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Julio-Claudian dynasty | Julio-Claudiens | The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the first Roman imperial dynasty, consisting of the first five emperors—Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—or the family to which they belonged. They ruled the Roman Empire from its formation under Augustus in 27 BC until AD 68, when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide. The name "Julio-Claudian dynasty" is a historiographical term derived from the two main branches of the imperial family: the Julii Caesares and Claudii Nerones. | Les Julio-Claudiens ou dynastie julio-claudienne sont les membres de la famille impériale formant la première dynastie impériale romaine régnant sur l'Empire romain entre 27 av. J.-C. et 68 ap. J.-C., entre Auguste et Néron. Cet ensemble familial, très complexe, puise sa désignation historique moderne dans l'alliance matrimoniale et familiale entre la "gens Claudia" et la "gens Julia" au détour des guerres civiles romaines qui traversent la fin de la République. À l'issue de son accession au pouvoir, Auguste mène en effet une complexe politique de mariages et d'associations au pouvoir entre lui, les enfants mâles de sa sœur (Marcellus), ainsi que ceux de sa fille Julia et de son beau-fils, Tibère, né d'un premier mariage de Livie avec Tibérius Claudius Néro, faisant de lui un membre des "Claudii", adopté tardivement par Auguste face aux décès successifs de tous les autres héritiers potentiels. | [
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Peugeot 407 | Peugeot 407 | The Peugeot 407 is a large family car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 2003 to 2010. It is available in saloon, coupé and estate variants, with both diesel and petrol engines. The petrol engines range from 1.8 to 2.9 litres displacement, whereas the diesels range from 1.6 to 3.0 litre engines. The 407, along with the larger 607, was succeeded by the 508 in January 2011. Sales commenced in April 2004 in France. | La Peugeot 407 est un modèle de voiture Peugeot du qui a remplacé la 406. La Peugeot 407 existe sous trois formes : SW ("station wagon"), berline et coupé. | [
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Valeria gens | Valerii | The Gens Valeria was a patrician family at ancient Rome, prominent from the very beginning of the Republic to the latest period of the Empire. Publius Valerius Poplicola was one of the consuls in 509 BC, the year that saw the overthrow of the Tarquins, and the members of his family were among the most celebrated statesmen and generals at the beginning of the Republic. Over the next ten centuries, few gentes produced as many distinguished men, and at every period the name of "Valerius" was constantly to be found in the lists of annual magistrates, and held in the highest honour. Several of the emperors claimed descent from the Valerii, whose name they bore as part of their official nomenclature. | Les Valerii sont les membres de la "gens Valeria", l'une des familles romaines les plus importantes. De rang patricien à l'origine, la famille compte plus tard plusieurs branches plébéiennes. | [
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Principal ideal domain | Anneau principal | In mathematics, a principal ideal domain, or PID, is an integral domain in which every ideal is principal, i.e., can be generated by a single element. More generally, a principal ideal ring is a nonzero commutative ring whose ideals are principal, although some authors (e.g., Bourbaki) refer to PIDs as principal rings. The distinction is that a principal ideal ring may have zero divisors whereas a principal ideal domain cannot. | Les anneaux principaux forment un type d'anneaux commutatifs important dans la théorie mathématique de la divisibilité (voir aussi l'article anneau principal non commutatif). Ce sont des anneaux intègres auxquels on peut étendre deux théorèmes qui, au sens strict, concernent l'anneau des entiers relatifs : le théorème de Bachet-Bézout et le théorème fondamental de l'arithmétique. | [
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Artificial cardiac pacemaker | Stimulateur cardiaque | A cardiac pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the natural pacemaker of the heart), is a medical device that generates electrical impulses delivered by electrodes to cause the heart muscle chambers (the upper, or atria and/or the lower, or ventricles) to contract and therefore pump blood; by doing so this device replaces and/or regulates the function of the electrical conduction system of the heart. | Le stimulateur cardiaque, ou pacemaker, ou pile cardiaque, est un dispositif implanté dans l’organisme fournissant des impulsions électriques destinées à stimuler les muscles cardiaques en permettant ainsi, par exemple, d’accélérer la pulsation du cœur lorsqu’il est trop lent. La stimulation cardiaque peut être provisoire, pour faire face à une situation transitoire ou définitive. | [
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Split screen (video games) | Écran divisé | A split screen is a display technique in computer graphics that consists of dividing graphics and/or text into adjacent (and possibly overlapping) parts, typically as two or four rectangular areas. This is done to allow the simultaneous presentation of (usually) related graphical and textual information on a computer display. TV Sports used this presentation methodology in the 1960s for instant replay. | L'écran divisé, ou, anglicisme traduit en français par multi-image, et parfois par francisation écran splitté, est, dans une production audiovisuelle (au cinéma, à la télévision, dans un jeu vidéo), un effet consistant à diviser l'écran en plusieurs parties, chacune de ces parties présentant des images différentes : plusieurs scènes différentes, ou bien plusieurs perspectives différentes d'une même scène. | [
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Hannibal | Hannibal Barca | Hannibal (;, ; 247 – between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded Carthage's main army against Rome during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). He is widely considered one of the greatest military commanders in world history. His father, Hamilcar Barca, was a leading Carthaginian commander during the First Punic War (264–241 BC). His younger brothers were Mago and Hasdrubal, and he was brother-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair; all also commanded Carthaginian armies. | Hannibal Barca (en phénicien "Hanni-baal" est un nom théophore signifiant « qui a la faveur de Baal » et "Barca", « foudre »), généralement appelé Annibal ou Hannibal, né en 247 av. J.-C. à Carthage (au nord-est de l'actuelle Tunis en Tunisie) et mort entre 183 av. J.-C. et 181 av. J.-C. en Bithynie (près de l'actuelle Bursa en Turquie), est un général et homme politique carthaginois, généralement considéré comme l'un des plus grands tacticiens militaires de l'histoire. | [
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Echinoderm | Echinodermata | Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of the phylum Echinodermata (from Ancient Greek, ἐχῖνος, "echinos" – "hedgehog" and δέρμα, "derma" – "skin") of marine animals. The adults are recognizable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the sea lilies or "stone lilies". Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. The phylum contains about 7000 living species, making it the second-largest grouping of deuterostomes (a superphylum), after the chordates (which include the vertebrates, such as birds, fishes, mammals, and reptiles). Echinoderms are also the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial (land-based) representatives. | Les échinodermes (Echinodermata) forment un embranchement d'animaux marins benthiques présents à toutes les profondeurs océaniques, et dont les premières traces fossiles remontent au Cambrien. Ils regroupent actuellement cinq classes : les étoiles de mer (Astérides), les oursins (Echinides), les concombres de mer (Holothuries), les Crinoïdes et les Ophiures. Toutes les espèces sont exclusivement marines : on n'en connaît aucune espèce terrestre ni d'eau douce. | [
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Lower Canada Rebellion | Rébellion des Patriotes | The Lower Canada Rebellion (), commonly referred to as the Patriots' War () in French, is the name given to the armed conflict in 1837–38 between the rebels of Lower Canada (now southern Quebec) and the government of Lower Canada. Together with the simultaneous rebellion in the neighbouring colony of Upper Canada (now southern Ontario), it formed the Rebellions of 1837–38 (). | La rébellion des Patriotes, la rébellion du Bas-Canada ou encore les insurrections de 1837-1838, est un conflit militaire survenu de 1837 à 1838 dans la colonie britannique du Bas-Canada (aujourd'hui le Québec). Elle est l'aboutissement d'un conflit politique larvé qui existait depuis le début du entre la population civile et l'occupant militaire colonial. Simultanée avec la rébellion du Haut-Canada, dans la colonie voisine du Haut-Canada, les deux constituèrent les rébellions de 1837. | [
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Kaveri | Kaveri | Kaveri (also known as Cauvery, the anglicized name), is an Indian river flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri river rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats, Kodagu district of the state of Karnataka, at an elevation of 1341m above mean sea level and flows for about 800 km before its outfall into the Bay of Bengal. It is the third largest river after Godavari and Krishna in South India and the largest in the State of Tamil Nadu which, on its course, bisects the state into North and South. The Kaveri is sacred river to the people of South India and is worshipped as the Goddess Kaveramma. The Kaveri is also one of the seven holy rivers of India. | La Cauvery ou Kaveri ( en tamoul et kannada, "kāverī") - le "Khaberos" de Ptolémée - est un des principaux fleuves du sud de l'Inde, long de. | [
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Blocking (stage) | Didascalie (théâtre) | In theatre, blocking is the precise staging of actors to facilitate the performance of a play, ballet, film or opera. Historically, the expectations of staging/blocking have changed substantially over time in Western theater. Prior to the movements toward "realism" that occurred in the 19th century, most staging used a "tableau" approach, in which a stage picture was established whenever characters entered or left the stage, ensuring that leading performers were always shown to their best advantage. In more recent times while nothing has changed about showing leading performers to best advantage there have been changing cultural expectations that have made blocking/staging more complicated. There are also artistic reasons why blocking can be crucial. Through careful use of positioning on the stage, a director or performer can establish or change the significance of a scene. Different artistic principles can inform blocking, including minimalism and naturalism. | Une didascalie, dans le texte d'une pièce de théâtre, le scénario d'un film ou le livret d'un opéra ou d'une comédie musicale, est une note ou un paragraphe, rédigé par l'auteur à l’intention des acteurs ou du metteur en scène, donnant des indications d'action, de jeu ou de mise en scène. Elle remplit une fonction scénique en donnant des indications, notamment sur le comportement, l'humeur ou encore la tenue vestimentaire d'un personnage. | [
