate à Washington. Les investigations menées par des journalistes et une longue enquête du Sénat américain finiront par lever le voile sur des pratiques illégales de grande ampleur au sein même de l'administration présidentielle. | [
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Goths | Goths | The Goths (; ) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. They were first definitely reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 3rd century AD, living north of the Danube in what is now Ukraine, Moldova and Romania. Later, many moved into the Roman Empire, or settled west of the Carpathians near what is now Hungary. | Les Goths ou Gots (prononciation : [go]) sont un peuple germanique dont les deux branches, les Ostrogoths et les Wisigoths, engagées à maintes reprises dans des guerres contre et avec Rome pendant la période des grandes invasions de la fin de l'Antiquité, constituent au en Europe occidentale (actuelles Croatie, Italie, France du sud, puis est, centre, et sud de l'Espagne) leurs propres royaumes, qui s'effondreront respectivement en 553 et 711 sauf le nord de l'Espagne (les Asturies). L'origine des Goths est controversée. Au, formant un seul peuple, ils sont fixés dans la région des actuelles Ukraine et Biélorussie. Après un premier affrontement avec l'Empire romain dans le sud-est de l'Europe, ils se séparent en deux groupes : les Greutunges à l'est et les Tervinges à l'ouest, plus couramment désignés comme Ostrogoths et Wisigoths, c'est-à-dire Goths de l'est et de l'ouest respectivement. | [
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Treaty establishing the European Defence Community | Communauté européenne de défense | The Treaty establishing the European Defence Community, also known as the Treaty of Paris, is an unratified treaty signed on 27 May 1952 by the six 'inner' countries of European integration: the Benelux countries, France, Italy, and West Germany. The treaty would have created a European Defence Community (EDC) with a pan-European defence force. The treaty failed to obtain ratification in the French parliament and it was never ratified by Italy, so it consequently never entered into force. Instead, West Germany was admitted into the Western European Union (WEU), a dormant successor of the 1948 Western Union, as well as NATO. | La Communauté européenne de défense (CED) était un projet de création d'une armée européenne, avec des institutions supranationales, placées sous la supervision du commandant en chef de l'OTAN, qui était lui-même nommé par le président des États-Unis. Dans le contexte de la guerre froide, le projet, qui est esquissé en septembre-octobre 1950, ne devient un traité, signé par 6 États, que le. Ratifié par la République fédérale d'Allemagne, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et les Pays-Bas, le traité instituant la CED sera rejeté par l'Assemblée nationale française le par 319 voix contre 264. | [
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Roberto Calvi | Roberto Calvi | Roberto Calvi (13 April 1920 – 17 June 1982) was an Italian banker, dubbed "God's Banker" () by the press because of his close association with the Holy See. He was a native of Milan and was Chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, which collapsed in one of Italy's biggest political scandals. | Roberto Calvi était un homme d'affaires italien, né à Milan le et retrouvé mort à Londres le. Surnommé le « banquier de Dieu », il était responsable de Banco Ambrosiano. Sa mort reste mystérieuse. | [
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List of Roman emperors | Liste des empereurs romains | The Roman emperors were the rulers of the Roman Empire dating from the granting of the title of to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus by the Roman Senate in 27 BC, after major roles played by the populist dictator and military leader Julius Caesar. Augustus maintained a facade of Republican rule, rejecting monarchical titles but calling himself (first man of the council) and (first citizen of the state). The title of Augustus was conferred on his successors to the imperial position. The style of government instituted by Augustus is called the Principate and continued until reforms by Diocletian. The modern word 'emperor' derives from the title, which was granted by an army to a successful general; during the initial phase of the empire, the title was generally used only by the. For example, Augustus' official name was "Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus". | Cet article présente la liste des empereurs romains depuis Auguste jusqu'à la déposition de Romulus Augustule. Le titre d'empereur romain, résultant d'un concept assez moderne, résume la position tenue par les individus détenteurs du pouvoir dans l'Empire romain. L'Empire, développé à partir de la République romaine après avoir fait de sa capitale Rome le pouvoir dominant en Europe au, est caractérisé par la concentration des pouvoirs entre les mains d'un seul individu, plutôt qu'entre celles du ("", SPQR). | [
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Johannes Gutenberg | Johannes Gutenberg | Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (; – February 3, 1468) was a German goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with the printing press. His introduction of mechanical movable type printing to Europe started the Printing Revolution and is regarded as a milestone of the second millennium, ushering in the modern period of human history. It played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses. | Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg, dit Gutenberg (on trouve aussi dans des ouvrages anciens l'orthographe francisée Guteberg, de même que son prénom est parfois francisé en Jean), né vers 1400 à Mayence dans le Saint-Empire romain germanique et mort le dans sa ville natale, est un imprimeur dont l'invention des caractères métalliques mobiles en Europe a été déterminante dans la diffusion des textes et du savoir. | [
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Visigoths | Wisigoths | The Visigoths (; ) were an early Germanic people who along with the Ostrogoths constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, or what is known as the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged from earlier Gothic groups, including a large group of Thervingi, who had moved into the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had played a major role in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths were variable, alternately warring with one another and making treaties when convenient. Under their first leader Alaric I they invaded Italy and sacked Rome in August 410. Afterwards, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Hispania, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD. | Les Wisigoths (« Goths sages » ou, comme dans le mot allemand et néerlandais "Westgoten", « Goths de l'ouest ») ou Tervinges (« peuple de la forêt ») étaient un peuple germanique issu des Goths. Les Wisigoths sont ceux qui, migrant depuis la région de la mer Noire, s'installèrent vers 270-275 dans la province romaine abandonnée de Dacie (actuelle Roumanie), au sein de l'Empire romain, alors que les Ostrogoths s'installèrent, pour leur part, en Sarmatie (actuelle Ukraine). Les Wisigoths migrèrent à nouveau vers l'ouest dès 376 et vécurent au sein de l'Empire romain d'Occident, en Hispanie et en Aquitaine. Les Ostrogoths, eux, migrèrent aussi vers l'ouest, mais plus tard que les Wisigoths, et vécurent en Italie. Wisigoths et Ostrogoths sont classés dans la branche ostique des peuples germaniques. Après la chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident (476), les Wisigoths ont continué pendant près de 250 ans à jouer un rôle important en Europe occidentale. C'est l'un des peuples barbares les plus prestigieux d'Europe, tant par sa longue histoire et ses origines mythiques, que par les traces qu'il laissa longtemps dans les esprits. | [
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Paper | Papier | Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically and/or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes. | Le papier (du latin ) est une matière fabriquée à partir de feuilles vertes d’arbres, de fibres cellulosiques végétales. Il se présente sous forme de feuilles minces et est considéré comme un matériau de base dans les domaines de l’écriture, du dessin, de l’impression, de l’emballage et de la peinture. Il est également utilisé dans la fabrication de composants divers, comme les filtres. | [
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Areca nut | Noix d'arec | The areca nut ( or ) is the seed of the areca palm ("Areca catechu"), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific (Melanesia and Micronesia), Southeast and South Asia, and parts of east Africa. It is commonly referred to as betel nut, not to be confused with betel ("Piper betle") leaves that are often used to wrap it (a preparation known as "paan"). The term "areca" originated from the Kannada word "adike" (ಅಡಿಕೆ) and dates from the 16th century, when Dutch and Portuguese sailors took the nut from Kerala to Europe. Consumption has many harmful effects on health and is carcinogenic to humans. Various compounds present in the nut, including arecoline (the primary psychoactive ingredient which is similar to nicotine), contribute to histologic changes in the oral mucosa. It is known to be a major risk factor for cancers (squamous cell carcinoma) of the mouth and esophagus. As with chewing tobacco, its use is discouraged by preventive efforts. Consumption by hundreds of millions of people worldwide – mainly with southern and eastern Asian origins – has been described as a "neglected global public health emergency". | La noix d’arec, également appelée noix de bétel, est le fruit du palmier à bétel "Areca catechu". Elle contient une graine qui est consommée dans de nombreux pays d’Asie, fraîche ou après traitement dans l'eau bouillante ou encore après séchage. Elle sert à fabriquer une « chique de bétel », une préparation à mâcher avec la feuille de bétel. | [
