StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀	tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀	input_ids sequence	attention_mask sequence	labels sequence	text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀	summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀	gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀	src_document sequence
I. M. Pei	Ieoh Ming Pei	Ieoh Ming Pei (), FAIA, RIBA ( 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019) was a Chinese-American architect. Born in Guangzhou but raised in Hong Kong and Shanghai, Pei drew inspiration at an early age from the garden villas at Suzhou, the traditional retreat of the scholar-gentry to which his family belonged. In 1935, he moved to the United States and enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania's architecture school, but he quickly transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was unhappy with the focus at both schools on Beaux-Arts architecture, and spent his free time researching emerging architects, especially Le Corbusier. After graduating, he joined the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) and became a friend of the Bauhaus architects Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. In 1948, Pei was recruited by New York City real estate magnate William Zeckendorf, for whom he worked for seven years before establishing an independent design firm in 1955, I. M. Pei & Associates. In 1966 that became I. M. Pei & Partners, and in 1989 became Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Pei retired from full-time practice in 1990. In his retirement, he worked as an architectural consultant primarily from his sons' architectural firm Pei Partnership Architects.	Ieoh Ming Pei (), communément appelé I. M. Pei, est un architecte américain d'origine chinoise né le à Canton et mort le à New York.	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Coulomb	Coulomb	The coulomb (symbol: C) is the International System of Units (SI) unit of electric charge. The unit is the amount of electric charge (symbol: "Q" or "q") transported by a constant electric current of one ampere in one second:	Le coulomb, de symbole C, est l'unité de charge électrique du Système international (une des unités dérivées du SI). Son nom vient de celui du physicien français Charles-Augustin Coulomb.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10000, 5426, 61924, 7, 70, 552, 10391, 6492, 23, 69407, 111, 70, 151095, 13, 136, 17932, 12, 106, 313, 2203, 106, 62, 34070, 106, 91, 5, 581, 3640, 456, 49919, 1363, 111, 70, 151095, 13, 136, 3789, 10000, 3647, 25072, 7, 188347, 70, 54744, 6827, 34292, 111, 70, 131830, 53, 25534, 3229, 36510, 297, 23, 31816, 6511, 16145, 4, 136, 127298, 188347, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 552, 10391, 6492, 3229, 36510, 297, 237, 10, 48716, 111, 70, 20531, 25534, 15, 2347, 54744, 6827, 142424, 111, 8382, 102134, 2449, 621, 70, 127664, 4935, 95029, 90, 111, 12638, 3789, 194, 581, 151095, 13, 83, 61924, 71, 390, 35971, 70, 188347, 54744, 6827, 34292, 111, 70, 131830, 53, 25534, 28, 47, 186, 552, 10391, 6492, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 1632, 552, 10391, 6492, 83, 70, 25534, 111, 4, 7440, 70, 14012, 83, 70, 159826, 289, 111, 3311, 172457, 4, 70, 56101, 56187, 100, 70, 223438, 674, 111, 28745, 1902, 61924, 71, 70, 2711, 4, 13505, 39, 4, 136, 5484, 71, 4, 1284, 959, 70, 552, 10391, 6492, 5, 360, 151258, 4, 70, 8357, 89917, 289, 77699, 4, 5036, 70, 8357, 93010, 516, 55875, 289, 63871, 15, 126109, 247, 190238, 70, 2711, 237, 70, 25072, 100, 77556, 31494, 13, 37772, 4, 70, 151095, 13, 237, 70, 25072, 100, 39108, 43581, 4, 136, 70, 552, 10391, 6492, 237, 70, 25072, 111, 39108, 25534, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 4, 70, 2711, 509, 61924, 71, 237, 70, 38516, 60212, 378, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 2367, 83, 134523, 5636, 7, 35839, 70, 44, 47125, 429, 15, 428, 18234, 6620, 16, 58, 268, 36880, 10, 128404, 3229, 10, 43581, 111, 1632, 151095, 13, 109091, 4453, 90, 1632, 793, 18, 111, 14537, 5, 581, 552, 10391, 6492, 15, 94068, 44, 2055, 98685, 13, 552, 10391, 6492, 58, 707, 44, 2055, 12600, 6511, 275, 58, 100, 6392, 6332, 1234, 2320, 16, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 241, 23330, 5426, 111, 25072, 7, 5, 581, 44, 219402, 552, 10391, 6492, 58, 35509, 98, 139915, 53, 71679, 5256, 100, 6863, 72350, 674, 509, 65508, 71, 390, 70, 6, 126109, 23, 81139, 5, 581, 64194, 5423, 111, 44, 107, 102446, 28236, 25072, 7, 58, 509, 32997, 297, 23, 31100, 136, 70, 44, 219402, 552, 10391, 6492, 58, 100512, 70, 5744, 1311, 10391, 6492, 5, 6872, 2843, 4146, 12259, 183114, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 552, 10391, 6492, 4, 8, 26582, 13, 313, 4, 437, 96, 25, 309, 5097, 8, 25534, 115121, 115, 4843, 271, 23846, 21640, 15, 1811, 224, 51, 55475, 133361, 4371, 8493, 115, 10000, 194, 4815, 9901, 41571, 8, 23814, 115, 6, 34053, 7, 2624, 33, 43054, 28166, 9, 212840, 73, 1311, 10391, 6492, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Protein biosynthesis	Biosynthèse des protéines	Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Proteins perform a variety of critical functions as enzymes, structural proteins or hormones and therefore, are crucial biological components. Protein synthesis is a very similar process for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are some distinct differences.	La biosynthèse des protéines est l'ensemble des processus biochimiques permettant aux cellules de produire leurs protéines à partir de leurs gènes afin de compenser les pertes en protéines par sécrétion ou par dégradation. Elle recouvre les étapes de transcription de l'ADN en ARN messager, d'aminoacylation des ARN de transfert, de traduction de l'ARN messager en chaînes polypeptidiques, de modifications post-traductionnelles de ces dernières, et enfin de repliement des protéines ainsi produites. Elle est étroitement régulée à de multiples niveaux, principalement lors de la transcription et lors de la traduction.	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Kurma	Kûrma	Kurma (;, 'turtle', 'tortoise'), also known as 'KurmaRaja' ('Tortoise King') is an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. Originating in Vedic literature such as the YajurVeda as being synonymous with the Saptarishi called Kasyapa, Kurma is most commonly associated in post-Vedic literature such as the Puranas with the legend of the churning of the Ocean of Milk, referred to as the Samudra manthan. Also synonymous with Akupara, the world-turtle supporting the Earth, Kurma is listed as the second incarnation of the Dashavatara, the ten principal avatars of Vishnu.	Dans l'hindouisme, Kûrma (), la tortue, est le deuxième avatar de Vishnou. Kûrma sert de support au mont Mandara que les deva et les asura utilisèrent comme pivot pour baratter la mer de lait, ce qui engendra un certain nombre de trésors et de divinités, entre autres Lakshmi, l'amrita (liqueur d'immortalité), l'arbre du Paradis d'Indra, le médecin des dieux, les apsaras, le cheval divin et l'éléphant royal.	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Secours populaire français	Secours populaire français	The (SPF), or French Popular Relief, is a French non-profit organization founded in 1945, dedicated to fighting poverty and discrimination in public life.	Le Secours populaire français, est une association française à but non lucratif, qui intervient sur le plan matériel, médical, moral et juridique, auprès des personnes victimes de l’injustice sociale, des calamités naturelles, de la misère, de la faim, du sous-développement, des conflits armés.	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Class conflict	Lutte des classes	Class conflict, also referred to as class struggle and class warfare, is the political tension and economic antagonism that exists in society consequent to socio-economic competition among the social classes.	La lutte des classes est une expression qui désigne les tensions dans une société hiérarchisée et divisée en classes sociales, chacune luttant pour sa situation sociale et économique, et un modèle théorique qui explique les enjeux de cet affrontement. Ce concept est apparu au chez les historiens libéraux français de la Restauration, François Guizot, l'initiateur, Augustin Thierry, Adolphe Thiers et François-Auguste Mignet, auxquels Karl Marx l'a emprunté.	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Connective tissue	Tissu conjonctif	Kenneth Thomas Jones (born 16 September 1948) is an English drummer best known for his work in the groups Small Faces, Faces, and the Who. Jones was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012 as a member of Small Faces/Faces.	Le tissu conjonctif (TC) est l'un des quatre types de tissus biologiques animaux et humain qui soutient, lie, ou distingue différents types de tissus et d'organes du corps. Grande découverte de la fin du siècle, orphelines du tissu conjonctif sont aujourd'hui recensées. Il tient son origine dans le mésoderme, au moment de la gastrulation, lors du développement embryonnaire. Les trois autres types sont l'épithélium, le tissu musculaire, et le tissu nerveux. Le tissu conjonctif se place entre d'autres tissus du corps, comme ceux du système nerveux. Le tissu conjonctif compose notamment les membranes externes qui enveloppent l'encéphale et la moelle épinière, ces deux établissant le système nerveux central, touchant la matière grise et la matière noire, la plus profonde. Il compose aussi les os, les vaisseaux sanguins et le sang, tous les organes, les yeux, la peau, les nerfs, les muscles, "etc", et constitue 80% du corps humain.	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Atom probe	Sonde atomique tomographique	The atom probe was introduced at the 14th Field Emission Symposium in 1967 by Erwin Wilhelm Müller and J. A. Panitz. It combined a field ion microscope with a mass spectrometer having a single particle detection capability and, for the first time, an instrument could “... determine the nature of one single atom seen on a metal surface and selected from neighboring atoms at the discretion of the observer”.	La sonde atomique tomographique est un microscope analytique tridimensionnel de haute résolution qui permet d'observer la distribution spatiale des atomes dans un matériau en en connaissant la nature chimique.	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Domestic pig	Porc	The domestic pig ("Sus scrofa domesticus" or only "Sus domesticus"), often called swine, hog, or simply pig when there is no need to distinguish it from other pigs, is a domesticated large, even-toed ungulate. It is variously considered a subspecies of the Eurasian boar or a distinct species. The domestic pig's head-plus-body length ranges from, and adult pigs typically weigh between, with well-fed individuals often exceeding this weight range. The size and weight of hogs largely depends on their breed. Compared to other artiodactyls, a pig's head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts. Most even-toed ungulates are herbivorous, but domestic pigs are omnivores, like their wild relative.	Sus domesticus est une espèce de mammifères domestiques omnivores de la famille des Porcins, ou Suidés. Appelé porc (du latin "porcus") ou cochon ou encore cochon domestique, il est resté proche du sanglier avec lequel il peut se croiser.	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Chocolate brownie	Brownie	A chocolate brownie or simply a brownie is a square or rectangular chocolate baked treat. Brownies come in a variety of forms and may be either fudgy or cakey, depending on their density. They may include nuts, frosting, cream cheese, chocolate chips, or other ingredients. A variation made with brown sugar and vanilla rather than chocolate in the batter is called a blond brownie or blondie. The brownie was developed in the United States at the end of the 19th century and popularized in the U.S. and Canada during the first half of the 20th century.	Le brownie est un gâteau au chocolat, fondant par endroits, cuit au four. Un glaçage peut être ensuite déposé sur sa surface. Sa crème de préparation peut également être mangée sans être cuite.	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Sykes–Picot Agreement	Accords Sykes-Picot	The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement was based on the premise that the Triple Entente would succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I and formed part of a series of secret agreements contemplating its partition. The primary negotiations leading to the agreement occurred between 23 November 1915 and 3 January 1916, on which date the British and French diplomats, Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot, initialled an agreed memorandum. The agreement was ratified by their respective governments on 9 and 16 May 1916.	Les accords Sykes-Picot sont des accords secrets signés le, après négociations entre novembre 1915 et, entre la France et le Royaume-Uni (avec l'aval de l'Empire russe et du royaume d'Italie), prévoyant le partage du Proche-Orient à la fin de la guerre (espace compris entre la mer Noire, la mer Méditerranée, la mer Rouge, l'océan Indien et la mer Caspienne) en plusieurs zones d'influence au profit de ces puissances, ce qui revenait à dépecer l'Empire ottoman. Ces accords secrets n'ont été finalement révélés au grand public que le dans un article des "Izvestia" et de la "Pravda" et le puis repris dans un article du "Manchester Guardian".	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Silk	Soie	Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm "Bombyx mori" reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors.	La soie est une fibre protéique naturelle d'origine animale utilisée dans la fabrication d'articles et produits textiles. Les protéines de soie sont de longues macromolécules structurelles composées d'acides aminés (principalement l'alanine, la glycine et la sérine) dont la répétition donne naissance à une fibre hydrophobe. De nombreux arthropodes produisent de la soie dans des glandes séricigènes, notamment les araignées (soie d'araignée) et les chenilles de certains papillons (Yponomeutes, bombyx). La faculté de produire des fibres de soie est apparue plusieurs fois au cours de l'évolution. Si les insectes de presque tous les ordres sécrètent un matériau protéique équivalent, seuls quelques groupes ont développé un véritable comportement de tissage de fils soyeux (Hyménoptères, Lépidoptères, Embioptères, Thysanoptères, Trichoptères et quelques larves de Diptères).	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Contraposition	Proposition contraposée	In logic and mathematics, contraposition refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as proof by contraposition. The contrapositive of a statement has its antecedent and consequent inverted and flipped. For instance, the contrapositive of the conditional statement ""If it is raining, then I wear my coat"" is the statement ""If I don't wear my coat, then it isn't raining."" In formulas: the contrapositive of formula_1 is formula_2. The law of contraposition says that a conditional statement is true if, and only if, its contrapositive is true.	En logique et en mathématiques, la contraposition est un type de raisonnement consistant à affirmer l'implication « si non B alors non A » à partir de l'implication « si A alors B ». L'implication « si non B alors non A » est appelée contraposée de « si A alors B ». Par exemple, la proposition contraposée de la proposition « s'il pleut, alors le sol est mouillé » est « si le sol n'est pas mouillé, alors il ne pleut pas ».	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Aa (river, France)	Aa (fleuve)	The Aa is an long river in northern France. Its source is near the village of Bourthes. The name Aa is Old Dutch. It means water, and can be traced back to its original Indo-European form as such.	L est un fleuve côtier français du Nord de la France, dans la région Hauts-de-France, qui se jette dans la mer du Nord, pour partie canalisé qui traverse les villes de Saint-Omer (Pas-de-Calais) et Gravelines, et est très proche de la Manche. C'est un fleuve très connu des amateurs de mots croisés (« le premier fleuve de France »).	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 96113, 25, 7, 700, 87168, 831, 186, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 63920, 5, 23972, 4, 1295, 6863, 31344, 4, 23, 70, 4713, 31, 164, 117889, 4, 47, 12190, 9, 670, 1991, 4, 442, 83, 10, 19336, 94207, 92, 75973, 4, 10, 19336, 11389, 111, 70, 4961, 282, 5, 237, 127887, 390, 70, 111, 70, 96113, 7, 8167, 14653, 70, 4713, 31, 164, 37385, 916, 5, 77648, 4, 1295, 12190, 9, 670, 1991, 15520, 19364, 7, 4, 189275, 4, 442, 83, 10, 46011, 2886, 7401, 7514, 37067, 214, 678, 70, 73908, 8, 76370, 164, 105207, 47, 76370, 164, 136, 70, 73908, 8, 100561, 168519, 105207, 47, 27859, 8372, 92, 4, 237, 127887, 390, 70, 22288, 111, 70, 46011, 2886, 7401, 102966, 5, 581, 40059, 111, 70, 96113, 1295, 12190, 9, 670, 1991, 7565, 47, 70, 27022, 10763, 678, 70, 5201, 27859, 8372, 92, 9, 25452, 19388, 18, 7401, 7514, 83, 82424, 2837, 33740, 4, 237, 83, 70, 73908, 8, 11059, 92521, 48326, 10336, 214, 1257, 86429, 47, 70, 5701, 5201, 36439, 99, 1172, 7162, 5, 12190, 9, 670, 1991, 36770, 538, 21, 53, 99, 70, 10336, 111, 6863, 44252, 6635, 12960, 47, 15520, 19364, 4, 76370, 164, 21, 53, 98, 6863, 171827, 92142, 136, 2076, 21325, 4, 5036, 23, 1760, 1295, 27859, 8372, 92, 4, 98, 6863, 8394, 48850, 1632, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 98416, 9615, 19929, 7, 98, 903, 184085, 4, 27859, 8372, 92, 509, 168698, 98, 70, 115, 1444, 4, 207485, 36880, 70, 437, 2240, 1212, 10283, 127, 1295, 2076, 21325, 5, 181689, 59801, 509, 70, 14432, 11469, 99, 70, 15520, 19364, 3564, 111, 70, 96113, 237, 442, 100512, 4, 7103, 70, 16128, 111, 70, 44252, 6635, 509, 456, 164779, 297, 5, 581, 112474, 111, 6097, 47353, 621, 73340, 318, 184, 1284, 70, 5744, 103510, 509, 11037, 538, 170920, 390, 423, 12772, 4, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 195374, 184960, 4, 3229, 142, 35707, 53950, 2320, 47, 70, 5744, 15411, 111, 70, 27226, 1760, 96113, 100, 4806, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 17721, 70, 195374, 231118, 136, 9942, 5, 581, 96113, 134729, 7, 88551, 44402, 1295, 25297, 2837, 69674, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 5795, 22062, 450, 7228, 70, 140909, 1295, 12190, 9, 670, 1991, 7565, 47, 70, 27022, 10763, 678, 70, 27859, 8372, 92, 9, 139272, 11, 1003, 7401, 7514, 85589, 24299, 2886, 1295, 70, 19340, 7, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 339, 437, 51, 18738, 34, 272, 4747, 31182, 43054, 115, 7370, 8, 21, 9942, 4, 807, 21, 38038, 42522, 7, 9, 112, 9, 160392, 4, 569, 40, 55, 3135, 807, 21, 1143, 115, 7370, 4, 578, 17875, 26944, 52992, 569, 37317, 13, 199, 5054, 7, 8, 12190, 9, 670, 1991, 15, 65619, 9, 112, 9, 94553, 1606, 16, 82, 181689, 59801, 4, 82, 437, 4099, 78733, 8, 21, 185162, 5, 313, 25, 525, 51, 18738, 34, 272, 4099, 70561, 224, 79775, 7, 8, 71922, 46923, 2246, 29365, 95, 9882, 18738, 34, 272, 8, 9942, 340, 194, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Józef Poniatowski	Joseph-Antoine Poniatowski	Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski (; 7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish leader, general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire.	Joseph Antoine Poniatowski (en polonais Józef Antoni Poniatowski), né à Vienne (ou Varsovie, les historiens ne sont pas d'accord) le, mort à Leipzig le, est un prince, militaire et homme d'État polonais du. Neveu du roi de Pologne Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski et prince du Saint-Empire romain germanique par sa naissance, il intègre l'armée autrichienne où il sert jusqu'au grade de colonel. Rejoignant la Pologne en 1789, il prend le commandement des troupes polonaises en Ukraine lors de la guerre russo-polonaise de 1792. En 1794, il rejoint l'insurrection de Kościuszko puis, après l'échec de cette révolte, devient gouverneur de Varsovie.	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Folk etymology	Étymologie populaire	Folk etymology or reanalysis – sometimes called popular etymology, analogical reformation, or etymological reinterpretation – is a change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one. The form or the meaning of an archaic, foreign, or otherwise unfamiliar word is reanalyzed as resembling more familiar words or morphemes. Rebracketing is a form of folk etymology in which a word is broken down or "bracketed" into a new set of supposed elements. Back-formation, creating a new word by removing or changing parts of an existing word, is often based on folk etymology.	L’étymologie populaire est un procédé analogique par lequel le sujet parlant rattache spontanément et à tort un terme ou une expression dont la forme et le sens sont pour lui opaques à un autre terme ou expression mieux compris par lui, mais sans rapport. Par abus de langage, on désigne aussi par « étymologie populaire » l'attitude qui consiste à expliquer l'étymologie des mots à partir de simples ressemblances formelles et apparentes dans sa langue ou dans d'autres, sans utiliser la méthode scientifique mise en place par les philologues et les linguistes.	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Dream Theater	Dream Theater	Dream Theater is an American progressive metal band formed in 1985 under the name Majesty by John Petrucci, John Myung and Mike Portnoy while they attended Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. They subsequently dropped out of their studies to concentrate further on the band that would eventually become Dream Theater. Though a number of lineup changes followed, the three original members remained together until September 8, 2010, when Portnoy left the band. Mike Mangini was announced as the new permanent drummer on April 29, 2011. In 1991, James LaBrie joined replacing Charlie Dominici as the lead singer of the band and has been the singer ever since. The band's first keyboardist, Kevin Moore, left the band after three albums and was replaced by Derek Sherinian in 1995 after a period of touring. After one album with Sherinian, the band replaced him with current keyboardist Jordan Rudess in 1999.	Dream Theater est un groupe de metal progressif américain, originaire de Long Island dans l'état de New York. Le groupe est actuellement composé de John Petrucci (guitare), John Myung (basse), Jordan Rudess (claviers), Mike Mangini (batterie) et James LaBrie (chant).	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Aruba Dushi Tera	Aruba Dushi Tera	"Aruba Dushi Tera" ("Aruba Sweet Land" or "Aruba Lovely Country") is the national anthem of Aruba. It is a waltz written by Juan Chabaya Lampe and composed by Rufo Wever. The last verse was written by Hubert (Lio) Booi. It was accepted as the Aruban national anthem on March 18, 1976. It is written in Papiamento.	Aruba Dushi Tera ("Aruba Précieux Pays") est l'hymne national d'Aruba depuis le. Il a été écrit par Padu Lampe et composé par Rufo Wever. Il s'agit d'une valse dont les paroles sont en papiamento.	