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Supermassive black hole | Trou noir supermassif | A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH) is the largest type of black hole, containing a mass of the order of hundreds of thousands to billions of times the mass of the Sun (). Black holes are a class of astronomical object that have undergone gravitational collapse, leaving behind spheroidal regions of space from which nothing can escape, not even light. Observational evidence indicates that nearly all large galaxies contain a supermassive black hole, located at the galaxy's center. In the case of the Milky Way, the supermassive black hole corresponds to the location of Sagittarius A* at the Galactic Core. Accretion of interstellar gas onto supermassive black holes is the process responsible for powering quasars and other types of active galactic nuclei. | Un trou noir supermassif (TNSM) est un trou noir dont la masse est de l'ordre d'un million de masses solaires ou plus. Plusieurs types de trous noirs existent : les trous noirs primordiaux, les trous noirs stellaires, les trous noirs intermédiaires et les trous noirs supermassifs. Ces derniers sont les plus massifs, et leur masse peut atteindre jusqu'à 40 milliards de masses solaires (celui de la galaxie Holmberg 15A). Les trous noirs supermassifs se trouvent au centre des galaxies massives et il est généralement accepté dans la communauté scientifique que chaque grosse galaxie abrite de tels objets. Le trou noir supermassif au centre de notre galaxie, la Voie lactée, correspond à la source Sagittarius A*. | [
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Nuremberg trials | Procès de Nuremberg | The Nuremberg trials () were a series of military tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war. The trials were most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, who planned, carried out, or otherwise participated in the Holocaust and other war crimes. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, and their decisions marked a turning point between classical and contemporary international law. | Le procès de Nuremberg intenté par les puissances alliées contre 24 des principaux responsables du Troisième Reich, accusés de complot, crimes contre la paix, crimes de guerre et crimes contre l'humanité, se tient du au et constitue la première mise en œuvre d'une juridiction pénale internationale. | [
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Yamagata Aritomo | Yamagata Aritomo | Prince, also known as Yamagata Kyōsuke, was a Japanese field marshal, twice-elected Prime Minister of Japan, and a leading member of the genrō, an elite group of senior statesmen who dominated Japan after the Meiji Restoration. As the Imperial Japanese Army’s inaugural Chief of Staff, he was the chief architect of the Empire of Japan's military and its reactionary ideology. For this reason, some historians consider Yamagata to be the “father” of Japanese militarism. | Yamagata Aritomo (山縣 有朋, - à Odawara) était un militaire et homme d'État japonais. Il est issu d'une famille de samouraï de Hagi, capitale du domaine féodal de Chōshū (actuelle préfecture de Yamaguchi) dirigé par le clan Mōri. Il est une figure du "hambatsu" et l'un des neuf "genrō" qui dominent la vie politique, administrative et militaire du Japon durant l'ère Meiji. | [
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Gulf Stream | Gulf Stream | The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northwards accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about, it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa. | Le Gulf Stream (« courant du golfe » en anglais) est un courant océanique qui prend sa source entre la Floride et les Bahamas et se dilue dans l'océan Atlantique vers la longitude du Groenland. Son nom est abusivement utilisé pour désigner la dérive nord atlantique, voire l'ensemble de la circulation de surface de l'océan Atlantique nord. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Green flash | Rayon vert | The green flash and green ray are meteorological optical phenomena that sometimes occur transiently around the moment of sunset or sunrise. When the conditions are right, a distinct green spot is briefly visible above the upper rim of the Sun's disk; the green appearance usually lasts for no more than two seconds. Rarely, the green flash can resemble a green ray shooting up from the sunset or sunrise point. | Le rayon vert, flash vert ou encore éclair vert ( de l'anglais "") est un photométéore rare qui peut être observé au lever ou au coucher du Soleil et qui prend la forme d'un point vert visible quelques secondes au sommet de l'image de l'astre tandis qu'il se trouve en grande partie sous l'horizon. Un tel phénomène peut également être observé avec la Lune. | [
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Emil Zátopek | Emil Zátopek | Emil Zátopek (; 19 September 1922 – 22 November 2000) was a Czechoslovak long-distance runner best known for winning three gold medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He won gold in the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres runs, but his final medal came when he decided at the last minute to compete in the first marathon of his life. He was nicknamed the "Czech Locomotive". | Emil Zátopek (né le à Kopřivnice en Tchécoslovaquie et mort le à Prague) est un athlète tchécoslovaque spécialiste des courses de fond, du 5 000 mètres au marathon. Totalisant cinq médailles olympiques dont quatre titres et quatre médailles continentales dont trois titres, il a également battu 18 records du monde sur des distances variées, devenant le seul homme à détenir simultanément 8 records du monde différents. En septembre 1951, il réalise la prouesse de battre en une seule course 4 records du monde différents. Considéré comme l'un des plus grands coureurs de tous les temps, il a marqué les esprits à la suite de son triplé historique lors des Jeux olympiques d'Helsinki où il a remporté successivement le 10 000 mètres, le 5 000 mètres et le marathon — distance qu'il courait pour la première fois —, performance qui n'a jamais été reproduite depuis. De 1948 à 1954, il dispute trente-huit sans jamais en perdre un seul. Il remporte également 15 titres de champion de Tchécoslovaquie sur 5 000 m, 10 000 m et en cross-country. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Expansion of the universe | Expansion de l'Univers | The expansion of the universe is the increase in distance between any two given gravitationally unbound parts of the observable universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion whereby "the scale of space itself changes". The universe does not expand "into" anything and does not require space to exist "outside" it. Technically, neither space nor objects in space move. Instead it is the metric governing the size and geometry of spacetime itself that changes in scale. Although light and objects within spacetime cannot travel faster than the speed of light, this limitation does not restrict the metric itself. To an observer it appears that space is expanding and all but the nearest galaxies are receding into the distance. | En cosmologie, l'expansion de l'Univers est le nom du phénomène qui voit à grande échelle les objets composant l'Univers (galaxies, amas...) s'éloigner les uns des autres. Cet écartement mutuel, que l'on pourrait prendre pour un mouvement des galaxies dans l'espace, s'interprète en réalité par un gonflement de l'espace lui-même, les objets célestes étant de ce fait amenés à s'éloigner les uns des autres. À plus petite échelle, l'expansion n'affecte pas la taille des galaxies elles-mêmes, la gravité ayant un effet prédominant. | [
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VHS | Video Home System | VHS (short for Video Home System) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan on September 9, 1976, and in the United States on August 23, 1977. | L’expression anglaise (système vidéo domestique), mieux connue sous le sigle VHS, désigne une norme d’enregistrement de signaux vidéo sur bande magnétique de mis au point par la marque japonaise JVC à la fin des années 1970, et disparu progressivement au cours des années 2000. | [
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Ancient Egyptian cuisine | Alimentation dans l'Égypte antique | The cuisine of ancient Egypt covers a span of over three thousand years, but still retained many consistent traits until well into Greco-Roman times. The staples of both poor and wealthy Egyptians were bread and beer, often accompanied by green-shooted onions, other vegetables, and to a lesser extent meat, game and fish. | Que ce soit dans les textes gravés sur les parois des temples et des tombeaux ou sous forme de restes d’offrande matérielle, les Égyptiens de l’Antiquité ont laissé de nombreux témoignages de leur mode d’alimentation. | [
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NBA G League | NBA Gatorade League | The NBA G League, or simply the G League, is the National Basketball Association's (NBA) official minor league basketball organization. The league was known as the National Basketball Development League (NBDL) from 2001 to 2005, and the NBA Development League (NBA D-League) from 2005 until 2017. The league started with eight teams until NBA commissioner David Stern announced a plan to expand the NBA D-League to fifteen teams and develop it into a true minor league farm system, with each NBA D-League team affiliated with one or more NBA teams in March 2005. At the conclusion of the 2013–14 NBA season, 33% of NBA players had spent time in the NBA D-League, up from 23% in 2011. As of the 2019–20 season, the league consists of 28 teams, all of which are either single-affiliated or owned by an NBA team. | La NBA Gatorade League, ou NBA G League, ou encore G League, est une ligue américaine mineure de basket-ball créée et dirigée par la National Basketball Association. L’objectif de cette ligue est de permettre aux joueurs, aux entraîneurs et même aux arbitres d’évoluer dans un championnat secondaire, afin de découvrir un univers sportif similaire à la NBA et de se mettre en valeur aux yeux des nombreux recruteurs de la NBA. La NBA Development League s'impose progressivement comme la principale ligue mineure des États-Unis. Avant l'été 2005, la ligue était connue comme la National Basketball Development League (NBDL). Shareef Abdur-Rahim est le président depuis. | [
