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MediaWiki
|
MediaWiki
|
MediaWiki is a free and open-source wiki engine. It was developed for use on Wikipedia in 2002, and given the name "MediaWiki" in 2003. It remains in use on Wikipedia and almost all other Wikimedia websites, including Wiktionary, Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata; these sites continue to define a large part of the requirement set for MediaWiki. MediaWiki was originally developed by Magnus Manske and improved by Lee Daniel Crocker. Its development has since then been coordinated by the Wikimedia Foundation.
|
MediaWiki est un moteur de wiki pour le Web. Il est utilisé par l’ensemble des projets de la Wikimedia Foundation, des wikis hébergés chez FANDOM, ainsi que par de nombreux autres wikis. Conçu pour répondre aux besoins de Wikipédia, ce moteur est en 2008 également utilisé par des entreprises comme solution de gestion des connaissances et comme système de gestion de contenu. L’entreprise américaine Novell l’utilise notamment pour plusieurs de ses sites web qui véhiculent un trafic important. Des associations, comme Wikitravel, Mozilla ou Ékopedia, l'ont aussi adopté.
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Looney Tunes
|
Looney Tunes
|
Looney Tunes is an American animated comedy series produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation alongside its sister series "Merrie Melodies". It is known for introducing Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote and many other cartoon characters.
|
Looney Tunes est une série de dessins animés, diffusé depuis le 19 avril 1929 propriété de la Warner Bros. (WB). Cette série a été produite en compagnie des "Merrie Melodies". Les personnages de la Warner deviennent également connus sous le nom "« Looney Tunes »" (souvent mal épelé, intentionnellement ou non, sous le nom de "« Looney Toons »"). "Looney Tunes" est une variation de "Silly Symphonies", le nom des séries de courts-métrages musicaux de Walt Disney. "Looney Tunes" possédait originellement les compositions musicales des aventures des personnages Bosko et Buddy. Plus tard, les courts-métrages "Looney Tunes" relatent les aventures de célèbres personnages tels que Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Sylvestre (Grosminet), Speedy Gonzales, Titi, Marvin le Martien, Taz, Bip Bip et Coyote, Charlie le coq, Sam le pirate, Pépé le putois, Mémé, Gossamer et bon nombre d'autres personnages.
|
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Isle of Man
|
Île de Man
|
The Isle of Man (, also ), also known as Mann, is a self-governing British Crown dependency situated in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor. The United Kingdom has responsibility for the island's military defence.
|
L’île de Man ( ou "IOM" ; ou "" ; ) est un territoire formé d’une île principale et de quelques îlots situés en mer d’Irlande, au centre des îles Britanniques. L’île de Man forme une dépendance de la Couronne britannique, c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'appartient pas au Royaume-Uni (et n’appartenait pas à l'Union Européenne quand le Royaume-Uni en faisait partie) mais relève directement de la propriété du souverain britannique, actuellement la reine, qui agit en qualité de « seigneur de Man ». Ce statut n’en fait pas un État reconnu indépendant, mais l'île dispose d’une large autonomie politique et économique. Ainsi depuis 2011, le lieutenant-gouverneur, fonction jusqu'alors attribuée par la reine, est désigné par un vote de représentants locaux mannois. De fait de son statut et d'une politique fiscale très avantageuse, elle est considérée comme un des lieux privilégiés par l'évasion fiscale, acquérant une réputation de paradis fiscal, notamment depuis les révélations des « Paradise Papers ».
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Carbon cycle
|
Cycle du carbone
|
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks.
|
Le cycle du carbone est le cycle biogéochimique (ensemble des échanges d'un élément chimique) du carbone sur une planète. Celui de la Terre est rendu plus complexe par l'existence d'importantes masses d'eau océaniques, et surtout par le fait que la vie (et donc les composés carbonés qui en sont le substrat) y tient une place importante. Il est caractérisé par l'importance relative des stocks emmagasinés dans les quatre grands réservoirs naturels de carbone de la planète (atmosphère, biosphère, hydrosphère et lithosphère), par les échanges entre ces réservoirs, et le renouvellement dynamique (appelé turnover) général du carbone du sol (pédosphère) qui inclut généralement la minéralisation (conversion du carbone organique en ) et la transformation d'un pool (ou réservoir) de carbone à un autre ( fraîche et matière organique humifiée).
|
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Thirty Years' War
|
Guerre de Trente Ans
|
The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It resulted in the deaths of over 8 million people, including 20 percent of the German population, making it one of the most destructive conflicts in human history. Initially a war between the Protestant and Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a general European war involving most of the great powers. The war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence and a Habsburg attempt to rebuild the imperial authority in Germany.
|
La guerre de Trente Ans est une série de conflits armés qui a déchiré l’Europe du au. Les causes en sont multiples mais son déclencheur est la révolte des sujets tchèques protestants de la maison de Habsbourg, la répression qui suivit et le désir des Habsbourg d’accroître leur hégémonie et celle de la religion catholique dans le Saint-Empire.
|
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Mandolin
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Mandoline
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A mandolin ( ; literally "small mandola") is a stringed musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum. It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versions also exist. The courses are typically tuned in a succession of perfect fifths, with the same tuning as a violin. It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello and mandobass.
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La mandoline est un instrument de musique à cordes pincées originaire d'Italie. Petit luth à manche court utilisé en musique classique, folklorique ou traditionnelle, elle est surtout répandue dans les pays méditerranéens. Elle est connue, par exemple, comme l'instrument d'accompagnement privilégié de la chanson napolitaine.
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Lightning
|
Foudre
|
Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electrically charged regions in the atmosphere or ground temporarily equalize themselves, causing the instantaneous release of as much as one gigajoule of energy. This discharge may produce a wide range of electromagnetic radiation, from very hot plasma created by the rapid movement of electrons to brilliant flashes of visible light in the form of black-body radiation. Lightning causes thunder, a sound from the shock wave which develops as gases in the vicinity of the discharge experience a sudden increase in pressure. Lightning occurs commonly during thunderstorms and other types of energetic weather systems, but volcanic lightning can also occur during volcanic eruptions.
|
La foudre est un phénomène naturel de décharge électrostatique disruptive qui peut se produire lorsqu'une grande quantité d'électricité statique s'est accumulée dans des zones de nuages d'orage, dans ces nuages, entre eux ou entre de tels nuages et le sol (la terre ou la mer). La différence de potentiel électrique (électrostatique) entre les deux zones peut atteindre 10 à et pour qu'apparaisse la foudre, un plasma est produit dans l'air sur le parcours de la décharge, causant les deux phénomènes observés : l'éclair d'une part, qui se propage très rapidement, et d'autre part le tonnerre, qui résulte d'une dilatation explosive de l'air échauffé par l'éclair, et se propage relativement lentement (à la vitesse du son dans l'air, qui dépend de sa température).
|
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Tabla
|
Tabla
|
The tabla is a membranophone percussion instrument originating from the Indian subcontinent, consisting of a pair of drums, used in traditional, classical, popular and folk music. It has been a particularly important instrument in Hindustani classical music since the 18th century, and remains in use in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The name "tabla" likely comes from "tabl", the Persian and Arabic word for drum. However, the ultimate origin of the musical instrument is contested by scholars, some tracing it to West Asia, others tracing the evolution of indigenous musical instruments of the Indian subcontinent.
|
Le tabla (en hindi, ourdou طبلہ, derivé de l'arabe tabla qui veut dire petit tambour) est un instrument de musique à percussion de l'Inde du Nord, joué également au Pakistan, au Bangladesh, au Népal et en Afghanistan. Il se présente sous forme d'une paire de fûts, composée du "dayan" (tambour droit) qui produit divers sons aigus, et du "Bayan" qui sert aux sons de basse.
|
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Torana
|
Torana
|
Torana, also referred to as vandanamalikas, is a free-standing ornamental or arched gateway for ceremonial purposes seen in the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain architecture of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. Chinese paifang gateways, Japanese torii gateways, Korean Hongsalmun gateways, and Thai Sao Ching Cha were derived from the Indian "torana".
|
Le terme sanscrit toraṇa, désigne, dans les traités d'architecture indiens, quelle que soit leur obédience religieuse, une arche ou un portique, ouvrant l'enceinte d'un lieu sacré ou d'une cité.
|
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Chapman Stick
|
Chapman Stick
|
The Chapman Stick is an electric musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s. A member of the guitar family, the Chapman Stick usually has ten or twelve individually tuned strings and is used to play bass lines, melody lines, chords, or textures. Designed as a fully polyphonic chordal instrument, it can also cover several of these musical parts simultaneously.
|
Le stick ou Chapman stick est un instrument de musique amplifié inventé par Emmett Chapman en 1969 et commercialisé à partir de 1974. Il est dérivé de la guitare, et comporte huit, dix ou douze cordes séparées en une partie mélodique et une partie basse. Sa singularité est que ses cordes sont frappées avec les doigts selon la technique du "tapping" à deux mains ou "touch-style". Il permet un jeu nettement plus polyphonique qu'un instrument à corde plus classique, ce qui le rapproche des instruments à clavier. Les cordes de la partie basse et de la partie mélodique sont d'ailleurs amplifiables séparément.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Belfort Gap
|
Trouée de Belfort
|
The Belfort Gap () or Burgundian Gate () is a plateau located between the northern rim of the Jura Mountains and the southernmost part of the Vosges in France. It marks the divide between the drainage basins of the Rhine River in the east and that of the Rhône (Doubs and Saône) in the west, part of the European Watershed between the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
|
La trouée de Belfort ou porte de Bourgogne est un seuil situé entre les Vosges et le Jura, reliant le bassin du Rhin et le bassin du Rhône, l'Alsace et la Franche-Comté.
|
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McJob
|
McJob
|
McJob is slang for a low-paying, low-prestige dead-end job that requires few skills and offers very little chance of intracompany advancement. The term McJob comes from the name of the fast-food restaurant McDonald's, but is used to describe any low-status job – regardless of the employer – where little training is required, staff turnover is high, and workers' activities are tightly regulated by managers.
|
« McJob » est un mot d'anglais argotique pour désigner un emploi peu qualifié, mal payé, sans prestige et sans avenir. Le terme vient du nom de la chaîne de restauration rapide McDonald's, mais il s'applique à tous les emplois peu qualifiés qui ne requièrent presque pas de formation et où les activités de l'employé sont strictement régulées. La plupart des McJobs se trouvent dans les services, en particulier la restauration rapide et la vente au détail.