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Terminator 2: Judgment Day | Terminator 2 : Le Jugement dernier | Terminator 2: Judgment Day (also promoted as T2) is a 1991 American science fiction action film produced and directed by James Cameron, who co-wrote the script with William Wisher. The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Robert Patrick, and Edward Furlong as its principal cast. It is the sequel to the 1984 film "The Terminator", as well as the second installment in the "Terminator" franchise. "Terminator 2" follows Sarah Connor (Hamilton) and her ten-year-old son John (Furlong) as they are pursued by a new, more advanced Terminator: the liquid metal, shapeshifting T-1000 (Patrick), sent back in time to kill John Connor and prevent him from becoming the leader of the human resistance. A second, less advanced Terminator (Schwarzenegger) is also sent back in time to protect John. | Terminator 2 : Le Jugement dernier () est un film américain de science-fiction réalisé par James Cameron, sorti en 1991. Il met en scène Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Robert Patrick et Edward Furlong dans les rôles principaux. | [
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Arthur Cravan | Arthur Cravan | Arthur Cravan (born Fabian Avenarius Lloyd on 22 May 1887, Lausanne, Switzerland – disappeared 1918) was a Swiss writer, poet, artist and boxer. He was the second son of Otho Holland Lloyd and Hélène Clara St. Clair. His brother Otho Lloyd was a painter and photographer married to the Russian émigré artist Olga Sacharoff. His father's sister, Constance Mary Lloyd, was married to Irish poet Oscar Wilde. He changed his name to Cravan in 1912 in honour of his fiancée Renée Bouchet, who was born in the small village of Cravans in the department of Charente-Maritime in western France. | Fabian Avenarius Lloyd dit Arthur Cravan, né le à Lausanne (Suisse) et disparu vraisemblablement dans le golfe de Tehuantepec, au large de Salina Cruz (Mexique) en novembre 1918, est un poète et boxeur britannique de langue française. Considéré, tant par les dadaïstes que par les surréalistes comme un des précurseurs de leurs mouvements, Arthur Cravan a provoqué le scandale partout où il est passé. | [
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The Cure | The Cure | The Cure are an English rock band formed in Crawley, West Sussex, in 1978. The band members have changed several times, with guitarist, lead vocalist, and songwriter Robert Smith being the only constant member. The band's debut album was "Three Imaginary Boys" (1979) and this, along with several early singles, placed the band in the post-punk and new wave movements that had sprung up in the wake of the punk rock revolution in the United Kingdom. Beginning with their second album, "Seventeen Seconds" (1980), the band adopted a new, increasingly dark and tormented style, which, together with Smith's stage look, had a strong influence on the emerging genre of gothic rock as well as the subculture that eventually formed around the genre. | The Cure est un groupe de rock britannique, originaire de Crawley, dans le Sussex de l'Ouest, en Angleterre. Formé en 1976, le groupe comprend actuellement Robert Smith au chant et à la guitare, Roger O'Donnell aux claviers, Simon Gallup à la basse, Reeves Gabrels à la guitare et Jason Cooper à la batterie. Robert Smith est la figure emblématique du groupe. Seul membre présent depuis son origine, il en est le parolier et le principal compositeur. En plus d'en être le chanteur et guitariste, il joue également des claviers et de la basse. | [
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Bologna | Bologne | Bologna (,, ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 390,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its metropolitan area is home to more than 1,000,000 people. | Bologne (en, prononcé est une ville italienne située dans le nord-est du pays, entre le Pô et les Apennins. C'est le chef-lieu de la région d'Émilie-Romagne (plaine du Pô) et de la province de même nom et l'une des principales villes d'Italie. Bologne compte environ (les "Bolonais") et son aire urbaine regroupe. | [
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Principality | Principauté | A principality (or sometimes ’princedom’) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or by a monarch with another title considered to fall under the generic meaning of the term "prince". | Aujourd'hui une principauté est un territoire gouverné par un monarque ayant le titre de prince ou par un monarque avec un autre titre utilisant le terme générique de « prince ». Elle peut être un État souverain et indépendant, ou une monarchie autonome avec des liens de vassalité envers un autre État. | [
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Granada | Grenade (Espagne) | Granada (, ), is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of four rivers, the Darro, the Genil, the Monachil and the Beiro. It sits at an average elevation of above sea level, yet is only one hour by car from the Mediterranean coast, the Costa Tropical. Nearby is the Sierra Nevada Ski Station, where the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1996 were held. | Grenade (), est une ville espagnole, capitale de la province de Grenade au sud-est de l'Andalousie. Elle s'étend sur plusieurs collines au pied de la Sierra Nevada, au confluent de trois rivières, le Beiro, le Darro et le Genil. | [
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Colin Powell | Colin Powell | Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American politician and retired four-star general in the United States Army. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993). He played major roles in the invasion of Panama in 1989 and especially the Persian Gulf War against Iraq in 1990–1991. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under Republican President George W. Bush. He was the first African-American to serve as Secretary of State. His term was highly controversial regarding his inaccurate justification for America's Iraq War in 2003. He was fired after Bush was reelected in 2004. | Colin Luther Powell, né le à Harlem (New York), est un général et homme politique américain. Il est chef d'État-Major des armées entre 1989 et 1993 puis secrétaire d'État entre 2001 et 2005 dans l'administration du président George W. Bush. | [
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Li Shangyin | Li Shangyin | Li Shangyin (c. 813858), courtesy name Yishan (), was a Chinese poet and politician of the late Tang Dynasty, born in Henei (now Qinyang, Henan). Along with Li He, he was much admired and "rediscovered" in the 20th century by young Chinese writers for the imagist quality of his poems. He is particularly famous for his tantalizing "no title" () poems. | Li Shangyin (), ou Li Yishan, né en 812 ou 813, mort en 858, est un poète chinois de la fin de la dynastie Tang. | [
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Wang Wei (Tang dynasty) | Wang Wei | Wang Wei (; 699–759) was a Chinese poet, musician, painter, and politician during the Tang dynasty. He was one of the most famous men of arts and letters of his time. Many of his poems are preserved, and twenty-nine were included in the highly influential 18th-century anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems". | Wang Wei (), nom de cour et de plume, () né en 701 à Jinzhong et mort en 761 à Chang'an (aujourd'hui Xi'an), est un poète, un peintre, et un musicien chinois de la période Tang. Il a choisi comme nom de cour celui de Mojie, en raison de sa proximité avec le bouddhisme et en référence au « "Sūtra de Vimalakirti" ». | [
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Statically indeterminate | Hyperstatisme | In statics and structural mechanics, a structure is statically indeterminate (or hyperstatic) when the static equilibrium equations (force and moment equilibrium conditions) are insufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions on that structure. | Le but de l'assemblage des pièces est de réaliser une ou plusieurs fonctions. Une des fonctions peut consister à être une structure immobile (bâtiment, pont...), ou bien à réaliser un travail (par exemple déplacer une charge). Dans tous les cas, chaque pièce est en contact avec plusieurs autres, ce qui va d'une part limiter les mouvements de chaque pièce, et d'autre part permettre la transmission d'efforts. | [
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Fever | Fièvre | Fever, also referred to as pyrexia, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point. There is not a single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature with sources using values between in humans. The increase in set point triggers increased muscle contractions and causes a feeling of cold. This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. When the set point temperature returns to normal, a person feels hot, becomes flushed, and may begin to sweat. Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure, with this being more common in young children. Fevers do not typically go higher than. A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from non-serious to life-threatening. This includes viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections—such as influenza, the common cold, meningitis, urinary tract infections, appendicitis, COVID-19, and malaria. Non-infectious causes include vasculitis, deep vein thrombosis, connective tissue disease, side effects of medication, and cancer. It differs from hyperthermia, in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the temperature set point, due to either too much heat production or not enough heat loss. Treatment to reduce fever is generally not required. Treatment of associated pain and inflammation, however, may be useful and help a person rest. Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) may help with this as well as lower temperature. Measures such as putting a cool damp cloth on the forehead and having a slightly warm bath are not useful and may simply make a person more uncomfortable. Children younger than three months require medical attention, as might people with serious medical problems such as a compromised immune system or people with other symptoms. Hyperthermia does require treatment. Fever is one of the most common medical signs. It is part of about 30% of healthcare visits by children and occurs in up to 75% of adults who are seriously sick. While fever evolved as a defense mechanism, treating fever does not appear to worsen outcomes. Fever is often viewed with greater concern by parents and healthcare professionals than is usually deserved, a phenomenon known as fever phobia. | La fièvre est l'état d'un animal, à sang chaud (endotherme) ou à sang froid (ectotherme), dont la température interne est nettement supérieure ("hyperthermie") à sa température ordinaire, de façon contrôlée. | [