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Leon Trotsky | Léon Trotski | Leon Trotsky (; born Lev Davidovich Bronstein; – 21 August 1940) was a Soviet revolutionary, Marxist theorist and politician whose particular strain of Marxist thought is known as Trotskyism. | Léon Trotski (ou Trotsky, voire Trotzky ou Trotzki ; en ), de son vrai nom Lev Davidovitch Bronstein (en ), né le à Ianovka (alors dans l'Empire russe, aujourd'hui en Ukraine) et mort assassiné le à Mexico (Mexique), est un révolutionnaire communiste et homme politique russo-soviétique. | [
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SECAM | SÉCAM | SECAM, also written SÉCAM (, " Séquentiel couleur à mémoire", French for "Sequential colour with memory"), is an analog color television system first used in France. It was one of three major color television standards, the others being PAL and NTSC. | Le SÉCAM ou SECAM, acronyme de SÉquentiel Couleur à Mémoire, désigne un mode standardisé de codage vidéo analogique en couleurs, inventé par Henri de France et commercialisé à partir de 1967. Adapté aux formats vidéo 625 lignes et 25 images par seconde, le SECAM a été principalement implanté en France (métropolitaine et DOM-TOM), dans les pays de l'est de l'Europe, en Afrique francophone, les pays de l’ex-URSS, en Mongolie et au Levant. Il est associé selon les pays, à une norme de télédiffusion spécifique (désignée par les lettres L/L', B/G et D/K ou K'/K1). | [
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The Smashing Pumpkins | The Smashing Pumpkins | The Smashing Pumpkins (or Smashing Pumpkins) are an American alternative rock band from Chicago. Formed in 1988 by frontman Billy Corgan (lead vocals, guitar), D'arcy Wretzky (bass), James Iha (guitar), and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums), the band has undergone many line-up changes. The current lineup features Corgan, Chamberlin, Iha and guitarist Jeff Schroeder. | The Smashing Pumpkins est un groupe de rock alternatif américain, originaire de Chicago, dans l'Illinois. Il est formé en 1987 par le chanteur et guitariste Billy Corgan, seul membre à avoir participé à tous les albums du groupe. Il est historiquement composé de Billy Corgan, James Iha, Jimmy Chamberlin et D'Arcy Wretzky. James Iha et D'Arcy Wretzky sont alors remplacés par Jeff Schroeder et Ginger Reyes pour les prestations live. Le groupe fait usage d'éléments issus de divers autres genres musicaux incluant rock gothique, heavy metal, dream pop, rock psychédélique, rock progressif, shoegazing, et electronica dans les derniers albums. The Smashing Pumpkins se popularisent auprès du grand public grâce à leur deuxième album, "Siamese Dream", publié en 1993. Le groupe se popularise davantage avec la tournée en soutien à l'album, et la sortie du double-album "Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness" en 1995, qui atteint la première place du "Billboard" 200 et se vend à près de 10 millions d'exemplaires rien qu'aux États-Unis. The Smashing Pumpkins sont l'un des groupes les plus acclamés des années 1990. Cependant, des divergences internes, des problèmes de toxicomanie, et la baisse des ventes mènent à la séparation du groupe en l'an 2000. | [
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PAL | Phase Alternating Line | Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television used in broadcast television systems in most countries broadcasting at 625-line / 50 field (25 frame) per second (576i). It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. | Le Phase Alternating Line (PAL : « alternance de phase suivant les lignes ») est un des trois principaux standards historiques de codage de la couleur utilisés lors de la radiodiffusion d'un signal vidéo analogique. En tant que tel, il ne spécifie pas de nombre de lignes ni de cadence d'image, qui sont indiqués, avec tous les paramètres de modulation, par la norme de télédiffusion qui lui est accolée (exemple : CCIR L, B, G, K, I...). Cependant, à l'exception notable du PAL M, au Brésil, qui a les mêmes caractéristiques de balayage que le NTSC M des États-Unis (525/30), il est presque toujours associé à des formats de 625 lignes et de 25 images entrelacées par seconde (PAL B/G, PAL I...). Ceux-ci n'affichent en réalité que 575 lignes car 8 % du total sert à la synchronisation et au transport de certaines données numériques. | [
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Schwarzschild radius | Rayon de Schwarzschild | The Schwarzschild radius (sometimes historically referred to as the gravitational radius) is a physical parameter that shows up in the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equations, corresponding to the radius defining the event horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole. It is a characteristic radius associated with every quantity of mass. The "Schwarzschild radius" (Sch. R) was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916. | En physique et en astronomie, le rayon de Schwarzschild est le rayon de l'horizon d'un trou noir de Schwarzschild, lequel est un trou noir dont la charge électrique et le moment cinétique sont nuls. Cela signifie qu'en dessous de ce rayon tous les photons (circulant à la vitesse de la lumière), ont (en oubliant qu'on est dans un cadre relativiste) des trajectoires elliptiques et ne peuvent s'échapper. | [
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Revenue | Chiffre d'affaires | In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales or turnover. Some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, earned during a period of time, as in "Last year, Company X had revenue of $42 million". Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period. In accounting, in the balance statement it is a subsection of the Equity section and revenue increases equity, it is often referred to as the "top line" due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the "bottom line" which denotes net income (gross revenues minus total expenses). | Le chiffre d'affaires (ou CA) est la somme des ventes de biens ou de services d'une entreprise sur un exercice comptable. Il peut inclure ou non des achats pour la revente et des sous-traitances selon le mode de comptabilisation retenu. | [
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Ravenna | Ravenne | Ravenna (,, ; ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 402 until that empire collapsed in 476. It then served as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom until it was re-conquered in 540 by the Byzantine Empire. Afterwards, the city formed the centre of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until the invasion of the Lombards in 751, after which it became the seat of the Kingdom of the Lombards. | Ravenne (italien : "Ravenna", romagnol : "Ravêna") est une ville italienne de la province de Ravenne en Émilie-Romagne. Elle est considérée comme la capitale mondiale de la mosaïque. | [
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Gamma-ray burst | Sursaut gamma | In gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are extremely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant galaxies. They are the brightest and most energetic electromagnetic events known to occur in the universe. Bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several hours. After an initial flash of gamma rays, a longer-lived "afterglow" is usually emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, microwave and radio). | Un sursaut gamma ou sursaut de rayons gamma (SRG ; en anglais "gamma-ray bursts", abrégé en GRB ; quelquefois traduit par « explosion de rayons gamma ») est en astronomie une bouffée de photons gamma qui apparaît de manière aléatoire dans le ciel. Il est caractérisé par sa brièveté (de quelques secondes à quelques minutes) et par la forme particulière de la courbe de lumière. Il est prolongé par des émissions rémanentes, à des longueurs d'onde plus grandes, qui peuvent durer jusqu'à plusieurs mois en s'affaiblissant progressivement. | [
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Canne de combat | Canne de combat | Canne de combat is a French martial art. As weapon, it uses a "canne" or cane (a kind of walking-stick) designed for fighting. "Canne de combat" was standardized in the 1970s for sporting competition by Maurice Sarry. The "canne" is very light, made of chestnut wood and slightly tapered. A padded suit and a fencing mask are worn for protection. | La canne de combat est un sport de combat français de percussion. Il se pratique à l'aide d'un objet contondant, la canne, un bâton de châtaignier de de long avec lequel le « tireur » doit toucher son adversaire sans être lui-même touché. | [