[ 250004, 250054, 44, 107522, 6563, 12, 58, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 62, 137575, 77947, 71, 24, 4935, 3551, 2446, 140143, 3674, 501, 5589, 133, 398, 1543, 186, 19336, 136, 8781, 1284, 14373, 398, 621, 15072, 297, 5, 44, 107522, 6563, 12, 58, 10160, 62, 137575, 53673, 3551, 2446, 20802, 31178, 221, 66165, 4126, 2446, 5161, 100, 398, 83, 221, 37515, 450, 33720, 831, 163684, 442, 5, 44, 132, 107, 1081, 257, 16, 58, 14804, 46520, 90, 221, 5045, 73275, 297, 678, 61956, 1360, 90, 756, 69979, 14534, 935, 5798, 18, 111, 121641, 136, 49938, 621, 10, 30310, 47, 1821, 756, 38, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 581, 6782, 7432, 111, 935, 3395, 83, 2363, 9963, 183840, 2481, 450, 3430, 1221, 17997, 136, 118684, 2363, 5161, 100, 14788, 939, 38, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 62, 137575, 54657, 60883, 85, 13966, 314, 76, 140143, 85, 18953, 58538, 113, 8781, 144625, 168400, 85, 5, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 10160, 62, 137575, 75371, 41, 33771, 13130, 280, 204606, 19, 2197, 444, 1138, 13130, 11498, 196, 1053, 198, 2197, 3189, 41, 5799, 53359, 47894, 481, 365, 5, 44, 132, 90197, 481, 16, 58, 14701, 15665, 7, 95767, 7, 2197, 61113, 1124, 158, 61956, 18314, 5136, 69979, 76, 1124, 370, 61461, 246, 113, 176074, 148309, 8, 2194, 27778, 775, 38, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 22634, 596, 8, 370, 56093, 198, 166, 2855, 183840, 3812, 14701, 41732, 39574, 2497, 430, 13, 113, 118684, 166, 11498, 121, 21, 95467, 38, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 62, 137575, 700, 69620, 24069, 23, 1106, 195, 7, 3551, 46136, 493, 26128, 1225, 177, 345, 7698, 18278, 22, 42901, 1056, 6533, 15326, 700, 177981, 11458, 5, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 10160, 4, 62, 137575, 4, 16729, 3551, 46136, 20788, 7, 1602, 700, 51821, 71, 46136, 45601, 624, 75, 83, 1602, 26627, 7716, 56595, 225, 203, 185031, 33, 4, 7716, 56595, 225, 203, 185031, 33, 5, 80442, 83806, 1602, 235421, 71, 4344, 435, 61956, 837, 1055, 109374, 4216, 80442, 139791, 22, 4424, 81, 3668, 97700, 8, 38037, 131, 39006, 38, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 262, 9102, 7, 3896, 131, 5499, 11120, 2071, 1926, 149634, 26355, 172700, 622, 3430, 203, 38630, 1015, 22, 186, 4205, 33, 97700, 45601, 624, 34234, 3896, 38, 44, 107522, 6563, 58, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 62, 137575, 786, 3767, 56858, 24073, 284, 137575, 62391, 318, 10999, 17166, 7, 18939, 437, 96, 25, 3038, 39, 86, 15889, 104, 25, 284, 137575, 13106, 95, 5, 891, 10, 5325, 61150, 366, 169502, 69058, 13, 82, 144687, 366, 71970, 31, 1401, 814, 5, 891, 91, 25, 30235, 104, 25, 1811, 3502, 184, 13319, 199, 30989, 7, 2045, 22, 14320, 14, 6497, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Naturism	Naturisme	Naturism, or nudism, is a cultural movement practising, advocating, and defending personal and social nudity, most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term also refers to a lifestyle based on personal, family, or social nudity. Naturism may be practiced individually, within a familial or social context, or in public.	Le naturisme est un mode de vie impliquant une pratique collective du nudisme, et basé sur l'idée de retour à l'état naturel.	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Chinese numerals	Numération chinoise	Chinese numerals are words and characters used to denote numbers in Chinese. Today, speakers of Chinese use three written numeral systems: the system of Arabic numerals used worldwide, and two indigenous systems. The more familiar indigenous system is based on Chinese characters that correspond to numerals in the spoken language. These are shared with other languages of the Chinese cultural sphere such as Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese. Most people and institutions in China and Taiwan primarily use the Arabic or mixed Arabic-Chinese systems for convenience, with traditional Chinese numerals used in finance, mainly for writing amounts on checks, banknotes, some ceremonial occasions, some boxes, and on commercials. The other indigenous system is the Suzhou numerals, or "huama", a positional system, the only surviving form of the rod numerals. These were once used by Chinese mathematicians, and later in Chinese markets, such as those in Hong Kong before the 1990s, but have been gradually supplanted by Arabic (and also Roman) numerals.	La numération chinoise sert à écrire des nombres en chinois. Elle est constituée de caractères chinois et remonte donc à la naissance de l'écriture chinoise, au III millénaire C'est une numération se rapprochant d'un système positionnel à base 10, où les principes de position et d'addition sont utilisés.	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Babylonian cuneiform numerals	Numération mésopotamienne	Assyro-Chaldean Babylonian cuneiform numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to make a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record.	La numération mésopotamienne est un système de numération en base soixante utilisé en Mésopotamie dès le. Ce système y perdure en se perfectionnant, au moins jusqu'au, durant l'époque séleucide. Il est repris par les civilisations grecques et arabes pour l'écriture des nombres en astronomie. Il en reste quelques vestiges dans le système horaire ou dans la mesure des angles en degrés, minutes, secondes.	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Virton	Virton	Virton () is a Walloon municipality () located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg. It is also the administrative centre of the district ("arrondissement") of the same name, as well as the principal town of the small region of Belgian Lorraine known as the Gaume, famous for its microclimate.	Virton (en gaumais "Viertan") est une ville francophone de Belgique située en Région wallonne, chef-lieu d'arrondissement en province de Luxembourg. Elle fait partie de la Lorraine gaumaise.	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Couperin family	Famille Couperin	The Couperin family was a musical dynasty of professional composers and performers. They were the most prolific family in French musical history, active during the Baroque era (17th—18th centuries). Louis Couperin and his nephew, François Couperin "le grand", are the best known members of the family.	La famille Couperin est la plus prolifique famille de musiciens français de la période baroque, originaires de Chaumes-en-Brie. Ses membres les plus illustres furent Louis Couperin et François Couperin dit "le Grand", son neveu. Armand-Louis, petit-neveu de Louis, a également laissé une œuvre musicale.	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Idealism	Idéalisme (philosophie)	In philosophy, idealism is the diverse group of metaphysical philosophies which asserts that "reality" is in some way indistinguishable or inseparable from human understanding and/or perception; that it is in some sense mentally constituted, or otherwise closely connected to ideas. According to German philosopher Immanuel Kant, a pioneer of modern idealist thought, idealism does “not concern the existence of things”, but asserts only that our “modes of representation” of them, above all "space" and "time", are not “determinations that belong to things in themselves” but essential features of our own minds. Kant called this position “transcendental” idealism (or sometimes “critical” idealism), since it describes the way in which "reality" is utterly transcended by, and cannot be thought separate from, the categories with which they are structured by and in human understanding. However, since Kant's view affirms the existence of "some" things independently of experience (namely, "things in themselves"), it is very different from the more traditional idealism of George Berkeley.	En philosophie, le terme idéalisme définit toutes les théories philosophiques qui considèrent soit que la réalité est constituée par l'Idée ou les Idées (Platon, Hegel), soit que la réalité extra-mentale n'est perçue ou conçue qu'à travers nos idées (Berkeley, Kant).	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Holography	Holographie	A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to reproduce a three-dimensional light field, resulting in an image which retains the depth, parallax, and other properties of the original scene. Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than an image formed by a lens. The holographic medium, i.e., the object produced by a holographic process (which itself may be referred to as a hologram) is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light. It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of variations in the opacity, density, or surface profile of the photographic medium. When suitably lit, the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field, and the objects that were in it exhibit visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically with the relative position of the observer. That is, the view of the image from different angles represents the subject viewed from similar angles. In this sense, holograms do not simply produce the illusion of depth but are truly three-dimensional images.	L'holographie est un procédé d'enregistrement de la phase et de l'amplitude de l'onde diffractée par un objet. Ce procédé d'enregistrement permet de restituer ultérieurement une image en trois dimensions de l'objet. Ceci est réalisé en utilisant les propriétés de la lumière cohérente issue des lasers. Le mot « holographie » vient du grec "holos" (« en entier ») et "graphein" (« écrire »). Holographie signifie donc « tout représenter ».	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Benoît Frachon	Benoît Frachon	Benoît Frachon (13 May 1893 – 1 August 1975) was a French metalworker and trade union leader who was one of the leaders of the French Communist Party ("Parti communiste français", PCF) and of the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45). He was Secretary-General of the "Confédération générale du travail" (CGT) from 1945 to 1967.	Benoît Frachon, né le au Chambon-Feugerolles (Loire) et mort le aux Bordes (Loiret), est un syndicaliste et homme politique français. Il est secrétaire de la CGTU en 1933, membre du secrétariat de la Confédération générale du travail (CGT) en 1936, secrétaire général de la CGT de 1945 à 1967, président de celle-ci jusqu'en 1975. Membre du bureau politique du Parti communiste français (PCF), il en fut l'un des principaux dirigeants dans la Résistance.	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Gospel of Matthew	Évangile selon Matthieu	The Gospel According to Matthew is the first book of the New Testament and one of the three synoptic gospels. It tells how Israel's Messiah, rejected and executed in Israel, pronounces judgement on Israel and its leaders and becomes the salvation of the gentiles. The gospel reflects the struggles and conflicts between the evangelist's community and the other Jews, particularly with its sharp criticism of the scribes and Pharisees: prior to the Crucifixion they are referred to as Israelites, the honorific title of God's chosen people; after it, they are called simply "Ioudaioi" ("Jews"), a sign that through their rejection of the Christ the "Kingdom of Heaven" has been taken away from them and given instead to the church.	L'Évangile selon Matthieu (Τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον, "To kata Matthaion euaggelion") est le premier des quatre évangiles canoniques que contient le Nouveau Testament. Il est aussi le tout premier livre du Nouveau Testament, alors que l'historiographie moderne le définit comme ultérieur aux Épîtres de Paul (écrites entre 50 et 65) et à l'Évangile selon Marc (écrit vers 65-75).	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Plantaginaceae	Plantaginaceae	Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. In older classifications it used to be the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.	La famille des Plantaginacées ("Plantaginaceae") comprend des plantes dicotylédones ; elle se compose de 2-3 genres en classification classique et d'une centaine en classification phylogénique.	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Pritzker Architecture Prize	Prix Pritzker	The Pritzker Architecture Prize is awarded annually "to honor a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture". Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation. It is considered to be one of the world's premier architecture prizes, and is often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture.	Le prix Pritzker ou prix Pritzker d'architecture ("Pritzker architecture Prize" en anglais) est un prix d'architecture annuel décerné par un jury indépendant depuis 1979.	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Water rail	Râle d'eau	The water rail ("Rallus aquaticus") is a bird of the rail family which breeds in well-vegetated wetlands across Europe, Asia and North Africa. Northern and eastern populations are migratory, but this species is a permanent resident in the warmer parts of its breeding range. The adult is long, and, like other rails, has a body that is flattened laterally, allowing it easier passage through the reed beds it inhabits. It has mainly brown upperparts and blue-grey underparts, black barring on the flanks, long toes, a short tail and a long reddish bill. Immature birds are generally similar in appearance to the adults, but the blue-grey in the plumage is replaced by buff. The downy chicks are black, as with all rails. The former subspecies "R. indicus", has distinctive markings and a call that is very different from the pig-like squeal of the western races, and is now usually split as a separate species, the brown-cheeked rail.	Le Râle d'eau ("Rallus aquaticus") est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des rallidés. L'adulte mesure de 23 à de long et a, comme les autres râles, un corps aplati latéralement lui permettant de se frayer plus facilement un chemin dans les roselières, son habitat préférentiel. Ses parties supérieures sont brunes et ses parties inférieures gris-bleu. Il a des rayures noires sur les flancs, de longs orteils, une courte queue et un long bec rougeâtre. Les jeunes sont similaires aux adultes, mais la partie gris-bleu du plumage de l'adulte est chamoisée chez les jeunes. Les nouveau-nés sont couverts d'un duvet noir, comme chez tous les autres râles.	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Chemical reaction	Réaction chimique	A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.	Une réaction chimique est une transformation de la matière au cours de laquelle les espèces chimiques qui constituent la matière sont modifiées : les espèces qui sont consommées sont appelées réactifs. Les espèces formées au cours de la réaction sont appelées produits de réaction. Depuis les travaux de Lavoisier (1777), les scientifiques savent que la réaction chimique se fait sans variation mesurable de la masse :, qui traduit la conservation de la masse.	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Plutocracy	Ploutocratie	A plutocracy (, ', 'wealth' +, ', 'power') or plutarchy is a society that is ruled or controlled by people of great wealth or income. The first known use of the term in English dates from 1631. Unlike systems such as democracy, capitalism, liberalism, socialism or anarchism, plutocracy is not rooted in an established political philosophy.	La ploutocratie (du grec "ploutos" : dieu de la richesse et "kratos" : pouvoir) consiste en un système de gouvernement où la richesse constitue la base principale du pouvoir politique.	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Orchestra	Orchestre	An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families, including bowed string instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass, brass instruments such as the horn, trumpet, trombone and tuba, woodwinds such as the flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon, and percussion instruments such as the timpani, bass drum, triangle, snare drum, cymbals, and mallet percussion instruments each grouped in sections. Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and, for performances of some modern compositions, electronic instruments.	Un orchestre est un ensemble de musiciens instrumentistes réuni pour l'exécution d'une œuvre musicale. Le nombre et la combinaison des interprètes dépendent du compositeur, de l'époque et du genre du répertoire abordé. Le plus souvent, il est dirigé par un chef d'orchestre, mais un des musiciens peut aussi mener le groupe.	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Determinism	Déterminisme	Determinism is the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have sprung from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism (otherwise called nondeterminism) or randomness. Determinism is often contrasted with free will.	Le déterminisme est une notion philosophique selon laquelle la succession de chaque événement est déterminée en vertu du principe de causalité, du passé et des lois de la physique.	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Brigandine	Brigandine	A brigandine is a form of body armour from the Middle Ages. It is a garment, generally heavy cloth, canvas or leather, lined with small oblong steel plates riveted to the fabric.	La brigandine est une armure constituée de plaques rivetées sur du cuir ou du tissu épais. Fournissant une excellente protection, c'est une armure peu onéreuse (moins chère que le plastron sur mesures fait par le forgeron, plus rapide à produire que la maille) et simple à fabriquer. Pour ces raisons, elle est rapidement adoptée par les nombreux mercenaires du qui portaient alors les noms de « routiers » ou « brigands », d'où le nom de l'armure.	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Gratin	Gratin	Gratin () is a culinary technique in which an ingredient is topped with a browned crust, often using breadcrumbs, grated cheese, egg or butter. Gratin originated in French cuisine and is usually prepared in a shallow dish of some kind. A gratin is baked or cooked under an overhead grill or broiler to form a golden crust on top and is often served in its baking dish.	Un gratin est une préparation qui est cuite au four ou dont une partie de la cuisson se passe au four, en utilisant plus particulièrement le gril, ou à la salamandre, de telle sorte qu'il se forme en surface de la préparation une croûte plus ou moins légère et dorée.	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Pytheas	Pythéas	Pytheas of Massalia (; Ancient Greek: Πυθέας ὁ Μασσαλιώτης "Pythéas ho Massaliōtēs"; Latin: "Pytheas Massiliensis"; fl. 4th century BC) was a Greek geographer and explorer from the Greek colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, France). He made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe in about 325 BC, but his account of it, known widely in Antiquity, has not survived and is now known only through the writings of others.	Pythéas (en grec ancien ) est un explorateur grec originaire de Massalia, l'antique Marseille. Considéré comme l'un des plus anciens explorateurs scientifiques ayant laissé une trace dans l'Histoire, il a effectué un voyage dans les mers du nord de l'Europe vers 325 av. J.-C.. Il est le plus ancien auteur de l'Antiquité à avoir décrit, notamment, les phénomènes polaires, les marées ainsi que le mode de vie des populations de la Grande-Bretagne et des peuples germaniques des rives de la mer du Nord, voire de la mer Baltique.	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Canal	Canal (voie d'eau)	Canals are waterways channels, or artificial waterways, for water conveyance, or to service water transport vehicles. They may also help with irrigation. It can be thought of as an artificial version of a river.	Un canal est un cours d'eau artificiel, de section ouverte, navigable ou non. Il en existe trois grands types : lit de rivière canalisée, construction d'un canal latéral ensuite rempli avec l'eau de la rivière, ou construction de toutes pièces là où il n’existait pas de cours d'eau.	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Production (economics)	Production	Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. The area of economics that focuses on production is referred to as production theory, which in many respects is similar to the consumption (or consumer) theory in economics.	La production est l'action d'un sujet qui utilise des éléments matériels pour faire exister un nouvel objet. On rencontre ce phénomène de production dans la société, mais aussi bien dans la nature. C'est pourquoi on peut l'étudier soit sous l'angle économique et sociologique, soit sous l'angle biologique.	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Membrane transport protein	Transporteur membranaire	A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane protein; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as either "channels" or "carriers". The solute carriers and atypical SLCs are secondary active or facilitative transporters in humans. Collectively membrane transporters and channels are transportome. Transportomes govern cellular influx and efflux of not only ions and nutrients but drugs as well.	Les transporteurs membranaires sont des protéines intrinsèques à la membrane cellulaire lipidique qui permettent le transport membranaire des métabolites. 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Congo Free State	État indépendant du Congo	The Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo (, ), was a large state in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908. It was privately ruled by king Leopold II (not by the government of Belgium, of which he was the constitutional monarch). Leopold was able to procure the region by convincing other Eurasian states at the Berlin Conference on Africa that he was involved in humanitarian and philanthropic work and would not tax trade. Via the International Association of the Congo, he was able to lay claim to most of the Congo basin. On 29 May 1885, after the closure of the Berlin Conference, the king announced that he planned to name his possessions "the Congo Free State", an appellation which was not yet used at the Berlin Conference and which officially replaced "International Association of the Congo" on 1 August 1885. The Congo Free State operated as a corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II, although he never personally visited the state.	L'État indépendant du Congo (en abrégé E.I.C.), dont le territoire correspond à celui de l'actuelle république démocratique du Congo, est un État d'Afrique centrale sur lequel le roi des Belges Léopold II exerça une souveraineté de fait de 1885 à 1908.	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Rubicon	Rubicon	The Rubicon (, ) is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just south of Ravenna. The same name was given to a river that was famously crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BC. While it has not been proven, most historians believe that the two rivers are indeed one and the same.	Le Rubicon ("Rubicone" en italien, "Rubico" en latin) est un petit fleuve côtier du nord de l'Italie, dans la région d'Émilie-Romagne à l'est de la plaine du Pô, qui prend naissance près de la commune de Sogliano al Rubicone.	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Black body	Corps noir	A black body or blackbody is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. The name "black body" is given because it absorbs radiation in all frequencies, not because it "only" absorbs. Indeed, a black body can also "emit" radiation. On the contrary, a white body is one with a "rough surface that reflects all incident rays completely and uniformly in all directions."	En physique, un corps noir désigne un objet idéal qui absorbe parfaitement toute l'énergie électromagnétique (toute la lumière quelle que soit sa longueur d'onde) qu'il reçoit. Cette absorption se traduit par une agitation thermique qui provoque l'émission d'un rayonnement thermique, dit "rayonnement du corps noir".	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Hazard analysis and critical control points	Analyse des dangers et points critiques pour leur maîtrise (HACCP)	Hazard analysis and critical control points, or HACCP (), is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, physical hazards and more recently radiological hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe and designs measures to reduce these risks to a safe level. In this manner, HACCP attempts to avoid hazards rather than attempting to inspect finished products for the effects of those hazards. The HACCP system can be used at all stages of a food chain, from food production and preparation processes including packaging, distribution, etc. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) require mandatory HACCP programs for juice and meat as an effective approach to food safety and protecting public health. Meat HACCP systems are regulated by the USDA, while seafood and juice are regulated by the FDA. All other food companies in the United States that are required to register with the FDA under the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, as well as firms outside the US that export food to the US, are transitioning to mandatory hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC) plans.	Le système d'analyse des dangers et points critiques pour leur maîtrise, en abrégé système "HACCP" ("Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point"), est une méthode de maîtrise de la sécurité sanitaire des denrées alimentaires élaborée aux États-Unis par un laboratoire dépendant de la NASA avec le concours de l'entreprise Pillsbury dès 1959 dont l'objectif est la prévention, l'élimination ou la réduction à un niveau acceptable de tout danger biologique, physique, chimique et allergène. Pour ce faire, la démarche consiste en une analyse des dangers permettant la mise en place de points critiques où il est possible de les maîtriser.	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Walt Disney	Walt Disney	Walter Elias Disney (; December 5, 1901December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, animator, writer, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.	Walter Elias Disney dit Walt Disney est un producteur, réalisateur, scénariste et animateur américain, né le à Chicago (Illinois) et mort le à Burbank (Californie). Il est l'un des pionniers de l'animation et est une icône du.	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Solution of triangles	Résolution d'un triangle	Solution of triangles () is the main trigonometric problem of finding the characteristics of a triangle (angles and lengths of sides), when some of these are known. The triangle can be located on a plane or on a sphere. Applications requiring triangle solutions include geodesy, astronomy, construction, and navigation.	En géométrie, la résolution d'un triangle consiste en la détermination des différents éléments d'un triangle (longueurs des côtés, mesure des angles, aire) à partir de certains autres. Historiquement, la résolution des triangles fut motivée Aujourd'hui, la résolution des triangles continue d'être utilisée dans un grand nombre de problèmes faisant intervenir la triangulation (architecture, relevés cadastraux, vision binoculaire) et, plus généralement, la trigonométrie (astronomie, cartographie).	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Peter Safar	Peter Safar	Peter Safar (12 April 19242 August 2003) was an Austrian anesthesiologist of Czech descent. He is credited with pioneering cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).	Peter Safar (Vienne, Autriche, - Mt. Lebanon en Pennsylvanie, États-Unis, ) est un médecin autrichien, professeur d'anesthésie-réanimation à l'université de Pittsburgh, père de la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire (RCP).	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Troubadour	Troubadour	A troubadour (,, ; ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word "troubadour" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz.	Un troubadour (de l'occitan "" : « trouveur », "trobairitz" au féminin : « trouveuse ») est un compositeur, poète, et musicien médiéval de langue d'oc, qui interprétait ou faisait interpréter par des jongleurs ou des ménestrels ses œuvres poétiques. Les femmes qui pratiquent l'art du "trobar", sont appelées des trobairitz.	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Marilyn Monroe	Marilyn Monroe	Marilyn Monroe (; born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 4, 1962) was an American actress, model, and singer. Famous for playing comedic "blonde bombshell" characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and early 1960s and was emblematic of the era's changing attitudes towards sexuality. She was a top-billed actress for only a decade, but her films grossed $200 million (equivalent to $ billion in ) by the time of her death in 1962. More than half a century later, she continues to be a major popular culture icon.	Marilyn Monroe, née Norma Jeane Mortenson (Norma Jeane Baker selon son certificat de baptême) le à Los Angeles, où elle est morte le, est une mannequin, actrice et chanteuse américaine. Plus d'un demi-siècle plus tard, elle continue d'être une icône majeure de la culture populaire.	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Sarreguemines	Sarreguemines	Sarreguemines (; German:, Lorraine Franconian: "Saargemìnn") is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.	Sarreguemines (, en francique rhénan : "Saargemìnn") est une commune française située dans le département de la Moselle, en région administrative Grand Est.	[ 250004, 250054, 7374, 107, 110629, 12741, 4, 124901, 9351, 83, 10, 92265, 10010, 2069, 111, 70, 9351, 23, 4000, 53401, 219, 1212, 9, 191697, 220734, 44, 58, 5464, 147, 429, 1249, 58, 830, 91084, 44, 2271, 18026, 6620, 3934, 70, 57181, 830, 83, 105866, 99, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 19174, 90, 136, 70, 57181, 4, 28, 4438, 111, 4146, 169, 4, 144477, 25617, 111, 172567, 390, 6, 68823, 4, 136, 99, 70, 27022, 10763, 111, 70, 124519, 47, 4699, 56, 136, 57181, 13593, 5, 97299, 25958, 7374, 107, 110629, 12741, 509, 70, 10336, 111, 96113, 134470, 98, 70, 57181, 4, 6863, 131011, 8035, 10, 8, 7804, 7440, 139098, 7, 3542, 51, 63033, 297, 5, 7374, 107, 110629, 12741, 509, 4, 1295, 20231, 47, 24635, 70, 40, 257, 111, 6626, 831, 67772, 12, 149766, 831, 67772, 4, 26948, 70, 45556, 7, 111, 12376, 10745, 42, 4, 96274, 776, 23923, 4, 42225, 21777, 23923, 136, 13787, 8160, 10745, 42, 450, 3542, 49814, 47, 70, 31186, 19, 111, 7374, 7263, 372, 4, 3542, 42564, 71, 3934, 1632, 44, 36520, 191, 111, 7374, 107, 110629, 12741, 58, 98, 5, 7374, 107, 110629, 12741, 4, 7311, 538, 10, 12610, 9615, 19929, 4, 113054, 297, 211656, 38109, 39395, 23, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 427, 14773, 442, 509, 405, 48141, 390, 70, 54529, 111, 57181, 194641, 19, 47, 70, 51978, 111, 53401, 219, 1212, 4, 136, 115081, 678, 53401, 219, 1212, 23, 729, 14604, 47, 9942, 5, 1650, 509, 12302, 2822, 47, 102126, 23, 159983, 4, 678, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 37061, 25632, 70, 36160, 9, 683, 6563, 39209, 5550, 5, 28090, 159983, 47, 24531, 442, 100, 4806, 2831, 111, 70, 30839, 109343, 140280, 111, 5987, 8509, 9, 866, 50248, 1212, 136, 142901, 71, 1001, 127, 1518, 3618, 4, 78546, 56, 4, 196, 43252, 73, 4, 136, 109270, 33, 15876, 4, 136, 509, 10, 185256, 8, 7804, 100, 20576, 9, 39, 5791, 12640, 16530, 90, 4, 153161, 11814, 100, 54302, 4902, 11728, 90, 5, 1650, 509, 176377, 47, 9942, 7103, 6661, 5550, 87, 5, 2161, 14487, 952, 1104, 3742, 26748, 4, 70, 5896, 927, 360, 57463, 1294, 127152, 15, 225221, 46684, 16, 159399, 434, 4420, 17262, 81887, 7, 390, 70, 30839, 7, 47, 41421, 70, 19174, 90, 32547, 5, 893, 124030, 13, 165815, 111, 70, 7374, 107, 110629, 12741, 16128, 509, 136475, 87420, 22482, 136, 2684, 111, 11994, 18608, 5, 7374, 107, 110629, 12741, 509, 70, 127319, 23935, 111, 152, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 7374, 107, 110629, 12741, 15, 4, 22, 37863, 11503, 1690, 16828, 4458, 152, 44, 5464, 147, 14716, 10230, 10713, 18939, 437, 773, 45556, 72358, 165067, 807, 95, 123708, 8, 21, 8455, 2118, 4, 22, 38038, 86757, 12801, 12566, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Knossos	Cnossos	Knossos (also Cnossos, both pronounced ;, "Knōsós" ) is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and has been called Europe's oldest city.	Cnossos ou Knossos (en grec ancien / ) est un site archéologique crétois de l'âge du bronze en Europe, situé à au sud-est d'Héraklion, à l'ouest du fleuve Kairatos. Son aspect et sa taille en font un endroit capable de recevoir un demi-million de visiteurs par an. Un projet de restructuration a été annoncé par les autorités archéologiques grecques en juillet 2012.	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Provençal dialect	Provençal	Provençal (,, ; or ) is a variety of Occitan spoken by a minority of people in Southern France, mostly in Provence. In the English-speaking world, the term Provençal has historically also been used to refer to all of Occitan, but is now mainly understood to refer to the variety spoken in Provence.	Le provençal (en occitan provençal : "provençau/prouvençau" (norme classique/norme mistralienne) /pʁuvenˈsaw/) est un dialecte de l'occitan parlé essentiellement en Provence', dans l'Est du Languedoc voire aussi dans les vallées occitanes du Piémont.	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Salmonella	Salmonella	Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two species of "Salmonella" are "Salmonella enterica" and "Salmonella bongori". "S. enterica" is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,600 serotypes. "Salmonella" was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850–1914), an American veterinary surgeon.	Les (Salmonella) forment un genre de protéobactéries appartenant à la famille des entérobactéries. Elles mesurent 0,7 à 1,5 μm de diamètre, pour de longueur avec un flagelle.	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Greg Moore (racing driver)	Greg Moore	Gregory William Moore (April 22, 1975 – October 31, 1999) was a Canadian race car driver who competed in the Indy Lights and Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) from 1993 to 1999. He began competitive karting at the age of ten and achieved early success, before progressing to open-wheel car racing in the Canadian Formula Ford Championship in 1991. Moore won the 1992 USAC FF2000 Western Division Championship and the 1995 Indy Lights Championship.	Greg Moore, né le à New Westminster, en Colombie-Britannique et mort le à Fontana, en Californie, est un pilote automobile canadien. Considéré comme l'un des plus grands espoirs de sa génération, il s'est tué à 24 ans dans un accident survenu lors de l'ultime manche de la saison 1999 de CART.	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Bibliography	Bibliographie	Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). Carter and Barker (2010) describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as objects (descriptive bibliography).	Une bibliographie est une liste structurée de références de documents, généralement écrits. Elle est établie généralement pour signaler un ensemble de sources qui évoquent un sujet donné ou qui ont été utilisées comme supports intellectuels pour écrire sur un sujet donné.	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Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès	Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès	Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, duc de Parme (18 October 17538 March 1824), was a French nobleman, lawyer and statesman during the French Revolution and the First Empire. He is best remembered as one of the authors of the Napoleonic Code, which still forms the basis of French civil law and French-inspired civil law in many countries.	Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès est un jurisconsulte et homme d'État français, né le à Montpellier et mort le à Paris. Issu d'une famille de magistrats appartenant à la vieille noblesse de robe montpelliéraine, il connaît une enfance relativement pauvre. Diplômé en droit, il commence une carrière d'avocat et de conseiller à la Cour des comptes du Languedoc et fait son entrée en politique dès les premiers jours de la Révolution française. Président du tribunal criminel de l'Hérault en 1791, il est élu député à la Convention nationale l'année suivante. Dès lors, Cambacérès occupe des postes de pouvoir pendant la majeure partie de sa vie. Membre du Comité de salut public entre 1794 et 1795, président du Conseil des Cinq-Cents en 1796 puis ministre de la Justice en 1799, il est Deuxième consul après le coup d'État du 18 Brumaire de Napoléon Bonaparte et assiste au sacre de celui-ci en 1804. Nommé archichancelier de l'Empire, il est pendant près de dix ans le deuxième personnage de l'État : l'Empereur lui délègue la présidence des conseils et des séances du Sénat pendant son absence.	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Cottian Alps	Alpes cottiennes	The Cottian Alps (; ; ); are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps. They form the border between France (Hautes-Alpes and Savoie) and Italy (Piedmont). The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France (Lyon, Grenoble) and Italy (Turin).	Les Alpes cottiennes désignent à la fois un sous-ensemble des Alpes ("Alpi Cozie") et une ancienne province romaine ("Alpes Cottiæ"). La traduction française ne permet pas de faire la distinction entre les deux, mais l'on trouve parfois l'appellation d'origine "Cozie" pour désigner le massif.	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Vosges	Massif des Vosges	The Vosges (, ; ; ) are a range of low mountains in eastern France, near its border with Germany. Together with the Palatine Forest to the north on the German side of the border, they form a single geomorphological unit and low mountain range of around in area. It runs in a north-northeast direction from the Burgundian Gate (the Belfort–Ronchamp–Lure line) to the Börrstadt Basin (the Winnweiler–Börrstadt–Göllheim line), and forms the western boundary of the Upper Rhine Plain.	Les Vosges sont un massif de moyennes montagnes du Nord-Est de la France qui sépare le plateau lorrain de la plaine d'Alsace. D'origine varisque et majoritairement constituées de grès et de granite, elles atteignent des altitudes modestes culminant à au Grand Ballon.	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Saint-Dié-des-Vosges	Saint-Dié-des-Vosges	Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (; ), commonly referred to as just Saint-Dié, is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.	Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (appelée Saint-Dié jusqu'en 1999,, en vosgien de la montagne ) est une commune française, chef-lieu de la Déodatie et d’arrondissement du département des Vosges. Située dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine, la commune fait aujourd'hui partie de la région administrative Grand Est.	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Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front	Front islamique du Grand Orient	The Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front ("İslami Büyükdoğu Akıncılar Cephesi" in Turkish, abbreviated İBDA-C) is an Islamic militant organization which follows the Büyük Doğu ("Great East") ideology of Necip Fazıl Kısakürek (1904–1983), a well-known Turkish author, poet and Islamist ideologue. The group's self-proclaimed goal is to create a Sunni Islamic federate state in the Middle East and re-establish the Caliphate. They are notably hostile to Shia, Alevi, Christian and Jewish interests. IBDA-C carries on his pro-Islamic legacy with a newly born radicalism that wishes to restore religious rule to Turkey of whose government it finds "illegal" with an added willingness to commit acts of terrorism.	Les Front islamique du Grand Orient (en turc: "İslami Büyükdoğu Akıncılar Cephesi", "IBDA-C", "Combattants du front du Grand Orient islamique") est un groupe armé islamiste turc fondé dans les années 1970 par Salih İzzet Erdiş, connu sous le pseudonyme de Salih Mirzabeyoglu. L'organisation est placée sur la liste officielle des organisations terroristes de la Turquie, de l'Union européenne et des États-Unis.	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Pont-à-Mousson	Pont-à-Mousson	Pont-à-Mousson () is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. Population (1999): 14,592 ("Mussipontains"). It is an industrial town (mainly steel industry), situated on the Moselle River. Pont-à-Mousson has several historical monuments, including the 18th century Premonstratensian abbey.	Pont-à-Mousson est une ville et une commune du nord-est de la France, en Meurthe-et-Moselle, dans la région Grand Est. Ses habitants sont appelés les Mussipontains.	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Cannes	Cannes	Cannes (; ; ) is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, and Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. The city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. On 3 November 2011 it hosted the 2011 G20 summit.	Cannes (Canas en écriture classique de l'occitan provençal et Cano en écriture mistralienne provençal) est une commune française de la communauté d'agglomération Cannes Pays de Lérins située dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, sur la Côte d'Azur dont elle est une ville phare. Ses habitants sont appelés les Cannois(es) en français et les canenc(a) en provençal (prononcé localement canenc et canenco).	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Organism	Organisme (physiologie)	In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, "organismos") is any individual entity that embodies the properties of life. It is a synonym for "life form".	Un organisme (du grec "organon", « instrument »), ou organisme vivant, est, en biologie et en écologie, un système vivant complexe, organisé et est le produit de variations successives au cours de l'évolution. Il est constitué d'une ou plusieurs cellules vivantes (on parle alors, respectivement, d'organisme unicellulaire ou multicellulaire). Les organismes vivants sont classifiés en espèces partageant des caractéristiques génétiques, biologiques et morphologiques communes.	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Lunéville	Lunéville	Lunéville ( ; German, obsolete: ) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in France. It is a subprefecture of the department and lies on the Meurthe River at its confluence with the Vezouze.	Lunéville est une commune française du département de Meurthe-et-Moselle. Située dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine, la commune fait aujourd'hui partie de la région administrative Grand Est. Connue pour son château, surnommé le « Versailles Lorrain ». Ses habitants sont appelés les "Lunévillois".	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Briey	Briey (Meurthe-et-Moselle)	Briey (; German:"Brietz") is a former commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in northeastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val de Briey.	Briey est depuis une commune déléguée de Val de Briey et une ancienne commune française située dans le département de Meurthe-et-Moselle, en région Grand-Est.	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René Lévesque	René Lévesque	René Lévesque (Quebec French pronunciation: ; August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a Canadian politician and journalist who served as the 23rd Premier of Quebec (November 25, 1976 – October 3, 1985). Starting his career as a reporter, and radio and television host, he later became known for his eminent role in Quebec's nationalization of its electric power industry, and as an ardent defender of Quebec sovereignty. He was the founder of the Parti Québécois political party—and before that, a liberal minister of the government of Quebec from 1960 to 1966 and the first Québécois political leader since Confederation to attempt, through a referendum, to negotiate the political independence of Quebec.	René Lévesque est un homme d'État québécois né le à Campbellton au Canada et mort le à Verdun. D'abord connu comme journaliste, animateur de radio et de télévision, il est un artisan éminent de la Révolution tranquille, de la nationalisation de l'électricité au Québec et un ardent défenseur de la souveraineté politique du Québec. À la tête du Parti québécois, un parti indépendantiste, il est premier ministre du Québec de 1976 à 1985. Durant son mandat il tient le premier référendum sur l'indépendance du Québec du Canada en 1980.	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Sarajevo	Sarajevo	Sarajevo ( ;, ; "see ") is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area, including Sarajevo Canton, East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities, is home to 555,210 inhabitants. Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of the Balkans.	Sarajevo (en bosnien cyrillique, ; anciennement "Bosna-Seraï" ; en turc, "Saraybosna"), prononcé, est la capitale et la plus grande ville de Bosnie-Herzégovine. Traversée par la rivière Miljacka, la ville fait partie du canton de Sarajevo, l'un des dix de Bosnie-et-Herzégovine.	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Fourier series	Série de Fourier	In mathematics, a Fourier series () is a periodic function composed of harmonically related sinusoids, combined by a weighted summation. With appropriate weights, one cycle (or "period") of the summation can be made to approximate an arbitrary function in that interval (or the entire function if it too is periodic). As such, the summation is a synthesis of another function. The discrete-time Fourier transform is an example of Fourier series. The process of deriving the weights that describe a given function is a form of Fourier analysis. For functions on unbounded intervals, the analysis and synthesis analogies are Fourier transform and inverse transform.	En analyse mathématique, les séries de Fourier sont un outil fondamental dans l'étude des fonctions périodiques. C'est à partir de ce concept que s'est développée la branche des mathématiques connue sous le nom d'analyse harmonique.	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Remiremont	Remiremont	Remiremont () is a town and commune in the Vosges department of northeastern France, situated in southern Grand Est. The town has been an abbatial centre since the 7th century, is an economic crossroads of the Moselle and Moselotte valleys, and is also a stepping stone for tourists wishing to explore the Vosges and neighbouring Alsace. Remiremont has got a police station, which covers the city and his suburban area. The fire station realizes more than 2000 interventions per year. Remiremont is also known as the La Belle des Vosges.	Remiremont, en vosgien de la montagne, est une commune française située dans le département des Vosges en région Grand Est. Située sur le piémont vosgien à d'altitude, elle marque l'entrée dans la moyenne montagne (Massif des Vosges) à l'embouchure des hautes vallées de la Moselle, de la Moselotte et de la Cleurie dont l'altitude va croissante.	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Les Plus Beaux Villages de France	Les Plus Beaux Villages de France	Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (meaning “the most beautiful villages of France”) is an independent association created in 1982 for the promotion of the tourist appeal of small rural villages with a rich cultural heritage. As of September 2016, it numbers 156 member villages (independent "communes" or part of a "communauté de communes").	Les Plus Beaux Villages de France est une association française créée en 1982 afin de promouvoir les arguments touristiques des communes rurales riches d'un patrimoine remarquable. Au, elle comptait 159 villages classés (communes, anciennes communes ou villages dépendant d'une commune).	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Mirecourt	Mirecourt	Mirecourt is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Mirecourt is known for lace-making and the manufacture of musical instruments, particularly those of the Violin family. Inhabitants are called Mirecurtiens.	Mirecourt (, en vosgien de la montagne ) est une commune française, chef-lieu de canton du département des Vosges dans l'arrondissement de Neufchâteau. Située en Lorraine, la commune fait aujourd'hui partie de la région administrative Grand Est.	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Baccarat	Baccarat	Baccarat (; ) is a French commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Bachâmois" or "Bachâmoises".	