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Willis Tower | Willis Tower | The Willis Tower (Formerly and informally: Sears Tower, its name for 36 years) is a 110-story, skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. At completion in 1973, it surpassed the World Trade Center in New York City to become the tallest building in the world, a title that it held for nearly 25 years; it was also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere for 41 years, until the new One World Trade Center surpassed it in 2014. While it held the title of "Tallest Office Building" until 2014, it lost the title of "Tallest Man-Made Structure" after only 3 years. The CN Tower in Toronto, which serves as a communications tower, took over the title in 1976. | La'(anciennement ', en français "Tour Willis") est un gratte-ciel américain situé à Chicago, dans l'État de l'Illinois, achevé en 1973 et œuvre de l'architecte Bruce Graham. Il a été le plus haut immeuble du monde pendant 25 ans, et des États-Unis pendant 40 ans, avant d'être dépassé en 2013 par le One World Trade Center à New York. Il est à ce jour le deuxième plus haut immeuble du continent américain et de l'Hémisphère ouest. Il se trouve au 233 South Wacker Drive dans le secteur financier du Loop. | [
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Immaculate Conception | Immaculée Conception | The Immaculate Conception is a dogma of the Roman Catholic Church which states that the Virgin Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her conception. It proved highly controversial in the Middle Ages, but revived in the 19th century and was adopted as church dogma when Pope Pius IX promulgated "Ineffabilis Deus" in 1854. The move had the overwhelming support of the church's hierarchy, although a few, including the Archbishop of Paris, warned that it is not stated in the New Testament and could not be deduced from it. Protestants overwhelmingly rejected "Ineffabilis Deus" as an exercise in papal power and the doctrine itself as without foundation in Scripture, and Orthodox Christianity, although it reveres Mary in its liturgy, called on the Roman church to return to the faith of the early centuries. The iconography of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception shows her standing, with arms outspread or hands clasped in prayer, and her feast day is 8 December. | L'Immaculée Conception est la conception de la Vierge Marie « sans tache », c'est-à-dire exempte du péché originel. Il s'agit d'un dogme de l'Église catholique qui a été proclamé, le par le pape Pie IX par la bulle "Ineffabilis Deus", mais cette croyance existait déjà chez les Pères de l'Église au. Elle est souvent confondue par erreur avec la conception virginale de Jésus-Christ, c'est-à-dire le dogme de l'Incarnation, mais elle ne concerne que la conception de Marie elle-même. | [
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Nubia | Nubie | Nubia () is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between Aswan in southern Egypt and Khartoum in central Sudan. It was the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa, as the Kerma culture lasted from around 2500 BC until its conquest by the New Kingdom of Egypt under pharaoh Thutmose I around 1500 BC. Nubia was home to several empires, most prominently the kingdom of Kush, which conquered Egypt during the 8th century BC during the reign of Piye and ruled the country as its Twenty-fifth Dynasty (to be replaced a century later by the native Egyptian Twenty-sixth Dynasty). | La Nubie est aujourd'hui une région du nord du Soudan et de l’extrême sud de l'Égypte, longeant le Nil. Dans l'Antiquité, la Nubie était un royaume indépendant dont les habitants parlaient des dialectes apparentés aux langues nilo-sahariennes. Le birgid, un dialecte particulier, était parlé jusqu'au début des années 1970 au nord du Nyala au Soudan, dans le Darfour. L'ancien nubien était utilisé dans la plupart des textes religieux entre les et s. Un dialecte nubien subsiste néanmoins de nos jours et se parle chez une partie de la population nubienne. | [
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Judge | Juge | A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and, typically, in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility and arguments of the parties, and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on their interpretation of the law and their own personal judgment. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a jury. In inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation, a judge might also be an examining magistrate. | Le juge est quelqu'un qui remplit une fonction de jugement dans le domaine juridique. Il est donc chargé de trancher les litiges opposant des parties, ou plaideurs, qui peuvent être des collectivités revêtues par la loi de la personnalité juridique, dite « personnalité morale », dans le cadre d'une procédure dont la mise en œuvre constitue le procès. Il existe plusieurs catégories de juges : juges pour enfants, juges d'instruction... | [
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Li Bai | Li Bai | Li Bai ("Chinese:" 李白, pinyin: "Lǐbái", 701–762), also known as Li Bo, courtesy name Taibai (太白), was a Chinese poet acclaimed from his own day to the present as a genius and a romantic figure who took traditional poetic forms to new heights. He and his friend Du Fu (712–770) were the two most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the Tang dynasty, which is often called the "Golden Age of Chinese Poetry". The expression "Three Wonders" denote Li Bai's poetry, Pei Min's swordplay, and Zhang Xu's calligraphy. | Li Bai (chinois : 李白 ; pinyin : Lǐ Bái), né en 701, mort en 762, ou Li Po (pinyin : Lǐ Bó), ou encore Li Taibai (chinois : 李太白 ; pinyin : Lǐ Táibái), son nom de plume, est l'un des plus grands poètes chinois de la dynastie Tang. | [
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Du Fu | Du Fu | Du Fu (Wade–Giles: Tu Fu; ; 712 – 770) was a Chinese poet and politician of the Tang dynasty. Along with Li Bai (Li Po), he is frequently called the greatest of the Chinese poets. His greatest ambition was to serve his country as a successful civil servant, but he proved unable to make the necessary accommodations. His life, like the whole country, was devastated by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755, and his last 15 years were a time of almost constant unrest. | Du Fu (chinois : 杜甫 ; Wade-Giles : Tu Fu ; EFEO : Tou Fou ; pinyin : Dù Fǔ), ou Du Shaolíng (chinois : 杜少陵 ; EFEO : Tou Chao-ling ; pinyin : Dù Shàolíng), ou encore Dù Gōngbù (chinois 杜工部), né en 712, mort en 770, est avec Li Bai le plus célèbre poète des Tang. | [
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Bonn | Bonn | The Federal city of Bonn ( ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig Van Beethoven in 1770. He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn. | Bonn est une ville fédérale allemande située au bord du Rhin dans le sud du Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, à au sud de Cologne et au nord de Coblence. Bonn est aujourd'hui le deuxième siège du gouvernement fédéral. | [
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Pitcairn Islands | Îles Pitcairn | The Pitcairn Islands (; Pitkern: '), officially Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, are a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands—Pitcairn proper, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno—are scattered across several hundred miles of ocean and have a combined land area of about. Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The nearest places are Mangareva (of French Polynesia) to the west and Easter Island to the east. | Les îles Pitcairn, seul territoire britannique d'outre-mer dans l'océan Pacifique, est un ensemble de cinq îles d'une superficie totale de. En tant qu'entité administrative, son nom officiel en anglais est Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands. Seule Pitcairn est habitée de manière permanente, avec une population d'une cinquantaine d'habitants appartenant à neuf familles, ce qui en fait l'entité politique la moins peuplée du monde. La grande majorité des habitants descendent des neuf mutins du HMS "Bounty" et de leurs femmes tahitiennes. Les îles Pitcairn hébergeaient encore dans les années 1950. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ahmad Shah Massoud | Ahmed Chah Massoud | Ahmad Shah Massoud (Dari Persian/Pashto: ; September 2, 1953September 9, 2001) was an Afghan politician and military commander. He was a powerful guerilla commander during the resistance against the Soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989. In the 1990s he led the government's military wing against rival militias and, after the Taliban takeover, was the leading opposition commander against their regime, which he fought against until his assassination in 2001. | Ahmed Chah Massoud ( - ), fréquemment appelé le commandant Massoud, était le commandant du Front uni islamique et national pour le salut de l'Afghanistan, du Jamiat-e Islami et le chef de l'Armée islamique, une armée ayant combattu contre l'occupation soviétique puis le régime des talibans de 1996 à 2001. | [
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La Grande Bouffe | La Grande Bouffe | La Grande Bouffe (Italian: La grande abbuffata; English: The Grande Bouffe and Blow-Out) is a 1973 French–Italian film directed by Marco Ferreri. It stars Marcello Mastroianni, Ugo Tognazzi, Michel Piccoli, Philippe Noiret and Andréa Ferréol. The film centres on a group of friends who plan to eat themselves to death. It satirises consumerism and the decadence of the bourgeoisie and was therefore controversial upon its release. It has become a cult film. | La Grande Bouffe ("La grande abbuffata") est un film franco-italien réalisé par Marco Ferreri en 1973. Présenté en compétition au festival de Cannes, il remporte le prix FIPRESCI, ex-æquo avec "La Maman et la Putain" de Jean Eustache. Satire du consumérisme et de la décadence de la bourgeoisie, le film raconte l'histoire d'un groupe d'amis qui décident de manger jusqu'à la mort. Très controversé à sa sortie, il est depuis devenu un film culte. | [
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Mummy | Momie | A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose skin and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least 1615 AD (see the section Etymology and meaning). | Une momie (du latin médiéval "mummia", « substance liquide extraite des corps embaumés utilisée comme drogue médicinale », lui-même issu de l’arabe مومياء, "mūmyāʾ", « mélange de poix et de bitume, substance dont les anciens Égyptiens se servaient pour embaumer leurs morts », dérivé du persan موم, "mūm", « cire ») est un cadavre qui a été préservé de la destruction et de la putréfaction par des raisons naturelles ou par des techniques humaines. | [
