StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀	tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀	input_ids sequence	attention_mask sequence	labels sequence	text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀	summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀	gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀	src_document sequence
Convention on the Rights of the Child	Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant	The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation.	La Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant (CIDE), ou Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant, est un traité international adopté par l’Assemblée générale de l'Organisation des Nations unies, le 20 novembre 1989 dans le but de reconnaître et protéger les droits spécifiques des enfants. Élargissant aux enfants le concept de droits de l'homme tel que prévu par la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme, elle introduit le concept d'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant, principe général d'interprétation juridique relevant du droit international privé et consacrant le passage de l'enfant d'objet de droit à sujet de droit. La CIDE est aussi appelée Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant.	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God Defend New Zealand	God Defend New Zealand	"God Defend New Zealand" (, meaning 'New Zealand') is one of two national anthems of New Zealand, the other being "God Save the Queen". Legally the two have equal status, but "God Defend New Zealand" is more commonly used. Originally written as a poem, it was set to music as part of a competition in 1876. Over the years its popularity increased, and it was eventually named the second national anthem in 1977. It has English and Māori lyrics, with slightly different meanings. Since the late 1990s, the usual practice when performed in public is to perform the first verse of the national anthem twice, first in Māori and then in English.	Les paroles de "God Defend New Zealand" viennent d'un poème écrit dans les années 1870 par un immigrant irlandais: Thomas Bracken. Une compétition est tenue en 1876 pour la composition de la musique pour accompagner le poème, avec récompense de 10 guinées pour le gagnant. Celui-ci est John Joseph Woods, de Lawrence. Il compose la musique tout d'un trait un soir en apprenant l'existence de la compétition.	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Society of Jesus	Compagnie de Jésus	The Society of Jesus (SJ; ) is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The members are called Jesuits (). The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue.	La Compagnie de Jésus (en, abrégé S.J.) est une congrégation catholique masculine dont les membres sont des clercs réguliers appelés « jésuites ». La Compagnie est fondée par saint Ignace de Loyola, saint François Xavier, saint Pierre Favre et les premiers compagnons en 1539, et approuvée en 1540 par le pape Paul III. Dissoute en 1773, elle est rétablie en 1814 par le pape Pie VII. Au début du, elle constitue, avec un peu moins de en 2013, la congrégation masculine la plus importante au sein de l'Église catholique, où elle n'est devancée que par l'ensemble des branches franciscaines. Son supérieur général est Arturo Sosa.	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Id Software	Id Software	id Software LLC () is an American video game developer based in Richardson, Texas. The company was founded on February 1, 1991, by four members of the computer company Softdisk, programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack (no relation to John Carmack). Business manager Jay Wilbur was also involved. id Software made important technological developments in video game technologies for the PC (running MS-DOS and Windows), including work done for the "Wolfenstein", "Doom", and "Quake" franchises. id's work was particularly important in 3D computer graphics technology and in game engines that are used throughout the video game industry. The company was involved in the creation of the first-person shooter (FPS) genre. "Wolfenstein 3D" is often considered to be the first true FPS, "Doom" is a game that popularized the genre and PC gaming in general, and "Quake" was id's first true 3D FPS.	id Software est une société de développement de jeux vidéo située à Mesquite au Texas. Elle est rachetée en par la compagnie ZeniMax.	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Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen	Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen	Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist. He is best known today for his 1971 magnum opus "The Entropy Law and the Economic Process", in which he argued that all natural resources are irreversibly degraded when put to use in economic activity. A progenitor and a paradigm founder in economics, Georgescu-Roegen's work was seminal in establishing ecological economics as an independent academic sub-discipline in economics.	Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen né Nicolae Georgescu (Constanța, Roumanie, - Nashville, Tennessee, ) est un mathématicien et économiste hétérodoxe américain d'origine roumaine dont les travaux ont servi d'inspiration au mouvement de la décroissance.	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Agent Orange	Agent orange	Agent Orange is a herbicide and defoliant chemical, one of the "tactical use" Rainbow Herbicides. It is widely known for its use by the U.S. military as part of its chemical warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It is a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. In addition to its damaging environmental effects, traces of dioxin (mainly TCDD, the most toxic of its type) found in the mixture have caused major health problems for many individuals who were exposed.	L’« agent orange » est le surnom donné à l'un des herbicides arc-en-ciel, plus précisément un défoliant, le plus employé par l'armée des États-Unis lors de la guerre du Viêt Nam entre 1961 et octobre 1971. Le produit était répandu principalement par avion au-dessus des forêts vietnamiennes ou sur des cultures vivrières, dans le cadre de l'opération "Ranch Hand", elle-même issue du programme "Trail Dust". Il a aussi été utilisé par les Américains au Laos et au Cambodge ou encore sur la zone démilitarisée séparant les deux Corées. Après 1971, les Américains évacuèrent l'essentiel de leurs barils stockés en Asie du Sud-Est vers l'atoll Johnston. Entre 1971 et 1972, toutefois, l'armée du Sud-Vietnam continua à utiliser des défoliants.	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List of bridges in Paris	Liste des ponts de Paris	There are many bridges in the city of Paris, principally over the River Seine, but also over the Canal de l'Ourcq.	La ville de Paris comprend de nombreux ponts, essentiellement au-dessus de la Seine, mais également au-dessus de ses canaux par exemple.	[ 250004, 250054, 360, 65942, 7270, 1902, 12, 7270, 1556, 4669, 6, 80728, 7, 36880, 70, 108574, 4, 111, 3129, 190, 621, 44987, 7655, 66, 4734, 136, 116, 621, 6, 68823, 6, 80728, 7, 5, 129335, 3126, 164018, 13, 12190, 9, 193206, 47, 70, 10588, 111, 7270, 4, 382, 54, 70, 5701, 100, 164018, 13, 8, 21, 313, 5097, 136, 1632, 22317, 70, 116, 90695, 7, 47, 12638, 3789, 5, 62, 5303, 28960, 7, 4, 1295, 1257, 86429, 47, 7565, 86429, 152, 581, 621, 41421, 297, 390, 10, 14012, 111, 6, 80728, 7, 46, 70, 144732, 111, 3129, 621, 44, 13409, 56, 16684, 2147, 2305, 191, 1444, 58, 15, 144593, 80728, 7, 16, 46, 136, 5941, 111, 70, 33816, 6, 80728, 7, 831, 186, 165249, 707, 69347, 15, 99736, 1686, 538, 206735, 214, 33816, 83629, 16, 47, 63769, 26944, 83629, 8305, 5, 7270, 1556, 7218, 44, 13409, 56, 16684, 2147, 2305, 191, 164081, 7, 58, 15, 144593, 80728, 7, 247, 145870, 390, 73297, 2208, 51539, 12, 8622, 621, 40368, 3789, 6, 80728, 7, 23, 7270, 3129, 54, 959, 41421, 10, 14361, 111, 7401, 5, 360, 70, 209, 927, 73297, 2208, 51539, 4, 4518, 13, 239, 114162, 8676, 136, 4518, 13, 8, 96, 25, 284, 944, 39367, 27875, 645, 70, 25550, 124519, 111, 78329, 8, 96, 25, 68001, 5, 2161, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 17721, 70, 190, 927, 136, 702, 927, 73297, 2208, 51539, 7, 4, 143847, 56775, 8, 13791, 9, 12724, 16300, 27734, 7, 4518, 13, 13177, 408, 136, 4518, 13, 167599, 5, 360, 70, 543, 927, 73297, 2208, 51539, 4, 60221, 60570, 16442, 118383, 83, 175100, 645, 70, 12982, 1727, 2921, 1845, 29089, 53, 390, 10, 6, 80728, 5, 360, 70, 387, 927, 73297, 2208, 51539, 4, 60221, 28166, 9, 4332, 3165, 22023, 27734, 7, 60221, 224, 166259, 2746, 8493, 5, 360, 70, 382, 927, 73297, 2208, 51539, 4, 60221, 115, 128359, 42, 41421, 90, 60221, 8, 8884, 5, 22376, 4, 116, 136, 305, 111, 70, 7270, 23205, 26698, 40368, 10, 13, 51626, 1829, 77193, 7, 23, 2363, 36917, 9, 64330, 75778, 4, 217982, 627, 12501, 313, 2843, 1556, 10, 1829, 77193, 33233, 70, 140909, 111, 2799, 14, 51575, 9, 40658, 2955, 2279, 5, 159020, 80728, 7, 1543, 2843, 186, 14037, 23, 70, 40157, 224, 4966, 1636, 133271, 15477, 136, 25377, 8, 853, 34, 114833, 5, 2022, 4021, 27060, 4, 70, 101138, 13, 18153, 4170, 4527, 7, 70, 10332, 1829, 39367, 930, 316, 90, 17324, 5, 360, 46830, 8, 11751, 13844, 1444, 4, 70, 90695, 7, 111, 2076, 2408, 136, 111, 853, 34, 114833, 621, 3126, 297, 47, 12638, 3789, 4, 136, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 21, 3055, 47, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 9201, 5, 581, 13315, 100, 70, 60537, 8, 1592, 8, 75362, 13, 1845, 73, 6644, 2843, 96853, 40368, 6, 80728, 7, 136, 1829, 77193, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 57616, 80728, 7, 36880, 442, 6044, 237, 450, 85358, 214, 60221, 8, 21, 22172, 23, 70, 387, 927, 73297, 2208, 51539, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 239, 5054, 8, 7270, 52268, 8, 40182, 12795, 7, 4, 134872, 674, 531, 9, 121409, 8, 21, 108574, 4, 732, 14919, 531, 9, 121409, 8, 3401, 831, 10442, 366, 18632, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Earth's crust	Croûte terrestre	Earth's crust is a thin shell on the outside of Earth, accounting for less than 1% of Earth's volume. It is the top component of lithosphere: a division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move, allowing heat to escape from the interior of the Earth into space.	La croûte terrestre, appelée aussi écorce terrestre, est la partie superficielle et solide du matériau dont est faite la Terre. C'est la partie supérieure de la lithosphère (qui constitue les plaques tectoniques).	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Taxicab	Taxi	A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs from public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations are decided by the service provider, not by the customers, although demand responsive transport and share taxis provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode.	Le taxi est un véhicule automobile terrestre privé, conduit par un chauffeur et destiné au transport payant de passagers et de leurs bagages, de porte à porte, contrairement aux transports en commun qui transportent les passagers entre des points prédéterminés (stations de métro, stations de tramway, arrêts de bus, gares).	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Jaco Pastorius	Jaco Pastorius	John Francis Anthony "Jaco" Pastorius III (; December 1, 1951 – September 21, 1987) was an American jazz bassist who was a member of Weather Report from 1976 to 1981. He worked with Pat Metheny and Joni Mitchell, and recorded albums as a solo artist and band leader. His bass playing employed funk, lyrical solos, bass chords, and innovative harmonics. As of 2017, he is the only electric bassist of seven bassists inducted into the "DownBeat" Jazz Hall of Fame, and has been lauded as one of the best electric bassists of all time.	John Francis Anthony Pastorius III, plus connu sous le nom de Jaco Pastorius, est un bassiste de jazz et jazz-rock américain, né le à Norristown (Pennsylvanie) et mort le après avoir été violemment battu dix jours plus tôt à Fort Lauderdale (Floride). Technicien virtuose, il a eu une influence majeure sur le rôle de la basse électrique et sur son passage du rôle de simple accompagnateur à celui de véritable soliste. Établissant sa réputation internationale au sein du groupe Weather Report à partir du milieu des années 1970, il a ainsi imposé à son époque le son "fretless", obtenu en jouant sur un manche de basse électrique sans frettes. Pat Metheny a dit de lui qu'il était « le dernier jazzman du à avoir influencé les générations suivantes ».	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Original sin	Péché originel	Original sin, also called ancestral sin, is a Christian belief in a state of sin in which humanity has existed since the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve's rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Theologians have characterized this condition in many ways, seeing it as ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt.	Le péché originel, ou péché ancestral pour les orthodoxes, est une doctrine de la théologie chrétienne qui décrit l'état dégradé de l'humanité depuis la Chute, c'est-à-dire la désobéissance d'Adam et Ève, premiers êtres humains créés par Dieu qui, selon le "Livre de la Genèse", mangent le fruit défendu de l'arbre de la connaissance du bien et du mal. Selon la doctrine chrétienne, la nature humaine a été blessée ou corrompue par cette faute originelle et tout être humain connaît depuis lors une tendance à commettre le mal. Ce qu'on appelle parfois a aussi inspiré les gens de lettres et les artistes au cours des siècles.	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Richard I of Normandy	Richard Ier de Normandie	Richard I (28 August 932 – 20 November 996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French: "Richard Sans-Peur"; Old Norse: "Jarl Richart"), was the Count of Rouen or Jarl of Rouen from 942 to 996. Dudo of Saint-Quentin, whom Richard commissioned to write the ""De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum"" (Latin, ""On the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of Normandy""), called him a "dux". However, this use of the word may have been in the context of Richard's renowned leadership in war, and not as a reference to a title of nobility. Richard either introduced feudalism into Normandy or he greatly expanded it. By the end of his reign, the most important Norman landholders held their lands in feudal tenure.	Richard de Normandie, dit Richard "Sans-Peur" (Fécamp v. 930-996), est le fils naturel du duc de Normandie Guillaume Longue-Épée et de Sprota, et le troisième « duc » de Normandie — en fait, ses prédécesseurs et lui-même dans un premier temps se qualifient de « "jarl" » et/ou "comte des Normands". Il est le premier à se qualifier de marquis.	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Human ecology	Écologie humaine	Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. The philosophy and study of human ecology has a diffuse history with advancements in ecology, geography, sociology, psychology, anthropology, zoology, epidemiology, public health, and home economics, among others.	L'écologie humaine est la sphère de l'écologie associée à l'histoire de l'espèce "Homo sapiens", de ses déplacements et lieux de vie géographiques jusqu'à l'être humain contemporain.	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Last Year at Marienbad	L'Année dernière à Marienbad	L'Année dernière à Marienbad (released in the US as Last Year at Marienbad and in the UK as Last Year in Marienbad) is a 1961 French-Italian Left Bank film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by Alain Robbe-Grillet.	L'Année dernière à Marienbad est un film en noir et blanc de langue française réalisé par Alain Resnais et sorti en 1961. Il reçoit le Lion d'or à la Mostra de Venise la même année. Le scénario et le découpage sont d'Alain Robbe-Grillet, lui-même inspiré du roman fantastique "L’Invention de Morel" de l'écrivain argentin Adolfo Bioy Casares.	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Mimicry	Mimétisme	In evolutionary biology, mimicry is an evolved resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry functions to protect a species from predators, making it an antipredator adaptation. Mimicry evolves if a receiver (such as a predator) perceives the similarity between a mimic (the organism that has a resemblance) and a model (the organism it resembles) and as a result changes its behaviour in a way that provides a selective advantage to the mimic. The resemblances that evolve in mimicry can be visual, acoustic, chemical, tactile, or electric, or combinations of these sensory modalities. Mimicry may be to the advantage of both organisms that share a resemblance, in which case it is a form of mutualism; or mimicry can be to the detriment of one, making it parasitic or competitive. The evolutionary convergence between groups is driven by the selective action of a signal-receiver or dupe. Birds, for example, use sight to identify palatable insects, whilst avoiding the noxious ones. Over time, palatable insects may evolve to resemble noxious ones, making them mimics and the noxious ones models. In the case of mutualism, sometimes both groups are referred to as "co-mimics". It is often thought that models must be more abundant than mimics, but this is not so. Mimicry may involve numerous species; many harmless species such as hoverflies are Batesian mimics of strongly defended species such as wasps, while many such well-defended species form Mullerian mimicry rings, all resembling each other. Mimicry between prey species and their predators often involves three or more species.	Le mimétisme est une stratégie adaptative d'imitation. Cela permet par exemple à une espèce d'échapper à d'éventuels prédateurs. Le processus le plus étudié est le mimétisme visuel, mais il existe aussi un mimétisme chimique (olfactif, gustatif), acoustique, tactile, comportemental.	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Chemical formula	Formule chimique	The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or in different positions. In such cases, a structural formula is useful, as it illustrates which atoms are bonded to which other ones. From the connectivity, it is often possible to deduce the approximate shape of the molecule.	La formule chimique d'un composé chimique, d'une espèce chimique ou d'un minéral est une expression indiquant quels éléments, et dans quelles proportions, constituent ce composé, cette entité ou ce minéral (par exemple la formule brute de l'eau est ). Les formules chimiques obéissent à une certaine standardisation, afin de faciliter leur et d'éviter les ambiguïtés.	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List of IOC country codes	Liste des codes pays du CIO	The International Olympic Committee (IOC) uses three-letter abbreviation country codes to refer to each group of athletes that participate in the Olympic Games. Each geocode usually identifies a National Olympic Committee (NOC), but there are several codes that have been used for other instances in past Games, such as teams composed of athletes from multiple nations, or groups of athletes not formally representing any nation.	Le Comité international olympique (CIO) compte 206 comités nationaux olympiques (CNO). Un code à trois lettres correspond à chaque comité national. Il est également utilisé par les athlètes dans les épreuves sportives.	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Bernard Pivot	Bernard Pivot	Bernard Pivot (; born 5 May 1935) is a French journalist, interviewer and host of cultural television programmes. He has been Chairman of the Académie Goncourt since 2014.	Bernard Claude Pivot, né le à Lyon, est un journaliste et écrivain français. Animateur d'émissions culturelles à la télévision, il préside l'académie Goncourt de 2014 à 2019.	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Cnidaria	Cnidaria	Cnidaria () is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments: they are predominantly marine.	Les cnidaires (embranchement des Cnidaria) constituent un groupe d'animaux aquatiques (marins à 99 %, 1 % de dulcicoles seulement), possédant une symétrie radiale et des nématocystes (cellules capables de lancer un harpon urticant pour attraper des proies). Cet embranchement regroupe notamment les anémones de mer, les méduses et les coraux.	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Olympic flame	Flamme olympique	The Olympic flame is a symbol used in the Olympic movement. It is also a symbol of continuity between ancient and modern games. Several months before the Olympic Games, the Olympic flame is lit at Olympia, Greece. This ceremony starts the Olympic torch relay, which formally ends with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. The flame then continues to burn in the cauldron for the duration of the Games, until it is extinguished during the Olympic closing ceremony.	La flamme olympique (en grec : / ), appelée aussi torche olympique ou flambeau olympique bien que le Comité international olympique fasse une distinction entre ces termes, est un symbole de l'idéal olympique. Elle fait partie du cérémonial des Jeux olympiques : allumage puis relais de la flamme olympique, le dernier relayeur faisant le tour du stade avant de rejoindre une vasque (ou « chaudron olympique ») qu'il embrase grâce à sa torche.	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Olympic Oath	Serment olympique	The Olympic Oath (distinct from the Olympic creed) is a solemn promise made by one athlete, judge or official, and one coach at the Opening Ceremony of each Olympic Games. Each oath taker is from the host nation and takes the oath on behalf of all athletes, officials, or coaches at the Games. The athletes' oath was first introduced for the 1920 Summer Olympic Games, with oaths for the officials and coaches added in 1972 and 2010. The oath is usually said in the language of the nation which is hosting the games; however, in 1994 both the athletes' and officials' oaths were said in English. Until the 1984 games the oath takers swore upon their nation's flag; since then all have taken the oath whilst holding the Olympic Flag. All three of the oaths were combined into one beginning at the 2018 Winter Games.	Le serment olympique est un serment prononcé par un athlète, un arbitre et, depuis 2012, un entraîneur lors de la cérémonie d'ouverture des Jeux olympiques modernes. Depuis, un seul serment est prononcé au nom des trois catégories.	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Ataraxia	Ataraxie	Ataraxia (ἀταραξία, alpha privative negation of "tarachê" -- disturbance, trouble; hence, "unperturbedness", generally translated as "imperturbability", "equanimity", or "tranquility") is a Greek term first used in Ancient Greek philosophy by Pyrrho and subsequently Epicurus and the Stoics for a lucid state of robust equanimity characterized by ongoing freedom from distress and worry. In non-philosophical usage, the term was used to describe the ideal mental state for soldiers entering battle.	L'ataraxie (du grec, signifiant « absence de troubles ») apparaît d'abord chez Démocrite et désigne la tranquillité de l’âme ou encore la paix de cette dernière résultant de la modération et de l’harmonie de l'existence. L’ataraxie devient ensuite le principe du bonheur ("eudaimonia") dans le stoïcisme, l'épicurisme et le scepticisme. Elle provient d’un état de profonde quiétude, découlant de l'absence de tout trouble ou douleur.	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Molecular mass	Masse moléculaire	The molecular mass ("m") is the mass of a given molecule: it is measured in daltons (Da or u). Different molecules of the same compound may have different molecular masses because they contain different isotopes of an element. The related quantity relative molecular mass, as defined by IUPAC, is the ratio of the mass of a molecule to the unified atomic mass unit (also known as the dalton) and is unitless. The molecular mass and relative molecular mass are distinct from but related to the molar mass. The molar mass is defined as the mass of a given substance divided by the amount of a substance and is expressed in g/mol. The molar mass is usually the more appropriate figure when dealing with macroscopic (weigh-able) quantities of a substance.	