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Dormancy | Dormance | Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped. This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore helps an organism to conserve energy. Dormancy tends to be closely associated with environmental conditions. Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with their environment through predictive or consequential means. Predictive dormancy occurs when an organism enters a dormant phase "before" the onset of adverse conditions. For example, photoperiod and decreasing temperature are used by many plants to predict the onset of winter. Consequential dormancy occurs when organisms enter a dormant phase "after" adverse conditions have arisen. This is commonly found in areas with an unpredictable climate. While very sudden changes in conditions may lead to a high mortality rate among animals relying on consequential dormancy, its use can be advantageous, as organisms remain active longer and are therefore able to make greater use of available resources. | La dormance est un terme qui regroupe toutes les formes de vie ralenties. Elle correspond à la période où, dans le cycle de vie d’un organisme, la croissance, le développement et/ou l'activité physique (chez les animaux) sont temporairement arrêtés. Cela réduit l'activité métabolique et aide donc l’organisme à conserver de l’énergie. Il s’agit d’une stratégie de minimisation des risques "(bet-hedging" en anglais) mise en place chez une vaste gamme de taxa. La dormance tend à être étroitement associée aux conditions environnementales et est caractérisée par plusieurs phases : entrée en dormance (ou initiation), dormance (ou maintien), levée de dormance (ou sortie de romance) et post-dormance. | [
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Puy du Fou | Puy du Fou | Puy du Fou () is a historical theme park in Les Epesses (between Cholet and La Roche-sur-Yon) in the heart of the Pays de la Loire region of Western France. The park brings more than 2 million visitors every year, making it the second most popular theme park in France after Disneyland Paris. | Le Puy du Fou est un complexe de loisirs français à thématique historique situé sur la commune des Epesses, en Vendée. Fondé en 1989 par Philippe de Villiers, il regroupe "La Cinéscénie" et le Grand Parc. Il est actuellement présidé par Nicolas de Villiers, l'un des fils de Philippe. | [
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Techno | Techno | Techno is a genre of electronic dance music(EDM) that is characterized by a repetitive beat which is generally produced for use in a continuous DJ set. The central rhythm is often in common time (4/4), while the tempo typically varies between 120 and 150 beats per minute (bpm). Artists may use electronic instruments such as drum machines, sequencers, and synthesizers, as well as digital audio workstations. Drum machines from the 1980s such as Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 are highly prized, and software emulations of such retro instruments are popular. | La techno est un genre de musique électronique ayant émergé aux États-Unis au milieu des années 1980. Le plus souvent composée en home studio et réinterprétée par des disc jockeys lors de pratiques festives, la techno est avant tout une musique de danse, par essence répétitive. Sa gestation se fait en parallèle de l'apparition de la house music à Chicago, mais la techno s'inspire plus volontiers encore de l'electro et de la new wave, ainsi que de la soul, du funk et des thèmes musicaux futuristes qui prévalaient dans la culture populaire, notamment de l'Amérique industrielle de la fin de la guerre froide. Au cours des années 1990, la techno se développe en véritable culture musicale grâce à l'accueil que réservent l'Angleterre et surtout l'Allemagne aux artistes de Détroit. | [
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Bilateria | Bilateria | The bilateria or bilaterians are animals with bilateral symmetry as an embryo, i.e. having a left and a right side that are mirror images of each other. This also means they have a head and a tail (anterior-posterior axis) as well as a belly and a back (ventral-dorsal axis). Nearly all are bilaterally symmetrical as adults as well; the most notable exception is the echinoderms, which achieve secondary pentaradial symmetry as adults, but are bilaterally symmetrical during embryonic development. | Les bilatériens (Bilateria) forment un des plus grands clades des métazoaires, ayant un côté droit et un côté gauche (contrairement aux méduses et aux éponges de mer). Ils incluent la majorité des animaux connus, comme les mammifères (dont fait partie l'homme), les insectes, les mollusques ou les « vers ». Ils comptent environ. Les bilatériens ont aussi souvent un ventre et un dos, un avant et un arrière, en plus d'avoir un côté droit et un côté gauche. Ces axes de polarité sont hautement corrélés avec la complexification du système nerveux, les mouvements de localisation des cellules étant gérés ou régulés par les gènes homéotiques.. | [
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Butter | Beurre | Butter is a dairy product made from the fat and protein components of milk or cream. It is a semi-solid emulsion at room temperature, consisting of approximately 80% butterfat. It is used at room temperature as a spread, melted as a condiment, and used as an ingredient in baking, sauce making, pan frying, and other cooking procedures. | Le beurre est un produit laitier extrait, par barattage, de la crème issue du lait. Cet aliment est constitué par la matière grasse du lait seulement travaillée pour améliorer sa saveur, sa conservation et diversifier ses utilisations, que ce soit nature, notamment en tartine ou comme corps gras de cuisson des aliments, ou ingrédient de préparations culinaires et notamment pâtissières. Il est conditionné pour être utilisé sous la forme d'une pâte onctueuse, mais sa consistance, sensible à la température, passe rapidement de l'état solide, lorsque entreposé dans une ambiance fraîche, à l'état huileux dès le début de toute cuisson. Du sel y est ajouté parfois dans certaines régions pour accroître sa conservation. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Aneto | Aneto | Aneto ("Pic de Néthou" in French) is the highest mountain in the Pyrenees and in Aragon, and Spain's third-highest mountain, reaching a height of. It stands in the Spanish province of Huesca, the northernmost of the three Aragonese provinces, south of the France–Spain border. It forms the southernmost part of the Maladeta massif. | Le pic d’Aneto (jusqu'au : "Néthou") est le point culminant de la chaîne des Pyrénées avec une altitude de. Il se situe en Espagne, au nord-est de l’Aragon et de la province de Huesca, dans la comarque de Ribagorce. | [
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Geneva Initiative (2003) | Initiative de Genève | The Geneva Initiative, also known as the Geneva Accord, is a draft "Permanent Status Agreement" to end the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, based on previous official negotiations, international resolutions, the Quartet Roadmap, the Clinton Parameters, and the Arab Peace Initiative. The document was finished on 12 October 2003. | L'Initiative de Genève, ou Accord de Genève, est un plan de paix alternatif établi par les anciens partenaires des négociations de Taba pour résoudre le conflit israélo-palestinien. | [
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] | [
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8,
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4,
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446,
365,
9,
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525,
943,
33,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Great Hanshin earthquake | Séisme de 1995 à Kobe | The, or Kobe earthquake, occurred on January 17, 1995 at 05:46:53 JST (January 16 at 20:46:53 UTC) in the southern part of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, including the region known as Hanshin. It measured 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum intensity of 7 on the JMA Seismic Intensity Scale (X on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale). The tremors lasted for approximately 20 seconds. The focus of the earthquake was located 17 km beneath its epicenter, on the northern end of Awaji Island, 20 km away from the center of the city of Kobe. | Le séisme de 1995 à Kobe ou grand tremblement de terre de Hanshin-Awaji a touché la région de la ville de Kobe au Japon le (un an jour pour jour après le séisme de 1994 à Northridge), à, heure locale et d'une magnitude de 7,2 sur l'échelle de Richter. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Lucy (Australopithecus) | Lucy (australopithèque) | Lucy is the common name of AL 288-1, several hundred pieces of fossilized bone representing 40 percent of the skeleton of a female of the hominin species "Australopithecus afarensis". In Ethiopia, the assembly is also known as Dinkinesh, which means "you are marvelous" in the Amharic language. Lucy was discovered in 1974 in Africa, at Hadar, a site in the Awash Valley of the Afar Triangle in Ethiopia, by paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. | Lucy, ou Dinqnesh (ge'ez : ድንቅ ነሽ), parfois écrit Dinknesh, est le surnom donné au fossile de l'espèce éteinte "Australopithecus afarensis" découvert en 1974 sur le site de Hadar, en Éthiopie, par une équipe de recherche internationale. Ce fossile est daté de d'années. | [
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Printed circuit board | Circuit imprimé | A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electrical or electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. | Un circuit imprimé (ou PCB de l'anglais ') est un support, en général une plaque, permettant de maintenir et de relier électriquement un ensemble de composants électroniques entre eux, dans le but de réaliser un circuit électronique complexe. On le désigne aussi par le terme de carte électronique. | [
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St Paul's Cathedral | Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Londres | St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London, United Kingdom, which, as the "cathedral" of the Bishop of London, serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It sits on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade I listed building. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present cathedral, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed in Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme in the City after the Great Fire of London. The cathedral building largely destroyed in the Great Fire, now often referred to as Old St Paul's Cathedral, was a central focus for medieval and early modern London, including Paul's walk and St Paul's Churchyard being the site of St Paul's Cross. | La cathédrale Saint-Paul de Londres est la cathédrale du diocèse de Londres de l'Église d'Angleterre. Elle a été construite après la destruction de l'ancien édifice lors du grand incendie de Londres de 1666. Elle couronne Ludgate Hill, site qui accueillit quatre sanctuaires avant la cathédrale actuelle et se trouve dans la Cité de Londres, cœur historique de la ville devenu aujourd’hui le principal quartier d'affaires londonien. Elle est considérée comme étant le chef-d'œuvre de l'architecte britannique Christopher Wren. | [