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Prime minister | Premier ministre | A prime minister is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state of their respective state nor a monarch, rather they are the head of government, serving typically under a monarch in a hybrid of aristocratic and democratic government forms or a president in a republican form of government. | Le Premier ministre est le chef de gouvernement dans les régimes au pouvoir exécutif bicéphale. Dans certains régimes parlementaires, entre autres celui du Royaume-Uni, le Premier ministre et son gouvernement sont responsables devant le parlement. Le Premier ministre est généralement élu par le parlement, éventuellement sur proposition du chef de l'État, ou bien nommé directement par le chef de l'État. | [
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Gradlon | Gradlon | Gradlon the Great ("Gradlon Meur") was a semi-legendary 5th century "king" of Cornouaille who became the hero of many Breton folk stories. The most famous of these legends is the story of the sunken city of Ys. He is supposed to have been the son of Conan Meriadoc. | Gradlon, également connu sous le nom de "Gradlon Meur" ("Gradlon le Grand"), est un roi légendaire d'Armorique (actuelle Bretagne) et de Cornouaille. Gradlon aurait vécu entre le et le. Il est le fils aîné de Conan Meriadec, premier roi légendaire d'Armorique, et de sainte Darerca, sœur de Saint Patrick. | [
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York | York | York is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the council area which includes nearby villages was 208,200 as of 2017 and the population of the urban area was 153,717 at the 2011 census. Located at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss, it is the county town of the historic county of Yorkshire. The city is known for its famous historical landmarks such as York Minster and the city walls, as well as a variety of cultural and sporting activities, which makes it a popular tourist destination in England. The local authority is the City of York Council, a single tier governing body responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout the city. The City of York local government district includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. It is about 25 miles north-east of Leeds and 34 miles north-west of Kingston upon Hull. York is the largest settlement in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire. | York () est une ville du Nord de l'Angleterre. Située au confluent de deux rivières, l'Ouse et la Foss, elle donne son nom au comté du Yorkshire. Fondée par les Romains sous le nom d'Eboracum, elle est l'une des villes majeures du royaume anglo-saxon de Northumbrie, puis la capitale du royaume viking de Jórvík. Elle est également le siège d'un archevêché de l'Église d'Angleterre. | [
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Arles | Arles | Arles (,, ; ; Classical ) is a city and commune in the south of France, a subprefecture in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the former province of Provence. | Arles est une commune du département des Bouches-du-Rhône, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Il s'agit de la plus grande commune de France métropolitaine avec quelque (malgré plusieurs déductions successives). La ville est traversée par le Rhône et se trouve entre Nîmes (à au nord-ouest) et Marseille (à au sud-est). | [
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Degrees of freedom (mechanics) | Degré de liberté (génie mécanique) | In physics, the degrees of freedom (DOF) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration or state. It is important in the analysis of systems of bodies in mechanical engineering, structural engineering, aerospace engineering, robotics, and other fields. | En physique, un solide rigide isolé dans l'espace peut se déplacer librement dans un mouvement qu'on peut décomposer suivant 6 transformations géométriques indépendantes (translations et rotations autour d'axes fixes dans trois directions d'une base liée à notre espace à 3 dimensions). Il en est de même d'un solide isolé par rapport à un autre référent. | [
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Airbus | Airbus Commercial Aircraft | Airbus SE (; ; ; ) is a European multinational aerospace corporation. As of 2019, Airbus is the world's largest airliner manufacturer and took the most airliner orders. Airbus is registered in the Netherlands; its shares are traded in France, Germany and Spain. It designs, manufactures and sells civil and military aerospace products worldwide and manufactures aircraft in the European Union and various other countries. The company has three divisions: "Commercial Aircraft", "Defence and Space", and "Helicopters", the third being the largest in its industry in terms of revenues and turbine helicopter deliveries. | Airbus Commercial Aircraft, connu sous le nom Airbus est un constructeur aéronautique européen dont le siège social se trouve à Blagnac, dans la banlieue de Toulouse, en France. Division détenue à 100 % par le groupe industriel du même nom, l'entreprise fabrique plus de la moitié des avions de lignes produits dans le monde, et est le principal concurrent de Boeing. | [
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Military rank | Grade militaire | Military ranks are a system of hierarchical relationships in armed forces, police, intelligence agencies or other institutions organized along military lines. The military rank system defines dominance, authority, and responsibility in a military hierarchy. It incorporates the principles of exercising power and authority into the military chain of command – the succession of commanders superior to subordinates through which command is exercised. The military chain of command constructs an important component for organized collective action. | Un grade militaire indique, historiquement, le statut d’un militaire. Mais la hiérarchie par grades s'applique aussi de nos jours dans certains domaines civils comme dans la police ou chez les pompiers. | [
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The Three Musketeers | Les Trois Mousquetaires | The Three Musketeers ( ) is a historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. | Les Trois Mousquetaires est le plus célèbre des romans d'Alexandre Dumas père, initialement publié en feuilleton dans le journal "Le Siècle" de mars à juillet 1844, puis édité en volume dès 1844 aux éditions Baudry et réédité en 1846 chez J. B. Fellens et L. P. Dufour avec des illustrations de Vivant Beaucé. Il est le premier volet de la trilogie romanesque dite « des mousquetaires », à laquelle il donne son nom, suivi par "Vingt Ans après" (1845) et "Le Vicomte de Bragelonne" (1847). | [
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Himantoglossum hircinum | Orchis bouc | Himantoglossum hircinum, the lizard orchid, is a species of orchid in the genus "Himantoglossum" found in Europe and North Africa. | L’orchis bouc (Himantoglossum hircinum) ou himantoglosse à odeur de bouc est une espèce d'orchidées terrestres européennes. On l'appelle parfois "loroglosse à odeur de bouc" "(Loroglossum hircinum)". | [
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Ophrys speculum | Ophrys miroir | Ophrys speculum, the mirror orchid, is a species of "Ophrys" distributed throughout the Mediterranean that is pollinated exclusively by a single species of scoliid wasp. | LOphrys miroir ("Ophrys speculum") est une orchidée terrestre du genre "Ophrys", endémique du pourtour méditerranéen. Caractérisée par son grand miroir bleu, cette espèce est réputé pour sa relation particulière avec la guêpe "Dasyscolia ciliata", relation à l'origine de la compréhension du phénomène de pseudocopulation. | [
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Asclepius | Asclépios | Asclepius (; "Asklēpiós" ; ) or Hepius is a hero and god of medicine in ancient Greek religion and mythology. He is the son of Apollo and Coronis, or Arsinoe, or of Apollo alone. Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts; his daughters are Hygieia ("Hygiene", the goddess of cleanliness), Iaso (the goddess of recuperation from illness), Aceso (the goddess of the healing process), Aegle (the goddess of good health), Panacea (the goddess of universal remedy), and several sons. He was associated with the Roman/Etruscan god Vediovis and the Egyptian Imhotep. He shared with Apollo the epithet "Paean" ("the Healer"). The rod of Asclepius, a snake-entwined staff, remains a symbol of medicine today. Those physicians and attendants who served this god were known as the Therapeutae of Asclepius. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Asclépios (en grec ancien / ou Esculape, en latin "Aesculapius") est dans l'épopée homérique un héros thessalien puis, à l'époque classique, le dieu gréco-romain de la médecine. Fils d'Apollon, il meurt foudroyé par Zeus pour avoir ressuscité les morts, avant d'être placé dans le ciel sous la forme de la constellation du Serpentaire. | [
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Dahut | Dahut | Dahut (or Dahud), also called Ahes, was a magician and a princess of Cornouaille (Brittany) present in several Breton legends. | Dahut ou Dahud, parfois confondue avec Ahès, est un personnage majeur de la légende de la ville d'Ys, l'un des récits les plus connus du légendaire breton. Issue d'une figure féminine de l'Autre Monde propre à la mythologie celtique, Dahut était certainement une femme inspirée d'une déesse mère ou une fée gardienne des vannes empêchant les eaux de se répandre dans la ville sur laquelle elle règne. Son rôle et sa nature sont ensuite nettement modifiés par l'influence de la religion chrétienne et de la littérature. | [
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Synchrotron radiation | Rayonnement synchrotron | Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung radiation) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially, e.g., when they are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity (). It is produced, for example, in synchrotrons using bending magnets, undulators and/or wigglers. If the particle is non-relativistic, then the emission is called cyclotron emission. If, on the other hand, the particles are relativistic, sometimes referred to as ultrarelativistic, the emission is called synchrotron emission. Synchrotron radiation may be achieved artificially in synchrotrons or storage rings, or naturally by fast electrons moving through magnetic fields. The radiation produced in this way has a characteristic polarization and the frequencies generated can range over the entire electromagnetic spectrum which is also called continuum radiation. | Le rayonnement synchrotron (ou rayonnement de courbure) est un rayonnement électromagnétique émis par une particule chargée qui se déplace dans un champ magnétique et dont la trajectoire est déviée par ce champ magnétique. Ce rayonnement est émis en particulier par des électrons qui tournent dans un anneau de stockage. Puisque ces particules modifient régulièrement leur course, leur vitesse change régulièrement, elles émettent alors de l'énergie (sous forme de photons) qui correspond à l’accélération subie. | [