|
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TRIPS Agreement
|
Aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce
|
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It sets down minimum standards for the regulation by national governments of many forms of intellectual property (IP) as applied to nationals of other WTO member nations. TRIPS was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) between 1989 and 1990 and is administered by the WTO.
|
L'Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC, en anglais, "Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights" : TRIPS) est un texte annexé à l'Accord instituant l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Il a pour but d'intégrer les droits de propriété intellectuelle (droits d'auteur, marques de fabrique ou de commerce, brevets, etc.) dans le système de l'OMC. Cet accord applique les principes du système commercial aux droits de propriété intellectuelle.
|
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Witold Gombrowicz
|
Witold Gombrowicz
|
Witold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969) was a Polish writer and playwright. His works are characterised by deep psychological analysis, a certain sense of paradox and absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. Because he was a leftist, bisexual, and anticlerical who defied all party lines, his books were banned in communist Poland. In 1937 he published his first novel, "Ferdydurke", which presented many of his usual themes: problems of immaturity and youth, creation of identity in interactions with others, and an ironic, critical examination of class roles in Polish society and culture. He gained fame only during the last years of his life, but is now considered one of the foremost figures of Polish literature. His diaries were published in 1969 and are, according to the "Paris Review", "widely considered his masterpiece". He was a Nobel Prize candidate in Literature in 1966, according to a recently published database.
|
Witold Gombrowicz, né le à, près de Opatów, en Pologne alors russe, mort le en France à Vence, près de Nice (Alpes-Maritimes), est un écrivain polonais. Il est aujourd'hui reconnu comme l'un des plus grands auteurs du et a influencé de nombreux écrivains, tels que Milan Kundera.
|
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Chili pepper
|
Piment
|
The chili pepper (also chile, chile pepper, chilli pepper, or chilli), from Nahuatl "chīlli" (), is the fruit of plants from the genus "Capsicum" which are members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Chili peppers are widely used in many cuisines as a spice to add heat to dishes. The substances giving chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and related compounds known as capsaicinoids.
|
Le terme piment (vert, jaune, orange, rouge, brun, pêche ou violet) est un nom vernaculaire désignant le fruit de cinq espèces de plantes du genre "Capsicum" de la famille des Solanacées et de plusieurs autres taxons. Le mot désigne plus communément le fruit de ces plantes, utilisés comme condiment ou légume (en français canadien, le mot "piment" désigne parfois les poivrons, les autres variétés de "Capsicum", au goût plus piquant, étant appelés "piments forts"). La notion de piment est généralement associée à la saveur de piquant.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Jean Moulin
|
Jean Moulin
|
Jean Pierre Moulin (; 20 June 1899 – 8 July 1943) was a French civil servant who served as the first President of the National Council of the Resistance during World War II from 23 May 1943 until his death less than two months later.
|
Jean Moulin, né le à Béziers et mort le près de Metz, en Moselle annexée, est un haut fonctionnaire et résistant français.
|
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SPOT (satellite)
|
SPOT (satellite)
|
SPOT (, lit. "Satellite for observation of Earth") is a commercial high-resolution optical imaging Earth observation satellite system operating from space. It is run by Spot Image, based in Toulouse, France. It was initiated by the CNES ("Centre national d'études spatiales" – the French space agency) in the 1970s and was developed in association with the SSTC (Belgian scientific, technical and cultural services) and the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB). It has been designed to improve the knowledge and management of the Earth by exploring the Earth's resources, detecting and forecasting phenomena involving climatology and oceanography, and monitoring human activities and natural phenomena. The SPOT system includes a series of satellites and ground control resources for satellite control and programming, image production, and distribution. Earlier satellites were launched using the European Space Agency's Ariane 2, 3, and 4 rockets, while SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 were launched by the Indian PSLV.
|
SPOT (Système probatoire d’observation de la Terre ou Satellite pour l’observation de la Terre) est une famille de satellites de télédétection français civils d’observation de la Terre développés par l'agence spatiale française, le CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales). Les cinq premiers exemplaires sont lancés entre 1985 et 2002. Les images fournies par les satellites sont commercialisées par Astrium. SPOT-6 est lancé en 2012 et SPOT-7 en 2014.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Plant breeders' rights
|
Certificat d'obtention végétale
|
Plant breeders' rights (PBR), also known as plant variety rights (PVR), are rights granted to the breeder of a new variety of plant that give the breeder exclusive control over the propagating material (including seed, cuttings, divisions, tissue culture) and harvested material (cut flowers, fruit, foliage) of a new variety for a number of years.
|
Le certificat d'obtention végétale (COV) a été créé pour protéger l'activité de sélectionneur de tout matériel végétal (cultivar horticole ou semences agricoles), devenue un métier à part entière au cours du.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Christian Doppler
|
Christian Doppler
|
Christian Andreas Doppler (; 29 November 1803 – 17 March 1853) was an Austrian mathematician and physicist. He is celebrated for his principle – known as the Doppler effect – that the observed frequency of a wave depends on the relative speed of the source and the observer. He used this concept to explain the color of binary stars.
|
Christian Andreas Doppler (Salzbourg, - Venise, ) est un mathématicien et physicien autrichien, célèbre pour sa découverte de l'effet Doppler.
|
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Vienna Circle
|
Cercle de Vienne
|
The Vienna Circle () of Logical Empiricism was a group of philosophers and scientists drawn from the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the University of Vienna, chaired by Moritz Schlick.
|
Le cercle de Vienne, ou Wiener Kreis, est un groupement de savants et philosophes qui a fonctionné à Vienne, de 1923 – mais officiellement 1929 sous le nom de Société Ernst-Mach – jusqu'à l'assassinat de son chef de file, Moritz Schlick, le 22 juin 1936, après quoi le club se dispersa. Le Cercle existait de manière informelle déjà avant la Première Guerre mondiale. L’ouvrage de Ludwig Wittgenstein, "Tractatus logico-philosophicus" (1921), est un des textes de cette époque qui servit de à la pensée viennoise.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ukulele
|
Ukulélé
|
The ukulele ( ; from, ) or ukelele is a member of the lute family of instruments. It generally employs four nylon strings.
|
Un ukulélé ( ; ) ou, par transposition de la prononciation anglo-américaine, /jukulele/) est un instrument à cordes pincées traditionnel hawaïen, proche du cavaquinho, instrument populaire du Portugal dont il est une adaptation.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Positivism
|
Positivisme
|
Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations. Thus, information derived from sensory experience, interpreted through reason and logic, forms the exclusive source of all certain knowledge. Positivism holds that valid knowledge (certitude or truth) is found only in this "a posteriori" knowledge.
|
Le positivisme est un courant philosophique fondé au par Auguste Comte, à la fois héritier et critique des Lumières du. Le positivisme s'en tient aux relations entre les phénomènes et ne cherche pas à connaître leur nature intrinsèque : il met l'accent sur les lois scientifiques et refuse la notion de cause.
|
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Nylon
|
Nylon
|
Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, based on aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamides. Nylon is a thermoplastic silky material that can be melt-processed into fibers, films, or shapes. It is made of repeating units linked by amide links similar to the peptide bonds in proteins. Nylon polymers can be mixed with a wide variety of additives to achieve many different property variations. Nylon polymers have found significant commercial applications in fabric and fibers (apparel, flooring and rubber reinforcement), in shapes (molded parts for cars, electrical equipment, etc.), and in films (mostly for food packaging).
|
Le nylon est une matière plastique de type polyamide souvent utilisée comme fibre textile ; il est inventé le par Wallace Carothers qui travaille alors chez Du Pont de Nemours, une entreprise de chimie américaine.
|
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Serial killer
|
Tueur en série
|
A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people, usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. While most authorities set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two.
|
Un tueur en série (appelé parfois, par anglicisme, un serial killer ) est un criminel auteur d'homicides qu'il réitère dans le temps. Selon la définition la plus répandue, ce type de criminel a commis au moins trois meurtres, dans un intervalle de temps – de quelques jours à plusieurs années – séparant chacun de ces crimes. Il semble, dans de nombreux cas, tirer un certain degré de plaisir du fait de tuer ses victimes. Le meurtrier de type « sériel » est généralement défini comme psychopathe ; il est considéré comme responsable pénalement. Dans de rares cas, il peut être diagnostiqué par l'expertise psychologique comme ayant un trouble de type psychotique ; il est alors considéré comme n'étant pas responsable de ses actes et ne pourra être condamné.
|
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Digital elevation model
|
Modèle numérique de terrain
|
A digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D CG representation of a terrain's surface – commonly of a planet (e.g. Earth), moon, or asteroid – created from a terrain's elevation data. A "global DEM" refers to a discrete global grid.
|
Un modèle numérique de terrain (MNT ; en anglais : "Digital Elevation Model" ou "DEM") est une représentation de la topographie (altimétrie et/ou bathymétrie) d’une zone terrestre (ou d'une planète tellurique) sous une forme adaptée à son utilisation par un calculateur numérique (ordinateur).
|
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Arrakis
|
Arrakis
|
Arrakis ()—informally known as Dune and later called Rakis—is a fictional desert planet featured in the "Dune" series of novels by Frank Herbert. Herbert's first novel in the series, 1965's "Dune", is popularly considered one of the greatest science fiction novels of all time, and it is sometimes cited as the best-selling science fiction novel in history.
|
Arrakis est une planète imaginaire de l'univers du "Cycle de Dune" de Frank Herbert. Également appelée Dune, c'est une planète-désert entièrement couverte de sable et de roches, parcourue par les immenses Vers des sables. Malgré cela, elle joue un rôle crucial dans l'économie galactique, puisqu'elle constitue l'unique source d'Épice. Quelques villes ont été fondées à sa surface, dont la capitale Arrakeen, mais la majeure partie de sa population est constituée des Fremen, nomades qui parcourent le désert.
|
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Logical positivism
|
Empirisme logique
|
Logical positivism, later called logical empiricism, and both of which together are also known as neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy whose central thesis was the verification principle (also known as the verifiability criterion of meaning). This theory of knowledge asserted that only statements verifiable through direct observation or logical proof are meaningful. Starting in the late 1920s, groups of philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians formed the Berlin Circle and the Vienna Circle, which, in these two cities, would propound the ideas of logical positivism.