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Christiaan Huygens | Christian Huygens | Christiaan Huygens (,, ; ; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695), also spelled Huyghens, was a Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution. In physics, Huygens made groundbreaking contributions in optics and mechanics, while as an astronomer he is chiefly known for his studies of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan. As an inventor, he improved the design of the telescope with the invention of the Huygenian eyepiece. His most famous invention, however, was the pendulum clock in 1656, which was a breakthrough in timekeeping and became the most accurate timekeeper for almost 300 years. Huygens was an outstanding mathematician and, because he was the first to transfer mathematical inquiry to describe unobservable physical phenomena, he has been called the first theoretical physicist and the founder of modern mathematical physics. | Christian Huygens (en néerlandais Christiaan Huygens ; en latin Christianus Hugenius), né le à La Haye (dans les Provinces-Unies) et mort le dans la même ville, est un mathématicien, un astronome et un physicien néerlandais. | [
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Mantra | Mantra | A mantra (, English pronunciation ) is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, word or phonemes, or group of words in Sanskrit believed by practitioners to have religious, magical or spiritual powers. Some mantras have a syntactic structure and literal meaning, while others do not. | Un mantra (sanskrit ; devanāgarī : मन्त्र ; « délibération, maxime ; hymne sacré, formule mystique, incantation magique ») est, dans l'hindouisme, le bouddhisme, le sikhisme et le jaïnisme, une formule condensée, formée d'une seule syllabe ou d'une série de syllabes, répétée sans cesse avec un certain rythme, dans un exercice de méditation ou à des fins religieuses. | [
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Intellectual property | Propriété intellectuelle | Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others. The most well-known types are copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. Early precursors to some types of intellectual property existed in societies such as Ancient Rome, but the modern concept of intellectual property developed in England in the 17th and 18th centuries. The term "intellectual property" began to be used in the 19th century, though it was not until the late 20th century that intellectual property became commonplace in the majority of the world's legal systems. | La propriété intellectuelle est le domaine comportant l'ensemble des droits exclusifs accordés sur des créations intellectuelles. Elle comporte deux branches : | [
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Neuromancer | Neuromancien | Neuromancer is a 1984 science fiction novel by American-Canadian writer William Gibson. It is one of the best-known works in the cyberpunk genre and the first novel to win the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award. It was Gibson's debut novel and the beginning of the Sprawl trilogy. Set in the future, the novel follows Henry Case, a washed-up computer hacker who is hired for one last job, which brings him up against a powerful artificial intelligence. | Neuromancien (titre original : ) est le premier roman de science-fiction de William Gibson. Publié en 1984, il est généralement considéré comme le roman fondateur du mouvement cyberpunk, ayant inspiré bon nombre d'œuvres telles que le manga "Ghost in the Shell" et le film "Matrix". Il a notamment remporté le Prix Nebula du meilleur roman en 1984. | [
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Artistic roller skating | Patinage artistique sur roulettes | Artistic roller skating is a sport similar to figure skating but where competitors wear roller skates instead of ice skates. Within artistic roller skating, there are several disciplines: | Le patinage artistique à roulettes (également appelé "Roller Artistique") est un sport de la Fédération Française de Roller et de skatebord (FFRS). | [
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L'Auberge Espagnole | L'Auberge espagnole | L'Auberge Espagnole (; literally: "the Spanish inn"), also known as Pot Luck (UK) and The Spanish Apartment (Australia), is a 2002 French-Spanish film directed and written by Cédric Klapisch. It is a co-production of Mate Production, Via Digital, BAC Films, Ce qui me meut, France 2 Cinéma and Studio Canal). | L'Auberge espagnole est un film franco-espagnol réalisé par Cédric Klapisch et sorti en 2002. Il obtient plusieurs récompenses comme le César du meilleur espoir féminin pour Cécile de France. | [
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Charlotte Gainsbourg | Charlotte Gainsbourg | Charlotte Lucy Gainsbourg (; born 21 July 1971) is an English-French actress and singer-songwriter. She is the daughter of English actress Jane Birkin and French singer and songwriter Serge Gainsbourg. After making her musical debut with her father on the song "Lemon Incest" at the age of 12, she released an album with her father at the age of 15. More than 20 years passed before she released albums as an adult ("", "IRM", "Stage Whisper" and "Rest") to commercial and critical success. Gainsbourg has also appeared in many films, including several directed by Lars von Trier, and has received both a César Award and the Cannes Film Festival Best Actress Award. | Charlotte Lucy Ginsburg, dite Charlotte Gainsbourg, née le à Londres (Royaume-Uni), est une actrice et chanteuse franco-britannique. Elle est la fille de Jane Birkin et Serge Gainsbourg. | [
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Kitt Peak National Observatory | Observatoire de Kitt Peak | The Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) is a United States astronomical observatory located on Kitt Peak of the Quinlan Mountains in the Arizona-Sonoran Desert on the Tohono O'odham Nation, west-southwest of Tucson, Arizona. With over twenty optical and two radio telescopes, it is one of the largest gatherings of astronomical instruments in the northern hemisphere. | L'Observatoire de Kitt Peak (Kitt Peak National Observatory ou KPNO) est un ensemble de 22 télescopes installés dans l'Arizona (États-Unis). Il est situé à mètres d'altitude dans les "Quinlan Mountains" et profite du climat aride du désert de Sonora. Il se trouve à une cinquantaine de kilomètres au sud-ouest de la ville de Tucson. | [
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Amélie | Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain | Amélie (also known as Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain; ; ) is a 2001 French romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet. Written by Jeunet with Guillaume Laurant, the film is a whimsical depiction of contemporary Parisian life, set in Montmartre. It tells the story of a shy waitress, played by Audrey Tautou, who decides to change the lives of those around her for the better while struggling with her own isolation. The film was a co-production between companies in France and Germany. Taking in over $33 million in a limited theatrical release, it is to date the highest-grossing French-language film released in the United States, and one of the biggest international successes for a French movie. | Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain est un film français de Jean-Pierre Jeunet sorti en 2001. Il s'agit d'une comédie romantique écrite par Jean-Pierre Jeunet et Guillaume Laurant avec Audrey Tautou dans le rôle-titre. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray | Zetta-particule | In astroparticle physics, an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) is a cosmic ray with an energy greater than 1 EeV (10 electronvolts, approximately 0.16 joules), far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles. | Les zetta-particules (ou rayons cosmiques d'ultra haute énergie) sont des particules dont l'énergie estimée est de l'ordre du ZeV (, soit environ 100 J). | [
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Orthohantavirus | Hantavirus | Orthohantavirus is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family "Hantaviridae" of the order "Bunyavirales". Members of this genus may be called orthohantaviruses or simply hantaviruses. They normally cause infection in rodents, but do not cause disease in them. Humans may become infected with hantaviruses through contact with rodent urine, saliva, or feces. Some strains cause potentially fatal diseases in humans, such as hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), while others have not been associated with known human disease. HPS (HCPS) is a "rare respiratory illness associated with the inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta (urine and feces) contaminated by hantavirus particles." | Le genre Orthohantavirus regroupe des virus appartenant à la famille des "Hantaviridae", parmi lesquels le virus Hantaan semble le plus dangereux. Il s'agit de virus à ARN monocaténaire de polarité négative appartenant au groupe de la classification Baltimore. | [
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Lassa fever | Fièvre de Lassa | Lassa fever, also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF), is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus. Many of those infected by the virus do not develop symptoms. When symptoms occur they typically include fever, weakness, headaches, vomiting, and muscle pains. Less commonly there may be bleeding from the mouth or gastrointestinal tract. The risk of death once infected is about one percent and frequently occurs within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. Among those who survive about a quarter have hearing loss, which improves within three months in about half of these cases. The disease is usually initially spread to people via contact with the urine or feces of an infected multimammate mouse. Spread can then occur via direct contact between people. Diagnosis based on symptoms is difficult. Confirmation is by laboratory testing to detect the virus's RNA, antibodies for the virus, or the virus itself in cell culture. Other conditions that may present similarly include Ebola, malaria, typhoid fever, and yellow fever. The Lassa virus is a member of the "Arenaviridae" family of viruses. There is no vaccine. Prevention requires isolating those who are infected and decreasing contact with the mice. Other efforts to control the spread of disease include having a cat to hunt vermin, and storing food in sealed containers. Treatment is directed at addressing dehydration and improving symptoms. The antiviral medication ribavirin has been recommended, but evidence to support its use is weak. Descriptions of the disease date from the 1950s. The virus was first described in 1969 from a case in the town of Lassa, in Borno State, Nigeria. Lassa fever is relatively common in West Africa including the countries of Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ghana. There are about 300,000 to 500,000 cases which result in 5,000 deaths a year. | La fièvre de Lassa est une fièvre hémorragique foudroyante provoquée par un arenavirus nommé virus Lassa, proche de la maladie à virus Ebola, décrite pour la première fois en 1969 dans la ville de Lassa, dans l'État de Borno, Nigeria. | [