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Vestal Virgin | Vestale | In ancient Rome, the Vestals or Vestal Virgins (Latin: "Vestālēs", singular "Vestālis" ) were women and girls who were priestesses of Vesta, goddess of the hearth. The College of the Vestals was regarded as fundamental to the continuance and security of Rome. These individuals cultivated the sacred fire that was not allowed to go out. Vestals were freed of the usual social obligations to marry and bear children and took a 30-year vow of chastity in order to devote themselves to the study and correct observance of state rituals that were forbidden to the colleges of male priests. | Une vestale (en latin ) est une prêtresse de la Rome antique dédiée à Vesta. Le collège des vestales et son bien-être sont considérés comme essentiels au maintien et à la sécurité de Rome. Elles doivent entretenir le foyer public du temple de Vesta situé dans le Forum romain. Les vestales sont libérées des obligations sociales habituelles de se marier et de donner naissance à des enfants, et font vœu de chasteté pendant 30 ans afin de se consacrer à l'étude et au respect des rituels de l'État interdits aux collèges de prêtres masculins. | [
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Belgrade | Belgrade | Belgrade ( ;, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. The urban area of Belgrade has a population of 1.23 million, while nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade (which encompasses almost all of its metropolitan area), a quarter of the total population of Serbia. | Belgrade (en serbe cyrillique : ; en serbe latin : ) est la capitale et la plus grande ville de Serbie. Au recensement de 2011, la ville "intra muros" comptait et, avec le district dont elle est le centre, appelé Ville de Belgrade (/), en 2017, cela représente 24 % de la population totale de Serbie. | [
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Vitamin C | Vitamine C | Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate, is a vitamin found in various foods and sold as a dietary supplement. It is used to prevent and treat scurvy. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient involved in the repair of tissue and the enzymatic production of certain neurotransmitters. It is required for the functioning of several enzymes and is important for immune system function. It also functions as an antioxidant. There is some evidence that regular use of supplements may reduce the duration of the common cold, but it does not appear to prevent infection. It is unclear whether supplementation affects the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or dementia. It may be taken by mouth or by injection. Vitamin C is generally well tolerated. Large doses may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, trouble sleeping, and flushing of the skin. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy. The United States Institute of Medicine recommends against taking large doses. Vitamin C was discovered in 1912, isolated in 1928, and in 1933, was the first vitamin to be chemically produced. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. Vitamin C is available as an inexpensive generic and over-the-counter medication. Partly for its discovery, Albert Szent-Györgyi and Walter Norman Haworth were awarded the 1937 Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine and Chemistry, respectively. Foods containing vitamin C include citrus fruits, kiwifruit, guava, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, bell peppers and strawberries. Prolonged storage or cooking may reduce vitamin C content in foods. | La vitamine C est une vitamine hydrosoluble sensible à la chaleur et à la lumière jouant un rôle important dans le métabolisme de l'être humain et de nombreux autres mammifères. Chimiquement parlant, il s'agit de l'acide -ascorbique, un des stéréoisomères de l'acide ascorbique, et de ses sels, les ascorbates. Les plus courants sont l'ascorbate de sodium et l'ascorbate de calcium. | [
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Paul Touvier | Paul Touvier | Paul Touvier (3 April 1915 – 17 July 1996) was a French Nazi collaborator during World War II in Occupied France. In 1994, he became the only Frenchman ever convicted of crimes against humanity, for his participation in the Holocaust under Vichy France. | Paul Claude Marie Touvier, né le à Saint-Vincent-sur-Jabron (Basses-Alpes) et mort le à la prison de Fresnes (Val-de-Marne), est un ancien fonctionnaire collaborationniste du régime de Vichy, condamné à mort en 1946 et en 1947 pour un des nombreux crimes commis en tant que chef de la Milice lyonnaise durant l'occupation de la France par l'Allemagne nazie : l'exécution des sept Juifs au cimetière de Rillieux. | [
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Haruki Murakami | Haruki Murakami | Murakami's most notable works include "A Wild Sheep Chase" (1982), "Norwegian Wood" (1987), "The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle" (1994–95), "Kafka on the Shore" (2002), and "1Q84" (2009–10). He has also translated works by writers like Raymond Carver and J. D. Salinger into Japanese. His fiction, sometimes criticised by Japan's literary establishment as un-Japanese, was influenced by Western writers from Chandler to Vonnegut by way of Brautigan. It is frequently surrealistic and melancholic or fatalistic, marked by a Kafkaesque rendition of the "recurrent themes of alienation and loneliness" he weaves into his narratives. Steven Poole of "The Guardian" praised Murakami as "among the world's greatest living novelists" for his works and achievements. | Murakami est également reconnu au Japon comme traducteur de l'anglais en japonais (des romans d'une vingtaine d'auteurs de genres divers, dont tout Raymond Carver, mais aussi de F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Irving, Ursula K. Le Guin, et J. D. Salinger), et comme journaliste-essayiste (sur les voyages en Europe, le jazz, la course de fond, mais aussi deux désastres japonais : le séisme de Kobe et l'attentat chimique de Tokyo de 1995). | [
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Queen Victoria | Victoria (reine) | Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. She adopted the additional title of Empress of India on 1 May 1876. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. | Victoria (née "Alexandrina Victoria" le au palais de Kensington, à Londres et morte le à Osborne House sur l'île de Wight) fut reine du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du jusqu'à sa mort. À partir du, elle fut également reine du Canada, ainsi qu'impératrice des Indes à compter du, puis enfin reine d'Australie le. | [
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Crimes against humanity | Crime contre l'humanité | Crimes against humanity are certain acts that are purposely committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a civilian population. The first prosecution for crimes against humanity took place at the Nuremberg trials. Crimes against humanity have since been prosecuted by other international courts (for example, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Court) as well as in domestic prosecutions. The law of crimes against humanity has primarily developed through the evolution of customary international law. Crimes against humanity are not codified in an international convention, although there is currently an international effort to establish such a treaty, led by the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative. | Un crime contre l'humanité est une incrimination créée en 1945 dans le statut du Tribunal militaire de Nuremberg, établi par la Charte de Londres (art. 6, c). | [
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Scandinavian York | Royaume viking d'York | Scandinavian York (referred to at the time as ) or Danish York is a term used by historians for the south of Northumbria (modern-day Yorkshire) during the period of the late 9th century and first half of the 10th century, when it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings; in particular, it is used to refer to York, the city controlled by these kings. | Le royaume viking d'York existe entre 866 et 954. Des Vikings originaires du Danemark établissent un potentat coupant en deux l'île de Bretagne, la future Grande-Bretagne, avec pour capitale York, ville qu'ils appellent "Jórvík" après l'avoir investie. La région autour de cette ville est appelée le Danelaw, terme qui s'applique aussi à la juridiction mise en place par les Danois jusqu'à la seconde moitié du. | [
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Lorenzo Da Ponte | Lorenzo da Ponte | Lorenzo Da Ponte (born Emanuele Conegliano 10 March 174917 August 1838) was an Italian, later American opera librettist, poet and Roman Catholic priest. He wrote the libretti for 28 operas by 11 composers, including three of Mozart's most celebrated operas, "Don Giovanni", "The Marriage of Figaro" and "Così fan tutte". | Lorenzo da Ponte, né Emanuele Conegliano le à Ceneda (commune de Vittorio Veneto, province de Trévise), mort le à New York, était un poète et librettiste italien. Il eut une vie riche en péripéties. On lui doit les livrets des principaux opéras de Mozart. | [
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Prostitution | Prostitution | Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment. Prostitution is sometimes described as sexual services, commercial sex or, colloquially, hooking. It is sometimes referred to euphemistically as "the world's oldest profession" in the English-speaking world. A person who works in this field is called a prostitute and is a type of sex worker. | La prostitution (du latin "") désigne une forme d'échange économico-sexuel ponctuelle, explicite et préalablement négociée. Elle recouvre généralement un espace social hétérogène composé souvent d’individus issus de milieux modestes ou très modestes, parfois marginaux, qui trouvent dans cette activité un moyen d’existence et de subsistance. Elle est à 80 % exercée par des femmes même s'il existe une prostitution masculine. Les études sur la prostitution montrent que. En France, selon les chiffres de la proposition de loi visant à sanctionner les clients de prostituées de 2013, 99 % des clients sont des hommes alors que 85 % des prostituées sont des femmes. En 2012, de 40 à 42 millions de personnes se prostituent dans le monde, neuf sur dix d'entre elles dépendent d'un proxénète et les trois quarts d'entre elles ont entre 13 et 25 ans. Le statut légal de la prostitution varie selon les pays et peut également être classé de l'illégalité aux activités légales professionnelles. En 2010, les revenus annuels de la prostitution sont estimés à plus de 187 milliards de dollars. Un à deux millions de femmes dans le monde sont vendues chaque année comme des objets sexuels pour la prostitution par des réseaux internationaux, la majeure partie venant de pays pauvres pour être exploitée notamment dans des pays riches. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Narbonne | Narbonne | Narbonne (,, ; ; ; Late Latin:) is a commune in southern France in the Occitanie region. It lies from Paris in the Aude department, of which it is a sub-prefecture. It is located about from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and was historically a prosperous port, but declined from the 14th century following a change in the course of the Aude River. It is marginally the largest commune in Aude, although the prefecture is the slightly smaller commune of Carcassonne. | Narbonne est une commune française située dans le département de l'Aude, en région Occitanie. La commune est traversée par le canal de la Robine, classé au patrimoine mondial de l'humanité de l'UNESCO depuis 1996. | [