|
L'empirisme logique (parfois nommé positivisme logique, néo-positivisme, ou empirisme rationnel) est une école philosophique principalement illustrée par le Cercle de Vienne, fondé par un groupe réunissant des scientifiques et philosophes viennois dans les années 1920. Le Cercle de Vienne était avant tout un lieu de discussion entre scientifiques (Niels Bohr et Einstein y sont occasionnellement intervenus) et philosophes qui ne partageaient pas les mêmes convictions.
|
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Wilmington, Delaware
|
Wilmington (Delaware)
|
Wilmington (Lenape: "Paxahakink /" "Pakehakink)" is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware. The city was built on the site of Fort Christina, the first Swedish settlement in North America. It lies at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River, near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River. It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area. Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain.
|
La ville de Wilmington est le siège du comté de New Castle, dans l’État du Delaware, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à. C’est la ville la plus peuplée de l’État.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Flag of Tunisia
|
Drapeau de la Tunisie
|
The red and white flag of Tunisia, adopted as the national flag in 1959, has its origins in the naval ensign of the Kingdom of Tunis adopted in 1831 by Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud. The current official design dates to 1999.
|
Le drapeau de la Tunisie (), emblème national tunisien, est majoritairement rouge et comporte, en son milieu, un disque blanc où figure un croissant rouge qui entoure une étoile à cinq branches, formant tous deux le symbole islamique. Le, Hussein II Bey décide de sa création qui est effective en 1831. Il reste officiel durant le protectorat français et la Constitution du 1959 lui confirme la fonction de drapeau national de la République tunisienne. Mais il faut attendre le pour que ses proportions et ses motifs soient clairement précisés au niveau de la loi.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Stone Soup
|
La Soupe de pierres
|
Stone Soup is a European folk story in which hungry strangers convince the people of a town to each share a small amount of their food in order to make a meal that everyone enjoys, and exists as a moral regarding the value of sharing. In varying traditions, the stone has been replaced with other common inedible objects, and therefore the fable is also known as axe soup, button soup, nail soup, and wood soup.
|
La Soupe de pierres est un conte traditionnel (classification Aarne-Thompson-Uther 1548) qui montre comment la débrouillardise, l'initiative et la coopération permettent de sortir de l'embarras. Il illustre le proverbe « Aide-toi et le ciel t'aidera. »
|
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Institut géographique national
|
Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière
|
The Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière (National Institute of Geographic and Forest Information), previously Institut géographique national (National Geographic Institute) or IGN is a French public state administrative establishment founded in 1940 to produce and maintain geographical information for France and its overseas departments and territories.
|
L’Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière est un établissement public à caractère administratif ayant pour mission d'assurer la production, l'entretien et la diffusion de l'information géographique de référence en France. Avant l'intégration de l'inventaire forestier national le, il était nommé Institut géographique national, dénomination dont il conserve l'abréviation IGN. Il est créé par un décret du et succède au Service géographique de l'Armée (SGA), dissout en 1940. L'IGN est dirigé par Daniel Bursaux du au 30 juin 2020.
|
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DuPont (1802–2017)
|
DuPont
|
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, commonly referred to as DuPont (), was an American company that was founded in July 1802 in Wilmington, Delaware, as a gunpowder mill by French-American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont.
|
DuPont, de son nom complet « E.I. du Pont de Nemours et compagnie », est une entreprise américaine, fondée en juillet 1802 à, dans le Delaware, par Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours. À l'origine une usine de fabrication de poudre à canon, DuPont est devenu l'un des plus grands groupes industriels de chimie. Au cours du, elle a été pionnière dans la révolution des « matières plastiques », avec la découverte du nylon, puis en développant d'autres matériaux polymères tels que le Néoprène, le Téflon, le Kevlar ou le Lycra.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Avalanche breakdown
|
Effet d'avalanche
|
Avalanche breakdown is a phenomenon that can occur in both insulating and semiconducting materials. It is a form of electric current multiplication that can allow very large currents within materials which are otherwise good insulators. It is a type of electron avalanche. The avalanche process occurs when carriers in the transition region are accelerated by the electric field to energies sufficient to create mobile or free electron-hole pairs via collisions with bound electrons.
|
L’effet d'avalanche est un phénomène qui peut se produire dans des matériaux isolants et semi-conducteurs. Il s'agit d'un effet multiplicateur du courant électrique à l'intérieur de matériaux qui étaient, jusqu'au déclenchement du phénomène, de bons isolants.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Daidō Moriyama
|
Daidō Moriyama
|
He received the Infinity Award for Lifetime Achievement from the International Center of Photography in New York in 2004 and the Hasselblad Award in 2019.
|
Daidō Moriyama (森山大道) est un photographe japonais, né le à Ikeda, près d'Osaka. Ses photographies témoignent de l’évolution des mœurs dans le Japon de la deuxième moitié du.
|
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5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Transient-voltage-suppression diode
|
Diode Transil
|
A transient-voltage-suppression (TVS) diode, also transil or thyrector, is an electronic component used to protect electronics from voltage spikes induced on connected wires.
|
Une diode Transil ou diode de suppression de tensions transitoires ou en anglais transient-voltage-suppression (TVS) est un composant de protection de type parasurtenseur. Il s'agit d'une diode qui utilise le même effet d'avalanche que la diode Zener, mais dans un but exclusif de protection des circuits.
|
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Mathew Brady
|
Mathew Brady
|
Mathew B. Brady (c. 1822 – January 15, 1896) was an American photographer, and one of the earliest in American history. Best known for his scenes of the Civil War, he studied under inventor Samuel F. B. Morse, who pioneered the daguerreotype technique in America. Brady opened his own studio in New York in 1844, and photographed Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and Abraham Lincoln, among other public figures.
|
Mathew B. Brady, né le dans le comté de Warren (État de New York) et mort le à Manhattan, est un photographe américain actif pendant la guerre de Sécession, et l'un des tout premiers photographes de guerre.
|
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Lattice multiplication
|
Technique de la multiplication par jalousies
|
Lattice multiplication, also known as the Italian method, Chinese method, Chinese lattice, gelosia multiplication, sieve multiplication, shabakh, Diagonally or Venetian squares, is a method of multiplication that uses a lattice to multiply two multi-digit numbers. It is mathematically identical to the more commonly used long multiplication algorithm, but it breaks the process into smaller steps, which some practitioners find easier to use.
|
La multiplication par jalousies est une technique de multiplication basée sur la notation décimale. Elle est aussi appelée multiplication "per gelosia", par filet ou par grillage, ou encore multiplication italienne ou grecque. Elle tire son nom des jalousies, sorte de volets à travers lesquels la lumière passe en diagonale et qui permettent de voir sans être vu. La multiplication par jalousies se pratiquait au Moyen Âge en Chine, en Inde, chez les Arabes aussi bien qu'en Occident. Elle se pratique encore aujourd'hui en Turquie.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Yayoi Kusama
|
Yayoi Kusama
|
Kusama was raised in Matsumoto, and trained at the Kyoto School of Arts and Crafts in a traditional Japanese painting style called nihonga. Kusama was inspired, however, by American Abstract impressionism. She moved to New York City in 1958 and was a part of the New York avant-garde scene throughout the 1960s, especially in the pop-art movement. Embracing the rise of the hippie counterculture of the late 1960s, she came to public attention when she organized a series of happenings in which naked participants were painted with brightly colored polka dots. Since the 1970s, Kusama has continued to create art, most notably installations in various museums around the world.
|
, née le à Matsumoto (préfecture de Nagano), est une artiste contemporaine japonaise avant-gardiste, peintre, sculptrice et écrivaine. Elle utilise souvent des ronds et des couleurs sur ses œuvres.
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Meyrin
|
Meyrin
|
Meyrin () is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The main site of the CERN, a European particle physics research organisation is in Meyrin. Meyrin was originally a small agricultural village until the 1950s, when construction of CERN began just to the north. It is now a commuter town dominated with apartment high-rises, and many of its residents work at CERN or in central Geneva. Geneva International Airport is partially located within Meyrin.
|
Meyrin est une ville et une commune suisse située dans le canton de Genève. Elle est la quatrième ville la plus peuplée du canton après Genève, Vernier et Lancy.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Georges Lemaître
|
Georges Lemaître
|
Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître (, ; 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Catholic priest, mathematician, astronomer, and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain. He was the first to identify that the recession of nearby galaxies can be explained by a theory of an expanding universe, which was observationally confirmed soon afterwards by Edwin Hubble. He was the first to derive what is now known as Hubble's law, or the Hubble–Lemaître law, and made the first estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant, which he published in 1927, two years before Hubble's article. Lemaître also proposed what later became known as the "Big Bang theory" of the origin of the universe, initially calling it the "hypothesis of the primeval atom".
|
Georges Lemaître, né le à Charleroi et mort le à Louvain, est un chanoine catholique, astronome et physicien belge, professeur à l'Université catholique de Louvain. Sa « théorie de l'atome primitif », visant à expliquer l'origine de l'univers, constitue le fondement de sa théorie du Big Bang.
|
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Vernier, Switzerland
|
Vernier (canton de Genève)
|
Vernier () is a municipality in the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It is divided into different sections: Vernier Village, Le Lignon, Aïre, Les Avanchets, Cointrin and Châtelaine.
|
Vernier est une ville et une commune suisse du canton de Genève. Elle est la deuxième commune la plus peuplée du canton après Genève.
|
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Auschwitz concentration camp
|
Auschwitz
|
The Auschwitz concentration camp (, ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp ("Stammlager") in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish Question.
|
Auschwitz (en, « camp de concentration d'Auschwitz ») est le plus grand complexe concentrationnaire du Troisième Reich, à la fois camp de concentration et camp d'extermination. Il est situé dans la province de Silésie, à une cinquantaine de kilomètres à l'ouest de Cracovie, sur le territoire des localités d'Oświęcim ("Auschwitz" en allemand) et de Brzezinka ("Birkenau" en allemand), annexées au Reich après l'invasion de la Pologne en.
|
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Picket Fences
|
Un drôle de shérif
|
Picket Fences is an American family drama television series about the residents of the town of Rome, Wisconsin, created and produced by David E. Kelley. The show initially ran from September 18, 1992, to June 26, 1996, on the CBS television network in the United States. It sometimes struggled to maintain a stable primetime audience and had fluctuating ratings, due in part to its Friday night time slot. In its first season on the air it placed 80th in the prime-time Nielsen ratings and in its second season it moved to 66th. The show's exteriors were shot in the L.A. suburb of Monrovia, California, with many of the townspeople appearing in the background of episodes.