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Buck Danny | Les Aventures de Buck Danny | Buck Danny is a Franco-Belgian comics series about a military flying ace and his two sidekicks serving (depending on the plots) in the United States Navy or the United States Air Force. The series is noted for its realism both in the drawings and the descriptions of air force procedures as part of the storyline. In particular the aircraft depicted are extremely accurate. Mixing historical references with fiction, "Buck Danny" is one of the most important 'classic' Franco-Belgian comic strips. Starting in 1947, the first albums were set against the backdrop of World War II, but from 1954 onwards, the series started to play in 'the present' and has so ever since. Like this, the series reads as a chronology of military aviation as well as the events that were catching people's imagination at the time of publishing, ranging from the Korean war, the cold war, UFOs, international terrorism and drug running, the space race, rogue atomic bombs, the collapse of the Soviet bloc and recently the conflicts in Sarajevo and Afghanistan. | Les Aventures de Buck Danny est une série de bande dessinée franco-belge d'aviation créée par Jean-Michel Charlier et Victor Hubinon, parue depuis 1947 dans l'hebdomadaire "Spirou" et publiée en 57 albums depuis 1948 par l'éditeur belge Dupuis. Ses héros (de fiction) sont trois aviateurs militaires américains (Buck Danny, Sonny Tuckson et Jerry Tumbler) qui, aux commandes de leurs avions, vivent de nombreuses aventures. Leurs péripéties couvrent, entre autres, la majorité des conflits auxquels ont participé les forces armées américaines, depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu'à la guerre de Bosnie. Georges Troisfontaines participa également à la création mais de manière très limitée, accessoire et non significative (quelques planches du premier album). La série se présente dans la lignée des recueils des aventures des aviateurs britanniques de Biggles - mais celles-ci ne seront éditées en BD que bien plus tard. | [
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Ceará | Ceará | Ceará (, locally in Ceará or in Northeast Region of Brazil the pronunciation is ) is one of the 27 states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the eighth-largest Brazilian State by population and the 17th by area. It is also one of the main tourist destinations in Brazil. The state capital is the city of Fortaleza, the country's fourth most populous city. | Le Ceará est l’un des États du Brésil. Il est situé au nord de la région Nordeste ; il est bordé au nord-est sur par l’océan Atlantique. | [
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Ath | Ath | Ath (;, Picard: "Ât") is a Belgian municipality located in the Walloon province of Hainaut. The Ath municipality includes the old communes of Lanquesaint, Irchonwelz, Ormeignies, Bouvignies, Ostiches, Rebaix, Maffle, Arbre, Houtaing, Ligne, Mainvault, Moulbaix, Villers-Notre-Dame, Villers-Saint-Amand, Ghislenghien (), Isières, Meslin-l'Evêque, and Gibecq. | Ath (en néerlandais "Aat", en picard "Ât", en wallon "Ate") est une ville francophone de Belgique située en Région wallonne, chef-lieu d'arrondissement en province de Hainaut. Elle est le siège d'une Justice de paix. | [
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Metaphor | Métaphore | A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another. It may provide (or obscure) clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas. Metaphors are often compared with other types of figurative language, such as antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and simile. One of the most commonly cited examples of a metaphor in English literature comes from the "All the world's a stage" monologue from "As You Like It": | La métaphore, du latin "metaphora", lui-même du grec "μεταφορά" (metaphorá, au sens propre, transport), est une figure de style fondée sur l'analogie. Elle désigne une chose par une autre qui lui ressemble ou partage avec elle une qualité essentielle. La métaphore est différente d'une comparaison ; la comparaison affirme une similitude : « La lune ressemble à une faucille » ; tandis que la métaphore la laisse deviner, comme quand Victor Hugo écrit Le contexte est nécessaire à la compréhension de la métaphore. | [
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Sourdough | Levain panaire | Sourdough bread is made by the fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and yeast. It uses biological leavening rather than using cultivated baker's yeast. The lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli gives it a more sour taste and improved keeping qualities. | Le levain panaire est un mélange obtenu par une culture symbiotique de bactéries lactiques (lactobacille) et de levures se développant dans un mélange de farine complète et d'eau. La pâte obtenue sert à la fabrication du pain au levain, auquel il confère son goût spécifique par rapport au pain monté sur levure. L'acidité particulière que le pain au levain peut présenter est, en effet, due à l'acide lactique et à l'acide acétique produits par les bactéries lactiques (lactofermentation). Cette acidité peut être plus ou moins prononcée selon le mode d'obtention et d'entretien du levain. | [
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Opuntia ficus-indica | Figuier de Barbarie | Opuntia ficus-indica, the prickly pear, is a species of cactus that has long been a domesticated crop plant grown in agricultural economies throughout arid and semiarid parts of the world. Likely having originated in Mexico, "O. ficus-indica" is the most widespread and most commercially important cactus. | Le Figuier de Barbarie "(Opuntia ficus-indica)" est une espèce de plante de la famille des "Cactaceae", originaire du Mexique, qui s'est naturalisée dans d'autres continents, notamment le bassin méditerranéen et en Afrique du Sud et Afrique du Nord. Il produit un fruit comestible appelé figue de Barbarie. | [
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Japamala | Mâlâ | A Japamala or mala (Sanskrit:;, meaning 'garland') is a string of prayer beads commonly used in Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Shintō for the spiritual practice known in Sanskrit as "japa". They are similar to other forms of prayer beads used in various world religions and sometimes referred to in English as a "rosary". | La mâlâ (japa mala ou "mâlâ", signifiant guirlande) est un chapelet hindou, jaïn et bouddhiste. Utilisé pour la récitation des mantras. Elle est composée traditionnellement de 108 grains, graines ou perles de bois de diverses essences, en bois de santal par exemple. Certaines écoles utilisent cependant des "mâlâ" comportant un nombre inférieur de grains. | [
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Benedictines | Ordre de Saint-Benoît | The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (, abbreviated as OSB), are a monastic religious order of the Catholic Church following the Rule of Saint Benedict. They are also sometimes called the Black Monks, in reference to the colour of their religious habits. They were founded by Saint Benedict of Nursia, a 6th-century monk who lay the foundations of Benedictine monasticism through the formulation of his Rule of Saint Benedict. | L’ordre de Saint-Benoît plus connu sous le nom d’ordre des Bénédictins, est une fédération de monastères ayant, au cours de leur histoire, adopté la règle de saint Benoît. Ainsi saint Benoît de Nursie (480-547) en est-il considéré comme le fondateur (en 529). | [
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Demotic (Egyptian) | Égyptien démotique | Demotic (from "dēmotikós", 'popular', Coptic: ⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧϣⲗⲟⲗ) is the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Nile Delta, and the stage of the Egyptian language written in this script, following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic. The term was first used by the Greek historian Herodotus to distinguish it from hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts. By convention, the word "Demotic" is capitalized in order to distinguish it from demotic Greek. | Le terme démotique (du grec / "" « populaire ») désigne, dans le contexte de l'égyptologie, tout à la fois un type d'écriture et l'état de la langue égyptienne qu'elle note, par opposition à l'écriture hiératique et celle des hiéroglyphes. | [
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Bai people | Bai (ethnie) | The Bai, Pai or Baip (Bai: Baipho, (白和); ; endonym pronounced ), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. They numbered 1,933,510 as of 2010. | Les Bai ( littéralement « ethnie blanche », à cause de leurs vêtements à dominante blanche), autrefois aussi appelés Minjia (, « maison/famille du peuple »), sont un peuple du Yunnan dans le sud-ouest de la Chine et l'une des 56 ethnies officiellement reconnues par celle-ci. On les trouve aussi à Bijie dans la province du Guizhou et à Sangzhi dans la province du Hunan. | [
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Ext3 | Ext3 | ext3, or third extended filesystem, is a journaled file system that is commonly used by the Linux kernel. It used to be the default file system for many popular Linux distributions. Stephen Tweedie first revealed that he was working on extending ext2 in "Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem" in a 1998 paper, and later in a February 1999 kernel mailing list posting. The filesystem was merged with the mainline Linux kernel in November 2001 from 2.4.15 onward. Its main advantage over ext2 is journaling, which improves reliability and eliminates the need to check the file system after an unclean shutdown. Its successor is ext4. | ext3 est le nom d'un système de fichiers utilisé notamment par GNU/Linux. C'est une évolution de ext2, le précédent système de fichiers utilisé par défaut par de nombreuses distributions GNU/Linux. | [
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Lolita (1962 film) | Lolita (film, 1962) | Lolita is a 1962 comedy-drama film directed by Stanley Kubrick, based on the 1955 novel of the same title by Vladimir Nabokov, who also wrote the screenplay. It follows a middle-aged literature lecturer who becomes sexually obsessed with a young adolescent girl. The film stars James Mason as Humbert Humbert, Sue Lyon as Dolores Haze (Lolita), and Shelley Winters as Charlotte Haze, with Peter Sellers as Clare Quilty. | Lolita est un film britannique-américain de Stanley Kubrick, sorti en 1962. C'est l'adaptation du roman homonyme de Vladimir Nabokov publié en 1955. | [
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Ext2 | Ext2 | The ext2 or second extended file system is a file system for the Linux kernel. It was initially designed by Rémy Card as a replacement for the extended file system (ext). Having been designed according to the same principles as the Berkeley Fast File System from BSD, it was the first commercial-grade filesystem for Linux. | ext2 ou "ext2fs" (en anglais, second extended file system) est le système de fichiers historique de GNU/Linux. Il a été créé à l'origine par Rémy Card et est basé sur l'extended file system. Il a également été très largement influencé par le FFS. | [
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Disease | Maladie | A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific symptoms and signs. A disease may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions. For example, internal dysfunctions of the immune system can produce a variety of different diseases, including various forms of immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, allergies and autoimmune disorders. | La maladie est une altération des fonctions ou de la santé d'un organisme vivant. On parle aussi bien de "la" maladie, se référant à l'ensemble des altérations de santé, que d"'une" maladie, qui désigne alors une entité particulière caractérisée par des causes, des symptômes, une évolution et des possibilités thérapeutiques propres. | [
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Antivirus software | Logiciel antivirus | Antivirus software, or anti-virus software (abbreviated to AV software), also known as anti-malware, is a computer program used to prevent, detect, and remove malware. | Les antivirus sont des logiciels conçus pour identifier, neutraliser et éliminer des logiciels malveillants (dont les virus informatique ne sont qu'une catégorie). Ces derniers peuvent se baser sur l'exploitation de failles de sécurité, mais il peut également s'agir de logiciels modifiant ou supprimant des fichiers, que ce soit des documents de l'utilisateur stockés sur l'ordinateur infecté, ou des fichiers nécessaires au bon fonctionnement de l'ordinateur (le plus souvent ceux du système d'exploitation). | [