Baccarat est une ville du nord-est de la France, chef-lieu de canton du département de Meurthe-et-Moselle. En lorrain, la ville s'appelait "Bocorrot".	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Po (river)	Pô	The Po (, ; or ;, or, ; Ancient Ligurian: or ) is a river that flows eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps. The Po flows either or – considering the length of the Maira, a right bank tributary. The headwaters of the Po are a spring seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re, a flat place at the head of the Val Po under the northwest face of Monviso. The Po then extends along the 45th parallel north before ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice. The slope of the valley decreases from 0.35% in the west to 0.14% in the east, a low gradient. Along its path lie 450 standing lakes.	Le Pô, en italien'(), en latin ', est le plus important fleuve italien tant par sa longueur, 652 kilomètres, par son débit maximum, /s à Pontelagoscuro, une localité sur le territoire de la commune de Ferrare, que par son bassin hydrographique qui couvre, soit le quart du territoire national de l'Italie. Le Bassin du Pô s'étend aussi en partie en Suisse et (dans une moindre mesure) en France.	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Arlon	Arlon	Arlon (;, ;, ; ; ) is a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in and capital of the province of Luxembourg. With a population of just over 28,000, it is the smallest provincial capital in Belgium. Arlon is also the capital of its cultural region: the Arelerland (Land of Arlon in Luxemburgish).	Arlon ("Arel" en arlonais (luxembourgeois) et en allemand) est une ville francophone de Belgique mais traditionnellement de langue luxembourgeoise', située en Région wallonne.	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Benelux	Benelux	The Benelux Union (; ; ), also known as simply Benelux, is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The name "Benelux" is a portmanteau formed from joining the first few letters of each country's name – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg – and was first used to name the customs agreement that initiated the union (signed in 1944). It is now used more generally to refer to the geographic, economic, and cultural grouping of the three countries.	Le Benelux (en ; en ), acronyme du nom des trois pays dans leur langue originale est une union à l’origine économique, entre la Belgique, les Pays-Bas et le Luxembourg.	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Schirmeck	Schirmeck	Schirmeck () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It is the location of the Alsace-Moselle Memorial museum.	Schirmeck est une commune française, située dans le département du Bas-Rhin, en région Grand Est. Cette commune s'étend entre la région historique et culturelle d'Alsace et le massif des Vosges. Schirmeck est synonyme de « endroit protégé », elle s'appelle "Chermec" en dialecte roman lorrain. Ses habitants sont nommés schirmeckois(es).	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Encyclopedia	Encyclopédie	An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic categories. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries—which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms—encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article's title.	Une encyclopédie est un ouvrage (livre, ensemble de livres ou document numérique) de référence visant à synthétiser toutes les connaissances pour édifier le savoir et à en montrer l'organisation de façon à les rendre accessibles au public, dans un but d'éducation, d'information ou de soutien à la mémoire culturelle. Basé sur des autorités ou des sources valides et souvent complété par des exemples et des illustrations, ce genre d'ouvrage privilégie un style concis et favorise la consultation par des tables et des index. Le terme a pris son sens moderne avec l"'Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (1751-1772).	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Verdun	Verdun	Verdun (, ; ; official name before 1970 "Verdun-sur-Meuse") is a small city in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France. It is an arrondissement of the department.	Verdun (), officiellement nommée "Verdun-sur-Meuse" de 1801 à 1970, est une commune française située dans le département de la Meuse, en région Grand Est. Elle se trouve dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine.	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Ionic bonding	Liaison ionique	Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding. Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions). Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions (called cations). This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like or. In simpler words, an ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms.	Une liaison ionique (ou liaison électrovalente) est un type de liaison chimique qui peut être formé par une paire d'atomes possédant une grande différence d'électronégativité (par convention, supérieure à 1,7) typiquement entre un non-métal et un métal. Le métal donne un ou plusieurs électrons pour former un ion chargé positivement (cation). Le non-métal capte ces électrons pour former un ion chargé négativement (anion). Les deux ions formés possèdent fréquemment une configuration électronique de gaz rare (ils respectent la règle de l'octet ou la règle du duet). La liaison résulte de l'attraction entre le cation dérivant du métal et l'anion dérivant du non-métal.	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Varicap	Diode varicap	In electronics, a varicap diode, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable reactance diode or tuning diode is a type of diode designed to exploit the voltage-dependent capacitance of a reverse-biased p–n junction.	Une diode varicap (de l'anglais "variable capacity"), aussi nommée varactor (acronyme de "variable reactor") ou encore diode "à capacité variable" est un type de diode qui présente la particularité de se comporter comme un condensateur dont la valeur de la capacité varie avec la tension inverse appliquée à ses bornes. Cette diode peut être considérée comme un condensateur variable. Ce type de diode est souvent utilisé dans des montages radio-fréquence (RF) mais aussi pour des applications à très hautes fréquences.	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Tunnel diode	Diode à effet tunnel	A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode that has effectively "negative resistance" due to the quantum mechanical effect called tunneling. It was invented in August 1957 by Leo Esaki, Yuriko Kurose, and Takashi Suzuki when they were working at Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, now known as Sony. In 1973, Esaki received the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Brian Josephson, for discovering the electron tunneling effect used in these diodes. Robert Noyce independently devised the idea of a tunnel diode while working for William Shockley, but was discouraged from pursuing it. Tunnel diodes were first manufactured by Sony in 1957, followed by General Electric and other companies from about 1960, and are still made in low volume today.	Une diode à effet tunnel, ou diode Esaky est un dipôle électrique semi-conducteur, qui remplit la fonction d'une diode dans les circuits où un temps de commutation très court devient indispensable (jusqu’à ).	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Gunn diode	Diode Gunn	A Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of diode, a two-terminal semiconductor electronic component, with negative resistance, used in high-frequency electronics. It is based on the "Gunn effect" discovered in 1962 by physicist J. B. Gunn. Its largest use is in electronic oscillators to generate microwaves, in applications such as radar speed guns, microwave relay data link transmitters, and automatic door openers.	Une diode Gunn est un type de diode utilisée en électronique supra haute fréquence et extrêmement haute fréquence. Cette diode exploite l’effet Gunn se produisant dans des semi-conducteurs, en particulier le GaAs. Contrairement à la diode P-N constituée de deux parties semi-conductrices, l'une dopée en accepteur (dopage de type P) et l'autre en donneur d'électron (type N), la diode Gunn ne nécessite qu'un seul type de dopage de type N. Dans une diode Gunn, trois régions existent, deux d'entre elles, proches des connexions, sont fortement dopées (N++), la fine partie centrale est quant à elle faiblement dopée (N-).	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PIN diode	Diode PIN	A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. The p-type and n-type regions are typically heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts.	Une diode PIN (de l’anglais ) est une diode constituée d'une zone non-dopée, dite intrinsèque I, intercalée entre deux zones dopées P et N.	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Alan Smithee	Alan Smithee	Alan Smithee (also Allen Smithee) is an official pseudonym used by film directors who wish to disown a project. Coined in 1968 and used until it was formally discontinued in 2000, it was the sole pseudonym used by members of the Directors Guild of America (DGA) when a director, dissatisfied with the final product, proved to the satisfaction of a guild panel that they had not been able to exercise creative control over a film. The director was also required by guild rules not to discuss the circumstances leading to the movie or even to acknowledge being the project's director.	Alan Smithee (on rencontre aussi les formes Allen Smithee, Alan Smythee et Adam Smithee) est « né » à Hollywood en 1955 : c'est un pseudonyme utilisé aux États-Unis par les réalisateurs mécontents de leur film, généralement à la suite de différends avec la production et d'interférences au niveau du montage final.	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Zener diode	Diode Zener	A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the "Zener voltage", is reached.	Une diode Zener est un assemblage de deux semi-conducteurs dont les propriétés électriques ont été découvertes par le physicien américain Clarence Zener. Contrairement à une diode conventionnelle qui ne laisse passer le courant électrique que dans un seul sens, le sens direct, les diodes Zener sont conçues de façon à laisser également passer le courant inverse, mais ceci uniquement si la tension à ses bornes est plus élevée que le seuil de l'effet d'avalanche. Ce seuil en tension inverse (tension Zener) est de valeur déterminée pouvant aller de à plusieurs centaines de volts. Certaines diodes Zener comportent une troisième broche qui permet de régler cet effet d'avalanche.	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Jimmy (TV channel)	Jimmy (chaîne de télévision)	Jimmy (formerly Canal Jimmy) is a satellite digital television channel in France and now defunct in Italy and France. It was part of Sky Italia at n.140.	Jimmy, anciennement Canal Jimmy, est une chaîne de télévision française, filiale du groupe Canal+, créée le et arrêtée le.	[ 250004, 250054, 73908, 113417, 83, 83184, 297, 98, 114457, 98, 7582, 30777, 11704, 390, 44767, 32238, 10391, 18299, 2750, 35509, 70, 86723, 98, 70, 76612, 11, 111, 1919, 131970, 3956, 5, 73908, 113417, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 6626, 37254, 7, 111, 70, 23936, 7, 136, 19340, 7, 12, 14631, 15, 1375, 464, 1176, 16, 262, 66, 136, 41994, 14, 115730, 95866, 5, 2161, 22482, 616, 4, 12839, 4, 73908, 113417, 226347, 7, 6863, 5117, 97629, 36549, 4, 41945, 2161, 5, 581, 86723, 2843, 226347, 5941, 54180, 15, 2347, 14631, 262, 66, 1927, 4867, 53, 20, 24453, 111, 102003, 4, 169116, 177417, 10, 2041, 4032, 136, 66053, 18, 4, 3021, 5, 247, 10332, 5700, 36549, 15, 3957, 360, 2113, 1314, 4, 4, 3021, 5, 16, 136, 97629, 15672, 36549, 23, 2363, 7311, 11389, 15, 25182, 34427, 22928, 100, 27781, 194, 581, 2684, 119492, 11, 9523, 36549, 17669, 226347, 98, 113417, 83, 31895, 102517, 4, 5117, 226347, 7071, 611, 4, 98543, 581, 7639, 1556, 14432, 7228, 70, 9742, 36880, 70, 92265, 126990, 212790, 12, 9942, 116, 4, 541, 60310, 427, 4, 9942, 201, 4, 3288, 31571, 13, 1328, 4, 171064, 1126, 4, 11321, 418, 4, 276, 910, 4, 601, 1126, 4, 541, 60310, 7270, 4, 391, 1019, 4, 65779, 418, 136, 384, 32557, 5, 581, 17932, 16128, 111, 64222, 1363, 111, 73908, 113417, 509, 19612, 4, 11343, 23, 10, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 76612, 238, 80280, 4, 678, 70, 226347, 111, 103391, 1884, 4792, 28943, 390, 143464, 1572, 4615, 13567, 136, 47989, 1771, 20428, 7, 111, 70, 5369, 106741, 106438, 6044, 237, 8382, 111, 581, 20769, 7, 4, 41994, 14, 115730, 95866, 4, 2071, 133, 111, 601, 22553, 4, 3021, 5, 581, 86723, 61475, 538, 4734, 1831, 297, 1295, 382, 26822, 47, 106, 302, 4, 25632, 70, 73908, 821, 156206, 86723, 3129, 206735, 297, 6863, 103391, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 5, 73908, 113417, 509, 99201, 23, 70, 73908, 433, 33049, 67, 98169, 3229, 442, 509, 75935, 98, 7582, 616, 4, 86591, 24372, 70, 83184, 111, 70, 6338, 11389, 111, 70, 20802, 36331, 98, 7071, 30284, 11891, 4, 70, 86723, 113054, 297, 6863, 10002, 24897, 136, 71062, 297, 6863, 103391, 100, 70, 5155, 5, 2161, 611, 18982, 4, 1049, 73908, 1328, 171530, 47, 456, 43264, 113417, 237, 2874, 90865, 90, 25, 86723, 5, 1326, 70, 46505, 4, 10, 3525, 7643, 509, 1831, 297, 1295, 543, 22482, 27580, 33233, 678, 10, 11192, 9, 49919, 1363, 35902, 55741, 98, 73908, 6489, 13651, 5, 147466, 450, 6602, 4, 23, 18374, 73908, 1328, 10760, 171530, 70, 6, 170224, 111, 70, 86723, 4, 33233, 678, 4706, 1328, 136, 75119, 14186, 1328, 5, 113417, 134620, 226347, 214, 98, 1381, 18237, 4, 7891, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 113417, 4, 184280, 674, 73908, 113417, 4, 437, 773, 181924, 8, 211402, 72358, 4, 66435, 13, 115, 37769, 73908, 1328, 4, 102103, 13, 95, 82, 10, 132226, 13, 95, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Planet of the Apes (TV series)	La Planète des singes (série télévisée)	Planet of the Apes is a 1974 American science fiction television series that was broadcast by CBS. The series features Ron Harper, James Naughton, Roddy McDowall, Mark Lenard, and Booth Colman. It is based on the 1968 movie "Planet of the Apes" and its sequels, which were based on the 1963 novel "Planet of the Apes" by Pierre Boulle.	La Planète des singes ("") est une série télévisée américaine en 14 épisodes de 47 minutes, créée d'après le roman de même nom de Pierre Boulle et diffusée entre le 13 septembre et le sur le réseau CBS.	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Transistor	Transistor	A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.	Le transistor est un composant électronique qui est utilisé dans la plupart des circuits électroniques (circuits logiques, amplificateur, stabilisateur de tension, modulation de signal) aussi bien en basse qu'en haute tension.	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Bar-le-Duc	Bar-le-Duc	Bar-le-Duc (), formerly known as Bar, is a commune in the Meuse département, of which it is the capital. The department is in Grand Est in northeastern France.	Bar-le-Duc ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de la Meuse, en région Grand Est. Elle se trouve dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine.	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France 2	France 2	France 2 () is a French public national television channel. It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group, along with France 3, France 4, France 5 and France Ô. France Télévisions also participates in ARTE and EuroNews.	France 2 est une chaîne de télévision généraliste française de service public, qui succède à Antenne 2 le. Elle appartient à la société France Télévisions. Sa couleur d'identification au sein du groupe de télévision public est le rouge et se retrouve sur tout son habillage d'antenne.	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International Olympic Committee	Comité international olympique	The International Olympic Committee (IOC;, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Founded by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is the authority responsible for organising the modern Summer and Winter Olympic Games.	Le Comité international olympique ou CIO (en anglais, "International Olympic Committee" ou "IOC") est une organisation créée par Pierre de Coubertin en 1894, pour réinstaurer les Jeux olympiques antiques puis organiser cet événement sportif tous les quatre ans, puis en alternant tous les deux ans à partir de 1994, Jeux olympiques d'été et Jeux olympiques d'hiver.	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Thyristor	Thyristor	A thyristor () is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating P- and N-type materials. It acts exclusively as a bistable switch, conducting when the gate receives a current trigger, and continuing to conduct until the voltage across the device is reversed biased, or until the voltage is removed (by some other means). There are two designs, differing in what triggers the conducting state. In a three-lead thyristor, a small current on its Gate lead controls the larger current of the Anode to Cathode path. In a two-lead thyristor, conduction begins when the potential difference between the Anode and Cathode themselves is sufficiently large (breakdown voltage).	Un thyristor est un interrupteur électronique semi-conducteur à l'état solide constitué de quatre couches, alternativement dopées N et P. C'est un des composants essentiels de l'électronique de puissance. Il tire son nom du grec'qui signifie porte et du suffixe « istor » qui provient du mot transistor. Il se comporte comme une bascule synchrone, c'est-à-dire qu'il reste commandé à l'allumage, par la gâchette (g), mais pas à l'extinction qui est provoquée par le passage du courant principal I à une valeur inférieure au courant de maintien I.	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France 3	France 3	France 3 () is a French free-to-air public television channel and part of the France Télévisions group, which also includes France 2, France 4, France 5, and France Ô.	France 3 est une chaîne de télévision généraliste française de service public à vocation régionale, qui succède à France Régions 3 (FR3) le et fait partie du groupe France Télévisions. Sa couleur d'identification au sein du groupe de télévision public est le bleu et se retrouve sur tout son habillage d'antenne.	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Woody Allen	Woody Allen	Heywood "Woody" Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1, 1935) is an American director, writer, actor, and comedian whose career spans more than six decades and multiple Academy Award-winning movies. He began his career as a comedy writer on Sid Caesar's comedy variety program, "Your Show of Shows", working alongside Mel Brooks, Carl Reiner, Larry Gelbart and Neil Simon. He also began writing material for television, published several books featuring short stories, and writing humor pieces for "The New Yorker". In the early 1960s, he performed as a stand-up comedian in Greenwich Village alongside Lenny Bruce, Elaine May, Mike Nichols, and Joan Rivers. There he developed a monologue style (rather than traditional jokes), and the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. He released three comedy albums during the mid to late 1960s, even earning a Grammy Award nomination for his 1964 comedy album entitled simply, "Woody Allen". In 2004 Comedy Central ranked Allen fourth on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians, while a UK survey ranked Allen the third-greatest comedian.	Allan Stewart Konigsberg, dit Woody Allen, est un réalisateur, scénariste, acteur et humoriste américain, né le à New York. Il est également l'auteur de plusieurs pièces de théâtre et nouvelles, et se produit régulièrement en tant que clarinettiste de jazz.	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Mitsui	Mitsui	The major companies of the group include Mitsui & Co. (general trading company), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Sapporo Breweries, Toray Industries, Mitsui Chemicals, Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings, Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Mitsui Fudosan.	Les principales compagnies du keiretsu sont : Mitsui & Co. ("sōgō shōsha"), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Sapporo Breweries, Toray Industries, Mitsui Chemicals, Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings, Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines et Mitsui Fudosan.	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Lúcio Costa	Lucio Costa	Lúcio Marçal Ferreira Ribeiro Lima Costa (27 February 1902 – 13 June 1998) was a Brazilian architect and urban planner, best known for his plan for Brasília.	Lúcio Marçal Ferreira Ribeiro Lima Costa (né à Toulon, le - mort à Rio de Janeiro, le ) est un architecte et urbaniste brésilien, rattaché au mouvement du style international.	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Genetic code	Code génétique	The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.	Le code génétique est l'ensemble des règles permettant de traduire les informations contenues dans le génome des cellules vivantes afin de synthétiser les protéines. Au sens large, il établit la correspondance entre le génotype et le phénotype d'un organisme. Ce code repose notamment sur la correspondance entre, d'une part, des triplets de nucléotides, appelés codons, sur l'ARN messager et, d'autre part, les acides aminés protéinogènes incorporés dans les protéines synthétisées lors de la phase de traduction de l'ARN messager par les ribosomes.	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Jacques Necker	Jacques Necker	Jacques Necker (; 30 September 1732 – 9 April 1804) was a banker of Genevan origin who became a finance minister for Louis XVI and a French statesman. Necker played a key role in French history before and during the first period of the French Revolution.	Jacques Necker né le à Genève en république de Genève et mort le à Coppet en Suisse, est un financier et homme politique genevois, ministre des Finances de Louis XVI. Il est le père de Madame de Staël.	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Once Upon a Time in the West	Il était une fois dans l'Ouest	Once Upon a Time in the West (, ) is a 1968 epic Spaghetti Western film directed by Sergio Leone, who co-wrote it with Sergio Donati based on a story by Dario Argento, Bernardo Bertolucci and Leone. It stars Henry Fonda, cast against type, as the villain, Charles Bronson as his nemesis, Claudia Cardinale as a newly widowed homesteader, and Jason Robards as a bandit. The widescreen cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the acclaimed film score was by Ennio Morricone.	Il était une fois dans l'Ouest (titre original : "") est un western italo-américain de Sergio Leone réalisé en 1968, sorti en salle en Italie la même année et en 1969 dans le reste du monde.	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Diet (assembly)	Diète (politique)	In politics, a diet (, ) is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is used historically for deliberative assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet (the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire), as well as a designation for modern-day legislative bodies of certain countries and states such as the National Diet of Japan, or the German Bundestag, the Federal Diet.	En politique, une diète est une assemblée délibérative. On emploie essentiellement ce mot en référence au Parlement japonais, à la chambre basse polonaise, au Bundestag allemand, aux assemblées parlementaires de Lettonie et Lituanie ou à des institutions anciennes.	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I. M. Pei