La masse moléculaire est le rapport entre la masse d'une molécule et l'unité de masse des atomes : « uma » (équivalente à un douzième, soit, de la masse d'un atome de carbone 12), elle est donc sans unité.	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Analog signal	Analogique	An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time-varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., "analogous" to another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which the continuous quantity is a representation of a sequence of discrete values which can only take on one of a finite number of values. The term "analog signal" usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, human speech, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals.	Le terme analogique désigne les appareils, notamment instruments de mesure et de communication, ainsi que les méthodes de calcul qui représentent une grandeur physique par une autre, comme on raisonne par analogie sur un objet quand on a remarqué qu'il présente une similitude de forme avec un autre, bien qu'il soit de nature différente. Dans un système analogique, l'incertitude liée au transducteur qui convertit la grandeur objet en une grandeur image plus commode et la résolution avec laquelle on connaît cette grandeur image limitent la qualité métrologique des appareils de mesure.	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Louis Riel	Louis Riel	Louis David Riel (; ; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people of the Canadian Prairies. He led two rebellions against the government of Canada and its first post-Confederation prime minister, John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to preserve Métis rights and culture as their homelands in the Northwest came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence. Over the decades, he has been made a folk hero by Francophones, Catholic nationalists, native rights activists, and the New Left student movement. Arguably, Riel has received more scholarly attention than any other figure in Canadian history.	Louis « David » Riel ( – ) est un homme politique canadien ayant également la citoyenneté américaine, chef du peuple métis dans les Prairies canadiennes et fondateur de la province du Manitoba. Il a dirigé deux mouvements de résistance contre le gouvernement canadien dans le but de protéger les droits et la culture des Métis, alors que l'influence canadienne se faisait de plus en plus sentir dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest.	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Hiroshima mon amour	Hiroshima mon amour	Hiroshima mon amour (, "Hiroshima My Love"; "Nijūyojikan'nojōji", "Twenty-four-hour affair") is a 1959 French New Wave romantic drama film directed by French film director Alain Resnais, with a screenplay by Marguerite Duras. It's Resnais' first feature-lengh work. It is the documentation of an intensely personal conversation between a French-Japanese couple about memory and forgetfulness. It was a major catalyst for the Left Bank Cinema, making use of miniature flashbacks to create a nonlinear storyline. It brought international attention to the new movement in French cinema, along with films like Breathless and The 400 Blows. The film features Resnais' innovative use of brief flashbacks sequences to suggest a flash of memories. The movie is widely considered to be one of the influential movies of the French New Wave. In 2012, director Roy Andersson chose it as one of the greatest movies of all time.	Retraçant la rencontre d'une Française et d'un Japonais à Hiroshima quatorze années après les bombardements atomiques, le film déjoue les codes traditionnels de la narration cinématographique. "Hiroshima mon amour" se présente à la fois comme une fiction évoquant la guerre et les bombes lancées sur la ville, un poème d'amour et de mort et un appel à la réconciliation entre les peuples.	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Harald Bluetooth	Harald Ier (roi de Danemark)	Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson (;, died c. 985/86) was a king of Denmark and Norway. He was the son of King Gorm the Old and of Thyra Dannebod. Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c. 958 – c. 986. Harald introduced Christianity to Denmark and consolidated his rule over most of Jutland and Zealand. Harald's rule as king of Norway following the assassination of King Harald Greycloak of Norway was more tenuous, most likely lasting for no more than a few years in the 970s. Some sources say his son Sweyn Forkbeard forcibly deposed him from his Danish throne before his death.	Harald, dit Harald à la dent bleue (en vieux norrois : "Haraldr Gormsson"), né vers 910 et mort à Jomsborg le novembre 986, est roi de Danemark à partir de 958.	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Claude Shannon	Claude Shannon	Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of information theory". Shannon is noted for having founded information theory with a landmark paper, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", that he published in 1948.	Claude Elwood Shannon ( à Petoskey, Michigan - à Medford, Massachusetts) est un ingénieur en génie électrique et mathématicien américain. Il est l'un des pères, si ce n'est le père fondateur, de la théorie de l'information.	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Potentiometer	Potentiomètre	A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.	Un potentiomètre (appelé familièrement potard) est un type de résistance variable à trois bornes, dont une est reliée à un curseur se déplaçant sur une piste résistante terminée par les deux autres bornes. Ce système permet de recueillir, entre la borne reliée au curseur et une des deux autres bornes, une tension qui dépend de la position du curseur et de la tension à laquelle est soumise la résistance.	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WxWidgets	WxWidgets	wxWidgets (formerly wxWindows) is a widget toolkit and tools library for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for cross-platform applications. wxWidgets enables a program's GUI code to compile and run on several computer platforms with minimal or no code changes. A wide choice of compilers and other tools to use with wxWidgets facilitates development of sophisticated applications. wxWidgets supports a comprehensive range of popular operating systems and graphical libraries, both proprietary and free, and is widely deployed in prominent organizations (see text).	wxWidgets (anciennement wxWindows) est une bibliothèque graphique libre utilisée comme boîte à outils de programmation d'interfaces graphiques multiplateforme. À la différence d'autres boîtes à outils qui tentent de restituer une interface utilisateur identique sur toutes les plateformes, wxWidgets restitue des abstractions similaires, mais avec l'apparence native de chaque environnement cible, ce qui est moins dépaysant pour les utilisateurs finaux. wxWidgets est disponible entre autres pour Macintosh, GNU/Linux et Unix, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, ainsi que pour du matériel embarqué sous GNU/Linux ou Windows CE	[ 250004, 250054, 148, 425, 1456, 532, 3794, 7, 29256, 7, 76519, 6044, 237, 7244, 3773, 4, 4727, 11787, 15, 21851, 8345, 136, 80573, 11, 247, 13964, 15, 10625, 587, 11, 56811, 247, 29908, 64, 85600, 425, 15, 1542, 1662, 4, 2501, 7737, 4, 136, 527, 29735, 247, 13527, 856, 13439, 4, 11787, 12477, 136, 2022, 1758, 7285, 5, 62, 11389, 100, 6, 55720, 69819, 76519, 83, 1379, 34754, 5, 148, 425, 1456, 532, 3794, 7, 83, 11814, 36880, 5941, 53099, 8916, 7, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 390, 106362, 17574, 4, 127596, 37992, 174842, 7, 15, 8922, 397, 247, 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Epicureanism	Épicurisme	Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. Epicureanism was originally a challenge to Platonism. Later its main opponent became Stoicism.	L'épicurisme est un courant de la philosophie occidentale ayant pour objectif principal l'atteinte du bonheur par la satisfaction des seuls désirs « naturels et nécessaires ». C'est une doctrine matérialiste et atomiste qui peut être soit qualifiée d'hédonisme raisonné, soit d'eudémonisme.	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Assumption of Mary	Assomption de Marie	The Assumption of Mary into Heaven (often shortened to the Assumption) is, according to the beliefs of the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodoxy, among others, the bodily taking up of Mary, the mother of Jesus, into Heaven at the end of her earthly life.	L'Assomption de Marie, qui est appelée Dormition dans la tradition orientale, est la croyance religieuse orthodoxe et catholique selon laquelle la Vierge Marie, mère de Jésus, n'est pas morte comme tout un chacun mais est entrée directement dans la gloire de Dieu (ce qu'on traduirait communément par « montée au ciel »). L'expression « après avoir achevé le cours de sa vie terrestre » utilisée par le Pape, laisse ouverte la question de savoir si la Vierge Marie est décédée avant son Assomption, ou si elle a été élevée avant la mort.	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Augustine of Hippo	Augustin d'Hippone	Augustine of Hippo (; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430 AD), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian, philosopher, and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period. His many important works include "The City of God", "On Christian Doctrine", and "Confessions".	Augustin d'Hippone () ou Saint Augustin, né le à Thagaste (l'actuelle Souk Ahras, Algérie), un municipe de la province d'Afrique, et mort le à Hippone (l'actuelle Annaba, Algérie), est un philosophe et théologien chrétien romain de la classe aisée. Avec Ambroise de Milan, Jérôme de Stridon et Grégoire le Grand, il est l'un des quatre Pères de l'Église occidentale et l’un des trente-six docteurs de l’Église.	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Sonar	Sonar	Sonar (sound navigation ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": "passive" sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; "active" sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward-looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term "sonar" is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics.	Le sonar (acronyme issu de l'anglais "sound navigation and ranging") est un appareil utilisant les propriétés particulières de la propagation du son dans l'eau pour détecter et situer les objets sous l'eau en indiquant leur direction et leur distance. Son invention découle des travaux de Lewis Nixon et des Français Paul Langevin et Constantin Chilowski au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il est utilisé : Les sonars peuvent être actifs (émission d'un son et écoute de son écho) ou passifs (écoute des bruits).	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Mélo	Mélo (pièce de théâtre)	Mélo is a 1929 play by Henri Bernstein which premiered in the US in 1931 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.	Mélo est une pièce de théâtre d'Henri Bernstein, créée à Paris, au théâtre du Gymnase, le, par Gaby Morlay, Charles Boyer et Pierre Blanchar. Alain Resnais en a tiré un film en 1986.	[ 250004, 250054, 58807, 12628, 15322, 4084, 136, 76012, 135448, 621, 44755, 73, 64370, 136, 6897, 10617, 23902, 38043, 23, 7270, 23, 70, 23031, 7, 5, 51404, 76012, 1556, 24209, 170277, 136, 58807, 1556, 959, 4, 15044, 621, 17723, 678, 2363, 60742, 5, 58807, 83, 256, 7520, 538, 139505, 47, 8321, 1212, 4, 10, 31995, 4745, 27150, 6, 13034, 8079, 5, 33306, 4, 76012, 23356, 7, 136, 123867, 23, 5161, 678, 604, 4, 3129, 76012, 10176, 92610, 7, 5, 8321, 1212, 2258, 10484, 98, 604, 103086, 678, 76012, 4, 3853, 237, 58807, 123867, 99825, 4, 3129, 2412, 1543, 765, 91755, 37838, 1119, 11, 3443, 2848, 297, 678, 604, 39734, 23, 12989, 47, 162882, 4049, 5, 1061, 191, 76012, 60899, 98, 10, 20428, 9742, 4, 136, 8321, 1212, 32997, 7, 58807, 100, 10, 79880, 9790, 271, 5, 14847, 76012, 30646, 7, 4, 8321, 1212, 456, 212065, 7, 70, 103086, 4, 136, 92154, 7, 450, 2412, 5161, 7, 15044, 58807, 136, 76012, 5, 4687, 28288, 7, 450, 2412, 14602, 959, 3444, 47, 103049, 40101, 604, 71390, 707, 604, 100306, 4, 136, 237, 110, 3789, 29806, 37202, 7722, 4, 2412, 375, 4007, 7, 193341, 5, 129335, 5369, 14432, 4, 58807, 19922, 7, 76012, 47, 40, 343, 70, 85027, 4, 136, 76012, 14192, 7, 4049, 450, 110, 211, 60923, 103086, 74918, 2822, 4, 2685, 1272, 20338, 214, 604, 98323, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 1346, 297, 23, 60775, 390, 10208, 313, 708, 13857, 23, 6626, 11389, 7, 12, 23, 102126, 237, 44, 217701, 214, 156903, 58, 136, 23, 9942, 237, 44, 740, 313, 708, 13857, 14432, 456, 42424, 70, 1346, 23, 43357, 23, 130891, 5, 116267, 30839, 11389, 44759, 71, 44, 217701, 214, 156903, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 49795, 5, 581, 21735, 92265, 1346, 35509, 98, 70, 11301, 509, 8951, 297, 390, 62, 16442, 9624, 30080, 4, 136, 6057, 2822, 11213, 299, 43794, 1236, 4, 51575, 50553, 8748, 56786, 4, 35477, 86, 1155, 446, 192, 136, 58807, 1172, 46182, 5, 1650, 23742, 70, 195828, 60992, 100, 11345, 9852, 87463, 136, 11345, 58832, 214, 185617, 4, 136, 509, 27154, 3674, 100, 11345, 3847, 4, 11345, 185617, 4, 11345, 31068, 4, 11345, 40572, 18, 87168, 4, 11345, 63099, 15537, 11724, 136, 11345, 118479, 11724, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 39447, 365, 437, 773, 98170, 8, 198208, 104, 25, 841, 33, 416, 71342, 18055, 4, 102103, 13, 253, 7270, 4, 531, 198208, 115, 219997, 13, 4, 95, 4, 366, 53186, 53, 5919, 5259, 4, 28166, 29642, 56, 82, 58807, 135448, 3467, 5, 62, 16442, 9624, 30080, 22, 10, 1053, 4273, 51, 1346, 22, 21735, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Puff pastry	Pâte feuilletée	Puff pastry, also known as, is a flaky light pastry made from a laminated dough composed of dough (') and butter or other solid fat ('). The butter is put inside the dough (or vice versa), making a "" which is repeatedly folded and rolled out before baking.	La pâte feuilletée, ou feuilletage, est un type de pâte obtenue par abaissage et pliages successifs de couches alternant une pâte basique (farine, eau et sel) et une matière grasse (huile, margarine ou beurre), technique culinaire dite de la pâte tourée. Après cuisson, cette pâte croustillante et légère est utilisée aussi bien en viennoiserie "(croissants, palmiers, chaussons aux pommes... )", pâtisserie "(mille-feuille, galette... )", qu'en charcuterie pâtissière "(bouchée à la reine, tourtes, friand...)".	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Lithosphere	Lithosphère	A lithosphere ( ["lithos"] for "rocky", and ["sphaira"] for "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.	La lithosphère (littéralement, la « boule de pierre ») est l'enveloppe rigide de la surface de la Terre. Elle comprend la croûte terrestre et une partie du manteau supérieur.	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Stoicism	Stoïcisme	Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy which was founded by Zeno of Citium, in Athens, in the early 3rd century BCE. Stoicism is a philosophy of personal ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world. According to its teachings, as social beings, the path to eudaimonia (happiness, or blessedness) for humans is found in accepting the moment as it presents itself, by not allowing oneself to be controlled by the desire for pleasure or fear of pain, by using one's mind to understand the world and to do one's part in nature's plan, and by working together and treating others fairly and justly.	Le stoïcisme est un courant philosophique occidental ayant pour finalité le bonheur de l'existence humaine obtenu grâce à une acceptation rationnelle de l'ordre du monde et de son évolution. Il repose notamment sur la distinction centrale entre d'un côté les choses qui dépendent de nous et sur lesquelles nous devons concentrer nos efforts, et d'un autre côté les choses qui ne dépendent pas de nous, contre lesquelles il est vain de lutter et que nous devons au contraire supporter et accepter (principe de détachement). Ce principe est illustré par la célèbre prière attribuée à Marc-Aurèle :	[ 250004, 250054, 18343, 70775, 39, 509, 7311, 538, 51529, 237, 44, 48320, 6431, 8780, 830, 7103, 70, 14037, 56, 3786, 157, 111, 44156, 316, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 9351, 509, 33662, 36069, 20051, 4, 47041, 6637, 70, 18343, 28021, 6777, 959, 16916, 2363, 14037, 1314, 47, 186, 169123, 6, 90825, 4, 136, 47, 71864, 70, 10512, 111, 70, 6, 119598, 53, 141753, 10, 58984, 111, 3357, 2481, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 294, 188, 70775, 39, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 18343, 11, 663, 5898, 133, 15, 7251, 45964, 160600, 12, 6, 244064, 78795, 82753, 10485, 1007, 1206, 247, 707, 44, 74908, 3674, 196, 206, 830, 10, 46512, 34176, 122329, 297, 678, 759, 4450, 238, 136, 186768, 133868, 28302, 7, 4, 98, 70, 144477, 5609, 111, 70, 43051, 23, 94100, 7, 4, 7440, 3786, 157, 136, 1919, 210276, 914, 9319, 297, 47, 45252, 2363, 25647, 5, 160193, 18343, 70775, 39, 83, 127298, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 3957, 18343, 11, 830, 707, 70, 6, 119598, 53, 111, 44, 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Night and Fog (1956 film)	Nuit et Brouillard (film)	Night and Fog () is a 1956 French documentary short film. Directed by Alain Resnais, it was made ten years after the liberation of German concentration camps. The title is taken from the "Nacht und Nebel" (German for "Night and Fog") program of abductions and disappearances decreed by Nazi Germany. The documentary features the abandoned grounds of Auschwitz and Majdanek established in occupied Poland while describing the lives of prisoners in the camps. "Night and Fog" was made in collaboration with scriptwriter Jean Cayrol, a survivor of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. The music of the soundtrack was composed by Hanns Eisler. Resnais was originally hesitant about making the film and refused the offer to make it until Cayrol was contracted to write the script. The film was shot entirely in the year 1955 and is composed of contemporary shots of the camps plus stock footage. Resnais and Cayrol found the film very difficult to make due to its graphic nature and subject matter. The film faced difficulties with French censors unhappy with a shot of a French police officer in the film, and with the German embassy in France, which attempted to halt the film's release at the Cannes Film Festival. "Night and Fog" was released to critical acclaim, and still receives very high praise today. It was re-shown on French television nationwide in 1990 to remind the people of the "horrors of war".	Nuit et Brouillard est un documentaire français réalisé par Alain Resnais, à l'initiative d'Henri Michel, et sorti en 1956. Il traite de la déportation et des camps d'extermination nazis de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en application des dispositions dites « Nuit et brouillard » (décret du ).	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Emergency medicine	Médecine d'urgence	Emergency medicine, also known as accident and emergency medicine, is the medical specialty concerned with the care of illnesses or injuries requiring immediate medical attention. Emergency physicians care for unscheduled and undifferentiated patients of all ages. As first-line providers, their primary responsibility is to initiate resuscitation and stabilization and to start investigations and interventions to diagnose and treat illnesses in the acute phase. Emergency physicians generally practise in hospital emergency departments, pre-hospital settings via emergency medical services, and intensive care units, but may also work in primary care settings such as urgent care clinics. Sub-specializations of emergency medicine include disaster medicine, medical toxicology, ultrasonography, critical care medicine, hyperbaric medicine, sports medicine, palliative care, or aerospace medicine.	La médecine d'urgence rassemble les ressources médicales et chirurgicales pour faire face à une urgence, c'est-à-dire la perception d'une situation où la personne sans soins empire rapidement, exposée au risque à bref délai de séquelles irréversibles ou du décès. Lorsque le nombre de victimes est important et/ou que les infrastructures locales sont touchées (routes, hôpitaux...), on parle de médecine de catastrophe.	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Inuksuk	Inukshuk	An inuksuk (plural inuksuit) (from the, plural ; alternatively'in Inuinnaqtun,'in Iñupiaq, in Greenlandic, and sometimes inukshuk in English) is a manmade stone landmark or cairn built for use by the Inuit, Iñupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. These structures are found in northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska (United States). This combined region, above the Arctic Circle, is dominated by the tundra biome and has areas with few natural landmarks.	Un inukshuk (ou inuksuk, pluriel inuksuit) est un empilement de pierres (ou cairn) construit par les peuples inuit et yupik dans les régions arctiques d'Amérique du Nord, depuis l'Alaska jusqu'au Groenland, en passant par l'Arctique canadien. Sa forme et sa taille peuvent varier.	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George S. Patton	George Patton	George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a general of the United States Army who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean theater of World War II, and the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944.	George Smith Patton, Jr., né le à San Marino en Californie et mort le à Heidelberg en Allemagne, est un général de l'Armée de terre américaine qui a notamment commandé la 7 puis la américaine sur le théâtre européen des opérations de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.	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Zinedine Zidane	Zinédine Zidane	Zinedine Yazid Zidane (; born 23 June 1972), popularly known in French as Zizou (), is a French former professional football player who played as an attacking midfielder. He is the current manager of La Liga club Real Madrid. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Zidane was an elite playmaker renowned for his elegance, vision, passing, ball control, and technique. He received many individual accolades as a player, including being named FIFA World Player of the Year in 1998, 2000 and 2003, and won the 1998 Ballon d'Or. He was voted Ligue 1 Player of the Year in 1996, Serie A Footballer of the Year in 2001, and La Liga Best Foreign Player in 2002.	Zinédine Zidane, né le à Marseille, est un footballeur international français devenu entraîneur. Durant sa carrière de joueur, entre 1988 et 2006, il évolue au poste de milieu offensif, comme meneur de jeu. De janvier 2016 à fin mai 2018, et à partir de mars 2019, il est l'entraîneur du Real Madrid CF, où il a terminé sa carrière de joueur.	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Prüm	Prüm	Prüm () is a town in the Westeifel (Rhineland-Palatinate), Germany. Formerly a district capital, today it is the administrative seat of the "Verbandsgemeinde" ("collective municipality") Prüm.	Prüm ou "Prume" est une ville d'Allemagne au nord-ouest du land de Rhénanie-Palatinat. Elle est située dans l'Eifel, qui est la partie orientale des Ardennes. La rivière éponyme qui la traverse est un sous-affluent de la Moselle.	