StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀	tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀	input_ids sequence	attention_mask sequence	labels sequence	text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀	summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀	gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀	src_document sequence
Jean-Christophe Menu	Jean-Christophe Menu	Jean-Christophe Menu (; born August 23, 1964) is a French underground cartoonist, graphic designer, comics scholar and publisher, son of the Egyptologist Bernadette Menu. He is best known for being one of the founders of L'Association, an influential comic book and art book publishing company from France often regarded as one of the key figures in the independent comic movement around the world.	Jean-Christophe Menu, né le à Amiens, est un auteur, maquettiste éditeur et traducteur français de bande dessinée. Spécialisé dans la bande dessinée alternative, il a co-fondé la maison d'édition L'Association en 1990 et fondé L'Apocalypse en 2012.	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Articles of Confederation	Articles de la Confédération	The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The weak central government established by the Articles received only those powers which the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.	Les Articles de la Confédération et de l'Union perpétuelle (en anglais : "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union") sont un document élaboré le par le Second Congrès continental, réunion des treize États fondateurs des États-Unis d'Amérique. Les États-Unis sont alors en guerre depuis deux ans contre la Grande-Bretagne pour leur indépendance.	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Génépi	Génépi	Génépi or génépy (in French) or "genepì" (in Italian) is a traditional herbal liqueur or aperitif popularized in the Alpine regions of Europe. "Genepi" also refers to alpine plants of the genus "Artemisia" (commonly called "wormwood") that provide the liqueur's flavor and color, and the French Savoy region adjacent to the Aosta Valley, where the plants grow and where the beverage originated.	Le terme génépi, genépi, génépy ou encore génep est un nom vernaculaire qui désigne différentes espèces d'armoises du genre "Artemisia" (famille des "Astéracées"), et que l'on rencontre exclusivement en montagne (mais le genre "Artemisia" compte aussi des espèces de plaine et en particulier l'absinthe). La plante se trouve en particulier sur les moraines et autres monticules de pierres en montagne, et pousse majoritairement entre et mètres d'altitude.	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Uzès	Uzès	Uzès (, ) is a small town and a commune in the Gard department in southern France. It lies about north-northeast of Nîmes, west of Avignon, and south-east of Alès.	Uzès ("Usès" en occitan provençal, selon la norme classique) est une commune française située dans le département du Gard, en région Occitanie.	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L'Association	L'Association	L'Association is a French publishing house which publishes comic books. It was founded in May 1990 by Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas, and Mokeït. As of 2012, of the original founding members, only Konture continues to be affiliated with the company.	L'Association est une maison d'édition française de bande dessinée, fondée en mai 1990 par Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas et Mokeït (ce dernier s'en retirant peu après). Issue directement de l'AANAL et de "Labo", et indirectement de Futuropolis, elle domine la scène de la bande dessinée alternative des années 1990 et 2000 en gardant le statut associatif de ses débuts.	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Dupuis	Dupuis	Éditions Dupuis S.A. () is a Belgian publisher of comic albums and magazines. Based in Marcinelle near Charleroi, Dupuis was founded in 1922 by Jean Dupuis, and is mostly famous for its comic albums and magazines. It is originally a French language publisher, but publishes many editions both in French and Dutch. Other language editions are mostly licensed to other publishers. Dupuis was for a long time a family business but was sold in the early 1980s and has since changed ownership a few times.	Dupuis est un éditeur de bande dessinée belge. La maison d'édition a été créée à Charleroi par l'imprimeur Jean Dupuis en 1898, qui devint éditeur en 1922 en lançant une revue de roman illustrés, "Les Bonnes Soirées", puis un journal humoristique hebdomadaire "Le Moustique" en 1924 qui est rebaptisé "Télémoustique" après la guerre. La diversification se poursuit avec la création de collections de romans, Azur, Jaune, Grise et Verte.	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Ignacio Ramonet	Ignacio Ramonet	Ignacio Ramonet Miguez (born 5 May 1943) is a Spanish academic, journalist and writer who has been based in Paris for much of his career. After becoming first known for writing on film and media, he became editor-in-chief of "Le Monde diplomatique", serving from 1991 until March 2008. Under his leadership, LMD established editorial independence in 1996 from "Le Monde", with which it had been affiliated since 1954.	Ignacio Ramonet (né le à Redondela en Galice (Espagne)) est un sémiologue du cinéma et journaliste espagnol. Il est le père de Tancrède Ramonet.	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Thomas Edison	Thomas Edison	Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of organized science and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. He established the first industrial research laboratory.	Thomas Alva Edison, né le à Milan dans l'Ohio et mort le à West Orange dans le New Jersey, est un inventeur, un scientifique et un industriel américain.	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Laurent Fignon	Laurent Fignon	Laurent Patrick Fignon (; 12 August 1960 – 31 August 2010) was a French professional road bicycle racer who won the Tour de France in 1983 and 1984 and the Giro d'Italia in 1989. He is former FICP World No. 1 in 1989. He nearly captured the Tour de France for a third time in 1989 before being edged by Greg LeMond by 8 seconds, the closest margin ever to decide the Tour. Fignon won many classic races, including taking Milan–San Remo back-to-back in 1988 and 1989. He died from cancer in 2010.	Laurent Fignon, né le dans le de Paris et mort le dans le de cette même ville, est un cycliste français. Professionnel de 1982 à 1993, il remporte notamment deux Tours de France, en 1983 et 1984, le Tour d'Italie 1989, ainsi que les classiques la Flèche wallonne en 1986 et Milan-San Remo en 1988 et 1989. Il est aussi vainqueur des championnats de France sur route en 1984 et termine l'année 1989 à la première place du classement mondial FICP.	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Human Rights Watch	Human Rights Watch	Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures some governments, policy makers and human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and the group often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants and political prisoners.	Human Rights Watch publie chaque année un rapport rendant compte de la situation des droits de l'homme et mène des enquêtes régulières et systématiques sur les violations des droits de l'homme dans plus de 60 pays et territoires. Son siège se trouve à New York, aux États-Unis et possède plusieurs bureaux dans de nombreuses métropoles dans le monde.	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Oncidium	Oncidium	Oncidium, abbreviated as Onc. in the horticultural trade, is a genus that contains about 330 species of orchids from the subtribe Oncidiinae of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). As presently conceived (May 2014), it is distributed across much of South America, Central America, Mexico and the West Indies, with one species "(O. ensatum)" extending into Florida. Common names for plants in this genus include dancing-lady orchid and golden shower orchid.	