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Punched card | Carte perforée | A punched card or punch card is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to contain digital data represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. Digital data can be used for data processing applications or used to directly control automated machinery. | Une carte perforée est un morceau de papier rigide dont la surface peut être lue par un dispositif repérant la présence ou l'absence de trou à certains endroits et transmettant cette information à une unité de traitement. Certaines machines demandent que les cartes soient reliées entre elles. | [
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Division (mathematics) | Division | Division is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic, the ways that numbers are combined to make new numbers. The other operations are addition, subtraction, and multiplication (which can be viewed as the inverse of division). The division sign, a symbol consisting of a short horizontal line with a dot above and another dot below, is often used to indicate mathematical division. This usage, though widespread in anglophone countries, is neither universal nor recommended: the ISO 80000-2 standard for mathematical notation recommends only the solidus or fraction bar for division, or the colon for ratios; it says that this symbol "should not be used" for division. | La division est une opération mathématique qui, à deux nombres "a" et "b," associe un troisième nombre (loi de composition interne), appelé quotient ou rapport, et qui peut être notée : | [
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Code page | Page de code | In computing, a code page is a character encoding and as such it is a specific association of a set of printable characters and control characters with unique numbers. | Une page de code est un standard informatique qui vise à donner un numéro à chaque caractère d'une langue, ou de quelques langues proches. Elle constitue donc une méthode simple de pratiquer du codage des caractères. | [
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Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon) | Baka (peuple du Cameroun et du Gabon) | The Baka people, known in the Congo as Bayaka ("Bebayaka, Bebayaga, Bibaya"), are an ethnic group inhabiting the southeastern rain forests of Cameroon, northern Republic of the Congo, northern Gabon, and southwestern Central African Republic. They are sometimes called a subgroup of the Twa, but the two peoples are not closely related. Likewise, the name "Baka" is sometimes mistakenly applied to other peoples of the area who, like the Baka and Twa, have been historically called pygmies, a term that is no longer considered respectful. | Les Baka, connus au Congo sous le nom de Bayaka (Bebayaka, Bebayaga, Bibaya), sont un groupe ethnique habitant les forêts tropicales du sud-est du Cameroun, du nord de la République du Congo, du nord du Gabon et du sud-ouest de la République centrafricaine. Les Baka ont été appelés historiquement pygmées, ce terme est considéré comme péjoratif par certaines organisation et gouvernements. | [
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Recovery position | Position latérale de sécurité | The recovery position refers to one of a series of variations on a lateral recumbent or three-quarters prone position of the body, in to which an unconscious but breathing casualty can be placed as part of first aid treatment. | La (ou PLS) est un geste de premiers secours à pratiquer systématiquement lorsque l'on est en présence d'une personne inconsciente, qui respire anormalement et qui est décubitus dorsal (couchée sur le dos). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
The Leopard | Le Guépard | The Leopard ( ) is a novel by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa that chronicles the changes in Sicilian life and society during the "Risorgimento". Published posthumously in 1958 by Feltrinelli, after two rejections by the leading Italian publishing houses Mondadori and Einaudi, it became the top-selling novel in Italian history and is considered one of the most important novels in modern Italian literature. In 1959, it won Italy's highest award for fiction, the Strega Prize. In 2012, "The Observer" named it as one of "the 10 best historical novels". The novel was also made into an award-winning 1963 film of the same name, directed by Luchino Visconti and starring Burt Lancaster, Claudia Cardinale and Alain Delon. | Le Guépard ("Il Gattopardo") est l'unique roman de l'écrivain et aristocrate italien Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, paru en 1958 à titre posthume et récompensé par le prix Strega l'année suivante. | [
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Federico Fellini | Federico Fellini | Federico Fellini, (; 20 January 1920 – 31 October 1993) was an Italian film director and screenwriter known for his distinctive style, which blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. He is recognized as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time. His films have ranked in polls such as "Cahiers du cinéma" and "Sight & Sound", which lists his 1963 film "81⁄2" as the 10th-greatest film. | Federico Fellini est un réalisateur de cinéma et scénariste italien né à Rimini le et mort à Rome le. | [
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Punched tape | Ruban perforé | Punched tape or perforated paper tape is a form of data storage that consists of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched. Now effectively obsolete, it was widely used during much of the 20th century for teleprinter communication, for input to computers of the 1950s and 1960s, and later as a storage medium for minicomputers and CNC machine tools. | Le ruban perforé et la carte perforée ont été les premiers supports d'entrée-sortie et les premières mémoires de masse utilisés dans les débuts de l'informatique. | [
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Radical (chemistry) | Radical (chimie) | In chemistry, a radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. Many radicals spontaneously dimerize. Most organic radicals have short lifetimes. | Un radical (souvent appelé radical libre) est une espèce chimique possédant un ou plusieurs électrons non appariés sur sa couche externe. L'électron se note par un point. La présence d'un électron célibataire confère à ces molécules, la plupart du temps, une grande instabilité (elles ne respectent pas la règle de l'octet), ce qui signifie qu'elles ont la possibilité de réagir avec de nombreux composés dans des processus le plus souvent non spécifiques, et que leur durée de vie est très courte. | [
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Cotton swab | Coton-tige | Cotton swabs (American English) or cotton buds (British English) are handheld items that consist of one or two small wads of cotton wrapped around one or both ends of a short rod made of wood, rolled paper or plastic. They are most commonly used for ear cleaning, although this use is not recommended by physicians. Other uses include first aid, cosmetics application, cleaning, and arts and crafts. Concerns about marine pollution have led some countries to ban the plastic-stemmed versions in favour of biodegradable alternatives. | Le coton-tige, ou bâtonnet ouaté, est un bâtonnet garni à chaque extrémité d'une petite boule de coton. Son usage initial est le soin du nourrisson pour des zones étroites telles que le nombril mais surtout pas pour les oreilles... | [
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Luchino Visconti | Luchino Visconti | Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo (; 2 November 1906 – 17 March 1976), was an Italian theatre, opera and cinema director, as well as a screenwriter. He is best known for his films "Ossessione" (1943), "Senso" (1954), "Rocco and His Brothers" (1960), "The Leopard" (1963), "The Damned" (1969), "Death in Venice" (1971) and "The Innocent" (1976). | Luchino Visconti di Modrone, comte de Lonate Pozzolo (, Milan –, Rome) et descendant de la famille noble Visconti, est un réalisateur de cinéma italien. Il fut aussi directeur de théâtre, metteur en scène et écrivain. | [
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People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism) | Démocratie populaire | People's democracy was a theoretical concept within Marxism–Leninism and a form of government in communist states which developed after World War II and that allowed in theory for a multi-class, multi-party democracy on the pathway to socialism. | « Démocratie populaire » est un terme issu du lexique politique communiste pour distinguer les États communistes des démocraties libérales, que les communistes désignent plutôt sous le terme de « républiques bourgeoises » ou de « pays capitalistes ». | [
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Lent | Carême | Lent (Latin: "Quadragesima", 'Fortieth') is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later, before Easter Sunday. The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer, doing penance, mortifying the flesh, repentance of sins, almsgiving, and self-denial. This event is observed in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, Moravian, Presbyterian, Oriental Orthodox, Reformed, and Roman Catholic Churches. Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season. | Le Carême est une période de dévotion à Dieu associée à une alternance de jours de jeûne complet et de jours d'abstinence (jours maigres) d'une durée de quarante jours que le catholicisme a instituée au en référence aux quarante jours de jeûne de Jésus-Christ dans le désert. Cet épisode est relaté par les trois évangiles synoptiques :, et. Le carême précède Pâques, la plus importante des fêtes chrétiennes. | [