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Dactylorhiza maculata | Dactylorhiza maculata | Dactylorhiza maculata, known as the heath spotted-orchid or moorland spotted orchid, is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Orchidaceae. It is widespread in mountainous regions across much of Europe from Portugal and Iceland east to Russia. It is also found in Algeria, Morocco, and western Siberia. | Dactylorhiza maculata est une espèce de plantes herbacées vivaces de la famille des "Orchidaceae". "D. maculata" désigne l'espèce orchis tacheté mais on la divise en nombreuses sous-espèces. Les feuilles sont tachées de brun foncé, les taches sont orientées transversalement. Les fleurs sont rose-violet ou blanches (souvent tachetées). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Paranoia (role-playing game) | Paranoïa (jeu de rôle) | Paranoia is a dystopian science-fiction tabletop role-playing game originally designed and written by Greg Costikyan, Dan Gelber, and Eric Goldberg, and first published in 1984 by West End Games. Since 2004 the game has been published under license by Mongoose Publishing. The game won the Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Rules of 1984 and was inducted into the Origins Awards Hall of Fame in 2007. "Paranoia" is notable among tabletop games for being more competitive than co-operative, with players encouraged to betray one another for their own interests, as well as for keeping a light-hearted, tongue in cheek tone despite its dystopian setting. | Paranoïa est un jeu de rôle conçu par Greg Costikyan, et publié en 1984 chez West End Games. "Paranoïa" se déroule dans un univers de fiction futuriste teinté d'humour noir. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ophrys | Ophrys | The genus Ophrys is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. They are widespread across much of Europe, North Africa, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East as far east as Turkmenistan. | Le genre Ophrys regroupe des orchidées (famille des "Orchidaceae") terrestres euro-méditerranéennes répandu du sud de la Scandinavie à l'Afrique du Nord et des îles Canaries à la mer Caspienne. | [
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Kaliningrad Oblast | Oblast de Kaliningrad | Kaliningrad Oblast (, "Kaliningradskaya oblast"), often referred to as the Kaliningrad Region in English, or simply Kaliningrad, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation and an exclave of it, located on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Its constitutional status is equal to each of the other 85 federal subjects. Its administrative center is the city of Kaliningrad, formerly known as Königsberg. Baltiysk, in the oblast, is the only Baltic port in the Russian Federation that remains ice-free in winter. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 941,873. | L’oblast de Kaliningrad (en, ), également appelé la « Russie baltique », ou le « pays de l'ambre » (, ), est une exclave russe au bord de la mer Baltique, entourée au nord et à l'est par la Lituanie et au sud par la Pologne. L'oblast de Kaliningrad, la voïvodie de Varmie-Mazurie en Pologne et le Memelland (région de Memel/Klaipeda en Lituanie actuelle) ont remplacé en 1945 la Prusse-Orientale, aujourd'hui disparue, qui appartenait à l'Allemagne. À partir de cette date, la région fut intégrée à la République socialiste fédérative soviétique de Russie (l'une des quinze républiques soviétiques de l'ex-Union soviétique). L'oblast, d'une superficie de, a une population de habitants (2016). Sa capitale est Kaliningrad (anciennement "Königsberg"). | [
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Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship | Voïvodie de Varmie-Mazurie | Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship or Warmia-Masuria Province or Warmia-Mazury Province (in, is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Olsztyn. The voivodeship has an area of and a population of 1,427,091 (as of 2006). | La voïvodie de Varmie-Mazurie (en polonais "Województwo warmińsko-mazurskie" et "Ermland-Masuren" en allemand) est une région administrative (voïvodie) du Nord-Est de la Pologne. Sa capitale est Olsztyn (prononciation « Ol-"chtene" »), l'ancienne Allenstein. | [
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Mass media | Médias de masse | Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place include a variety of outlets. | Les médias de masse (francisation de l') sont l'ensemble des moyens de diffusion de masse de l'information, de la publicité et de la culture, ils sont capables d'atteindre et d'influencer une large audience. Les principaux moyens de communication de masse sont la presse, l'affiche, le cinéma, la radiodiffusion, la télévision et plus récemment l'internet. Le terme média est souvent utilisé comme une abréviation de "mass media" (ou médias de masse). | [
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James Ossuary | Ossuaire de Silwan | The James Ossuary is a 1st-century limestone box that was used for containing the bones of the dead. An Aramaic inscription in the Hebrew alphabet meaning "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus" is cut into one side of the box. The inscription is considered significant because, if genuine, it might provide archaeological evidence for Jesus of Nazareth. However, while the ossuary itself is accepted as authentic to the time period, the inscription itself could be a modern forgery. | L’ossuaire de Silwan est une urne funéraire, contenant des ossements, trouvée en Israël en 2002. Il porte une inscription en araméen qui se traduit par « Jacques fils de Joseph, frère de Jésus » et daterait du. D'aucuns en déduisent qu'il s'agit des os de Jacques le Juste, le propre frère de Jésus de Nazareth, premier dirigeant de l'Église primitive, mais dont l'existence a été occultée par la suite. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Phi | Phi | Phi (uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or φ; "pheî" ; Modern Greek "fi" ) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. | Phi (capitale Φ, minuscule φ ou φ; en grec ) est la lettre de l'alphabet grec, précédée par upsilon et suivie par chi. Elle est l'ancêtre de la lettre Ф de l'alphabet cyrillique. | [
250004,
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Portuguese literature | Littérature lusophone | Portuguese literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the Portuguese language, particularly by citizens of Portugal; it may also refer to literature written by people living in Portugal, Brazil, Angola and Mozambique, as well as other Portuguese-speaking countries. An early example of Portuguese literature is the tradition of a medieval Galician-Portuguese poetry, originally developed in Galicia and northern Portugal. The literature of Portugal is distinguished by a wealth and variety of lyric poetry, which has characterized it from the beginning of its language, after the Roman occupation; by its wealth of historical writing documenting Portugal's rulers, conquests, and expansion; by the then considered Golden Age of the Renaissance period of which it forms part the moral and allegorical Renaissance drama of Gil Vicente, Bernardim Ribeiro, Sá de Miranda and especially the great 16th-century national epic of Luís de Camões, author of national and epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads). | La littérature lusophone rassemble l'ensemble de la littérature écrite en langue portugaise. La lusophonie fédère tous les pays ayant le portugais pour langue officielle : Communauté des pays de langue portugaise (CPLP) d'environ en 2019. | [
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East Prussia | Prusse-Orientale | East Prussia (, ; ; ; ; ) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945. Its capital city was Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad). East Prussia was the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast. | La Prusse-Orientale (en allemand : "") est une province allemande, aujourd'hui disparue, qui fit partie du royaume de Prusse de 1773 à 1824 et de 1878 à 1918, puis de l'État libre de Prusse de 1919 à 1945. Située au bord de la mer Baltique, entre la Vistule et le Niémen, sa capitale était la ville de Königsberg. | [
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Continental Basketball Association | Continental Basketball Association | The Continental Basketball Association (CBA) (also known as the Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League, the Eastern Professional Basketball League, and the Eastern Basketball Association) was a men's professional basketball minor league in the United States from 1946 to 2009. | La Continental Basketball Association (CBA) est une ligue mineure américaine de basket-ball disparue en mai 2009 après de nombreuses difficultés. | [
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Maneki-neko | Maneki-neko | The "Maneki-neko ("招き猫), literally meaning "beckoning cat", is a common Japanese figurine (lucky charm, talisman) which is often believed to bring good luck to the owner. In modern times, they are usually made of ceramic or plastic. The figurine depicts a cat (traditionally a calico Japanese Bobtail) beckoning with an upright paw, and is usually displayed in, and often at the entrance of, shops, restaurants, pachinko parlors, laundromats, dry cleaners, salons, and other businesses. Some of the sculptures are electric or battery-powered and have a slow-moving paw beckoning. | Un est une statue traditionnelle japonaise en céramique ou en porcelaine, représentant un chat assis et levant la (ou les) patte(s) au niveau de l'oreille, et que l'on trouve fréquemment sur les devantures des magasins, près des caisses dans les centres commerciaux, dans les salons de "pachinko", etc. | [
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Baliqiao | Baliqiao | Yongtongqiao, better known as Baliqiao (; also romanised as Palikao), is a historic bridge located at the intersection of Tongzhou and Chaoyang districts in the east of Beijing, China. It passes over the Tonghui River (通惠河). | Baliqiao (en mandarin 八里桥, pinyin Bālǐqiáo, anciennement transcrit "Palikao") est un pont qui a également donné son nom à une banlieue de Pékin situé entre les districts de Chaoyang et de Thongzou. "Baliqiao" signifie « le pont des huit lis ». Ce pont est en effet situé exactement à huit lis (soit ) de la Cité interdite. | [
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İzmir | Izmir | İzmir (,, ; ), often spelled Izmir in English, is a metropolitan city in the western extremity of Anatolia. It is the third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara, and the second largest urban agglomeration on the Aegean Sea after Athens, Greece. | Izmir, traditionnellement Smyrne (en turc ; en, ), est le deuxième port de Turquie (après Istanbul), et la troisième agglomération du pays par le nombre d’habitants ( d'habitants en 2017). Elle est située sur la mer Égée près du golfe d'Izmir. Ses habitants sont les "Smyrniotes" ( en turc). | [