Oncidium est un genre d'orchidées originaire d'Amérique tropicale (de l'Argentine jusqu'à la Floride) de dimensions très variables selon l'espèce. Les espèces du genre sont cultivées et vendues pour leurs jolies fleurs jaunes tachetées de marron dans la forme la plus courante. Les hybrides horticoles présentent souvent un labelle bien développé.	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Transparency International	Transparency International	Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German non-governmental organization, which is based in Berlin, and was founded in 1993. Its nonprofit purpose is to take action to combat global corruption with civil societal anti-corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption. Its most notable publications include the Global Corruption Barometer and the Corruption Perceptions Index. Transparency International has the legal status of a German registered voluntary association "(Eingetragener Verein)" and serves as an umbrella organization. Its members have grown from a few individuals to more than 100 national chapters which engage in fighting corruption in their home countries. TI is a member of UNESCO Consultative Status, United Nations Global Compact and shares the goals of peace, justice, strong institutions and partnerships of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG). TI confirmed the dis-accreditation of the national chapter of United States of America in 2017.	Transparency International (TI) est une organisation non gouvernementale internationale d'origine allemande ayant pour principale vocation la lutte contre la corruption des gouvernements et institutions gouvernementales mondiaux. Elle a été fondée par Peter Eigen en 1993 et a aujourd'hui un rayonnement international, possédant des sections autonomes dans 110 pays. Elle rejette ainsi toute supériorité des premiers sur les seconds quant à la lutte contre la corruption et déplore souvent la baisse dans le classement de certains pays développés, notamment au sein de l'Union européenne.	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Landless Workers' Movement	Mouvement des sans-terre	Landless Workers' Movement (, MST) is a social movement in Brazil, inspired by Marxism, generally regarded as one of the largest in Latin America with an estimated informal membership of 1.5 million across 23 of Brazil's 26 states. MST defines its goals as access to the land for poor workers through land reform in Brazil and activism around social issues that make land ownership more difficult to achieve, such as unequal income distribution, racism, sexism, and media monopolies. MST strives to achieve a self-sustainable way of life for the rural poor.	Le Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) ou Mouvement des sans-terre est une organisation populaire brésilienne qui milite pour que les paysans brésiliens ne possédant pas de terre, disposent de terrains pour pouvoir cultiver. Depuis la création du mouvement en 1985, 1722 militants ont été assassinés.	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Faxian	Faxian	Faxian (; 337 – c. 422) was a Chinese Buddhist monk and translator who traveled by foot from Ancient China to Ancient India, visiting many sacred Buddhist sites in Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia between 399-412 to acquire Buddhist texts. His journey is described in his important travelogue, "A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Xian of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline". Other transliterations of his name include Fa-Hien, and Fa-hsien.	Faxian ou Fa-Hsien (, vers 337-422) est un moine bouddhiste chinois, pèlerin et auteur d'une des premières et précieuses descriptions de l'Inde.	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Flag of Sierra Leone	Drapeau de Sierra Leone	The national flag of Sierra Leone is a tricolour consisting of three horizontal green, white and blue bands. It was adopted in 1961, Sierra Leone's independence year, to replace the British Blue Ensign defaced with the arms of the Crown Colony of Sierra Leone.	Le drapeau de Sierra Leone est officiel depuis le. C'est un drapeau à trois bandes horizontales : verte, blanche et bleue. Le vert représente l'agriculture, les montagnes et les ressources naturelles ; le bleu, l'espoir de paix qu'entend apporter Freetown au reste du monde ; et le blanc rappelle l'unité et la justice.	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Vowel reduction in Russian	Apophonie accentuelle en russe	Vowel reduction in Russian differs in the standard language and dialects, which differ from one another. Several ways of vowel reduction (and its absence) are distinguished.	En russe, les voyelles atones subissent une apophonie notable : une voyelle qui n'est pas frappée de l'accent tonique peut voir son timbre modifié, la plupart du temps par centralisation ou par neutralisation.	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Jean-Claude Van Damme	Jean-Claude Van Damme	Jean-Claude Camille François van Varenberg (born 18 October 1960), known professionally as Jean-Claude van Damme (, ), and as JCVD, is a Belgian actor and retired martial artist best known for his martial arts action films. His most popular projects include "Bloodsport" (1988), "Cyborg" (1989), "Kickboxer" (1989), "Lionheart" (1990), "Death Warrant" (1990), "Double Impact" (1991), "Universal Soldier" (1992), "Nowhere to Run" (1993), "Hard Target" (1993), "Timecop" (1994), "Street Fighter" (1994), "Sudden Death" (1995), "The Quest" (1996), "Maximum Risk" (1996), "JCVD" (2008), "Jean-Claude van Johnson" (2016–2017 series) and "The Bouncer" (2018).	Jean-Claude Van Damme, né Jean-Claude Van Varenberg le à Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, en Belgique, est un acteur, réalisateur, producteur de cinéma et pratiquant d'arts martiaux belge.	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Amnesty International	Amnesty International	Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is a non-governmental organization with its headquarters in the United Kingdom focused on human rights. The organization says it has more than eight million members and supporters around the world.	Amnesty International, francisé en Amnistie internationale au Canada, est une organisation non gouvernementale internationale qui promeut la défense des droits de l'homme et le respect de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. L'organisation milite notamment pour la libération des prisonniers d'opinion, le droit à la liberté d'expression, l'abolition de la peine de mort et de la torture et l'arrêt des crimes politiques, mais aussi pour le respect de l'ensemble des droits civils, politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels.	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International Court of Justice	Cour internationale de justice	The International Court of Justice (ICJ), sometimes called the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues referred to it by the UN. Its opinions and rulings serve as sources of international law.	La Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ ;, "ICJ"), siégeant à La Haye (Pays-Bas) dans le palais de la Paix, est établie par l'article 92 de la Charte des Nations unies : Elle a pour principales fonctions de régler des conflits juridiques soumis par les États et de donner un avis sur des questions juridiques présentées par des organes et agences internationaux agréés par l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies.	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Porfirio Díaz	Porfirio Díaz	José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori ( or ; ; 15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 31 years, from 17 February 1877 to 1 December 1880 and from 1 December 1884 to 25 May 1911. The entire period 1876–1911 is often referred to as the Porfiriato.	José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori, plus connu sous le nom de Porfirio Díaz, né le à Oaxaca et mort le à Paris, est un homme d’État et militaire mexicain.	