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Zionism	Sionisme	Zionism ( "Tsiyyonut" after "Zion") is the nationalist movement of the Jewish people that espouses the re-establishment of and support for a Jewish state in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine). Modern Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as a response to Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired state in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire.	Le sionisme est le mouvement national du peuple juif visant à la création d'un "foyer national juif" – le rétablissement de l'autodétermination juive en Terre d'Israël. Le mouvement national juif apparaît principalement en Europe de l'Ouest et centrale au, et aboutit à la création de l'État d'Israël en 1948.	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Symbolic violence	Violence symbolique	Symbolic violence is a term coined by Pierre Bourdieu, a prominent 20th-century French sociologist, and appears in his works as early as the 1970s. Symbolic violence describes a type of non-physical violence manifested in the power differential between social groups. It is often unconsciously agreed upon by both parties and is manifested in an imposition of the norms of the group possessing greater social power on those of the subordinate group. Symbolic violence can be manifested across different social domains such as nationality, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnic identity.	La violence symbolique est une notion qui désigne une forme de violence peu visible et non physique, qui s'exprime à travers les normes sociales et qui s'observe dans les structures sociales. Cette violence symbolique touche les dominés de façon à s'inscrire en eux, et à les amener à juger légitime une domination sociale donnée.	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Tiber	Tibre	The Tiber (; ; ) is the third-longest river in Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio, where it is joined by the river Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino. It drains a basin estimated at. The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome, founded on its eastern banks.	Le Tibre (latin "Tiberis", italien "Tevere") est un fleuve italien qui se jette dans la mer Tyrrhénienne. C'est le troisième plus long fleuve d'Italie après le Pô et l'Adige. Il traverse notamment la capitale italienne, Rome, à l'histoire de laquelle il est étroitement lié.	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Historical criticism	Exégèse historico-critique de la Bible	Historical criticism, also known as the historical-critical method or higher criticism, is a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text". While often discussed in terms of Jewish and Christian writings from ancient times, historical criticism has also been applied to other religious and secular writings from various parts of the world and periods of history. The primary goal of historical criticism is to discover the text's primitive or original meaning in its original historical context and its literal sense or "sensus literalis historicus". The secondary goal seeks to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text. That may be accomplished by reconstructing the true nature of the events that the text describes. An ancient text may also serve as a document, record or source for reconstructing the ancient past, which may also serve as a chief interest to the historical critic. In regard to Semitic biblical interpretation, the historical critic would be able to interpret the literature of Israel as well as the history of Israel. In 18th century Biblical criticism, the term "higher criticism" was commonly used in mainstream scholarship in contrast with "lower criticism". In the 21st century, historical criticism is the more commonly used term for higher criticism, and textual criticism is more common than the loose expression "lower criticism".	L'exégèse historico-critique de la Bible, ou méthode historico-critique, étudie l'histoire de la réception des Écritures, leur contexte historique, le processus des étapes de leur production et leurs destinataires.	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Led Zeppelin	Led Zeppelin	Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music.	Led Zeppelin est un groupe de rock britannique, originaire de Londres, en Angleterre. Il est fondé en 1968 par Jimmy Page (guitare), avec Robert Plant (chant), John Paul Jones (basse, claviers) et John Bonham (batterie), et dissous à la suite de la mort de ce dernier, en 1980. À travers un son dominé par la virtuosité et les riffs de son guitariste, la voix puissante de son chanteur pouvant aller jusqu'à des octaves très élevées, par l'excellence de son bassiste/claviériste/arrangeur ainsi que par la technique, le groove et l'inimitable et si souvent samplée « force de frappe » de son batteur, Led Zeppelin est toujours considéré, quarante ans après sa séparation, comme l'un des plus grands groupes de rock tant pour sa réussite artistique, son succès commercial que pour son influence et son prestige.	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Nirvana	Nirvana (monde indien)	In Indian religions, nirvana is synonymous with "moksha" and "mukti". All Indian religions assert it to be a state of perfect quietude, freedom, highest happiness as well as the liberation from or ending of "samsara", the repeating cycle of birth, life and death.	Nirvana (sanskrit IAST : nirvāṇa ; pali : nibbāna) est un concept philosophique de l'hindouisme, du jaïnisme et du bouddhisme qui signifie « extinction » (du feu des passions, de l'ignorance) ou « libération » (du saṃsāra, du cycle des réincarnations).	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Crete	Crète	Crete (,,, "," ";" Egyptian: 𓎡𓆑𓍘𓅱𓈉, "keftiu;",, ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica. It bounds the southern border of the Aegean sea. Crete lies approximately south of the Greek mainland. It has an area of and a coastline of 1,046 km (650 mi).	La Crète, en grec, en grec ancien ', grec moderne ', est une île grecque, autrefois appelée « île de Candie ». Plus grande des îles grecques et cinquième île de la mer Méditerranée en superficie, elle est rattachée en 1913 à la Grèce, dont elle constitue, avec d'autres petites îles, l'une des treize périphéries (région administrative), ainsi que l'un des sept diocèses décentralisés créés par le programme Kallikratis en janvier 2011.	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Dead Sea Scrolls	Manuscrits de la mer Morte	The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts that were found in the Qumran Caves in the Judaean Desert, near Ein Feshkha on the northern shore of the Dead Sea in the West Bank. Scholarly consensus dates these scrolls from the last three centuries BCE and the first century CE. The texts have great historical, religious, and linguistic significance because they include the second-oldest known surviving manuscripts of works later included in the Hebrew Bible canon, along with deuterocanonical and extra-biblical manuscripts which preserve evidence of the diversity of religious thought in late Second Temple Judaism. Almost all of the Dead Sea Scrolls are held by the state of Israel in the Shrine of the Book on the grounds of the Israel Museum, but ownership of the scrolls is disputed by Jordan and Palestine.	Les manuscrits de la mer Morte, également appelés manuscrits de Qumran, sont un ensemble de parchemins et de fragments de papyrus principalement en hébreu, mais aussi en araméen et en grec, mis au jour principalement entre 1947 et 1956 à proximité du site de Qumrân, en Palestine mandataire (1947-48) appelée ensuite Cisjordanie après l'annexion transjordanienne. La découverte de ces quelque — dont il ne reste parfois que d'infimes fragments — copiés entre le et le a été faite dans douze grottes où ils avaient été entreposés. Parmi les documents découverts figurent de nombreux livres de la Bible hébraïque (l'Ancien Testament des chrétiens). Antérieurs de plusieurs siècles aux plus anciens exemplaires du texte hébreu connus jusqu’alors, ces manuscrits présentent un intérêt considérable pour l'histoire de la Bible.	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Piet Mondrian	Piet Mondrian	Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan (), after 1906 Piet Mondrian (,, ; 7 March 1872 – 1 February 1944), was a Dutch painter and theoretician who is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. He is known for being one of the pioneers of 20th-century abstract art, as he changed his artistic direction from figurative painting to an increasingly abstract style, until he reached a point where his artistic vocabulary was reduced to simple geometric elements.	Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan, appelé Piet Mondrian à partir de 1912, né le à Amersfoort aux Pays-Bas, et mort le à New York, est un peintre néerlandais reconnu comme l'un des pionniers de l’abstraction.	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Luxembourg City	Luxembourg (ville)	Luxembourg (,, ), also known as Luxembourg City ( or "",, ), is the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the country's most populous commune. Standing at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxembourg, the city lies at the heart of Western Europe, situated by road from Brussels, from Paris, and from Cologne. The city contains Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.	Luxembourg (en, en ), communément appelée "Luxembourg-Ville" (pour la distinguer du pays) ou simplement "d’Stad" (« la Ville » en luxembourgeois), est la capitale du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ainsi que la plus grande ville du pays avec un peu plus de.	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Book of Joshua	Livre de Josué	The Book of Joshua ( "") is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile. It tells of the campaigns of the Israelites in central, southern and northern Canaan, the destruction of their enemies, and the division of the land among the Twelve Tribes, framed by two set-piece speeches, the first by God commanding the conquest of the land, and, at the end, the last by Joshua warning of the need for faithful observance of the Law ("torah") revealed to Moses.	Le livre de Josué (en hébreu "sefer Yehoshua") est le premier livre des Prophètes dans le Tanakh, la Bible hébraïque, et le premier livre historique de l'Ancien Testament chrétien. Il fait suite au Pentateuque, qui se termine par la mort de Moïse aux portes du pays de Canaan. Le livre relate la conquête du pays promis sous la direction de Josué dont il porte le nom. Y figurent notamment l'épisode des « Trompettes de Jéricho » et la bataille où Josué arrête le soleil et la lune. Il fait partie de l'ensemble de textes appelé Hexateuque.	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Eve	Ève	Eve (; ; ; ; ; Syriac: ܚܘܐ) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible as well as a figure in the Quran. According to the origin story of the Abrahamic religions, she was the first woman. Eve is known also as Adam's wife.	Ève ( "ḥawwā(h)") est un personnage du Livre de la Genèse. Dans ce texte, qui fonde les croyances juives et chrétiennes, elle est la première femme, mère de l'humanité. Elle est également mentionnée indirectement dans le Coran comme « l'épouse » d'Adam. Elle est nommée "Hawwa" () dans la littérature islamique (notamment dans les hadiths) et est considérée comme la mère de l'humanité.	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Joshua	Josué	Joshua () or Jehoshua ( "Yəhôšuaʿ") is the central figure in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua. According to the books of Exodus, Numbers and Joshua, he was Moses' assistant and became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses. His name was Hoshea () the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, but Moses called him Joshua (), the name by which he is commonly known. According to the Bible he was born in Egypt prior to the Exodus.	Josué, en hébreu, ou Josué fils de Noun (), est un personnage biblique du Livre de l'Exode et surtout du Livre de Josué.	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Jacob	Jacob	Jacob (; ; "Yaʿqūb",, "Iakṓb"), later given the name Israel, is regarded as a Patriarch of the Israelites and so is an important figure in Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Jacob first appears in the Book of Genesis, the son of Isaac and Rebecca, the grandson of Abraham, Sarah and Bethuel, the nephew of Ishmael. He was the second-born of Isaac's children, the elder being his fraternal twin brother Esau. However, by deceiving Isaac when he was old and blind, Jacob was able to usurp the blessing that belonged to Esau as the firstborn son, and become the leader of their family. Following a severe drought in his homeland Canaan, Jacob and his descendants, with the help of his son Joseph, who had since become a confidante of Pharaoh, moved to Egypt, where he died, aged 147 years, and was buried in the Cave of Machpelah.	Jacob (en hébreu :,, « celui qui prend par le talon » ou « qui supplante » ; en arabe :, ou, « Dieu a soutenu » ou « protégé ») est un personnage de la Bible et du Coran. La Bible le connaît également sous le nom d’Israël et il est, après son père Isaac et son grand-père Abraham, l’un des trois patriarches avec lesquels Dieu contracte une alliance, lui promettant la terre qui portera désormais son nom.	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Adam	Adam	Adam (; ; ; ) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, from where he was adopted into Christian belief and the Quran. According to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, he was the first man. In both Genesis and Quran, Adam and his wife were expelled from a Garden of Eden for eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil.	Adam (hébreu : אָדָם, araméen/syriaque : ܐܕܡ, arabe : آدم) est un personnage de la Bible et du Coran. Dans la Bible, il est mentionné dans le livre de la Genèse lié aux premiers écrits de la Bible datant du premier millénaire avant Jésus-Christ. Dans ce texte, qui fonde la mythologie biblique et les croyances juives, chrétiennes et musulmanes, il est le premier Homme (au sens d'être humain), créé par Dieu. D'après le Livre de la Genèse, il meurt à (Genèse : 5-5).	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1968 Winter Olympics	Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968	The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (), were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1968 in Grenoble, France, and opened on 6 February. Thirty-seven countries participated.	Les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968, officiellement connus comme les Jeux olympiques d'hiver, ont lieu à Grenoble du 6 au. La ville candidate, Grenoble, obtient les Jeux dès sa première tentative, en s'imposant face à Calgary, Lahti, Sapporo, Oslo et Lake Placid. Elle est la deuxième ville française à accueillir les Jeux olympiques d'hiver après Chamonix en 1924. L’ensemble des sites de compétition se situent dans le département de l'Isère, à Grenoble pour les épreuves de patinage artistique, de hockey sur glace et de patinage de vitesse, ainsi que dans les stations de sports d'hiver qui entourent la ville pour les autres épreuves.	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David	David (roi d'Israël)	David () is described in the Hebrew Bible as the third king of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah, becoming king after Ish-bosheth. In the Books of Samuel, David is a young shepherd who gains fame first as a musician and later by killing the enemy champion Goliath. He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan. Worried that David is trying to take his throne, Saul turns on David. After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed as King. David conquers Jerusalem, taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city, and establishing the kingdom founded by Saul. As king, David commits adultery with Bathsheba, leading him to arrange the death of her husband Uriah the Hittite. David's son Absalom schemes to overthrow David. David flees Jerusalem during Absalom's rebellion, but after Absalom's death he returns to the city to rule Israel. Because David shed much blood, God denies David the opportunity to build the temple. Before his peaceful death, he chooses his son Solomon as successor. He is honored in the prophetic literature as an ideal king and the forefather of a future Messiah, and many psalms are ascribed to him.	David (en hébreu biblique : דָּוִיד) est un personnage de la Bible, patriarche et deuxième roi d'Israël et Juda qui est présenté dans le récit biblique, avec son fils Salomon, comme l'un des deux fondateurs de l'ancien État israélite.	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Gospel of Luke	Évangile selon Luc	The Gospel According to Luke (), also called the Gospel of Luke, or simply Luke, is the third of the four canonical Gospels. It tells of the origins, birth, ministry, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ.	L'Évangile selon Luc (Τὸ κατὰ Λουκᾶν εὐαγγέλιον) est le troisième des quatre Évangiles canoniques. La tradition chrétienne lui attribue pour auteur le personnage appelé « Luc le bon médecin » dans certaines lettres de Paul de Tarse. Comme l'Évangile selon Marc, dont il tire 35 % de sa substance, et l'Évangile selon Matthieu, son texte se présente comme une biographie de Jésus de Nazareth. L'auteur, qui est également le rédacteur des Actes des Apôtres, indique qu'il écrit car plusieurs ouvrages ont déjà raconté cette histoire. L'évangile et les Actes sont dédiés à un certain « Théophile » (« qui aime Dieu » ou « ami de Dieu »), commanditaire réel ou fictif.	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Flag of Lebanon	Drapeau du Liban	The flag of Lebanon () is formed of two horizontal red stripes enveloping a horizontal white stripe. The white stripe is twice the height ( width ) of the red ones (ratio 1:2:1)—a Spanish fess. The green cedar (Lebanon Cedar) in the middle touches each of the red stripes and its width is one third of the width of the flag.	Le drapeau du Liban est le pavillon national et le drapeau national de la République libanaise. Sur celui-ci figure l'arbre emblématique du pays : le cèdre du Liban sur fond blanc, inscrit entre deux bandes rouges horizontales.	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Blueberry (comics)	Blueberry	Blueberry is a Western comic series created in the Franco-Belgian "bandes dessinées" (BD) tradition by the Belgian scriptwriter Jean-Michel Charlier and French comics artist Jean "Mœbius" Giraud. It chronicles the adventures of Mike Blueberry on his travels through the American Old West. Blueberry is an atypical western hero; he is not a wandering lawman who brings evil-doers to justice, nor a handsome cowboy who "rides into town, saves the ranch, becomes the new sheriff and marries the schoolmarm." In any situation, he sees what he thinks needs doing, and he does it.	La série connaît deux séries parallèles, "La Jeunesse de Blueberry", créée par Jean-Michel Charlier et Jean Giraud et poursuivie par François Corteggiani (scénario) et Colin Wilson puis Michel Blanc-Dumont (dessin), éditée en albums de 1975 à 2015, et "Marshal Blueberry" créée par Jean Giraud (scénario) et William Vance puis Michel Rouge (dessin), éditée en albums de 1991 à 2000.	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Minoan civilization	Civilisation minoenne	The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age Aegean civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands, flourishing from c. 3000 BC to c. 1450 BC until a late period of decline, finally ending around 1100 BC. It represents the first advanced civilization in Europe, leaving behind massive building complexes, tools, artwork, writing systems, and a massive network of trade. The civilization was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. The name "Minoan" derives from the mythical King Minos and was coined by Evans, who identified the site at Knossos with the labyrinth and the Minotaur. The Minoan civilization has been described as the earliest of its kind in Europe, and historian Will Durant called the Minoans "the first link in the European chain".	La civilisation minoenne est une civilisation antique qui s'est développée sur les îles de Crète, de Santorin et probablement sur une grande partie de la mer Égée, au sud de la Grèce de 2700 à 1200 av. J.-C.	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Gospel of Mark	Évangile selon Marc	The Gospel According to Mark () is the second of the four canonical gospels and of the three synoptic gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the Jesus’ empty tomb. There is no miraculous birth or doctrine of divine pre-existence, nor, in the original ending (Mark 16), any post-resurrection appearances of Jesus. It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action, an exorcist, a healer, and a miracle worker. He is also the Son of God, but keeps his messianic nature secret, with even his disciples failing to understand him. All this is in keeping with prophecy, which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant. The gospel ends, in its original version, with the discovery of the empty tomb, a promise to meet again in Galilee, and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection.	L'Évangile selon Marc (Τὸ κατὰ Μάρκον εὐαγγέλιον) forme, avec les trois autres évangiles, le cœur du Nouveau Testament, la partie la plus récente de la Bible chrétienne. Le deuxième (par sa place) des quatre Évangiles canoniques est aussi le plus bref et probablement le plus ancien ; c'est l'un des trois « Évangiles synoptiques ».	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Roussillon, Vaucluse	Roussillon (Vaucluse)	Roussillon is a commune in the Vaucluse department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2016 it had a population of 1,317. Roussillon lies within the borders of the Natural Regional Park of Luberon. In the French natural regional parks system, new economic activities may be developed only if they are sustainable.	Roussillon est une commune française située dans le département de Vaucluse en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Ses habitants sont appelés les Roussillonnais.	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Gospel of John	Évangile selon Jean	The Gospel of John, the fourth of the gospels, is a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus) and seven "I am" discourses culminating in Thomas's proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God"; the concluding verses set out its purpose, "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."	L’Évangile selon Jean (en grec, "To kata Iōánnēn euangélion") est le dernier des quatre Évangiles canoniques du Nouveau Testament. La tradition chrétienne l'a attribué à l'un des disciples de Jésus, l'apôtre Jean, fils de Zébédée.	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Roussillon	Roussillon (province)	Roussillon (,, ; ; ) is one of the historical counties of the former Principality of Catalonia. It may also refer to "Northern Catalonia" () or "French Catalonia", the first used by Catalan-speakers and the second used by French-speakers, corresponding roughly to the present-day southern French "département" of Pyrénées-Orientales (Eastern Pyrenees) save Fenouillèdes. A 1998 survey found that 34% of respondents stated they speak Catalan, and a further 21% understand it.	La province du Roussillon ou simplement, en l'absence d'équivoque, le Roussillon (respectivement'et'en catalan) est une ancienne province du royaume de France, qui a existé de 1659 jusqu'à la création du département des Pyrénées-Orientales en 1790. Ses habitants sont les "Roussillonnais".	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Delphine Seyrig	Delphine Seyrig	Delphine Claire Beltiane Seyrig (; 10 April 1932 – 15 October 1990) was a Lebanese-born French stage and film actress, a film director and a feminist.	