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The Name of the Rose | Le Nom de la rose (roman) | The Name of the Rose ( ) is the 1980 debut novel by Italian author Umberto Eco. It is a historical murder mystery set in an Italian monastery in the year 1327, and an intellectual mystery combining semiotics in fiction, biblical analysis, medieval studies, and literary theory. It was translated into English by William Weaver in 1983. | Le Nom de la rose (titre original : "") est un roman de l'Italien Umberto Eco, paru en 1980 (traduit en français en 1982 par Jean-Noël Schifano). Ce roman peut être qualifié de policier médiéval. Il reçoit le prix Médicis étranger en 1982. Il est adapté au cinéma par Jean-Jacques Annaud en 1986, avec Sean Connery dans le rôle principal. Une mini-série de 8 épisodes réalisée par Giacomo Battiato, Andrea Porporati et Nigel Williams et dirigée par Giacomo Battiato lui-même a commencé à être diffusée le. | [
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Padua | Padoue | Padua (; ; ) is a city and "comune" in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the area. Padua's population is 214,000 (). The city is sometimes included, with Venice (Italian "Venezia") and Treviso, in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) which has a population of around 2,600,000. | Padoue (,, ) est une ville italienne de la région de la Vénétie, située au nord de la péninsule dans la plaine du Pô, à de Venise, sur la rivière Bacchiglione. | [
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Rosary | Rosaire | The Holy Rosary (;, in the sense of "crown of roses" or "garland of roses"), also known as the Dominican Rosary, or simply the Rosary, refers to a form of prayer psalter used in the Catholic Church and to the string of knots or beads used to count the component prayers. When referring to the prayer, the word is usually capitalized ("the Rosary", as is customary for other names of prayers, such as "the Lord's Prayer", and "the Hail Mary"); when referring to the beads, it is written with a lower-case initial letter ("a rosary bead"). | Le rosaire est un exercice de piété catholique qui consiste à dire quatre chapelets d'oraisons. Consacré à la Vierge Marie, Mère de Jésus-Christ, il tire son nom du latin ecclésiastique "rosarium" qui désigne la guirlande de roses dont les représentations de la Vierge sont couronnées. | [
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Workers' Force | Force ouvrière | The General Confederation of Labor - Workers' Force (, or simply, FO), is one of the five major union confederations in France. In terms of following, it is the third behind the CGT and the CFDT. | Force ouvrière ou FO — nom usuel de la Confédération générale du travail - Force ouvrière (CGT-FO), qui témoigne de ses origines cégétistes — est une confédération syndicale française, créée en 1947. | [
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Grand Unified Theory | Grande unification | A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which, at high energies, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model that define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, or forces, are merged into a single force. Although this unified force has not been directly observed, the many GUT models theorize its existence. If unification of these three interactions is possible, it raises the possibility that there was a grand unification epoch in the very early universe in which these three fundamental interactions were not yet distinct. | En physique théorique, une théorie de grande unification, encore appelée GUT (pour "Grand Unified Theory" en anglais) est un modèle de la physique des particules dans lequel les trois interactions de jauge du modèle standard (électromagnétique, nucléaire faible et nucléaire forte) se fusionnent en une seule à hautes énergies. Cette interaction unifiée est caractérisée par une symétrie de jauge plus grande et donc plusieurs vecteurs de force, mais une seule constante de couplage unifiée. Si une Grande Unification est vérifiée dans la nature, alors il est possible que dans le tout début de l'univers il ait existé une ère de grande unification dans laquelle les forces fondamentales ne faisaient qu'une. | [
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Arctic | Arctique | The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Northern Canada, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost (permanently frozen underground ice) containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places. | LArctique est la région entourant le pôle Nord de la Terre, à l’intérieur et aux abords du cercle polaire arctique. Elle s'oppose à l'Antarctique, au sud. Selon la définition précédente, l'Arctique comprend huit pays soit : la Norvège, la Suède, la Finlande, la Russie, les États-Unis (avec l'Alaska), le Canada, le Danemark (avec le Groenland) et l'Islande. Ils ont aussi en commun d'être régulièrement le théâtre d'aurores boréales. Ces huit pays forment le Conseil de l'Arctique. | [
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Paganism | Paganisme | Paganism (from classical Latin "pāgānus" "rural, rustic," later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism. This was either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population, or because they were not "milites Christi" (soldiers of Christ). Alternate terms in Christian texts for the same group were "hellene", "gentile", and "heathen". Ritual sacrifice was an integral part of ancient Graeco-Roman religion and was regarded as an indication of whether a person was pagan or Christian. | Paganisme est un terme générique employé depuis le par des chrétiens pour désigner la religion de ceux qui ne sont ni chrétiens ni juifs. Il remonte au latin "paganus" : au, ce mot pouvait servir à désigner les habitants des campagnes par opposition à ceux des villes ou bien les civils par opposition aux militaires. D'abord employé comme sobriquet populaire par des chrétiens pour désigner ceux qui ne sont pas baptisés, les villes étant plus christianisées que la campagne, le mot "paganus"/paysan. Entre le et le, Tertullien opposait déjà les "milites christi", les « soldats du Christ », aux "pagani fideles", ceux qui restaient fidèles à leur pays, à leurs traditions et à leurs racines. Le terme a ensuite été adopté dans la littérature chrétienne. Même s'il y désigne toujours ceux qui ne sont pas chrétiens, son acception y est cependant ambiguë. Il est parfois employé de façon péjorative pour désigner ceux qui sont tenus pour être des ignorants, parfois de façon neutre pour désigner les philosophes grecs, parfois encore pour désigner des chrétiens jugés mal convertis ou tièdes dans leur foi. À partir de 370, des lois impériales regroupées au dans le code théodosien emploient le terme "paganus" pour désigner ceux qui pratiquent la magie, ceux qui sont considérés comme superstitieux ou dans l'erreur. Le terme a depuis conservé une connotation péjorative. | [
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Mazarine Pingeot | Mazarine Pingeot | Mazarine Marie Pingeot (born 18 December 1974 in Avignon, Vaucluse), who changed her name to Mazarine Marie Mitterrand Pingeot in November 2016, is a French writer, journalist and professor. | Mazarine Pingeot, officiellement Mazarine Marie Mitterrand Pingeot depuis 2016 à l'état civil, née le à Avignon, est une écrivaine française. Elle est professeure agrégée et docteure en philosophie et enseigne actuellement à l'université Paris-VIII à Saint-Denis. Elle est par ailleurs chroniqueuse sur des sujets culturels et administratrice de l'institut François-Mitterrand. | [
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Jacques Higelin | Jacques Higelin | Jacques Joseph Victor Higelin (18 October 1940 – 6 April 2018) was a French pop singer who rose to prominence in the early 1970s. | Jacques Higelin est un auteur-compositeur-interprète et comédien français, né le à Brou-sur-Chantereine (Seine-et-Marne) et mort le à Nogent-sur-Marne (Val-de-Marne). Très tôt attiré par le monde du spectacle, il entame une carrière d'acteur puis se lance dans la chanson avec le soutien du producteur Jacques Canetti. Tout en gardant un contact régulier avec le théâtre, il obtient un succès grandissant au fil des années et s'impose durablement sur la scène musicale française des années 1970 et 1980. Il retrouve les faveurs du public à la fin des années 2000 et continue à enregistrer des albums ainsi qu'à se produire sur scène. Connu pour sa remarquable présence scénique, il occupe aussi parfois la scène médiatique à l'occasion de certaines prises de position politiques ou militantes, notamment aux côtés d'associations de soutien aux personnes défavorisées. | [
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Nominalism | Nominalisme | In metaphysics, nominalism is a philosophical view which denies the existence of universals and abstract objects, but affirms the existence of general or abstract terms and predicates. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universals – things that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., strength, humanity). The other version specifically denies the existence of abstract objects – objects that do not exist in space and time. | Le nominalisme est une doctrine philosophique qui considère que les concepts sont des constructions humaines et que les noms qui s'y rapportent ne sont que conventions de langage. Les êtres ne sont pas intrinsèquement porteurs des concepts par lesquels nous les appréhendons. | [
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People | Peuple | A people is a plurality of persons considered as a whole, as is the case with an ethnic group or nation. | Le mot peuple est une notion polysémique dont le sens varie selon le contexte. Il désigne à la fois : | [