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Ferdinand I of Aragon | Ferdinand Ier d'Aragon | Ferdinand I (Spanish: "Fernando I"; 27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416 in Igualada, Òdena) named Ferdinand of Antequera and also the Just (or the Honest) was king of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and (nominal) Corsica and king of Sicily, duke (nominal) of Athens and Neopatria, and count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya (1412–1416). He was also regent of Castile (1406–1416). | Ferdinand d'Aragon, dit "d'Antequera", "le Juste", de "Trastàmara" ou "l'Honnête" (en catalan Ferran "d'Antequera", en castillan Fernando "de Antequera"), né le à Medina del Campo et mort le à Igualada, est roi d'Aragon, comte de Barcelone, de Besalú, de Pallars Jussà, de Roussillon, de Cerdagne et d'Empúries, roi de Valence, roi de Majorque, roi de Sardaigne et titulaire de Corse et roi de Sicile de 1412 à 1416, comte d'Urgell et vicomte d'Àger de 1413 à 1416. | [
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Dengue fever | Dengue | Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days. In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into severe dengue, also known as dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. Dengue is spread by several species of female mosquitoes of the "Aedes" type, principally "A. aegypti". The virus has five types; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications. A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA. A vaccine for dengue fever has been approved and is commercially available in a number of countries. As of 2018, the vaccine is only recommended in individuals who have been previously infected or, in populations with a high rate of prior infection by age nine. Other methods of prevention include reducing mosquito habitat and limiting exposure to bites. This may be done by getting rid of or covering standing water and wearing clothing that covers much of the body. Treatment of acute dengue is supportive and includes giving fluid either by mouth or intravenously for mild or moderate disease. For more severe cases, blood transfusion may be required. About half a million people require hospital admission every year. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is recommended instead of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for fever reduction and pain relief in dengue due to an increased risk of bleeding from NSAID use. Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 120 countries, mainly in Asia and South America. About 390 million people are infected a year and approximately 40,000 die. In 2019 a significant increase in the number of cases was seen. The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779. Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century. Apart from eliminating the mosquitos, work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease. | La dengue (prononcé, « dingue ») est la plus fréquente et la plus répandue des arboviroses ou infections virales transmises par des arthropodes. Elle est due aux virus de la dengue, de la famille des "Flaviviridae", transmis à l'être humain par l'intermédiaire d'un moustique diurne, principalement "Aedes aegypti" (régions tropicales et subtropicales), puis "Aedes albopictus" (régions tempérées). | [
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Fortaleza | Fortaleza | Fortaleza (, locally, Portuguese for "Fortress") is the state capital of Ceará, located in Northeastern Brazil. It belongs to the Metropolitan mesoregion of Fortaleza and microregion of Fortaleza. It is Brazil's 5th largest city and the twelfth richest city in the country in GDP. It also has the third richest metropolitan area in the North and Northeast regions. It is an important industrial and commercial center of Brazil, the nation's eighth largest municipality in purchasing power. According to the Ministry of Tourism, the city reached the mark of second most desired destination of Brazil and fourth among Brazilian cities in tourists received. The BR-116, the most important highway of the country, starts in Fortaleza. The municipality is part of the Common Market of Mercosur Cities, and also the Brazilian state capital which is closest to Europe, 5608 km (3484 miles) from Lisbon, Portugal. | Fortaleza est une ville du Brésil, capitale de l'État du Ceará, dans la région du Nordeste. Elle appartient à la mésorégion Métropolitaine de Fortaleza et à la microrégion de Fortaleza. La ville s'est développée sur les rives du ruisseau "Pajeú" dans le nord-est du pays, à de Brasília. Son nom provient du "Fort Schoonenborch", construit par les Hollandais au cours de leur deuxième contrôle de la région entre 1649 et 1654. La devise de la ville (présent sur son blason) est le mot latin "Fortitudine" qui signifie « la force, la bravoure, le courage ». | [
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Ferdinand I of Bulgaria | Ferdinand Ier (roi des Bulgares) | Ferdinand I (; 26 February 1861 – 10 September 1948), born Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the second monarch of the Third Bulgarian State, firstly as ruling prince ("knyaz") from 1887 to 1908, and later as king ("tsar") from 1908 until his abdication in 1918. Under his rule Bulgaria entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers in 1915. | Ferdinand (en bulgare : Фердинанд I) est né le à Vienne en Autriche et mort le à Cobourg en Allemagne. | [
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Cultural capital | Capital culturel | In the field of sociology, cultural capital comprises the social assets of a person (education, intellect, style of speech, style of dress, etc.) that promote social mobility in a stratified society. Cultural capital functions as a social-relation within an economy of practices (system of exchange), and comprises all of the material and symbolic goods, without distinction, that society considers rare and worth seeking. As a social relation within a system of exchange, cultural capital includes the accumulated cultural knowledge that confers social status and power. | Le capital culturel est un concept sociologique introduit par Pierre Bourdieu et Jean-Claude Passeron dans "La Reproduction", qui désigne l’ensemble des ressources culturelles dont dispose un individu. Bourdieu et Passeron le définissent comme « les biens culturels qui sont transmis par les différentes actions pédagogiques familiales ». Il existe aux côtés du capital économique et du capital social. | [
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Lolita | Lolita | Lolita is a 1955 novel written by Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov. The novel is notable for its controversial subject: the protagonist and unreliable narrator, a middle-aged literature professor under the pseudonym Humbert Humbert, is obsessed with a 12-year-old girl, Dolores Haze, with whom he becomes sexually involved after he becomes her stepfather. "Lolita" is his private nickname for Dolores. The novel was originally written in English and first published in Paris in 1955 by Olympia Press. Later it was translated into Russian by Nabokov himself and published in New York City in 1967 by Phaedra Publishers. | Lolita est un roman, écrit en anglais américain, de l'écrivain russe naturalisé américain Vladimir Nabokov, publié en septembre 1955 à Paris. | [
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Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor | Ferdinand Ier (empereur du Saint-Empire) | Ferdinand I () (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, king of Bohemia and Royal Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death in 1564. Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Also, he often served as Charles' representative in Germany and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. | Ferdinand, né le à Alcalá de Henares près de Madrid et décédé le à Vienne en Autriche, issu de la maison de Habsbourg, est empereur romain germanique de 1556 à 1564. En 1521, il devient souverain des territoires héréditaires des Habsbourg en tant qu'archiduc d'Autriche ; en 1526, il devient roi de Bohême, de Hongrie et de Croatie. Élu roi des Romains en 1531, du vivant de son frère aîné Charles Quint, il est le dernier roi germanique à avoir été couronné à Aix-la-Chapelle. | [
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Zyklon B | Zyklon B | Zyklon B (; translated Cyclone B) was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consisted of hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder approximately 1.1 million people in gas chambers installed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, and other extermination camps. | Le Zyklon B est un pesticide à base d'acide cyanhydrique breveté par le chimiste Walter Heerdt (ancien collaborateur de Fritz Haber) et produit par la firme allemande Degesch. | [
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Le Cercle Rouge | Le Cercle rouge | Le Cercle Rouge (, "The Red Circle") is a 1970 Franco-Italian crime film set mostly in Paris. It was directed by Jean-Pierre Melville and stars Alain Delon, Andre Bourvil, Gian Maria Volonté, François Périer and Yves Montand. It is known for its climactic heist sequence which is about half an hour in length and has almost no dialogue. | Le Cercle rouge est un film franco-italien écrit et réalisé par Jean-Pierre Melville, sorti en 1970. Il s'agit du dernier film de Bourvil, qui meurt la même année. | [
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Deity | Divinité | A deity (, ) or god is a supernatural being considered divine or sacred. The "Oxford Dictionary of English" defines deity as "a god or goddess (in a polytheistic religion)", or anything revered as divine. C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as "a being with powers greater than those of ordinary humans, but who interacts with humans, positively or negatively, in ways that carry humans to new levels of consciousness, beyond the grounded preoccupations of ordinary life". In the English language, a male deity is referred to as a god, while a female deity is referred to as a goddess. | Une divinité, une déité ou un dieu est un être supra naturel, objet de déférence dans différentes religions. Le mot divinité est également utilisé pour désigner l'essence de ces mêmes entités, ou la qualité de quelque chose de suprême ou de divin. Selon les "Définitions" du pseudo-Platon, un dieu est un « vivant immortel, qui se suffit à lui-même pour atteindre au bonheur ; réalité éternelle, cause du bien ». | [
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Élysée Palace | Palais de l'Élysée | The Élysée Palace (; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. Completed in 1722, it was initially built for Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne. It was used as the office of the French President for the first time in 1848. The current building contains the presidential office and residency, as well as the meeting place of the Council of Ministers. It is located near the Champs-Élysées in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, the name Élysée deriving from Elysian Fields, the place of the blessed dead in Greek mythology. Important foreign visitors are hosted at the nearby Hôtel de Marigny, a palatial residence. | Le palais de l'Élysée, dit l'Élysée, est un ancien hôtel particulier parisien, situé au de la rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré, dans le de Paris. Il est le siège de la présidence de la République française et la résidence officielle du président de la République depuis la République. | [