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Areca catechu | Palmier à bétel | Areca catechu is a species of palm which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa. The palm is believed to have originated in the Philippines, but is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in southern China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan, India, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, many of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and also in the West Indies. | Le palmier à bétel ou aréquier "(Areca catechu)" est une espèce de palmier originaire de l'Inde et de Malaisie. Il appartient au genre "Areca", de la famille des Arecaceae. Ses fruits rouge orangé, connus sous le nom de noix d'arec, servent à confectionner une "chique de bétel", consommée traditionnellement dans une grande partie de l'Asie. La noix d'arec est un des stimulants les plus importants du monde, utilisée par 200 à 400 millions de personnes. | [
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Charlotte Brontë | Charlotte Brontë | Charlotte Brontë (, ; 21 April 1816 – 31 March 1855) was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood and whose novels became classics of English literature. | Charlotte Brontë, née le à Thornton (comté d'Adams) et morte le à Haworth (comté de Bergen), est une romancière anglaise. | [
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Novodevichy Cemetery | Cimetière de Novodevitchi | Novodevichy Cemetery () is a famous cemetery in Moscow. It lies next to the southern wall of the 16th-century Novodevichy Convent, which is the city's third most popular tourist site. | Le cimetière de Novodevitchi ou "Novodiévitchi" (en ), ouvert en 1849 dans les faubourgs sud-ouest de Moscou (Russie), est situé juste à côté du couvent de Novodevitchi. C'est le cimetière le plus prestigieux de la ville avec ses monuments funéraires et ses chapelles. C'est ici qu'ont été enterrées des personnalités historiques éminentes, ou de la nomenklatura, artistes, grands soldats, ou hommes politiques. | [
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Arecaceae | Arecaceae | The Arecaceae are a botanical family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are colloquially called palm trees. Currently 181 genera with around 2,600 species are known, most of them restricted to tropical and subtropical climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, evergreen leaves, known as fronds, arranged at the top of an unbranched stem. However, palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of habitat within their range, from rainforests to deserts. | Les palmiers, palmacées, Palmae, ou arécacées, Arecaceae, – les deux noms sont reconnus – forment une famille de plantes monocotylédones. Facilement reconnaissables à leur tige ligneuse non ramifiée, le stipe, surmonté d'un houppier de feuilles pennées ou palmées, les palmiers symbolisent les déserts chauds, les côtes et les paysages tropicaux. | [
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Acoustics | Acoustique | Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries. | L’acoustique est la science du son. La discipline a étendu son domaine à l'étude des ondes mécaniques au sein des gaz, des liquides et des solides, quelles que soient les fréquences, audibles ou non (infrasons, sons et ultrasons). On parle de "vibroacoustique" quand l'étude se porte particulièrement sur l'interaction entre solides et fluides. | [
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Phoenix, Arizona | Phoenix (Arizona) | Phoenix () is the capital and most populous city in Arizona, with 1,680,992 people (). It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States along with being the largest state capital by population, and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents. | Phoenix (en anglais ) est la capitale et la plus grande ville de l'État de l'Arizona, aux États-Unis. Selon le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis, la ville comptait en 2010, estimée à, ce qui la place au cinquième rang national. Son aire urbaine de est la du pays. 40 % de la population est hispanique. Phoenix est également le siège du comté de Maricopa. | [
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Darkthrone | Darkthrone | Darkthrone is a black metal band from Kolbotn, Norway, formed in 1986 as a death metal band under the name Black Death. In 1991, the band embraced a black metal style influenced by Bathory and Celtic Frost and became one of the leading bands in the Norwegian black metal scene. | Darkthrone est un groupe de black metal norvégien, originaire de Kolbotn. Il est formé en 1986 comme groupe de death metal sous le nom de black death. En 1991, le groupe adopte le style black metal, influencé par Bathory et Celtic Frost, et devient l'un des plus grands groupes de la scène black metal norvégienne. Leurs deuxième, troisième et quatrième albums — ', ', et " — sont considérés, par les fans et la presse spécialisée, comme les meilleurs jamais créés durant la carrière du groupe, et comme les albums les plus influents du genre. Durant la majeure partie du temps, Darkthrone se compose du duo Nocturno Culto et Fenriz. Depuis 2006, leurs compositions sont plus axées black metal traditionnel accompagné d'éléments sonores extraits du heavy metal traditionnel, du speed metal et du punk rock, dans un style similaire à celui de Motörhead. | [
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Ouxpo | Ouvroir d'x potentiel | Ouxpo is an acronym for "Ouvroir d'X Potentielle". It is an umbrella group for Oulipo, Oubapo, Outrapo, etc. The term 'ouvroir', originally used in conjunction with works of charity, was reused by Raymond Queneau for a blend of 'ouvroir' and 'œuvre' ("work") and roughly corresponds to the English 'workshop'. The term 'potentiel' is used in the sense of that "which is possible, or realisable if one follows certain rules". | Un ouvroir d'x potentiel (Ouxpo) est un regroupement de groupes de recherche sur les créations possibles basées sur la contrainte volontaire. | [
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Place of worship | Lieu de culte | A place of worship is a specially designed structure or consecrated space where individuals or a group of people such as a congregation come to perform acts of devotion, veneration, or religious study. A building constructed or used for this purpose is sometimes called a house of worship. Temples, churches, synagogues and mosques are examples of structures created for worship. A monastery, particularly for Buddhists, may serve both to house those belonging to religious orders and as a place of worship for visitors. Natural or topographical features may also serve as places of worship, and are considered holy or sacrosanct in some religions; the rituals associated with the Ganges river are an example in Hinduism. | Un lieu de culte est un endroit, généralement un édifice, dans lequel se réunissent les pratiquants d'une religion pour prier et célébrer un culte au cours de cérémonies. Les lieux de culte ont un caractère sacré aux yeux des croyants. Ils ont une architecture particulière, propre à chaque religion, mais aussi à chaque culture. | [
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Dimmu Borgir | Dimmu Borgir | Dimmu Borgir () is a Norwegian symphonic black metal band from Oslo, Norway, formed in 1993. The name is derived from Dimmuborgir, a volcanic formation in Iceland, the name of which means "dark cities" or "dark castles/fortresses" in Icelandic, Faroese and Old Norse. The band has been through numerous lineup changes over the years; vocalist Shagrath and rhythm guitarist Silenoz are the only original members who still remain, with lead guitarist Galder being a longstanding member. | Dimmu Borgir est un groupe de black metal symphonique norvégien, originaire d'Oslo. Formé en 1993, le groupe tire son nom d'une formation volcanique observée en Islande, à Dimmuborgir. Le groupe a subi de nombreux changements au niveau de ses membres, le guitariste Silenoz et le chanteur Shagrath restant les deux seuls membres fondateurs à l'heure actuelle. | [
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House of Welf | Welf | The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century. | Les Welf (en ) ou l'ancienne maison Welf forment une dynastie de la noblesse franque remontant à l'époque carolingienne du. La famille venait à l'origine du "Maasgau" et des domaines voisins sur les rives de la Moselle en Austrasie ; elle était en ligne directe avec la dynastie impériale des Carolingiens. | [