Ieoh Ming Pei

Ieoh Ming Pei (), FAIA, RIBA ( 26 April 1917 – 16 May 2019) was a Chinese-American architect. Born in Guangzhou but raised in Hong Kong and Shanghai, Pei drew inspiration at an early age from the garden villas at Suzhou, the traditional retreat of the scholar-gentry to which his family belonged. In 1935, he moved to the United States and enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania's architecture school, but he quickly transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was unhappy with the focus at both schools on Beaux-Arts architecture, and spent his free time researching emerging architects, especially Le Corbusier. After graduating, he joined the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) and became a friend of the Bauhaus architects Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. In 1948, Pei was recruited by New York City real estate magnate William Zeckendorf, for whom he worked for seven years before establishing an independent design firm in 1955, I. M. Pei & Associates. In 1966 that became I. M. Pei & Partners, and in 1989 became Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Pei retired from full-time practice in 1990. In his retirement, he worked as an architectural consultant primarily from his sons' architectural firm Pei Partnership Architects.

Ieoh Ming Pei (), communément appelé I. M. Pei, est un architecte américain d'origine chinoise né le à Canton et mort le à New York.

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null

Coulomb

The coulomb (symbol: C) is the International System of Units (SI) unit of electric charge. The unit is the amount of electric charge (symbol: "Q" or "q") transported by a constant electric current of one ampere in one second:

Le coulomb, de symbole C, est l'unité de charge électrique du Système international (une des unités dérivées du SI). Son nom vient de celui du physicien français Charles-Augustin Coulomb.

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null

Protein biosynthesis

Biosynthèse des protéines

Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Proteins perform a variety of critical functions as enzymes, structural proteins or hormones and therefore, are crucial biological components. Protein synthesis is a very similar process for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are some distinct differences.

La biosynthèse des protéines est l'ensemble des processus biochimiques permettant aux cellules de produire leurs protéines à partir de leurs gènes afin de compenser les pertes en protéines par sécrétion ou par dégradation. Elle recouvre les étapes de transcription de l'ADN en ARN messager, d'aminoacylation des ARN de transfert, de traduction de l'ARN messager en chaînes polypeptidiques, de modifications post-traductionnelles de ces dernières, et enfin de repliement des protéines ainsi produites. Elle est étroitement régulée à de multiples niveaux, principalement lors de la transcription et lors de la traduction.

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Kurma

Kûrma

Kurma (;, 'turtle', 'tortoise'), also known as 'KurmaRaja' ('Tortoise King') is an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. Originating in Vedic literature such as the YajurVeda as being synonymous with the Saptarishi called Kasyapa, Kurma is most commonly associated in post-Vedic literature such as the Puranas with the legend of the churning of the Ocean of Milk, referred to as the Samudra manthan. Also synonymous with Akupara, the world-turtle supporting the Earth, Kurma is listed as the second incarnation of the Dashavatara, the ten principal avatars of Vishnu.

Dans l'hindouisme, Kûrma (), la tortue, est le deuxième avatar de Vishnou. Kûrma sert de support au mont Mandara que les deva et les asura utilisèrent comme pivot pour baratter la mer de lait, ce qui engendra un certain nombre de trésors et de divinités, entre autres Lakshmi, l'amrita (liqueur d'immortalité), l'arbre du Paradis d'Indra, le médecin des dieux, les apsaras, le cheval divin et l'éléphant royal.

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Secours populaire français

The (SPF), or French Popular Relief, is a French non-profit organization founded in 1945, dedicated to fighting poverty and discrimination in public life.

Le Secours populaire français, est une association française à but non lucratif, qui intervient sur le plan matériel, médical, moral et juridique, auprès des personnes victimes de l’injustice sociale, des calamités naturelles, de la misère, de la faim, du sous-développement, des conflits armés.

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Class conflict

Lutte des classes

Class conflict, also referred to as class struggle and class warfare, is the political tension and economic antagonism that exists in society consequent to socio-economic competition among the social classes.

La lutte des classes est une expression qui désigne les tensions dans une société hiérarchisée et divisée en classes sociales, chacune luttant pour sa situation sociale et économique, et un modèle théorique qui explique les enjeux de cet affrontement. Ce concept est apparu au chez les historiens libéraux français de la Restauration, François Guizot, l'initiateur, Augustin Thierry, Adolphe Thiers et François-Auguste Mignet, auxquels Karl Marx l'a emprunté.

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null

Connective tissue

Tissu conjonctif

Kenneth Thomas Jones (born 16 September 1948) is an English drummer best known for his work in the groups Small Faces, Faces, and the Who. Jones was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012 as a member of Small Faces/Faces.

Le tissu conjonctif (TC) est l'un des quatre types de tissus biologiques animaux et humain qui soutient, lie, ou distingue différents types de tissus et d'organes du corps. Grande découverte de la fin du siècle, orphelines du tissu conjonctif sont aujourd'hui recensées. Il tient son origine dans le mésoderme, au moment de la gastrulation, lors du développement embryonnaire. Les trois autres types sont l'épithélium, le tissu musculaire, et le tissu nerveux. Le tissu conjonctif se place entre d'autres tissus du corps, comme ceux du système nerveux. Le tissu conjonctif compose notamment les membranes externes qui enveloppent l'encéphale et la moelle épinière, ces deux établissant le système nerveux central, touchant la matière grise et la matière noire, la plus profonde. Il compose aussi les os, les vaisseaux sanguins et le sang, tous les organes, les yeux, la peau, les nerfs, les muscles, "etc", et constitue 80% du corps humain.

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null

Atom probe

Sonde atomique tomographique

The atom probe was introduced at the 14th Field Emission Symposium in 1967 by Erwin Wilhelm Müller and J. A. Panitz. It combined a field ion microscope with a mass spectrometer having a single particle detection capability and, for the first time, an instrument could “... determine the nature of one single atom seen on a metal surface and selected from neighboring atoms at the discretion of the observer”.

La sonde atomique tomographique est un microscope analytique tridimensionnel de haute résolution qui permet d'observer la distribution spatiale des atomes dans un matériau en en connaissant la nature chimique.

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Domestic pig

Porc

The domestic pig ("Sus scrofa domesticus" or only "Sus domesticus"), often called swine, hog, or simply pig when there is no need to distinguish it from other pigs, is a domesticated large, even-toed ungulate. It is variously considered a subspecies of the Eurasian boar or a distinct species. The domestic pig's head-plus-body length ranges from, and adult pigs typically weigh between, with well-fed individuals often exceeding this weight range. The size and weight of hogs largely depends on their breed. Compared to other artiodactyls, a pig's head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts. Most even-toed ungulates are herbivorous, but domestic pigs are omnivores, like their wild relative.

Sus domesticus est une espèce de mammifères domestiques omnivores de la famille des Porcins, ou Suidés. Appelé porc (du latin "porcus") ou cochon ou encore cochon domestique, il est resté proche du sanglier avec lequel il peut se croiser.

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Chocolate brownie

Brownie

A chocolate brownie or simply a brownie is a square or rectangular chocolate baked treat. Brownies come in a variety of forms and may be either fudgy or cakey, depending on their density. They may include nuts, frosting, cream cheese, chocolate chips, or other ingredients. A variation made with brown sugar and vanilla rather than chocolate in the batter is called a blond brownie or blondie. The brownie was developed in the United States at the end of the 19th century and popularized in the U.S. and Canada during the first half of the 20th century.

Le brownie est un gâteau au chocolat, fondant par endroits, cuit au four. Un glaçage peut être ensuite déposé sur sa surface. Sa crème de préparation peut également être mangée sans être cuite.

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Sykes–Picot Agreement

Accords Sykes-Picot

The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement was based on the premise that the Triple Entente would succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I and formed part of a series of secret agreements contemplating its partition. The primary negotiations leading to the agreement occurred between 23 November 1915 and 3 January 1916, on which date the British and French diplomats, Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot, initialled an agreed memorandum. The agreement was ratified by their respective governments on 9 and 16 May 1916.

Les accords Sykes-Picot sont des accords secrets signés le, après négociations entre novembre 1915 et, entre la France et le Royaume-Uni (avec l'aval de l'Empire russe et du royaume d'Italie), prévoyant le partage du Proche-Orient à la fin de la guerre (espace compris entre la mer Noire, la mer Méditerranée, la mer Rouge, l'océan Indien et la mer Caspienne) en plusieurs zones d'influence au profit de ces puissances, ce qui revenait à dépecer l'Empire ottoman. Ces accords secrets n'ont été finalement révélés au grand public que le dans un article des "Izvestia" et de la "Pravda" et le puis repris dans un article du "Manchester Guardian".