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Property | Propriété | Property in the abstract is what belongs to or with something, whether as an attribute or as a component of said thing. In the context of this article, it is one or more components (rather than attributes), whether physical or incorporeal, of a person's estate; or so belonging to, as in being owned by, a person or jointly a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation or even a society. Depending on the nature of the property, an owner of property has the right to consume, alter, share, redefine, rent, mortgage, pawn, sell, exchange, transfer, give away or destroy it, or to exclude others from doing these things, as well as to perhaps abandon it; whereas regardless of the nature of the property, the owner thereof has the right to properly use it (as a durable, mean or factor, or whatever), or at the very least exclusively keep it. | La propriété est la « possession » d'un bien meuble ou immeuble ou d'une production intellectuelle, reconnue et consacrée par une autorité (divine ou humaine), la société, la loi, la raison générale ou le consentement universel C'est selon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon une usucapion ou une usurpation. | [
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Salsa music | Salsa | Salsa music is a popular dance music genre that initially arose in New York City during the 1960s. Salsa is the product of various Cuban musical genres including the Afro-Cuban son montuno, guaracha, cha cha chá, mambo, Latin jazz (which was also developed in New York City, has had a significant influence on salsa arrangers), piano guajeos, and instrumental soloists. | La salsa (mot espagnol qui signifie « sauce » et, au sens figuré : charme, piquant) désigne à la fois un genre musical et une danse ayant des racines cubaines. Cette musique de danse au tempo vif est popularisée dans le monde entier. | [
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Finite set | Ensemble fini | In mathematics, a finite set is a set that has a finite number of elements. Informally, a finite set is a set which one could in principle count and finish counting. For example, is a finite set with five elements. The number of elements of a finite set is a natural number (a non-negative integer) and is called the cardinality of the set. A set that is not finite is called infinite. For example, the set of all positive integers is infinite: Finite sets are particularly important in combinatorics, the mathematical study of counting. Many arguments involving finite sets rely on the pigeonhole principle, which states that there cannot exist an injective function from a larger finite set to a smaller finite set. | En mathématiques, un ensemble fini est un ensemble qui possède un nombre fini d'éléments, c'est-à-dire qu'il est possible de compter ses éléments, le résultat étant un nombre entier. Un ensemble infini est un ensemble qui n'est pas fini. | [
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Frigidaire | Frigidaire | Frigidaire is the US consumer and commercial home appliances brand subsidiary of European parent company Electrolux. Frigidaire was founded as the Guardian Frigerator Company in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and developed the first self-contained refrigerator, invented by Nathaniel B. Wales and Alfred Mellowes in 1916. In 1918, William C. Durant, a founder of General Motors, personally invested in the company and in 1919, it adopted the name Frigidaire. | Frigidaire est une marque déposée créée par General Motors en 1918. Le nom « Frigidaire » a été choisi par William Crapo Durant, le fondateur de cette société. | [
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Social movement | Mouvement social | A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one. This may be to carry out, resist or undo a social change. It is a type of group action and may involve individuals, organizations or both. Definitions of the term are slightly varied. Social movements have been described as "organizational structures and strategies that may empower oppressed populations to mount effective challenges and resist the more powerful and advantaged elites". They represent a method of social change from the bottom within nations. | La notion de mouvement social est définie de manière différente selon les disciplines. En histoire, il s'agit de l'ensemble des événements au cours desquels certains groupes (comme des classes sociales) cherchent à modifier l'organisation de la société en fonction de leurs idéaux : répartition des richesses et du pouvoir politique, progrès social. En politique, et par métonymie, un mouvement social est une somme d'actions qui veulent la concrétisation de cette volonté de progrès social. On parle parfois de mouvement politique. | [
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Karl Liebknecht | Karl Liebknecht | Karl Paul August Friedrich Liebknecht (; 13 August 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a German socialist, originally in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and later a co-founder with Rosa Luxemburg of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany which split away from the SPD. He is best known for his opposition to World War I in the Reichstag and his role in the Spartacist uprising of 1919. The uprising was crushed by the SPD government and the Freikorps (paramilitary units formed of World War I veterans). Liebknecht and Luxemburg were murdered. | Karl Liebknecht, né le à Leipzig et mort assassiné le à Berlin, est un homme politique socialiste et communiste allemand. | [
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Viridiana | Viridiana | Viridiana () is a 1961 Spanish-Mexican film directed by Luis Buñuel and produced by Gustavo Alatriste. It is loosely based on the 1895 novel "Halma" by Benito Pérez Galdós. | Viridiana est un film mexicano-espagnol réalisé par Luis Buñuel, sorti en 1961, qui a obtenu la Palme d'or lors du festival de Cannes 1961. | [
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Centre of Social Democrats | Centre des démocrates sociaux | The Centre of Social Democrats ("Centre des démocrates sociaux", CDS; also translated as "Democratic and Social Centre") was a Christian-democratic and centrist political party in France. It existed from 1976 to 1995 and was based directly and indirectly on the tradition of the Popular Republican Movement (MRP). The CDS was one of the co-founding parties of the European People's Party, and later merged into the Democratic Force. | Le Centre des démocrates sociaux (CDS) est un parti politique français classé au centre droit, de conviction démocrate-chrétienne, fondé au congrès de Rennes, tenu du au, par la fusion du Centre démocrate de Jean Lecanuet (opposée à Charles de Gaulle depuis 1962 puis à Georges Pompidou) et du Centre démocratie et progrès de Jacques Duhamel (rallié au gaullisme à partir de l'élection de Georges Pompidou en 1969). Il a été, de 1978 à sa disparition en 1995, un des membres fondateurs de l'Union pour la démocratie française (UDF) dont il constituait l'aile démocrate-chrétienne. | [
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Luis Buñuel | Luis Buñuel | Luis Buñuel Portolés (; 22 February 1900 – 29 July 1983) was a Spanish-Mexican filmmaker, who worked in France, Mexico and Spain. | Luis Buñuel Portolés est un réalisateur et scénariste espagnol naturalisé mexicain, né le à Calanda (Aragon, Espagne) et mort le à Mexico. | [
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Yangtze | Yangzi Jiang | The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ) is the longest river in Asia, the third-longest in the world and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains (Tibetan Plateau) and flows in a generally easterly direction to the East China Sea. It is the sixth-largest river by discharge volume in the world. Its drainage basin comprises one-fifth of the land area of China, and is home to nearly one-third of the country's population. | Le Yangzi Jiang (en français fleuve Bleu, Yang-Tsé-Kiang ou simplement Yang-Tsé, en chinois Chang Jiang c'est-à-dire long fleuve) est le plus important des fleuves chinois avec un débit moyen de et une longueur de. Il prend sa source dans l'ouest du pays sur le plateau tibétain, dans une région aride et dépourvue d'habitants à plus de d'altitude. Son cours prend d'abord une orientation sud-ouest et il descend du plateau de manière torrentielle en circulant dans des gorges profondes creusées dans les monts Hengduan. À près de de sa source le Yangzi arrive aux abords du plateau Yunnan-Guizhou et prend une direction générale d'ouest en est qu'il va conserver jusqu'à son débouché dans la Mer de Chine orientale. Il traverse successivement le riche bassin agricole du Sichuan et sa capitale économique Chongqing, les défilés des trois Gorges avant de pénétrer dans une vaste plaine caractérisée par de nombreux lacs et de grandes concentrations humaines dont la ville de Wuhan. En quittant cette plaine il passe par un dernier étranglement avant de former un delta de près de de long sur lequel se trouve une dizaine de villes millionnaires dont les mégalopoles de Nankin et Shanghai. | [
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Myopathy | Myopathie | In medicine, myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. This results in muscular weakness. "Myopathy" means muscle disease (Greek : myo- "muscle" + patheia "-pathy" : "suffering"). This meaning implies that the primary defect is within the muscle, as opposed to the nerves ("neuropathies" or "neurogenic" disorders) or elsewhere (e.g., the brain). Muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm can also be associated with myopathy. | Les myopathies sont des maladies neuro-musculaires, dont elles forment un sous-groupe, se traduisant par une dégénérescence et une nécrose du tissu musculaire. Elles peuvent être congénitales, héréditaires ou acquises. Les 3 grands types de myopathies acquises et inflammatoires, souvent idiopathiques, sont potentiellement traitables (dermatomyosite, polymyosite et myosite à corps d'inclusion). | [