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Burzum | Burzum | Burzum (; ) is a Norwegian music project founded by Varg Vikernes in 1991. Although Burzum never played live performances, it became a part of the early Norwegian black metal scene and is considered one of the most influential acts in the history of black metal. He has also released four dark ambient and neofolk albums. The word "burzum" means "darkness" in the black speech, a fictional language crafted by "Lord of the Rings" writer J. R. R. Tolkien. Burzum's lyrics and imagery are often inspired by fantasy and Norse mythology, and do not feature the political views Vikernes is known for. | Burzum est un projet musical solo de black metal et dungeon synth norvégien, originaire de Bergen. Formé en 1991 par Varg Vikernes, il s'agit d'un groupe éminent des débuts de la scène black metal norvégienne. Varg Vikernes y assure tous les instruments puisqu'il estime qu'avoir « plus d'une personne dans un projet artistique est toujours un compromis ». Toutefois, quelques invités ont également joué dans certaines des premières compositions. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Andy Warhol | Andy Warhol | Andy Warhol (; born Andrew Warhola; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist, film director, and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings "Campbell's Soup Cans" (1962) and "Marilyn Diptych" (1962), the experimental film "Chelsea Girls" (1966), and the multimedia events known as the "Exploding Plastic Inevitable" (1966–67). | Andy Warhol, né Andrew Warhola le à Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie, États-Unis, et mort le à New York, est un artiste américain, l'un des principaux représentants du pop art. | [
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Huns | Huns | The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, between the 4th and 6th century AD. According to European tradition, they were first reported living east of the Volga River, in an area that was part of Scythia at the time; the Huns' arrival is associated with the migration westward of an Iranian people, the Alans. By 370 AD, the Huns had arrived on the Volga, and by 430 the Huns had established a vast, if short-lived, dominion in Europe, conquering the Goths and many other Germanic peoples living outside of Roman borders, and causing many others to flee into Roman territory. The Huns, especially under their King Attila, made frequent and devastating raids into the Eastern Roman Empire. In 451, the Huns invaded the Western Roman province of Gaul, where they fought a combined army of Romans and Visigoths at the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, and in 452 they invaded Italy. After Attila's death in 453, the Huns ceased to be a major threat to Rome and lost much of their empire following the Battle of Nedao (454?). Descendants of the Huns, or successors with similar names, are recorded by neighbouring populations to the south, east, and west as having occupied parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia from about the 4th to 6th centuries. Variants of the Hun name are recorded in the Caucasus until the early 8th century. | Les Huns sont un ancien peuple (ou, selon certaines sources, une confédération’) nomade originaire de l’Asie centrale, dont la présence en Europe est attestée à partir du et qui y établirent le vaste empire hunnique. L'origine des Huns est disputée : bien que dès le, l'orientaliste français Joseph de Guignes les ait reliés aux Xiongnu, nomades présumés turcs ou mongols voisins septentrionaux des Chinois, suggérant qu'ils étaient leurs descendants jusqu'au et que de nombreuses études ultérieures se soient attachées à démontrer ou infirmer cette parenté, aucun consensus n'a encore été établi sur le sujet. | [
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Black metal | Black metal | Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Common traits include fast tempos, a shrieking vocal style, heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking, raw (lo-fi) recording, unconventional song structures, and an emphasis on atmosphere. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms. | Le black metal est un sous-genre musical extrême du heavy metal, ayant émergé en Europe au milieu des années 1980, et développé dans les pays scandinaves, notamment en Norvège, au début des années 1990. Comme le thrash metal, le black metal s'inspire du punk hardcore et en particulier du Crust, de la Nouvelle vague de heavy metal britannique, ainsi que du shock rock, et se caractérise par un son agressif et chargé d'atmosphères sombres et, parfois, par des mises en scène sanglantes. | [
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Appanage | Apanage | An appanage, or apanage (; ), is the grant of an estate, title, office or other thing of value to a younger child of a sovereign, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture. It was common in much of Europe. | Un apanage est une concession de fief, pris sur un domaine seigneurial, faite par un seigneur ou un souverain régnant aux fils et filles puînés exclus de sa succession. Le mot apanage vient du latin médiéval "apanagium", lui-même formé des mots "ad panem" qui signifie « pour donner du pain » ("panis"). | [
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Björn Borg | Björn Borg | Björn Rune Borg (; born 6 June 1956) is a Swedish former world No. 1 tennis player. Between 1974 and 1981 he became the first man in the Open Era to win 11 Grand Slam singles titles (six at the French Open and five consecutive at Wimbledon), although he was never able to win the US Open in four finals appearances. He also won three year-end championships and 16 Grand Prix Super Series titles. Overall, he set numerous records that still stand. Borg was the first player to win six French Open singles titles. He is considered to have been the No. 1 player in the world for 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1980. | Björn Rune Borg, né le à Stockholm et élevé à Södertälje, est un joueur de tennis professionnel suédois, dont la carrière s'étend de 1973 à 1984. Il fait un retour en 1991 pour prendre sa retraite définitive en 1993. | [
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Powdery mildew | Oïdium | Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales, with "Podosphaera xanthii" (a.k.a. "Sphaerotheca fuliginea") being the most commonly reported cause. "Erysiphe cichoracearum" was formerly reported to be the primary causal organism throughout most of the world. Powdery mildew is one of the easier plant diseases to identify, as its symptoms are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white powdery spots on the leaves and stems. The lower leaves are the most affected, but the mildew can appear on any above-ground part of the plant. As the disease progresses, the spots get larger and denser as large numbers of asexual spores are formed, and the mildew may spread up and down the length of the plant. | L'oïdium, appelé aussi pourriture blanche ou maladie du blanc, est le nom générique donné à une série de maladies cryptogamiques causées par la forme asexuée de certains champignons ascomycètes appartenant à l'ordre des Erysiphales et à la famille des érysiphacées. Ces champignons sont responsables d'épiphyties qui parasitent, de manière plus ou moins spécifique, diverses espèces de plantes cultivées. Bien connu des jardiniers, des pépiniéristes et des agriculteurs, cette maladie des plantes s'attaque principalement à certaines espèces d'arbres comme le chêne, l'érable, le cognassier, le pommier ou l'aubépine qui y sont particulièrement sensibles. Elle se manifeste, comme la rouille, par des sortes de pustules apparaissant sur les organes aériens (feuilles, bourgeons, fruits), et qui peuvent se développer pour former un feutrage blanc (correspondant au développement d'un mycélium poudreux épiphytique) sur lequel est parfois observé des points ou masses colorées, organes de reproduction sexuée généralement produits qu'en fin de saison, ou lorsque les conditions du milieu sont favorables à leur formation. Cette maladie des plantes est causée par des champignons phytopathogènes qui sont des parasites obligatoires biotrophes. 21 genres et 440 espèces de champignons infectent plus de de plantes ( de plantes à fleurs). | [
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The Lord of the Rings | Le Seigneur des anneaux | The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel "The Hobbit", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, "The Lord of the Rings" is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. | Le Seigneur des anneaux ("") est un roman en trois volumes de paru en 1954 et 1955. Prenant place dans le monde de fiction de la Terre du Milieu, il suit la quête du hobbit Frodo Bessac, qui doit détruire l'Anneau unique afin que celui-ci ne tombe pas entre les mains de Sauron, le Seigneur des ténèbres. Plusieurs personnages lui viennent en aide, parmi lesquels son serviteur Sam, le mage Gandalf ou encore l'humain Aragorn, héritier d'une longue lignée de rois. | [
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Ascomycota | Ascomycota | Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (from Greek: ("askos"), meaning "sac" or "wineskin"), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as "Cladonia" belong to the Ascomycota. | Les Ascomycètes (Ascomycota) constituent une très vaste division de champignons supérieurs dont le nombre d'espèces connues double tous les dix ans, près de en 2016. Ils sont caractérisés par la formation des spores (ascospores) à l'intérieur de cellules spéciales de forme cylindrique à globuleuse, les asques, contenant le plus souvent 8 ascospores, parfois 4 ou un multiple de 8, et jusqu'à plus de 1000 chez certains coprophiles. | [
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Tanis | Tanis | Tanis is a city in the north-eastern Nile Delta of Egypt. It is located on the Tanitic branch of the Nile which has long since silted up. | Tanis est le nom grec de l’antique Djanet ("Djâni" en copte), un important site archéologique au nord-est de l'Égypte sur la branche tanitique du Nil. La première étude du site de Tanis date de 1798 au cours de l'expédition de Bonaparte en Égypte. L'ingénieur Pierre Jacotin a dressé le plan du site se trouvant dans la Description de l'Égypte. Les lieux ont été fouillés en 1825 par Jean-Jacques Rifaud qui y a trouvé les deux sphinx en granite rose du musée du Louvre, puis par François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette, entre 1860 et 1864, et William Matthew Flinders Petrie de 1883 à 1886. Les travaux ont été repris par Pierre Montet de 1929 à 1956. La Mission française des fouilles de Tanis (MFFT) étudie le site depuis 1965, sous la direction de Jean Yoyotte, puis de Philippe Brissaud, et enfin de François Leclère depuis 2013. | [