|
Un drôle de shérif ou High Secret City, la ville du grand secret ("Picket Fences") est une série télévisée américaine en un pilote de 90 minutes et 87 épisodes de 45 minutes, créée par David E. Kelley et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau CBS.
|
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David E. Kelley
|
David Edward Kelley
|
David Edward Kelley (born April 4, 1956) is an American television writer, producer, and former attorney, known as the creator of "Picket Fences", "Chicago Hope", "The Practice", "Ally McBeal", "Boston Public", "Boston Legal", "Harry's Law", "Big Little Lies", and "Mr. Mercedes", as well as several films. Kelley is one of very few screenwriters to have created shows aired on all four top commercial U.S. television networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC).
|
David Edward Kelley est un scénariste et producteur de séries télévisées américain, né le à Waterville, dans le Maine (États-Unis).
|
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The Invaders
|
Les Envahisseurs
|
The Invaders is an American science-fiction television program created by Larry Cohen that aired on ABC for two seasons, from 1967 to 1968. Roy Thinnes stars as David Vincent, who tries to thwart an in-progress alien invasion despite the disbelief of officials and the general public. The series was a Quinn Martin production.
|
Les Envahisseurs ("") est une série télévisée de science-fiction américaine en 43 épisodes de 48 minutes, créée par Larry Cohen et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau ABC.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Greek numerals
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Numération grecque
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Greek numerals, also known as Ionic, Ionian, Milesian, or Alexandrian numerals, are a system of writing numbers using the letters of the Greek alphabet. In modern Greece, they are still used for ordinal numbers and in contexts similar to those in which Roman numerals are still used elsewhere in the West. For ordinary cardinal numbers, however, Greece uses Arabic numerals.
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La numération grecque de l'Antiquité était double : on pouvait écrire les chiffres et les nombres soit au moyen de signes dits « acrophoniques » correspondant "grosso modo" à la première lettre de leur nom en grec ancien, soit au moyen de lettres, comme en numération hébraïque ou arabe. On connaît également un système de numération "scientifique", inspiré des mathématiques babyloniennes. Actuellement, ce sont les chiffres arabes que l'on utilise le plus fréquemment en Grèce.
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Avalanche
|
Avalanche
|
An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is an event that occurs when a cohesive slab of snow lying upon a weaker layer of snow fractures and slides down a steep slope. Avalanches are typically triggered in a starting zone from a mechanical failure in the snowpack (slab avalanche) when the forces of the snow exceed its strength but sometimes only with gradual widening (loose snow avalanche). After initiation, avalanches usually accelerate rapidly and grow in mass and volume as they entrain more snow. If the avalanche moves fast enough, some of the snow may mix with the air forming a powder snow avalanche, which is a type of gravity current.
|
Une avalanche () de neige est d'abord un phénomène physique : une masse de neige qui se détache puis dévale un versant de montagne sous l'effet de la pesanteur, ou, formulé autrement, le mouvement rapide sur une grande pente d'un volume de neige, à la suite d'une rupture d'équilibre dans le manteau neigeux initial.
|
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The West Wing
|
À la Maison-Blanche
|
The West Wing is an American serial political drama television series created by Aaron Sorkin that was originally broadcast on NBC from September 22, 1999, to May 14, 2006. The series is set primarily in the West Wing of the White House, where the Oval Office and offices of presidential senior staff are located, during the fictitious Democratic administration of Josiah Bartlet.
|
À la Maison-Blanche (") est une série télévisée américaine en de, créée par Aaron Sorkin et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau NBC.
|
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George Harrison
|
George Harrison
|
George Harrison (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English musician, singer, songwriter, and music and film producer who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. Sometimes called "the quiet Beatle", Harrison embraced Indian culture and helped broaden the scope of popular music through his incorporation of Indian instrumentation and Hindu-aligned spirituality in the Beatles' work. Although the majority of the band's songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, most Beatles albums from 1965 onwards contained at least two Harrison compositions. His songs for the group include "Taxman", "Within You Without You", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", "Here Comes the Sun" and "Something".
|
George Harrison, né le à Liverpool et mort le à Los Angeles, est un musicien britannique, guitariste, auteur-compositeur-interprète, producteur de cinéma, et le plus jeune membre des Beatles.
|
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102459,
99837,
830,
764,
1902,
186,
6967,
47,
37105,
70,
3789,
130904,
3934,
7262,
13950,
8305,
1919,
33946,
23,
70,
3311,
4216,
7,
136,
25027,
133093,
4,
136,
98186,
42878,
54704,
289,
19612,
8305,
1919,
4527,
111,
70,
78,
867,
98,
44,
50645,
1177,
34958,
39076,
15,
73243,
72607,
20625,
38699,
7710,
16,
740,
1529,
14432,
35839,
44,
26951,
102459,
99837,
58,
1919,
44,
420,
141775,
1486,
378,
6766,
257,
1577,
268,
7156,
740,
44,
4332,
3784,
814,
58,
5173,
84308,
99201,
17262,
111,
1919,
166577,
7,
12,
44,
9874,
425,
669,
830,
133291,
237,
70,
7156,
25,
7,
73432,
28560,
4,
44,
104711,
2583,
717,
58,
136,
44,
568,
42335,
47,
59488,
2583,
740,
18763,
143027,
9,
5062,
1481,
119145,
2831,
98,
18226,
6431,
25,
7,
44,
7763,
4514,
15555,
89726,
70829,
7,
58,
218094,
1029,
297,
70,
8753,
25,
2
] |
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1,
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1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
250008,
14787,
168369,
4,
18673,
95,
253,
39721,
82,
17904,
95,
253,
3731,
31754,
4,
437,
51,
19612,
6594,
238536,
4,
101275,
4435,
4,
6,
60540,
9,
277,
77087,
7745,
9,
10433,
10287,
79693,
4,
138398,
474,
8,
140625,
4,
82,
95,
1001,
48375,
69049,
224,
130904,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Japanese verb conjugation
|
Verbe en japonais
|
This is a list of Japanese verb conjugations. Almost all of these are regular, but there are a few Japanese irregular verbs, and the conjugations of the few irregular verbs are also listed. Japanese verb conjugation is the same for all subjects, first person ("I", "we"), second person ("you") and third person ("he/she/it" and "they"), singular and plural. The present plain form (the dictionary form) of all verbs ends in "u". In modern Japanese, there are no verbs that end in "fu", "pu", or "yu", no verbs ending in "zu" other than certain する forms (such as 禁ず "kin-zu"), and 死ぬ (しぬ, "shinu"; to die) is the only one ending in "nu" in the dictionary form.
|
En japonais, le verbe n'est pas un élément obligatoire de l'énoncé. Il se place en fin de proposition, après le sujet et les compléments (le japonais est une langue SOV). La conjugaison ne varie pas selon la personne ni le nombre.
|
[
250004,
250054,
1446,
275,
228186,
1636,
621,
27983,
37769,
71,
3934,
15,
856,
43317,
15,
50986,
87,
16,
136,
15,
856,
17727,
132,
50986,
1995,
194,
581,
111719,
3173,
111,
10,
10644,
87,
42792,
1556,
142,
44,
34,
58,
45730,
24073,
34,
830,
44,
17750,
830,
44,
882,
830,
44,
319,
830,
44,
1234,
830,
44,
539,
830,
44,
978,
830,
44,
561,
830,
44,
1159,
74054,
70,
44,
9,
1510,
34,
58,
3173,
1556,
142,
44,
14,
58,
45730,
24073,
14,
830,
44,
1861,
830,
44,
416,
830,
44,
301,
830,
44,
735,
830,
44,
93,
830,
44,
964,
830,
44,
266,
830,
44,
3767,
74054,
136,
70,
40907,
3173,
1556,
142,
44,
11,
58,
45730,
24073,
634,
830,
44,
102,
830,
44,
219,
830,
44,
161,
830,
44,
208,
830,
44,
76,
830,
44,
402,
830,
44,
192,
830,
44,
433,
51029,
581,
38516,
3173,
1556,
142,
44,
13,
58,
45730,
24073,
13,
830,
44,
67,
830,
44,
107,
830,
44,
350,
830,
44,
429,
830,
44,
86,
830,
44,
372,
830,
44,
282,
830,
44,
184,
18939,
136,
70,
30781,
43315,
3173,
1556,
142,
44,
69376,
58,
45730,
24073,
69376,
830,
44,
18,
69376,
830,
44,
42,
69376,
830,
44,
92,
69376,
830,
44,
177,
69376,
830,
44,
19,
69376,
830,
44,
275,
69376,
830,
44,
39,
69376,
830,
44,
7,
69376,
51029,
581,
228186,
1363,
23180,
7,
35064,
1221,
26698,
70,
44444,
164094,
2565,
18507,
1563,
105160,
14,
21094,
47,
6392,
6332,
16407,
67,
61112,
678,
21373,
2565,
86658,
7,
5,
6872,
148926,
158,
1681,
1236,
136,
2244,
8420,
42792,
7,
100,
1286,
4677,
1672,
42792,
94407,
136,
2363,
228186,
5256,
5,
360,
148926,
4,
70,
62822,
42792,
3173,
83,
142,
215574,
5844,
43585,
5,
1650,
83,
134744,
538,
183234,
47,
70,
13379,
136,
22690,
93396,
90,
111,
14941,
4,
136,
83,
68018,
35839,
70,
44,
6431,
9,
3166,
18,
1492,
184,
740,
581,
215574,
5844,
3173,
111,
10,
42792,
83,
70,
5701,
237,
6863,
45,
10763,
6635,
3173,
2451,
217,
83,
11814,
237,
70,
10336,
47416,
4,
707,
95,
18023,
2451,
2940,
110,
228186,
1363,
27117,
47,
186,
16940,
5,
1326,
27781,
4,
17368,
70,
42792,
6,
1786,
24073,
246,
58,
2077,
360,
2684,
50218,
4,
70,
3647,
3173,
111,
70,
215574,
5844,
43585,
53418,
186,
11814,
47,
3249,
10,
161838,
63805,
4,
6044,
237,
23,
70,
14941,
149357,
44,
568,
444,
33652,
740,
152201,
56,
4,
442,
831,
4734,
186,
11814,
47,
36510,
62122,
707,
3789,
61972,
450,
621,
84751,
47,
21342,
3934,
70,
22690,
4,
6044,
237,
23,
44,
568,
19927,
740,
717,
158,
67709,
70,
36770,
4,
70,
44,
67,
58,
3173,
678,
44,
43982,
58,
8110,
186,
11814,
5,
9876,
22766,
7,
100,
606,
76144,
42991,
23,
142,
215574,
5844,
53550,
621,
12,
581,
15787,
5844,
43585,
4,
98,
70,
3789,
3535,
4,
1556,
10,
29458,
133784,
425,
5,
581,
62822,
103510,
83,
70,
44,
9,
102,
58,
15,
748,
44,
9,
85,
18939,
86658,
4,
1284,
67842,
24089,
9523,
65572,
621,
7228,
4,
8,
96819,
98,
70,
42792,
25,
7,
4568,
954,
1165,
2661,
5,
32255,
24089,
9523,
65572,
621,
51529,
237,
6,
6523,
6768,
44,
191,
7568,
58,
44,
4615,
75189,
53,
830,
136,
70,
16750,
214,
3173,
237,
6,
6523,
6768,
9378,
44,
191,
7568,
350,
14,
58,
44,
4615,
75189,
1771,
3173,
58,
46,
1957,
5177,
75189,
1771,
65572,
15,
6523,
6768,
98,
7568,
194,
581,
15787,
5844,
83,
134744,
538,
183234,
47,
70,
14941,
11015,
1492,
184,
4,
136,
83,
27983,
35839,
70,
11015,
1492,
184,
23,
39734,
7,
111,
148926,
122092,
147,
4,
1284,
442,
83,
959,
173072,
297,
47,
2499,
11001,
1492,
184,
5,
541,
5,
571,
5,
12,
62,
42792,
959,
86658,
23,
44,
9,