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Chordate | Chordata | A chordate () is an animal of the phylum Chordata. During some period of their life cycle, chordates possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail: these five anatomical features define this phylum. Chordates are also bilaterally symmetric, and have a coelom, metameric segmentation, and circulatory system. | Les chordés ou cordés (Chordata) forment un embranchement d'animaux de la clade des bilatériens et appartenant au super-embranchement des deutérostomiens. Leur nom provient de la notochorde, une lamelle cartilagineuse située du côté dorsal de l'animal, forme la plus élémentaire d'un endosquelette (squelette interne). Quatre sous-embranchements sont réunis dans ce groupe : les Cephalochordata, les Vetulicolia (aujourd'hui éteints), les Tunicata et les Vertebrata (ces deux derniers groupes sont réunis sous le clade des Olfactores). Ils constituent un des embranchements les plus diversifiés du règne animal avec près de, après les arthropodes, ces derniers regroupant, avec près d'1,5 million d'espèces recensées, plus de 80 % des espèces connues. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Not on the Lips | Pas sur la bouche | Not on the Lips () is a 2003 French musical film directed by Alain Resnais. It is an adaptation of the operetta "Pas sur la bouche", written by André Barde and Maurice Yvain, which was first produced in Paris in 1925. | Pas sur la bouche est un film musical franco-suisse réalisé par Alain Resnais, sorti en 2003. C'est la seconde adaptation cinématographique de l'opérette éponyme d'André Barde et Maurice Yvain, écrite en 1925. | [
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Piprahwa | Piprâwâ | Piprahwa is a village near Birdpur in Siddharthnagar district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Kalanamak rice, a scented and spicy variety of rice is grown in this area. It lies in the heart of the historical Buddha's homeland and is 12 miles from the world heritage site of Lumbini that is believed to be the place of Gautama Buddha's birth. | Piprâwâ est un site archéologique situé dans le district de Basti dans l'Uttar Pradesh en Inde. Selon les archéologues indiens, il s'agirait d'un meilleur candidat pour le site de Kapilavastu, résidence du Bouddha pendant sa jeunesse, que Tilaurakot dans le district de Lumbini au Népal. | [
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Political party | Parti politique | A political party is an organized group of people who have the same ideology, or who otherwise have the same political positions, and who field candidates for elections, in an attempt to get them elected and thereby implement the party's agenda. They are a defining element of representative democracy. | Un parti politique est un groupe de personnes possédant des idées politiques communes réunis en association. Il peut chercher à influencer le gouvernement en place, en le soutenant si celui-ci en est issu, ou en s'y opposant. Il nomme également ses propres candidats aux différentes élections et en tentant d'obtenir des mandats politiques. Un parti politique peut aussi influencer l'opinion publique. Il peut être présent au Parlement. | [
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Gaston (comics) | Gaston (bande dessinée) | Gaston is a gag-a-day comic strip created in 1957 by the Belgian cartoonist André Franquin in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine "Spirou". The series focuses on the everyday life of Gaston Lagaffe (whose surname means "the blunder"), a lazy and accident-prone office junior who works at "Spirou"'s office in Brussels. Gaston is very popular in large parts of Europe (especially in Belgium and France) and has been translated into over a dozen languages, but except for a few pages by Fantagraphics in the early 1990s (as "Gomer Goof"), there was no English translation until Cinebook began publishing English language editions of Gaston books (again named 'Gomer Goof') in July, 2017. | Gaston est une série de bande dessinée belge humoristique créée en par André Franquin. La série met en scène un employé de bureau nommé Gaston Lagaffe, travaillant au "Journal de Spirou", grand fainéant et commettant chaque semaine de nombreuses gaffes (913 au total). | [
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Miloš Forman | Miloš Forman | Jan Tomáš "Miloš" Forman (; ; 18 February 1932 – 13 April 2018) was a Czech-American film director, screenwriter, actor, and professor who rose to fame in his native Czechoslovakia before emigrating to the United States in 1968. | Jan Tomáš Forman, né le à Čáslav (Tchécoslovaquie) et mort le à Danbury (Connecticut, États-Unis), connu sous le nom de Miloš Forman, est un réalisateur américain d'origine tchécoslovaque, également scénariste et professeur de cinéma. | [
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Belem (ship) | Belem | Belem is a three-masted barque from France. She made her maiden voyage as a cargo ship in 1896, transporting sugar from the West Indies, cocoa, and coffee from Brazil and French Guiana to Nantes, France. | Le Belem (1896) est le dernier trois-mâts barque français à coque acier, un des plus anciens trois-mâts en Europe en état de navigation et le second plus grand voilier restant en France. | [
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Culture of Quebec | Culture québécoise | The Culture of Quebec emerged over the last few hundred years, resulting predominantly from the shared history of the French-speaking North American majority in Quebec. It is noteworthy in the Western World; Quebec is the only region in North America with a French-speaking majority, as well as one of only two provinces in Canada where French is a constitutionally recognized official language. (New Brunswick being the other). For historical and linguistic reasons, Francophone Quebec also has cultural links with other North American and Caribbean French-speaking communities, particularly with the Acadians of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Franco-Ontarian communities in Eastern Ontario and Haiti; to a lesser extent with Martinique and French-Canadian communities of Northern Ontario and Western Canada and the Cajun French revival movements in Louisiana, United States. There is also a large Celtic influence with immigrants from Ireland and Scotland. As of 2006, 79% of all Quebecers list French as their mother tongue; since French is the official language in the province, up to 95% of all residents speak French. | La culture québécoise est l'ensemble des traits distinctifs, spirituels et matériels, intellectuels et affectifs qui caractérisent la société québécoise. Ce terme englobe les arts, la littérature, les mœurs, les systèmes de valeurs, les traditions et les croyances collectives des Québécois. On appelle québécitude ce qui appartient à cette culture. Elle s'inscrit dans la civilisation occidentale. | [
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Tipp-Ex | Tipp-Ex | Tipp-Ex is a brand of correction fluid and other related products that is popular throughout Europe. It was also the name of the German company ("Tipp-Ex GmbH & Co. KG") that produced the products in the Tipp-Ex line. While "Tipp-Ex" is a trademark name for correction products, in some countries it has become a genericised trademark: "to tippex" or "to tippex out" means to erase, either generally or with correction fluid. | Tipp-Ex est une marque de produits de correction. Celle-ci est principalement associée au correcteur liquide en flacon dont le pinceau applicateur permet de recouvrir d'un liquide blanc les éléments d'écriture à masquer afin de pouvoir écrire par-dessus après le séchage et le durcissement du liquide. En tant que marque déposée, propriété du groupe BiC, Tipp-Ex doit s'écrire avec deux lettres capitales. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Plectrum | Plectre | A plectrum is a small flat tool used to pluck or strum a stringed instrument. For hand-held instruments such as guitars and mandolins, the plectrum is often called a pick and is a separate tool held in the player's hand. In harpsichords, the plectra are attached to the jack mechanism. | Un plectre est un dispositif permettant de pincer ou gratter les cordes d'un instrument. Il est aussi appelé "médiator" (' en Belgique,'ou "" au Québec) dans le domaine de la guitare, de la mandoline et des instruments semblables : il s'agit alors d'un petit accessoire que l'on tient entre le pouce et l'index. | [
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Jacint Verdaguer | Jacint Verdaguer | Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló (; May 17, 1845 – June 10, 1902) was a Catalan writer, regarded as one of the greatest poets of Catalan literature and a prominent literary figure of the Renaixença, a cultural revival movement of the late Romantic era. The bishop Josep Torras i Bages, one of the main figures of Catalan nationalism, called him the "Prince of Catalan poets". He was also known as "mossèn" (Father) Cinto Verdaguer, because of his career as a priest, and informally also simply "mossèn Cinto" (with Cinto being a short form of Jacint). | Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló, né le à Folgueroles (province de Barcelone) et mort le à Vallvidrera (aujourd'hui un quartier de Barcelone), est un poète espagnol d'expression catalane et l’une des figures majeures de la "" catalane.. | [
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Fret | Frette (musique) | A fret is a raised element on the neck of a stringed instrument. Frets usually extend across the full width of the neck. On most modern western fretted instruments, frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard. On some historical instruments and non-European instruments, frets are made of pieces of string tied around the neck. | Les frettes, également appelée barrettes, sont des éléments de certains instruments de musique à cordes et à manche comme la guitare, la mandoline ou le banjo. Elles font partie intégrante du manche, étant serties dans la touche. Chaque frette correspond à une partie surélevée de la touche ; elle permet de choisir la longueur de corde qui va entrer en vibration entre le chevalet et elle, donc de varier les notes jouées. Il s'agit donc d'une pièce fondamentale de nombreux instruments. | [