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X86 | X86 | x86 is a family of instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor and its 8088 variant. The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's 8-bit 8080 microprocessor, with memory segmentation as a solution for addressing more memory than can be covered by a plain 16-bit address. The term "x86" came into being because the names of several successors to Intel's 8086 processor end in "86", including the 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 processors. | La famille x86 regroupe les microprocesseurs compatibles avec le jeu d'instructions de l'Intel 8086. Cette série est nommée "IA-32" (pour "Intel architecture 32 bits") par Intel pour ses processeurs à partir du Pentium. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Nomic | Nomic | Nomic is a game created in 1982 by philosopher Peter Suber in which the of the game include mechanisms for the players to change those rules, usually beginning through a system of democratic voting. | Nomic est un jeu de société dont la particularité est que les règles peuvent être changées, et celles-ci se construisent au gré des joueurs pendant la partie. Nomic peut se jouer soit sur table, soit par correspondance ou en ligne. | [
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Micheline Presle | Micheline Presle | Micheline Presle (born Micheline Nicole Julia Émilienne Chassagne on 22 August 1922) is a French actress. She was sometimes billed as Micheline Prelle. | Micheline Chassagne, dite Micheline Presle, née le à Paris, est une actrice française. Depuis la disparition de Suzy Delair en mars 2020, par sa longévité et le prestige de sa carrière, elle est considérée comme l'une des plus anciennes légendes vivantes féminines du cinéma français, après Renée Simonot et Dominique Marcas. | [
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Hans Frank | Hans Frank | Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German politician and lawyer who served as head of the General Government in Poland during the Second World War. | Hans Frank est un homme politique allemand, membre du parti nazi et ministre du Troisième Reich, né le à Karlsruhe et mort exécuté le à Nuremberg. | [
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RuneQuest | RuneQuest | RuneQuest is a fantasy role-playing game created by Steve Perrin and others, set in Greg Stafford's mythical world of Glorantha, and first published in 1978 by Chaosium. "RuneQuest" is notable for its system, designed around percentile dice and with an early implementation of skill rules, which became the basis of numerous other games. There have been several editions of the game. | RuneQuest est un jeu de rôle créé par Steve Perrin et Greg Stafford en 1978. Il s'agit de l'un des premiers jeux de rôle, issu de la rencontre de l'univers médiéval-fantastique Glorantha (qui avait auparavant eu les honneurs d'une adaptation en jeu de société dans le "wargame La Guerre des Héros") et du jeu de rôle. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (; ; 5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani barrister and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was also the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979. | Ali Bhutto, de son nom complet Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (parfois désigné par l'acronyme ZAB ; en ourdou : ذوالفقار علی بھٹو) est un homme d'État pakistanais, né le à Larkana dans le Sind et mort pendu le à Rawalpindi. Fondateur du Parti du peuple pakistanais (PPP) et socialiste, il a été au pouvoir de 1971 à 1977 et est l'une des figures majeures de l'histoire du pays. | [
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Peter Suber | Peter Suber | Peter Dain Suber (born November 8, 1951) is a philosopher specializing in the philosophy of law and open access to knowledge. He is a Senior Researcher at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, Director of the Harvard Office for Scholarly Communication, and Director of the Harvard Open Access Project (HOAP). Suber is known as a leading voice in the open access movement, and as the creator of the game "Nomic". | Peter Suber (né le ) est un professeur de philosophie américain qui en 1982 a inventé le jeu Nomic. Son objectif était d'illustrer sa thèse sur le paradoxe de l'auto-amendement. | [
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Klaus Barbie | Klaus Barbie | Nikolaus Barbie (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was an SS and Gestapo functionary during the Nazi era. He was known as the "Butcher of Lyon" for having personally tortured prisoners of the Gestapo – primarily Jews and members of La Résistance – while stationed in Lyon under the collaborationist Vichy regime. After the war, United States intelligence services employed him for his anti-Marxist efforts and also aided his escape to Bolivia. | Nikolaus Barbie dit Klaus Barbie, né le à Bad Godesberg et mort le en détention à Lyon, est un criminel de guerre allemand, officier de police SS sous le régime nazi. | [
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King of the Romans | Roi des Romains | King of the Romans (; ) was a title used by Syagrius, then by the German king following his election by the princes from the time of Emperor Henry II (1014–1024) onward. The title was predominantly a claim to become Holy Roman Emperor and was dependent upon coronation by the Pope. | Le titre de roi des Romains (en ) fut utilisé dans le Saint-Empire romain germanique pour désigner le candidat élu au trône impérial. La désignation de « Saint-Empire romain » qui justifie ces deux titres, fait référence d’une part à l’héritage de Charlemagne qui entendait reconstituer l’Empire romain d'Occident, et d’autre part au caractère sacré de son titre impérial ("imperator Romanorum") sanctifié par le pape. | [
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Justice | Justice | Justice, in its broadest sense is the principle that people receive that which they deserve; with the interpretation of what then constitutes "deserving" being impacted upon by numerous fields, with many differing viewpoints and perspectives, including the concepts of moral correctness based on ethics, rationality, law, religion, equity and fairness. | La justice est un principe philosophique, juridique et moral fondamental : suivant ce principe, les actions humaines doivent être approuvées ou rejetées en fonction de leur mérite au regard de la morale (le bien), du droit, de la vertu ou de tout autre norme de jugement des comportements. Quoique la justice soit un principe à portée universelle, ce qui est considéré comme juste varie grandement suivant les cultures. La justice est un idéal souvent jugé fondamental pour la vie sociale et la civilisation. | [
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Charles-Émile Reynaud | Émile Reynaud | Charles-Émile Reynaud (8 December 1844 – 9 January 1918) was a French inventor, responsible for the praxinoscope (an animation device patented in 1877 that improved on the zoetrope) and the first projected animated films. His "Pantomimes Lumineuses" premiered on 28 October 1892 in Paris. His Théâtre Optique film system, patented in 1888, is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. The performances predated Auguste and Louis Lumière's first paid public screening of the cinematographe on 26 December 1895, often seen as the birth of cinema. | Charles-Émile Reynaud, né le à Montreuil dans le département de la Seine, actuellement dans la Seine-Saint-Denis, et mort le à Ivry-sur-Seine dans le département de la Seine, actuellement dans le Val-de-Marne, est un photographe, professeur de sciences, inventeur et réalisateur français. Il est l'un des inventeurs du cinéma, le dessin animé et l'animation sans caméra faisant partie du cinéma. | [
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National Basketball Association | National Basketball Association | The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a men's professional basketball league in North America, composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada). It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, and is widely considered to be the premier men's professional basketball league in the world. | La National Basketball Association (NBA) est la principale ligue de basket-ball au monde. Créée le 6 juin 1946 sous le nom de BAA ("Basketball Association of America"), la ligue est renommée "NBA" en 1949 après sa fusion avec la NBL ("National Basketball League"). Elle est l'une des quatre ligues professionnelles majeures du sport américain, aux côtés de la NFL (football américain), de la MLB (baseball) et de la NHL (hockey sur glace). Le siège de la NBA est situé dans l'Olympic Tower au 645, de la Avenue à New York. En 2015, les joueurs de la NBA sont les sportifs les mieux payés au monde. | [
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Gene Anthony Ray | Gene Anthony Ray | Gene Anthony Ray (May 24, 1962 – November 14, 2003) was an American actor, dancer, and choreographer. He was known for his portrayal of dancer Leroy Johnson in both the 1980 film "Fame" and the 1982–1987 "Fame" television series based upon the film. | Gene Anthony Ray (né le et mort le ) est un acteur et danseur américain. Il est surtout connu pour son rôle de Leroy Johnson dans le film "Fame" (1980) d’Alan Parker et la série dérivée de 1982 à 1987. | [
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Red Hot Chili Peppers | Red Hot Chili Peppers | Red Hot Chili Peppers (commonly abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983. Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock, funk, punk rock and psychedelic rock. The band consists of vocalist Anthony Kiedis, guitarist John Frusciante, bassist Flea, and drummer Chad Smith. With over 80 million records sold worldwide, Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time. They are the most successful band in the history of alternative rock radio, with the records for most number-one singles (13), most cumulative weeks at number one (85) and most top-ten songs (25) on the "Billboard" Alternative Songs chart. They have won six Grammy Awards, and in 2012 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. | Les Red Hot Chili Peppers (; parfois abrégé RHCP ou plus simplement Red Hot ou les Chilis) sont un groupe de rock américain, originaire de Los Angeles, en Californie. Il est formé en 1983 par Anthony Kiedis (chant) et Michael Balzary (surnommé « Flea », basse), auxquels se joignent Hillel Slovak (guitare) et Jack Irons (batterie). Les Red Hot Chili Peppers adoptent une identité artistique forte dès leurs débuts, qui fera la renommée du groupe : des prestations scéniques considérées comme énergiques et marginales, une technicité et une virtuosité instrumentales, ainsi que des textes profonds sur des thèmes comme l'amitié, l'amour, la sexualité et la drogue. La musique des Red Hot Chili Peppers se caractérise par le mélange de plusieurs genres musicaux, tels le funk rock, le rock alternatif, le funk metal et le rap rock. En 1983, le quatuor signe un premier contrat avec EMI Records. Cependant, Hillel Slovak et Jack Irons sont parallèlement engagés avec le groupe What Is This?, et sont respectivement remplacés par Jack Sherman et Cliff Martinez pour la sortie du premier album "The Red Hot Chili Peppers" en 1984. | [
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Taco | Taco | A taco (,, ) is a traditional Mexican dish consisting of a small hand-sized corn or wheat tortilla topped with a filling. The tortilla is then folded around the filling and eaten by hand. A taco can be made with a variety of fillings, including beef, pork, chicken, seafood, vegetables, and cheese, allowing great versatility and variety. They are often garnished with various condiments, such as salsa, guacamole, or sour cream, and vegetables, such as lettuce, onion, tomatoes, and chiles. Tacos are a common form of antojitos, or Mexican street food, which have spread around the world. | Un taco est un "" (en-cas) de la cuisine mexicaine qui se compose d'une tortilla de maïs repliée ou enroulée sur elle-même contenant presque toujours une garniture le plus souvent à base de viande, de sauce, d'oignon et de coriandre fraiche hachée. | [