Delphine Seyrig est une actrice et réalisatrice française féministe, née le à Beyrouth (Grand Liban) et morte le à Paris.	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Septimania	Septimanie	Septimania (, ;, ;, ) is a historical region in modern-day southern France. It referred to the western part of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed to the control of the Visigoths in 462, when Septimania was ceded to their king, Theodoric II. Under the Visigoths it was known as simply Gallia or Narbonensis. Septimania territory roughly corresponds with the former administrative region of Languedoc-Roussillon that merged into the new administrative region of Occitanie. Septimania was conquered by the Muslims and was part of the Al-Andalus. It passed briefly to the Emirate of Córdoba, which had been expanding from the south during the eighth century before its subsequent conquest by the Franks, who by the end of the ninth century termed it Gothia or the Gothic March ("Marca Gothica").	La Septimanie, ou province de Narbonne, est une région qui correspond approximativement à la partie occidentale de l'ancienne province romaine de la Gaule narbonnaise. Cette désignation issue de l'époque carolingienne est utilisée essentiellement pour la période du.	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Pierre Bézier	Pierre Bézier	Pierre Étienne Bézier (1 September 1910 – 25 November 1999; ) was a French engineer and one of the founders of the fields of solid, geometric and physical modelling as well as in the field of representing curves, especially in computer-aided design and manufacturing systems. As an engineer at Renault, he became a leader in the transformation of design and manufacturing, through mathematics and computing tools, into computer-aided design and three-dimensional modeling. Bézier patented and popularized the Bézier curves and Bézier surfaces that are now used in most computer-aided design and computer graphics systems.	Pierre Bézier, né le à Paris et mort le, est un ingénieur français en mécanique et en électricité. Il est connu pour son invention des courbes et surfaces de Bézier, couramment utilisées en informatique.	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Oven	Four	An oven is a thermally insulated chamber used for the heating, baking, or drying of a substance, and most commonly used for cooking. Kilns and furnaces are special-purpose ovens used in pottery and metalworking, respectively.	Un four est une enceinte maçonnée ou un appareil, muni d'un système de chauffage puissant, qui transforme, par la chaleur, les produits et les objets. Il a différentes fonctions : cuisson des aliments directe ou indirecte, éclairage et chauffage, fonction sociale.	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Claudine Guérin de Tencin	Claudine Guérin de Tencin	Claudine Alexandrine Guérin de Tencin, Baroness of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (27 April 1682 – 4 December 1749), was a French salonist and author. She was the mother of Jean le Rond d'Alembert, "philosophe" and contributor to the "Encyclopédie, "though she left him on the steps of the church a few days after his birth.	Claudine-Alexandrine-Sophie Guérin de Tencin, baronne de Saint-Martin de l’isle de Ré, née le à Grenoble, morte le à Paris, est une femme de lettres qui a tenu un salon littéraire connu à l'époque. Elle est la mère de Jean d'Alembert.	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French New Wave	Nouvelle Vague	New Wave () is a French art film movement which emerged in the late 1950s. The movement was characterized by its rejection of the era's traditional filmmaking conventions in favor of experimentation and a spirit of iconoclasm. New Wave filmmakers explored new approaches to editing, visual style, and narrative, as well as engagement with the social and political upheavals of the era, often making use of irony or exploring existential themes. The New Wave is often considered one of the most influential movements in the history of cinema.	La Nouvelle Vague est un mouvement du cinéma français né à la fin des années 1950 et qui a duré une dizaine d'années jusqu'à la fin des années 1960. Il rassemble des réalisateurs qui ont tourné leurs premiers longs métrages à cette période. Les figures emblématiques en sont notamment Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Éric Rohmer, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rivette, Alain Resnais, Louis Malle, Agnès Varda et puis Jacques Demy.	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Cultivar	Cultivar	A cultivar (cultivated variety) is an assemblage of plants selected for desirable characteristics that are maintained during propagation. More generally, a cultivar is the most basic classification category of cultivated plants in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). Most cultivars arose in cultivation, but a few are special selections from the wild.	Un cultivar est une variété de plante (arbres compris) obtenue en culture, généralement par sélection, pour ses caractéristiques réputées uniques. Il peut s'agir de qualités morphologiques, esthétiques, techniques, de vitesse de croissance (pour les arbres par exemple), d'adaptation à un biotope ou de résistance à certaines maladies.	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Devdas	Devdas	Devdas (, transliterated as "Debdās") is a Bengali romance novel written by Sarat Chandra Chatterjee. Despite being finished in September 1900, the novel was not published until June 1917 due to Chatterjee's hesitance over some autobiographical elements. According to Chatterjee's own words, he wrote it under the influence of alcohol and was embarrassed of the work.	Devdas ("দেবদাস") est un roman sentimental, écrit par Sarat Chandra Chatterjee, publié en 1917. Il relate l'histoire d'amour contrarié entre Devdas, jeune homme issu d'une famille aisée, et Parvati, la fille de ses voisins d'extraction plus modeste. Souvent comparé à un "Roméo et Juliette" indien, le roman connut un immense succès et fit l'objet de plusieurs traductions et de nombreuses adaptations cinématographiques en Inde.	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DNA replication	Réplication de l'ADN	In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential.	La réplication de l'ADN, appelée aussi duplication de l'ADN, est le processus au cours duquel l'ADN est synthétisé grâce à l'ADN polymérase. Ce mécanisme permet d'obtenir, à partir d'une molécule d'ADN, deux molécules identiques à la molécule initiale, en vue de leur distribution aux deux cellules filles pendant la mitose.	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Elm	Orme	Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus "Ulmus" in the plant family Ulmaceae. The genus first appeared in the Miocene geological period about 20 million years ago, originating in what is now central Asia. These trees flourished and spread over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North America and Eurasia, presently ranging southward across the Equator into Indonesia.	Les ormes sont des arbres du genre Ulmus, famille des "Ulmaceae" ou Ulmacées atteignant une trentaine de mètres (et rarement ). L'orme est un arbre de haute futaie, et fournit un excellent bois d'œuvre, pratiquement comparable au bois de chêne. Il a pratiquement disparu d'Europe occidentale en raison de la graphiose. Le développement de cultivars résistants fait l'objet de recherches intenses depuis les années 1960.	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Aishwarya Rai Bachchan	Aishwarya Rai	Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress and the winner of the Miss World 1994 pageant. Through her successful acting career, she has established herself as one of the most popular and influential celebrities in India. Rai has received numerous accolades, including two Filmfare Awards, and was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012. She has often been cited in the media as "the most beautiful woman in the world".	Aishwarya Rai ou Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, née le à Mangalore (Karnataka), est une actrice et mannequin indienne, élue Miss Monde 1994.	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Janis Joplin	Janis Joplin	Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970) was an American singer-songwriter who sang rock, soul and blues music. One of the most successful and widely known rock stars of her era, she was noted for her powerful mezzo-soprano vocals and "electric" stage presence.	Janis Joplin () née le à Port Arthur, Texas et morte le à Los Angeles est une chanteuse américaine. Surnommée la « Mama Cosmique » ou « Pearl », elle s'est d'abord illustrée, à la fin des années 1960, en tant que chanteuse du groupe d'acid rock psychédélique Big Brother and the Holding Company et, plus tard, comme artiste solo avec ses groupes d'accompagnement, The Kozmic Blues Band et The Full Tilt Boogie Band.	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Pop art	Pop art	Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane mass-produced cultural objects. One of its aims is to use images of "popular" (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, or combined with unrelated material.	Le pop art est un ensemble de phénomènes artistiques intimement liés à l'esprit d'une époque, l'essence d'un large mouvement culturel des années 1960. Il trouve son origine en Grande-Bretagne au milieu des années 1950, mais se répand rapidement à l'ensemble du monde occidentalisé dans le contexte de la société industrielle capitaliste. Celle-ci s'appuie sur les nouvelles technologies en plein essor dont les artistes pop vont s'emparer et qui touchent toute la sphère culturelle : le pop art se manifeste dans les pratiques et les comportements de toute une génération. Son apparition, dans les arts plastiques en Grande-Bretagne, se manifeste sous l'impulsion de Richard Hamilton et d'Eduardo Paolozzi. En France, avec des artistes tels que le sculpteur César. À la fin des années 1950, le pop art américain émerge avec des artistes tels qu'Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, David Hockney et James Rosenquist. Mais ce mouvement ne se limite plus seulement au domaine des arts plastiques : il touche autant la musique, la mode et les arts appliqués et bien d'autres domaines de la culture.	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Circumflex	Accent circonflexe	The circumflex is a diacritic in the Latin and Greek scripts that is used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes. It received its English name from Latin "circumflexus" "bent around"a translation of the Greek περισπωμένη ("perispōménē"). The circumflex in the Latin script is chevron-shaped ( ˆ ), while the Greek circumflex may be displayed either like a tilde ( ̃ ) or like an inverted breve ( ̑ ).	L’accent circonflexe (du latin, « fléchi autour ») est un diacritique de l’alphabet latin hérité de l’accent circonflexe grec. C’est, graphiquement, la réunion d’un accent aigu et d’un accent grave. Il fait ses premières apparitions dans les langues modernes en français au. En 1560, l'imprimeur tourangeau Plantin systématise l'usage de l'accent circonflexe pour remplacer le "s" (comme dans tête pour teste).	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Enola Gay	Enola Gay	The Enola Gay () is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named after Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, piloted by Tibbets and Robert A. Lewis it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused the near-complete destruction of the city. "Enola Gay" participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead.	LEnola Gay () est l'avion bombardier Boeing B-29 Superfortress américain qui a largué une bombe atomique sur Hiroshima, à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L'avion est fabriqué par la Glenn L. Martin Company et nommé par le pilote Paul Tibbets en l'honneur de sa mère Enola Gay Tibbets. Le, au cours des dernières étapes de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est devenu le premier avion à larguer une bombe atomique sur une cible stratégique. La bombe, nommée "", touche la ville d'Hiroshima, au Japon, et cause des destructions sans précédent. L"Enola Gay" participe à la seconde attaque atomique comme avion de reconnaissance météorologique pour le bombardement de Kokura, mais une couverture nuageuse défavorable entraîne un changement de cible et c'est Nagasaki qui est bombardée à la place par "Bockscar", un autre B-29.	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Turmeric	Curcuma	Turmeric (pronounced, also or ) is a flowering plant, "Curcuma longa" of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, the roots of which are used in cooking. The plant is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, that requires temperatures between and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered each year for their rhizomes, some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption.	Le curcuma ("Curcuma longa") est une plante herbacée rhizomateuse vivace du genre Curcuma de la famille des Zingibéracées originaire du sud ou sud-est asiatique. De ses rhizomes réduits en poudre est extraite l'épice homonyme.	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Water cycle	Cycle de l'eau	The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.	Le cycle de l'eau (ou cycle hydrologique) est un phénomène naturel qui représente le parcours entre les grands réservoirs d'eau liquide, solide ou de vapeur d'eau sur Terre : les océans, l'atmosphère, les lacs, les cours d'eau, les nappes d'eaux souterraines et les glaciers. Le « moteur » de ce cycle est l'énergie solaire qui, en favorisant l'évaporation de l'eau, entraîne tous les autres échanges.	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Oxygen cycle	Cycle de l'oxygène	The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical transitions of oxygen atoms between different oxidation states in ions, oxides, and molecules through redox reactions within and between the spheres/reservoirs of the planet Earth. The word oxygen in the literature typically refers to the most common oxygen allotrope, elemental/diatomic oxygen (O), as it is a common product or reactant of many biogeochemical redox reactions within the cycle. Processes within the oxygen cycle are considered to be biological or geological and are evaluated as either a source (O production) or sink (O consumption).	Le cycle de l'oxygène est un cycle biogéochimique qui permet d'expliquer les transformations de l'oxygène dans la biosphère terrestre entre ses différents degrés d'oxydation, en ions, oxides et molécules à travers diverses réactions rédox, dans et entre les réservoirs de la planète Terre.	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Xandros	Xandros	Xandros was a software company which sold Xandros Desktop, a Linux distribution. The name Xandros was derived from the X Window System and the Greek island of Andros. Xandros was founded in May 2001 by Linux Global Partners (Will Roseman and Dr. Frederick Berenstein), the company is headquartered in New York City.	Xandros est un projet de distribution Linux abandonné par Corel et repris en 2001. Le projet semble avoir été abandonné en lorsque le site web du projet a été fermé.	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Eixample	Eixample	The Eixample (; ; ) is a district of Barcelona between the old city (Ciutat Vella) and what were once surrounding small towns (Sants, Gràcia, Sant Andreu etc.), constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its population was 262,000 at the last census (2005).	L' (en castillan : "") est l'un des dix districts (district n° II) de la ville de Barcelone (Catalogne). Son nom signifie en français « Extension », « Élargissement » ou « Agrandissement ». Il constitue en effet la plus vaste extension urbaine planifiée de Barcelone. Sa création date de 1859 lors de la mise en œuvre du plan Cerdà de l'urbaniste Ildefons Cerdà.	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Camera angle	Angle de prise de vue	The camera angle marks the specific location at which the movie camera or video camera is placed to take a shot. A scene may be shot from several camera angles simultaneously. This will give a different experience and sometimes emotion. The different camera angles will have different effects on the viewer and how they perceive the scene that is shot. There are a few different routes that a camera operator could take to achieve this effect.	L'angle de prise de vue — en prise de vue photographique ou prise de vues cinématographique — est l'angle formé dans un plan vertical par l’axe optique de l'appareil et l'horizontale. Dans la description des prises de vues, l'« angle » peut aussi être celui entre l'axe optique de la caméra et l'axe principal des personnages ou d'autres éléments notables du plan.	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Nonlinear narrative	Narration non linéaire	Nonlinear narrative, disjointed narrative or disrupted narrative is a narrative technique, sometimes used in literature, film, hypertext websites and other narratives, where events are portrayed, for example, out of chronological order or in other ways where the narrative does not follow the direct causality pattern of the events featured, such as parallel distinctive plot lines, dream immersions or narrating another story inside the main plot-line. It is often used to mimic the structure and recall of human memory, but has been applied for other reasons as well.	La narration non linéaire est le procédé narratif utilisé par un auteur lorsqu'il relate des évènements sans respecter leur chronologie. "Stricto sensu", à partir du moment où une œuvre propose un flashback, on peut parler de narration non linéaire. Dans les faits, le terme est plutôt réservé à des œuvres dont la chronologie de l'intrigue est bouleversée dans un souci de sophistication ou d'efficacité. Plus récemment, le terme est parfois employé pour désigner le récit interactif.	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Paul the Apostle	Paul de Tarse	Paul the Apostle (; ; ; c. 5 – c. 64 or 67), commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Hebrew name Saul of Tarsus (; ), was an apostle (although not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. Paul is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age and from the mid-30s to the mid-50s AD he founded several Christian communities in Asia Minor and Europe.	Paul de Tarse ou saint Paul (), portant aussi le nom juif de Saul (, - "Šā’ûl" qui signifie « demandé [à Dieu] » et qui se prononce en hébreu) (né vers 8, probablement à Tarse en Cilicie au début du et mort vers 64 à Rome), est un apôtre de Jésus-Christ, qui ne fait pas partie des « Douze ». Il est citoyen romain de naissance et juif pharisien. Le Nouveau Testament le présente comme un persécuteur des disciples de Jésus jusqu'à sa rencontre mystique avec le Christ, vers 32-36, mais l'historicité de ces persécutions fait débat dans la recherche moderne, tout comme l'emploi du terme de « conversion » à son propos.	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List of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies characters	Looney Tunes (personnages)	The Warner Bros comedies Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes feature a range of characters which are listed and briefly detailed here in this article.	Looney Tunes est le nom générique donné par les studios Warner Bros. aux personnages de dessins animés de la série "Looney Tunes" ainsi qu'à ceux de la série "Merrie Melodies".	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Arpajon	Arpajon	Arpajon () is a commune in the Essonne department in the Île-de-France region of northern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Arpajonnais" or "Arpajonnaises".	Arpajon ( ) est une commune française située à trente et un kilomètres au sud-est de Paris dans le département de l’Essonne en région Île-de-France. C’est le chef-lieu du canton d'Arpajon et du secteur pastoral des Trois-Vallées-Arpajon.	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Joe Hisaishi	Joe Hisaishi	, known professionally as, is a Japanese composer and musical director known for over 100 film scores and solo albums dating back to 1981. Hisaishi is also known for his piano scores.	, dit, est un compositeur, chef d'orchestre, pianiste et parolier japonais né le à Nagano. Il est notamment connu pour avoir composé la musique de la plupart des films de Hayao Miyazaki et de Takeshi Kitano.	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Megalopolis	Mégalopole	A megalopolis (), sometimes called a megapolis; also megaregion, city cluster or supercity, is typically defined as a group of two or more roughly adjacent metropolitan areas, which may be somewhat separated or may merge into a continuous urban region. The megalopolis concept became highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale in thinking about urban patterns and urban growth.	Une mégalopole (du grec "megas, megalos", « grand » et "polis", « ville ») est un espace urbanisé formé de plusieurs agglomérations dont les banlieues et couronnes périurbaines s'étendent tellement qu'elles finissent par se rejoindre, et cela sur de longues distances.	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French Sign Language	Langue des signes française	French Sign Language (, LSF) is the sign language of the deaf in France and French-speaking parts of Switzerland. According to "Ethnologue", it has 100,000 native signers.	La langue des signes française (LSF) est la langue des signes utilisée par une partie des sourds de France et par une partie des sourds de Suisse. La LSF est une langue à part entière et est un des piliers de l’identité Sourde de la culture Sourde.	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Ildefons Cerdà	Ildefons Cerdà	Ildefons Cerdà i Sunyer, (; Centelles, December 23, 1815 – Caldas de Besaya, August 21, 1876), also known as Ildefonso Cerdá y Suñer in Spanish, was the progressive Catalan Spanish urban planner who designed the 19th-century "extension" of Barcelona called the "Eixample". He was a founder of modern town planning who coined the new word “urbanization”.	Ildefons Cerdà i Sunyer, né à Centelles (Espagne) le et mort à Caldas de Besaya (Espagne) le, est un ingénieur, urbaniste, architecte, juriste, économiste et homme politique espagnol.	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Ottawa	Ottawa	Ottawa (, ; Canadian ) is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2016, Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada. In June 2019, the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million.	Ottawa (, ou ) est la capitale du Canada. La ville est située dans l'est de l'Ontario, sur la rive sud de la rivière des Outaouais, face à la ville québécoise de Gatineau.	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Charango	Charango	The charango is a small Andean stringed instrument of the lute family, which probably originated in the Quechua and Aymara populations in the territory of the Altiplano in post-Colonial times, after European stringed instruments were introduced by the Spanish during colonialization. The instrument is widespread throughout the Andean regions of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, northern Chile and northwestern Argentina, where it is a popular musical instrument that exists in many variant forms.	Le charango est un instrument de musique à cordes pincées des peuples autochtones des Andes, inspiré des diverses formes de guitares anciennes apportées par les colons espagnols au. Il est peut-être originaire de la ville bolivienne de Potosí ou de la ville d'Ayacucho au Pérou au.	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Convention on the Rights of the Child

Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation.

La Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant (CIDE), ou Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant, est un traité international adopté par l’Assemblée générale de l'Organisation des Nations unies, le 20 novembre 1989 dans le but de reconnaître et protéger les droits spécifiques des enfants. Élargissant aux enfants le concept de droits de l'homme tel que prévu par la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme, elle introduit le concept d'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant, principe général d'interprétation juridique relevant du droit international privé et consacrant le passage de l'enfant d'objet de droit à sujet de droit. La CIDE est aussi appelée Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant.

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God Defend New Zealand

"God Defend New Zealand" (, meaning 'New Zealand') is one of two national anthems of New Zealand, the other being "God Save the Queen". Legally the two have equal status, but "God Defend New Zealand" is more commonly used. Originally written as a poem, it was set to music as part of a competition in 1876. Over the years its popularity increased, and it was eventually named the second national anthem in 1977. It has English and Māori lyrics, with slightly different meanings. Since the late 1990s, the usual practice when performed in public is to perform the first verse of the national anthem twice, first in Māori and then in English.

Les paroles de "God Defend New Zealand" viennent d'un poème écrit dans les années 1870 par un immigrant irlandais: Thomas Bracken. Une compétition est tenue en 1876 pour la composition de la musique pour accompagner le poème, avec récompense de 10 guinées pour le gagnant. Celui-ci est John Joseph Woods, de Lawrence. Il compose la musique tout d'un trait un soir en apprenant l'existence de la compétition.

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Society of Jesus

Compagnie de Jésus

The Society of Jesus (SJ; ) is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The members are called Jesuits (). The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue.

La Compagnie de Jésus (en, abrégé S.J.) est une congrégation catholique masculine dont les membres sont des clercs réguliers appelés « jésuites ». La Compagnie est fondée par saint Ignace de Loyola, saint François Xavier, saint Pierre Favre et les premiers compagnons en 1539, et approuvée en 1540 par le pape Paul III. Dissoute en 1773, elle est rétablie en 1814 par le pape Pie VII. Au début du, elle constitue, avec un peu moins de en 2013, la congrégation masculine la plus importante au sein de l'Église catholique, où elle n'est devancée que par l'ensemble des branches franciscaines. Son supérieur général est Arturo Sosa.

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Id Software

id Software LLC () is an American video game developer based in Richardson, Texas. The company was founded on February 1, 1991, by four members of the computer company Softdisk, programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack (no relation to John Carmack). Business manager Jay Wilbur was also involved. id Software made important technological developments in video game technologies for the PC (running MS-DOS and Windows), including work done for the "Wolfenstein", "Doom", and "Quake" franchises. id's work was particularly important in 3D computer graphics technology and in game engines that are used throughout the video game industry. The company was involved in the creation of the first-person shooter (FPS) genre. "Wolfenstein 3D" is often considered to be the first true FPS, "Doom" is a game that popularized the genre and PC gaming in general, and "Quake" was id's first true 3D FPS.

id Software est une société de développement de jeux vidéo située à Mesquite au Texas. Elle est rachetée en par la compagnie ZeniMax.

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null

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist. He is best known today for his 1971 magnum opus "The Entropy Law and the Economic Process", in which he argued that all natural resources are irreversibly degraded when put to use in economic activity. A progenitor and a paradigm founder in economics, Georgescu-Roegen's work was seminal in establishing ecological economics as an independent academic sub-discipline in economics.

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen né Nicolae Georgescu (Constanța, Roumanie, - Nashville, Tennessee, ) est un mathématicien et économiste hétérodoxe américain d'origine roumaine dont les travaux ont servi d'inspiration au mouvement de la décroissance.

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null

Agent Orange

Agent orange

Agent Orange is a herbicide and defoliant chemical, one of the "tactical use" Rainbow Herbicides. It is widely known for its use by the U.S. military as part of its chemical warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It is a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. In addition to its damaging environmental effects, traces of dioxin (mainly TCDD, the most toxic of its type) found in the mixture have caused major health problems for many individuals who were exposed.

L’« agent orange » est le surnom donné à l'un des herbicides arc-en-ciel, plus précisément un défoliant, le plus employé par l'armée des États-Unis lors de la guerre du Viêt Nam entre 1961 et octobre 1971. Le produit était répandu principalement par avion au-dessus des forêts vietnamiennes ou sur des cultures vivrières, dans le cadre de l'opération "Ranch Hand", elle-même issue du programme "Trail Dust". Il a aussi été utilisé par les Américains au Laos et au Cambodge ou encore sur la zone démilitarisée séparant les deux Corées. Après 1971, les Américains évacuèrent l'essentiel de leurs barils stockés en Asie du Sud-Est vers l'atoll Johnston. Entre 1971 et 1972, toutefois, l'armée du Sud-Vietnam continua à utiliser des défoliants.

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List of bridges in Paris

Liste des ponts de Paris

There are many bridges in the city of Paris, principally over the River Seine, but also over the Canal de l'Ourcq.

La ville de Paris comprend de nombreux ponts, essentiellement au-dessus de la Seine, mais également au-dessus de ses canaux par exemple.

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Earth's crust

Croûte terrestre

Earth's crust is a thin shell on the outside of Earth, accounting for less than 1% of Earth's volume. It is the top component of lithosphere: a division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move, allowing heat to escape from the interior of the Earth into space.

La croûte terrestre, appelée aussi écorce terrestre, est la partie superficielle et solide du matériau dont est faite la Terre. C'est la partie supérieure de la lithosphère (qui constitue les plaques tectoniques).

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Taxicab

Taxi

A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs from public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations are decided by the service provider, not by the customers, although demand responsive transport and share taxis provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode.

Le taxi est un véhicule automobile terrestre privé, conduit par un chauffeur et destiné au transport payant de passagers et de leurs bagages, de porte à porte, contrairement aux transports en commun qui transportent les passagers entre des points prédéterminés (stations de métro, stations de tramway, arrêts de bus, gares).

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Jaco Pastorius

John Francis Anthony "Jaco" Pastorius III (; December 1, 1951 – September 21, 1987) was an American jazz bassist who was a member of Weather Report from 1976 to 1981. He worked with Pat Metheny and Joni Mitchell, and recorded albums as a solo artist and band leader. His bass playing employed funk, lyrical solos, bass chords, and innovative harmonics. As of 2017, he is the only electric bassist of seven bassists inducted into the "DownBeat" Jazz Hall of Fame, and has been lauded as one of the best electric bassists of all time.

John Francis Anthony Pastorius III, plus connu sous le nom de Jaco Pastorius, est un bassiste de jazz et jazz-rock américain, né le à Norristown (Pennsylvanie) et mort le après avoir été violemment battu dix jours plus tôt à Fort Lauderdale (Floride). Technicien virtuose, il a eu une influence majeure sur le rôle de la basse électrique et sur son passage du rôle de simple accompagnateur à celui de véritable soliste. Établissant sa réputation internationale au sein du groupe Weather Report à partir du milieu des années 1970, il a ainsi imposé à son époque le son "fretless", obtenu en jouant sur un manche de basse électrique sans frettes. Pat Metheny a dit de lui qu'il était « le dernier jazzman du à avoir influencé les générations suivantes ».

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Original sin

Péché originel

Original sin, also called ancestral sin, is a Christian belief in a state of sin in which humanity has existed since the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve's rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Theologians have characterized this condition in many ways, seeing it as ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt.

Le péché originel, ou péché ancestral pour les orthodoxes, est une doctrine de la théologie chrétienne qui décrit l'état dégradé de l'humanité depuis la Chute, c'est-à-dire la désobéissance d'Adam et Ève, premiers êtres humains créés par Dieu qui, selon le "Livre de la Genèse", mangent le fruit défendu de l'arbre de la connaissance du bien et du mal. Selon la doctrine chrétienne, la nature humaine a été blessée ou corrompue par cette faute originelle et tout être humain connaît depuis lors une tendance à commettre le mal. Ce qu'on appelle parfois a aussi inspiré les gens de lettres et les artistes au cours des siècles.

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Richard I of Normandy

Richard Ier de Normandie

Richard I (28 August 932 – 20 November 996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French: "Richard Sans-Peur"; Old Norse: "Jarl Richart"), was the Count of Rouen or Jarl of Rouen from 942 to 996. Dudo of Saint-Quentin, whom Richard commissioned to write the ""De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum"" (Latin, ""On the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of Normandy""), called him a "dux". However, this use of the word may have been in the context of Richard's renowned leadership in war, and not as a reference to a title of nobility. Richard either introduced feudalism into Normandy or he greatly expanded it. By the end of his reign, the most important Norman landholders held their lands in feudal tenure.

Richard de Normandie, dit Richard "Sans-Peur" (Fécamp v. 930-996), est le fils naturel du duc de Normandie Guillaume Longue-Épée et de Sprota, et le troisième « duc » de Normandie — en fait, ses prédécesseurs et lui-même dans un premier temps se qualifient de « "jarl" » et/ou "comte des Normands". Il est le premier à se qualifier de marquis.

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Human ecology

Écologie humaine

Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. The philosophy and study of human ecology has a diffuse history with advancements in ecology, geography, sociology, psychology, anthropology, zoology, epidemiology, public health, and home economics, among others.

L'écologie humaine est la sphère de l'écologie associée à l'histoire de l'espèce "Homo sapiens", de ses déplacements et lieux de vie géographiques jusqu'à l'être humain contemporain.

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Last Year at Marienbad

L'Année dernière à Marienbad

L'Année dernière à Marienbad (released in the US as Last Year at Marienbad and in the UK as Last Year in Marienbad) is a 1961 French-Italian Left Bank film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by Alain Robbe-Grillet.

L'Année dernière à Marienbad est un film en noir et blanc de langue française réalisé par Alain Resnais et sorti en 1961. Il reçoit le Lion d'or à la Mostra de Venise la même année. Le scénario et le découpage sont d'Alain Robbe-Grillet, lui-même inspiré du roman fantastique "L’Invention de Morel" de l'écrivain argentin Adolfo Bioy Casares.

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Mimicry

Mimétisme

In evolutionary biology, mimicry is an evolved resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry functions to protect a species from predators, making it an antipredator adaptation. Mimicry evolves if a receiver (such as a predator) perceives the similarity between a mimic (the organism that has a resemblance) and a model (the organism it resembles) and as a result changes its behaviour in a way that provides a selective advantage to the mimic. The resemblances that evolve in mimicry can be visual, acoustic, chemical, tactile, or electric, or combinations of these sensory modalities. Mimicry may be to the advantage of both organisms that share a resemblance, in which case it is a form of mutualism; or mimicry can be to the detriment of one, making it parasitic or competitive. The evolutionary convergence between groups is driven by the selective action of a signal-receiver or dupe. Birds, for example, use sight to identify palatable insects, whilst avoiding the noxious ones. Over time, palatable insects may evolve to resemble noxious ones, making them mimics and the noxious ones models. In the case of mutualism, sometimes both groups are referred to as "co-mimics". It is often thought that models must be more abundant than mimics, but this is not so. Mimicry may involve numerous species; many harmless species such as hoverflies are Batesian mimics of strongly defended species such as wasps, while many such well-defended species form Mullerian mimicry rings, all resembling each other. Mimicry between prey species and their predators often involves three or more species.

Le mimétisme est une stratégie adaptative d'imitation. Cela permet par exemple à une espèce d'échapper à d'éventuels prédateurs. Le processus le plus étudié est le mimétisme visuel, mais il existe aussi un mimétisme chimique (olfactif, gustatif), acoustique, tactile, comportemental.

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null

Chemical formula

Formule chimique

The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or in different positions. In such cases, a structural formula is useful, as it illustrates which atoms are bonded to which other ones. From the connectivity, it is often possible to deduce the approximate shape of the molecule.

La formule chimique d'un composé chimique, d'une espèce chimique ou d'un minéral est une expression indiquant quels éléments, et dans quelles proportions, constituent ce composé, cette entité ou ce minéral (par exemple la formule brute de l'eau est ). Les formules chimiques obéissent à une certaine standardisation, afin de faciliter leur et d'éviter les ambiguïtés.

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List of IOC country codes

Liste des codes pays du CIO

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) uses three-letter abbreviation country codes to refer to each group of athletes that participate in the Olympic Games. Each geocode usually identifies a National Olympic Committee (NOC), but there are several codes that have been used for other instances in past Games, such as teams composed of athletes from multiple nations, or groups of athletes not formally representing any nation.

Le Comité international olympique (CIO) compte 206 comités nationaux olympiques (CNO). Un code à trois lettres correspond à chaque comité national. Il est également utilisé par les athlètes dans les épreuves sportives.

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Bernard Pivot

Bernard Pivot (; born 5 May 1935) is a French journalist, interviewer and host of cultural television programmes. He has been Chairman of the Académie Goncourt since 2014.

Bernard Claude Pivot, né le à Lyon, est un journaliste et écrivain français. Animateur d'émissions culturelles à la télévision, il préside l'académie Goncourt de 2014 à 2019.

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Cnidaria

Cnidaria () is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments: they are predominantly marine.

Les cnidaires (embranchement des Cnidaria) constituent un groupe d'animaux aquatiques (marins à 99 %, 1 % de dulcicoles seulement), possédant une symétrie radiale et des nématocystes (cellules capables de lancer un harpon urticant pour attraper des proies). Cet embranchement regroupe notamment les anémones de mer, les méduses et les coraux.