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Forging | Forgeage | Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces. The blows are delivered with a hammer (often a power hammer) or a die. Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of cold working), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of hot working). For the latter two, the metal is heated, usually in a forge. Forged parts can range in weight from less than a kilogram to hundreds of metric tons. Forging has been done by smiths for millennia; the traditional products were kitchenware, hardware, hand tools, edged weapons, cymbals, and jewellery. Since the Industrial Revolution, forged parts are widely used in mechanisms and machines wherever a component requires high strength; such forgings usually require further processing (such as machining) to achieve a finished part. Today, forging is a major worldwide industry. | Le forgeage est l'ensemble des techniques permettant d'obtenir une pièce mécanique en appliquant une force importante sur une barre de métal, à froid ou à chaud, afin de la contraindre à épouser la forme voulue. Le forgeage implique un dispositif de frappe (marteau, masse, martinet ou marteau-pilon) et un support (enclume ou matrice). | [
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Zither | Cithare | Zither (; ) is a class of stringed instruments. The word "" is a German rendering of the Greek word "cithara", from which the modern word "guitar" also derives. Historically, it has been applied to any instrument of the cittern family, or to an instrument consisting of many strings stretched across a thin, flat body – similar to a psaltery. This article describes the latter variety. | La cithare (du grec ancien κιθάρα / kithara) est un instrument de musique cordes pincées, prépondérant dans le folklore autrichien voire germanique, mais aussi répandu en Hongrie, en Suisse, en Slovénie et en France. | [
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Clavichord | Clavicorde | The clavichord is a European stringed rectangular keyboard instrument that was used largely in the Late Middle Ages, through the Renaissance, Baroque and Classical eras. Historically, it was mostly used as a practice instrument and as an aid to composition, not being loud enough for larger performances. The clavichord produces sound by striking brass or iron strings with small metal blades called tangents. Vibrations are transmitted through the bridge(s) to the soundboard. | Le clavicorde est un instrument de musique qui remonte au tympanon médiéval. Il est le prédécesseur du piano-forte, qui lui-même engendra le piano moderne. Le plan s'apparente à celui du virginal. | [
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Cimbalom | Cymbalum | The cimbalom () is a type of chordophone composed of a large, trapezoidal box with metal strings stretched across its top. It is a musical instrument commonly found in the group of Central-Eastern European nations and cultures, namely contemporary Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, and in the traditional instrumental music of East European Jews (klezmer music) throughout most of that territory. It is also popular in Greece and in Romani music. The cimbalom is (typically) played by striking two beaters against the strings. The steel treble strings are arranged in groups of 4 and are tuned in unison. The bass strings which are over-spun with copper, are arranged in groups of 3 and are also tuned in unison. The Hornbostel–Sachs musical instrument classification system registers the cimbalom with the number 314.122-4,5. Moreover, the instrument name “cimbalom” also denotes earlier, smaller versions of the cimbalom, and folk cimbaloms, of different tone groupings, string arrangements, and box types. | Le cymbalum, czimbalum, cimbal (Slovaquie), cimbalom (Hongrie), țambal (Roumanie et Moldavie), ou tsymbaly (Biélorussie, Pologne et Ukraine), cimbole (Lettonie), cimbolai (Lituanie) ou Cembalum est un instrument à cordes frappées faisant partie de la famille des cithares sur table. On l'appelle aussi le "piano tzigane". | [
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Anne Rice | Anne Rice | Anne Rice (born Howard Allen Frances O'Brien, October 4, 1941) is an American author of gothic fiction, Christian literature, and erotic literature. She is perhaps best known for her series of novels "The Vampire Chronicles", which revolve around the central character Lestat. Books from "The Vampire Chronicles" were the subject of two film adaptations, "Interview with the Vampire" (1994), and "Queen of the Damned" (2002). | Anne Rice, née Howard Allen O'Brien le, est une écrivaine américaine, auteur de romans fantastiques, nouvelles érotiques et de livres à thèmes religieux et vampirique. | [
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Catharism | Catharisme | Catharism (; from the Greek:, "katharoi", "the pure [ones]") was a Christian dualist or Gnostic revival movement between the 12th and 14th centuries which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly what is now northern Italy and southern France. Followers were known as Cathars, or Good Christians, and are now mainly remembered for a prolonged period of persecution by the Catholic Church, which did not recognise their belief as being Christian. Catharism appeared in Europe in the Languedoc region of France in the 11th century, when the name first appeared. The adherents were sometimes known as Albigensians, after the city Albi in southern France where the movement first took hold. The belief may have originated in the Byzantine Empire. Catharism was initially taught by ascetic leaders who set few guidelines and so some Catharist practices and beliefs varied by region and over time. The Catholic Church denounced its practices, including the "consolamentum" ritual by which Cathar individuals were baptised and raised to the status of "perfect". | Le catharisme (du grec καθαρός / "katharós", « pur ») est l'appellation contemporaine d'un mouvement — ou d'un ensemble de mouvements — religieux chrétien médiéval européen en dissidence vis-à-vis de l'Église romaine, trouvant un écho particulier dans le Midi de la France. | [
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Criminal law | Droit pénal | Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It proscribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people inclusive of one's self. Most criminal law is established by statute, which is to say that the laws are enacted by a legislature. Criminal law includes the punishment and rehabilitation of people who violate such laws. | Le droit pénal, ou droit criminel, est une branche du droit qui réprime des comportements antisociaux et prévoit la réaction de la société envers ces comportements. La réponse pénale prend le plus souvent la forme d'une peine. Le droit pénal concerne ainsi le rapport entre la société et l'individu ; il est souvent opposé au droit civil, qui concerne les rapports entre deux personnes morales ou physiques. | [
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Roman province | Province romaine | The Roman provinces (Latin: "provincia", pl. "provinciae") were the administrative regions of the Roman Empire outside of Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Republic and later under the Empire. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as governor. | Sous la Rome antique, les provinces, ou provinciae en latin, sont des subdivisions territoriales hors d'Italie, sur lesquelles s'applique l'autorité militaire et civile d'un magistrat (gouverneur ayant rang de préteur ou de consul). Initialement, le terme de "provincia" désigne de manière générale un territoire d'exercice et de compétence d'un magistrat particulier pour des sujétions particulières. Au cours de la conquête romaine du pourtour méditerranéen, le sens du mot glisse pour signifier par métonymie l'étendue territoriale sur laquelle le magistrat exercera son autorité. | [
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Mathieu Kassovitz | Mathieu Kassovitz | Mathieu Kassovitz (born 3 August 1967) is a French director, screenwriter, producer, editor, and actor. He is the founder of MNP Entreprise, a film production company. | Mathieu Kassovitz, né le à Paris, est un acteur, réalisateur, producteur et scénariste français. En 1995, il reçoit le César du meilleur espoir masculin pour "Regarde les hommes tomber". | [
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2001 shoe bomb attempt | Vol American Airlines 63 | The 2001 shoe bomb attempt was a failed bombing attempt that occurred on December 22, 2001, on American Airlines Flight 63. The aircraft, a Boeing 767-300 (registration N384AA) with 197 passengers and crew aboard, was flying from Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, France, to Miami International Airport in the U.S. state of Florida. | Le, un homme prénommé Richard Reid a essayé de faire exploser un Boeing 767-300 effectuant le vol American Airlines 63, un vol régulier reliant Paris à Miami. Il a été maîtrisé et arrêté par les membres de l'équipage et les passagers. | [
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Richard Reid | Richard Reid | Richard Colvin Reid (born 12 August 1973), also known as the "Shoe Bomber", is a British terrorist who attempted to detonate a shoe bomb while on American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami in 2001. Born to a father who was a career criminal, Reid converted to Islam as a young man in prison after years as a petty criminal. Later he became radicalized and went to Pakistan and Afghanistan, where he trained and became a member of al-Qaeda. | Richard Colvin Reid (-) citoyen britannique né d'une mère anglaise et d'un père jamaïcain à Bromley (Grand Londres), délinquant converti à l'islam en prison, se décrit lui-même comme un terroriste lié au mouvement Al-Qaïda. | [
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Maritime Jewel | Attentat contre le pétrolier Limburg du 6 octobre 2002 | Maritime Jewel was a double-hulled oil tanker launched in 1999 and completed in 2000. Entering service that year, the ship was known as MV "Limburg" until 2003. The ship carried crude oil between ports in Iran and Malaysia. On 6 October 2002, "Limburg" was attacked by suicide bombers, causing roughly to leak into the Gulf of Aden. One crew member was killed and twelve more wounded in the attack. Four days after the attack, the tanker was towed to Dubai where she was repaired and renamed "Maritime Jewel". "Maritime Jewel" was broken up for scrap at Chittagong, Bangladesh on 15 May 2018. | Le Limburg est un pétrolier français lancé en 2000 en Corée du Sud, qui a été l'objet d'un attentat le au large du Yémen. | [