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Solar panel | Panneau solaire | The term solar panel is used colloquially for a photo-voltaic (PV) module. A PV module is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation. Photo-voltaic cells use sunlight as a source of energy and generate direct current electricity. A collection of PV modules is called a PV Panel, and a system of Panels is an Array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to electrical equipment. | Un panneau solaire est un dispositif convertissant une partie du rayonnement solaire en énergie thermique ou électrique, grâce à des capteurs solaires thermiques ou photovoltaïques respectivement. | [
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Institut Le Rosey | Institut Le Rosey | Institut Le Rosey (), commonly referred to as Le Rosey or simply Rosey, is a boarding school in Rolle, Switzerland. It was founded by Paul-Émile Carnal in 1880 on the site of the 14th-century Château du Rosey in the town of Rolle in the canton of Vaud. It is one of the oldest boarding schools in Switzerland. Le Rosey is one of the most expensive schools in the world. | L'Institut Le Rosey est une école privée internationale avec internat située dans le château homonyme, sur le territoire de la commune vaudoise de Rolle, en Suisse. Durant les mois d'hiver, l'école est délocalisée dans la station de ski suisse de Gstaad où elle dispose d'un campus secondaire. Elle est considérée comme l'école la plus chère du monde avec des tarifs avoisinant les 100 000 euros pour une année. Issus de plus de 60 nationalités différentes, les 400 élèves ont droit à un enseignement bilingue, français et anglais. Les élèves peuvent passer soit un bac français soit un bac international au terme de leur formation. | [
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Qetesh | Qadesh (divinité) | Qetesh (also Qadesh, Qedesh, Qetesh, Kadesh, Kedesh, Kadeš or Qades ) is a goddess, who was adopted during the late Bronze Age from the religion of Canaan into the ancient Egyptian religion during its New Kingdom. She was a fertility goddess of sacred ecstasy and sexual pleasure, and became a popular deity. | Qadesh ou Qetesh est une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne, perse et phénicienne. Son nom signifie « sainteté ». Elle est la grande déesse de la fécondité et de la guerre. On retrouve des vestiges liés à cette déesse à Palmyre. Elle apparaît sur des tessères, des stèles babyloniennes. La déesse est représentée nue de face, coiffée d'un disque lunaire ; on la représente souvent debout et armée, assise entre deux lions ou parfois dressée sur un lion comme à Hatra. Elle peut empêcher les conflits mais aussi bien les déclencher et se représente parfois sous les traits de la déesse de la beauté égyptienne, Hathor. | [
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Kojiki | Kojiki | , also sometimes read as Furukotofumi, is an early Japanese chronicle of myths, legends, songs, genealogies, oral traditions, and semi-historical accounts down to 641 concerning the origin of the Japanese archipelago, the "kami" (神), and the Japanese imperial line. It is claimed in its preface to have been composed by Ō no Yasumaro at the request of Empress Genmei in the early 8th century (711–712), and thus is usually considered to be the oldest extant literary work in Japan. The myths contained in the "Kojiki" as well as the are part of the inspiration behind many practices. Later, the myths were re-appropriated for Shinto practices such as the misogi purification ritual. | Le est un recueil de mythes concernant l’origine des îles formant le Japon et des "kami", divinités du shintoïsme. Avec le "Nihon shoki", les légendes contenues dans le "Kojiki" ont inspiré beaucoup de pratiques et de croyances du shintoïsme. Il est généralement considéré comme le plus ancien écrit japonais existant encore de nos jours et est entièrement écrit en langue japonaise, en caractères chinois. Le "Kojiki" est une compilation des récits du conteur Hieda no Are par le chroniqueur Ō no Yasumaro, sur l’ordre de l’impératrice Genmei. Il lui fut offert en 712. | [
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Morchella | Morchella | Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi in the order Pezizales (division Ascomycota). These distinctive fungi have a honeycomb appearance due to the network of ridges with pits composing their caps. Morels are prized by gourmet cooks, particularly in French cuisine. Due to difficulties in cultivation, commercial harvesting of wild morels has become a multimillion-dollar industry in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas, India, and Pakistan, where these highly prized fungi are found in abundance. | Les morilles sont un genre (Morchella) de champignons ascomycètes de la famille des "Morchellaceae". La famille des "Morchellaceae" offre généralement des spécimens toxiques à l'état cru, comestibles après cuisson. | [
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Emperor (band) | Emperor | Emperor is a Norwegian black metal band formed in 1991, regarded as highly influential by critics and emerging black metal bands. The group split up in 2001, but reunited from 2005 to 2007 for a few festival dates and brief US tours, and again reunited in 2013 to 2014. Emperor reformed for the third time in 2016. The group was founded by Ihsahn (guitar/vocal) and Samoth (then, drums). | Emperor est un groupe de black metal norvégien, originaire de Notodden, dans le Comté de Telemark. Formé en 1991, le groupe est considéré comme un des pionniers du black metal symphonique. Il se sépare en 2001, puis se réunit en 2005 jusqu'en 2007, pour quelques dates de tournées nord-américaines, puis se réunit de nouveau en 2014. Le groupe est fondé par Ihsahn (guitare et chant) et Samoth (guitare). | [
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Mercyful Fate | Mercyful Fate | Mercyful Fate is a Danish heavy metal band from Copenhagen, formed in 1981 by vocalist King Diamond and guitarist Hank Shermann. Influenced by progressive rock and hard rock, and with lyrics dealing with Satan and the occult, Mercyful Fate were part of the first wave of black metal in the early to mid-1980s. Many of the bands from this movement went on to influence later black metal musicians in the 1990s, particularly in Norway. Since the band's inception in 1981, Mercyful Fate have released seven studio albums, two extended plays, and four compilations. | Mercyful Fate est un groupe de heavy metal danois, originaire de Copenhague, formé en 1981 par le chanteur King Diamond et le guitariste Hank Shermann. Influencé par le prog et le hard rock, avec des paroles liées au satanisme et à l'occultisme, Mercyful Fate est un groupe pionnier de la première vague du black metal au milieu des années 1980. La plupart des groupes liés à ce mouvement créent une influence sur le black metal dans les années 1990, en particulier en Norvège. Depuis sa création en 1981, Mercyful Fate fait paraître au total sept albums studio, deux extended plays et quatre compilations. | [
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Celtic Frost | Celtic Frost | Celtic Frost () were a Swiss extreme metal band from Zürich. They are known for their strong influence on the development of extreme metal and avant-garde metal. Formed in 1981 as Hellhammer, the band became Celtic Frost in 1984 and released their debut, "Morbid Tales", that year. This was followed by "To Mega Therion" (1985) and the highly experimental "Into the Pandemonium" (1987), all of which were widely praised. Their next album "Cold Lake" (1988) saw a new lineup and a radical change of style, which was widely derided. After the release of "Vanity/Nemesis" (1990), the group disbanded. It re-formed in 2001 and released the critically acclaimed "Monotheist" (2006), before disbanding following frontman Tom Gabriel Fischer's departure in 2008. | Celtic Frost est un groupe de metal extrême à tendance avant-garde suisse, originaire de Zurich. Le groupe, formé en 1984 sur les cendres du groupe Hellhammer, est connu pour son influence sur les genres metal extrême. Le groupe est particulièrement actif entre 1984 et 1993, et se reforme en 2001. À la suite du départ de Tom Gabriel Fischer en 2008, Celtic Frost se sépare. Les membres s'inspiraient fortement des groupes de heavy metal comme Black Sabbath, Judas Priest et Venom, mais également de rock gothique comme Bauhaus, Siouxsie and the Banshees et Christian Death, et du groupe de punk hardcore Discharge. | [