43982,
58,
707,
44,
9,
42753,
58,
23,
6863,
42845,
30334,
59478,
83,
959,
142,
137363,
19,
42792,
4,
136,
442,
28960,
7,
450,
442,
83,
7068,
40101,
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[
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ISO 3166-1
|
ISO 3166-1
|
ISO 3166-1 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. The official name of the standard is "Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes". It defines three sets of country codes:
|
ISO 3166-1 est une norme internationale de codification des pays. Elle fait partie de la norme ISO 3166. Publiée par l’Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO) pour la première fois en 1974, pour la deuxième fois en 2006 et la troisième fois en 2013, elle attribue 3 codes pour les pays du monde :
|
[
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ecological crisis
|
Crise écologique
|
An ecological crisis occurs when changes to the environment of a species or population destabilizes its continued survival.Some of the important causes include:
|
En écologie, une crise écologique se définit en tant qu'érosion pérenne de la biodiversité d'un écosystème ou d'une espèce donnée dont l'impact sur le reste de l'écosystème considéré altère définitivement les ressources au sein de cet écosystème ou la résilience de cette espèce. En particulier, l'atteinte de certains taxons clefs peut être déterminante dans la sévérité d'une crise écologique, parfois plus que la perte d'un nombre plus important de taxons mineurs (ainsi, les coléoptères forment l'un des taxons les plus diversifiés de la faune actuelle, pourtant la disparition des abeilles porterait un coup bien plus sévère à la survie de nombreux écosystèmes que la disparition de tous les coléoptères). On connaît les crises écologiques entre autres en tant qu'extinctions massives, qu'elles soient globales comme l'extinction Permien-Trias ou locales comme l'appauvrissement du lac Victoria à la suite de l'introduction de la perche du Nil.
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pisa
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Pise
|
Pisa (, ) is a city and "comune" in Tuscany, central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its leaning tower (the bell tower of the city's cathedral), the city of over 91,104 residents (around 200,000 with the metropolitan area) contains more than 20 other historic churches, several medieval palaces, and various bridges across the Arno. Much of the city's architecture was financed from its history as one of the Italian maritime republics.
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Pise (en italien "Pisa") est une ville italienne d'environ, chef-lieu de la province de même nom en Toscane. Elle est célèbre dans le monde principalement pour sa tour penchée. Elle est traversée par le fleuve Arno et située sur la via Aurelia.
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Francis Ford Coppola
|
Francis Ford Coppola
|
Francis Ford Coppola (, ; born April 7, 1939) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and film composer. He was a central figure in the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest filmmakers of all time.
|
Francis Ford Coppola, né le à Détroit, est un réalisateur, producteur et scénariste américain. Il a été récompensé cinq fois aux Oscars et a remporté deux fois la Palme d'or au Festival de Cannes. En dehors du monde du spectacle, Coppola est aussi vigneron, éditeur de magazine et hôtelier. Il est titulaire d'un diplôme de l'Université Hofstra où il a étudié le théâtre et a obtenu un "MFA" en réalisation cinématographique à l'UCLA Film School. Grande figure du Nouvel Hollywood, il est surtout connu pour la trilogie du "Parrain" et "Apocalypse Now", qui dépeint la guerre du Viêt Nam avec un lyrisme abouti.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Anne McCaffrey
|
Anne McCaffrey
|
Anne Inez McCaffrey (1 April 1926 – 21 November 2011) was an American-Irish writer known for the "Dragonriders of Pern" science fiction series. She was the first woman to win a Hugo Award for fiction (Best Novella, "Weyr Search", 1968) and the first to win a Nebula Award (Best Novella, "Dragonrider", 1969). Her 1978 novel "The White Dragon" became one of the first science-fiction books to appear on the "New York Times" Best Seller list.
|
Anne Inez McCaffrey, née le à Cambridge dans le Massachusetts et décédée le dans le comté de Wicklow en Irlande, est une auteur américano-irlandaise de science-fiction.
|
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Thomas Jordan (general)
|
Thomas Jordan
|
Thomas Jordan (September 30, 1819 – November 27, 1895) was a Confederate general and major operative in the network of Confederate spies during the American Civil War. A career soldier in the armies of three nations, he had previously fought in the Mexican–American War, and in 1868 was appointed as chief of staff of the Cuban insurgent army, which fought to achieve independence from Spain. He resigned in 1870 and returned to the United States, where he settled in New York City. Jordan was also a newspaper editor and author, writing articles about the American Civil War.
|
Thomas Jordan ( - ), né à Luray Valley, Virginie, était un espion dans la guerre civile américaine. Il est entré dans l'armée unioniste en tant que deuxième lieutenant de la troisième infanterie à Snelling, Minnesota, et il combattit contre des Indiens Seminole. Autour de 1860, il a commencé à monter un réseau d'espions à Washington.
|
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Investment
|
Investissement
|
To invest is to allocate money in the expectation of some benefit in the future. In finance, the benefit from an investment is called a return. The return may consist of a gain (or loss) realized from the sale of a property or an investment, unrealized capital appreciation (or depreciation), or investment income such as dividends, interest, rental income etc., or a combination of capital gain and income. The return may also include currency gains or losses due to changes in the foreign currency exchange rates.
|
Selon le vocabulaire de la comptabilité nationale, l’investissement, (ou formation brute de capital fixe, en abrégé FBCF) peut être le fait de différents agents économiques :
|
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Baa Baa Black Sheep (TV series)
|
Les Têtes brûlées (série télévisée)
|
Baa Baa Black Sheep (later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron) is an American period military drama television series that aired on NBC from September 23, 1976, until April 6, 1978. Its premise was based on the experiences of United States Marine Corps aviator Greg Boyington and his World War II "Black Sheep Squadron". The series was created and produced by Stephen J. Cannell. The opening credits read: "In World War II, Marine Corps Major Greg 'Pappy' Boyington commanded a squadron of fighter pilots. They were a collection of misfits and screwballs who became the terrors of the South Pacific. They were known as the Black Sheep."
|
Les Têtes brûlées ("Baa Baa Black Sheep" puis "Black Sheep Squadron" — en français : « L'escadrille des brebis galeuses ») est une série télévisée américaine comportant un pilote de 120 minutes et trente-cinq épisodes de 47 minutes, créée par Stephen J. Cannell et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau NBC.
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Humidity
|
Hygrométrie
|
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly. For example, a parcel of air near saturation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic metre of air at 30 °C, but only 8 grams of water per cubic metre of air at 8 °C.
|
L’hygrométrie est la branche de la météorologie qui concerne la mesure du taux d'humidité de l'air, c'est-à-dire la proportion d'eau à l'état gazeux présente dans l'air. Elle ne prend pas en compte l'eau présente sous forme liquide ou solide. Par métonymie, l’hygrométrie désigne la teneur en humidité de l’air.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Egyptian numerals
|
Numération égyptienne
|
The system of ancient Egyptian numerals was used in Ancient Egypt from around 3000 BC until the early first millennium AD. It was a system of numeration based on multiples of ten, often rounded off to the higher power, written in hieroglyphs. The Egyptians had no concept of a place-valued system such as the decimal system. The hieratic form of numerals stressed an exact finite series notation, ciphered one to one onto the Egyptian alphabet.
|
Les Égyptiens de l'Antiquité utilisaient un système de numération décimal, mais dans lequel zéro n'existait pas. Chaque ordre de grandeur (unités, dizaines, centaines, etc.) possédait un signe répété le nombre de fois nécessaire. Autrement dit, il s'agit d'un système additif et non pas d'un système de position.
|
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Mencius
|
Mencius
|
Mencius (); born Mèng kē (); ( ) or Mengzi (372–289 BC or 385–303 or 302BC) was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who has often been described as the "second Sage", that is, after only Confucius himself. He is part of Confucius's fourth generation of disciples. Mencius inherited Confucius's thinking and developed it further. Living during the Warring States period, he is said to have spent much of his life travelling around China offering counsel to different rulers. Conversations with these rulers form the basis of the "Mencius", which would later be canonised as a Confucian classic.
|
Mencius, de son nom personnel Meng Ke, ou Meng Tzeu, est un penseur chinois confucéen ayant vécu aux alentours de 380 av. J.-C.-289 av. J.-C.
|
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Maya numerals
|
Numération maya
|
The Mayan numeral system was the system to represent numbers and calendar dates in the Maya civilization. It was a vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. The numerals are made up of three symbols; zero (shell shape, with the plastron uppermost), one (a dot) and five (a bar). For example, thirteen is written as three dots in a horizontal row above two horizontal bars; sometimes it is also written as three vertical dots to the left of two vertical bars. With these three symbols each of the twenty vigesimal digits could be written. Numbers after 19 were written vertically in powers of twenty. The Mayan used powers of twenty, just as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system uses powers of tens. For example, thirty-three would be written as one dot, above three dots atop two bars. The first dot represents "one twenty" or "1×20", which is added to three dots and two bars, or thirteen. Therefore, (1×20) + 13 = 33. Upon reaching 20 or 400, another row is started (20 or 8000, then 20 or 160,000, and so on). The number 429 would be written as one dot above one dot above four dots and a bar, or (1×20) + (1×20) + 9 = 429.