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Olympic flame

Flamme olympique

The Olympic flame is a symbol used in the Olympic movement. It is also a symbol of continuity between ancient and modern games. Several months before the Olympic Games, the Olympic flame is lit at Olympia, Greece. This ceremony starts the Olympic torch relay, which formally ends with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. The flame then continues to burn in the cauldron for the duration of the Games, until it is extinguished during the Olympic closing ceremony.

La flamme olympique (en grec : / ), appelée aussi torche olympique ou flambeau olympique bien que le Comité international olympique fasse une distinction entre ces termes, est un symbole de l'idéal olympique. Elle fait partie du cérémonial des Jeux olympiques : allumage puis relais de la flamme olympique, le dernier relayeur faisant le tour du stade avant de rejoindre une vasque (ou « chaudron olympique ») qu'il embrase grâce à sa torche.

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Olympic Oath

Serment olympique

The Olympic Oath (distinct from the Olympic creed) is a solemn promise made by one athlete, judge or official, and one coach at the Opening Ceremony of each Olympic Games. Each oath taker is from the host nation and takes the oath on behalf of all athletes, officials, or coaches at the Games. The athletes' oath was first introduced for the 1920 Summer Olympic Games, with oaths for the officials and coaches added in 1972 and 2010. The oath is usually said in the language of the nation which is hosting the games; however, in 1994 both the athletes' and officials' oaths were said in English. Until the 1984 games the oath takers swore upon their nation's flag; since then all have taken the oath whilst holding the Olympic Flag. All three of the oaths were combined into one beginning at the 2018 Winter Games.

Le serment olympique est un serment prononcé par un athlète, un arbitre et, depuis 2012, un entraîneur lors de la cérémonie d'ouverture des Jeux olympiques modernes. Depuis, un seul serment est prononcé au nom des trois catégories.

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Ataraxia

Ataraxie

Ataraxia (ἀταραξία, alpha privative negation of "tarachê" -- disturbance, trouble; hence, "unperturbedness", generally translated as "imperturbability", "equanimity", or "tranquility") is a Greek term first used in Ancient Greek philosophy by Pyrrho and subsequently Epicurus and the Stoics for a lucid state of robust equanimity characterized by ongoing freedom from distress and worry. In non-philosophical usage, the term was used to describe the ideal mental state for soldiers entering battle.

L'ataraxie (du grec, signifiant « absence de troubles ») apparaît d'abord chez Démocrite et désigne la tranquillité de l’âme ou encore la paix de cette dernière résultant de la modération et de l’harmonie de l'existence. L’ataraxie devient ensuite le principe du bonheur ("eudaimonia") dans le stoïcisme, l'épicurisme et le scepticisme. Elle provient d’un état de profonde quiétude, découlant de l'absence de tout trouble ou douleur.

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null

Molecular mass

Masse moléculaire

The molecular mass ("m") is the mass of a given molecule: it is measured in daltons (Da or u). Different molecules of the same compound may have different molecular masses because they contain different isotopes of an element. The related quantity relative molecular mass, as defined by IUPAC, is the ratio of the mass of a molecule to the unified atomic mass unit (also known as the dalton) and is unitless. The molecular mass and relative molecular mass are distinct from but related to the molar mass. The molar mass is defined as the mass of a given substance divided by the amount of a substance and is expressed in g/mol. The molar mass is usually the more appropriate figure when dealing with macroscopic (weigh-able) quantities of a substance.

La masse moléculaire est le rapport entre la masse d'une molécule et l'unité de masse des atomes : « uma » (équivalente à un douzième, soit, de la masse d'un atome de carbone 12), elle est donc sans unité.

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Analog signal

Analogique

An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time-varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., "analogous" to another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which the continuous quantity is a representation of a sequence of discrete values which can only take on one of a finite number of values. The term "analog signal" usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, human speech, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals.

Le terme analogique désigne les appareils, notamment instruments de mesure et de communication, ainsi que les méthodes de calcul qui représentent une grandeur physique par une autre, comme on raisonne par analogie sur un objet quand on a remarqué qu'il présente une similitude de forme avec un autre, bien qu'il soit de nature différente. Dans un système analogique, l'incertitude liée au transducteur qui convertit la grandeur objet en une grandeur image plus commode et la résolution avec laquelle on connaît cette grandeur image limitent la qualité métrologique des appareils de mesure.

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null

Louis Riel

Louis David Riel (; ; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people of the Canadian Prairies. He led two rebellions against the government of Canada and its first post-Confederation prime minister, John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to preserve Métis rights and culture as their homelands in the Northwest came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence. Over the decades, he has been made a folk hero by Francophones, Catholic nationalists, native rights activists, and the New Left student movement. Arguably, Riel has received more scholarly attention than any other figure in Canadian history.

Louis « David » Riel ( – ) est un homme politique canadien ayant également la citoyenneté américaine, chef du peuple métis dans les Prairies canadiennes et fondateur de la province du Manitoba. Il a dirigé deux mouvements de résistance contre le gouvernement canadien dans le but de protéger les droits et la culture des Métis, alors que l'influence canadienne se faisait de plus en plus sentir dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest.

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Hiroshima mon amour

Hiroshima mon amour (, "Hiroshima My Love"; "Nijūyojikan'nojōji", "Twenty-four-hour affair") is a 1959 French New Wave romantic drama film directed by French film director Alain Resnais, with a screenplay by Marguerite Duras. It's Resnais' first feature-lengh work. It is the documentation of an intensely personal conversation between a French-Japanese couple about memory and forgetfulness. It was a major catalyst for the Left Bank Cinema, making use of miniature flashbacks to create a nonlinear storyline. It brought international attention to the new movement in French cinema, along with films like Breathless and The 400 Blows. The film features Resnais' innovative use of brief flashbacks sequences to suggest a flash of memories. The movie is widely considered to be one of the influential movies of the French New Wave. In 2012, director Roy Andersson chose it as one of the greatest movies of all time.

Retraçant la rencontre d'une Française et d'un Japonais à Hiroshima quatorze années après les bombardements atomiques, le film déjoue les codes traditionnels de la narration cinématographique. "Hiroshima mon amour" se présente à la fois comme une fiction évoquant la guerre et les bombes lancées sur la ville, un poème d'amour et de mort et un appel à la réconciliation entre les peuples.

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Harald Bluetooth

Harald Ier (roi de Danemark)

Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson (;, died c. 985/86) was a king of Denmark and Norway. He was the son of King Gorm the Old and of Thyra Dannebod. Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c. 958 – c. 986. Harald introduced Christianity to Denmark and consolidated his rule over most of Jutland and Zealand. Harald's rule as king of Norway following the assassination of King Harald Greycloak of Norway was more tenuous, most likely lasting for no more than a few years in the 970s. Some sources say his son Sweyn Forkbeard forcibly deposed him from his Danish throne before his death.

Harald, dit Harald à la dent bleue (en vieux norrois : "Haraldr Gormsson"), né vers 910 et mort à Jomsborg le novembre 986, est roi de Danemark à partir de 958.

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Claude Shannon

Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of information theory". Shannon is noted for having founded information theory with a landmark paper, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", that he published in 1948.

Claude Elwood Shannon ( à Petoskey, Michigan - à Medford, Massachusetts) est un ingénieur en génie électrique et mathématicien américain. Il est l'un des pères, si ce n'est le père fondateur, de la théorie de l'information.

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Potentiometer

Potentiomètre

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

Un potentiomètre (appelé familièrement potard) est un type de résistance variable à trois bornes, dont une est reliée à un curseur se déplaçant sur une piste résistante terminée par les deux autres bornes. Ce système permet de recueillir, entre la borne reliée au curseur et une des deux autres bornes, une tension qui dépend de la position du curseur et de la tension à laquelle est soumise la résistance.

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WxWidgets

wxWidgets (formerly wxWindows) is a widget toolkit and tools library for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for cross-platform applications. wxWidgets enables a program's GUI code to compile and run on several computer platforms with minimal or no code changes. A wide choice of compilers and other tools to use with wxWidgets facilitates development of sophisticated applications. wxWidgets supports a comprehensive range of popular operating systems and graphical libraries, both proprietary and free, and is widely deployed in prominent organizations (see text).

wxWidgets (anciennement wxWindows) est une bibliothèque graphique libre utilisée comme boîte à outils de programmation d'interfaces graphiques multiplateforme. À la différence d'autres boîtes à outils qui tentent de restituer une interface utilisateur identique sur toutes les plateformes, wxWidgets restitue des abstractions similaires, mais avec l'apparence native de chaque environnement cible, ce qui est moins dépaysant pour les utilisateurs finaux. wxWidgets est disponible entre autres pour Macintosh, GNU/Linux et Unix, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, ainsi que pour du matériel embarqué sous GNU/Linux ou Windows CE

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Epicureanism

Épicurisme

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. Epicureanism was originally a challenge to Platonism. Later its main opponent became Stoicism.

L'épicurisme est un courant de la philosophie occidentale ayant pour objectif principal l'atteinte du bonheur par la satisfaction des seuls désirs « naturels et nécessaires ». C'est une doctrine matérialiste et atomiste qui peut être soit qualifiée d'hédonisme raisonné, soit d'eudémonisme.

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Assumption of Mary

Assomption de Marie

The Assumption of Mary into Heaven (often shortened to the Assumption) is, according to the beliefs of the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodoxy, among others, the bodily taking up of Mary, the mother of Jesus, into Heaven at the end of her earthly life.

L'Assomption de Marie, qui est appelée Dormition dans la tradition orientale, est la croyance religieuse orthodoxe et catholique selon laquelle la Vierge Marie, mère de Jésus, n'est pas morte comme tout un chacun mais est entrée directement dans la gloire de Dieu (ce qu'on traduirait communément par « montée au ciel »). L'expression « après avoir achevé le cours de sa vie terrestre » utilisée par le Pape, laisse ouverte la question de savoir si la Vierge Marie est décédée avant son Assomption, ou si elle a été élevée avant la mort.

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Augustine of Hippo

Augustin d'Hippone

Augustine of Hippo (; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430 AD), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian, philosopher, and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period. His many important works include "The City of God", "On Christian Doctrine", and "Confessions".

Augustin d'Hippone () ou Saint Augustin, né le à Thagaste (l'actuelle Souk Ahras, Algérie), un municipe de la province d'Afrique, et mort le à Hippone (l'actuelle Annaba, Algérie), est un philosophe et théologien chrétien romain de la classe aisée. Avec Ambroise de Milan, Jérôme de Stridon et Grégoire le Grand, il est l'un des quatre Pères de l'Église occidentale et l’un des trente-six docteurs de l’Église.

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Sonar

Sonar (sound navigation ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": "passive" sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; "active" sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward-looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term "sonar" is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics.

Le sonar (acronyme issu de l'anglais "sound navigation and ranging") est un appareil utilisant les propriétés particulières de la propagation du son dans l'eau pour détecter et situer les objets sous l'eau en indiquant leur direction et leur distance. Son invention découle des travaux de Lewis Nixon et des Français Paul Langevin et Constantin Chilowski au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il est utilisé : Les sonars peuvent être actifs (émission d'un son et écoute de son écho) ou passifs (écoute des bruits).

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Mélo

Mélo (pièce de théâtre)

Mélo is a 1929 play by Henri Bernstein which premiered in the US in 1931 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.

Mélo est une pièce de théâtre d'Henri Bernstein, créée à Paris, au théâtre du Gymnase, le, par Gaby Morlay, Charles Boyer et Pierre Blanchar. Alain Resnais en a tiré un film en 1986.

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Puff pastry

Pâte feuilletée

Puff pastry, also known as, is a flaky light pastry made from a laminated dough composed of dough (') and butter or other solid fat ('). The butter is put inside the dough (or vice versa), making a "" which is repeatedly folded and rolled out before baking.

La pâte feuilletée, ou feuilletage, est un type de pâte obtenue par abaissage et pliages successifs de couches alternant une pâte basique (farine, eau et sel) et une matière grasse (huile, margarine ou beurre), technique culinaire dite de la pâte tourée. Après cuisson, cette pâte croustillante et légère est utilisée aussi bien en viennoiserie "(croissants, palmiers, chaussons aux pommes... )", pâtisserie "(mille-feuille, galette... )", qu'en charcuterie pâtissière "(bouchée à la reine, tourtes, friand...)".

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Lithosphere

Lithosphère

A lithosphere ( ["lithos"] for "rocky", and ["sphaira"] for "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.

La lithosphère (littéralement, la « boule de pierre ») est l'enveloppe rigide de la surface de la Terre. Elle comprend la croûte terrestre et une partie du manteau supérieur.

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Stoicism

Stoïcisme

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy which was founded by Zeno of Citium, in Athens, in the early 3rd century BCE. Stoicism is a philosophy of personal ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world. According to its teachings, as social beings, the path to eudaimonia (happiness, or blessedness) for humans is found in accepting the moment as it presents itself, by not allowing oneself to be controlled by the desire for pleasure or fear of pain, by using one's mind to understand the world and to do one's part in nature's plan, and by working together and treating others fairly and justly.

Le stoïcisme est un courant philosophique occidental ayant pour finalité le bonheur de l'existence humaine obtenu grâce à une acceptation rationnelle de l'ordre du monde et de son évolution. Il repose notamment sur la distinction centrale entre d'un côté les choses qui dépendent de nous et sur lesquelles nous devons concentrer nos efforts, et d'un autre côté les choses qui ne dépendent pas de nous, contre lesquelles il est vain de lutter et que nous devons au contraire supporter et accepter (principe de détachement). Ce principe est illustré par la célèbre prière attribuée à Marc-Aurèle :

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Night and Fog (1956 film)

Nuit et Brouillard (film)

Night and Fog () is a 1956 French documentary short film. Directed by Alain Resnais, it was made ten years after the liberation of German concentration camps. The title is taken from the "Nacht und Nebel" (German for "Night and Fog") program of abductions and disappearances decreed by Nazi Germany. The documentary features the abandoned grounds of Auschwitz and Majdanek established in occupied Poland while describing the lives of prisoners in the camps. "Night and Fog" was made in collaboration with scriptwriter Jean Cayrol, a survivor of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. The music of the soundtrack was composed by Hanns Eisler. Resnais was originally hesitant about making the film and refused the offer to make it until Cayrol was contracted to write the script. The film was shot entirely in the year 1955 and is composed of contemporary shots of the camps plus stock footage. Resnais and Cayrol found the film very difficult to make due to its graphic nature and subject matter. The film faced difficulties with French censors unhappy with a shot of a French police officer in the film, and with the German embassy in France, which attempted to halt the film's release at the Cannes Film Festival. "Night and Fog" was released to critical acclaim, and still receives very high praise today. It was re-shown on French television nationwide in 1990 to remind the people of the "horrors of war".

Nuit et Brouillard est un documentaire français réalisé par Alain Resnais, à l'initiative d'Henri Michel, et sorti en 1956. Il traite de la déportation et des camps d'extermination nazis de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en application des dispositions dites « Nuit et brouillard » (décret du ).

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Emergency medicine

Médecine d'urgence

Emergency medicine, also known as accident and emergency medicine, is the medical specialty concerned with the care of illnesses or injuries requiring immediate medical attention. Emergency physicians care for unscheduled and undifferentiated patients of all ages. As first-line providers, their primary responsibility is to initiate resuscitation and stabilization and to start investigations and interventions to diagnose and treat illnesses in the acute phase. Emergency physicians generally practise in hospital emergency departments, pre-hospital settings via emergency medical services, and intensive care units, but may also work in primary care settings such as urgent care clinics. Sub-specializations of emergency medicine include disaster medicine, medical toxicology, ultrasonography, critical care medicine, hyperbaric medicine, sports medicine, palliative care, or aerospace medicine.

La médecine d'urgence rassemble les ressources médicales et chirurgicales pour faire face à une urgence, c'est-à-dire la perception d'une situation où la personne sans soins empire rapidement, exposée au risque à bref délai de séquelles irréversibles ou du décès. Lorsque le nombre de victimes est important et/ou que les infrastructures locales sont touchées (routes, hôpitaux...), on parle de médecine de catastrophe.

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Inuksuk

Inukshuk

An inuksuk (plural inuksuit) (from the, plural ; alternatively'in Inuinnaqtun,'in Iñupiaq, in Greenlandic, and sometimes inukshuk in English) is a manmade stone landmark or cairn built for use by the Inuit, Iñupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. These structures are found in northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska (United States). This combined region, above the Arctic Circle, is dominated by the tundra biome and has areas with few natural landmarks.

Un inukshuk (ou inuksuk, pluriel inuksuit) est un empilement de pierres (ou cairn) construit par les peuples inuit et yupik dans les régions arctiques d'Amérique du Nord, depuis l'Alaska jusqu'au Groenland, en passant par l'Arctique canadien. Sa forme et sa taille peuvent varier.

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George S. Patton

George Patton

George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a general of the United States Army who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean theater of World War II, and the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944.

George Smith Patton, Jr., né le à San Marino en Californie et mort le à Heidelberg en Allemagne, est un général de l'Armée de terre américaine qui a notamment commandé la 7 puis la américaine sur le théâtre européen des opérations de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

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Zinedine Zidane

Zinédine Zidane

Zinedine Yazid Zidane (; born 23 June 1972), popularly known in French as Zizou (), is a French former professional football player who played as an attacking midfielder. He is the current manager of La Liga club Real Madrid. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Zidane was an elite playmaker renowned for his elegance, vision, passing, ball control, and technique. He received many individual accolades as a player, including being named FIFA World Player of the Year in 1998, 2000 and 2003, and won the 1998 Ballon d'Or. He was voted Ligue 1 Player of the Year in 1996, Serie A Footballer of the Year in 2001, and La Liga Best Foreign Player in 2002.

Zinédine Zidane, né le à Marseille, est un footballeur international français devenu entraîneur. Durant sa carrière de joueur, entre 1988 et 2006, il évolue au poste de milieu offensif, comme meneur de jeu. De janvier 2016 à fin mai 2018, et à partir de mars 2019, il est l'entraîneur du Real Madrid CF, où il a terminé sa carrière de joueur.

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Prüm

Prüm () is a town in the Westeifel (Rhineland-Palatinate), Germany. Formerly a district capital, today it is the administrative seat of the "Verbandsgemeinde" ("collective municipality") Prüm.

Prüm ou "Prume" est une ville d'Allemagne au nord-ouest du land de Rhénanie-Palatinat. Elle est située dans l'Eifel, qui est la partie orientale des Ardennes. La rivière éponyme qui la traverse est un sous-affluent de la Moselle.

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Zionism

Sionisme

Zionism ( "Tsiyyonut" after "Zion") is the nationalist movement of the Jewish people that espouses the re-establishment of and support for a Jewish state in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine). Modern Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as a response to Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired state in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire.

Le sionisme est le mouvement national du peuple juif visant à la création d'un "foyer national juif" – le rétablissement de l'autodétermination juive en Terre d'Israël. Le mouvement national juif apparaît principalement en Europe de l'Ouest et centrale au, et aboutit à la création de l'État d'Israël en 1948.