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Seventh Dynasty of Egypt | VIIe dynastie égyptienne | The Seventh Dynasty of Egypt would mark the beginning of the First Intermediate Period in the early 22nd century BC but its actual existence is debated. The only historical account on the Seventh Dynasty was in Manetho's "Aegyptiaca", a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC, where the Seventh Dynasty appears essentially as a metaphor for chaos. Since next to nothing is known of this dynasty beyond Manetho's account, Egyptologists such as Jürgen von Beckerath and Toby Wilkinson have usually considered it to be fictitious. In a 2015 re-appraisal of the fall of the Old Kingdom, the Egyptologist Hracht Papazian has proposed that the Seventh Dynasty was real and that it consisted of kings usually attributed to the Eighth Dynasty. | La de l'Égypte ancienne est une lignée de pharaons peu connue et de courte durée qui règne en succession rapide au début du, probablement avec leur siège du pouvoir à Memphis. Les rois de cette dynastie ont régné, selon les égyptologues, à la toute fin de l'Ancien Empire ou au tout début de la Première Période intermédiaire. Le pouvoir des pharaons s'affaiblissait tandis que celui des gouverneurs de province (ou nomes), connus sous le nom de nomarques, prenait de plus en plus d'importance, l'État égyptien s'étant alors effectivement transformé en système féodal. La dynastie est parfois combinée avec la suivante, en raison du manque de preuves archéologiques de cette période, rendant le découpage en dynasties distinctes assez incertain. | [
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Typhon | Typhon (mythologie) | Typhon (;, ), also Typhoeus (; ), Typhaon () or Typhos (), was a monstrous serpentine giant and one of the deadliest creatures in Greek mythology. According to Hesiod, Typhon was the son of Gaia and Tartarus. However, one source has Typhon as the son of Hera alone, while another makes Typhon the offspring of Cronus. Typhon and his mate Echidna were the progenitors of many famous monsters. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Typhon, ou Typhée (en grec ancien ou, de, « la fumée »), est une divinité primitive malfaisante. Il est le fils de Gaïa (la Terre) et de Tartare. Selon les légendes, il est considéré comme le Titan des vents forts et des tempêtes. | [
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Carl Linnaeus | Carl von Linné | Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as (after 1761 Carolus a Linné). | Carl Linnæus, puis Carl von Linné après son anoblissement, né le à Råshult et mort le à Uppsala, est un naturaliste suédois qui a posé les bases du système moderne de la nomenclature binominale. Considérant, selon la formule d'Edward Coke (« la connaissance des choses périt par l'ignorance du nom »), que la connaissance scientifique nécessite de nommer les choses, il a répertorié, nommé et classé de manière systématique l'essentiel des espèces vivantes connues à son époque en s'appuyant sur ses propres observations comme sur celles de son réseau de correspondants. La nomenclature qu'il établit alors, et la hiérarchisation des classifications en classe, genre, ordre, niveau, espèce et variété, s'impose au comme la nomenclature standard. | [
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Caesarion | Ptolémée XV | Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (, 23 June 47 BC–23 August 30 BC), better known by the nicknames Caesarion ( ) and Ptolemy Caesar (, ) was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra from 2 September 44 BC until her death by 12 August 30 BC and as sole ruler until his death was ordered by Octavian, the later Roman emperor Augustus. | Ptolémée "Philopator Philometor Caesar" (), dit « Césarion » (, Kaisariōn, littéralement « petit César » ; latin : Caesariō), est le fils de et, probablement, de Jules César. Né vers -47, ou vers -44, il gouverne l'Égypte avec sa mère Cléopâtre. | [
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Immortal (band) | Immortal | Immortal is a Norwegian black metal band from Bergen. The group was founded in 1991 by frontman and guitarist Abbath Doom Occulta (Olve Eikemo) and guitarist Demonaz Doom Occulta (Harald Nævdal). The pair worked with various drummers (including Grim, Armagedda and Hellhammer), and were later joined by current drummer Horgh (Reidar Horghagen) in 1996. | Immortal est un groupe de black metal norvégien, originaire de Bergen. Fondé en 1990 par Abbath et Demonaz Doom Occulta, Immortal recense plusieurs albums devenus des références dans la scène musicale black metal, il est d'ailleurs l'un des groupes les plus connus au monde dans ce style. | [
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Late Period of ancient Egypt | Basse époque | The Late Period of ancient Egypt refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after the Third Intermediate Period in the 26th Saite Dynasty founded by Psamtik I, but includes the time of Achaemenid Persian rule over Egypt after the conquest by Cambyses II in 525 BC as well. The Late Period existed from 664 BC until 332 BC, following a period of foreign rule by the Nubian 25th dynasty and beginning with a short period of Neo-Assyrian suzerainty, with Psamtik I initially ruling as their vassal. The period ended with the conquests of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great and establishment of the Ptolemaic dynasty by his general Ptolemy I Soter, one of the Hellenistic diadochi from Macedon in northern Greece. With the Macedonian Greek conquest in the latter half of the 4th century BC, the age of Hellenistic Egypt began. | La Basse époque est une période de l'histoire de l'Égypte antique allant des environs de -664 à -332. Elle débute par la réunification du pays par un roi originaire de Saïs,, après que les Assyriens aient chassé d'Égypte la, et pillé Thèbes. Elle se termine par la conquête de l'Égypte par Alexandre le Grand. On y trouve les six dernières dynasties décrites par Manéthon, qui est lui-même un contemporain des premiers Ptolémées. | [
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Summoning (band) | Summoning | Summoning is an Austrian black metal band based in Vienna. Since their formation in 1993 they have released eight albums and two EPs on Napalm Records. Their lyrics make extensive use of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth writings and mythology. Since 1995, their lineup has had a consistent lineup of musicians Silenius and Protector. The band has never performed live and has consistently maintained that they have no interest in ever doing so. Their latest album "With Doom We Come" was released on January 5, 2018. | Summoning est un groupe de black metal autrichien, originaire de Vienne. Le groupe est connu pour prendre son inspiration dans le monde de J. R. R. Tolkien. | [
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Mortiis | Mortiis | Mortiis is a band from Notodden, Norway fronted by Håvard Ellefsen, who is also known as the namesake of the band. The name is a misspelling of the word "mortis", which is the pronunciation used by the band. Mortiis started as the solo project of Ellefsen as a means to convey a story. This aspect was lost over time and Mortiis slowly formed into a band. | Mortiis [] est un projet musical de Håvard Ellefsen créé en 1993 et basé à Notodden en Norvège, près d'Oslo dans le comté de Telemark. Au commencement, Mortiis était purement et simplement un projet solo de Håvard Ellefsen, qui souhaitait transmettre une histoire par le biais de la musique. Puis, au fil du temps, le projet s'est lentement transformé en groupe musical. | [
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Academy Award for Best Picture | Oscar du meilleur film | The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929. This award goes to the producers of the film and is the only category in which every member of the Academy is eligible to submit a nomination and vote on the final ballot. Best Picture is the final award of the night and is considered the most prestigious honor of the ceremony. | L'Oscar du meilleur film (") est une récompense cinématographique américaine décernée chaque année depuis 1929 par l', laquelle décerne également tous les autres Oscars. | [
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Developing country | Pays en développement | A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), medium-industrialized country or underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita compared with other nations can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". | Dans la typologie la plus courante, les pays en développement ou pays du Sud sont des pays moins développés économiquement que les pays du Nord ou pays développés. | [
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Venom (band) | Venom (groupe) | Venom are an English extreme metal band formed in 1978 in Newcastle upon Tyne. Coming to prominence towards the end of the new wave of British heavy metal, Venom's first two albums—"Welcome to Hell" (1981) and "Black Metal" (1982)—are considered a major influence on thrash metal and extreme metal in general. Venom's second album proved influential enough that its title was used as the name of the extreme metal subgenre of black metal. | Venom, est un groupe de heavy metal britannique, originaire de Newcastle-upon-Tyne, en Angleterre. Formé en 1979, Venom est considéré comme le groupe précurseur du heavy metal dit, et à ce titre est considéré comme le plus important des groupes initiateurs du black metal, avec son album du même nom. | [
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Seth-Peribsen | Péribsen | Seth-Peribsen (also known as Ash-Peribsen, Peribsen and Perabsen) is the serekh name of an early Egyptian monarch (pharaoh), who ruled during the Second Dynasty of Egypt (c. 2890 – c. 2686 BC). His chronological position within this dynasty is unknown and it is disputed who ruled both before and after him. The duration of his reign is also unknown. | Seth-Péribsen est un roi de la de la période thinite. Le nom en serekh de ce roi est très particulier car habituellement, il est surmonté du faucon symbolisant le dieu Horus, formant ainsi ce qui appelé le nom d'Horus, or ici le serekh est surmonté de l'animal sethien symbolisant le dieu Seth, formant ainsi un nom de Seth. Sa position chronologique au sein de cette dynastie est inconnue et il est incertain qui a régné avant et après lui, la durée de son règne est également inconnue. Ni Manéthon, ni aucune liste royale datant de la ne le mentionnent. Le tombeau de Péribsen a été découvert en 1898 à Abydos. Elle a été bien conservée et a montré des traces de restauration entreprise au cours des périodes dynastiques ultérieures. | [