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Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels | Arnaques, Crimes et Botanique | Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels is a 1998 British crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie, produced by Matthew Vaughn and starring an ensemble cast featuring Jason Flemyng, Dexter Fletcher, Nick Moran, Jason Statham, Steven Mackintosh, Vinnie Jones, and Sting. | Arnaques, Crimes et Botanique – ou Arnaques, Combines et Botanique au Québec – ("") est un film britannique écrit et réalisé par Guy Ritchie et sorti en 1998. C'est son premier long métrage. Il reçoit huit récompenses dont le MTV Movie Award du meilleur nouveau cinéaste et celui de la meilleure comédie à la British Comedy Award, | [
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Snatch (film) | Snatch : Tu braques ou tu raques | Snatch (stylized as snatch.) is a 2000 British crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie, featuring an ensemble cast. Set in the London criminal underworld, the film contains two intertwined plots: one dealing with the search for a stolen diamond, the other with a small-time boxing promoter (Jason Statham) who finds himself under the thumb of a ruthless gangster (Alan Ford) who is ready and willing to have his subordinates carry out severe and sadistic acts of violence. | Snatch : Tu braques ou tu raques ("") est un film britannico-américain réalisé par Guy Ritchie, sorti en 2000. Le film a été tourné dans le même esprit que le premier film de Guy Ritchie, "Arnaques, Crimes et Botanique", avec une partie de sa distribution (Jason Statham, Vinnie Jones, Alan Ford et Jason Flemyng). Il entremêle deux intrigues différentes : l'une autour d'un diamant volé que différentes personnes cherchent à récupérer et l'autre autour d'un petit organisateur de combats de boxe à mains nues qui a des problèmes avec un caïd de la pègre londonienne. Cependant, alors que dans le premier film de Guy Ritchie, un groupe d'amis se trouvaient mêlés par inadvertance au monde de la drogue et de la criminalité, les personnages de " font, quant à eux, intégralement partie de l'univers du crime londonien. Brad Pitt fait aussi partie des acteurs, ayant été séduit par le premier long métrage de Guy Ritchie. | [
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Guy Ritchie | Guy Ritchie | Guy Stuart Ritchie (born 10 September 1968) is an English film director, producer, writer, and businessman. Some of his work include his British gangster films and "Sherlock Holmes" franchise. | Guy Ritchie est un producteur, réalisateur et scénariste britannique né le à Hatfield dans le Hertfordshire (Royaume-Uni). Il se fait connaître du grand public en 1998 avec sa comédie noire "Arnaques, Crimes et Botanique", qui reçoit huit récompenses dont le MTV Movie Award du meilleur nouveau cinéaste et celui de la meilleure comédie à la British Comedy Award. Il confirme son style avec un autre film de gangsters, "" (2000), où il dirige la star Brad Pitt, mais connait un flop critique et commercial quand il se diversifie avec le mélo "À la dérive" (2002), porté par sa propre épouse, Madonna. | [
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Cognomen | Cognomen | A cognomen (, ; Latin plural cognomina; from "con-" "together with" and "(g)nomen" "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditary. Hereditary "cognomina" were used to augment the second name, the "gens" (the family name, or clan name), in order to identify a particular branch within a family or family within a clan. The term has also taken on other contemporary meanings. | Le cognomen (au pluriel cognomina) est le surnom d'un Romain de l’Antiquité. Après le prénom (prænomen) et le nom de famille (gentilice), il constituait généralement le troisième nom des tria nomina traditionnels du citoyen romain. Il fut aussi utilisé par les légions romaines, originellement pour permettre la distinction entre deux légions portant le même numéro d'ordre. | [
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William of Ockham | Guillaume d'Ockham | William of Ockham (; also Occam, from ; 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the 14th century. He is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, and also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology. In the Church of England, his day of commemoration is 10 April. | Guillaume d'Ockham ou Guillaume d'Occam (v. 1285 - ), dit le « Docteur invincible » et le « Vénérable initiateur » ("Venerabilis inceptor"), est un philosophe, logicien et théologien anglais, membre de l'ordre franciscain, considéré comme le représentant le plus éminent de l'école scolastique nominaliste (ou, selon la terminologie ockhamienne), principale concurrente des écoles thomiste et scotiste. | [
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Fernando Collor de Mello | Fernando Collor de Mello | Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello (; born August 12, 1949) is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd President of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate. Collor was the first President democratically elected after the end of the Brazilian military government. He became the youngest president in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40. After he resigned from the presidency, the impeachment trial on charges of corruption continued. Collor was found guilty by the Senate and disqualified from holding elected office for eight years (1992–2000). He was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazil's Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence. | Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello, né le à Rio de Janeiro, est un homme d'État brésilien. Il est président de la République de 1990 à 1992. | [
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La Haine | La Haine | La Haine (, "Hate") is a 1995 French black-and-white drama film written, co-edited, and directed by Mathieu Kassovitz. It is commonly released under its French title "La Haine", although its U.S. VHS release was titled Hate. It is about three young friends and their struggle to live in the "banlieues" of Paris. The title derives from a line spoken by one of them, Hubert, "", "hatred breeds hatred". | La Haine est un film dramatique français en noir et blanc écrit et réalisé par Mathieu Kassovitz, sorti en 1995. | [
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Babette's Feast | Le Festin de Babette | Babette's Feast () is a 1987 Danish drama film directed by Gabriel Axel. The film's screenplay was written by Axel based on the 1958 story by Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen). Produced by Just Betzer, Bo Christensen, and Benni Korzen with funding from the Danish Film Institute, "Babette's Feast" was the first Danish cinema film of a Blixen story. It was also the first Danish film to win the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. The film premiered in the Un Certain Regard section of the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. | Le Festin de Babette (') est un film danois réalisé par Gabriel Axel et sorti en 1987. Il est inspiré d'une nouvelle de Karen Blixen, extraite du recueil'("Anecdotes du destin"). Le film a obtenu l'Oscar du meilleur film en langue étrangère en 1988. | [
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Cross of Lorraine | Croix de Lorraine | The Cross of Lorraine (), known as Cross of Anjou in the 16th century, is a heraldic two-barred cross, consisting of a vertical line crossed by two shorter horizontal bars. In most renditions, the horizontal bars are "graded" with the upper bar being the shorter, though variations with the bars of equal length are also seen. The "Lorraine" name has come to signify several cross variations, including the patriarchal cross with its bars near the top. | La croix de Lorraine (appelée auparavant croix d’Anjou) est une croix à double traverse. En héraldique, on l'appelle croix archiépiscopale ou croix patriarcale ; elle figure dans les blasons des archevêques, et dans l'iconographie ancienne, pour signaler cette fonction. Cette croix figurait dans la symbolique des ducs d'Anjou devenus ducs de Lorraine à partir de 1431 (René d'Anjou 1409 † 1480). La croix de Lorraine figurait également sur le drapeau du Reichsland d'Alsace-Lorraine, adopté par le Landtag d'Alsace-Lorraine le. Bien que légalement adopté, ce drapeau ne fut jamais reconnu par les autorités de l'empire allemand. Le, quarante ans après l'annexion, le "" avait en effet fini par doter l'Alsace-Lorraine d'une constitution et d'un mais lui accordant une autonomie très restreinte, le territoire étant alors toujours contrôlé directement par l'empereur et l'état-major de l'armée impériale allemande. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Fritz Haarmann | Fritz Haarmann | Friedrich Heinrich Karl "Fritz" Haarmann (25 October 1879 – 15 April 1925) was a German serial killer, known as the Butcher of Hanover, the Vampire of Hanover and the Wolf-Man, who committed the sexual assault, murder, mutilation and dismemberment of at least 24 boys and young men between 1918 and 1924 in Hanover, Germany. | Fritz Haarmann (né Friedrich Heinrich Karl Haarmann le à Hanovre et exécuté le dans la même ville), connu aussi comme « le Boucher de Hanovre » et « le Vampire de Hanovre » est un tueur en série allemand considéré comme l'auteur des meurtres de vingt-sept garçons et jeunes hommes entre 1918 et 1924. Il fut déclaré coupable de vingt-quatre meurtres et guillotiné. L'affaire fit scandale, d'autant plus que Haarmann était indicateur de police. | [