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Silk

Soie

Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm "Bombyx mori" reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors.

La soie est une fibre protéique naturelle d'origine animale utilisée dans la fabrication d'articles et produits textiles. Les protéines de soie sont de longues macromolécules structurelles composées d'acides aminés (principalement l'alanine, la glycine et la sérine) dont la répétition donne naissance à une fibre hydrophobe. De nombreux arthropodes produisent de la soie dans des glandes séricigènes, notamment les araignées (soie d'araignée) et les chenilles de certains papillons (Yponomeutes, bombyx). La faculté de produire des fibres de soie est apparue plusieurs fois au cours de l'évolution. Si les insectes de presque tous les ordres sécrètent un matériau protéique équivalent, seuls quelques groupes ont développé un véritable comportement de tissage de fils soyeux (Hyménoptères, Lépidoptères, Embioptères, Thysanoptères, Trichoptères et quelques larves de Diptères).

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null

Contraposition

Proposition contraposée

In logic and mathematics, contraposition refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as proof by contraposition. The contrapositive of a statement has its antecedent and consequent inverted and flipped. For instance, the contrapositive of the conditional statement ""If it is raining, then I wear my coat"" is the statement ""If I don't wear my coat, then it isn't raining."" In formulas: the contrapositive of formula_1 is formula_2. The law of contraposition says that a conditional statement is true if, and only if, its contrapositive is true.

En logique et en mathématiques, la contraposition est un type de raisonnement consistant à affirmer l'implication « si non B alors non A » à partir de l'implication « si A alors B ». L'implication « si non B alors non A » est appelée contraposée de « si A alors B ». Par exemple, la proposition contraposée de la proposition « s'il pleut, alors le sol est mouillé » est « si le sol n'est pas mouillé, alors il ne pleut pas ».

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Aa (river, France)

Aa (fleuve)

The Aa is an long river in northern France. Its source is near the village of Bourthes. The name Aa is Old Dutch. It means water, and can be traced back to its original Indo-European form as such.

L est un fleuve côtier français du Nord de la France, dans la région Hauts-de-France, qui se jette dans la mer du Nord, pour partie canalisé qui traverse les villes de Saint-Omer (Pas-de-Calais) et Gravelines, et est très proche de la Manche. C'est un fleuve très connu des amateurs de mots croisés (« le premier fleuve de France »).

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Józef Poniatowski

Joseph-Antoine Poniatowski

Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski (; 7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish leader, general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire.

Joseph Antoine Poniatowski (en polonais Józef Antoni Poniatowski), né à Vienne (ou Varsovie, les historiens ne sont pas d'accord) le, mort à Leipzig le, est un prince, militaire et homme d'État polonais du. Neveu du roi de Pologne Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski et prince du Saint-Empire romain germanique par sa naissance, il intègre l'armée autrichienne où il sert jusqu'au grade de colonel. Rejoignant la Pologne en 1789, il prend le commandement des troupes polonaises en Ukraine lors de la guerre russo-polonaise de 1792. En 1794, il rejoint l'insurrection de Kościuszko puis, après l'échec de cette révolte, devient gouverneur de Varsovie.

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Folk etymology

Étymologie populaire

Folk etymology or reanalysis – sometimes called popular etymology, analogical reformation, or etymological reinterpretation – is a change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one. The form or the meaning of an archaic, foreign, or otherwise unfamiliar word is reanalyzed as resembling more familiar words or morphemes. Rebracketing is a form of folk etymology in which a word is broken down or "bracketed" into a new set of supposed elements. Back-formation, creating a new word by removing or changing parts of an existing word, is often based on folk etymology.

L’étymologie populaire est un procédé analogique par lequel le sujet parlant rattache spontanément et à tort un terme ou une expression dont la forme et le sens sont pour lui opaques à un autre terme ou expression mieux compris par lui, mais sans rapport. Par abus de langage, on désigne aussi par « étymologie populaire » l'attitude qui consiste à expliquer l'étymologie des mots à partir de simples ressemblances formelles et apparentes dans sa langue ou dans d'autres, sans utiliser la méthode scientifique mise en place par les philologues et les linguistes.

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Dream Theater

Dream Theater is an American progressive metal band formed in 1985 under the name Majesty by John Petrucci, John Myung and Mike Portnoy while they attended Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. They subsequently dropped out of their studies to concentrate further on the band that would eventually become Dream Theater. Though a number of lineup changes followed, the three original members remained together until September 8, 2010, when Portnoy left the band. Mike Mangini was announced as the new permanent drummer on April 29, 2011. In 1991, James LaBrie joined replacing Charlie Dominici as the lead singer of the band and has been the singer ever since. The band's first keyboardist, Kevin Moore, left the band after three albums and was replaced by Derek Sherinian in 1995 after a period of touring. After one album with Sherinian, the band replaced him with current keyboardist Jordan Rudess in 1999.

Dream Theater est un groupe de metal progressif américain, originaire de Long Island dans l'état de New York. Le groupe est actuellement composé de John Petrucci (guitare), John Myung (basse), Jordan Rudess (claviers), Mike Mangini (batterie) et James LaBrie (chant).

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Aruba Dushi Tera

"Aruba Dushi Tera" ("Aruba Sweet Land" or "Aruba Lovely Country") is the national anthem of Aruba. It is a waltz written by Juan Chabaya Lampe and composed by Rufo Wever. The last verse was written by Hubert (Lio) Booi. It was accepted as the Aruban national anthem on March 18, 1976. It is written in Papiamento.

Aruba Dushi Tera ("Aruba Précieux Pays") est l'hymne national d'Aruba depuis le. Il a été écrit par Padu Lampe et composé par Rufo Wever. Il s'agit d'une valse dont les paroles sont en papiamento.

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Naturism

Naturisme

Naturism, or nudism, is a cultural movement practising, advocating, and defending personal and social nudity, most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term also refers to a lifestyle based on personal, family, or social nudity. Naturism may be practiced individually, within a familial or social context, or in public.

Le naturisme est un mode de vie impliquant une pratique collective du nudisme, et basé sur l'idée de retour à l'état naturel.

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Chinese numerals

Numération chinoise

Chinese numerals are words and characters used to denote numbers in Chinese. Today, speakers of Chinese use three written numeral systems: the system of Arabic numerals used worldwide, and two indigenous systems. The more familiar indigenous system is based on Chinese characters that correspond to numerals in the spoken language. These are shared with other languages of the Chinese cultural sphere such as Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese. Most people and institutions in China and Taiwan primarily use the Arabic or mixed Arabic-Chinese systems for convenience, with traditional Chinese numerals used in finance, mainly for writing amounts on checks, banknotes, some ceremonial occasions, some boxes, and on commercials. The other indigenous system is the Suzhou numerals, or "huama", a positional system, the only surviving form of the rod numerals. These were once used by Chinese mathematicians, and later in Chinese markets, such as those in Hong Kong before the 1990s, but have been gradually supplanted by Arabic (and also Roman) numerals.

La numération chinoise sert à écrire des nombres en chinois. Elle est constituée de caractères chinois et remonte donc à la naissance de l'écriture chinoise, au III millénaire C'est une numération se rapprochant d'un système positionnel à base 10, où les principes de position et d'addition sont utilisés.

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Babylonian cuneiform numerals

Numération mésopotamienne

Assyro-Chaldean Babylonian cuneiform numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to make a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record.

La numération mésopotamienne est un système de numération en base soixante utilisé en Mésopotamie dès le. Ce système y perdure en se perfectionnant, au moins jusqu'au, durant l'époque séleucide. Il est repris par les civilisations grecques et arabes pour l'écriture des nombres en astronomie. Il en reste quelques vestiges dans le système horaire ou dans la mesure des angles en degrés, minutes, secondes.

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Virton

Virton () is a Walloon municipality () located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg. It is also the administrative centre of the district ("arrondissement") of the same name, as well as the principal town of the small region of Belgian Lorraine known as the Gaume, famous for its microclimate.

Virton (en gaumais "Viertan") est une ville francophone de Belgique située en Région wallonne, chef-lieu d'arrondissement en province de Luxembourg. Elle fait partie de la Lorraine gaumaise.

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Couperin family

Famille Couperin

The Couperin family was a musical dynasty of professional composers and performers. They were the most prolific family in French musical history, active during the Baroque era (17th—18th centuries). Louis Couperin and his nephew, François Couperin "le grand", are the best known members of the family.

La famille Couperin est la plus prolifique famille de musiciens français de la période baroque, originaires de Chaumes-en-Brie. Ses membres les plus illustres furent Louis Couperin et François Couperin dit "le Grand", son neveu. Armand-Louis, petit-neveu de Louis, a également laissé une œuvre musicale.

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Idealism

Idéalisme (philosophie)

In philosophy, idealism is the diverse group of metaphysical philosophies which asserts that "reality" is in some way indistinguishable or inseparable from human understanding and/or perception; that it is in some sense mentally constituted, or otherwise closely connected to ideas. According to German philosopher Immanuel Kant, a pioneer of modern idealist thought, idealism does “not concern the existence of things”, but asserts only that our “modes of representation” of them, above all "space" and "time", are not “determinations that belong to things in themselves” but essential features of our own minds. Kant called this position “transcendental” idealism (or sometimes “critical” idealism), since it describes the way in which "reality" is utterly transcended by, and cannot be thought separate from, the categories with which they are structured by and in human understanding. However, since Kant's view affirms the existence of "some" things independently of experience (namely, "things in themselves"), it is very different from the more traditional idealism of George Berkeley.

En philosophie, le terme idéalisme définit toutes les théories philosophiques qui considèrent soit que la réalité est constituée par l'Idée ou les Idées (Platon, Hegel), soit que la réalité extra-mentale n'est perçue ou conçue qu'à travers nos idées (Berkeley, Kant).

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Holography

Holographie

A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to reproduce a three-dimensional light field, resulting in an image which retains the depth, parallax, and other properties of the original scene. Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than an image formed by a lens. The holographic medium, i.e., the object produced by a holographic process (which itself may be referred to as a hologram) is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light. It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of variations in the opacity, density, or surface profile of the photographic medium. When suitably lit, the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field, and the objects that were in it exhibit visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically with the relative position of the observer. That is, the view of the image from different angles represents the subject viewed from similar angles. In this sense, holograms do not simply produce the illusion of depth but are truly three-dimensional images.

L'holographie est un procédé d'enregistrement de la phase et de l'amplitude de l'onde diffractée par un objet. Ce procédé d'enregistrement permet de restituer ultérieurement une image en trois dimensions de l'objet. Ceci est réalisé en utilisant les propriétés de la lumière cohérente issue des lasers. Le mot « holographie » vient du grec "holos" (« en entier ») et "graphein" (« écrire »). Holographie signifie donc « tout représenter ».

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Benoît Frachon

Benoît Frachon (13 May 1893 – 1 August 1975) was a French metalworker and trade union leader who was one of the leaders of the French Communist Party ("Parti communiste français", PCF) and of the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45). He was Secretary-General of the "Confédération générale du travail" (CGT) from 1945 to 1967.

Benoît Frachon, né le au Chambon-Feugerolles (Loire) et mort le aux Bordes (Loiret), est un syndicaliste et homme politique français. Il est secrétaire de la CGTU en 1933, membre du secrétariat de la Confédération générale du travail (CGT) en 1936, secrétaire général de la CGT de 1945 à 1967, président de celle-ci jusqu'en 1975. Membre du bureau politique du Parti communiste français (PCF), il en fut l'un des principaux dirigeants dans la Résistance.

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Gospel of Matthew

Évangile selon Matthieu

The Gospel According to Matthew is the first book of the New Testament and one of the three synoptic gospels. It tells how Israel's Messiah, rejected and executed in Israel, pronounces judgement on Israel and its leaders and becomes the salvation of the gentiles. The gospel reflects the struggles and conflicts between the evangelist's community and the other Jews, particularly with its sharp criticism of the scribes and Pharisees: prior to the Crucifixion they are referred to as Israelites, the honorific title of God's chosen people; after it, they are called simply "Ioudaioi" ("Jews"), a sign that through their rejection of the Christ the "Kingdom of Heaven" has been taken away from them and given instead to the church.

L'Évangile selon Matthieu (Τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον, "To kata Matthaion euaggelion") est le premier des quatre évangiles canoniques que contient le Nouveau Testament. Il est aussi le tout premier livre du Nouveau Testament, alors que l'historiographie moderne le définit comme ultérieur aux Épîtres de Paul (écrites entre 50 et 65) et à l'Évangile selon Marc (écrit vers 65-75).

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Plantaginaceae

Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. In older classifications it used to be the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.

La famille des Plantaginacées ("Plantaginaceae") comprend des plantes dicotylédones ; elle se compose de 2-3 genres en classification classique et d'une centaine en classification phylogénique.

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Pritzker Architecture Prize

Prix Pritzker

The Pritzker Architecture Prize is awarded annually "to honor a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture". Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation. It is considered to be one of the world's premier architecture prizes, and is often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture.

Le prix Pritzker ou prix Pritzker d'architecture ("Pritzker architecture Prize" en anglais) est un prix d'architecture annuel décerné par un jury indépendant depuis 1979.

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Water rail

Râle d'eau

The water rail ("Rallus aquaticus") is a bird of the rail family which breeds in well-vegetated wetlands across Europe, Asia and North Africa. Northern and eastern populations are migratory, but this species is a permanent resident in the warmer parts of its breeding range. The adult is long, and, like other rails, has a body that is flattened laterally, allowing it easier passage through the reed beds it inhabits. It has mainly brown upperparts and blue-grey underparts, black barring on the flanks, long toes, a short tail and a long reddish bill. Immature birds are generally similar in appearance to the adults, but the blue-grey in the plumage is replaced by buff. The downy chicks are black, as with all rails. The former subspecies "R. indicus", has distinctive markings and a call that is very different from the pig-like squeal of the western races, and is now usually split as a separate species, the brown-cheeked rail.

Le Râle d'eau ("Rallus aquaticus") est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des rallidés. L'adulte mesure de 23 à de long et a, comme les autres râles, un corps aplati latéralement lui permettant de se frayer plus facilement un chemin dans les roselières, son habitat préférentiel. Ses parties supérieures sont brunes et ses parties inférieures gris-bleu. Il a des rayures noires sur les flancs, de longs orteils, une courte queue et un long bec rougeâtre. Les jeunes sont similaires aux adultes, mais la partie gris-bleu du plumage de l'adulte est chamoisée chez les jeunes. Les nouveau-nés sont couverts d'un duvet noir, comme chez tous les autres râles.

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Chemical reaction

Réaction chimique

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.

Une réaction chimique est une transformation de la matière au cours de laquelle les espèces chimiques qui constituent la matière sont modifiées : les espèces qui sont consommées sont appelées réactifs. Les espèces formées au cours de la réaction sont appelées produits de réaction. Depuis les travaux de Lavoisier (1777), les scientifiques savent que la réaction chimique se fait sans variation mesurable de la masse :, qui traduit la conservation de la masse.

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Plutocracy

Ploutocratie

A plutocracy (, ', 'wealth' +, ', 'power') or plutarchy is a society that is ruled or controlled by people of great wealth or income. The first known use of the term in English dates from 1631. Unlike systems such as democracy, capitalism, liberalism, socialism or anarchism, plutocracy is not rooted in an established political philosophy.

La ploutocratie (du grec "ploutos" : dieu de la richesse et "kratos" : pouvoir) consiste en un système de gouvernement où la richesse constitue la base principale du pouvoir politique.

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Orchestra

Orchestre

An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families, including bowed string instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass, brass instruments such as the horn, trumpet, trombone and tuba, woodwinds such as the flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon, and percussion instruments such as the timpani, bass drum, triangle, snare drum, cymbals, and mallet percussion instruments each grouped in sections. Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and, for performances of some modern compositions, electronic instruments.

Un orchestre est un ensemble de musiciens instrumentistes réuni pour l'exécution d'une œuvre musicale. Le nombre et la combinaison des interprètes dépendent du compositeur, de l'époque et du genre du répertoire abordé. Le plus souvent, il est dirigé par un chef d'orchestre, mais un des musiciens peut aussi mener le groupe.

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Determinism

Déterminisme

Determinism is the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have sprung from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism (otherwise called nondeterminism) or randomness. Determinism is often contrasted with free will.

Le déterminisme est une notion philosophique selon laquelle la succession de chaque événement est déterminée en vertu du principe de causalité, du passé et des lois de la physique.

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Brigandine

A brigandine is a form of body armour from the Middle Ages. It is a garment, generally heavy cloth, canvas or leather, lined with small oblong steel plates riveted to the fabric.

La brigandine est une armure constituée de plaques rivetées sur du cuir ou du tissu épais. Fournissant une excellente protection, c'est une armure peu onéreuse (moins chère que le plastron sur mesures fait par le forgeron, plus rapide à produire que la maille) et simple à fabriquer. Pour ces raisons, elle est rapidement adoptée par les nombreux mercenaires du qui portaient alors les noms de « routiers » ou « brigands », d'où le nom de l'armure.

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Gratin

Gratin () is a culinary technique in which an ingredient is topped with a browned crust, often using breadcrumbs, grated cheese, egg or butter. Gratin originated in French cuisine and is usually prepared in a shallow dish of some kind. A gratin is baked or cooked under an overhead grill or broiler to form a golden crust on top and is often served in its baking dish.

Un gratin est une préparation qui est cuite au four ou dont une partie de la cuisson se passe au four, en utilisant plus particulièrement le gril, ou à la salamandre, de telle sorte qu'il se forme en surface de la préparation une croûte plus ou moins légère et dorée.

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Pytheas

Pythéas

Pytheas of Massalia (; Ancient Greek: Πυθέας ὁ Μασσαλιώτης "Pythéas ho Massaliōtēs"; Latin: "Pytheas Massiliensis"; fl. 4th century BC) was a Greek geographer and explorer from the Greek colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, France). He made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe in about 325 BC, but his account of it, known widely in Antiquity, has not survived and is now known only through the writings of others.

Pythéas (en grec ancien ) est un explorateur grec originaire de Massalia, l'antique Marseille. Considéré comme l'un des plus anciens explorateurs scientifiques ayant laissé une trace dans l'Histoire, il a effectué un voyage dans les mers du nord de l'Europe vers 325 av. J.-C.. Il est le plus ancien auteur de l'Antiquité à avoir décrit, notamment, les phénomènes polaires, les marées ainsi que le mode de vie des populations de la Grande-Bretagne et des peuples germaniques des rives de la mer du Nord, voire de la mer Baltique.