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W. I. Thomas | William Isaac Thomas | William Isaac Thomas (August 13, 1863 – December 5, 1947) was an American sociologist, understood today as a key figure behind the theory of "symbolic interactionism". | William Isaac Thomas est un sociologue américain né aux États-Unis le et décédé le. Si Albion Small fut le premier directeur du département de sociologie de l'université de Chicago, Thomas fut le sociologue dont les analyses marquèrent la naissance de ce que l'on appelle usuellement l'École de Chicago. Auteur, avec Florian Znaniecki, d'une imposante étude sur l'immigration polonaise, il est également connu pour avoir formulé le « théorème de Thomas ». À l'instar de l'école pragmatiste de John Dewey, William James et George Herbert Mead, Thomas sera amené à donner une importance primordiale à la subjectivité des individus. | [
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Michel Crozier | Michel Crozier | Michel Crozier (6 November 1922, Sainte-Menehould, Marne – 24 May 2013, Paris) was a French sociologist and member of the "Académie des sciences morales et politiques" from 1999 until his death. He also was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as a laureate of the Prix Alexis de Tocqueville (1997). | Michel Crozier, né le à Sainte-Menehould (Marne) et mort le à Paris, est un sociologue français. Il est le principal concepteur de l'analyse stratégique et de l'action collective en sociologie des organisations. | [
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Truffle | Truffe (champignon) | A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus, predominantly one of the many species of the genus "Tuber". In addition to "Tuber", many other genera of fungi are classified as truffles including "Geopora", "Peziza", "Choiromyces", "Leucangium", and over a hundred others. These genera belong to the class Pezizomycetes and the Pezizales order. Several truffle-like basidiomycetes are excluded from Pezizales, including "Rhizopogon" and "Glomus". Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi, so are usually found in close association with tree roots. Spore dispersal is accomplished through fungivores, animals that eat fungi. These fungi have significant ecological roles in nutrient cycling and drought tolerance. | La truffe est le nom vernaculaire donné à la fructification comestible de plusieurs espèces de champignons ascomycètes ectomycorhiziens qui se présente sous une forme plus ou moins globuleuse. Le champignon peut produire plusieurs truffes. Certaines espèces n'ont que peu de saveurs et d'autres sont particulièrement appréciées et recherchées depuis l'Antiquité. Les truffes, qu'elles aient poussé spontanément ou qu'elles soient issues de productions agricoles, sont très demandées par les gourmets. | [
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C. Wright Mills | Charles Wright Mills | Charles Wright Mills (28 August 1916 – 20 March 1962) was an American sociologist, and a professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until his death in 1962. Mills was published widely in popular and intellectual journals. He is remembered for several books, such as "The Power Elite", which introduced that term and describes the relationships and class alliances among the US political, military, and economic elites; "", on the American middle class; and "The Sociological Imagination", which presents a model of analysis for the interdependence of subjective experiences within a person's biography, the general social structure, and historical development. | Charles Wright Mills est un sociologue américain né le à Waco (Texas), et mort le. Professeur de sociologie à l’université Columbia à New York, il s’est distingué par sa réflexion sur les élites aux États-Unis, développée dans ses deux principaux ouvrages "The Power Elite" (1956) et "White Collar" (1951). À contre-courant de l’approche sociologique dominante, alors incarnée par Talcott Parsons, dont il a dénoncé le théoricisme dans "L'Imagination sociologique" (1961), il s’inscrit dans une tradition de sociologie critique. | [
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Katie and Orbie | Katie et Orbie | Katie and Orbie is a Canadian animated television series aimed at preschoolers, originally broadcast in Canada from 1994–2002 by Family Channel and later aired in the United States on PBS from 1996–1997 and Disney Channel from 1997–2000. In Canada, the series aired uninterruptedly on Family Channel and (beginning on 2007) Disney Junior (formerly called Playhouse Disney) until December 31, 2012. The series has also aired in different countries around the world. | Katie et Orbie ("") est une série télévisée d'animation canadienne en 78 épisodes de 25 minutes, tirée de l'œuvre conjointe de l'illustrateur torontois Ben Wicks, originaire de Londres en Angleterre, et de sa fille, l'auteure Susan Wicks, et diffusée entre 1994 et 2002 sur, et aux États-Unis dès 1996 dans sur le réseau PBS. | [
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Anthony Giddens | Anthony Giddens | Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens (born 18 January 1938) is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern sociologists and the author of at least 34 books, published in at least 29 languages, issuing on average more than one book every year. In 2007, Giddens was listed as the fifth most-referenced author of books in the humanities. He has academic appointments in approximately twenty different universities throughout the world and has received numerous honorary degrees. | Lord Anthony Giddens, baron Giddens, né le à Edmonton, est un sociologue britannique et professeur de sociologie à l'université de Cambridge. Il est connu pour sa théorie sur la structuration et sa vision holistique des sociétés contemporaines. Il est considéré comme l'un des plus importants contributeurs au domaine de la sociologie contemporaine. Il a notamment été le conseiller politique de Tony Blair, Bill Clinton et José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero au tournant des années 2000. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Alain Touraine | Alain Touraine | Alain Touraine (; born 3 August 1925) is a French sociologist. He is research director at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, where he founded the "Centre d'étude des mouvements sociaux". Touraine was an important figure in the founding of French sociology of work after World War II and later became an internationally-renowned sociologist of social movements, particularly the May 1968 student movement in France and the Solidarity trade-union movement in communist Poland. | Alain Touraine, né le à Hermanville-sur-Mer (Calvados), est un sociologue français de l'action sociale et des nouveaux mouvements sociaux, directeur d'études à l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales. | [
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The Open Group | Open Group | The Open Group is an industry consortium that seeks to "enable the achievement of business objectives" by developing "open, vendor-neutral technology standards and certifications". It has over 625 members and provides a number of services, including strategy, management, innovation and research, standards, certification, and test development. It was established in 1996 when X/Open merged with the Open Software Foundation. | L'Open Group est un consortium de normalisation neutre vis-à-vis des fournisseurs et des technologies (c'est-à-dire qu'il ne dépend pas d'une marque ou d'une technologie en particulier) composé de plus de trois cents organisations membres. L'Open Group définit des normes dans le domaine de l’ingénierie informatique, en particulier les interfaces de programmation. | [
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Davis Cup | Coupe Davis | The Davis Cup is the premier international team event in men's tennis. It is run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and Kosmos Holding and is contested annually between teams from competing countries in a knock-out format. It is described by the organisers as the "World Cup of Tennis", and the winners are referred to as the World Champion team. The competition began in 1900 as a challenge between Great Britain and the United States. By 2016, 135 nations entered teams into the competition. The most successful countries over the history of the tournament are the United States (winning 32 titles and finishing as runners-up 29 times) and Australia (winning 28 titles, including four with New Zealand as Australasia, and finishing as runners-up 19 times). The current champions are Spain, who beat Canada to win their sixth title in 2019. | La Coupe Davis est la plus prestigieuse des compétitions internationales annuelles de tennis masculin par équipes. Créée en 1900 par Dwight Davis, elle est gérée par la Fédération internationale de tennis. Initialement appelée International Lawn Tennis Challenge (littéralement : « défi international de tennis sur gazon »), elle n'oppose d'abord que la Grande-Bretagne et les États-Unis et ne s'ouvre à d'autres nations qu'à partir de 1904. Elle ne prend son nom actuel qu'en 1945 après la mort de son créateur. Depuis 2017, elle est également nommée Coupe du monde de tennis, tout comme la Fed Cup, qui est considérée comme son équivalent féminin. Le caractère collectif de la Coupe Davis tranche avec les autres grands tournois de tennis, sport individuel par excellence malgré l'existence du double. | [