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Quicksort | Tri rapide | Quicksort (sometimes called partition-exchange sort) is an efficient sorting algorithm. Developed by British computer scientist Tony Hoare in 1959 and published in 1961, it is still a commonly used algorithm for sorting. When implemented well, it can be about two or three times faster than its main competitors, merge sort and heapsort. | En informatique, le tri rapide ou tri pivot (en anglais "") est un algorithme de tri inventé par C.A.R. Hoare en 1961 et fondé sur la méthode de conception diviser pour régner. Il est généralement utilisé sur des tableaux, mais peut aussi être adapté aux listes. Dans le cas des tableaux, c'est un tri en place mais non stable. | [
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Roman legion | Légion romaine | A Roman legion (Latin "legio", "military levy, conscription", from "legere" "to choose") was the largest military unit of the Roman army. | La légion est l'unité de base de l'armée romaine de l'époque de la Rome antique jusqu'à la fin de l'Empire romain. | [
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Josip Broz Tito | Josip Broz Tito | Josip Broz (, ; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (;, ), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. He also served as the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 14 January 1953 to 4 May 1980. | Josip Broz Tito (en alphabet cyrillique, Јосип Броз Тито ), né Josip Broz le officiellement à Kumrovec (Autriche-Hongrie, actuelle Croatie) et mort le à Ljubljana (RS de Slovénie), communément appelé le maréchal Tito, est un homme d'État yougoslave. | [
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Ard (plough) | Araire | The ard, ard plough, or scratch plough is a simple light plough without a mouldboard. It is symmetrical on either side of its line of draft and is fitted with a symmetrical share that traces a shallow furrow but does not invert the soil. It began to be replaced in China by the heavy carruca turnplough in the 1st century, and in most of Europe from the 7th century. | L’araire (de l'occitan, issu du latin "aratrum") est un instrument aratoire à bâti symétrique sans versoir et muni d'un soc pointu (ou conique) qui fend la terre sans la retourner. Il est employé en Mésopotamie depuis le IV millénaire av. J.-C. Tracté par un animal, il scarifie la couche supérieure du sol et la rejette de part et d’autre de la raie (ou sillon). L’"arairage" qu'il effectue est donc superficiel. On continue de l'utiliser en Extrême-Orient, en Amérique du Sud et en Afrique du Nord. | [
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Digital electronics | Électronique numérique | Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving the study of digital signals and the engineering of devices that use or produce them. This is in contrast to analog electronics and analog signals. | L'électronique numérique est un domaine scientifique s'intéressant aux systèmes électroniques dont les états parcourent un ensemble fini de possibilités. Le déterminisme dans les changements d'état (transitions) permet de disposer de systèmes qui se comportent de manière stable et fiable. Elle permet en particulier de s'affranchir de parasites et autre déformations. | [
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Polenta | Polenta | Polenta (, ) is a dish of boiled cornmeal that was historically made from other grains. It may be served as a hot porridge, or it may be allowed to cool and solidify into a loaf that can be baked, fried, or grilled. | La polenta, polente ou encore poleinte (en arpitan :'; "echtinga" dans l'argot des sabotiers d'Ayas ; "puluntu" en töitschu ; en italien :'), est une farine de maïs. Très consommée dans le nord de l'Italie, le Tessin en Suisse, le Comté de Nice, la Savoie et la Corse en France, la Bulgarie, la Roumanie et la Moldavie, elle se présente sous forme de galette ou de bouillie à base de semoule ou de farine de maïs. | [
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Rani of Jhansi | Lakshmî Bâî | Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi (; 19 November 1828 – 18 June 1858), was an Indian queen of the Maratha princely state of Jhansi in North India currently present in Jhansi district in Uttar Pradesh, India. She was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and became a symbol of resistance to the British Raj for Indian nationalists. | Lakshmî Bai (en marathi : ), née "Manikarnika Tambe" le à Varanasi et morte le à Gwâlior, maharani de la principauté de Jhansi en Inde du nord, est une héroïne de la révolte des Cipayes, considérée comme la première guerre d'indépendance par les nationalistes d'Inde. Elle est devenue un symbole de la résistance à la colonisation britannique. | [
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Optical character recognition | Reconnaissance optique de caractères | Optical character recognition or optical character reader (OCR) is the electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) or from subtitle text superimposed on an image (for example: from a television broadcast). | La reconnaissance optique de caractères (ROC), en anglais'(OCR"'), ou "océrisation", désigne les procédés informatiques pour la traduction d'images de textes imprimés ou dactylographiés en fichiers de texte. | [
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Plough | Charrue | A plough or plow (US; both ) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses, but in modern farms are drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden, iron or steel frame, with a blade attached to cut and loosen the soil. It has been fundamental to farming for most of history. The earliest ploughs had no wheels, such a plough being known to the Romans as an "aratrum". Celtic peoples first came to use wheeled ploughs in the Roman era. | La charrue est un instrument aratoire utilisé en agriculture pour labourer les champs. L'étude des noms que portent la charrue et l'araire dans les dialectes germaniques et slaves permet d'assurer que la charrue était suffisamment connue pour posséder son nom particulier en Europe Centrale entre le et le. | [
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Battle of Bouvines | Bataille de Bouvines | The Battle of Bouvines was fought on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders. It was the concluding battle of the Anglo-French War of 1213–1214. A French army of approximately 7,000 men commanded by King Philip Augustus defeated an Allied army of approximately 9,000 commanded by Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV. | La bataille de Bouvines est une bataille qui se déroula le près de Bouvines, dans le comté de Flandre (aujourd’hui dans le département du Nord), en France, et opposant les troupes royales françaises renforcées par quelques milices communales, le tout constitué d'environ combattants, de Philippe Auguste, à une coalition constituée de princes et seigneurs flamands, allemands et français renforcés de contingents anglais, équivalant à environ combattants, menée par l’empereur du Saint-Empire Otton IV. La victoire est remportée par le roi de France et marque le début du déclin de la prédominance seigneuriale. Jean sans Terre, qui attaquait conjointement depuis la Saintonge, doit accepter le traité de Chinon et se retirer ; puis le, les barons anglais lui imposent la Grande Charte. Contraint de fuir, est déposé et remplacé par. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Vega | Véga | Vega is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. It has the Bayer designation α Lyrae, which is Latinised to Alpha Lyrae and abbreviated Alpha Lyr or α Lyr. This star is relatively close at only 25 light-years from the Sun, and, together with Arcturus and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood. It is the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus. | Véga, également appelée Alpha ("α " / "α Lyr") selon la désignation de Bayer, est l'étoile la plus brillante de la constellation de la Lyre. Vue depuis la Terre, il s'agit de la cinquième étoile la plus brillante du ciel, la deuxième de l'hémisphère nord juste après Arcturus. C'est une étoile relativement proche du Soleil, à de celui-ci. C'est aussi, par sa luminosité intrinsèque, l'une des étoiles les plus brillantes du voisinage solaire, avec Arcturus et Sirius. | [
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Collaboration with the Axis Powers | Collaboration dans l'Europe occupée par les nazis | Within nations occupied by the Axis powers in World War II, some citizens and organizations, prompted by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, antisemitism, opportunism, self-defense, or often a combination, knowingly collaborated with the Axis Powers. Some of these collaborators committed war crimes, crimes against humanity, or atrocities of the Holocaust. | Au cours de la période 1940-1945, l'Allemagne nazie domine un certain nombre de pays européens. La collaboration désigne le soutien apporté par différents pays occupés aux forces d'occupation du Troisième Reich. Cela a pu se faire par le biais de gouvernements en place, comme en Norvège ou en France, d'administrations obéissant aux autorités d'occupation nazies, de partis politiques et de journaux favorables aux nazis, ou encore d'initiatives privées (dans l'entreprise, le monde de l'art et du spectacle, etc.). | [
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Artemis | Artémis | Artemis (; Artemis, ) is the Greek goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, the Moon, and chastity. Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the patron and protector of young girls, and was believed to bring disease upon women and relieve them of it. Artemis was worshipped as one of the primary goddesses of childbirth and midwifery along with Eileithyia. Much like Athena and Hestia, Artemis preferred to remain a maiden and is sworn never to marry. | Artémis (en grec ancien ) est, dans la mythologie grecque, la déesse de la nature sauvage, de la chasse, des accouchements et une des déesses associées à la Lune avec Hécate et Séléné (par opposition à son frère Apollon, qui est lui, associé au Soleil). | [