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Canal

Canal (voie d'eau)

Canals are waterways channels, or artificial waterways, for water conveyance, or to service water transport vehicles. They may also help with irrigation. It can be thought of as an artificial version of a river.

Un canal est un cours d'eau artificiel, de section ouverte, navigable ou non. Il en existe trois grands types : lit de rivière canalisée, construction d'un canal latéral ensuite rempli avec l'eau de la rivière, ou construction de toutes pièces là où il n’existait pas de cours d'eau.

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null

Production (economics)

Production

Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. The area of economics that focuses on production is referred to as production theory, which in many respects is similar to the consumption (or consumer) theory in economics.

La production est l'action d'un sujet qui utilise des éléments matériels pour faire exister un nouvel objet. On rencontre ce phénomène de production dans la société, mais aussi bien dans la nature. C'est pourquoi on peut l'étudier soit sous l'angle économique et sociologique, soit sous l'angle biologique.

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null

Membrane transport protein

Transporteur membranaire

A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane protein; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as either "channels" or "carriers". The solute carriers and atypical SLCs are secondary active or facilitative transporters in humans. Collectively membrane transporters and channels are transportome. Transportomes govern cellular influx and efflux of not only ions and nutrients but drugs as well.

Les transporteurs membranaires sont des protéines intrinsèques à la membrane cellulaire lipidique qui permettent le transport membranaire des métabolites. Ils ont deux propriétés principales :

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Congo Free State

État indépendant du Congo

The Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo (, ), was a large state in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908. It was privately ruled by king Leopold II (not by the government of Belgium, of which he was the constitutional monarch). Leopold was able to procure the region by convincing other Eurasian states at the Berlin Conference on Africa that he was involved in humanitarian and philanthropic work and would not tax trade. Via the International Association of the Congo, he was able to lay claim to most of the Congo basin. On 29 May 1885, after the closure of the Berlin Conference, the king announced that he planned to name his possessions "the Congo Free State", an appellation which was not yet used at the Berlin Conference and which officially replaced "International Association of the Congo" on 1 August 1885. The Congo Free State operated as a corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II, although he never personally visited the state.

L'État indépendant du Congo (en abrégé E.I.C.), dont le territoire correspond à celui de l'actuelle république démocratique du Congo, est un État d'Afrique centrale sur lequel le roi des Belges Léopold II exerça une souveraineté de fait de 1885 à 1908.

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Rubicon

The Rubicon (, ) is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just south of Ravenna. The same name was given to a river that was famously crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BC. While it has not been proven, most historians believe that the two rivers are indeed one and the same.

Le Rubicon ("Rubicone" en italien, "Rubico" en latin) est un petit fleuve côtier du nord de l'Italie, dans la région d'Émilie-Romagne à l'est de la plaine du Pô, qui prend naissance près de la commune de Sogliano al Rubicone.

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null

Black body

Corps noir

A black body or blackbody is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. The name "black body" is given because it absorbs radiation in all frequencies, not because it "only" absorbs. Indeed, a black body can also "emit" radiation. On the contrary, a white body is one with a "rough surface that reflects all incident rays completely and uniformly in all directions."

En physique, un corps noir désigne un objet idéal qui absorbe parfaitement toute l'énergie électromagnétique (toute la lumière quelle que soit sa longueur d'onde) qu'il reçoit. Cette absorption se traduit par une agitation thermique qui provoque l'émission d'un rayonnement thermique, dit "rayonnement du corps noir".

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null

Hazard analysis and critical control points

Analyse des dangers et points critiques pour leur maîtrise (HACCP)

Hazard analysis and critical control points, or HACCP (), is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, physical hazards and more recently radiological hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe and designs measures to reduce these risks to a safe level. In this manner, HACCP attempts to avoid hazards rather than attempting to inspect finished products for the effects of those hazards. The HACCP system can be used at all stages of a food chain, from food production and preparation processes including packaging, distribution, etc. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) require mandatory HACCP programs for juice and meat as an effective approach to food safety and protecting public health. Meat HACCP systems are regulated by the USDA, while seafood and juice are regulated by the FDA. All other food companies in the United States that are required to register with the FDA under the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, as well as firms outside the US that export food to the US, are transitioning to mandatory hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC) plans.

Le système d'analyse des dangers et points critiques pour leur maîtrise, en abrégé système "HACCP" ("Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point"), est une méthode de maîtrise de la sécurité sanitaire des denrées alimentaires élaborée aux États-Unis par un laboratoire dépendant de la NASA avec le concours de l'entreprise Pillsbury dès 1959 dont l'objectif est la prévention, l'élimination ou la réduction à un niveau acceptable de tout danger biologique, physique, chimique et allergène. Pour ce faire, la démarche consiste en une analyse des dangers permettant la mise en place de points critiques où il est possible de les maîtriser.

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Walt Disney

Walter Elias Disney (; December 5, 1901December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, animator, writer, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

Walter Elias Disney dit Walt Disney est un producteur, réalisateur, scénariste et animateur américain, né le à Chicago (Illinois) et mort le à Burbank (Californie). Il est l'un des pionniers de l'animation et est une icône du.

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null

Solution of triangles

Résolution d'un triangle

Solution of triangles () is the main trigonometric problem of finding the characteristics of a triangle (angles and lengths of sides), when some of these are known. The triangle can be located on a plane or on a sphere. Applications requiring triangle solutions include geodesy, astronomy, construction, and navigation.

En géométrie, la résolution d'un triangle consiste en la détermination des différents éléments d'un triangle (longueurs des côtés, mesure des angles, aire) à partir de certains autres. Historiquement, la résolution des triangles fut motivée Aujourd'hui, la résolution des triangles continue d'être utilisée dans un grand nombre de problèmes faisant intervenir la triangulation (architecture, relevés cadastraux, vision binoculaire) et, plus généralement, la trigonométrie (astronomie, cartographie).

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Peter Safar

Peter Safar (12 April 19242 August 2003) was an Austrian anesthesiologist of Czech descent. He is credited with pioneering cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Peter Safar (Vienne, Autriche, - Mt. Lebanon en Pennsylvanie, États-Unis, ) est un médecin autrichien, professeur d'anesthésie-réanimation à l'université de Pittsburgh, père de la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire (RCP).

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Troubadour

A troubadour (,, ; ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word "troubadour" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz.

Un troubadour (de l'occitan "" : « trouveur », "trobairitz" au féminin : « trouveuse ») est un compositeur, poète, et musicien médiéval de langue d'oc, qui interprétait ou faisait interpréter par des jongleurs ou des ménestrels ses œuvres poétiques. Les femmes qui pratiquent l'art du "trobar", sont appelées des trobairitz.

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Marilyn Monroe

Marilyn Monroe (; born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 4, 1962) was an American actress, model, and singer. Famous for playing comedic "blonde bombshell" characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and early 1960s and was emblematic of the era's changing attitudes towards sexuality. She was a top-billed actress for only a decade, but her films grossed $200 million (equivalent to $ billion in ) by the time of her death in 1962. More than half a century later, she continues to be a major popular culture icon.

Marilyn Monroe, née Norma Jeane Mortenson (Norma Jeane Baker selon son certificat de baptême) le à Los Angeles, où elle est morte le, est une mannequin, actrice et chanteuse américaine. Plus d'un demi-siècle plus tard, elle continue d'être une icône majeure de la culture populaire.

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Sarreguemines

Sarreguemines (; German:, Lorraine Franconian: "Saargemìnn") is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.

Sarreguemines (, en francique rhénan : "Saargemìnn") est une commune française située dans le département de la Moselle, en région administrative Grand Est.

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Knossos

Cnossos

Knossos (also Cnossos, both pronounced ;, "Knōsós" ) is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and has been called Europe's oldest city.

Cnossos ou Knossos (en grec ancien / ) est un site archéologique crétois de l'âge du bronze en Europe, situé à au sud-est d'Héraklion, à l'ouest du fleuve Kairatos. Son aspect et sa taille en font un endroit capable de recevoir un demi-million de visiteurs par an. Un projet de restructuration a été annoncé par les autorités archéologiques grecques en juillet 2012.

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null

Provençal dialect

Provençal

Provençal (,, ; or ) is a variety of Occitan spoken by a minority of people in Southern France, mostly in Provence. In the English-speaking world, the term Provençal has historically also been used to refer to all of Occitan, but is now mainly understood to refer to the variety spoken in Provence.

Le provençal (en occitan provençal : "provençau/prouvençau" (norme classique/norme mistralienne) /pʁuvenˈsaw/) est un dialecte de l'occitan parlé essentiellement en Provence', dans l'Est du Languedoc voire aussi dans les vallées occitanes du Piémont.

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null

Salmonella

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two species of "Salmonella" are "Salmonella enterica" and "Salmonella bongori". "S. enterica" is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,600 serotypes. "Salmonella" was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850–1914), an American veterinary surgeon.

Les (Salmonella) forment un genre de protéobactéries appartenant à la famille des entérobactéries. Elles mesurent 0,7 à 1,5 μm de diamètre, pour de longueur avec un flagelle.

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Greg Moore (racing driver)

Greg Moore

Gregory William Moore (April 22, 1975 – October 31, 1999) was a Canadian race car driver who competed in the Indy Lights and Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) from 1993 to 1999. He began competitive karting at the age of ten and achieved early success, before progressing to open-wheel car racing in the Canadian Formula Ford Championship in 1991. Moore won the 1992 USAC FF2000 Western Division Championship and the 1995 Indy Lights Championship.

Greg Moore, né le à New Westminster, en Colombie-Britannique et mort le à Fontana, en Californie, est un pilote automobile canadien. Considéré comme l'un des plus grands espoirs de sa génération, il s'est tué à 24 ans dans un accident survenu lors de l'ultime manche de la saison 1999 de CART.

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Bibliography

Bibliographie

Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). Carter and Barker (2010) describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as objects (descriptive bibliography).

Une bibliographie est une liste structurée de références de documents, généralement écrits. Elle est établie généralement pour signaler un ensemble de sources qui évoquent un sujet donné ou qui ont été utilisées comme supports intellectuels pour écrire sur un sujet donné.

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Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès

Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, duc de Parme (18 October 17538 March 1824), was a French nobleman, lawyer and statesman during the French Revolution and the First Empire. He is best remembered as one of the authors of the Napoleonic Code, which still forms the basis of French civil law and French-inspired civil law in many countries.

Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès est un jurisconsulte et homme d'État français, né le à Montpellier et mort le à Paris. Issu d'une famille de magistrats appartenant à la vieille noblesse de robe montpelliéraine, il connaît une enfance relativement pauvre. Diplômé en droit, il commence une carrière d'avocat et de conseiller à la Cour des comptes du Languedoc et fait son entrée en politique dès les premiers jours de la Révolution française. Président du tribunal criminel de l'Hérault en 1791, il est élu député à la Convention nationale l'année suivante. Dès lors, Cambacérès occupe des postes de pouvoir pendant la majeure partie de sa vie. Membre du Comité de salut public entre 1794 et 1795, président du Conseil des Cinq-Cents en 1796 puis ministre de la Justice en 1799, il est Deuxième consul après le coup d'État du 18 Brumaire de Napoléon Bonaparte et assiste au sacre de celui-ci en 1804. Nommé archichancelier de l'Empire, il est pendant près de dix ans le deuxième personnage de l'État : l'Empereur lui délègue la présidence des conseils et des séances du Sénat pendant son absence.

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Cottian Alps

Alpes cottiennes

The Cottian Alps (; ; ); are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps. They form the border between France (Hautes-Alpes and Savoie) and Italy (Piedmont). The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France (Lyon, Grenoble) and Italy (Turin).

Les Alpes cottiennes désignent à la fois un sous-ensemble des Alpes ("Alpi Cozie") et une ancienne province romaine ("Alpes Cottiæ"). La traduction française ne permet pas de faire la distinction entre les deux, mais l'on trouve parfois l'appellation d'origine "Cozie" pour désigner le massif.

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Vosges

Massif des Vosges

The Vosges (, ; ; ) are a range of low mountains in eastern France, near its border with Germany. Together with the Palatine Forest to the north on the German side of the border, they form a single geomorphological unit and low mountain range of around in area. It runs in a north-northeast direction from the Burgundian Gate (the Belfort–Ronchamp–Lure line) to the Börrstadt Basin (the Winnweiler–Börrstadt–Göllheim line), and forms the western boundary of the Upper Rhine Plain.

Les Vosges sont un massif de moyennes montagnes du Nord-Est de la France qui sépare le plateau lorrain de la plaine d'Alsace. D'origine varisque et majoritairement constituées de grès et de granite, elles atteignent des altitudes modestes culminant à au Grand Ballon.

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Saint-Dié-des-Vosges

Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (; ), commonly referred to as just Saint-Dié, is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (appelée Saint-Dié jusqu'en 1999,, en vosgien de la montagne ) est une commune française, chef-lieu de la Déodatie et d’arrondissement du département des Vosges. Située dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine, la commune fait aujourd'hui partie de la région administrative Grand Est.

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Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front

Front islamique du Grand Orient

The Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front ("İslami Büyükdoğu Akıncılar Cephesi" in Turkish, abbreviated İBDA-C) is an Islamic militant organization which follows the Büyük Doğu ("Great East") ideology of Necip Fazıl Kısakürek (1904–1983), a well-known Turkish author, poet and Islamist ideologue. The group's self-proclaimed goal is to create a Sunni Islamic federate state in the Middle East and re-establish the Caliphate. They are notably hostile to Shia, Alevi, Christian and Jewish interests. IBDA-C carries on his pro-Islamic legacy with a newly born radicalism that wishes to restore religious rule to Turkey of whose government it finds "illegal" with an added willingness to commit acts of terrorism.

Les Front islamique du Grand Orient (en turc: "İslami Büyükdoğu Akıncılar Cephesi", "IBDA-C", "Combattants du front du Grand Orient islamique") est un groupe armé islamiste turc fondé dans les années 1970 par Salih İzzet Erdiş, connu sous le pseudonyme de Salih Mirzabeyoglu. L'organisation est placée sur la liste officielle des organisations terroristes de la Turquie, de l'Union européenne et des États-Unis.

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Pont-à-Mousson

Pont-à-Mousson () is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. Population (1999): 14,592 ("Mussipontains"). It is an industrial town (mainly steel industry), situated on the Moselle River. Pont-à-Mousson has several historical monuments, including the 18th century Premonstratensian abbey.

Pont-à-Mousson est une ville et une commune du nord-est de la France, en Meurthe-et-Moselle, dans la région Grand Est. Ses habitants sont appelés les Mussipontains.

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Cannes

Cannes (; ; ) is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, and Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. The city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. On 3 November 2011 it hosted the 2011 G20 summit.

Cannes (Canas en écriture classique de l'occitan provençal et Cano en écriture mistralienne provençal) est une commune française de la communauté d'agglomération Cannes Pays de Lérins située dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, sur la Côte d'Azur dont elle est une ville phare. Ses habitants sont appelés les Cannois(es) en français et les canenc(a) en provençal (prononcé localement canenc et canenco).

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Organism

Organisme (physiologie)

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, "organismos") is any individual entity that embodies the properties of life. It is a synonym for "life form".

Un organisme (du grec "organon", « instrument »), ou organisme vivant, est, en biologie et en écologie, un système vivant complexe, organisé et est le produit de variations successives au cours de l'évolution. Il est constitué d'une ou plusieurs cellules vivantes (on parle alors, respectivement, d'organisme unicellulaire ou multicellulaire). Les organismes vivants sont classifiés en espèces partageant des caractéristiques génétiques, biologiques et morphologiques communes.

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Lunéville

Lunéville ( ; German, obsolete: ) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in France. It is a subprefecture of the department and lies on the Meurthe River at its confluence with the Vezouze.

Lunéville est une commune française du département de Meurthe-et-Moselle. Située dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine, la commune fait aujourd'hui partie de la région administrative Grand Est. Connue pour son château, surnommé le « Versailles Lorrain ». Ses habitants sont appelés les "Lunévillois".

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Briey

Briey (Meurthe-et-Moselle)

Briey (; German:"Brietz") is a former commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in northeastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val de Briey.

Briey est depuis une commune déléguée de Val de Briey et une ancienne commune française située dans le département de Meurthe-et-Moselle, en région Grand-Est.

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René Lévesque

René Lévesque (Quebec French pronunciation: ; August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a Canadian politician and journalist who served as the 23rd Premier of Quebec (November 25, 1976 – October 3, 1985). Starting his career as a reporter, and radio and television host, he later became known for his eminent role in Quebec's nationalization of its electric power industry, and as an ardent defender of Quebec sovereignty. He was the founder of the Parti Québécois political party—and before that, a liberal minister of the government of Quebec from 1960 to 1966 and the first Québécois political leader since Confederation to attempt, through a referendum, to negotiate the political independence of Quebec.

René Lévesque est un homme d'État québécois né le à Campbellton au Canada et mort le à Verdun. D'abord connu comme journaliste, animateur de radio et de télévision, il est un artisan éminent de la Révolution tranquille, de la nationalisation de l'électricité au Québec et un ardent défenseur de la souveraineté politique du Québec. À la tête du Parti québécois, un parti indépendantiste, il est premier ministre du Québec de 1976 à 1985. Durant son mandat il tient le premier référendum sur l'indépendance du Québec du Canada en 1980.

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Sarajevo

Sarajevo ( ;, ; "see ") is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area, including Sarajevo Canton, East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities, is home to 555,210 inhabitants. Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of the Balkans.

Sarajevo (en bosnien cyrillique, ; anciennement "Bosna-Seraï" ; en turc, "Saraybosna"), prononcé, est la capitale et la plus grande ville de Bosnie-Herzégovine. Traversée par la rivière Miljacka, la ville fait partie du canton de Sarajevo, l'un des dix de Bosnie-et-Herzégovine.

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null

Fourier series

Série de Fourier

In mathematics, a Fourier series () is a periodic function composed of harmonically related sinusoids, combined by a weighted summation. With appropriate weights, one cycle (or "period") of the summation can be made to approximate an arbitrary function in that interval (or the entire function if it too is periodic). As such, the summation is a synthesis of another function. The discrete-time Fourier transform is an example of Fourier series. The process of deriving the weights that describe a given function is a form of Fourier analysis. For functions on unbounded intervals, the analysis and synthesis analogies are Fourier transform and inverse transform.