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Symbolic violence

Violence symbolique

Symbolic violence is a term coined by Pierre Bourdieu, a prominent 20th-century French sociologist, and appears in his works as early as the 1970s. Symbolic violence describes a type of non-physical violence manifested in the power differential between social groups. It is often unconsciously agreed upon by both parties and is manifested in an imposition of the norms of the group possessing greater social power on those of the subordinate group. Symbolic violence can be manifested across different social domains such as nationality, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnic identity.

La violence symbolique est une notion qui désigne une forme de violence peu visible et non physique, qui s'exprime à travers les normes sociales et qui s'observe dans les structures sociales. Cette violence symbolique touche les dominés de façon à s'inscrire en eux, et à les amener à juger légitime une domination sociale donnée.

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Tiber

Tibre

The Tiber (; ; ) is the third-longest river in Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio, where it is joined by the river Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino. It drains a basin estimated at. The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome, founded on its eastern banks.

Le Tibre (latin "Tiberis", italien "Tevere") est un fleuve italien qui se jette dans la mer Tyrrhénienne. C'est le troisième plus long fleuve d'Italie après le Pô et l'Adige. Il traverse notamment la capitale italienne, Rome, à l'histoire de laquelle il est étroitement lié.

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Historical criticism

Exégèse historico-critique de la Bible

Historical criticism, also known as the historical-critical method or higher criticism, is a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text". While often discussed in terms of Jewish and Christian writings from ancient times, historical criticism has also been applied to other religious and secular writings from various parts of the world and periods of history. The primary goal of historical criticism is to discover the text's primitive or original meaning in its original historical context and its literal sense or "sensus literalis historicus". The secondary goal seeks to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text. That may be accomplished by reconstructing the true nature of the events that the text describes. An ancient text may also serve as a document, record or source for reconstructing the ancient past, which may also serve as a chief interest to the historical critic. In regard to Semitic biblical interpretation, the historical critic would be able to interpret the literature of Israel as well as the history of Israel. In 18th century Biblical criticism, the term "higher criticism" was commonly used in mainstream scholarship in contrast with "lower criticism". In the 21st century, historical criticism is the more commonly used term for higher criticism, and textual criticism is more common than the loose expression "lower criticism".

L'exégèse historico-critique de la Bible, ou méthode historico-critique, étudie l'histoire de la réception des Écritures, leur contexte historique, le processus des étapes de leur production et leurs destinataires.

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Led Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music.

Led Zeppelin est un groupe de rock britannique, originaire de Londres, en Angleterre. Il est fondé en 1968 par Jimmy Page (guitare), avec Robert Plant (chant), John Paul Jones (basse, claviers) et John Bonham (batterie), et dissous à la suite de la mort de ce dernier, en 1980. À travers un son dominé par la virtuosité et les riffs de son guitariste, la voix puissante de son chanteur pouvant aller jusqu'à des octaves très élevées, par l'excellence de son bassiste/claviériste/arrangeur ainsi que par la technique, le groove et l'inimitable et si souvent samplée « force de frappe » de son batteur, Led Zeppelin est toujours considéré, quarante ans après sa séparation, comme l'un des plus grands groupes de rock tant pour sa réussite artistique, son succès commercial que pour son influence et son prestige.

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Nirvana

Nirvana (monde indien)

In Indian religions, nirvana is synonymous with "moksha" and "mukti". All Indian religions assert it to be a state of perfect quietude, freedom, highest happiness as well as the liberation from or ending of "samsara", the repeating cycle of birth, life and death.

Nirvana (sanskrit IAST : nirvāṇa ; pali : nibbāna) est un concept philosophique de l'hindouisme, du jaïnisme et du bouddhisme qui signifie « extinction » (du feu des passions, de l'ignorance) ou « libération » (du saṃsāra, du cycle des réincarnations).

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Crete

Crète

Crete (,,, "," ";" Egyptian: 𓎡𓆑𓍘𓅱𓈉, "keftiu;",, ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica. It bounds the southern border of the Aegean sea. Crete lies approximately south of the Greek mainland. It has an area of and a coastline of 1,046 km (650 mi).

La Crète, en grec, en grec ancien ', grec moderne ', est une île grecque, autrefois appelée « île de Candie ». Plus grande des îles grecques et cinquième île de la mer Méditerranée en superficie, elle est rattachée en 1913 à la Grèce, dont elle constitue, avec d'autres petites îles, l'une des treize périphéries (région administrative), ainsi que l'un des sept diocèses décentralisés créés par le programme Kallikratis en janvier 2011.

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Dead Sea Scrolls

Manuscrits de la mer Morte

The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts that were found in the Qumran Caves in the Judaean Desert, near Ein Feshkha on the northern shore of the Dead Sea in the West Bank. Scholarly consensus dates these scrolls from the last three centuries BCE and the first century CE. The texts have great historical, religious, and linguistic significance because they include the second-oldest known surviving manuscripts of works later included in the Hebrew Bible canon, along with deuterocanonical and extra-biblical manuscripts which preserve evidence of the diversity of religious thought in late Second Temple Judaism. Almost all of the Dead Sea Scrolls are held by the state of Israel in the Shrine of the Book on the grounds of the Israel Museum, but ownership of the scrolls is disputed by Jordan and Palestine.

Les manuscrits de la mer Morte, également appelés manuscrits de Qumran, sont un ensemble de parchemins et de fragments de papyrus principalement en hébreu, mais aussi en araméen et en grec, mis au jour principalement entre 1947 et 1956 à proximité du site de Qumrân, en Palestine mandataire (1947-48) appelée ensuite Cisjordanie après l'annexion transjordanienne. La découverte de ces quelque — dont il ne reste parfois que d'infimes fragments — copiés entre le et le a été faite dans douze grottes où ils avaient été entreposés. Parmi les documents découverts figurent de nombreux livres de la Bible hébraïque (l'Ancien Testament des chrétiens). Antérieurs de plusieurs siècles aux plus anciens exemplaires du texte hébreu connus jusqu’alors, ces manuscrits présentent un intérêt considérable pour l'histoire de la Bible.

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Piet Mondrian

Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan (), after 1906 Piet Mondrian (,, ; 7 March 1872 – 1 February 1944), was a Dutch painter and theoretician who is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. He is known for being one of the pioneers of 20th-century abstract art, as he changed his artistic direction from figurative painting to an increasingly abstract style, until he reached a point where his artistic vocabulary was reduced to simple geometric elements.

Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan, appelé Piet Mondrian à partir de 1912, né le à Amersfoort aux Pays-Bas, et mort le à New York, est un peintre néerlandais reconnu comme l'un des pionniers de l’abstraction.

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Luxembourg City

Luxembourg (ville)

Luxembourg (,, ), also known as Luxembourg City ( or "",, ), is the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the country's most populous commune. Standing at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxembourg, the city lies at the heart of Western Europe, situated by road from Brussels, from Paris, and from Cologne. The city contains Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.

Luxembourg (en, en ), communément appelée "Luxembourg-Ville" (pour la distinguer du pays) ou simplement "d’Stad" (« la Ville » en luxembourgeois), est la capitale du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ainsi que la plus grande ville du pays avec un peu plus de.

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Book of Joshua

Livre de Josué

The Book of Joshua ( "") is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile. It tells of the campaigns of the Israelites in central, southern and northern Canaan, the destruction of their enemies, and the division of the land among the Twelve Tribes, framed by two set-piece speeches, the first by God commanding the conquest of the land, and, at the end, the last by Joshua warning of the need for faithful observance of the Law ("torah") revealed to Moses.

Le livre de Josué (en hébreu "sefer Yehoshua") est le premier livre des Prophètes dans le Tanakh, la Bible hébraïque, et le premier livre historique de l'Ancien Testament chrétien. Il fait suite au Pentateuque, qui se termine par la mort de Moïse aux portes du pays de Canaan. Le livre relate la conquête du pays promis sous la direction de Josué dont il porte le nom. Y figurent notamment l'épisode des « Trompettes de Jéricho » et la bataille où Josué arrête le soleil et la lune. Il fait partie de l'ensemble de textes appelé Hexateuque.

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Eve

Ève

Eve (; ; ; ; ; Syriac: ܚܘܐ) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible as well as a figure in the Quran. According to the origin story of the Abrahamic religions, she was the first woman. Eve is known also as Adam's wife.

Ève ( "ḥawwā(h)") est un personnage du Livre de la Genèse. Dans ce texte, qui fonde les croyances juives et chrétiennes, elle est la première femme, mère de l'humanité. Elle est également mentionnée indirectement dans le Coran comme « l'épouse » d'Adam. Elle est nommée "Hawwa" () dans la littérature islamique (notamment dans les hadiths) et est considérée comme la mère de l'humanité.

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Joshua

Josué

Joshua () or Jehoshua ( "Yəhôšuaʿ") is the central figure in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua. According to the books of Exodus, Numbers and Joshua, he was Moses' assistant and became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses. His name was Hoshea () the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, but Moses called him Joshua (), the name by which he is commonly known. According to the Bible he was born in Egypt prior to the Exodus.

Josué, en hébreu, ou Josué fils de Noun (), est un personnage biblique du Livre de l'Exode et surtout du Livre de Josué.

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Jacob

Jacob (; ; "Yaʿqūb",, "Iakṓb"), later given the name Israel, is regarded as a Patriarch of the Israelites and so is an important figure in Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Jacob first appears in the Book of Genesis, the son of Isaac and Rebecca, the grandson of Abraham, Sarah and Bethuel, the nephew of Ishmael. He was the second-born of Isaac's children, the elder being his fraternal twin brother Esau. However, by deceiving Isaac when he was old and blind, Jacob was able to usurp the blessing that belonged to Esau as the firstborn son, and become the leader of their family. Following a severe drought in his homeland Canaan, Jacob and his descendants, with the help of his son Joseph, who had since become a confidante of Pharaoh, moved to Egypt, where he died, aged 147 years, and was buried in the Cave of Machpelah.

Jacob (en hébreu :,, « celui qui prend par le talon » ou « qui supplante » ; en arabe :, ou, « Dieu a soutenu » ou « protégé ») est un personnage de la Bible et du Coran. La Bible le connaît également sous le nom d’Israël et il est, après son père Isaac et son grand-père Abraham, l’un des trois patriarches avec lesquels Dieu contracte une alliance, lui promettant la terre qui portera désormais son nom.

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Adam

Adam (; ; ; ) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, from where he was adopted into Christian belief and the Quran. According to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, he was the first man. In both Genesis and Quran, Adam and his wife were expelled from a Garden of Eden for eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

Adam (hébreu : אָדָם, araméen/syriaque : ܐܕܡ, arabe : آدم) est un personnage de la Bible et du Coran. Dans la Bible, il est mentionné dans le livre de la Genèse lié aux premiers écrits de la Bible datant du premier millénaire avant Jésus-Christ. Dans ce texte, qui fonde la mythologie biblique et les croyances juives, chrétiennes et musulmanes, il est le premier Homme (au sens d'être humain), créé par Dieu. D'après le Livre de la Genèse, il meurt à (Genèse : 5-5).

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1968 Winter Olympics

Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968

The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (), were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1968 in Grenoble, France, and opened on 6 February. Thirty-seven countries participated.

Les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968, officiellement connus comme les Jeux olympiques d'hiver, ont lieu à Grenoble du 6 au. La ville candidate, Grenoble, obtient les Jeux dès sa première tentative, en s'imposant face à Calgary, Lahti, Sapporo, Oslo et Lake Placid. Elle est la deuxième ville française à accueillir les Jeux olympiques d'hiver après Chamonix en 1924. L’ensemble des sites de compétition se situent dans le département de l'Isère, à Grenoble pour les épreuves de patinage artistique, de hockey sur glace et de patinage de vitesse, ainsi que dans les stations de sports d'hiver qui entourent la ville pour les autres épreuves.

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David

David (roi d'Israël)

David () is described in the Hebrew Bible as the third king of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah, becoming king after Ish-bosheth. In the Books of Samuel, David is a young shepherd who gains fame first as a musician and later by killing the enemy champion Goliath. He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan. Worried that David is trying to take his throne, Saul turns on David. After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed as King. David conquers Jerusalem, taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city, and establishing the kingdom founded by Saul. As king, David commits adultery with Bathsheba, leading him to arrange the death of her husband Uriah the Hittite. David's son Absalom schemes to overthrow David. David flees Jerusalem during Absalom's rebellion, but after Absalom's death he returns to the city to rule Israel. Because David shed much blood, God denies David the opportunity to build the temple. Before his peaceful death, he chooses his son Solomon as successor. He is honored in the prophetic literature as an ideal king and the forefather of a future Messiah, and many psalms are ascribed to him.

David (en hébreu biblique : דָּוִיד) est un personnage de la Bible, patriarche et deuxième roi d'Israël et Juda qui est présenté dans le récit biblique, avec son fils Salomon, comme l'un des deux fondateurs de l'ancien État israélite.

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Gospel of Luke

Évangile selon Luc

The Gospel According to Luke (), also called the Gospel of Luke, or simply Luke, is the third of the four canonical Gospels. It tells of the origins, birth, ministry, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ.

L'Évangile selon Luc (Τὸ κατὰ Λουκᾶν εὐαγγέλιον) est le troisième des quatre Évangiles canoniques. La tradition chrétienne lui attribue pour auteur le personnage appelé « Luc le bon médecin » dans certaines lettres de Paul de Tarse. Comme l'Évangile selon Marc, dont il tire 35 % de sa substance, et l'Évangile selon Matthieu, son texte se présente comme une biographie de Jésus de Nazareth. L'auteur, qui est également le rédacteur des Actes des Apôtres, indique qu'il écrit car plusieurs ouvrages ont déjà raconté cette histoire. L'évangile et les Actes sont dédiés à un certain « Théophile » (« qui aime Dieu » ou « ami de Dieu »), commanditaire réel ou fictif.

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Flag of Lebanon

Drapeau du Liban

The flag of Lebanon () is formed of two horizontal red stripes enveloping a horizontal white stripe. The white stripe is twice the height ( width ) of the red ones (ratio 1:2:1)—a Spanish fess. The green cedar (Lebanon Cedar) in the middle touches each of the red stripes and its width is one third of the width of the flag.

Le drapeau du Liban est le pavillon national et le drapeau national de la République libanaise. Sur celui-ci figure l'arbre emblématique du pays : le cèdre du Liban sur fond blanc, inscrit entre deux bandes rouges horizontales.

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Blueberry (comics)

Blueberry

Blueberry is a Western comic series created in the Franco-Belgian "bandes dessinées" (BD) tradition by the Belgian scriptwriter Jean-Michel Charlier and French comics artist Jean "Mœbius" Giraud. It chronicles the adventures of Mike Blueberry on his travels through the American Old West. Blueberry is an atypical western hero; he is not a wandering lawman who brings evil-doers to justice, nor a handsome cowboy who "rides into town, saves the ranch, becomes the new sheriff and marries the schoolmarm." In any situation, he sees what he thinks needs doing, and he does it.

La série connaît deux séries parallèles, "La Jeunesse de Blueberry", créée par Jean-Michel Charlier et Jean Giraud et poursuivie par François Corteggiani (scénario) et Colin Wilson puis Michel Blanc-Dumont (dessin), éditée en albums de 1975 à 2015, et "Marshal Blueberry" créée par Jean Giraud (scénario) et William Vance puis Michel Rouge (dessin), éditée en albums de 1991 à 2000.

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Minoan civilization

Civilisation minoenne

The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age Aegean civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands, flourishing from c. 3000 BC to c. 1450 BC until a late period of decline, finally ending around 1100 BC. It represents the first advanced civilization in Europe, leaving behind massive building complexes, tools, artwork, writing systems, and a massive network of trade. The civilization was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. The name "Minoan" derives from the mythical King Minos and was coined by Evans, who identified the site at Knossos with the labyrinth and the Minotaur. The Minoan civilization has been described as the earliest of its kind in Europe, and historian Will Durant called the Minoans "the first link in the European chain".

La civilisation minoenne est une civilisation antique qui s'est développée sur les îles de Crète, de Santorin et probablement sur une grande partie de la mer Égée, au sud de la Grèce de 2700 à 1200 av. J.-C.

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Gospel of Mark

Évangile selon Marc

The Gospel According to Mark () is the second of the four canonical gospels and of the three synoptic gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the Jesus’ empty tomb. There is no miraculous birth or doctrine of divine pre-existence, nor, in the original ending (Mark 16), any post-resurrection appearances of Jesus. It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action, an exorcist, a healer, and a miracle worker. He is also the Son of God, but keeps his messianic nature secret, with even his disciples failing to understand him. All this is in keeping with prophecy, which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant. The gospel ends, in its original version, with the discovery of the empty tomb, a promise to meet again in Galilee, and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection.

L'Évangile selon Marc (Τὸ κατὰ Μάρκον εὐαγγέλιον) forme, avec les trois autres évangiles, le cœur du Nouveau Testament, la partie la plus récente de la Bible chrétienne. Le deuxième (par sa place) des quatre Évangiles canoniques est aussi le plus bref et probablement le plus ancien ; c'est l'un des trois « Évangiles synoptiques ».

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Roussillon, Vaucluse

Roussillon (Vaucluse)

Roussillon is a commune in the Vaucluse department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2016 it had a population of 1,317. Roussillon lies within the borders of the Natural Regional Park of Luberon. In the French natural regional parks system, new economic activities may be developed only if they are sustainable.

Roussillon est une commune française située dans le département de Vaucluse en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Ses habitants sont appelés les Roussillonnais.

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Gospel of John

Évangile selon Jean

The Gospel of John, the fourth of the gospels, is a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus) and seven "I am" discourses culminating in Thomas's proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God"; the concluding verses set out its purpose, "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."

L’Évangile selon Jean (en grec, "To kata Iōánnēn euangélion") est le dernier des quatre Évangiles canoniques du Nouveau Testament. La tradition chrétienne l'a attribué à l'un des disciples de Jésus, l'apôtre Jean, fils de Zébédée.

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Roussillon

Roussillon (province)

Roussillon (,, ; ; ) is one of the historical counties of the former Principality of Catalonia. It may also refer to "Northern Catalonia" () or "French Catalonia", the first used by Catalan-speakers and the second used by French-speakers, corresponding roughly to the present-day southern French "département" of Pyrénées-Orientales (Eastern Pyrenees) save Fenouillèdes. A 1998 survey found that 34% of respondents stated they speak Catalan, and a further 21% understand it.

La province du Roussillon ou simplement, en l'absence d'équivoque, le Roussillon (respectivement'et'en catalan) est une ancienne province du royaume de France, qui a existé de 1659 jusqu'à la création du département des Pyrénées-Orientales en 1790. Ses habitants sont les "Roussillonnais".

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Delphine Seyrig

Delphine Claire Beltiane Seyrig (; 10 April 1932 – 15 October 1990) was a Lebanese-born French stage and film actress, a film director and a feminist.