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Wassily Kandinsky | Vassily Kandinsky | Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (; ; – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist. Kandinsky is generally credited as the pioneer of abstract art. Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odessa (today Ukraine), where he graduated at Grekov Odessa Art school. He enrolled at the University of Moscow, studying law and economics. Successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship (chair of Roman Law) at the University of Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia)—Kandinsky began painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30. | Vassily Kandinsky (en ), né à Moscou le et mort à Neuilly-sur-Seine, le, est un peintre russe, naturalisé allemand puis français. | [
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Zététique | Zététique | Zététique (; from Ancient Greek: ζητητικός "zētētikós", "inquisitive", "keen") is a French term (both a noun and an adjective) for the application of the scientific method when investigating allegedly "paranormal" phenomena. It is often seen as equivalent to, or somewhat different from, the term (scientific) skepticism (French: "scepticisme (scientifique)"), and is widely used in the modern skeptical movement in France for self-identification. | La zététique est définie comme « l'art du doute » par Henri Broch, le terme d'art se comprenant au sens médiéval ("ars") d’habileté, de métier ou de connaissance technique, en clair, de « savoir-faire » didactique qui, sans être une fin en soi, est un moyen pour la réflexion et l’enquête critiques. | [
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Community of Madrid | Communauté de Madrid | The Community of Madrid (; ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain. It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and of the Central Plateau ("Meseta Central"). Its capital is the city of Madrid, which is also the capital of the country. The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla–La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León. It was formally created in 1983, based on the limits of the province of Madrid, which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile. | La communauté de Madrid ("en Espagnol: Comunidad de Madrid") est l'une des dix-sept communautés autonomes de l'Espagne, se composant de la province de Madrid. Sa capitale est la Ville de Madrid. Elle est bordée par les provinces de Guadalajara, de Cuenca, de Tolède (Castille-La Mancha), d'Ávila et de Ségovie (Castille-et-León). La Communauté de Madrid et la province de Madrid ont donc leur territoire en commun, ce qui peut être décrit par l'appellation "communauté monoprovinciale". Par conséquent, Madrid ne dispose pas de députation. Elle compte une population de 6 685 471 habitants (INE 2018), la plupart habite sur son aire métropolitaine. | [
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Aemilia gens | Æmilii | The gens Aemilia, originally written Aimilia, was one of the greatest patrician families at Rome. The gens was of great antiquity, and claimed descent from Numa Pompilius, the second King of Rome. Its members held the highest offices of the state, from the early decades of the Republic to imperial times. The Aemilii were almost certainly one of the "gentes maiores", the most important of the patrician families. Their name was associated with two major roads (the "Via Aemilia" and the "Via Aemilia Scauri"), an administrative region of Italy, and the Basilica Aemilia at Rome. | Les Æmilii sont les membres de la "gens Æmilia", l'une des familles patriciennes les plus importantes et les plus influentes de l’histoire romaine. | [
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Cornelia gens | Cornelii | The gens Cornelia was one of the greatest patrician houses at ancient Rome. For more than seven hundred years, from the early decades of the Republic to the third century AD, the Cornelii produced more eminent statesmen and generals than any other gens. At least seventy-five consuls under the Republic were members of this family, beginning with Servius Cornelius Maluginensis in 485 BC. Together with the Aemilii, Claudii, Fabii, Manlii, and Valerii, the Cornelii were almost certainly numbered among the "gentes maiores", the most important and powerful families of Rome, who for centuries dominated the Republican magistracies. All of the major branches of the Cornelian gens were patrician, but there were also plebeian Cornelii, at least some of whom were descended from freedmen. | Les Cornelii ou "gens" "Cornelia" constituent l'une des familles patriciennes les plus importantes de l'histoire romaine et ont, de loin, revêtu plus de magistratures que n'importe quelle autre gens. Ils se classent en majorité dans le camp conservateur mais certains d'entre eux ont épousé la cause populaire, soit par conviction, soit par opportunisme. | [
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Subtractive color | Synthèse soustractive | Subtractive color, or "subtractive color mixing", predicts the spectral power distribution of light after it passes through successive layers of partially absorbing media. This idealized model is the essential principle of how dyes and inks are used in color printing and photography where the perception of color is elicited after white light passes through microscopic "stacks" of partially absorbing media allowing some wavelengths of light to reach the eye and not others. | La synthèse soustractive des couleurs est le procédé consistant à combiner l'absorption d'au moins trois colorants pour obtenir les nuances d'une gamme. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Free Trade Area of the Americas | Zone de libre-échange des Amériques | The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba. | La zone de libre-échange des Amériques ou ZLEA (en anglais : "FTAA" ; en espagnol et portugais : "ALCA") est un projet d'une communauté économique qui aurait pu succéder à l'ALENA. Ce projet a été fortement poussé par le gouvernement des États-Unis. Il prévoit la suppression des droits de douanes sur plusieurs types de produits, notamment des produits manufacturés et agroalimentaires. | [
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Hierochloe odorata | Hierochloe odorata | Hierochloe odorata or Anthoxanthum nitens (commonly known as sweet grass, manna grass, Mary’s grass or vanilla grass, and as holy grass in the UK, bison grass e.g. by Polish vodka producers) is an aromatic herb native to northern Eurasia and North America. It is a sacred grass of the indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States. It is used as a smudge, in herbal medicine and in the production of distilled beverages (e.g., Żubrówka, Wisent). It owes its distinctive sweet scent to the presence of coumarin. This variety of grass is different from the species commonly known as Buffalo Grass ("Stenotaphrum secundatum") in Australia. | Hierochloe odorata (ou "Anthoxanthum nitens"), aussi connue sous les noms de foin d'odeur, avoine odorante, hiérochloé odorant ou herbe aux bisons, est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des Poacées, originaire de l'hémisphère Nord. | [
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Seoul | Séoul | Seoul (, like "soul"; ; ), officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. Seoul has a population of 9.7 million people, and forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area with the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Ranked as an alpha world city, Seoul was the world's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US$635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles. International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport, notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years (2005–2013) by the Airports Council International. In 2015, it was rated Asia's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis, with the GDP per capita (PPP) in Seoul being around $40,000. In 2017, the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally. In 2018, Seoul's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, which was co-hosted by South Korea and Japan. | Séoul (en ; romanisation révisée : "Seoul" ) ; officiellement Ville spéciale de Séoul ( ) est la capitale et la plus grande ville de la Corée du Sud. Si Séoul reste le siège de l'Assemblée nationale et de la présidence, nombre de ministères et d'institutions nationales ont été transférées dans la ville nouvelle de Sejong, capitale administrative "de facto" depuis 2013. | [
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Seljuq dynasty | Seldjoukides | The Seljuq dynasty, or Seljuqs ( ; "Al-e Saljuq"), was an Oghuz Turkic Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia. The Seljuqs established both the Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, which at their heights stretched from Iran to Anatolia, and were targets of the First Crusade. | Les Seldjoukides, Seljoukides ou Saljûqides sont les membres d'une tribu turcique qui a émigré du Turkestan vers le Proche-Orient avant de régner sur l'Iran, puis sur un vaste domaine comprenant l'Irak actuel, et l'Asie Mineure, entre le milieu du et la fin du. A la fin du, l'Empire seldjoukide comprenait l'Asie mineure, le Levant, le Moyen-Orient, ainsi que la Perse. | [
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Nan Goldin | Nan Goldin | Nancy "Nan" Goldin (born September 12, 1953) is an American photographer. Her work often explores LGBT bodies, moments of intimacy, the HIV crisis, and the opioid epidemic. Her most notable work is "The Ballad of Sexual Dependency" (1986), which documents the post-Stonewall gay subculture and Goldin's family and friends. She lives and works in New York City, Berlin, and Paris. | Nancy Goldin dite « Nan Goldin » est une photographe américaine, née le à Washington, D.C., États-Unis. Elle vit entre Londres et Paris. | [