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Orangutan | Orang-outan | The orangutans (also spelled orang-utan, orangutang, or orang-utang) are three extant species of great apes native to Indonesia and Malaysia. Orangutans are found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra, but during the Pleistocene they ranged throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan ("P. pygmaeus", with three subspecies) and the Sumatran orangutan ("P. abelii"). In November 2017, it was reported that a third species had been identified: the Tapanuli orangutan ("P. tapanuliensis"). The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which also included several other species, including the largest known primate, "Gigantopithecus blacki". The ancestors of the Ponginae split from the main ape line in Africa 15.7 to 19.3 million years ago (mya). | Les Orangs-outans forment un genre (Pongo) de singes appartenant à la famille des hominidés. Ce sont des grands singes diurnes, au pelage clairsemé de couleur rouille à orange foncé, qui comme les autres hominoïdes, ne possèdent pas de queue. Ils sont endémiques des forêts tropicales des îles de Sumatra et Bornéo, territoires partagés entre l'Indonésie et la Malaisie. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Giotto | Giotto di Bondone | Giotto di Bondone (; – January 8, 1337), known mononymously as Giotto (, ) and Latinised as Giottus, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence during the Late Middle Ages. He worked during the Gothic/Proto-Renaissance period. Giotto's contemporary, the banker and chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote that Giotto was "the most sovereign master of painting in his time, who drew all his figures and their postures according to nature" and of his publicly recognized "talent and excellence". In his "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects", Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as making a decisive break with the prevalent Byzantine style and as initiating "the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years". | Giotto di Bondone ou Ambrogiotto di Bondone, dit Giotto, né en 1266 ou 1267 à Vespignano ou Romignano, et mort le à Florence, est un peintre, sculpteur et architecte florentin du "Trecento", dont les œuvres sont à l'origine du renouveau de la peinture occidentale. C'est l'influence de sa peinture qui va provoquer le vaste mouvement général de la Renaissance à partir du siècle suivant. | [
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Shogi | Shōgi | Shogi was the earliest chess variant to allow captured pieces to be returned to the board by the capturing player. This drop rule is speculated to have been invented in the 15th century and possibly connected to the practice of 15th century mercenaries switching loyalties when captured instead of being killed. | Le est un jeu de société combinatoire abstrait traditionnel japonais, se rapprochant du jeu d'échecs, et opposant deux joueurs. Ce jeu est célébré le 17 novembre au Japon, où il est extrêmement populaire. | [
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Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents | Accident nucléaire | A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility". Examples include lethal effects to individuals, radioactive isotope to the environment, or reactor core melt." The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. | Un accident nucléaire, ou "accident radiologique", est un événement industriel accidentel grave, dont les conséquences potentielles ou actuelles sont liées à la présence de matières radioactives. | [
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Apocynaceae | Apocynaceae | Apocynaceae (from "Apocynum", Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison. Members of the family are native to the European, Asian, African, Australian, and American tropics or subtropics, with some temperate members. The former family Asclepiadaceae (now known as Asclepiadoideae) is considered a subfamily of Apocynaceae and contains 348 genera. A list of Apocynaceae genera may be found here. | La famille des Apocynaceae (Apocynacées) regroupe des plantes eudicotylédones (Dicotylédones vraies) de l’ordre des "Gentianales". Ce sont, pour la plupart, des lianes ou des plantes herbacées, quelques arbres ou arbustes, à latex, à feuilles persistantes, des régions tempérées à tropicales. C'est une famille cosmopolite, mais la plupart des espèces poussent dans des régions tropicales et subtropicales. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
X-ray absorption spectroscopy | Spectrométrie d'absorption des rayons X | X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used technique for determining the local geometric and/or electronic structure of matter. The experiment is usually performed at synchrotron radiation facilities, which provide intense and tunable X-ray beams. Samples can be in the gas phase, solutions, or solids. | La spectrométrie d'absorption des rayons X aide à déterminer la structure d'un matériau. Elle a l'avantage d'être sélective quant à l'espèce atomique observée. | [
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Phase diagram | Diagramme de phase | A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium. | Un diagramme de phase, ou diagramme de phases, est une représentation graphique utilisée en thermodynamique, généralement à deux ou trois dimensions, représentant les domaines de l'état physique (ou phase) d'un système (corps pur ou mélange de corps purs), en fonction de variables, choisies pour faciliter la compréhension des phénomènes étudiés. | [
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Pachypodium | Pachypodium | Pachypodium is a genus of succulent spine-bearing trees and shrubs, native to Madagascar and Africa. It belongs to the family Apocynaceae. | Le genre Pachypodium regroupe des plantes de la famille des Apocynacées. Signifiant "pied épais" le nom de genre se réfère aux tiges épaissies à la base de ces plantes (caudex). Comme toutes les Apocynacées les "Pachypodium" produisent un latex riche en alcaloïdes qui dans le cas de "Pachypodium lealii" est hautement vénéneux. | [
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Lübeck | Lübeck | Lübeck (, ) (Danish: "Lybæk"), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (), is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany. On the river Trave, it was the leading city of the Hanseatic League, and because of its extensive Brick Gothic architecture, it is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. In 2015, it had a population of 218,523. | Lübeck est une ville hanséatique d'Allemagne du Nord, dans le Land de Schleswig-Holstein. Avec une population de (2018), c'est la deuxième ville du Schleswig-Holstein, après Kiel, la capitale du Land. Son code de plaque d'immatriculation est HL. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Luminance | Luminance | Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. | La luminance est une grandeur correspondant à la sensation visuelle de luminosité d'une surface. La luminance est la puissance de la lumière visible passant ou étant émise en un élément de surface dans une direction donnée, par unité de surface et par unité d'angle solide. Quand la visibilité ou non du rayonnement électromagnétique importe peu, on parle de luminance énergétique ou radiance. En photométrie, on applique au rayonnement une pondération en fréquence basée sur la sensibilité de l'œil humain. | [
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Peace Pilgrim | Peace Pilgrim | Peace Pilgrim (July 18, 1908 – July 7, 1981), born Mildred Lisette Norman, was an American spiritual teacher, mystic, pacifist, vegetarian activist and peace activist. In 1952, she became the first woman to walk the entire length of the Appalachian Trail in one season. Starting on January 1, 1953, in Pasadena, California, she adopted the name "Peace Pilgrim" and walked across the United States for 28 years, speaking with others about peace. She was on her seventh cross-country journey when she died. | Peace Pilgrim (- ) de son vrai nom Mildred Lisette Norman était une militante américaine pacifiste et végétarienne. Elle est l'auteur de "". | [
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Moving Picture Experts Group | Moving Picture Experts Group | The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is a working group of authorities that was formed by ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission. It was established in 1988 by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) and Leonardo Chiariglione, group Chair since its inception. The first MPEG meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada. As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions. MPEG's official designation is ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 – "Coding of moving pictures and audio" (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 11). | MPEG, sigle de, est le groupe de travail du comité technique mixte de l’ISO et de la CEI pour les technologies de l’information. Ce groupe d’experts est chargé du développement de normes internationales pour la compression, la décompression, le traitement et le codage de la vidéo, de l’audio et de leur combinaison, de façon à satisfaire une large gamme d’applications. | [
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Chrominance | Chrominance | Chrominance ("chroma" or "C" for short) is the signal used in video systems to convey the color information of the picture, separately from the accompanying luma signal (or Y' for short). Chrominance is usually represented as two color-difference components: U = B′ − Y′ (blue − luma) and V = R′ − Y′ (red − luma). Each of these difference components may have scale factors and offsets applied to it, as specified by the applicable video standard. | La chrominance, ou chroma, désigne la partie du signal vidéo correspondant à l'information de couleur. Le signal vidéo nécessite une information de luminance et deux informations de chrominance afin de reconstituer les trois couleurs primaires rouge, vert et bleu (RGB) de l'affichage couleur qui utilise le principe de la synthèse additive. Ce choix fut historiquement guidé par la nécessité d'assurer la compatibilité des téléviseurs noir et blanc lors de la naissance des standards NTSC, PAL puis SÉCAM, et après avoir observé que la vision humaine présente une sensibilité moindre à la couleur qu'à la luminosité. | [