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Control car | Voiture-pilote | A control car, cab car (in the United States and Canada), control trailer (in Australia and New Zealand), or driving trailer (in United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia) is a generic term for a non-powered railroad (US) or railway (UIC) vehicle that can control operation of a train at the end, opposite to the position of the locomotive. They can be used with diesel or electric motive power, allowing push-pull operation without the use of an additional locomotive. They can also be used with a power car or a railcar. In a few cases control cars were used with steam locomotives, especially in Germany and France (see article Voiture État à 2 étages). | Une voiture-pilote est une voiture de chemin de fer équipée d'une cabine de conduite et qui permet au conducteur de télécommander le ou les véhicules moteur d'un train, véhicules qui ne sont dès lors pas situés en tête du convoi contrairement à la pratique normale. En règle générale, un convoi équipé de voiture-pilote aura un véhicule moteur à son autre extrémité, mais il arrive que ce dernier se trouve au milieu du train et que deux voitures de commande entourent alors le convoi. | [
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Empire State Building | Empire State Building | The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of the state of New York. The building has a roof height of and stands a total of tall, including its antenna. The Empire State Building stood as the world's tallest building until the construction of the World Trade Center in 1970; following its collapse in the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Empire State Building was again the city's tallest skyscraper until 2012., the building is the seventh-tallest building in New York City, the ninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, the 48th-tallest in the world, and the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas. | L’ est un gratte-ciel de style Art déco situé dans l'arrondissement de Manhattan, à New York. Il est situé dans le quartier de Midtown au 350 de la Avenue, entre les et. Inauguré le 1931, il mesure (444,2 avec l’antenne) et compte. | [
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Diesel locomotive | Locomotive Diesel | A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine. Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels. | Une locomotive Diesel est une locomotive dont la force de traction provient d'un moteur Diesel interne. On en distingue plusieurs types, selon la façon dont la puissance fournie par le moteur est transmise aux essieux. | [
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Alan Parker | Alan Parker | Sir Alan William Parker (born 14 February 1944) is an English filmmaker. Parker's early career, beginning in his late teens, was spent as a copywriter and director of television advertisements. After about ten years of filming adverts, many of which won awards for creativity, he began screenwriting and directing films. | Alan Parker, né Alan William Parker le à Islington, Londres, est un réalisateur, compositeur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma britannique. | [
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Jeanne Calment | Jeanne Calment | Jeanne Louise Calment (; 21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) was a French supercentenarian from Arles, and the oldest human whose age was well-documented, with a lifespan of 122 years and 164 days. Her longevity attracted media attention and medical studies of her health and lifestyle. | Jeanne Calment est une supercentenaire française née le à Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône) et morte dans la même ville le, à l'âge de cent vingt-deux ans, cinq mois et quatorze jours. Doyenne des Français à partir du, puis doyenne de l'humanité à compter du, elle est devenue l'être humain ayant vécu le plus longtemps parmi les personnes dont la date de naissance a été vérifiée. | [
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Orobanche | Orobanche | Orobanche (broomrape or broom-rape) is a genus of over 200 species of parasitic herbaceous plants in the family Orobanchaceae, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Some species formerly included in this genus are now referred to the genus "Conopholis". The broomrape plant is small, from 10–60 cm tall depending on species. It is best recognized by its yellow- to straw-coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white, or blue snapdragon-like flowers. The flower shoots are scaly, with a dense terminal spike of between ten and twenty flowers in most species, although single in "O. uniflora". The leaves are merely triangular scales. The seeds are minute, tan-to-brown, and blacken with age. These plants generally flower from late winter to late spring. When they are not flowering, no part of the plants is visible above the surface of the soil. | Les Orobanches (Orobanche) sont un genre de plantes herbacées parasites, sans chlorophylle, de la famille des Orobanchacées comprenant environ 150 espèces originaires des régions tempérées de l'hémisphère nord. | [
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Wessex | Wessex | Wessex (;, the 'Kingdom of the West Saxons') was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of Great Britain, from 519 until England was unified by Æthelstan in 927. | Le Wessex est l'un des royaumes fondés par les Anglo-Saxons en Angleterre durant le Haut Moyen Âge. Il s'étend sur une partie du sud-ouest de la Grande-Bretagne, entre la Domnonée à l'ouest, la Mercie au nord et les royaumes de Kent, de Sussex et d'Essex à l'est. | [
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Electric locomotive | Locomotive électrique | An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or on-board energy storage such as a battery or a supercapacitor. | Une locomotive électrique est une locomotive mue par des moteurs électriques. Les moteurs sont alimentés par une ligne de contact aérienne, par un troisième rail latéral (notamment sur les métros), par des accumulateurs ou, pour les locomotives Diesel-électriques, grâce à un moteur Diesel entraînant un alternateur. | [
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Telephone card | Télécarte | A telephone card, calling card or phonecard for short, is a credit card-size plastic or paper card, used to pay for telephone services (often international or long-distance calling). It is not necessary to have the physical card except with a stored-value system; knowledge of the access telephone number to dial and the PIN is sufficient. Standard cards which can be purchased and used without any sort of account facility give a fixed amount of credit and are discarded when used up; rechargeable cards can be topped up, or collect payment in arrears. The system for payment and the way in which the card is used to place a telephone call vary from card to card. | La Télécarte est un dispositif de pré-paiement de télécommunications basé sur une carte en plastique PVC, le plus souvent de type carte à puce, servant de support technologique et pouvant tenir dans un porte-feuille. Elle est apparue largement en Europe vers la fin des années 1970, pour proposer une alternative commode au paiement en monnaie dans les cabines téléphoniques publiques, sujettes au vandalisme. Les cartes de téléphone comportent toutes une valeur faciale (pouvant aller jusqu'à 15-20 Euros) et leur fabrication nécessite donc des dispositions très strictes en matière de sécurité et de qualité pour éviter toute fraude et limiter les réclamations des utilisateurs. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Itaipu Dam | Barrage d'Itaipu | The Itaipu Dam (, ;, ) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. The construction of the dam was first contested by Argentina, but the negotiations and resolution of the dispute ended up setting the basis for Argentine–Brazilian integration later on. | Le barrage d'Itaipu correspond à la centrale hydroélectrique d'Itaipu ; il est situé sur le rio Paraná, à la frontière entre le Brésil et le Paraguay, construit par les deux pays entre 1975 et 1982. La centrale est aujourd'hui la seconde au monde en puissance installée et reste la première en quantité cumulée d'énergie produite. Son nom signifie : « la pierre qui chante » en guarani et fait référence à la petite île située sur le fleuve avant les travaux. | [
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Pseudonym | Pseudonyme | A pseudonym () or alias () is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their first or true name (orthonym). The term is not used when a new name entirely replaces an individual's own. | Un pseudonyme est un nom d'emprunt adopté par une (ou plusieurs) personne(s) pour exercer une activité sous un autre nom que celui de son identité officielle. | [
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Gas turbine locomotive | Locomotive à turbine à gaz | A gas turbine locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a gas turbine. Several types of gas turbine locomotive have been developed, differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels (drivers). A gas turbine train typically consists of two power cars (one at each end of the train), and one or more intermediate passenger cars. | Les locomotives à turbine à gaz ont été mises au point dans plusieurs pays au. Elles utilisent une turbine à gaz analogue à celle que l'on rencontre dans les avions ou les hélicoptères pour entraîner un axe de sortie. La transmission rencontre alors à peu près les mêmes contraintes que pour les locomotives Diesel et on observe les mêmes solutions : transmission mécanique, électrique (semblable à la solution Diesel-électrique) ou hydraulique. | [