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Systems analysis | Analyse systémique | The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines system analysis as "the process of studying a procedure or business in order to identify its goals and purposes and create systems and procedures that will achieve them in an efficient way". Another view sees system analysis as a problem-solving technique that breaks down a system into its component pieces for the purpose of the studying how well those component parts work and interact to accomplish their purpose. | L'analyse systémique est précisément l'analyse faite selon les principes interdisciplinaires de la systémique, étude d'objets complexes par leurs échanges, qu'il s'agisse d'un être vivant, d'une organisation sociale, d'un objet technique. | [
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Michel Ocelot | Michel Ocelot | Michel Ocelot is a French writer, designer, storyboard artist and director of animated films and television programs (formerly also animator, background artist, narrator and other roles in earlier works) and a former president of the International Animated Film Association. Though best known for his 1998 debut feature "Kirikou and the Sorceress", his earlier films and television work had already won Césars and British Academy Film Awards among others and he was made a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur on 23 October 2009, presented to him by Agnès Varda who had been promoted to "commandeur" earlier the same year. In 2015 he got the Lifetime Achievement Award at the World Festival of Animated Film - Animafest Zagreb. | Michel Ocelot, né le, est un réalisateur français qui s'illustre dans le cinéma d'animation, principalement connu du grand public pour sa trilogie de films d'animation "Kirikou" (1998-2012). | [
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Epiphyte | Épiphyte | An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. Epiphytes take part in nutrient cycles and add to both the diversity and biomass of the ecosystem in which they occur, like any other organism. They are an important source of food for many species. Typically, the older parts of a plant will have more epiphytes growing on them. Epiphytes differ from parasites in that they grow on other plants for physical support and do not necessarily affect the host negatively. An epiphytic organism that is not a plant is sometimes called an epibiont. Epiphytes are usually found in the temperate zone (e.g., many mosses, liverworts, lichens, and algae) or in the tropics (e.g., many ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads). Epiphyte species make good houseplants due to their minimal water and soil requirements. Epiphytes provide a rich and diverse habitat for other organisms including animals, fungi, bacteria, and myxomycetes. | Les épiphytes sont des organismes (plantes, champignons lichénisés, algues) qui poussent en se servant d'autres plantes comme support (corticole, épiphylle...). Il ne s'agit pas de parasites car ils ne prélèvent rien au détriment de leur hôte. Les épiphytes sont des organismes autotrophes photosynthétiques ; ils sont capables d'absorber l'humidité de l'air et trouvent les sels minéraux, partiellement dans l'humus qui peut se former à la base des branches, et pour une autre partie dans les particules et gaz, absorbés ou solubilisés dans l'eau de la pluie et des rosées. Ce type de plantes est particulièrement bien représenté chez les ptéridophytes, les orchidées, les broméliacées, les aracées, les pipéracées et les bégoniacées. On les rencontre surtout dans la zone intertropicale, et plus particulièrement dans les forêts ombrophiles. Certains arbres, à l'écorce lisse ou phytotoxique, ou se desquamant régulièrement, sont exempts ou presque dépourvus d'épiphytes. | [
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Cook (profession) | Cuisinier | A cook is a profession for individuals who prepare food for consumption in the food industry in settings such as restaurants. A cook is sometimes referred to as a chef, although in the culinary world, the terms are not interchangeable. Cooks' responsibilities include preparing food, managing food stations, cleaning the kitchen, and helping the chefs. Restaurants will give a title to the cooks according to their designated stations. Examples are broiler cooks, fry cooks, pantry cooks, and sauce cooks. | Un cuisinier (une cuisinière) peut désigner soit toute personne faisant la cuisine, soit une personne dont c’est le métier (qu'on appelait jadis queux). | [
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Leuven | Louvain | Leuven (, ) or Louvain (,, ; ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, a part of Korbeek-Lo, Wilsele and Wijgmaal. It is the eighth largest city in Belgium and the fourth in Flanders with more than 100,244 inhabitants. | Louvain (, en, en ) est une ville néerlandophone de Belgique située en Région flamande, chef-lieu de la province du Brabant flamand et chef-lieu de l'arrondissement qui porte son nom. Elle est arrosée par la Dyle, affluent du Rupel. Au Louvain comptait. | [
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Karlsruhe | Karlsruhe | Karlsruhe (,, ; formerly spelled Carlsruhe) is the second-largest city of the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart, and its 313,092 inhabitants make it the 21st largest city of Germany. On the right bank of the Rhine, the city lies near the French-German border, between the Mannheim/Ludwigshafen conurbation to the north, and the Strasbourg/Kehl conurbation to the south. It is the largest city of Baden, a historic region named after Hohenbaden Castle in the city of Baden-Baden. Karlsruhe is also the largest city in the South Franconian dialect area (transitional dialects between Central and Upper German), the only other larger city in that area being Heilbronn. The city is the seat of the Federal Constitutional Court ("Bundesverfassungsgericht"), as well as of the Federal Court of Justice ("Bundesgerichtshof") and the Public Prosecutor General of the Federal Court of Justice ("Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof"). | Karlsruhe(), en français Carlsruhe, est une ville d'Allemagne, située dans le Land de Bade-Wurtemberg. Elle est le siège du Tribunal constitutionnel fédéral et de la Cour fédérale de justice. Au, la ville comptait habitants, ce qui en fait la deuxième ville du Bade-Wurtemberg après Stuttgart et avant Mannheim. | [
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Internet protocol suite | Suite des protocoles Internet | The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). During its development, versions of it were known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model because the development of the networking method was funded by the United States Department of Defense through DARPA. Its implementation is a protocol stack. | La suite TCP/IP est l'ensemble des protocoles utilisés pour le transfert des données sur Internet, aussi appelée DoD Standard ou bien DoD Model ou encore DoD TCP/IP ou US DoD Model. | [
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5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Phenology | Phénologie | Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation). | La phénologie est l'étude de l'apparition d'événements périodiques (annuels le plus souvent) dans le monde vivant, déterminée par les variations saisonnières du climat. | [
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Pollen | Pollen | Pollen is a powdery substance consisting of pollen grains which are male microgametophytes of seed plants, which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophytes during the process of their movement from the stamens to the pistil of flowering plants, or from the male cone to the female cone of coniferous plants. If pollen lands on a compatible pistil or female cone, it germinates, producing a pollen tube that transfers the sperm to the ovule containing the female gametophyte. Individual pollen grains are small enough to require magnification to see detail. The study of pollen is called palynology and is highly useful in paleoecology, paleontology, archaeology, and forensics. Pollen in plants is used for transferring haploid male genetic material from the anther of a single flower to the stigma of another in cross-pollination. In a case of self-pollination, this process takes place from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower. | Le pollen (du grec πάλη ("palè") : farine ou poussière) constitue, chez les plantes à graines, l'élément mobile mâle produit par la fleur : ce sont des grains minuscules ( de diamètre en général), de forme plus ou moins ovoïde, initialement contenus dans l'anthère à l'extrémité des étamines. | [
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Cornemuse du Centre | Cornemuse du Centre | The cornemuse du Centre France (or musette du Centre) (bagpipes of Central France) is a type of bagpipes native to Central France. They have two drones, one an octave below the tonic of the chanter, and the other two octaves below the tonic of the chanter. They can be found in the Bourbonnais, Berry, Nivernais, and Morvan regions of France and in different tonalities. | La cornemuse du Centre France ou musette du Centre est une cornemuse à deux bourdons, le premier accordé à une octave et le second à deux octaves en dessous du hautbois. | [
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Flour | Farine | Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for most cultures. Wheat flour is one of the most important ingredients in Oceanic, European, South American, North American, Middle Eastern, North Indian and North African cultures, and is the defining ingredient in their styles of breads and pastries. Corn flour has been important in Mesoamerican cuisine since ancient times and remains a staple in the Americas. Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central Europe. | La farine est une poudre obtenue en broyant et en moulant des céréales ou d'autres produits agricoles alimentaires solides, souvent des graines. La farine issue de céréales contenant du gluten, comme le blé, est l'un des principaux éléments de l'alimentation de certains peuples du monde.D'autres peuples encore utilisent des céréales comme le maïs pour s'alimenter et faire de la farine (exemple : "Mexique") Elle est à la base de la fabrication des pains, des pâtes, des crêpes, des pâtisseries et de plusieurs mets. | [