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Radioactive waste | Déchet radioactif | Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material. Radioactive waste is a by-product of various nuclear technology processes. Industries generating radioactive waste include nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear power, manufacturing, construction, coal and rare-earth mining and nuclear weapons reprocessing. Radioactive waste is regulated by government agencies in order to protect human health and the environment. | Un déchet radioactif est un déchet qui, du fait du niveau de sa radioactivité, nécessite des mesures de radioprotection particulières. Ces déchets doivent réglementairement faire l'objet d'une caractérisation radiologique (par le producteur de déchets) et d'un contrôle (par le centre de stockage), afin d'assurer que leur stockage est adapté à leur radioactivité éventuelle, et ne crée pas de risque radiologique. Le cas échéant, dans de nombreux pays, des « déchets nucléaires » sans radioactivité significative peuvent être « libérés » après contrôle, pour être traités comme des déchets d'activités économiques de même type. | [
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Pic du Midi de Bigorre | Pic du Midi de Bigorre | The Pic du Midi de Bigorre or simply the Pic du Midi (elevation ) is a mountain in the French Pyrenees. It is the site of the Pic du Midi Observatory. | Le pic du Midi de Bigorre est situé dans les Hautes-Pyrénées, et atteint une altitude de. Il est connu entre autres pour la présence d'un observatoire astronomique et d'un relais de télévision, installés à son sommet. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chinese character encoding | Codage des caractères chinois | In computing, Chinese character encodings can be used to represent text written in the CJK languages—Chinese, Japanese, Korean—and (rarely) obsolete Vietnamese, all of which use Chinese characters. Several general-purpose character encodings accommodate Chinese characters, and some of them were developed specifically for Chinese. | Le codage des caractères chinois han (il existe différentes écritures chinoises) a évolué avec le temps. S'ils sont aujourd'hui tous compris dans le standard Unicode, il existait auparavant différents encodages pour chacune des langues les utilisant. | [
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Yamuna | Yamuna | The Yamuna (Hindustani: ), also known as the Jumna or Jamna, is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of and has a drainage system of, 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin. It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, which is a site of the Kumbh Mela, a Hindu festival held every 12 years. | La Yamuna (en hindi, ) — également appelée Jumna, Jamna ou Yamna dans les dialectes locaux — est une rivière majeure de l'Inde, d'une longueur de, affluent du Gange. La Yamuna est l'une des sept rivières sacrées de l'Inde. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Yamamoto Gonnohyōe | Yamamoto Gonnohyōe | , was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy and twice Prime Minister of Japan from 1913 to 1914 and again from 1923 to 1924. | Bien qu'issu de l'oligarchie de Meiji et de la marine, il se montre dans sa carrière politique plutôt libéral et partisan de l'avènement d'une démocratie parlementaire (préparant notamment dans son deuxième gouvernement la mise en place du suffrage universel masculin). Il ne fait donc pas partie des militaires de la "gunbatsu" qui au contraire défendent le maintien d'un régime oligarchique et autoritaire centré sur l'empereur. | [
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Micral | Micral | Micral is a series of microcomputers produced by the French company Réalisation d'Études Électroniques (), beginning with the Micral N in early 1973. The Micral N was the first commercially available microprocessor-based computer. | Micral est une gamme d'ordinateurs conçus et commercialisés par le bureau d'études R2E depuis 1973. Le tout premier modèle de cette gamme, nommé « Micral », possède la caractéristique d'être basé sur un microprocesseur et d'avoir des dimensions réduites. Il est ainsi reconnu comme étant le premier micro-ordinateur de l'histoire. | [
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Second French Empire | Second Empire | The Second French Empire (), officially the French Empire (), was the regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. | Le Second Empire est le système constitutionnel et politique instauré en France le lorsque Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, président de la République française, devient le souverain, empereur des Français, un an jour pour jour après son coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851. Ce régime politique succède à la Deuxième République et précède la Troisième République. | [
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Rhodes | Rhodes | Rhodes ( ) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean administrative region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes. The city of Rhodes had 50,636 inhabitants in 2011. It is located northeast of Crete, southeast of Athens. Rhodes' nickname is "The Island of the Knights", named after the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, who ruled the island from 1310 to 1522. | Rhodes (en /, / ) est une île grecque, la plus grande du Dodécanèse. Bordée au nord-ouest par la mer Égée et au sud-est par la mer Méditerranée, elle est située entre l'île de Karpathos (Grèce) et les côtes turques, à de ces dernières. Sa population en 2011 est estimée à. Rhodes est aussi le nom de la ville principale de l'île et est peuplée de à. Elle est le siège d'un évêché orthodoxe, la Métropole de Rhodes. | [
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Antioch | Antioche | Antioch on the Orontes (;, "Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou"; also Syrian Antioch) was an ancient Greek city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. Its ruins lie near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey, to which the ancient city lends its name. | Antioche, ou Antioche-sur-l'Oronte (en / "Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou" ; en ) afin de la distinguer des autres Antioche plus récentes, est une ville historique originellement fondée sur la rive gauche de l'Oronte et qu'occupe la ville moderne d'Antakya, en Turquie. C'était l'une des villes d'arrivée de la route de la soie. | [
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Syracuse, Sicily | Syracuse | Syracuse is a historic city on the island of Sicily, the capital of the Italian province of Syracuse. The city is notable for its rich Greek and Roman history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture, and as the birthplace of the preeminent mathematician and engineer Archimedes. This 2,700-year-old city played a key role in ancient times, when it was one of the major powers of the Mediterranean world. Syracuse is located in the southeast corner of the island of Sicily, next to the Gulf of Syracuse beside the Ionian Sea. | Syracuse ("Siracusa" en Italien, "Sarausa" en sicilien) est une ville italienne d'environ située sur la côte, dans le sud-est de la Sicile. | [
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Gdańsk | Gdańsk | Gdańsk (,, ; ; ; ) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland. With a population of 468,158, Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia. It is Poland's principal seaport and the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area. | Gdańsk (,,, d’où Dantzig ou "Dantzick" en français), est la de Pologne par sa population. Située sur la mer Baltique, c'est la plus grande ville portuaire polonaise. Ayant été le chef-lieu de la voïvodie de Gdańsk entre 1975 et 1998, la ville est, depuis 1998, le chef-lieu de la voïvodie de Poméranie, avec le rang de powiat-ville. | [
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Accretion disk | Disque d'accrétion | An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body. The central body is typically a star. Friction causes orbiting material in the disk to spiral inward towards the central body. Gravitational and frictional forces compress and raise the temperature of the material, causing the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object's mass. Accretion disks of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared; those around neutron stars and black holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum. The study of oscillation modes in accretion disks is referred to as diskoseismology. | Un disque d'accrétion est une structure astrophysique formée par de la matière en orbite autour d'un objet céleste central. Ce corps central est typiquement une jeune étoile, une proto-étoile, une naine blanche, une étoile à neutrons ou un trou noir. La forme de la structure est engendrée par l'action de la force gravitationnelle, attirant le matériel vers le corps central, les différentes vitesses initiales des particules, qui entraînent le matériel en forme de disque, et la dissipation d'énergie en son sein par viscosité, entraînant le matériel en spirale vers l'organe central. | [
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Suez Canal | Canal de Suez | The Suez Canal ( "") is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. It is often considered to define the border between Africa and Asia. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it officially opened on 17 November 1869. The canal offers watercraft a more direct route between the North Atlantic and northern Indian oceans via the Mediterranean and Red seas, thus avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans and reducing the journey distance from the Arabian Sea to London, for example, by approximately. It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez. Its length is including its northern and southern access-channels. In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (an average of 47 per day). | Le canal de Suez, en arabe, "", est un canal situé en Égypte, long de, large de et profond de, qui relie, via trois lacs naturels, la ville portuaire de Port-Saïd en mer Méditerranée et la ville de Suez dans le golfe de Suez (partie septentrionale de la mer Rouge), permettant ainsi de relier les deux mers. | [