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Bison | Bison | Bison are large, even-toed ungulates in the genus "Bison" within the subfamily Bovinae. Two extant and six extinct species are recognised. Of the six extinct species, five became extinct in the Quaternary extinction event. "Bison palaeosinensis" evolved in the Early Pleistocene in South Asia, and was the evolutionary ancestor of "B. priscus" (steppe bison), which was the ancestor of all other "Bison" species. From 2 million years ago to 6,000 BC, steppe bison ranged across the mammoth steppe, inhabiting Europe and northern Asia with "B. schoetensacki" (woodland bison), and North America with "B. antiquus", "B. latifrons", and "B. occidentalis." The last species to go extinct, "B. occidentalis", was succeeded at 3,000 BC by "B. bison". | Les Bisons (Bison) forment un genre de grands bovidés ruminants dont il existe deux espèces vivantes : le bison d'Europe ("Bison bonasus") et le bison d'Amérique du Nord ("Bison bison") qui est elle-même divisée en deux sous-espèces : le bison des bois ("Bison bison athabascae") et le bison des plaines ("Bison bison bison"). Le bison des plaines vit essentiellement dans les steppes nord-américaines tandis que le bison des bois et le bison d'Europe occupent des habitats forestiers. | [
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European Free Trade Association | Association européenne de libre-échange | The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. The organization operates in parallel with the European Union (EU), and all four member states participate in the European Single Market and are part of the Schengen Area. They are not, however, party to the European Union Customs Union. | L'Association européenne de libre-échange (AELE), en, est une association d'États visant à établir une zone de libre-échange en Europe. Formée en 1960, elle s'est plusieurs fois élargie jusqu'en 1991, mais a progressivement perdu des membres en 1973, 1986 et 1995 lorsque ceux-ci ont intégré l'Union européenne. | [
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Beirut | Beyrouth | Beirut ( ; ;, ) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. No recent population census has been conducted, but 2007 estimates ranged from slightly more than 1 million to 2.2 million as part of Greater Beirut, which makes it the third-largest city in the Levant region and the fifteenth-largest in the Arab world. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coast, Beirut is an important regional seaport. | Beyrouth (en / "bayrūt") est la capitale du Liban et la ville la plus importante du pays. C'est une métropole qui compte environ habitants en 2011. L'agglomération urbaine comporte entre 1,8 et d'habitants, soit près de 50 % de la population du pays. La ville forme le gouvernorat ("muhafazat") de Beyrouth, le seul qui ne soit pas divisé en districts. Elle abrite le siège du gouvernement. Bien qu'il soit fréquent de parler de Beyrouth pour désigner la ville et ses banlieues, il n'existe pas de telle entité officielle, plusieurs administrations définissant seulement, à des fins d'études, une Région métropolitaine de Beyrouth. | [
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Cellular network | Réseau de téléphonie mobile | A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called "cells", each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, but more normally, three cell sites or base transceiver stations. These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighbouring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell. | Un réseau de téléphonie mobile est un réseau téléphonique qui permet l'utilisation simultanée de millions de téléphones sans fil, immobiles ou en mouvement, y compris lors de déplacements à grande vitesse et sur une grande distance. | [
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Pathology | Pathologie | Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word "pathology" also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of bioscience research fields and medical practices. However, when used in the context of modern medical treatment, the term is often used in a more narrow fashion to refer to processes and tests which fall within the contemporary medical field of "general pathology", an area which includes a number of distinct but inter-related medical specialties that diagnose disease, mostly through analysis of tissue, cell, and body fluid samples. Idiomatically, "a pathology" may also refer to the predicted or actual progression of particular diseases (as in the statement "the many different forms of cancer have diverse pathologies"), and the affix "pathy" is sometimes used to indicate a state of disease in cases of both physical ailment (as in cardiomyopathy) and psychological conditions (such as psychopathy). A physician practicing pathology is called a "pathologist". | La pathologie, est la science qui a pour objet l'étude des maladies et notamment leurs causes (étiologie) et leurs mécanismes (physiopathologie). La nosologie quant à elle a pour objet la classification des maladies. La "pathologie cardiaque" désigne ainsi l'étude des maladies du cœur ; la "pathologie du bétail" pour parler de l'étude des maladies des veaux, vaches, moutons. | [
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Julia gens | Iulii | The gens Julia (Classical Latin: Iulia) was one of the most ancient patrician families at ancient Rome. Members of the gens attained the highest dignities of the state in the earliest times of the Republic. The first of the family to obtain the consulship was Gaius Julius Iulus in 489 BC. The gens is perhaps best known, however, for Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator and grand uncle of the emperor Augustus, through whom the name was passed to the so-called Julio-Claudian dynasty of the first century AD. The "nomen Julius" became very common in imperial times, as the descendants of persons enrolled as citizens under the early emperors began to make their mark in history. | Les Iulii, ou "gens" Iulia, appartiennent à une vieille famille de la Rome antique que la tradition fait descendre du Troyen Iule (ou Ascagne), fils d’Énée et de Créuse, amené en Italie par son père après la chute de Troie. Ce fondateur d’Albe la Longue est considéré comme le créateur de la famille qui, selon l’empereur Claude, se joint ensuite aux patriciens de Rome. Par ce lignage, César revendique, lorsqu’il prononce l’éloge funèbre de sa tante Julia, une ascendance remontant à Vénus. | [
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Dolly zoom | Travelling contrarié | A dolly zoom is an in-camera effect that appears to undermine normal visual perception. The effect is achieved by zooming a zoom lens to adjust the angle of view (often referred to as field of view, or FOV) while the camera dollies (moves) toward or away from the subject in such a way as to keep the subject the same size in the frame throughout. In its classic form, the camera angle is pulled away from a subject while the lens zooms in, or vice versa. Thus, during the zoom, there is a continuous perspective distortion, the most directly noticeable feature being that the background appears to change size relative to the subject. | Le travelling contrarié, travelling compensé, trans-trav ou contra-zoom, est un effet cinématographique consistant à contrarier les effets simultanés d'un zoom arrière et d'un travelling mécanique avant ou l'inverse, zoom avant et travelling mécanique arrière, de telle sorte que le sujet principal reste cadré de la même manière, tandis que l'arrière-plan subit des déformations de perspective, respectivement un allongement, ou un tassement. Par exemple si la caméra s'éloigne, on rétrécit simultanément le champ à l'aide du zoom (ou on l'élargit quand la caméra s'avance) de façon que le sujet ne change pas de taille apparente, mais l'arrière-plan se tasse derrière lui (ou au contraire se dilate dans l'espace). Cet écart, entre la taille inchangée du personnage et la mouvance inattendue des perspectives du décor où il évolue, est interprété par le public comme le signe d'un malaise du personnage. | [
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Day for night | Nuit américaine | Day for night is a set of cinematic techniques used to simulate a night scene while filming in daylight. It is often employed when it is too difficult or expensive to actually shoot during nighttime. Because both film stocks and digital image sensors lack the sensitivity of the human eye in low light conditions, night scenes recorded in natural light, with or without moonlight, may be underexposed to the point where little or nothing is visible. This problem can be avoided by using daylight to substitute for darkness. When shooting day for night, the scene is typically underexposed in-camera or darkened during post-production, with a blue tint added. Additional effects are often used to heighten the impression of night. | Une nuit américaine est une technique cinématographique permettant de tourner en plein jour des scènes d'extérieur censées se dérouler la nuit. | [
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Peugeot 406 | Peugeot 406 | The Peugeot 406 is a large family car that was produced by French automaker Peugeot between 1995 and 2004. Available in saloon, estate and coupé bodystyles with a choice of petrol or turbodiesel engines, the 406 replaced the Peugeot 405 in Peugeot's lineup, and was itself replaced by the Peugeot 407. It used the same platform as the Citroën Xantia, though without that car's sophisticated hydropneumatic suspension system. | La Peugeot 406 est une berline du constructeur automobile français Peugeot (groupe PSA) fabriquée sur le site historique de la marque à l'usine de Sochaux (Franche-Comté). | [
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Civil war | Guerre civile | A civil war, also known as an intrastate war in polemology, is a war between organized groups within the same state or country. The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region or to change government policies. The term is a calque of the Latin "bellum civile" which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. | Une guerre civile est la situation qui existe lorsqu'au sein d'un État, une lutte armée oppose les forces armées d'un État à des groupes armés identifiables, ou des groupes armés entre eux, dans des combats dont l'importance et l'extension dépasse la simple révolte ou l'insurrection. | [
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