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Simony	Simonie	Simony () is the act of selling church offices and roles or sacred things. It is named after Simon Magus, who is described in the Acts of the Apostles as having offered two disciples of Jesus payment in exchange for their empowering him to impart the power of the Holy Spirit to anyone on whom he would place his hands. The term extends to other forms of trafficking for money in "spiritual things".	La simonie consiste en l’achat, la vente de biens spirituels, de sacrements, de postes hiérarchiques, de charges ecclésiastiques ou de services intellectuels. Elle s'est développée principalement au Moyen Âge et au début de la Renaissance, en violation du concile de Chalcédoine. Ce trafic affecte principalement les clercs, assez rarement les prêtres, mais surtout les postes supérieurs de prélatures, les charges d'évêques ou, au sein des monastères, la charge de père abbé, qui pouvait-être parfois conjuguée avec une charge temporelle de seigneur local. La tentation du pouvoir, comme des grandes familles, d'influencer, de faire pression, d'ordonner, d'exiger, d'imposer, de nommer soi-même un individu à un poste précis est intemporelle. Si elle a donné, par exemple, le gallicanisme, l'anglicanisme, elle continue d'avoir de très nombreuses formes d'interventionnisme ou de lobbying qui continuent de sourdre. La cession de biens d'Église indûment contre des biens temporels est aussi une simonie. La non monétisation de la simonie, par échanges de « services », rend parfois sa caractérisation plus délicate.	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Roland Dumas	Roland Dumas	Roland Dumas (born 23 August 1922 in Limoges, Haute-Vienne) is a lawyer and French Socialist politician who served notably as Foreign Minister under President François Mitterrand from 1984 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1993. He was also President of the Constitutional Council from 1995 to 1999.	Roland Dumas, né le à Limoges (Haute-Vienne), est un avocat et homme politique français. Proche de François Mitterrand, il a été notamment ministre des Relations extérieures de 1984 à 1986 et des Affaires étrangères de 1988 à 1993. Il a ensuite présidé le Conseil constitutionnel de 1995 à 2000.	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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia	Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie	The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), was a body of the United Nations established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal was an ad hoc court located in The Hague, Netherlands.	Le Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie (TPIY) est une juridiction instituée le par la résolution 827 du Conseil de sécurité de l'Organisation des Nations unies afin de poursuivre et de juger les personnes s'étant rendues coupables de violations graves du droit international humanitaire sur le territoire de l'ex-Yougoslavie à compter du janvier 1991, c'est-à-dire durant les guerres de Yougoslavie (guerre de Croatie, guerre de Bosnie-Herzégovine et guerre du Kosovo), conformément aux dispositions de ses statuts. Son siège est situé à La Haye (Pays-Bas).	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Gracchi	Gracques	The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were Romans who both served as tribunes of the plebs between 133 and 121 BC. They attempted to redistribute the occupation of the "ager publicus"—the public land hitherto controlled principally by aristocrats—to the urban poor and veterans, in addition to other social and constitutional reforms. After achieving some early success, both were assassinated by the Optimates, the conservative faction in the senate that opposed these reforms.	Les « Gracques » est le nom donné à deux frères et hommes d'État romains, Tiberius Gracchus et Caius Gracchus, connus pour leur tentative infructueuse de réformer le système social romain.	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Labour law	Droit du travail	Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work. are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial).	Branche du droit social, le droit du travail est l'ensemble des normes juridiques qui régissent les relations entre un employeur et un employé. Le droit du travail encadre notamment la formation, l'exécution et la rupture du contrat de travail. Il garantit également le respect des libertés syndicales et des normes de sécurité au travail, et la protection des travailleurs vulnérables.	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Human Rights League (France)	Ligue des droits de l'homme (France)	The Human Rights League ( "[et du citoyen]" or LDH) of France, is a Human Rights NGO association to observe, defend and promulgation of Rights Man within the French Republic in all spheres of public life. The LDH is a member of the "International Federation of Human Rights Leagues" (FIDH).	La Ligue française pour la défense des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen, plus communément appelée Ligue des droits de l'Homme ou LDH, est une association (loi de 1901) visant à l'observation, la défense et la promulgation des droits de l'homme au sein de la République française, dans tous les domaines de la vie publique.	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Electric car	Voiture électrique	An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries. The first practical electric cars were produced in the 1880s. Electric cars were popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engines, electric starters in particular, and mass production of cheaper petrol (gasoline) and diesel vehicles led to a decline in the use of electric drive vehicles.	Une voiture électrique est un véhicule électrique de type automobile mu par un ou plusieurs moteurs électriques, généralement alimentés par une batterie d'accumulateurs voire une pile à combustible à hydrogène.	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Coluche	Coluche	Michel Gérard Joseph Colucci (, ; 28 October 1944 – 19 June 1986), better known under his stage name Coluche (), was a French comedian and actor famous for his irreverent sense of humor.	Michel Colucci, dit Coluche, est un humoriste et comédien français, né le dans le de Paris et mort le à Opio (Alpes-Maritimes).	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Orthographic ligature	Ligature (écriture)	In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined as a single glyph. An example is the character æ as used in English, in which the letters "a" and "e" are joined. The common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters "e" and "t" (spelling "et", from the Latin for "and") were combined.	En typographie, une ligature est la fusion de deux ou trois graphèmes d’une écriture pour en former un nouveau, considéré ou non comme un caractère à part entière. C'est un des procédés possibles d’enrichissement du stock de graphèmes d’une langue.	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Convolution	Produit de convolution	In mathematics (in particular, functional analysis) convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions ( and ) that produces a third function expressing how the shape of one is modified by the other. The term "convolution" refers to both the result function and to the process of computing it. It is defined as the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reversed and shifted. And the integral is evaluated for all values of shift, producing the convolution function.	En mathématiques, le produit de convolution est un opérateur bilinéaire et un produit commutatif, généralement noté « », qui, à deux fonctions et sur un même domaine infini, fait correspondre une autre fonction « » sur ce domaine, qui en tout point de celui-ci est égale à l'intégrale sur l'entièreté du domaine (ou la somme si celui-ci est discret) d'une des deux fonctions autour de ce point, pondérée par l'autre fonction autour de l'origine — les deux fonctions étant parcourues en sens contraire l'une de l'autre (nécessaire pour garantir la commutativité).	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Bohemia	Bohême	Bohemia ( ; ; ) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.	