|
La numération maya est une numération de base vingt pratiquée dans la civilisation mésoaméricaine maya. Durant la période classique et post-classique, du, on a trace d'une numération de position écrite savante, à sous-base quinaire, vigésimale à une irrégularité près. Les «chiffres» constitutifs de cette numération, de 1 à 19, possèdent plusieurs écritures possibles, ou bien sous forme de glyphes céphalomorphes, ou à l'aide d'un système répétitivo-additif de traits valant 5 et de points valant 1.
|
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Strategic management
|
Stratégie d'entreprise
|
In the field of management, strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by an organization's top managers on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization operates. Strategic management provides overall direction to an enterprise and involves specifying the organization's objectives, developing policies and plans to achieve those objectives, and then allocating resources to implement the plans. Academics and practicing managers have developed numerous models and frameworks to assist in strategic decision-making in the context of complex environments and competitive dynamics. Strategic management is not static in nature; the models often include a feedback loop to monitor execution and to inform the next round of planning.
|
La stratégie d'entreprise désigne l'ensemble des choix d'allocation de ressources qui définissent le périmètre d'activité d'une organisation en vue de réaliser ses objectifs. Les axes de stratégies classiques cherchent à assurer sa rentabilité, son développement, sa pérennité et le bien-être qu'elle apporte aux salariés.
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The Magic Flute
|
La Flûte enchantée
|
The Magic Flute (German:, ), K. 620, is an opera in two acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder. The work is in the form of a "Singspiel", a popular form during the time it was written that included both singing and spoken dialogue. The work was premiered on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder's theatre, the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna, just two months before the composer's premature death.
|
La Flûte enchantée, K. 620, dont le titre original en allemand est, est un opéra chanté en allemand ("singspiel") composé par Mozart sur un livret d'Emanuel Schikaneder.
|
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Amstrad GX4000
|
GX-4000
|
The GX4000 is a video game console that was manufactured by Amstrad. It was the company's short-lived attempt to enter the games console market. The console was released in Europe in 1990 and was an upgraded design based on the then still-popular CPC technology. The GX4000 shared hardware architecture with Amstrad's CPC Plus computer line, which was released concurrently. This allowed the system to be compatible with the majority of CPC Plus software.
|
La GX-4000 est une console de jeux vidéo 8 bits d'Amstrad mise en vente en 1990. Elle est construite sur une base d'Amstrad CPC Plus et partage donc les mêmes caractéristiques que celui-ci.
|
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Don Giovanni
|
Don Giovanni
|
Don Giovanni (; K. 527; complete title:, literally "The Rake Punished, namely Don Giovanni" or "The Libertine Punished") is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It is based on the legends of Don Juan, a fictional libertine and seducer, by Spanish writer Tirso de Molina. It was premiered by the Prague Italian opera at the National Theater (of Bohemia), now called the Estates Theatre, on 29 October 1787. Da Ponte's libretto was billed as a "dramma giocoso", a common designation of its time that denotes a mixing of serious and comic action. Mozart entered the work into his catalogue as an "opera buffa". Although sometimes classified as comic, it blends comedy, melodrama and supernatural elements.
|
Don Giovanni, K. 527 (titre complet : "Il dissoluto punito ossia il Don Giovanni" ; titre français : Don Juan), est un opéra en deux actes et en langue italienne du genre « "dramma giocoso" » (« drame joyeux ») de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, créé à Prague le, sur un livret de Lorenzo da Ponte inspiré du mythe de « don Juan ».
|
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Gastroenteritis
|
Gastro-entérite
|
Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea and gastro, is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract—the stomach and small intestine. Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Fever, lack of energy and dehydration may also occur. This typically lasts less than two weeks. It is not related to influenza, though it has erroneously been called the "stomach flu". Gastroenteritis is usually caused by viruses. However, bacteria, parasites, and fungus can also cause gastroenteritis. In children, rotavirus is the most common cause of severe disease. In adults, norovirus and "Campylobacter" are common causes. Eating improperly prepared food, drinking contaminated water or close contact with a person who is infected can spread the disease. Treatment is generally the same with or without a definitive diagnosis, so testing to confirm is usually not needed. Prevention includes hand washing with soap, drinking clean water, proper disposal of human waste and breastfeeding babies instead of using formula. The rotavirus vaccine is recommended as a prevention for children. Treatment involves getting enough fluids. For mild or moderate cases, this can typically be achieved by drinking oral rehydration solution (a combination of water, salts and sugar). In those who are breastfed, continued breastfeeding is recommended. For more severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed. Fluids may also be given by a nasogastric tube. Zinc supplementation is recommended in children. Antibiotics are generally not needed. However, antibiotics are recommended for young children with a fever and bloody diarrhea. In 2015, there were two billion cases of gastroenteritis, resulting in 1.3 million deaths globally. Children and those in the developing world are affected the most. In 2011, there were about 1.7 billion cases, resulting in about 700,000 deaths of children under the age of five. In the developing world, children less than two years of age frequently get six or more infections a year. It is less common in adults, partly due to the development of immunity.
|
Une gastro-entérite est une inflammation du système digestif pouvant entraîner de la nausée, des vomissements, des crampes abdominales, des flatulences et de la diarrhée, ainsi que de la déshydratation, de la fièvre et des céphalées (maux de tête).
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cephalopod
|
Céphalopode
|
A cephalopod () is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural, ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles (muscular hydrostats) modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishermen sometimes call cephalopods "inkfish," referring to their common ability to squirt ink. The study of cephalopods is a branch of malacology known as teuthology.
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Les céphalopodes (Cephalopoda, du grec ancien "κεφαλή" / "képhalé", « tête », et "πούς" / "pous", « pied ») sont une classe de mollusques apparus à la fin du Cambrien ( d'années) dont la tête est munie de tentacules, appelés aussi bras. Ce nom générique inclut notamment les pieuvres, calmars et seiches (groupe des coléoïdes), et les nautiles (groupe des nautiloïdes). Environ 800 espèces vivantes sont connues et de nouvelles espèces continuent d'être décrites. Environ taxons éteints ont été décrits, bien que le corps mou des céphalopodes ne facilite pas la fossilisation. Cephalopoda est un clade, présentant comme synapomorphie la plus évidente la présence de tentacules préhensiles. Leur tête, distincte de la masse viscérale, comporte un véritable cerveau contenu dans un crâne cartilagineux, des yeux perfectionnés, un bec chitineux, etc. Elle est munie d'une couronne péribuccale de bras musclés et protractiles munis de ventouses et/ou de crochets. Le manteau ventral, contractile, constitue avec le siphon un puissant organe de locomotion. Leur taille varie de quelques centimètres à une dizaine de mètres. Les céphalopodes actuels sont des prédateurs marins : ils se nourrissent de mollusques, de poissons, et de crustacés. Ils capturent leurs proies avec leurs bras, et les déchiquettent avec leur bec corné.
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Allopathic medicine
|
Allopathie
|
Allopathic medicine, or allopathy, refers to science-based, modern medicine, such as the use of medications or surgery to treat or suppress symptoms or the ill effects of disease. There are regional variations in usage of the term. In the United States, the term is used to contrast with osteopathic medicine, especially in the field of medical education.
|
Une diaspora est la dispersion d’une communauté ethnique ou d’un peuple à travers le monde. À l'origine, ce terme ne recouvrait que le phénomène de dispersion proprement dit. Aujourd'hui, par extension, il désigne aussi le résultat de la dispersion, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des membres d'une communauté dispersée dans plusieurs pays.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Itō Hirobumi
|
Itō Hirobumi
|
Prince was a Japanese politician, Prime Minister and preeminent member of Japan's genrō, an elite group of senior statesmen who dominated the Meiji oligarchy. A London-educated samurai of the Chōshū Domain and leader of the early Meiji Restoration government, he chaired the bureau which drafted the Meiji Constitution in the 1880s. Looking to the West for inspiration, Itō rejected the United States Constitution as too liberal and the Spanish Restoration as too despotic. He instead drew on British and German models, particularly the Prussian Constitution of 1850. Dissatisfied with Christianity's pervasiveness in European legal precedent, he replaced such religious references with those rooted in the more traditionally Japanese concept of a "kokutai" or "national polity" which hence became the constitutional justification for imperial authority.
|
Le prince est un samouraï du domaine de Chōshū (actuelle préfecture de Yamaguchi) qui devint homme d'État durant l'ère Meiji. Il fut quatre fois Premier ministre du Japon (le, le, le et le ), "genrō" et résident-général de Corée. Il est assassiné par le nationaliste coréen An Jung-geun. Son gendre est l'intellectuel, politicien et écrivain Suematsu Kenchō qui a épousé sa seconde fille, Ikuko.
|
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Louis the Blind
|
Louis III l'Aveugle
|
Louis the Blind ( 880 – 5 June 928) was the king of Provence from 11 January 887, King of Italy from 12 October 900, and briefly Holy Roman Emperor, as Louis III, between 901 and 905. He was the son of Boso, the usurper king of Provence, and Ermengard, a daughter of the Emperor Louis II. Through his father, he was a Bosonid, but through his mother, a Carolingian. He was blinded after a failed invasion of Italy in 905.
|
Louis l'Aveugle, dit aussi Louis III de Provence, né vers 882 et mort le à Arles, devient roi de Provence de 890 à 928, et est empereur d'Occident de 901 à 905.
|
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Product (business)
|
Politique de produit
|
In marketing, a product is an object or system made available for consumer use; it is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer. In retailing, products are often referred to as "merchandise", and in manufacturing, products are bought as raw materials and then sold as finished goods. A service is also regarded to as a type of product.
|
La politique de produit (aussi appelée stratégie produit) est une des composantes du "marketing mix" qui désigne l'activité de définition, d'adaptation, de spécification, de différenciation et plus généralement de tarification des biens et des services au sens le plus large possible des courants composants l'offre d'une entreprise.