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Alphabetical order | Classement alphabétique | Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is the generalization of the alphabetical order to other data types, such as sequences of digits or numbers. | Le classement alphabétique est le système de mise en ordre d'un ensemble de mots sur la base des signes qui les composent. Il est plus complexe que le seul ordre alphabétique, simple classement de ces signes eux-mêmes pris isolément. Bien qu'on en ait vu quelques tentatives sous diverses latitudes et à diverses époques et qu'il ait été présent dans la Souda, encyclopédie byzantine du contenant entrées, le classement alphabétique restera une curiosité réservée aux érudits jusqu'en 1286, date où selon Donald Knuth il se généralise (voir plus bas). | [
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Pauline Kergomard | Pauline Kergomard | Pauline Kergomard (24 April 1838 – 1925) was a French educator. She is known as the founder of the nursery school in France. | Pauline Kergomard, née le à Bordeaux et morte le à Saint-Maurice (Val-de-Marne) est inspectrice générale des écoles maternelles, dont elle est la fondatrice en France. | [
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Tasmania | Tasmanie | Tasmania (; abbreviated as TAS, nicknamed Tassie, Nuenonne and Palawa kani: Lutruwita) is an island state of Australia. It is located to the south of the Australian mainland, separated by Bass Strait. The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of about 537,000. Just more than forty percent of the population resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, which forms the metropolitan area of the state capital and largest city, Hobart. | La Tasmanie ( ) est un État australien situé à de la côte sud-est de l'île principale de l'Australie, dont il est séparé par le détroit de Bass. L'État de Tasmanie comprend l'île de Tasmanie et 334 autres petites îles. L'île s'étend sur du nord au sud et d'ouest en est. Sa superficie est de. L'État comptait en 2018 dont la moitié résidait dans la région du Grand Hobart, c'est-à-dire les villes de Hobart (capitale et ville la plus peuplée), Glenorchy et Clarence. Les autres foyers de population sont Launceston, Devonport et Burnie. L'Île Macquarie est aussi sous administration de l'État, elle ressort du Conseil de la vallée Huon. | [
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Tidal force | Force de marée | The tidal force is a force that stretches a body towards and away from the center of mass of another body due to a gradient (difference in strength) in gravitational field from the other body; it is responsible for diverse phenomena, including tides, tidal locking, breaking apart of celestial bodies and formation of ring systems within the Roche limit, and in extreme cases, spaghettification of objects. It arises because the gravitational field exerted on one body by another is not constant across its parts: the nearest side is attracted more strongly than the farthest side. It is this difference that causes a body to get stretched. Thus, the tidal force is also known as the differential force, as well as a secondary effect of the gravitational field. | La force de marée est une conséquence de la force d'attraction gravitationnelle et elle est la cause des marées. Dans certains cas, la force de marée est suffisante pour disloquer le satellite d'un corps spatial. | [
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Antakya | Antakya | Antakya () is the capital of Hatay Province, the southernmost province of Turkey. The city is located in a well-watered and fertile valley on the Orontes River, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) from the Levantine Sea. | Antakya (en turc : ) est une ville de Turquie, située au sud du pays dans la province extra-anatolienne du Hatay, dont elle est la capitale, à une vingtaine de kilomètres de la côte levantine du bassin méditerranéen, dans une vallée sur les rives de l'Oronte (appelé en turc). | [
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Tuscany | Toscane | Tuscany ( ; ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants (2013). The regional capital is Florence ("Firenze"). | La Toscane ( ) est une des vingt régions d'Italie ; elle est située au centre-ouest du pays et sa capitale est Florence. En 2017, elle compte, les Toscanes et les Toscans, répartis sur une superficie de. Son histoire politique et culturelle exceptionnellement riche lui ont permis de donner sa langue à l'Italie, des auteurs tels que Dante, Boccace, Pétrarque, des politiques tels que Cosme l'Ancien, Machiavel, Catherine de Médicis, des artistes tels que Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Léonard de Vinci, Michel Ange et son patrimoine architectural est immense. Son économie repose essentiellement sur le tourisme, l'agriculture et l'industrie de la mode. | [
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Lois McMaster Bujold | Lois McMaster Bujold | Lois McMaster Bujold ( ; born November 2, 1949) is an American speculative fiction writer. She is one of the most acclaimed writers in her field, having won the Hugo Award for best novel four times, matching Robert A. Heinlein's record (not counting his Retro Hugos). Her novella "The Mountains of Mourning" won both the Hugo Award and Nebula Award. In the fantasy genre, "The Curse of Chalion" won the Mythopoeic Award for Adult Literature and was nominated for the 2002 World Fantasy Award for best novel, and both her fourth Hugo Award and second Nebula Award were for "Paladin of Souls". In 2011 she was awarded the Skylark Award. In 2013 she was awarded the Forry Award for Lifetime Achievement, named for Forrest J. Ackerman, by the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society. She has won two Hugo Awards for Best Series, in 2017 for the Vorkosigan Saga and in 2018 for the World of the Five Gods series. The Science Fiction Writers of America named her its 36th SFWA Grand Master in 2019. | Lois McMaster Bujold, née le dans l'Ohio, est une auteure américaine de science-fiction et de fantasy. Elle fut technicienne de pharmacie dans un hôpital pendant quelques années, et ses premiers livres (les trois premiers tomes de la saga "Vorkosigan") furent acceptés par Baen books, son éditeur, en 1985. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Araucaria | Araucaria | Araucaria (; original pronunciation: [a.ɾawˈka. ɾja]) is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 20 extant species in New Caledonia (where 14 species are endemic, see New Caledonian "Araucaria"), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Paraguay. | Le genre Araucaria est l'un des trois genres de végétaux de la famille des Araucariacées. Le genre doit son nom à la région d'Araucanie au Chili dont sont originaires deux espèces du genre. L'araucaria est également appelé « pin du Chili ». Il existe depuis des millions d'années. Des restes fossilisés indiquent qu'au mésozoïque il était abondant dans l'hémisphère sud. | [
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Union Carbide | Union Carbide | Union Carbide Corporation is an American chemical corporation wholly owned (since February 6, 2001) by Dow Chemical Company. It currently employs more than 2,400 people. Union Carbide produces chemicals and polymers that undergo one or more further conversions by customers before reaching consumers. Some are high-volume commodities and others are specialty products meeting the needs of smaller markets. Markets served include paints and coatings, packaging, wire and cable, household products, personal care, pharmaceuticals, automotive, textiles, agriculture, and oil and gas. The company is a former component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. | Union Carbide est une multinationale américaine créée en 1898, produisant et distribuant des produits chimiques L'entreprise, rachetée en 2001 par Dow Chemical employait plus de personnes en 2011. Elle fabrique et vend de nombreux produits chimiques et polymères complexes qui entrent dans la composition de peintures, plastiques, revêtements synthétiques, emballages, fil, textiles, câbles, produits automobiles, pesticides, produits pétroliers et gaziers, produits ménagers, cosmétiques et produits pharmaceutiques. | [
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Adolfo Bioy Casares | Adolfo Bioy Casares | Adolfo Bioy Casares (; September 15, 1914 – March 8, 1999) was an Argentine fiction writer, journalist, diarist, and translator. He was a friend and frequent collaborator with his fellow countryman Jorge Luis Borges, and is the author of the fantastic fiction novel "The Invention of Morel". | Adolfo Bioy Casares, né le à Buenos Aires et mort dans la même ville le, est un écrivain argentin. | [
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Mainframe computer | Ordinateur central | Mainframe computers or mainframes (colloquially referred to as "big iron") are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, and enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing. They are larger and have more processing power than some other classes of computers: minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers. | Un ordinateur central ou un macroordinateur () est un ordinateur de grande puissance de traitement et qui sert d'unité centrale à un réseau de terminaux. Bon nombre des plus grandes entités mondiales les considèrent aujourd'hui comme étant la colonne vertébrale d'une immense quantité de transactions. L'ordinateur central peut être représenté comme une bibliothèque de données consultable en continu par un très grand nombre d'utilisateurs. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Meson | Méson | In particle physics, mesons ( or ) are hadronic subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark, bound together by strong interactions. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles, they have a meaningful physical size, a diameter of roughly one femtometer (1×10 m), which is about 1.2 times the size of a proton or neutron. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few hundredths of a microsecond. Charged mesons decay (sometimes through mediating particles) to form electrons and neutrinos. Uncharged mesons may decay to photons. Both of these decays imply that color is no longer a property of the byproducts. | Un méson est, en physique des particules, une particule composite (c’est-à-dire non élémentaire) composée d'un nombre pair de quarks et d'antiquarks. | [