La Bohême ("Čechy" en tchèque, "Böhmen" en allemand) est une région historique d'Europe centrale, actuellement l'une des composantes de la Tchéquie avec la Moravie et une petite fraction de la Silésie. Elle tire son nom des Celtes boïens et du germanique "heim" (ancien français "ham" ou hameau).	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Wilhelm II, German Emperor	Guillaume II (empereur allemand)	Wilhelm II (; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor ("Kaiser") and King of Prussia. He reigned from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918 shortly before Germany's defeat in World War I.	Frédéric Guillaume Victor Albert de Hohenzollern (en allemand : ""), né le à Berlin et mort le à Doorn, aux Pays-Bas, est de 1888 à son abdication en 1918, le troisième et dernier empereur allemand ("Deutscher Kaiser") ainsi le neuvième et dernier roi de Prusse.	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Scandinavia	Scandinavie	Scandinavia ( ) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties. The term "Scandinavia" in local usage covers the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The majority national languages of these three belong to the Scandinavian dialect continuum, and are mutually intelligible North Germanic languages.	La Scandinavie ( ; ; ) est une région historique et culturelle d'Europe du Nord constituée de trois monarchies constitutionnelles, le Danemark, la Norvège et la Suède. Le terme de « Scandinavie » est souvent improprement utilisé pour désigner l'ensemble des pays nordiques, c'est-à-dire en ajoutant aux États précédents l'Åland, la Finlande, l'Islande, les îles Féroé et le Groenland. Ses habitants sont appelés les Scandinaves.	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Henri Désiré Landru	Henri Désiré Landru	Henri Désiré Landru (12 April 1869 – 25 February 1922) () was a French serial killer. He was nicknamed "The Bluebeard of Gambais" by the French press, after the mythical medieval nobleman who murdered his wives and the village of Gambais, near Paris, where Landru killed at least seven women between December 1915 and January 1919. Landru also killed at least three other women, plus a young man, at a house he rented from December 1914 to August 1915 in the town of Vernouillet, 35 km northwest of Paris. The true number of Landru's victims, whose remains were never found, was almost certainly higher.	Henri Désiré Landru, né le à Paris () et mort le à Versailles, est un célèbre tueur en série et criminel français. Il fut surnommé « le Barbe-Bleue de Gambais ».	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House of Savoy	Maison de Savoie	The House of Savoy () is a royal dynasty that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small Alpine county north-west of Italy to absolute rule of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 to 1720, when they were handed over the island of Sardinia, over which they would exercise direct rule from then onward.	La maison de Savoie est une dynastie européenne ayant porté les titres de comte de Savoie (1033), puis de duc de Savoie (1416), prince de Piémont, roi de Sicile (1713), roi de Sardaigne (1720) et roi d'Italie (1861). Elle est l'héritière de la dynastie des Humbertiens, nom donné par l’historiographie moderne, aux premiers souverains, comtes "en" Maurienne issu du comte Humbert.	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Hundred Years' War	Guerre de Cent Ans	The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts in Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England and the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe.	La guerre de Cent Ans est un conflit entrecoupé de trêves plus ou moins longues, opposant, de 1337 à 1453, la dynastie des Plantagenêt à celle des Valois et, à travers elles, le royaume d'Angleterre et celui de France.	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Roman roads	Voie romaine	Roman roads ( ; singular: ; meaning "Roman way") were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. They provided efficient means for the overland movement of armies, officials, civilians, inland carriage of official communications, and trade goods. Roman roads were of several kinds, ranging from small local roads to broad, long-distance highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and were flanked by footpaths, bridleways and drainage ditches. They were laid along accurately surveyed courses, and some were cut through hills, or conducted over rivers and ravines on bridgework. Sections could be supported over marshy ground on rafted or piled foundations.	Les voies romaines sont les voies du réseau routier créé par les Romains ou reprises et réaménagées par eux sur le réseau existant. Souvent en ligne droite, elles permettaient de parcourir plus rapidement qu'avant l’ensemble de l’Empire à partir de l’Urbs, Rome.	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Fourier transform	Transformation de Fourier	In mathematics, a Fourier transform (FT) is a mathematical transform which decomposes a function (often a function of time, or a signal) into its constituent frequencies, such as the expression of a musical chord in terms of the volumes and frequencies of its constituent notes. The term "Fourier transform" refers to both the frequency domain representation and the mathematical operation that associates the frequency domain representation to a function of time.	En analyse, la transformation de Fourier est une extension, pour les fonctions non périodiques, du développement en série de Fourier des fonctions périodiques. La transformation de Fourier associe à une fonction intégrable définie sur R et à valeurs réelles ou complexes, une autre fonction sur R appelée transformée de Fourier dont la variable indépendante peut s'interpréter en physique comme la fréquence ou la pulsation.	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Crataegus	Aubépine	Crataegus (), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn "C. monogyna", and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus "Rhaphiolepis".	Crataegus est un genre d'arbres ou arbustes épineux de l'hémisphère nord, appartenant à la famille des Rosacées, communément appelés des aubépines.	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Çatalhöyük	Çatal Höyük	Çatalhöyük (; also "Çatal Höyük" and "Çatal Hüyük"; from Turkish "çatal" "fork" + "höyük" "tumulus") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7100 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.	Çatal Höyük, ou "Çatalhöyük" (anciennement "Çatal Hüyük"), est un site archéologique de Turquie. Situé en Anatolie centrale, dans la plaine de Konya, sur les bords de la rivière Çarşamba, c'est l'un des plus grands sites du Néolithique du Proche-Orient. Fondé à la fin du VIIIe millénaire av. J.-C., il atteint son extension maximale entre le milieu du VIIe et le début du VIe millénaire av. J.-C. et couvre une superficie d'environ 13 ha. Sa population est alors estimée à plusieurs milliers de personnes.	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William II of the Netherlands	Guillaume II (roi des Pays-Bas)	William II (Willem Frederik George Lodewijk, anglicized as William Frederick George Louis; 6 December 1792 – 17 March 1849) was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg.	Guillaume II (en néerlandais : "Willem Frederik George Lodewijk van Oranje-Nassau"), né le à La Haye et mort le à Tilburg, est le deuxième roi des Pays-Bas, duc de Limbourg et grand-duc de Luxembourg de 1840 à 1849.	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Arthritis	Arthrite	Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types of arthritis, other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden. There are over 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers, knees, and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include gout, lupus, fibromyalgia, and septic arthritis. They are all types of rheumatic disease. Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ice and heat. Weight loss and exercise may also be useful. Recommended medications may depend on the form of arthritis. These may include pain medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen). In some circumstances, a joint replacement may be useful. Osteoarthritis affects more than 3.8% of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0.24% of people. Gout affects about 1–2% of the Western population at some point in their lives. In Australia about 15% of people are affected, while in the United States more than 20% have a type of arthritis. Overall the disease becomes more common with age. Arthritis is a common reason that people miss work and can result in a decreased quality of life. The term is derived from "arthr-" (meaning artistic) and "-itis" (meaning inflammation).	L’arthrite (du grec "arthron" : « articulation ») est une inflammation aiguë ou chronique des articulations. Elle ne désigne pas la pathologie répertoriée sous le nom d’arthrose, mais un signe clinique associé à de nombreuses maladies articulaires.	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Geography of Finland	Géographie de la Finlande	The geography of Finland is characterized by its northern position, its ubiquitous landscapes of intermingled boreal forests and lakes, and its low population density. Finland can be divided into three areas: archipelagoes and coastal lowlands, a slightly higher central lake plateau and uplands to north and northeast. Bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, as well as Sweden, Norway, and Russia, Finland is the northernmost country in the European Union. Most of the population and agricultural resources are concentrated in the south. Northern and eastern Finland are sparsely populated containing vast wilderness areas. Taiga forest is the dominant vegetation type.	La Finlande est l'un des pays les plus septentrionaux d'Europe : un tiers de sa superficie se situe au-delà du cercle polaire arctique. Elle partage des frontières terrestres avec la Suède à l'ouest, la Norvège au nord et la Russie à l'est. Ses façades maritimes ouvrent sur la mer Baltique, avec à l'ouest le golfe de Botnie et au sud le golfe de Finlande.	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Bucharest	Bucarest	Bucharest (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border.	Bucarest (en roumain București, ou "" en version longue) est la capitale de la Roumanie. La ville est mentionnée pour la première fois en 1459 comme marché fortifié au carrefour des routes commerciales entre Târgoviște, alors capitale de la Valachie, Brașov en Transylvanie, et le port de San-Giorgio fondé par les Génois sur le Danube. Ce marché s'est rapidement développé et, au, il devient la capitale de la principauté de Valachie, puis, en 1859, de la Roumanie.	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Radar	Radar	Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s). Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the object's location and speed.	Le radar (acronyme issu de l'anglais "") est un système qui utilise les ondes électromagnétiques pour détecter la présence et déterminer la position ainsi que la vitesse d'objets tels que les avions, les bateaux, ou la pluie. Les ondes envoyées par l'émetteur sont réfléchies par la cible, et les signaux de retour (appelés "écho radar" ou "écho-radar") sont captés et analysés par le récepteur, souvent situé au même endroit que l'émetteur. La distance est obtenue grâce au temps aller/retour du signal, la direction grâce à la position angulaire de l'antenne où le signal de retour a été capté et la vitesse avec le décalage de fréquence du signal de retour généré selon l'effet Doppler. Il existe également différentes informations trouvées par le rapport entre les retours captées selon des plans de polarisation orthogonaux.	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Geography of Quebec	Géographie du Québec	Quebec, Canada's largest province, occupies a vast territory (nearly three times the size of France), most of which is very sparsely populated. With an area of 1,542,056 square kilometres (595,391 square miles), it is the second largest of Canada's provinces and territories and the tenth largest country subdivision in the world. More than 90 percent of Quebec's area lies within the Canadian Shield, and includes the greater part of the Labrador Peninsula. Quebec's highest mountain is Mont D'Iberville, which is located on the border with Newfoundland and Labrador in the northeastern part of the province in the Torngat Mountains. The addition of parts of the vast and scarcely populated District of Ungava of the Northwest Territories between 1898 and 1912 gave the province its current form.	La géographie du Québec est l'ensemble des réalités physiques et humaines qui composent le Québec. Situé à l'est du continent nord-américain, le Québec a une superficie de. Le Québec fait trois fois la taille de la France métropolitaine et cinq fois celle du Japon.	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Fossil	Fossile	A fossil (from Classical Latin:, literally "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known as the "fossil record".	Un fossile (dérivé du substantif du verbe latin "fodere" : "fossile", littéralement « qui est fouillé ») est le reste d'un animal ou d'un végétal (coquille, carapace, os, dent, graine, feuilles, spore, pollen, plancton, micro-organismes), généralement minéralisé, ou bien son simple moulage, conservé dans une roche sédimentaire. Les fossiles et les processus de fossilisation sont étudiés principalement dans le cadre de la paléontologie, mais aussi dans ceux de la géologie, de la préhistoire humaine et de l'archéologie.	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Gaius Terentius Varro	Caius Terentius Varro	Gaius Terentius Varro (fl. 218 - 200 BC) was a Roman politician and general active during the Second Punic War. A plebeian son of a butcher, he was a populist politician who was elected consul for the year 216. While holding that office, he was decisively defeated by Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae.	Varron ("Gaius Terentius Varro") est un homme d'État romain. Issu de la plèbe, il fut préteur en 217 av. J.-C. et consul en 216 av. J.-C. avec le patricien Paul Émile. Tous deux furent vaincus par Hannibal à la bataille de Cannes. Ce jour-là, c'était Varron qui commandait l'armée, mais tandis que son collègue se faisait tuer pendant la bataille, Varron parvint à s'enfuir. Aux yeux de la postérité, Varron fut chargé de la responsabilité du désastre, pour avoir voulu engager la bataille contre l'avis de Paul Émile, qui préférait la livrer en montagne plutôt qu'en plaine. Toutefois, pour éviter toute division intestine au sein de la cité en péril, montre Tite-Live, le Sénat et les magistrats firent bon accueil à Varron à son retour à Rome.	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William II of England	Guillaume le Roux	William II (; – 2 August 1100), the third son of William the Conqueror, was King of England from 26 September 1087 until 2 August 1100, with powers over Normandy, and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending control into Wales. William is commonly known as William Rufus ( being Latin for "the Red"), perhaps because of his ruddy appearance or, more likely, due to having red hair as a child that grew out in later life.	Guillaume II d'Angleterre, dit Guillaume le Roux (vers 1060 – ), est roi d'Angleterre de 1087 à 1100 en succédant à son père Guillaume le Conquérant. Son règne est surtout marqué par l'opposition avec son frère aîné Robert Courteheuse, le duc de Normandie, les deux hommes se disputant le contrôle de l'Angleterre et de la Normandie. En 1096, à la faveur du départ de son frère pour la première croisade, Guillaume le Roux parvient à étendre sa domination sur le duché de Normandie, mais sa mort accidentelle quatre ans plus tard interrompt précocement la réunion de ces deux États.	