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Egyptian pyramids | Pyramides d'Égypte | The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt. As of November 2008, sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids. Most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. | Les pyramides d'Égypte, de tous les vestiges monumentaux que nous ont légués les Égyptiens de l'Antiquité, et notamment les trois grandes pyramides de Gizeh, sont à la fois les plus impressionnantes et les plus emblématiques de cette civilisation. Si elle fut, à son origine, destinée au roi, l'idée d'une sépulture pyramidale fut rapidement reprise par les proches du souverain. Khéops semble avoir été le premier à autoriser ses femmes à se faire élever un tel tombeau. | [
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Five Boroughs of the Danelaw | Cinq Bourgs | The Five Boroughs or The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw were the five main towns of Danish Mercia (what is now the East Midlands). These were Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford. The first four later became county towns. | Les Cinq Bourgs, en anglais "Five Burghs" ou "Five Boroughs", sont les cinq principales villes de la Mercie danoise, dans les actuels Midlands de l'Est. Il s'agit de Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham et Stamford. Conquises par les Danois à la fin du, elles sont reconquises par les Anglo-Saxons dès le début du. | [
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Counterfeit | Contrefaçon | To counterfeit means to imitate something authentic, with the intent to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in illegal transactions, or otherwise to deceive individuals into believing that the fake is of equal or greater value than the real thing. Counterfeit products are fakes or unauthorized replicas of the real product. Counterfeit products are often produced with the intent to take advantage of the superior value of the imitated product. The word "counterfeit" frequently describes both the forgeries of currency and documents, as well as the imitations of items such as clothing, handbags, shoes, pharmaceuticals, automobile parts, unapproved aircraft parts, (which have caused many accidents), watches, electronics (both parts and finished products), software, works of art, toys, and movies. | La contrefaçon est la reproduction ou l'imitation d'un objet par une entreprise clandestine ou connue qui s'approprie les marques des produits appartenant à une société, d'un document (en particulier officiel), d'une œuvre ou d'une marchandise, soit en indiquant ou en laissant présumer que la chose est authentique, soit en violation d'un droit de propriété intellectuelle ou du droit d'auteur. Dans tous les cas, il s'agit d'un délit. | [
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Kingdom of Northumbria | Northumbrie | The Kingdom of Northumbria (; ; ) was a medieval Anglian kingdom in what is now Northern England and south-east Scotland. The name derives from the Old English meaning "the people or province north of the Humber", which reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary. Northumbria started to consolidate into one kingdom in the early seventh century, when the two earlier core territories of Deira and Bernicia entered into a dynastic union. At its height, the kingdom extended from the Humber, Peak District and the River Mersey on the south to the Firth of Forth (now in Scotland) on the north. Northumbria ceased to be an independent kingdom in the mid-tenth century, though a rump Earldom of Bamburgh survived around Bernicia in the north, later to be absorbed into the medieval kingdoms of Scotland and England. | La Northumbrie (en latin : "Northumbria", en vieil anglais : "Norþanhymbra") est un royaume médiéval situé dans l'actuel nord de l'Angleterre et le sud de l'Écosse. Il constituait l'un des principaux royaumes de l'Heptarchie. Sa notoriété est surtout liée à son rôle dans la propagation du christianisme nicéen dans l'île et à la constitution d'un centre culturel d'importance européenne avec l'archevêché d'York. | [
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Réseau Express Régional | Réseau express régional d'Île-de-France | The Réseau Express Régional (), commonly abbreviated RER (), is a hybrid suburban commuter and rapid transit system serving Paris and its suburbs. The RER combines the operations and roles of a local city-centre underground rail system and suburbs-to-city-centre commuter rail. Inside the city centre, the RER functions much like the Métro, although it is faster, as it has fewer stops. This has made it a model for proposals to improve transit within other cities. | Le réseau express régional d'Île-de-France, couramment appelé « RER » en France, est un réseau de transport en commun au gabarit ferroviaire desservant Paris et son agglomération, faisant partiellement partie du réseau régional dénommé Transilien. Constitué de cinq lignes, il comporte d'arrêt pour de voies (dont en souterrain, situées pour l'essentiel dans Paris intra-muros) et est fréquenté par de voyageurs par jour (dont plus d'un million sur la ligne A du RER). Pour des raisons historiques, une partie du réseau est gérée par la RATP tandis que le reste fait partie du réseau SNCF. | [
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Meditations on First Philosophy | Méditations métaphysiques | Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated () is a philosophical treatise by René Descartes first published in Latin in 1641. The French translation (by the Duke of Luynes with Descartes' supervision) was published in 1647 as "Méditations Métaphysiques". The title may contain a misreading by the printer, mistaking "animae immortalitas" for "animae immaterialitas", as suspected by A. Baillet. | Les Méditations métaphysiques (ou "Méditations sur la philosophie première") sont une œuvre philosophique de René Descartes, parue pour la première fois en latin en 1641. Du point de vue de l'histoire de la philosophie, elles constituent l'une des expressions les plus influentes du rationalisme classique. | [
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Arnold Rüütel | Arnold Rüütel | Arnold Rüütel () (born 10 May 1928) served as the last Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR from April 8, 1983, to March 29, 1990, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR (from May 8, 1990: Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia) from March 29, 1990, to October 6, 1992, and was the third President of Estonia from October 8, 2001, to October 9, 2006. He was the second President since Estonia regained independence in 1991. Rüütel also served as one of fifteen Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. | Arnold Rüütel (né le à Pahavalla sur l'île de Saaremaa) est un homme d'État estonien qui a dirigé la République socialiste soviétique d'Estonie de 1983 à 1990 avant de devenir le premier chef de l'État de la République d'Estonie indépendante en 1990. Il a de nouveau exercé du au en qualité de président de la République. | [
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Aleksander Kwaśniewski | Aleksander Kwaśniewski | Aleksander Kwaśniewski (; born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician and journalist. He served as the President of Poland from 1995 to 2005. He was born in Białogard, and during Communist rule, he was active in the Socialist Union of Polish Students and was the Minister for Sport in the Communist government during the 1980s. After the fall of Communism, he became a leader of the left-wing Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, a successor to the former ruling Polish United Workers' Party, and a co-founder of the Democratic Left Alliance. | Aleksander Kwaśniewski (), né le à Białogard (Pologne), est un homme d'État polonais. Membre du Parti ouvrier unifié polonais, il est ministre sous le régime de la République populaire de Pologne. Il préside le parti Social-démocratie de la République de Pologne (SdRP) de 1990 à 1995 et exerce la fonction de président de la République de 1995 à 2005. | [
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Pierre Messmer | Pierre Messmer | Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 – the longest serving since Étienne François, duc de Choiseul under Louis XV – and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974. A member of the French Foreign Legion, he was considered as one of the historical Gaullists, and died aged 91 in the military hospital of the Val-de-Grâce in August 2007. He was elected a member of the "Académie française" in 1999; his seat was taken over by Simone Veil. | Pierre Messmer, né le à Vincennes (Seine) et mort le à Paris, est un homme d'État français. Engagé dans les Forces françaises libres (FFL), il est après-guerre administrateur colonial. Ministre des Armées du général de Gaulle de 1960 à 1969, il est nommé ministre d'État, chargé des Départements et Territoires d'Outre-Mer en 1971. | [
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Fuel cell | Pile à combustible | A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes from metals and their ions or oxides that are commonly already present in the battery, except in flow batteries. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied. | Une pile à combustible est une pile dans laquelle la génération d'une tension électrique se fait grâce à l'oxydation sur une électrode d'un combustible réducteur (par exemple l'hydrogène) couplée à la réduction sur l'autre électrode d'un oxydant, tel que l'oxygène de l'air. | [
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Catiline | Catilina | Lucius Sergius Catilina (108–62 BC), known in English as Catiline (), was a Roman patrician, soldier and senator of the 1st century BC best known for the second Catilinarian conspiracy, an attempt to overthrow the Roman Republic and, in particular, the power of the aristocratic Senate. He is also known for several acquittals in court, including one for the charge of adultery with a Vestal Virgin. | Lucius Sergius Catilina (108 à Rome – 62 à Pistoia) est un homme politique romain connu pour deux conjurations visant à renverser le Sénat de la République romaine. | [
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Leszek Miller | Leszek Miller | Leszek Cezary Miller ( ; born 3 July 1946) is a Polish political scientist and politician. He has served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since July 2019. | Leszek Cezary Miller, né le à Żyrardów, est un homme d'État polonais, membre de l'Alliance de la gauche démocratique (SLD). | [
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Thelonious Monk | Thelonious Monk | Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including "'Round Midnight", "Blue Monk", "Straight, No Chaser", "Ruby, My Dear", "In Walked Bud", and "Well, You Needn't". Monk is the second-most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington, which is particularly remarkable as Ellington composed more than a thousand pieces, whereas Monk wrote about 70. | Thelonious Monk (–) est un pianiste et compositeur de jazz américain célèbre pour son style d'improvisation, ainsi que pour avoir écrit de nombreux standards de jazz. | [