En analyse mathématique, les séries de Fourier sont un outil fondamental dans l'étude des fonctions périodiques. C'est à partir de ce concept que s'est développée la branche des mathématiques connue sous le nom d'analyse harmonique.

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Remiremont

Remiremont () is a town and commune in the Vosges department of northeastern France, situated in southern Grand Est. The town has been an abbatial centre since the 7th century, is an economic crossroads of the Moselle and Moselotte valleys, and is also a stepping stone for tourists wishing to explore the Vosges and neighbouring Alsace. Remiremont has got a police station, which covers the city and his suburban area. The fire station realizes more than 2000 interventions per year. Remiremont is also known as the La Belle des Vosges.

Remiremont, en vosgien de la montagne, est une commune française située dans le département des Vosges en région Grand Est. Située sur le piémont vosgien à d'altitude, elle marque l'entrée dans la moyenne montagne (Massif des Vosges) à l'embouchure des hautes vallées de la Moselle, de la Moselotte et de la Cleurie dont l'altitude va croissante.

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Les Plus Beaux Villages de France

Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (meaning “the most beautiful villages of France”) is an independent association created in 1982 for the promotion of the tourist appeal of small rural villages with a rich cultural heritage. As of September 2016, it numbers 156 member villages (independent "communes" or part of a "communauté de communes").

Les Plus Beaux Villages de France est une association française créée en 1982 afin de promouvoir les arguments touristiques des communes rurales riches d'un patrimoine remarquable. Au, elle comptait 159 villages classés (communes, anciennes communes ou villages dépendant d'une commune).

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Mirecourt

Mirecourt is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Mirecourt is known for lace-making and the manufacture of musical instruments, particularly those of the Violin family. Inhabitants are called Mirecurtiens.

Mirecourt (, en vosgien de la montagne ) est une commune française, chef-lieu de canton du département des Vosges dans l'arrondissement de Neufchâteau. Située en Lorraine, la commune fait aujourd'hui partie de la région administrative Grand Est.

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Baccarat

Baccarat (; ) is a French commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Bachâmois" or "Bachâmoises".

Baccarat est une ville du nord-est de la France, chef-lieu de canton du département de Meurthe-et-Moselle. En lorrain, la ville s'appelait "Bocorrot".

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Po (river)

Pô

The Po (, ; or ;, or, ; Ancient Ligurian: or ) is a river that flows eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps. The Po flows either or – considering the length of the Maira, a right bank tributary. The headwaters of the Po are a spring seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re, a flat place at the head of the Val Po under the northwest face of Monviso. The Po then extends along the 45th parallel north before ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice. The slope of the valley decreases from 0.35% in the west to 0.14% in the east, a low gradient. Along its path lie 450 standing lakes.

Le Pô, en italien'(), en latin ', est le plus important fleuve italien tant par sa longueur, 652 kilomètres, par son débit maximum, /s à Pontelagoscuro, une localité sur le territoire de la commune de Ferrare, que par son bassin hydrographique qui couvre, soit le quart du territoire national de l'Italie. Le Bassin du Pô s'étend aussi en partie en Suisse et (dans une moindre mesure) en France.

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Arlon

Arlon (;, ;, ; ; ) is a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in and capital of the province of Luxembourg. With a population of just over 28,000, it is the smallest provincial capital in Belgium. Arlon is also the capital of its cultural region: the Arelerland (Land of Arlon in Luxemburgish).

Arlon ("Arel" en arlonais (luxembourgeois) et en allemand) est une ville francophone de Belgique mais traditionnellement de langue luxembourgeoise', située en Région wallonne.

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Benelux

The Benelux Union (; ; ), also known as simply Benelux, is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The name "Benelux" is a portmanteau formed from joining the first few letters of each country's name – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg – and was first used to name the customs agreement that initiated the union (signed in 1944). It is now used more generally to refer to the geographic, economic, and cultural grouping of the three countries.

Le Benelux (en ; en ), acronyme du nom des trois pays dans leur langue originale est une union à l’origine économique, entre la Belgique, les Pays-Bas et le Luxembourg.

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Schirmeck

Schirmeck () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It is the location of the Alsace-Moselle Memorial museum.

Schirmeck est une commune française, située dans le département du Bas-Rhin, en région Grand Est. Cette commune s'étend entre la région historique et culturelle d'Alsace et le massif des Vosges. Schirmeck est synonyme de « endroit protégé », elle s'appelle "Chermec" en dialecte roman lorrain. Ses habitants sont nommés schirmeckois(es).

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Encyclopedia

Encyclopédie

An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic categories. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries—which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms—encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article's title.

Une encyclopédie est un ouvrage (livre, ensemble de livres ou document numérique) de référence visant à synthétiser toutes les connaissances pour édifier le savoir et à en montrer l'organisation de façon à les rendre accessibles au public, dans un but d'éducation, d'information ou de soutien à la mémoire culturelle. Basé sur des autorités ou des sources valides et souvent complété par des exemples et des illustrations, ce genre d'ouvrage privilégie un style concis et favorise la consultation par des tables et des index. Le terme a pris son sens moderne avec l"'Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (1751-1772).

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Verdun

Verdun (, ; ; official name before 1970 "Verdun-sur-Meuse") is a small city in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France. It is an arrondissement of the department.

Verdun (), officiellement nommée "Verdun-sur-Meuse" de 1801 à 1970, est une commune française située dans le département de la Meuse, en région Grand Est. Elle se trouve dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine.

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null

Ionic bonding

Liaison ionique

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding. Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions). Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions (called cations). This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like or. In simpler words, an ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms.

Une liaison ionique (ou liaison électrovalente) est un type de liaison chimique qui peut être formé par une paire d'atomes possédant une grande différence d'électronégativité (par convention, supérieure à 1,7) typiquement entre un non-métal et un métal. Le métal donne un ou plusieurs électrons pour former un ion chargé positivement (cation). Le non-métal capte ces électrons pour former un ion chargé négativement (anion). Les deux ions formés possèdent fréquemment une configuration électronique de gaz rare (ils respectent la règle de l'octet ou la règle du duet). La liaison résulte de l'attraction entre le cation dérivant du métal et l'anion dérivant du non-métal.

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Varicap

Diode varicap

In electronics, a varicap diode, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable reactance diode or tuning diode is a type of diode designed to exploit the voltage-dependent capacitance of a reverse-biased p–n junction.

Une diode varicap (de l'anglais "variable capacity"), aussi nommée varactor (acronyme de "variable reactor") ou encore diode "à capacité variable" est un type de diode qui présente la particularité de se comporter comme un condensateur dont la valeur de la capacité varie avec la tension inverse appliquée à ses bornes. Cette diode peut être considérée comme un condensateur variable. Ce type de diode est souvent utilisé dans des montages radio-fréquence (RF) mais aussi pour des applications à très hautes fréquences.

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Tunnel diode

Diode à effet tunnel

A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode that has effectively "negative resistance" due to the quantum mechanical effect called tunneling. It was invented in August 1957 by Leo Esaki, Yuriko Kurose, and Takashi Suzuki when they were working at Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, now known as Sony. In 1973, Esaki received the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Brian Josephson, for discovering the electron tunneling effect used in these diodes. Robert Noyce independently devised the idea of a tunnel diode while working for William Shockley, but was discouraged from pursuing it. Tunnel diodes were first manufactured by Sony in 1957, followed by General Electric and other companies from about 1960, and are still made in low volume today.

Une diode à effet tunnel, ou diode Esaky est un dipôle électrique semi-conducteur, qui remplit la fonction d'une diode dans les circuits où un temps de commutation très court devient indispensable (jusqu’à ).

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Gunn diode

Diode Gunn

A Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of diode, a two-terminal semiconductor electronic component, with negative resistance, used in high-frequency electronics. It is based on the "Gunn effect" discovered in 1962 by physicist J. B. Gunn. Its largest use is in electronic oscillators to generate microwaves, in applications such as radar speed guns, microwave relay data link transmitters, and automatic door openers.

Une diode Gunn est un type de diode utilisée en électronique supra haute fréquence et extrêmement haute fréquence. Cette diode exploite l’effet Gunn se produisant dans des semi-conducteurs, en particulier le GaAs. Contrairement à la diode P-N constituée de deux parties semi-conductrices, l'une dopée en accepteur (dopage de type P) et l'autre en donneur d'électron (type N), la diode Gunn ne nécessite qu'un seul type de dopage de type N. Dans une diode Gunn, trois régions existent, deux d'entre elles, proches des connexions, sont fortement dopées (N++), la fine partie centrale est quant à elle faiblement dopée (N-).

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null

PIN diode

Diode PIN

A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. The p-type and n-type regions are typically heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts.

Une diode PIN (de l’anglais ) est une diode constituée d'une zone non-dopée, dite intrinsèque I, intercalée entre deux zones dopées P et N.

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Alan Smithee

Alan Smithee (also Allen Smithee) is an official pseudonym used by film directors who wish to disown a project. Coined in 1968 and used until it was formally discontinued in 2000, it was the sole pseudonym used by members of the Directors Guild of America (DGA) when a director, dissatisfied with the final product, proved to the satisfaction of a guild panel that they had not been able to exercise creative control over a film. The director was also required by guild rules not to discuss the circumstances leading to the movie or even to acknowledge being the project's director.

Alan Smithee (on rencontre aussi les formes Allen Smithee, Alan Smythee et Adam Smithee) est « né » à Hollywood en 1955 : c'est un pseudonyme utilisé aux États-Unis par les réalisateurs mécontents de leur film, généralement à la suite de différends avec la production et d'interférences au niveau du montage final.

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Zener diode

Diode Zener

A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the "Zener voltage", is reached.

Une diode Zener est un assemblage de deux semi-conducteurs dont les propriétés électriques ont été découvertes par le physicien américain Clarence Zener. Contrairement à une diode conventionnelle qui ne laisse passer le courant électrique que dans un seul sens, le sens direct, les diodes Zener sont conçues de façon à laisser également passer le courant inverse, mais ceci uniquement si la tension à ses bornes est plus élevée que le seuil de l'effet d'avalanche. Ce seuil en tension inverse (tension Zener) est de valeur déterminée pouvant aller de à plusieurs centaines de volts. Certaines diodes Zener comportent une troisième broche qui permet de régler cet effet d'avalanche.

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Jimmy (TV channel)

Jimmy (chaîne de télévision)

Jimmy (formerly Canal Jimmy) is a satellite digital television channel in France and now defunct in Italy and France. It was part of Sky Italia at n.140.

Jimmy, anciennement Canal Jimmy, est une chaîne de télévision française, filiale du groupe Canal+, créée le et arrêtée le.

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Planet of the Apes (TV series)

La Planète des singes (série télévisée)

Planet of the Apes is a 1974 American science fiction television series that was broadcast by CBS. The series features Ron Harper, James Naughton, Roddy McDowall, Mark Lenard, and Booth Colman. It is based on the 1968 movie "Planet of the Apes" and its sequels, which were based on the 1963 novel "Planet of the Apes" by Pierre Boulle.

La Planète des singes ("") est une série télévisée américaine en 14 épisodes de 47 minutes, créée d'après le roman de même nom de Pierre Boulle et diffusée entre le 13 septembre et le sur le réseau CBS.

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Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Le transistor est un composant électronique qui est utilisé dans la plupart des circuits électroniques (circuits logiques, amplificateur, stabilisateur de tension, modulation de signal) aussi bien en basse qu'en haute tension.

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Bar-le-Duc

Bar-le-Duc (), formerly known as Bar, is a commune in the Meuse département, of which it is the capital. The department is in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Bar-le-Duc ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de la Meuse, en région Grand Est. Elle se trouve dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine.

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France 2

France 2 () is a French public national television channel. It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group, along with France 3, France 4, France 5 and France Ô. France Télévisions also participates in ARTE and EuroNews.

France 2 est une chaîne de télévision généraliste française de service public, qui succède à Antenne 2 le. Elle appartient à la société France Télévisions. Sa couleur d'identification au sein du groupe de télévision public est le rouge et se retrouve sur tout son habillage d'antenne.

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International Olympic Committee

Comité international olympique

The International Olympic Committee (IOC;, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Founded by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is the authority responsible for organising the modern Summer and Winter Olympic Games.

Le Comité international olympique ou CIO (en anglais, "International Olympic Committee" ou "IOC") est une organisation créée par Pierre de Coubertin en 1894, pour réinstaurer les Jeux olympiques antiques puis organiser cet événement sportif tous les quatre ans, puis en alternant tous les deux ans à partir de 1994, Jeux olympiques d'été et Jeux olympiques d'hiver.

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Thyristor

A thyristor () is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating P- and N-type materials. It acts exclusively as a bistable switch, conducting when the gate receives a current trigger, and continuing to conduct until the voltage across the device is reversed biased, or until the voltage is removed (by some other means). There are two designs, differing in what triggers the conducting state. In a three-lead thyristor, a small current on its Gate lead controls the larger current of the Anode to Cathode path. In a two-lead thyristor, conduction begins when the potential difference between the Anode and Cathode themselves is sufficiently large (breakdown voltage).

Un thyristor est un interrupteur électronique semi-conducteur à l'état solide constitué de quatre couches, alternativement dopées N et P. C'est un des composants essentiels de l'électronique de puissance. Il tire son nom du grec'qui signifie porte et du suffixe « istor » qui provient du mot transistor. Il se comporte comme une bascule synchrone, c'est-à-dire qu'il reste commandé à l'allumage, par la gâchette (g), mais pas à l'extinction qui est provoquée par le passage du courant principal I à une valeur inférieure au courant de maintien I.

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France 3

France 3 () is a French free-to-air public television channel and part of the France Télévisions group, which also includes France 2, France 4, France 5, and France Ô.

France 3 est une chaîne de télévision généraliste française de service public à vocation régionale, qui succède à France Régions 3 (FR3) le et fait partie du groupe France Télévisions. Sa couleur d'identification au sein du groupe de télévision public est le bleu et se retrouve sur tout son habillage d'antenne.

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Woody Allen

Heywood "Woody" Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1, 1935) is an American director, writer, actor, and comedian whose career spans more than six decades and multiple Academy Award-winning movies. He began his career as a comedy writer on Sid Caesar's comedy variety program, "Your Show of Shows", working alongside Mel Brooks, Carl Reiner, Larry Gelbart and Neil Simon. He also began writing material for television, published several books featuring short stories, and writing humor pieces for "The New Yorker". In the early 1960s, he performed as a stand-up comedian in Greenwich Village alongside Lenny Bruce, Elaine May, Mike Nichols, and Joan Rivers. There he developed a monologue style (rather than traditional jokes), and the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. He released three comedy albums during the mid to late 1960s, even earning a Grammy Award nomination for his 1964 comedy album entitled simply, "Woody Allen". In 2004 Comedy Central ranked Allen fourth on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians, while a UK survey ranked Allen the third-greatest comedian.

Allan Stewart Konigsberg, dit Woody Allen, est un réalisateur, scénariste, acteur et humoriste américain, né le à New York. Il est également l'auteur de plusieurs pièces de théâtre et nouvelles, et se produit régulièrement en tant que clarinettiste de jazz.

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Mitsui

The major companies of the group include Mitsui & Co. (general trading company), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Sapporo Breweries, Toray Industries, Mitsui Chemicals, Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings, Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Mitsui Fudosan.

Les principales compagnies du keiretsu sont : Mitsui & Co. ("sōgō shōsha"), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Sapporo Breweries, Toray Industries, Mitsui Chemicals, Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings, Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines et Mitsui Fudosan.

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Lúcio Costa

Lucio Costa

Lúcio Marçal Ferreira Ribeiro Lima Costa (27 February 1902 – 13 June 1998) was a Brazilian architect and urban planner, best known for his plan for Brasília.

Lúcio Marçal Ferreira Ribeiro Lima Costa (né à Toulon, le - mort à Rio de Janeiro, le ) est un architecte et urbaniste brésilien, rattaché au mouvement du style international.

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null

Genetic code

Code génétique

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.

Le code génétique est l'ensemble des règles permettant de traduire les informations contenues dans le génome des cellules vivantes afin de synthétiser les protéines. Au sens large, il établit la correspondance entre le génotype et le phénotype d'un organisme. Ce code repose notamment sur la correspondance entre, d'une part, des triplets de nucléotides, appelés codons, sur l'ARN messager et, d'autre part, les acides aminés protéinogènes incorporés dans les protéines synthétisées lors de la phase de traduction de l'ARN messager par les ribosomes.

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Jacques Necker

Jacques Necker (; 30 September 1732 – 9 April 1804) was a banker of Genevan origin who became a finance minister for Louis XVI and a French statesman. Necker played a key role in French history before and during the first period of the French Revolution.

Jacques Necker né le à Genève en république de Genève et mort le à Coppet en Suisse, est un financier et homme politique genevois, ministre des Finances de Louis XVI. Il est le père de Madame de Staël.

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Once Upon a Time in the West

Il était une fois dans l'Ouest

Once Upon a Time in the West (, ) is a 1968 epic Spaghetti Western film directed by Sergio Leone, who co-wrote it with Sergio Donati based on a story by Dario Argento, Bernardo Bertolucci and Leone. It stars Henry Fonda, cast against type, as the villain, Charles Bronson as his nemesis, Claudia Cardinale as a newly widowed homesteader, and Jason Robards as a bandit. The widescreen cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the acclaimed film score was by Ennio Morricone.

Il était une fois dans l'Ouest (titre original : "") est un western italo-américain de Sergio Leone réalisé en 1968, sorti en salle en Italie la même année et en 1969 dans le reste du monde.

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Diet (assembly)

Diète (politique)

In politics, a diet (, ) is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is used historically for deliberative assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet (the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire), as well as a designation for modern-day legislative bodies of certain countries and states such as the National Diet of Japan, or the German Bundestag, the Federal Diet.

En politique, une diète est une assemblée délibérative. On emploie essentiellement ce mot en référence au Parlement japonais, à la chambre basse polonaise, au Bundestag allemand, aux assemblées parlementaires de Lettonie et Lituanie ou à des institutions anciennes.

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