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Erwin Schrödinger	Erwin Schrödinger	Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (, ; ; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as'or ', was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian-Irish physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in quantum theory: the Schrödinger equation provides a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time.	Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger ( ; à Vienne – ) est un physicien, philosophe et théoricien scientifique autrichien. En imaginant l'équation d'évolution de la fonction d'onde associée à l'état d'une particule, il a permis le développement du formalisme théorique de la mécanique quantique. Cette équation d'onde, qui tient compte à la fois de la quantification et de l'énergie non relativiste, a été appelée par la suite équation de Schrödinger (pour laquelle il a reçu, en commun avec Paul Dirac, le prix Nobel de physique de 1933).	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Courtney Love	Courtney Love	Courtney Michelle Love ("née" Harrison; born July 9, 1964) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. A figure in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s, her career has spanned four decades. She rose to prominence as the lead vocalist of the alternative rock band Hole, which she formed in 1989. Love has drawn public attention for her uninhibited live performances and confrontational lyrics, as well as her highly publicized personal life following her marriage to Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain. In 2020, "NME" named her "one of the most influential singers in alternative culture of the last 30 years."	Courtney Michelle Love Cobain, née Courtney Michelle Harrison, est une musicienne, actrice et artiste visuelle américaine née le à San Francisco. Elle est la veuve de Kurt Cobain, le leader du groupe Nirvana, avec qui elle a eu une fille, Frances Bean Cobain.	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Limes (Roman Empire)	Limes	"Limes" (plural "limites") is a modern term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the Borders of the Roman Empire, but it was not used by the Romans for this purpose. The term has been extended to refer to the frontier defences in other parts of the empire, such as in the east and in Africa.	Le limes (prononcé ) est le nom donné par les historiens modernes aux systèmes de fortifications établis au long de certaines des frontières de l'Empire romain. 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Appian Way	Voie Appienne	The Appian Way (Latin and Italian: Via Appia) is one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic. It connected Rome to Brindisi, in southeast Italy. Its importance is indicated by its common name, recorded by Statius:	La voie Appienne ("Via Appia") est une voie romaine de près de de longueur, partant de Rome, longeant la côte tyrrhénienne, traversant les terres de la Campanie et de la Basilicate pour terminer dans les Pouilles. Elle fut construite en Elle joignait à l'origine Rome à Capoue, puis fut prolongée jusqu'à Brindes ("Brundisium").	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Parsis	Parsis	Parsis () or Parsees (which means 'Persian' in the Persian language) are an ethnoreligious group who migrated to the Indian subcontinent from Persia during the Muslim conquest of Persia of CE 636–651; one of two such groups (the other being Iranis). Zoroastrianism is the ethnic religion of the Parsi people. According to the "Qissa-i Sanjan", Parsis migrated from Sasanian Empire to Gujarat, where they were given refuge, between the 8th and 10th century CE to avoid persecution following the Muslim conquest of Persia.	Les Pārsis, Parsis ou Parses (de "Pārashika", peuple de Perse, une partie d'Iran et d'Afghanistan actuel ; gujarātī : પારસી) sont les adeptes du parsisme, confession dérivée du zoroastrisme. Ils constituent l'une des deux communautés zoroastriennes (l'autre étant celle des Iranis) ayant quitté le monde iranien pour s'installer principalement en Inde.	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Scipio Aemilianus	Scipion Émilien	Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (185–129 BC), primarily known as Scipio Aemilianus, was Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the final defeat of Carthage, during the Third Punic War, and in the subjugation of the Celtiberian settlement of Numantia in Spain. Aemilianus, who may also be called Scipio Africanus the Younger, was an adoptive grandson of Scipio Africanus, the hero of the Second Punic War. He was a prominent patron of writers and philosophers, the most famous of whom was the Greek historian Polybius.	Scipion Émilien ("Publius Cornelius P.f. P.n. Scipio Æmilianus Africanus Numantinus"), aussi dit le Second Africain ou Scipion le Numantin, est un général et homme d'État romain, né en 185 av. J.-C., et mort en 129 av J.-C.	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Interval (mathematics)	Intervalle (mathématiques)	In mathematics, a (real) interval is a set of real numbers that contains all real numbers lying between any two numbers of the set. For example, the set of numbers satisfying is an interval which contains, and all numbers in between. Other examples of intervals are the set of numbers such that, the set of all of real numbers formula_1, the set of nonnegative real numbers, the set of positive real numbers, the empty set, and any singleton (set of one element).	En mathématiques, un intervalle (du latin "") est étymologiquement un ensemble compris entre deux valeurs. Cette notion première s'est ensuite développée jusqu'à aboutir aux définitions suivantes.	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Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus	Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus	Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (died c. 280 BC) was one of the two elected Roman consuls in 298 BC. He led the Roman army to victory against the Etruscans near Volterra. A member of the noble Roman family of Scipiones, he was the father of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and great-grandfather of Scipio Africanus.	Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (« le Barbu ») est un homme d'État et général de la République romaine. Membre de la famille patricienne des Cornelii Scipiones, il est le père de Lucius Cornelius Scipio et de Cnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, et l'arrière-grand-père de Scipion l'Africain.	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Louvain-la-Neuve	Louvain-la-Neuve	Louvain-la-Neuve (, French for "New Leuven") is a planned city in the municipality of Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, situated 30 km southeast of Brussels, in the French-speaking part of the country. The city was built to house the Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) which owns its entire territory; following the linguistic quarrels that took place in Belgium during the 1960s, and Flemish claims of discrimination at the Catholic University of Leuven, the institution was split into the Dutch language Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven which remained in Leuven, and the Université catholique de Louvain.	Louvain-la-Neuve (en wallon "Noû Lovin", en allemand "Neu-Löwen") est une section de la commune belge d'Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, située en Région wallonne dans la province du Brabant wallon.	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History of Quebec	Histoire du Québec	Quebec has played a special role in French history; the modern province occupies much of the land where French settlers founded the colony of Canada (New France) in the 17th and 18th centuries. The population is predominantly French-speaking and Roman Catholic, with a large Anglophone minority, augmented in recent years by immigrants from Asia. The political alienation of the Francophones from the Anglophones has been a persistent theme since the late 19th century. Tensions were especially high during the First World War. Historically, British merchants and financiers controlled the economy and dominated Montreal. The Catholic Church, in close cooperation with the landowners, led a highly traditional social structure in rural and small town Quebec. Much of that changed during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. Quebec's separatists, calling for an independent nation, gained strength but were narrowly defeated in two referenda. Quebec imposed increasingly stringent laws favouring the French language; many Anglophones left, as did many of the national and international corporations that had been based in Montreal. From 1966, Montreal's population fell until the 1980s, according to census data. Montreal had been twice the size of Toronto for almost all of the 20th Century. But by 2001, it was finally, no longer the largest city in Canada.	