Delphine Seyrig est une actrice et réalisatrice française féministe, née le à Beyrouth (Grand Liban) et morte le à Paris.

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Septimania

Septimanie

Septimania (, ;, ;, ) is a historical region in modern-day southern France. It referred to the western part of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed to the control of the Visigoths in 462, when Septimania was ceded to their king, Theodoric II. Under the Visigoths it was known as simply Gallia or Narbonensis. Septimania territory roughly corresponds with the former administrative region of Languedoc-Roussillon that merged into the new administrative region of Occitanie. Septimania was conquered by the Muslims and was part of the Al-Andalus. It passed briefly to the Emirate of Córdoba, which had been expanding from the south during the eighth century before its subsequent conquest by the Franks, who by the end of the ninth century termed it Gothia or the Gothic March ("Marca Gothica").

La Septimanie, ou province de Narbonne, est une région qui correspond approximativement à la partie occidentale de l'ancienne province romaine de la Gaule narbonnaise. Cette désignation issue de l'époque carolingienne est utilisée essentiellement pour la période du.

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Pierre Bézier

Pierre Étienne Bézier (1 September 1910 – 25 November 1999; ) was a French engineer and one of the founders of the fields of solid, geometric and physical modelling as well as in the field of representing curves, especially in computer-aided design and manufacturing systems. As an engineer at Renault, he became a leader in the transformation of design and manufacturing, through mathematics and computing tools, into computer-aided design and three-dimensional modeling. Bézier patented and popularized the Bézier curves and Bézier surfaces that are now used in most computer-aided design and computer graphics systems.

Pierre Bézier, né le à Paris et mort le, est un ingénieur français en mécanique et en électricité. Il est connu pour son invention des courbes et surfaces de Bézier, couramment utilisées en informatique.

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Oven

Four

An oven is a thermally insulated chamber used for the heating, baking, or drying of a substance, and most commonly used for cooking. Kilns and furnaces are special-purpose ovens used in pottery and metalworking, respectively.

Un four est une enceinte maçonnée ou un appareil, muni d'un système de chauffage puissant, qui transforme, par la chaleur, les produits et les objets. Il a différentes fonctions : cuisson des aliments directe ou indirecte, éclairage et chauffage, fonction sociale.

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Claudine Guérin de Tencin

Claudine Alexandrine Guérin de Tencin, Baroness of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (27 April 1682 – 4 December 1749), was a French salonist and author. She was the mother of Jean le Rond d'Alembert, "philosophe" and contributor to the "Encyclopédie, "though she left him on the steps of the church a few days after his birth.

Claudine-Alexandrine-Sophie Guérin de Tencin, baronne de Saint-Martin de l’isle de Ré, née le à Grenoble, morte le à Paris, est une femme de lettres qui a tenu un salon littéraire connu à l'époque. Elle est la mère de Jean d'Alembert.

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French New Wave

Nouvelle Vague

New Wave () is a French art film movement which emerged in the late 1950s. The movement was characterized by its rejection of the era's traditional filmmaking conventions in favor of experimentation and a spirit of iconoclasm. New Wave filmmakers explored new approaches to editing, visual style, and narrative, as well as engagement with the social and political upheavals of the era, often making use of irony or exploring existential themes. The New Wave is often considered one of the most influential movements in the history of cinema.

La Nouvelle Vague est un mouvement du cinéma français né à la fin des années 1950 et qui a duré une dizaine d'années jusqu'à la fin des années 1960. Il rassemble des réalisateurs qui ont tourné leurs premiers longs métrages à cette période. Les figures emblématiques en sont notamment Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Éric Rohmer, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rivette, Alain Resnais, Louis Malle, Agnès Varda et puis Jacques Demy.

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Cultivar

A cultivar (cultivated variety) is an assemblage of plants selected for desirable characteristics that are maintained during propagation. More generally, a cultivar is the most basic classification category of cultivated plants in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). Most cultivars arose in cultivation, but a few are special selections from the wild.

Un cultivar est une variété de plante (arbres compris) obtenue en culture, généralement par sélection, pour ses caractéristiques réputées uniques. Il peut s'agir de qualités morphologiques, esthétiques, techniques, de vitesse de croissance (pour les arbres par exemple), d'adaptation à un biotope ou de résistance à certaines maladies.

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Devdas

Devdas (, transliterated as "Debdās") is a Bengali romance novel written by Sarat Chandra Chatterjee. Despite being finished in September 1900, the novel was not published until June 1917 due to Chatterjee's hesitance over some autobiographical elements. According to Chatterjee's own words, he wrote it under the influence of alcohol and was embarrassed of the work.

Devdas ("দেবদাস") est un roman sentimental, écrit par Sarat Chandra Chatterjee, publié en 1917. Il relate l'histoire d'amour contrarié entre Devdas, jeune homme issu d'une famille aisée, et Parvati, la fille de ses voisins d'extraction plus modeste. Souvent comparé à un "Roméo et Juliette" indien, le roman connut un immense succès et fit l'objet de plusieurs traductions et de nombreuses adaptations cinématographiques en Inde.

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DNA replication

Réplication de l'ADN

In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential.

La réplication de l'ADN, appelée aussi duplication de l'ADN, est le processus au cours duquel l'ADN est synthétisé grâce à l'ADN polymérase. Ce mécanisme permet d'obtenir, à partir d'une molécule d'ADN, deux molécules identiques à la molécule initiale, en vue de leur distribution aux deux cellules filles pendant la mitose.

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Elm

Orme

Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus "Ulmus" in the plant family Ulmaceae. The genus first appeared in the Miocene geological period about 20 million years ago, originating in what is now central Asia. These trees flourished and spread over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North America and Eurasia, presently ranging southward across the Equator into Indonesia.

Les ormes sont des arbres du genre Ulmus, famille des "Ulmaceae" ou Ulmacées atteignant une trentaine de mètres (et rarement ). L'orme est un arbre de haute futaie, et fournit un excellent bois d'œuvre, pratiquement comparable au bois de chêne. Il a pratiquement disparu d'Europe occidentale en raison de la graphiose. Le développement de cultivars résistants fait l'objet de recherches intenses depuis les années 1960.

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Aishwarya Rai Bachchan

Aishwarya Rai

Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress and the winner of the Miss World 1994 pageant. Through her successful acting career, she has established herself as one of the most popular and influential celebrities in India. Rai has received numerous accolades, including two Filmfare Awards, and was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012. She has often been cited in the media as "the most beautiful woman in the world".

Aishwarya Rai ou Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, née le à Mangalore (Karnataka), est une actrice et mannequin indienne, élue Miss Monde 1994.

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Janis Joplin

Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970) was an American singer-songwriter who sang rock, soul and blues music. One of the most successful and widely known rock stars of her era, she was noted for her powerful mezzo-soprano vocals and "electric" stage presence.

Janis Joplin () née le à Port Arthur, Texas et morte le à Los Angeles est une chanteuse américaine. Surnommée la « Mama Cosmique » ou « Pearl », elle s'est d'abord illustrée, à la fin des années 1960, en tant que chanteuse du groupe d'acid rock psychédélique Big Brother and the Holding Company et, plus tard, comme artiste solo avec ses groupes d'accompagnement, The Kozmic Blues Band et The Full Tilt Boogie Band.

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Pop art

Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane mass-produced cultural objects. One of its aims is to use images of "popular" (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, or combined with unrelated material.

Le pop art est un ensemble de phénomènes artistiques intimement liés à l'esprit d'une époque, l'essence d'un large mouvement culturel des années 1960. Il trouve son origine en Grande-Bretagne au milieu des années 1950, mais se répand rapidement à l'ensemble du monde occidentalisé dans le contexte de la société industrielle capitaliste. Celle-ci s'appuie sur les nouvelles technologies en plein essor dont les artistes pop vont s'emparer et qui touchent toute la sphère culturelle : le pop art se manifeste dans les pratiques et les comportements de toute une génération. Son apparition, dans les arts plastiques en Grande-Bretagne, se manifeste sous l'impulsion de Richard Hamilton et d'Eduardo Paolozzi. En France, avec des artistes tels que le sculpteur César. À la fin des années 1950, le pop art américain émerge avec des artistes tels qu'Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, David Hockney et James Rosenquist. Mais ce mouvement ne se limite plus seulement au domaine des arts plastiques : il touche autant la musique, la mode et les arts appliqués et bien d'autres domaines de la culture.

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Circumflex

Accent circonflexe

The circumflex is a diacritic in the Latin and Greek scripts that is used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes. It received its English name from Latin "circumflexus" "bent around"a translation of the Greek περισπωμένη ("perispōménē"). The circumflex in the Latin script is chevron-shaped ( ˆ ), while the Greek circumflex may be displayed either like a tilde ( ̃ ) or like an inverted breve ( ̑ ).

L’accent circonflexe (du latin, « fléchi autour ») est un diacritique de l’alphabet latin hérité de l’accent circonflexe grec. C’est, graphiquement, la réunion d’un accent aigu et d’un accent grave. Il fait ses premières apparitions dans les langues modernes en français au. En 1560, l'imprimeur tourangeau Plantin systématise l'usage de l'accent circonflexe pour remplacer le "s" (comme dans tête pour teste).

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Enola Gay

The Enola Gay () is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named after Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, piloted by Tibbets and Robert A. Lewis it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused the near-complete destruction of the city. "Enola Gay" participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead.

LEnola Gay () est l'avion bombardier Boeing B-29 Superfortress américain qui a largué une bombe atomique sur Hiroshima, à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L'avion est fabriqué par la Glenn L. Martin Company et nommé par le pilote Paul Tibbets en l'honneur de sa mère Enola Gay Tibbets. Le, au cours des dernières étapes de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est devenu le premier avion à larguer une bombe atomique sur une cible stratégique. La bombe, nommée "", touche la ville d'Hiroshima, au Japon, et cause des destructions sans précédent. L"Enola Gay" participe à la seconde attaque atomique comme avion de reconnaissance météorologique pour le bombardement de Kokura, mais une couverture nuageuse défavorable entraîne un changement de cible et c'est Nagasaki qui est bombardée à la place par "Bockscar", un autre B-29.

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Turmeric

Curcuma

Turmeric (pronounced, also or ) is a flowering plant, "Curcuma longa" of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, the roots of which are used in cooking. The plant is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, that requires temperatures between and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered each year for their rhizomes, some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption.

Le curcuma ("Curcuma longa") est une plante herbacée rhizomateuse vivace du genre Curcuma de la famille des Zingibéracées originaire du sud ou sud-est asiatique. De ses rhizomes réduits en poudre est extraite l'épice homonyme.

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Water cycle

Cycle de l'eau

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.

Le cycle de l'eau (ou cycle hydrologique) est un phénomène naturel qui représente le parcours entre les grands réservoirs d'eau liquide, solide ou de vapeur d'eau sur Terre : les océans, l'atmosphère, les lacs, les cours d'eau, les nappes d'eaux souterraines et les glaciers. Le « moteur » de ce cycle est l'énergie solaire qui, en favorisant l'évaporation de l'eau, entraîne tous les autres échanges.

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Oxygen cycle

Cycle de l'oxygène

The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical transitions of oxygen atoms between different oxidation states in ions, oxides, and molecules through redox reactions within and between the spheres/reservoirs of the planet Earth. The word oxygen in the literature typically refers to the most common oxygen allotrope, elemental/diatomic oxygen (O), as it is a common product or reactant of many biogeochemical redox reactions within the cycle. Processes within the oxygen cycle are considered to be biological or geological and are evaluated as either a source (O production) or sink (O consumption).

Le cycle de l'oxygène est un cycle biogéochimique qui permet d'expliquer les transformations de l'oxygène dans la biosphère terrestre entre ses différents degrés d'oxydation, en ions, oxides et molécules à travers diverses réactions rédox, dans et entre les réservoirs de la planète Terre.

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Xandros

Xandros was a software company which sold Xandros Desktop, a Linux distribution. The name Xandros was derived from the X Window System and the Greek island of Andros. Xandros was founded in May 2001 by Linux Global Partners (Will Roseman and Dr. Frederick Berenstein), the company is headquartered in New York City.

Xandros est un projet de distribution Linux abandonné par Corel et repris en 2001. Le projet semble avoir été abandonné en lorsque le site web du projet a été fermé.

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null

Eixample

The Eixample (; ; ) is a district of Barcelona between the old city (Ciutat Vella) and what were once surrounding small towns (Sants, Gràcia, Sant Andreu etc.), constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its population was 262,000 at the last census (2005).

L' (en castillan : "") est l'un des dix districts (district n° II) de la ville de Barcelone (Catalogne). Son nom signifie en français « Extension », « Élargissement » ou « Agrandissement ». Il constitue en effet la plus vaste extension urbaine planifiée de Barcelone. Sa création date de 1859 lors de la mise en œuvre du plan Cerdà de l'urbaniste Ildefons Cerdà.

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Camera angle

Angle de prise de vue

The camera angle marks the specific location at which the movie camera or video camera is placed to take a shot. A scene may be shot from several camera angles simultaneously. This will give a different experience and sometimes emotion. The different camera angles will have different effects on the viewer and how they perceive the scene that is shot. There are a few different routes that a camera operator could take to achieve this effect.

L'angle de prise de vue — en prise de vue photographique ou prise de vues cinématographique — est l'angle formé dans un plan vertical par l’axe optique de l'appareil et l'horizontale. Dans la description des prises de vues, l'« angle » peut aussi être celui entre l'axe optique de la caméra et l'axe principal des personnages ou d'autres éléments notables du plan.

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Nonlinear narrative

Narration non linéaire

Nonlinear narrative, disjointed narrative or disrupted narrative is a narrative technique, sometimes used in literature, film, hypertext websites and other narratives, where events are portrayed, for example, out of chronological order or in other ways where the narrative does not follow the direct causality pattern of the events featured, such as parallel distinctive plot lines, dream immersions or narrating another story inside the main plot-line. It is often used to mimic the structure and recall of human memory, but has been applied for other reasons as well.

La narration non linéaire est le procédé narratif utilisé par un auteur lorsqu'il relate des évènements sans respecter leur chronologie. "Stricto sensu", à partir du moment où une œuvre propose un flashback, on peut parler de narration non linéaire. Dans les faits, le terme est plutôt réservé à des œuvres dont la chronologie de l'intrigue est bouleversée dans un souci de sophistication ou d'efficacité. Plus récemment, le terme est parfois employé pour désigner le récit interactif.

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Paul the Apostle

Paul de Tarse

Paul the Apostle (; ; ; c. 5 – c. 64 or 67), commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Hebrew name Saul of Tarsus (; ), was an apostle (although not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. Paul is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age and from the mid-30s to the mid-50s AD he founded several Christian communities in Asia Minor and Europe.

Paul de Tarse ou saint Paul (), portant aussi le nom juif de Saul (, - "Šā’ûl" qui signifie « demandé [à Dieu] » et qui se prononce en hébreu) (né vers 8, probablement à Tarse en Cilicie au début du et mort vers 64 à Rome), est un apôtre de Jésus-Christ, qui ne fait pas partie des « Douze ». Il est citoyen romain de naissance et juif pharisien. Le Nouveau Testament le présente comme un persécuteur des disciples de Jésus jusqu'à sa rencontre mystique avec le Christ, vers 32-36, mais l'historicité de ces persécutions fait débat dans la recherche moderne, tout comme l'emploi du terme de « conversion » à son propos.

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List of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies characters

Looney Tunes (personnages)

The Warner Bros comedies Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes feature a range of characters which are listed and briefly detailed here in this article.

Looney Tunes est le nom générique donné par les studios Warner Bros. aux personnages de dessins animés de la série "Looney Tunes" ainsi qu'à ceux de la série "Merrie Melodies".

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Arpajon

Arpajon () is a commune in the Essonne department in the Île-de-France region of northern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Arpajonnais" or "Arpajonnaises".

Arpajon ( ) est une commune française située à trente et un kilomètres au sud-est de Paris dans le département de l’Essonne en région Île-de-France. C’est le chef-lieu du canton d'Arpajon et du secteur pastoral des Trois-Vallées-Arpajon.

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Joe Hisaishi

, known professionally as, is a Japanese composer and musical director known for over 100 film scores and solo albums dating back to 1981. Hisaishi is also known for his piano scores.

, dit, est un compositeur, chef d'orchestre, pianiste et parolier japonais né le à Nagano. Il est notamment connu pour avoir composé la musique de la plupart des films de Hayao Miyazaki et de Takeshi Kitano.

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Megalopolis

Mégalopole

A megalopolis (), sometimes called a megapolis; also megaregion, city cluster or supercity, is typically defined as a group of two or more roughly adjacent metropolitan areas, which may be somewhat separated or may merge into a continuous urban region. The megalopolis concept became highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale in thinking about urban patterns and urban growth.

Une mégalopole (du grec "megas, megalos", « grand » et "polis", « ville ») est un espace urbanisé formé de plusieurs agglomérations dont les banlieues et couronnes périurbaines s'étendent tellement qu'elles finissent par se rejoindre, et cela sur de longues distances.

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French Sign Language

Langue des signes française

French Sign Language (, LSF) is the sign language of the deaf in France and French-speaking parts of Switzerland. According to "Ethnologue", it has 100,000 native signers.

La langue des signes française (LSF) est la langue des signes utilisée par une partie des sourds de France et par une partie des sourds de Suisse. La LSF est une langue à part entière et est un des piliers de l’identité Sourde de la culture Sourde.

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Ildefons Cerdà

Ildefons Cerdà i Sunyer, (; Centelles, December 23, 1815 – Caldas de Besaya, August 21, 1876), also known as Ildefonso Cerdá y Suñer in Spanish, was the progressive Catalan Spanish urban planner who designed the 19th-century "extension" of Barcelona called the "Eixample". He was a founder of modern town planning who coined the new word “urbanization”.

Ildefons Cerdà i Sunyer, né à Centelles (Espagne) le et mort à Caldas de Besaya (Espagne) le, est un ingénieur, urbaniste, architecte, juriste, économiste et homme politique espagnol.

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Ottawa

Ottawa (, ; Canadian ) is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2016, Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada. In June 2019, the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million.

Ottawa (, ou ) est la capitale du Canada. La ville est située dans l'est de l'Ontario, sur la rive sud de la rivière des Outaouais, face à la ville québécoise de Gatineau.

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Charango

The charango is a small Andean stringed instrument of the lute family, which probably originated in the Quechua and Aymara populations in the territory of the Altiplano in post-Colonial times, after European stringed instruments were introduced by the Spanish during colonialization. The instrument is widespread throughout the Andean regions of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, northern Chile and northwestern Argentina, where it is a popular musical instrument that exists in many variant forms.

Le charango est un instrument de musique à cordes pincées des peuples autochtones des Andes, inspiré des diverses formes de guitares anciennes apportées par les colons espagnols au. Il est peut-être originaire de la ville bolivienne de Potosí ou de la ville d'Ayacucho au Pérou au.

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