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Erving Goffman | Erving Goffman | Erving Goffman (11 June 1922 – 19 November 1982) was a Canadian-born sociologist, social psychologist, and writer, considered by some "the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century". In 2007 "The Times Higher Education Guide" listed him as the sixth most-cited author of books in the humanities and social sciences, behind Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, and Anthony Giddens, and ahead of Jürgen Habermas. | Erving Goffman, né le à Mannville, Alberta, Canada et mort le à Philadelphie en Pennsylvanie, est un sociologue et linguiste américain d'origine canadienne. Avec Howard Becker, il est l'un des principaux représentants de la deuxième École de Chicago. | [
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Horemheb | Horemheb | Horemheb (sometimes spelled "Horemhab" or "Haremhab" and meaning "Horus is in Jubilation") was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled for 14 years somewhere between 1319 BC and 1292 BC. He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to Mutnedjmet, who is thought (though disputed) to have been the daughter of his predecessor Ay; he is believed to have been of common birth. | Horemheb est le dernier pharaon de la. Manéthon le nomme Horus ou Armaîs selon les historiens qui nous ont transmis ses textes. | [
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Ostrogoths | Ostrogoths | The Ostrogoths () were a Roman-era Germanic people. In the 5th century, they followed the Visigoths in creating one of the two great Gothic kingdoms within the Roman Empire, based upon the large Gothic populations who had settled in the Balkans in the 4th century, having crossed the Lower Danube. While the Visigoths had formed under the leadership of Alaric I, the new Ostrogothic political entity which came to rule Italy, was formed in the Balkans under the influence of the Amal Dynasty, the family of Theodoric the Great. | Les Ostrogoths sont une confédération à dominante germanique qui apparaît dans l'Antiquité et poursuit son évolution jusqu'à l'Antiquité tardive. Ils font partie des Goths et apparaissent dans les bassins de la Vistule, puis du Dniepr et du Boug méridional, d'où ils sont évincés par les Huns, avant de ravager les Balkans pour finalement conquérir l'Italie sous le règne de Théodoric "le Grand". Une petite minorité reste en Crimée. | [
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Jürgen Habermas | Jürgen Habermas | Jürgen Habermas (, ; ; born 18 June 1929) is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. His work addresses communicative rationality and the public sphere. | Jürgen Habermas, né le à Düsseldorf, est un théoricien allemand en philosophie et en sciences sociales. Il est avec Axel Honneth l'un des représentants de la deuxième génération de l'École de Francfort, et développe une pensée qui combine le matérialisme historique de Marx avec le pragmatisme américain, la théorie du développement de Piaget et Kohlberg, et la psychanalyse de Freud. Il a pris part à de nombreux débats théoriques en Allemagne, et s'est prononcé sur divers événements sociopolitiques et historiques. | [
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Thorstein Veblen | Thorstein Veblen | Thorstein Bunde Veblen (30 July 1857 – 3 August 1929) was an American economist and sociologist, who during his lifetime emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism. | Thorstein Bunde Veblen, né le et mort le aux États-Unis, est un économiste et sociologue américain. Il était membre de l'Alliance technique fondée en 1918-19 par Howard Scott, qui donna naissance au mouvement technocratique. | [
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Bal-Sagoth | Bal-Sagoth | Bal-Sagoth are a symphonic black metal band from Sheffield, Yorkshire, England, formed in 1989. Originally formed as an epic symphonic black metal band with strong death metal elements, vocalist/lyricist Byron Roberts took the name 'Bal-Sagoth' from the Robert E. Howard short story ""The Gods of Bal-Sagoth"". Their first demo was recorded in 1993, and Bal-Sagoth have since released three albums on Cacophonous Records, and three with Nuclear Blast. | Bal-Sagoth est un groupe de black metal symphonique britannique, originaire de Yorkshire, en Angleterre. Le groupe se démarque des groupes de black metal traditionnels tels que Darkthrone par une grande présence du clavier, qui apporte une dimension épique très importante dans les compositions du groupe. | [
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Francis de Sales | François de Sales | Francis de Sales (; ; 21 August 156728 December 1622) was a Bishop of Geneva and is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church. He became noted for his deep faith and his gentle approach to the religious divisions in his land resulting from the Protestant Reformation. He is known also for his writings on the topic of spiritual direction and spiritual formation, particularly the "Introduction to the Devout Life" and the "Treatise on the Love of God". | François de Sales, né le 21 août 1567 au château de Sales près de Thorens-Glières en Savoie et décédé le 28 décembre 1622 à Lyon, est un prêtre catholique savoyard. Nommé évêque de Genève, il ne put jamais prendre possession de son siège devenu la « Rome des calvinistes », et resta en résidence à Annecy. Proclamé saint et docteur de l'Église il est liturgiquement commémoré le 24 janvier. | [
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering (and associated disciplines) with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey. It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers. | L’ ou IEEE, en français l'« Institut des ingénieurs électriciens et électroniciens », est une association professionnelle. L’IEEE compte plus de membres et possède différentes branches dans plusieurs parties du monde. L’IEEE est constituée d’ingénieurs électriciens, d’informaticiens, de professionnels du domaine des télécommunications, etc. L’organisation a pour but de promouvoir la connaissance dans le domaine de l’ingénierie électrique (électricité et électronique). Juridiquement, l'IEEE est une organisation à but non lucratif de droit américain. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Robert K. Merton | Robert King Merton | Robert King Merton (born Meyer Robert Schkolnick; 4 July 1910 – 23 February 2003) was an American sociologist who is considered a founding father of modern sociology, and a major contributor to the subfield of criminology. He spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University, where he attained the rank of University Professor. In 1994 he was awarded the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the field and for having founded the sociology of science. | Robert King Merton, né Meyer Robert Schkolnick à Philadelphie en Pennsylvanie le et mort à New York le, est un sociologue américain. En 1994, il est le premier sociologue à recevoir la National Medal of Science, récompensant ses nombreuses et importantes contributions en sociologie. Robert King Merton est considéré par beaucoup comme le fondateur de la sociologie des sciences. Il a développé des concepts notables tels que les conséquences inattendues, les rôles modèles, les prophéties auto-réalisatrices, les théories de moyenne portée, ou encore la socialisation anticipatrice et les groupes de référence. Il a introduit le concept de sérendipité en sociologie. | [
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Procrastination | Procrastination | Procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished by a certain deadline. It could be further stated as a habitual or intentional delay of starting or finishing a task despite knowing it might have negative consequences. It is a common human experience involving delay in everyday chores or even putting off salient tasks such as attending an appointment, submitting a job report or academic assignment, or broaching a stressful issue with a partner. Although typically perceived as a negative trait due to its hindering effect on one's productivity often associated with depression, low self-esteem, guilt and inadequacy; it can also be considered a wise response to certain demands that could present risky or negative outcomes or require waiting for new information to arrive. | La procrastination (du latin'« en avant » et'« du lendemain ») est une tendance à remettre systématiquement au lendemain des actions (qu’elles soient limitées à un domaine précis de la vie quotidienne ou non). Le « retardataire chronique », appelé procrastinateur, n’arrive pas à se « mettre au travail », surtout lorsque cela ne lui procure pas de satisfaction immédiate. | [
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Development studies | Sociologie du développement | Development studies is an interdisciplinary branch of social science. Development studies is offered as a specialized master's degree in a number of reputed universities across the world, and, less commonly, as an undergraduate degree. It has grown in popularity as a subject of study since the early 1990s, and has been most widely taught and researched in developing countries and countries with a colonial history, such as the UK, where the discipline originated. Students of development studies often choose careers in international organisations such as the United Nations, World Bank, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), media and journalism houses, private sector development consultancy firms, corporate social responsibility (CSR) bodies and research centers. | La sociologie du développement se questionne sur les processus de développement sociaux et économiques. Cette branche de la sociologie place ces processus en regard de ses impacts sur la société (communauté, village, ville, pays ou région). Le terme "sociologie du développement" est plus courant dans la littérature en anglais qu'il ne l'est en français. | [