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Diaspora
|
Diaspora
|
A diaspora () is a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale. Historically, the word diaspora was used to refer to the involuntary mass dispersion of a population from its indigenous territories, in particular the dispersion of Jews. This has since changed, and today there is no set definition of the term because its modern meaning has evolved over time.
|
Le terme « allopathie » (du grec "ἄλλος", "állos", « autre », « différent » et "πάθος", "páthos", « souffrance » ) est un concept utilisé par les tenants des médecines non-conventionnelles pour désigner la médecine conventionnelle fondée sur les faits. En particulier le terme est utilisé par les homéopathes pour désigner un ensemble de pratiques thérapeutiques ne reposant pas sur le principe de l'homéopathie, voire, pour certains, la médecine dans son ensemble. En revanche, pour la communauté scientifique, il n'y a pas une médecine allopathique, homéopathique ou autre, mais une médecine tout court, qui accepte toutes les approches pour peu qu'elles aient été validées.
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Directorate-General for External Security
|
Direction générale de la Sécurité extérieure
|
The General Directorate for External Security (, DGSE) is France's external intelligence agency. The French equivalent to the United Kingdom's MI6 and the United States' CIA, the DGSE operates under the direction of the French Ministry of Defence and works alongside its domestic counterpart, the DGSI (General Directorate for Internal Security), in providing intelligence and safeguarding French national security, notably by performing paramilitary and counterintelligence operations abroad. As with most other intelligence agencies, details of its operations and organization are highly classified, and are therefore not made public.
|
La Direction générale de la Sécurité extérieure (DGSE), parfois simplement appelée Sécurité extérieure (SE), est le service de renseignement extérieur de la France depuis 1982, succédant au service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage (SDECE). Elle travaille en coopération avec la DGSI dans le but de protéger les intérêts vitaux de la nation, dans les domaines contre-terroristes et paramilitaires. Elle a une importante activité en intelligence économique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Metallic bonding
|
Liaison métallique
|
Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that rises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions. It may be described as the sharing of "free" electrons among a structure of positively charged ions (cations). Metallic bonding accounts for many physical properties of metals, such as strength, ductility, thermal and electrical resistivity and conductivity, opacity, and luster.
|
Une liaison métallique est une liaison chimique résultant de l'action d'un fluide d'électrons délocalisés unissant des atomes ionisés positivement. Les matériaux métalliques purs ou alliés sont caractérisés par un continuum de niveaux d'énergie entre la bande de valence, occupée par les électrons de valence, et la bande de conduction, occupée par les électrons libres, de sorte que ces derniers sont injectés thermiquement depuis la bande de valence par-delà le niveau de Fermi, assurant la formation d'une liaison métallique délocalisée dans tout le volume du métal.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Japanese particles
|
Particule en japonais
|
Japanese particles, or, are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence. Their grammatical range can indicate various meanings and functions, such as speaker affect and assertiveness.
|
La grammaire japonaise désigne par le terme de de nombreux morphèmes grammaticaux de natures variées. Il s'agit en général de morphèmes liés, courts, qui servent à marquer des fonctions et des relations syntaxiques ou bien un trait énonciatif.
|
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1,
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[
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Product (mathematics)
|
Produit (mathématiques)
|
In mathematics, a product is the result of multiplying, or an expression that identifies factors to be multiplied. Thus, for instance, 30 is the product of 6 and 5 (the result of multiplication), and formula_1 is the product of formula_2 and formula_3 (indicating that the two factors should be multiplied together).
|
On nomme produit de nombres entiers, réels, complexes ou autres le résultat de leur multiplication. Les éléments multipliés s’appellent les facteurs du produit. L’expression d’un produit est aussi appelée « produit », par exemple l’écriture du triple du nombre est un produit de deux facteurs, où le symbole de la multiplication est sous-entendu.
|
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Jean Nicot
|
Jean Nicot
|
Jean Nicot de Villemain (;,1530 – May 4, 1604) was a French diplomat and scholar. He is famous for being the first to bring tobacco to France, including snuff tobacco. Nicotine is named after the tobacco plant "Nicotiana tabacum," which in turn is named after Jean Nicot de Villemain, who sent tobacco and seeds to Paris in 1560, presented it to the French King, and who promoted their medicinal use. Smoking was believed to protect against illness, particularly the plague.
|
Jean Nicot (1530-), diplomate et philologue français, est considéré comme l'introducteur du tabac en France et comme le père du "Trésor de la langue françoise", publié par David Douceur, issu de ses "Commentaires de la langue française", publiés en 1573.
|
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Temple of Artemis
|
Temple d'Artémis à Éphèse
|
The Temple of Artemis or Artemision (; ), also known less precisely as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to an ancient, local form of the goddess Artemis (associated with Diana, a Roman goddess). It was located in Ephesus (near the modern town of Selçuk in present-day Turkey). It was completely rebuilt twice, once after a devastating flood and three hundred years later after an act of arson, and in its final form was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. By 401 AD it had been ruined or destroyed. Only foundations and fragments of the last temple remain at the site.
|
Le temple d'Artémis à Éphèse ou l'Artemision d'Éphèse (en grec, en latin "Artemisium") est dans l'Antiquité l'un des plus importants sanctuaires d'Artémis, déesse grecque de la chasse et de la nature sauvage. Il était considéré dans l'Antiquité comme la quatrième des Sept Merveilles du monde.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Clematis
|
Clématite
|
Clematis is a genus of about 300 species within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Their garden hybrids have been popular among gardeners, beginning with "Clematis" × "jackmanii", a garden standby since 1862; more hybrid cultivars are being produced constantly. They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin. Most species are known as clematis in English, while some are also known as traveller's joy, a name invented for the sole British native, "C. vitalba", by the herbalist John Gerard; virgin's bower for "C. terniflora", "C. virginiana", and "C. viticella"; old man's beard, applied to several with prominent seedheads; leather flower for those with fleshy petals; or vase vine for the North American "Clematis viorna".
|
Les Clématites ("Clematis") forment un genre de la famille des renonculacées. Il comprend environ 300 espèces de vivaces herbacées à souche ligneuse et de plantes grimpantes, semi-ligneuses, persistantes ou caduques. On les trouve dans les deux hémisphères, notamment en Europe, dans l'Himalaya, en Chine, en Australie, en Amérique du Nord et Amérique centrale ; elles sont cultivées pour leur abondante floraison très décorative.
|
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The Wheel of Time
|
La Roue du temps
|
The Wheel of Time is a series of high fantasy novels written by American author James Oliver Rigney Jr., under his pen name of Robert Jordan. Originally planned as a six-book series, "The Wheel of Time" spanned fourteen volumes, in addition to a prequel novel and two companion books. Jordan began writing the first volume, "The Eye of the World", in 1984, and it was published in January 1990.
|
La Roue du temps (titre original : "") est une série de romans de fantasy écrits par l'écrivain américain Robert Jordan. Le premier volume est paru en 1990 chez l'éditeur Tor Books. L'auteur est décédé en 2007 sans avoir achevé la série, mais il a laissé assez de notes pour qu'un autre écrivain puisse terminer son œuvre. Brandon Sanderson a été choisi pour cette tâche et la série a été achevée en 2013. L'œuvre comprend quatorze volumes, dont trois écrits par Brandon Sanderson, ainsi qu'un roman préliminaire (« préquelle ») intitulé "Nouveau Printemps".
|
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Pound cake
|
Quatre-quarts
|
Pound cake is a type of cake traditionally made with a pound of each of four ingredients: flour, butter, eggs, and sugar. Pound cakes are generally baked in either a loaf pan or a Bundt mold, and served either dusted with powdered sugar, lightly glazed, or sometimes with a coat of icing.
|
Le quatre-quarts est un gâteau breton qui tire son nom du fait que les quatre ingrédients qui le composent (farine, sucre, beurre, œufs) y sont en quantité égale (en masse), et donc représentent chacun un quart.
|
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Organisation of African Unity
|
Organisation de l'unité africaine
|
The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; ) was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's establishment was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairperson, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU). Some of the key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states, and to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from the African continent. Although it achieved some success, there were also differences of opinion as to how that was going to be achieved.
|
L'Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA) est une organisation inter-étatique, ayant précédé l'Union africaine. Elle a été créée et présidée par l'empereur Haïlé Sélassié le et dissoute en 2002.
|
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Claude Nicolas Ledoux
|
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux
|
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (21 March 1736 – 18 November 1806) was one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only domestic architecture but also town planning; as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a utopian. His greatest works were funded by the French monarchy and came to be perceived as symbols of the Ancien Régime rather than Utopia. The French Revolution hampered his career; much of his work was destroyed in the nineteenth century. In 1804, he published a collection of his designs under the title "L'Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l'art, des mœurs et de la législation" (Architecture considered in relation to art, morals, and legislation). In this book he took the opportunity of revising his earlier designs, making them more rigorously neoclassical and up to date. This revision has distorted an accurate assessment of his role in the evolution of Neoclassical architecture. His most ambitious work was the uncompleted Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, an idealistic and visionary town showing many examples of "architecture parlante". Conversely his works and commissions also included the more mundane and everyday architecture such as approximately sixty elaborate tollgates around Paris in the Wall of the General Tax Farm.
|
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (Dormans, - Paris, ) est un architecte, urbaniste et utopiste français. Très actif de la fin de l'Ancien Régime, il fut l'un des principaux créateurs du style néoclassique. La plupart de ses constructions ont été détruites au.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
René Fonck
|
René Fonck
|
Colonel René Paul Fonck (27 March 1894 – 18 June 1953) was a French aviator who ended the First World War as the top Entente fighter ace and, when all succeeding aerial conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries are also considered, Fonck still holds the title of "all-time Allied Ace of Aces". He received confirmation for 75 victories (72 solo and three shared) out of 142 claims. Taking into account his probable claims, Fonck's final tally could conceivably be nearer 100 or above. He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1918 and later a Commander of the Legion of Honor after the war, and raised again to the dignity of Grand Officer.
|
René Fonck, né à Saulcy-sur-Meurthe (Vosges) le et mort dans le de Paris le, est un aviateur et homme politique français.
|
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Jean d'Ormesson
|
Jean d'Ormesson
|
Jean Bruno Wladimir François de Paule Le Fèvre d'Ormesson (16 June 1925 – 5 December 2017) was a French novelist. He was the author of forty books, the director of "Le Figaro" from 1974 to 1979, and the Dean of the Académie française.
|
Jean d'Ormesson, parfois surnommé Jean d'O, né le à Paris et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine, est un écrivain, journaliste et philosophe français.