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Maoism | Maoïsme | Maoism, or Mao Zedong Thought (), is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed for realising a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China. The philosophical difference between Maoism and Marxism–Leninism is that the peasantry are the revolutionary vanguard in pre-industrial societies rather than the proletariat. This updating and adaptation of Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions in which revolutionary praxis is primary and ideological orthodoxy is secondary represents urban Marxism–Leninism adapted to pre-industrial China. The claim that Mao Zedong had adapted Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions evolved into the idea that he had updated it in a fundamental way applying to the world as a whole. | Le maoïsme (en chinois : 毛泽东思想, pinyin : "Máo Zédōng sīxiǎng", « pensée Mao-Zedong ») est un courant du communisme développé au par Mao Zedong, chef du Parti communiste chinois, qui arrive au pouvoir en Chine dès 1949, au terme d'une longue guerre civile contre le Guomindang et d'une guerre contre l'empire du Japon. Comme Lénine dit avoir adapté les théories de Karl Marx à la Russie, Mao déclare adapter les théories de Marx et de Lénine à la situation politique et économique de la Chine du. Au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Mao affirme vouloir émanciper la population chinoise à la fois de l'impérialisme occidental et du confucianisme. Au moment de la rupture sino-soviétique, Mao se réclame d'une lecture du marxisme-léninisme et refuse de suivre un processus parallèle à la déstalinisation, poussant la Chine encore plus loin sur la voie du quadrillage total de la société par le Parti et du culte de sa personnalité. Le maoïsme, même si la tendance pro-soviétique reste très largement majoritaire au sein du communisme mondial, commence alors à la concurrencer, et de multiples groupes à travers le monde se réclament de Mao et de sa vision tiers-mondiste et. L'Albanie d'Enver Hoxha devient même un pays satellite de la Chine. Après la mort de Mao en 1976, le maoïsme est, en république populaire de Chine, progressivement vidé de sa substance idéologique même si le PCC continue de se réclamer officiellement de la « pensée Mao-Zedong ». En revanche, des groupes maoïstes, d'importance très inégale, continuent d'exister à travers le monde, notamment des groupes armés de l'Inde, du Népal et d'Amérique latine. En Occident, le maoïsme intellectuel a fait long feu, ses adeptes ayant dans leur immense majorité changé d'opinions après la mort de Mao. | [
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Reed (mouthpiece) | Anche | A reed is a thin strip of material that vibrates to produce a sound on a musical instrument. Most woodwind instrument reeds are made from "Arundo donax" ("Giant cane") or synthetic material. Tuned reeds (as in harmonicas and accordions) are made of metal or synthetics. Musical instruments are classified according to the type and number of reeds. | En organologie, une anche est une lamelle qui vibre pour produire le son de certains instruments de musique à vent de la famille des bois. Elle peut être libre (comme pour l'accordéon ou l'harmonica) ou battante (pour les bois). L'anche battante peut être simple (comme pour la clarinette, le saxophone) ou double (hautbois, bombarde, etc.). Faite de roseau, de métal ou de matière plastique, elle est mise en vibration directement par le souffle producteur. | [
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Porcelain | Porcelaine | Porcelain () is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including a material like kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between. The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures. Though definitions vary, porcelain can be divided into three main categories: hard-paste, soft-paste and bone china. The category that an object belongs to depends on the composition of the paste used to make the body of the porcelain object and the firing conditions. | La porcelaine () est une céramique fine et translucide qui, si elle est produite à partir du kaolin par cuisson à plus de, prend le nom plus précis de porcelaine dure. Elle est majoritairement utilisée dans les arts de la table. | [
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Pottery | Poterie | Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other ceramic materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard, durable form. Major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made by a "potter" is also called a "pottery" (plural "potteries"). The definition of "pottery" used by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is "all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed, except technical, structural, and refractory products." In archaeology, especially of ancient and prehistoric periods, "pottery" often means vessels only, and figures etc. of the same material are called "terracottas". Clay as a part of the materials used is required by some definitions of pottery, but this is dubious. Pottery is one of the oldest human inventions, originating before the Neolithic period, with ceramic objects like the Gravettian culture Venus of Dolní Věstonice figurine discovered in the Czech Republic dating back to 29,000–25,000 BC, and pottery vessels that were discovered in Jiangxi, China, which date back to 18,000 BC. Early Neolithic and pre-Neolithic pottery artifacts have been found, in Jōmon Japan (10,500 BC), the Russian Far East (14,000 BC), Sub-Saharan Africa (9,400 BC), South America (9,000s-7,000s BC), and the Middle East (7,000s-6,000s BC). | Le terme poterie désigne des vases et récipients à usage essentiellement domestique ou culinaire réalisés en terre cuite "poreuse" qui peuvent demeurer bruts ou recevoir un revêtement glaçuré. | [
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Typewriter | Machine à écrire | A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for writing characters similar to those produced by a printer's movable type. Typically, a typewriter has an array of keys, and each one causes a different single character to be produced on the paper, by means of a ribbon with dried ink struck against the paper by a type element similar to the sorts used in movable type letterpress printing. On some typewriters, a separate type element (called a typebar) corresponds to each key; others use a single type element (such as a typeball or disc) with a different portion of it used for each character. At the end of the nineteenth century, the term "typewriter" was also applied to a person who used a typing machine. The first commercial typewriters were introduced in 1874, but did not become common in offices until after the mid-1880s. The typewriter quickly became an indispensable tool for practically all writing other than personal handwritten correspondence. It was widely used by professional writers, in offices, and for business correspondence in private homes. | Une machine à écrire est une machine mécanographique permettant d'écrire des documents avec des caractères imprimés. Elle se présente sous la forme d'un clavier comportant une cinquantaine de touches représentant les caractères qui seront imprimés sur le papier. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Kludge | Kludge | A kludge or kluge () is a workaround or quick-and-dirty solution that is clumsy, inelegant, inefficient, difficult to extend and hard to maintain. This term is used in diverse fields such as computer science, aerospace engineering, Internet slang, evolutionary neuroscience, and government. It is similar in meaning to the naval term "jury rig". | Dans l'argot d'informaticien, un kludge est une solution jugée maladroite, grossière, rudimentaire, et irrespectueuse des règles de l'art, typiquement créée dans le but de résoudre rapidement et temporairement un problème ardu. Telle solution est également qualifiée de "hack", de "bidouille", de "bricolage" ou de "verrue". | [
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Faience | Faïence | Faience or faïence (; ) is the conventional name in English for fine tin-glazed pottery, at least when there is no more usual English name for the type concerned. The invention of a white pottery glaze suitable for painted decoration, by the addition of an oxide of tin to the slip of a lead glaze, was a major advance in the history of pottery. The invention seems to have been made in Iran or the Middle East before the ninth century. A kiln capable of producing temperatures exceeding was required to achieve this result, the result of millennia of refined pottery-making traditions. The term is now used for a wide variety of pottery from several parts of the world, including many types of European painted wares, often produced as cheaper versions of porcelain styles. | La faïence, du nom de la ville italienne de Faenza où elle fut rendue célèbre, est une "poterie", par métonymie un objet, de terre (terre cuite à base d'argile) émaillée ou vernissée, ordinairement à fond blanc. | [
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Tagus | Tage | The Tagus ( ; ; ; ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is long, in Spain, along the border between Portugal and Spain and in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to places of central Spain and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a wide alluvial valley, prone to flooding. Its mouth is a large estuary near the port city of Lisbon. | Le Tage (en, en ) est un fleuve qui prend sa source en Espagne, traverse le Portugal où il se jette dans l'océan Atlantique à Lisbonne. | [
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Common Gateway Interface | Common Gateway Interface | In computing, Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is an interface specification for web servers to execute programs like console applications (also called command-line interface programs) running on a server that generates web pages dynamically. Such programs are known as "CGI scripts" or simply as "CGIs". The specifics of how the script is executed by the server are determined by the server. In the common case, a CGI script executes at the time a request is made and generates HTML. | La (littéralement « Interface de passerelle commune »), généralement abrégée CGI, est une interface utilisée par les serveurs HTTP. Elle a été normalisée par la RFC 3875. | [
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Germania | Germanie | Germania (, ) was the Roman term for the historical region in north-central Europe initially inhabited mainly by Germanic tribes. | La Germanie "(Germania Magna)" est la région historique d'Europe occupée par les peuples germaniques dans l'antiquité, plus précisément à l'époque de l'empire romain. Cette zone couvre d'abord essentiellement le sud de la Scandinavie puis s'étend en Europe centrale. Elle couvre alors une large zone qui va à l'est approximativement jusqu'à la Vistule, à l'ouest et au sud jusqu'au Rhin et au Danube qui la séparent du monde romain. | [
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Bruce Sterling | Bruce Sterling | Michael Bruce Sterling (born April 14, 1954) is an American science fiction author known for his novels and work on the "Mirrorshades" anthology, which helped to define the cyberpunk genre. Sterling's first ever science fiction story, "Man-Made Self", was sold in 1976. He first became famous by hosting annual Christmas event to present digital art. He spent many years after this creating many science fiction novels such as "Schismatrix" (1985), "Islands In The Net" (1988), and "Heavy Weather" (1994). In 1992, he published his first nonfiction novel, "The Hacker Crackdown: Law And Disorder On The Electronic Frontier." | Michael Bruce Sterling, né le à Austin au Texas, est un auteur américain de science-fiction, souvent inclus dans les listes d'auteurs du mouvement cyberpunk. Il est reconnu pour avoir écrit la première anthologie cyberpunk : "Mozart en verres miroirs". | [
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Workers' Party of Belgium | Parti du travail de Belgique | The Workers' Party of Belgium (, PVDA;, PTB; stylized as PVDA+/PTB-GO!) is a political party in Belgium that operates as a single Belgian party, in contrast to all other major Belgian political parties, which are either Flemish, Francophone or local. | Le Parti du travail de Belgique (, abrégé en PTB ou PVDA) est un parti politique belge national et unitaire, c'est-à-dire non divisé selon le clivage linguistique, fondé en 1979. Le PTB s'identifie comme un parti marxiste, anti-capitaliste. | [