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2003 European heat wave | Canicule européenne d'août 2003 | The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540. France was hit especially hard. The heat wave led to health crises in several countries and combined with drought to create a crop shortfall in parts of Southern Europe. Peer-reviewed analysis places the European death toll at more than 70,000. | La canicule européenne de 2003 est un événement climatique d'ampleur exceptionnelle survenu de juin à août 2003 et qui a été marqué par de nombreux records de température au cours de la première quinzaine du mois d'août. Cette canicule a suivi un printemps exceptionnellement chaud et sec où les températures atteignent à certains endroits déjà fin avril. Cette canicule importante associée à une sécheresse record rappelle la vague de chaleur de l'été 1947 en Europe et la sécheresse de 1976. | [
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Ullage (wine) | Ouillage | Ullage (from the French "ouillage") is a winemaking term that has several meanings but most commonly refers to the headspace of air between wine and the top of the container holding the wine. It can also refer to the process of evaporation that creates the headspace itself or it can be used as a past tense verb to describe a wine barrel or bottle that has gone through the evaporation process ("to be ullaged", etc.). The headspace of air is a mixture mostly of alcohol and water vapors with carbon dioxide that is a by-product of the fermentation process. In containers that are not completely air-tight (such as an oak wine barrel or a cork-stoppered wine bottle), oxygen can also seep into this space. While some oxygen is beneficial to the aging process of wine, excessive amounts can lead to oxidation and other various wine faults. This is why wine in the barrels is regularly "topped up" and refilled to the top with wine in order to minimize the head space. In the bottle, the ullage or "fill level" of the wine can be an important indicator of the kind of care and storage conditions that the wine was kept in. After-market resellers and wine auction houses will often inspect the ullage levels of older vintages to determine the potential quality and value of wine. | L'ouillage est une action périodique visant à toujours maintenir le niveau maximal des fûts et des cuves de vin dans une cave. Il compense les pertes, ou « consume », dues à l'absorption ou l'évaporation. L'ouillage des fûts peut être réalisé avec un outil spécifique, l'ouillette. | [
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Martherenges | Martherenges | Martherenges is a former municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The municipalities of Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges, Thierrens and Chanéaz merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Montanaire. | Martherenges est une localité et une ancienne commune suisse du canton de Vaud. Citée dès le, elle fait partie du district de Moudon entre 1798 et 2007, puis du district du Gros-de-Vaud depuis 2008. Elle fait partie de la commune de Montanaire depuis le. La localité se situe dans la région du Gros-de-Vaud, entre la Broye et la Menthue. | [
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Raymond Aron | Raymond Aron | Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, and journalist. | Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron dit Raymond Aron, né le à Paris 6e et mort le dans la même ville, est un philosophe, sociologue, politologue, historien et journaliste français. | [
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Cruachan (band) | Cruachan | Cruachan is a folk metal band from Dublin, Ireland that has been active since the 1990s. They have been acclaimed as having "gone the greatest lengths of anyone in their attempts to expand" the genre of folk metal. They are recognised as one of the founders of the genre of folk metal. With a specific focus on Celtic music and the use of Celtic mythology in their lyrics, Cruachan's style of folk metal is known as Celtic metal. The band named themselves after the archaeological site of Rathcroghan in Ireland also known as Cruachan. | Cruachan est un groupe de folk metal irlandais, originaire de Dublin. Actif depuis 1992, il est reconnu comme l'un des fondateurs du genre. Il mêle des éléments de heavy et de black metal à des instruments traditionnels (bodhrán, tin-whistle, flûte, guitares acoustiques de différents types), ce qui fait que le groupe peut également être classé dans le metal celtique. | [
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Murphy's law | Loi de Murphy | Murphy's law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong". | La loi de Murphy, développée par Edward A. Murphy Jr, un ingénieur aérospatial américain qui en énonça le premier le principe, est un adage qui s'énonce de la manière suivante : Selon une variante plus détaillée de la loi, On peut interpréter cette loi de deux manières : l'une, humoristique, est de prendre cette loi à la lettre, et de l'ériger en principe de pessimisme. Vue sous cet angle, la loi de Murphy est le constat, élevé au rang de principe fondamental de l'univers, que « le pire est toujours certain ». | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Computer to plate | Computer to plate | Computer-to-plate (CTP) is an imaging technology used in modern printing processes. In this technology, an image created in a Desktop Publishing (DTP) application is output directly to a printing plate. | Le computer-to-plate (CTP, ordinateur vers plaque) ou flashage de plaque est un procédé d'impression dans lequel un périphérique informatique insole ou grave des plaques offset (formes imprimantes destinées aux presses offset), à partir d'un fichier informatique envoyé d'un ordinateur. Ce périphérique est appelé computer-to-plate, comme le procédé lui-même, ou flasheuse de plaque. Le flashage est ainsi une étape intermédiaire entre la PAO et l'impression finale. | [
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Grape | Raisin | A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus "Vitis". Grapes can be eaten fresh as table grapes or they can be used for making wine, jam, grape juice, jelly, grape seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Grapes are a non-climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters. | Le raisin est le fruit de la vigne ("Vitis"). Le raisin de la vigne cultivée "Vitis vinifera" est un des fruits les plus cultivés au monde, avec 68 millions de tonnes produites en 2010, derrière les agrumes (124 millions), les bananes (102 millions) et les pommes (70 millions). Il se présente sous la forme de grappes composées de nombreux grains, qui sont sur le plan botanique des baies, de petite taille et de couleur claire, pour le raisin blanc (verdâtre, jaunâtre, jaune doré) ou plus foncée, pour le raisin rouge (mauve, rose ou noir-violet). | [
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Independence | Indépendance (politique) | Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory. | L'indépendance est une condition pour une nation, un pays, un État dans lequel les résidents et la population exercent l'autogouvernance, et habituellement une souveraineté totale sur le territoire. L'opposition de l'indépendance est le fait d'être totalement régenté par une autorité suzeraine ou coloniale. Cette indépendance est essentiellement politique. Elle se décline aussi sous différentes formes : | [
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Jean du Vergier de Hauranne | Jean Duvergier de Hauranne | Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, the Abbé (Abbot) of Saint-Cyran, (1581 – 6 October 1643) was a French Catholic priest who introduced Jansenism into France. | Jean-Ambroise Duvergier de Hauranne, abbé de Saint-Cyran, souvent appelé simplement Saint-Cyran, né rue Vieille-Boucherie à Bayonne en 1581 et mort à Paris le est un prêtre catholique et théologien français, qui a répandu le jansénisme en France notamment comme directeur spirituel. | [
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Energy level | Niveau d'énergie | A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels. This contrasts with classical particles, which can have any amount of energy. The term is commonly used for the energy levels of electrons in atoms, ions, or molecules, which are bound by the electric field of the nucleus, but can also refer to energy levels of nuclei or vibrational or rotational energy levels in molecules. The energy spectrum of a system with such discrete energy levels is said to be quantized.(And the energy levels don’t have to be equal) | Un niveau d'énergie est une quantité utilisée pour décrire les systèmes en mécanique quantique et par extension dans la physique en général, sachant que, s'il y a bien quantification de l'énergie, à un niveau d'énergie donné correspond un « état du système » donné ; à moins que le niveau d'énergie soit dit « dégénéré ». La notion de niveau d'énergie a été proposée en 1913 par le physicien danois Niels Bohr. | [
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