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Kill Bill: Volume 1 | Kill Bill : Volume 1 | Kill Bill: Volume 1 is a 2003 American martial arts film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It stars Uma Thurman as the Bride, who swears revenge on a team of assassins (Lucy Liu, Michael Madsen, Daryl Hannah, and Vivica A. Fox) and their leader, Bill (David Carradine), after they try to kill her and her unborn child. Her journey takes her to Tokyo, where she battles the yakuza. | Kill Bill : Volume 1 ("Kill Bill: Vol. 1") est un film américain réalisé par Quentin Tarantino, sorti en 2003. | [
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PARC (company) | Palo Alto Research Center | PARC (Palo Alto Research Center; formerly Xerox PARC) is a research and development company in Palo Alto, California. Formed in 1969, the company was originally a subsidiary of Xerox, and was tasked with creating computer technology-related products and hardware systems. | Le'(abrégé en PARC), anciennement ', est un centre de recherches en informatique situé à Palo Alto en Californie (États-Unis). | [
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Grand Orient de France | Grand Orient de France | The Grand Orient de France (GODF) is the largest of several Masonic organizations in France and is the oldest in Continental Europe (as it was formed out of an older Grand Lodge of France in 1773, and briefly absorbed the rump of the older body in 1799, allowing it to date its foundation to 1728 or 1733). It is generally considered to be the mother lodge of traditional Liberal, or Continental Freemasonry. | Le Grand Orient de France (abrégé GODF ou simplement GO) est la plus ancienne obédience maçonnique française et la plus importante d'Europe continentale. Il est né en 1773 d'une profonde transformation de la Grande Loge de France de l'époque. Ce renouvellement débouche sur des traits spécifiques qu'il imprime à la maçonnerie française, rendant celle-ci singulière, notamment au vu des autres maçonneries européennes. En 2014, la majorité de ces différences perdurent encore en son sein. | [
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Motorola 68000 | Motorola 68000 | The Motorola 68000 ("'sixty-eight-thousand'"; also called the m68k or Motorola 68k, ""sixty-eight-kay"") is a 16/32-bit CISC microprocessor, introduced in 1979 by Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector. | Apparu en 1979, le Motorola 68000 est un microprocesseur CISC 16/32 bits développé par Motorola. C'est le premier de la famille de microprocesseurs souvent appelée "m68k" ou "680x0", qui comprend notamment les microprocesseurs Motorola 68010, Motorola 68020, Motorola 68030, Motorola 68040 et Motorola 68060. Le nom du 68000 vient à la fois de la continuité avec la famille de microprocesseurs Motorola 6800 et du nombre de transistors qu'il contient, un peu plus de. | [
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NeXT | NeXT | NeXT, Inc. (later NeXT Computer, Inc. and NeXT Software, Inc.) was an American computer and software company founded in 1985 by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs. Based in Redwood City, California, the company developed and manufactured a series of computer workstations intended for the higher education and business markets. NeXT was founded by Jobs after he was forced out of Apple, along with several co-workers. NeXT introduced the first NeXT Computer in 1988, and the smaller NeXTstation in 1990. The NeXT computers experienced relatively limited sales, with estimates of about 50,000 units shipped in total. Nevertheless, their innovative object-oriented NeXTSTEP operating system and development environment (Interface Builder) were highly influential. | Next, Inc, stylisée NeXT et devenue par la suite NeXT Computer, Inc puis NeXT Software, Inc, était une entreprise d’informatique américaine, basée à Redwood City, en Californie, qui a développé et construit une série d'ordinateurs destinés à l'enseignement supérieur et aux entreprises. NeXT a été fondée en 1985 par Steve Jobs, cofondateur d'Apple Computer, après sa démission forcée. | [
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Electric vehicle | Véhicule électrique | An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft. | Un véhicule électrique est un véhicule dont la propulsion est assurée exclusivement par un ou plusieurs moteurs électriques. Il peut tirer son énergie de ressources embarquées comme une batterie, ou être connecté à une source extérieure, par exemple via une caténaire. Le moteur peut être embarqué, comme dans le cas de la plupart des véhicules terrestres, ou extérieur comme dans le cas du transport par câble. | [
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Baltic states | Pays baltes | The Baltic states (; ; ; ), also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations, or simply the Baltics, is a geopolitical term, typically used to group the three sovereign states in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The term is not used in the context of cultural areas, national identity, or language, because while the majority of people in Latvia and Lithuania are Baltic people, the majority in Estonia are Finnic. The three countries do not form an official union, but engage in intergovernmental and parliamentary cooperation. The most important areas of cooperation between the three countries are foreign and security policy, defence, energy, and transportation. | On appelle pays baltes les trois pays à l'est de la mer Baltique : l'Estonie, la Lettonie et la Lituanie. Le mot "balte" est ici employé dans son sens premier en français : un sens géographique (« limitrophes de la mer Baltique ») qui concerne les trois pays et non dans le sens linguistique (« langues baltes » qui ne concerne pas l'Estonie dont la langue, finno-ougrienne, est différente des langues baltes : lituanien, letton, sous-ensemble des langues indo-européennes). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hydrogen bond | Liaison hydrogène | A hydrogen bond (often informally abbreviated H-bond) is a partial intermolecular bonding interaction between a lone pair on an electron rich donor atom, particularly the second-row elements nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and the antibonding molecular orbital of a bond between hydrogen (H) and a more electronegative atom or group. Such an interacting system is generally denoted Dn–H···Ac, where the solid line denotes a polar covalent bond, and the dotted or dashed line indicates the hydrogen bond. The use of three centered dots for the hydrogen bond is specifically recommended by the IUPAC. While hydrogen bonding has both covalent and electrostatic contributions, and the degrees to which they contribute are currently debated, the present evidence strongly implies that the primary contribution is covalent. | La liaison hydrogène ou pont hydrogène est une force intermoléculaire ou intramoléculaire impliquant un atome d'hydrogène et un atome électronégatif comme l'oxygène, l'azote et le fluor. L'intensité d'une liaison hydrogène est intermédiaire entre celle d'une liaison covalente et celle des forces de van der Waals. ( En général les liaisons hydrogènes sont plus fortes que les interactions de van der Waals ) | [
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Protectorate | Protectorat | A protectorate, in its inception adopted by modern international law, is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still recognizing the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state. In exchange for this, the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship. Therefore, a protectorate is an autonomous area under a higher sovereignty. They are different from colonies as they have local rulers and rarely experience immigration of settlers from the suzerain state. | Le protectorat est un régime politique constituant l'une des formes de sujétion coloniale. Il diffère de la colonisation pure et simple en ce que les institutions existantes, y compris la nationalité, sont maintenues sur un plan formel, la puissance protectrice assumant la gestion de la diplomatie, du commerce extérieur et éventuellement de l'armée de l'État protégé. | [
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Hanseatic League | Hanse | The Hanseatic League (;,, ; ; ; ) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 1100s, the league came to dominate Baltic maritime trade for three centuries along the coasts of Northern Europe. Hansa territories stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages, and diminished slowly after 1450. | La Hanse, Ligue hanséatique, Hanse germanique ou Hanse teutonique est l'association historique des villes marchandes de l'Europe du Nord autour de la mer du Nord et de la mer Baltique. Elle se distingue des autres hanses en ce sens que son commerce repose sur des privilèges jalousement défendus qui leur sont octroyés par divers souverains européens. | [
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Social class | Classe sociale | A social class is a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification which occurs in class society, in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes. | La notion de classe sociale désigne, dans son sens le plus large, un groupe social de grande dimension (ce qui le distingue des simples professions) pris dans une hiérarchie sociale de fait et non de droit (ce qui le distingue des ordres et des castes). | [
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Kuroda Kiyotaka | Kuroda Kiyotaka | Count, also known as, was a Japanese politician of the Meiji era. He was Prime Minister of Japan from 1888 to 1889. He was also vice chairman of the Hokkaido Development Commission (Kaitaku-shi). | Kuroda Kiyotaka (黒田 清隆; - ) est un homme d'État japonais qui fut premier ministre du Japon du au. | [
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Ancient Greek boxing | Pugilat | Ancient Greek boxing ( "pygmachia", "fist fighting") dates back to at least the 8th century BC (Homer's "Iliad"), and was practiced in a variety of social contexts in different Greek city-states. Most extant sources about ancient Greek boxing are fragmentary or legendary, making it difficult to reconstruct the rules, customs and history surrounding this activity in great detail. Still, it is clear that gloved boxing bouts were a significant part of ancient Greek athletic culture throughout the early classical period. | Le pugilat (du grec ancien / ou /, en latin, dérivant de, « poing ») est un sport ancêtre de la boxe anglaise, avec son usage exclusif des poings. "A contrario" des sports de lutte, c'est un affrontement à distance. Par extension, on nomme pugilat, en Occident, toute technique de combat pieds-poings (parallèlement aux techniques dites « atemi-waza » au Japon), par opposition aux disciplines de corps à corps ou « grappling » (représentées par les différentes « luttes » telles que le jiu-jitsu brésilien, le sambo en Russie et essentiellement le judo au Japon). | [
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