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Robertians | Robertiens | The Robertians, or Robertines, as they are known in modern scholarship, are the proposed Frankish family which was ancestral to the Capetian dynasty, and thus to the royal families of France and many other countries. The Capetians appear first in the records as powerful nobles serving under the Carolingian dynasty in West Francia, which later became France. As their power increased they came into conflict with the older royal family and attained the crown several times before the eventual start of the continuous rule of the descendants the Capetians, the descendants of Hugh Capet (ruled 987–996). | La famille des Robertiens est une famille de la noblesse franque qui tire son nom du prénom "Robert" que portèrent un grand nombre de ses membres. La puissance des Robertiens, fortement implantés en Neustrie, s'explique moins par que par leur dans le royaume et le diriger de fait. Trois membres de la famille accédèrent au trône : Eudes en 888, son frère Robert en 922 et le petit-fils de ce dernier, Hugues Capet en 987. Les descendants de ce dernier sont nommés Capétiens et régnèrent sur la France sans interruption de 987 à 1792 (805 ans) puis de 1815 à 1848 (33 ans). Ainsi, de 888 à 1848, soit pendant environ 960 ans, la famille issue des Robertiens a joué un rôle politique de premier plan en France. | [
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Counting | Compte | Counting is the process of determining the number of elements of a finite set of objects. The traditional way of counting consists of continually increasing a (mental or spoken) counter by a unit for every element of the set, in some order, while marking (or displacing) those elements to avoid visiting the same element more than once, until no unmarked elements are left; if the counter was set to one after the first object, the value after visiting the final object gives the desired number of elements. The related term "enumeration" refers to uniquely identifying the elements of a finite (combinatorial) set or infinite set by assigning a number to each element. | Le mot compte peut référer au verbe compter, au sens de dénombrer. Un compte peut aussi référer à des unités de valeur, et à des listes utilisées par exemple par des entreprises, comme les banques et instituts financiers. | [
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | [
250008,
636,
2080,
12546,
4372,
3537,
32395,
56,
531,
493,
372,
135075,
4,
531,
12006,
8,
3402,
19,
66520,
42,
5,
992,
12546,
4372,
5206,
3537,
32395,
56,
253,
224,
51,
55475,
8,
49556,
4,
82,
253,
224,
15854,
7,
174046,
7,
366,
18632,
366,
224,
56568,
4,
3739,
199,
97575,
7,
82,
32872,
7,
44530,
7,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Multiplication table | Table de multiplication | In mathematics, a multiplication table (sometimes, less formally, a times table) is a mathematical table used to define a multiplication operation for an algebraic system. | Une table de multiplication affiche dans les lignes et colonnes le résultat de la multiplication des petits nombres entiers naturels. Le terme usité du Moyen Âge au était « livret » (ce terme est encore courant en Suisse). | [
250004,
250054,
581,
10332,
525,
51529,
127664,
1363,
23180,
7,
3542,
11814,
390,
70,
214733,
72004,
1672,
34042,
5369,
6650,
5,
33306,
4,
1836,
11814,
10,
3647,
111,
1496,
5,
581,
10332,
525,
51529,
23180,
7,
17368,
10,
3647,
111,
209,
621,
70,
76438,
32380,
2749,
127664,
1363,
23180,
98,
81020,
54487,
43613,
7,
1740,
47,
1672,
136786,
77269,
4,
20271,
9098,
25,
7,
5550,
2852,
46684,
14922,
5,
581,
127664,
1363,
23180,
83,
68018,
150380,
297,
47,
70,
142,
45964,
160600,
48909,
13,
47148,
3378,
27512,
3238,
76312,
7,
11516,
5757,
1104,
127351,
77269,
194,
1650,
83,
2843,
35839,
70,
112997,
111,
27512,
3238,
76312,
7,
23,
5941,
46876,
7,
15,
2472,
27781,
92265,
4,
89176,
136,
102374,
247,
68018,
23,
14941,
5,
581,
10255,
587,
9,
158271,
48909,
13,
47148,
3378,
1520,
3089,
43676,
223,
85769,
1104,
20840,
19831,
247,
10,
28960,
56,
111,
54311,
6493,
3238,
6504,
5073,
8780,
4,
99201,
10,
127664,
1363,
23180,
23,
1919,
44,
4153,
2955,
77391,
47,
1172,
8962,
282,
9523,
830,
7440,
162,
70,
10332,
525,
613,
686,
6496,
160600,
127664,
1363,
23180,
83,
98,
10,
7866,
9961,
607,
297,
47,
70,
106,
271,
142642,
19831,
136,
82424,
18276,
71,
23,
70,
56101,
25946,
5,
360,
201,
11591,
19831,
4,
36216,
3834,
111,
62,
83150,
1212,
54397,
10,
16193,
9,
8447,
316,
19,
127664,
1363,
23180,
3129,
26038,
15,
73,
12610,
22542,
16765,
16,
70,
12996,
111,
11907,
14012,
1295,
116,
47,
836,
20028,
136,
70,
6,
15555,
7,
3542,
44,
11,
5303,
111,
101935,
72134,
678,
1632,
199823,
4,
60887,
214,
390,
75281,
7,
47,
1632,
75281,
4,
7068,
60887,
214,
390,
93396,
47,
1492,
4,
7068,
390,
64333,
47,
1632,
4,
136,
7068,
70,
6,
175921,
7,
7565,
47,
142998,
12465,
1242,
360,
1919,
543,
1549,
12877,
44,
3957,
6,
197652,
53,
111,
1172,
8962,
282,
9523,
830,
48909,
13,
47148,
3378,
4939,
1734,
6387,
91376,
10,
127664,
1363,
23180,
1257,
47,
10078,
34070,
10078,
4,
3129,
114864,
101935,
47,
186,
118126,
297,
23,
80836,
7,
111,
153939,
7,
99,
10,
1733,
5,
1734,
6387,
2843,
170198,
450,
27150,
166733,
7,
77645,
731,
70,
127664,
1363,
23180,
1257,
47,
836,
34070,
836,
5,
581,
164156,
35064,
45831,
10,
23180,
1257,
47,
427,
34070,
427,
4,
3129,
83,
10,
13267,
39210,
538,
11814,
23,
115215,
5,
581,
89160,
2062,
67,
52080,
111,
127664,
1363,
509,
35509,
98,
40765,
47691,
111,
3365,
316,
1779,
23,
70,
23180,
4,
23,
10,
3173,
1884,
4426,
771,
195,
2740,
6,
42946,
771,
195,
2740,
3293,
3173,
111,
32562,
70,
127664,
1363,
23180,
23,
3365,
316,
1779,
678,
28484,
14012,
149357,
7,
83,
7464,
11814,
23,
3060,
76726,
4,
6044,
237,
55124,
11,
136,
47820,
3081,
27533,
4,
64457,
111,
70,
5744,
6,
120067,
36917,
5,
8622,
83,
10,
103510,
23,
70,
127664,
1363,
23180,
450,
831,
4358,
3395,
47,
77645,
731,
70,
23180,
1286,
72546,
5,
1650,
4527,
7,
70,
26366,
7,
35064,
12,
55412,
13,
106,
83,
11814,
100,
48716,
7,
111,
106,
4,
138,
4,
361,
4,
136,
3569,
55412,
13,
116,
83,
11814,
100,
70,
48716,
7,
111,
116,
4,
201,
4,
305,
4,
136,
3217,
32255,
103510,
7,
831,
186,
11814,
47,
77645,
731,
70,
48716,
7,
111,
2499,
14012,
1295,
757,
47,
209,
4,
40494,
1892,
1301,
398,
2806,
4034,
98,
70,
14012,
398,
621,
6024,
62479,
214,
4,
3229,
398,
6024,
62479,
390,
757,
4,
398,
24765,
98,
757,
22085,
83,
173591,
136,
221,
70,
6,
118201,
7,
765,
110,
21543,
98,
757,
4,
120262,
757,
83,
11814,
237,
10,
3126,
47,
28282,
10,
155241,
141,
105823,
194,
581,
103510,
2843,
43240,
678,
48716,
7,
111,
209,
4,
390,
72134,
99,
106,
136,
42856,
154107,
757,
4,
68772,
398,
209,
4,
7068,
1660,
59911,
11907,
14012,
23,
70,
103510,
47,
70,
44,
510,
7,
58,
25072,
237,
398,
2806,
3638,
538,
54,
237,
115723,
47,
70,
44,
25749,
58,
25072,
5,
1326,
27781,
4,
47,
189232,
756,
70,
48716,
7,
111,
361,
12,
112997,
7,
831,
2843,
61924,
2394,
6635,
41018,
7,
98,
94407,
4,
44457,
7,
4,
6,
46828,
4,
136,
3789,
144,
429,
2844,
1771,
76519,
5,
360,
6044,
43701,
7,
1836,
831,
186,
35839,
145612,
4293,
23180,
7,
5,
11853,
621,
70,
66044,
136,
127664,
1363,
23180,
7,
100,
70,
94418,
13,
44457,
567,
5,
1326,
11907,
6083,
14012,
44,
19,
830,
2685,
621,
2843,
66044,
136,
127664,
1363,
23180,
7,
100,
70,
15789,
567,
5,
1326,
3789,
27781,
7,
4,
1957,
21115,
4,
136,
162264,
93,
191,
5,
581,
76438,
127664,
1363,
23180,
58055,
7,
111,
136659,
53,
9,
3630,
149357,
7,
678,
22759,
707,
43606,
76438,
124850,
117,
149357,
4,
20662,
442,
23468,
100,
20020,
47,
30698,
390,
26498,
5,
62,
16610,
56,
11389,
111,
70,
23180,
58055,
7,
111,
4734,
100,
939,
9,
1029,
272,
149357,
7,
4,
237,
69407,
6044,
237,
44,
85963,
136659,
7,
186,
3794,
59671,
939,
9,
55547,
58,
621,
31943,
6827,
47,
44,
13,
22553,
300,
1444,
186,
3794,
59671,
939,
9,
55547,
58,
221,
2685,
83,
110,
3871,
47,
30698,
2856,
186351,
5,
62,
15440,
11389,
390,
49146,
6496,
756,
44,
3630,
58,
149357,
7,
4,
58055,
7,
111,
4734,
6,
95037,
939,
9,
7,
4084,
149357,
7,
4,
3129,
83,
2684,
39210,
538,
11814,
23,
115215,
23,
9098,
5,
1650,
25,
7,
27983,
23,
903,
12989,
12,
116,
425,
304,
107947,
4,
116,
425,
363,
1369,
910,
4,
27,
4,
116,
425,
1019,
1369,
2485,
4,
116,
425,
1126,
1369,
1819,
4,
138,
425,
363,
4,
138,
425,
617,
4,
27,
4,
138,
425,
1126,
4,
201,
425,
617,
4,
27,
4,
201,
425,
1126,
4,
190,
425,
758,
27,
4,
1126,
425,
1126,
62,
57134,
133,
111,
952,
81020,
54487,
94708,
7,
607,
297,
136786,
77269,
23,
70,
5550,
2852,
46684,
14922,
23,
70,
384,
6953,
39608,
115990,
54487,
178458,
7,
15,
7318,
7919,
45088,
16,
42486,
83,
70,
8999,
25,
7,
67896,
150,
525,
51529,
27781,
111,
10,
32380,
2749,
127664,
1363,
23180,
5,
360,
13501,
4,
70,
9907,
70615,
111,
165136,
7,
111,
123426,
47148,
7,
15,
36253,
10111,
16,
126809,
3525,
5570,
7,
3129,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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Unreal Tournament | Unreal Tournament | Unreal Tournament is a first-person shooter video game developed by Epic Games and Digital Extremes. The second installment in the "Unreal" series, it was first published by GT Interactive in 1999 for Microsoft Windows, and later released on the PlayStation 2 and Dreamcast by Infogrames in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Players compete in a series of matches of various types, with the general aim of out-killing opponents. The PC version supports multiplayer online or over a local area network. Free expansion packs were released, some of which were bundled with a 2000 re-release: Unreal Tournament: Game of the Year Edition. | Après la sortie d’', les développeurs du jeu commencent à travailler sur une extension destinée à pallier les lacunes de ce dernier en mode multijoueur. Devant l'ampleur du projet et les améliorations alors apportées au moteur du jeu, l'équipe décide finalement d'en faire un jeu à part entière qu'ils baptisent dans un premier temps '. Malgré les doutes de la presse spécialisée concernant la capacité d' à développer un titre multijoueur capable de concurrencer ", il bénéficie d'une certaine couverture médiatique du fait des débats qui l'opposent à ce dernier. À sa sortie, le jeu est cependant très bien accueilli par les critiques qui estiment qu'il parvient à s’imposer comme un des meilleurs jeux d’un genre pourtant très compétitif. Il rencontre un certain succès commercial avec plus d'un million de copies vendues en moins d'un an. | [
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Société Bic | Bic (entreprise) | Société Bic S.A., commonly referred to simply as Bic and stylized as BiC, is a corporation based in Clichy, France, best known for making disposable consumer products such as lighters, razors, pens, and printed paper products. It was founded in 1945 by Marcel Bich. | BIC est une société française fondée le, dont le siège social se situe à Clichy. L’entreprise est principalement reconnue pour ses stylos qu’elle commercialise sous la marque BIC, ou Conté, mais elle produit aussi des rasoirs, des bateaux (planche à voile, kayak, surf), des briquets et des téléphones portables. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Sternum | Sternum | The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury. Shaped roughly like a necktie, it is one of the largest and longest flat bones of the body. Its three regions are the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process. The word "sternum" originates from the Ancient Greek στέρνον, meaning "chest". | Le sternum est un os plat, impair, symétrique, situé au niveau de la partie antérieure de la cage thoracique sur lequel viennent s'attacher en avant les côtes (les sept premières chez l'Homme) et qui s'étend de T2 à T11. | [
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1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
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4,
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8,
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21,
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11503,
613,
99583,
6,
89663,
91,
25,
232254,
42,
22,
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4747,
1636,
15,
1577,
61433,
19145,
7,
19998,
96,
25,
11193,
3019,
16,
82,
569,
91,
25,
2305,
3611,
8,
384,
304,
253,
384,
1662,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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