|
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Bob Marley
|
Bob Marley
|
Robert Nesta Marley, (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter and musician. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady, as well as his distinctive vocal and songwriting style. Marley's contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide, and made him a global figure in popular culture for over a decade. Over the course of his career Marley became known as a Rastafari icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality. He is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for the legalization of marijuana, while he also advocated for Pan-Africanism.
|
Robert Nesta Marley dit Bob Marley, né le à Nine Mile (Jamaïque) et mort le à Miami (États-Unis) d'un cancer généralisé, est un auteur-compositeur-interprète et musicien jamaïcain.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Homer Simpson
|
Homer Simpson
|
Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional character and the protagonist of the American animated sitcom "The Simpsons". He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in "The Tracey Ullman Show" short "Good Night" on April 19, 1987. Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip "Life in Hell" but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the character after his father, Homer Groening. After appearing for three seasons on "The Tracey Ullman Show", the Simpson family got their own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989.
|
Homer Jay Simpson est le principal personnage fictif de la série télévisée d'animation "Les Simpson" et le père de la famille du même nom. Il est doublé par Dan Castellaneta dans la version originale, Philippe Peythieu dans la version française et Hubert Gagnon dans la version québécoise. Homer est apparu pour la première fois à la télévision avec le reste de la famille dans le court métrage "Good Night", le. Homer a été créé par le dessinateur Matt Groening alors qu'il attendait dans l'entrée du bureau de James L. Brooks. On avait fait appel à Groening pour lancer une série de courts métrages basée sur "Life in Hell", mais celui-ci a décidé de créer un nouvel ensemble de personnages. Il a nommé Homer Simpson d'après son père, Homer Groening. Après avoir fait l'objet de courts métrages durant trois ans, la famille Simpson a eu droit à sa propre série sur le réseau Fox dès le.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Airbus A340
|
Airbus A340
|
The Airbus A340 is a long-range, wide-body commercial passenger jet airliner that was developed and produced by the European aerospace company Airbus.
|
LAirbus A340 est un avion de ligne quadriréacteur long-courrier de grande capacité fabriqué par Airbus de 1991 à 2011. Il est décliné en plusieurs versions suivant la capacité ou le rayon d'action désiré par chaque compagnie. Cette famille d'appareils a été conçue avec un design semblable à celui de l'Airbus A330, car ces deux modèles sont dérivés. Mais il est équipé de quatre réacteurs au lieu de deux.
|
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Manfred von Richthofen
|
Manfred von Richthofen
|
Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), known in English as Baron von Richthofen, and most famously as the "Red Baron", was a fighter pilot with the German Air Force during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.
|
Manfred Albrecht, "Freiherr" von Richthofen (Breslau, – Vaux-sur-Somme, ) est un aviateur allemand qui est resté une légende de l'aviation de la Première Guerre mondiale. À l'époque, il était connu en France sous les surnoms de « Baron rouge » ou de « Diable rouge », mais depuis, le surnom donné par les aviateurs britanniques ("« the Red Baron »"), « le Baron rouge » a fini par s'imposer dans le monde entier pour se référer à lui, au point de remplacer en popularité son nom authentique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Education in France
|
Système éducatif en France
|
Education in France is organized in a highly centralized manner, with many subdivisions. It is divided into the three stages of primary education ("enseignement primaire"), secondary education ("enseignement secondaire"), and higher education ("enseignement supérieur"). The main age that a child starts school in France is age 3. Three year olds do not start primary school, they start preschool then. By the age of six, a child in France starts primary school and then moves onto higher and higher grade levels until he/she graduates.
|
Le système éducatif en France est centralisé et piloté par le ministère de l'Éducation nationale. Depuis 2019 (réforme Blanquer), l'école est obligatoire de 3 à 16 ans (elle était jusqu'ici obligatoire de 6 à 16 ans depuis 1959 et la réforme Berthoin) ; l'instruction dite « en famille », très minoritaire, est néanmoins légale. À partir de 2020, suivre une formation entre 16 et 18 ans sera obligatoire (il pourra s'agir d'une scolarisation, d'un apprentissage, d'une insertion professionnelle ou encore d'un service civique). Il existe plus de scolaires très majoritairement publics, seuls 15 % (primaire) à 20 % (secondaire) des élèves sont dans des établissements privés principalement sous contrat avec l'État français. Les établissements dépendent presque exclusivement du ministère de l'Éducation nationale (publics ou privés sous contrat), l'enseignement privé hors contrat étant un phénomène marginal en France.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Firearm
|
Arme à feu
|
A firearm is a gun (a barreled ranged weapon) designed to be readily carried and used by a single individual. It inflicts damage on targets by launching one or more projectiles driven by rapidly expanding high-pressure gas produced by exothermic combustion (deflagration) of chemical propellant. If gas pressurization is achieved through "mechanical" gas compression rather than through chemical propellant combustion, then the gun is technically an air gun, not a firearm. Some legal definitions of "firearm" are more broad, and may cover any and all projectile devices, or even other destructive devices.
|
Une arme à feu est une arme visant originellement à donner la mort à grande distance via des projectiles, au moyen de gaz produits par une déflagration (combustion rapide et confinée d'un composé chimique détonant).
|
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African Union
|
Union africaine
|
The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa. The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of the African Union. The bloc was founded on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and launched on 9 July 2002 in Durban, South Africa.
|
L'Union africaine (UA) est une organisation d'États africains créée le, à Durban en Afrique du Sud, en application de la déclaration de Syrte du. Elle a remplacé l'Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA). La mise en place de ses institutions (Commission, Parlement panafricain et Conseil de paix et de sécurité) a eu lieu en, au sommet de Maputo au Mozambique.
|
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Dairy product
|
Produit laitier
|
Dairy products or milk products are a type of food produced from or containing the milk of mammals. They are primarily produced from mammals such as cattle, water buffaloes, goats, sheep, camels and humans. Dairy products include food items such as yogurt, cheese and butter. A facility that produces dairy products is known as a dairy, or dairy factory. Dairy products are consumed worldwide, with the exception of most of East and Southeast Asia and parts of central Africa.
|
Les produits laitiers, ou laitages, sont les laits ou les transformations alimentaires obtenus à partir de lait. Quand il y a transformation, le lait majoritairement mis en œuvre est le lait de vache, mais on utilise également le lait cru de chèvre, de brebis, de chamelle, de yak, de bufflonne... Leur introduction dans l'alimentation humaine, généralement après sevrage, remonte à la révolution néolithique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Airbus A320 family
|
Airbus A320
|
The Airbus A320 family are narrow-body airliners designed and produced by Airbus. The A320 was launched in March 1984, first flew on 22 February 1987, and was introduced in April 1988 by Air France. The first member of the family was followed by the longer A321 (first delivered in January 1994), the shorter A319 (April 1996), and the even shorter A318 (July 2003). Final assembly takes place in Toulouse in France; Hamburg in Germany; Tianjin in China since 2009; and in Mobile, Alabama in the United States since April 2016. The twinjet has a six-abreast cross-section and is powered by either CFM56 or IAE V2500 turbofans, except the CFM56/PW6000 powered A318. The family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire and side-stick flight controls in airliners. Variants offer maximum take-off weights from, to cover a range.
|
La famille Airbus A320 regroupe quatre avions de ligne moyen-courriers conçus et fabriqués par Airbus depuis 1987. Le premier appareil est l'A320, qui donne son nom à la famille, suivi de deux versions raccourcies, les A318 et A319, et d'une version rallongée, l'A321. L'A321 et l'A320 sont disponibles en version fret et les A318, A319 et A320 sont disponibles en version d'affaires.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gorilla
|
Gorille
|
Gorillas are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forest of central Sub-Saharan Africa. The genus "Gorilla" is divided into two species: the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas (both critically endangered), and either four or five subspecies. They are the largest living primates. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans, from 95 to 99% depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos.
|
Gorilla, les Gorilles, est un genre de singes appartenant à la famille des Hominidés. "Gorilla" est le plus grand des huit genres de la super-famille des hominoïdes. Les mâles, en particulier, peuvent développer une force physique colossale.
|
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Saburo Murakami
|
Saburō Murakami
|
Saburo Murakami (村上三郎) (June 27, 1925 – January 11, 1996) was a Japanese artist. He was a member of the Gutai group and was known for creating performance pieces where he would stick paper to wooden frames and burst through them.
|
Saburô Murakami (村上三郎) (né le à Kobé et mort le à Kyoto) est un artiste japonais, membre fondateur du mouvement d'avant-garde "Gutaï".
|
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FreeDOS
|
FreeDOS
|
FreeDOS (formerly Free-DOS and PD-DOS) is a free operating system for IBM PC compatible computers. It intends to provide a complete DOS-compatible environment for running legacy software and supporting embedded systems.
|
FreeDOS est un système d'exploitation complet, libre, et 100 % compatible MS-DOS. Très léger, il peut être stocké sur une disquette.
|
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Airway (aviation)
|
Voie aérienne
|
An airway or air route is a defined corridor that connects one specified location to another at a specified altitude, along which an aircraft that meets the requirements of the airway may be flown. Airways are defined with segments within a specific altitude block, corridor width, and between fixed geographic coordinates for satellites navigation system, or between ground-based Radio transmitter navigational aids (navaids; such as VORs or NDBs) or the intersection of specific radials of two navaids.
|
En aéronautique, une voie aérienne ou couloir aérien, abrégé AWY (pour « "airway" »), est une voie de circulation aérienne.
|
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Gutai group
|
Gutai
|
The is the first radical, post-war artistic group in Japan. It was founded in 1954 by the painter Jiro Yoshihara in Osaka, Japan, in response to the reactionary artistic context of the time. Its young members explored new art forms combining performance, painting, and interactive environments, and realized an “international common ground” of experimental art through the worldwide reach of their exhibition and publication activities. This influential group was involved in large-scale multimedia environments, performances, and theatrical events and emphasizes the relationship between body and matter in pursuit of originality. The movement rejected traditional art styles in favor of performative immediacy.
|
Le terme vient de "gu", « instrument » et "tai", « corps », son adverbe "gutaiteki", « concret », « incarnation », qui s'oppose donc à l'abstrait, c'est-à-dire à l'art abstrait.
|
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[
250008,
636,
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41571,
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23,
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1363,
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569,
91,
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2146,
78381,
8843,
253,
96,
25,
2055,
7,
87929,
4,
501,
25,
525,
9,
1298,
9,
48254,
253,
96,
25,
3960,
43719,
87929,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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