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Controlled-access highway | Autoroute | A controlled-access highway is a type of highway that has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow—ingress and egress—regulated. Common English terms are freeway (in Australia, South Africa, United States and Canada), motorway (in the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Ireland, New Zealand and parts of Australia) and expressway (parts of Canada, parts of the United States, parts of the United Kingdom, India and many other Asian countries). Other similar terms include "Interstate" and "throughway" (in the United States) and "parkway". Some of these may be limited-access highways, although this term can also refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. | Une autoroute est une voie de communication routière à chaussées séparées, réservée à la circulation à vitesse élevée des véhicules motorisés (automobiles, motos, poids lourds). Elle ne comporte aucun croisement à niveau et les deux sens de circulation sont séparés par un terre-plein central ou une glissière de sécurité, délimités par une bande d'arrêt d'urgence (BAU) et est accessible grâce à des points aménagés à cet effet appelé échangeur, qui permet de raccorder une autre autoroute. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Baryon | Baryon | In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks (at least 3). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles, which are the quark-based particles. They are also classified as fermions, i.e., they have half-integer spin. | Un baryon est, en physique des particules, une catégorie de particule composite (c’est-à-dire non élémentaire) formée de trois quarks, dont les représentants les plus connus sont le proton et le neutron. | [
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Russian alphabet | Alphabet russe | The Russian alphabet () uses letters from the Cyrillic script to write the Russian language. The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. | L’alphabet russe est une variante de l’alphabet cyrillique, qui en possède d’autres. Celui-ci fut introduit dans la principauté de Kiev (Rusʹ de Kiev) au temps de sa conversion au christianisme vers 988, chiffre traditionnel qui est peut-être légèrement postérieur à ce que laissent penser certains faits d’archéologie. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pion | Pion (particule) | In particle physics, a pion (or a pi meson, denoted with the Greek letter pi: ) is any of three subatomic particles:,, and. Each pion consists of a quark and an antiquark and is therefore a meson. Pions are the lightest mesons and, more generally, the lightest hadrons. They are unstable, with the charged pions and decaying after a mean lifetime of 26.033 nanoseconds ( seconds), and the neutral pion decaying after a much shorter lifetime of 84 attoseconds ( seconds). Charged pions most often decay into muons and muon neutrinos, while neutral pions generally decay into gamma rays. | Un pion ou méson pi est une des trois particules : π, π ou π. Ce sont les particules les plus légères de la famille des mésons. Elles jouent un rôle important dans l'explication des propriétés à basse énergie de la force nucléaire forte ; notamment, la cohésion du noyau atomique est assurée par l'échange de pions entre les nucléons (protons et neutrons). | [
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Geography of Estonia | Géographie de l'Estonie | Between 57.3 and 59.5 latitude and 21.5 and 28.1 longitude, Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising East European Platform. It borders the Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia. Average elevation reaches only. The climate is maritime, wet, with moderate winters and cool summers. Oil shale and limestone deposits, along with forests which cover 47% of the land, play key economic roles in this generally resource-poor country. Estonia boasts over 1,500 lakes, numerous bogs, and 3,794 kilometers of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. Tallinn's Muuga port offers one of Europe's finest warm-water harbor facilities. | LEstonie est un pays européen, situé au sud de la Finlande, au nord de la Lettonie et à l'ouest de la Russie. Ce pays est généralement regroupé avec la Lettonie et la Lituanie dans un ensemble géopolitique appelé pays baltes ou « pays baltiques ». | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Memory address | Adressage mémoire | In computing, a memory address is a reference to a specific memory location used at various levels by software and hardware. Memory addresses are fixed-length sequences of digits conventionally displayed and manipulated as unsigned integers. Such numerical semantic bases itself upon features of CPU (such as the instruction pointer and incremental address registers), as well upon use of the memory like an array endorsed by various programming languages. | L’adressage mémoire est, en électronique et en informatique, la façon dont se fait l'accès aux données conservées en mémoire. Une adresse mémoire est un nombre entier naturel (rarement une autre sorte d'identifiant) qui désigne une zone particulière de la mémoire, ou juste le début d'une zone. Le plus souvent, une donnée peut être lue ou écrite. La mémoire peut être temporaire (mémoire vive) pour le travail ou au contraire durable (mémoire non volatile) pour le stockage. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Santiago Ramón y Cajal (; 1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934) was a Spanish neuroscientist and pathologist, specializing in neuroanatomy, particularly the histology of the central nervous system. He and Camillo Golgi received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906, with Ramón y Cajal thereby becoming the first person of Spanish origin to win a scientific Nobel Prize. His original investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain made him a pioneer of modern neuroscience. Hundreds of his drawings illustrating the delicate arborizations ("tree growing") of brain cells are still in use for educational and training purposes. | Santiago Ramón y Cajal ( à Petilla de Aragón, Navarre, Espagne - à Madrid, Communauté de Madrid, Espagne) est un histologiste et neuroscientifique espagnol, colauréat du prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine en 1906 avec Camillo Golgi. | [
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Computer data storage | Mémoire (informatique) | Computer data storage is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media that are used to retain digital data. It is a core function and fundamental component of computers. | En informatique, la mémoire est un dispositif électronique qui sert à stocker des informations (stockage de données). La mémoire est un composant essentiel, présent dans tous les ordinateurs, les consoles de jeux, les GPS et de nombreux appareils électroniques. | [
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Scandinavian Peninsula | Péninsule Scandinave | The Scandinavian Peninsula (; (Bokmål) or ; ;, "Skandinavsky poluostrov") is a peninsula of Eurasia located in Northern Europe, which roughly comprises the mainland of Sweden, the mainland of Norway, and the northwestern area of Finland. | La péninsule scandinave est située dans le Nord de l’Europe, formée par la Suède et la Norvège, à l'exception du comté de Troms et du Finnmark. Elle constitue une partie de la Scandinavie, ensemble formé de ces deux pays et du Danemark. Elle ne comprend qu'une partie de la Laponie. La péninsule scandinave ne se confond pas non plus avec la Fennoscandie constituée de la Suède, de la Norvège et de la Finlande, auxquelles s'ajoutent, en Russie, la péninsule de Kola et la Carélie. | [
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Hardness | Dureté (matériau) | Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. Some materials (e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g. plastics, wood). Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: "scratch hardness", "indentation hardness", and "rebound hardness". | La dureté d'un matériau définit la résistance qu'oppose une surface de l'échantillon à la pénétration d'un poinçon, par exemple une bille en acier trempé (dureté Brinell) ou une pyramide en diamant (dureté Vickers). S'il y résiste bien, il est dit dur, sinon il est dit mou. La dureté se mesure sur différentes échelles selon le type de matériau considéré. | [
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Manor house | Manoir | A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor. The house formed the administrative centre of a manor in the European feudal system; within its great hall were held the lord's manorial courts, communal meals with manorial tenants and great banquets. The term is today loosely applied to various country houses, frequently dating from the late medieval era, which formerly housed the gentry. | Un manoir est avant tout le siège d'un domaine territorial d'origine seigneuriale. Il est la résidence ou la d'un seigneur, son logis seigneurial. La maison forte (manoir fortifié) n'est ni plus ni moins qu'un manoir qui arbore des éléments défensifs (fossé, plate-forme ou talus) à la différence de la « maison manoriale » (manoir non fortifié). | [
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