L'histoire du Québec s'étend de la première occupation humaine du territoire correspondant à la province actuelle jusqu'à nos jours. Les traces les plus anciennes de peuplement sur le territoire du Québec remontent à la fin de la dernière période glaciaire il y a environ. Les premiers habitants du territoire sont les paléoaméricains qui deviendront aux cours des millénaires les peuples autochtones du Québec. Bien que le Golfe du Saint-Laurent est fréquenté par les pêcheurs basques dès le début du, il faut attendre 1534 avant que l'explorateur Jacques Cartier, au nom du roi de France, ne réclame le territoire en plantant une croix à Gaspé. Lors de son deuxième voyage en 1535, Cartier atteint Stadaconé, à l'embouchure de la rivière Saint-Charles, puis Hochelaga sur l'île de Montréal.	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Artificial ventilation	Ventilation artificielle	Artificial ventilation, (also called artificial respiration) is means of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body by pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. It may take the form of manually providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort, or it may be mechanical ventilation involving the use of a mechanical ventilator to move air in and out of the lungs when an individual is unable to breathe on their own, this machine is called ventilator,for example during surgery with general anesthesia or when an individual is in a coma or trauma	La ventilation artificielle, ou respiration artificielle, regroupe les méthodes de premiers secours et de médecine (anesthésie-réanimation) utilisée pour apporter de l'air ou du dioxygène () aux poumons lorsque la respiration spontanée d'une personne est inefficace ou s'est arrêtée. C'est une des composantes de la réanimation cardiopulmonaire (RCP).	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Hanuman	Hanumān	Hanuman (;, ) is a Hindu god and divine vanara companion of the god Rama. Hanuman is one of the central characters of the Hindu epic "Ramayana". He is a Brahmachari (life long celibate) and one of the chiranjeevi. He is also mentioned in several other texts, such as the epic "Mahabharata" and the various Puranas. Hanuman is the son of Añjanā and Kesari. Maharishi Gautam and Ahalya were paternal Grandparents of Lord Hanuman. Hanuman is also son of the wind-god Vayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth.	Hanumān (en sanskrit « pourvu ("mân") de [fortes] mâchoires ("hanu") ») est dans l'hindouisme un vanara, héros du "Rāmāyaṇa", une épopée qui raconte le périple de Râma.	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Ganesha	Ganesh	Ganesha (, ; ), also known as Ganapati and Vinayaka, is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. His image is found throughout India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Fiji, Thailand, Mauritius, Bali (Indonesia), Bangladesh and Trinidad and Tobago. Hindu denominations worship him regardless of affiliations. Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains and Buddhists.	Dans l’hindouisme, Ganesh, Ganesha (IAST : Gaṇeśa), Vinâyaka, Gaṇapati (« le chef [Pati] des troupes de divinités [Ganas] » ou mieux « le seigneur des catégories ») ou Pillayar dans le sud de l’Inde est le dieu qui supprime les obstacles. Il est aussi le dieu de la sagesse, de l’intelligence, de l’éducation et de la prudence, le patron des écoles et des travailleurs du savoir. Reconnaissable à sa tête d'éléphant, il est sans doute le dieu le plus vénéré en Inde, et son aura touche tout le sous-continent indien et l'Asie en général. Il est le fils de Shiva et Pârvatî, l’époux de Siddhi (le Succès), Buddhi (l'Intellect) et Riddhî (la Richesse).	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Garuda	Garuda	Garuda (Sanskrit: ; Pāli: ) is a legendary bird or bird-like creature in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain mythology. He is variously the vehicle mount ("vahana") of the Hindu god Vishnu, a dharma-protector and Astasena in Buddhism, and the Yaksha of the Jain Tirthankara Shantinatha.	Garuda (du sanskrit /, signifiant « aigle ») est un homme-oiseau fabuleux de la mythologie hindouiste puis bouddhiste, fils de Kashyapa et de Vinatâ et frère d'Aruna, le conducteur du char du dieu Sûrya. C'est le vâhana, ou monture, du dieu Vishnu. Il est aussi considéré comme le roi des oiseaux.	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Ganga in Hinduism	Ganga (déesse)	In Hinduism, the river Ganga is considered sacred and is personified as the goddess Gaṅgā. She is worshiped by Hindus and Buddhists who believe that bathing in the river causes the remission of sins and facilitates Moksha (liberation from the cycle of life and death), and that the water of the Ganges is considered very pure. Pilgrims immerse the ashes of their kin in the river Ganga, which is considered by them to bring the spirits closer to moksha.	Gangâ (Sanskrit: गङ्गा, Hindi: गंगा) est la déesse du Gange, fille de l'apsarâ Menakâ et d'Himavant, le roi de l'Himalaya. Elle est avec Agni la mère de Kârttikeya - Skanda qui sera appelé par la suite "Gangâputra", « Fils de Ganga ». Elle est aussi la mère de huit garçons avec le roi Shântanu mais, lors de leur séparation, elle les noya tous sauf un, Bhîshma.	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Nandi (mythology)	Nandi (mythologie)	Nandi (,,,, ) is the gate-guardian deity of Kailasa, the abode of Lord Shiva. He is usually depicted as a bull, which also serves as the mount to Shiva. According to Saivite siddhantic tradition, he is considered as the chief guru of eight disciples of Nandinatha Sampradaya, namely, Sanaka, Sanatana, Sanandana, Sanatkumara, Tirumular, Vyagrapada, Patanjali, and Sivayoga Muni, who were sent in eight different directions, to spread the wisdom of Shaivism.The Cham Hindus of Vietnam believes that when they die, the Nandi will come and take their soul to the holy land of India from Vietnam.	Dans l'hindouisme, Nandi ou Nandin (), parfois appelé Nandikeshvara (le ), est le fils de Surabhî et de Kashyapa, le gardien des quadrupèdes. C'est le vâhana de Shiva, le taureau blanc qui lui sert de monture, donné au dieu par Daksha.	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Surya	Sūrya	Surya (;, ) is a Sanskrit word that means the Sun. Synonyms of Surya in ancient Indian literature include Aditya, Arka, Bhanu, Savitr, Pushan, Ravi, Martanda, Mitra, Bhaskara and Vivasvan.	Dans l'hindouisme, Sūrya (, de la racine sanskrite "sur" ou "svar", briller) est le dieu Soleil, fils d'Āditi et de Kashyapa. Il a quatre épouses, Samjnâ, la "connaissance", Râjnî, la "souveraineté", Prabhâ, la "lumière" et Châyâ, l"'ombre". C'est le père de Manu, le premier homme et le législateur de l'humanité, mais aussi de Yama, le dieu de la Mort et de Yamî qui deviendra, après sa mort, la rivière Yamunâ, un des trois fleuves les plus sacrés de l'hindouisme.	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Birch	Bouleau	A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae. The genus "Betula" contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species. They are a typically rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern areas of temperate climates and in boreal climates.	Les bouleaux font partie de la famille des bétulacées et du genre Betula. La plupart des espèces sont des arbres ; quelques-unes, comme "Betula nana", sont des chaméphytes.	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Ludwig Boltzmann	Ludwig Boltzmann	Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (; February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher. His greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion). Boltzmann coined the word "ergodic" while he was working on a problem in statistical mechanics.	Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (né le à Vienne, Autriche et mort le à Duino) est un physicien et philosophe autrichien. Il est considéré comme le père de la physique statistique et un fervent défenseur de l’existence des atomes. Validant l’hypothèse de Démocrite selon laquelle « la matière peut être considérée comme un ensemble d'entités indivisibles », Boltzmann, à l'aide de son équation cinétique dite « de Boltzmann », a théorisé de nombreuses équations de mécanique des fluides et de théorie cinétique des gaz.	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Magister equitum	Maître de cavalerie	The Magister equitum, in English Master of the Horse or Master of the Cavalry, was a Roman magistrate appointed as lieutenant to a dictator. His nominal function was to serve as commander of the Roman cavalry in time of war, but just as a dictator could be nominated to respond to other crises, so the magister equitum could operate independently of the cavalry; like the dictator, the appointment of a magister equitum served both military and political purposes.	Le maître de cavalerie (en latin : "magister equitum") est, durant la République romaine, l'assistant qu'un dictateur romain doit nommer, une sorte de chef d'état-major. À partir du, le titre est utilisé par l'armée romaine comme titre honorifique. Le grade de "magister equitum", associé à de véritables pouvoirs de commandement, réapparaît durant le Bas-Empire romain.	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Canary Islands	Îles Canaries	The Canary Islands (;, ), also known informally as "the Canaries", are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean, in a region known as Macaronesia, west of Morocco at the closest point. It is one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish government. The Canary Islands are geographically located in the African Tectonic Plate, even though the archipielago is economically and politically European, as it is part of the European Union.	Les îles Canaries (en ) sont un archipel de l'océan Atlantique situé au large des côtes du Sahara occidental et du Maroc. Les Canaries font partie de la Macaronésie, un ensemble géographique regroupant les territoires insulaires volcaniques des îles Canaries, de Madère, des Açores et du Cap-Vert situés à l'ouest et proches des côtes nord-africaines. L'archipel des îles Canaries est le plus grand et le plus peuplé de la Macaronésie.	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Rigveda	Rig-Véda	The Rigveda (Sanskrit: ', from'"praise" and'"knowledge") is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It is one of the four sacred canonical texts ("śruti") of Hinduism known as the Vedas.	Le Rig-Veda ou Ṛgveda (devanāgarī :, en IAST "Ṛgveda") est une collection d'hymnes ("sūkta") sacrés ou encore d'hymnes de louangesde l'Inde antique composés en sanskrit védique. Il fait partie des quatre grands textes canoniques (Śruti) de l'hindouisme qui sont connus sous le nom de Veda. C'est l'un des plus anciens textes existant en langue indo-européenne. Sa composition remonte entre 1500 et 900 selon les indologues, les philologues et les linguistes.	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Karen Wetterhahn	Karen Wetterhahn	Karen Elizabeth Wetterhahn (October 16, 1948 – June 8, 1997) was an American professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire who specialized in toxic metal exposure. She died of mercury poisoning at the age of 48 due to accidental exposure to the organic mercury compound dimethylmercury (Hg(CH)). Protective gloves in use at the time of the incident provided insufficient protection, and exposure to only a few drops of the chemical absorbed through the gloves proved to be fatal after less than a year.	Karen Wetterhahn, née le à Plattsburgh (New York) et morte le à Lyme (New Hampshire), est une chimiste américaine. Elle a mené de nombreuses recherches sur les effets des métaux lourds sur la santé. En 1996, elle menait des études sur les interactions entre les ions mercure et la réparation de l'ADN au laboratoire de chimie du Dartmouth College (États-Unis). Pour ce faire, elle utilisait du diméthylmercure (Hg(CH)), une forme de méthylmercure, comme référence pour des mesures de résonance magnétique nucléaire.	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Damascus	Damas	Damascus (;,, ) is the capital of Syria; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city. It is colloquially known in Syria as () and titled the "City of Jasmine" ( ). Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world. The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000.	Damas (en / "dimašq") est une ville et la capitale de la Syrie. Elle a plusieurs noms en arabe :,.	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Marcus Furius Camillus	Marcus Furius Camillus	Marcus Furius Camillus (; c. 446 – 365 BC) was a Roman soldier and statesman of patrician descent. According to Livy and Plutarch, Camillus triumphed four times, was five times dictator, and was honoured with the title of "Second Founder of Rome".	Marcus Furius Camillus dit Camille est un général et homme d'État romain, actif durant la première moitié du, issu d'une famille patricienne sans renommée particulière. Plutarque lui consacre une biographie dans ses "Vies parallèles des hommes illustres" et Tite-Live le présente comme un des plus brillants chefs d’armée que la République romaine ait connu. Ses nombreuses victoires et la prise de Véies, cité étrusque rivale de Rome, marquent le début de la lente mais inexorable expansion territoriale romaine.	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Army	Armée de terre	An army (from Latin "arma" "arms, weapons" via Old French "armée", "armed" [feminine]), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the land-based military branch, service branch or armed service of a nation or state. It may also include aviation assets by possessing an army aviation component. Within a national military force, the word army may also mean a field army.	L’armée de terre, la force terrestre, les forces terrestres est une des composantes des forces armées d'un État, combattant principalement au sol. Les forces terrestres peuvent être transportées dans les airs, comme cela peut être le cas des troupes aéroportées selon les circonstances, ou bien sur des bateaux, en prévision d'un débarquement ou d'un transbordement par exemple.	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Nirvana (band)	Nirvana (groupe)	Nirvana was an American rock band formed in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987. Founded by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic, the band went through a succession of drummers before recruiting Dave Grohl in 1990. Characterized by their punk aesthetic, Nirvana's fusion of pop melodies with noise, combined with their themes of abjection and alienation, made them hugely popular during their short tenure. Though they dissolved in 1994 after the death of Cobain, their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern rock and roll culture.	Nirvana est un groupe de grunge américain, originaire d'Aberdeen, dans l'État de Washington, formé en hiver/fin 1986 par le chanteur-guitariste Kurt Cobain et le bassiste Krist Novoselic. Après " en 1989, son premier album studio produit par le label indépendant Sub Pop et une succession de batteurs, la formation se stabilise avec l'arrivée de Dave Grohl en octobre 1990.	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Theodora (6th century)	Théodora (impératrice, vers 500-548)	Theodora (; Greek: Θεοδώρα; c. 500 – 28 June 548) was an Eastern Roman empress by marriage to Emperor Justinian. She became empress upon Justinian's accession in 527 and was one of his chief advisers, albeit from humble origins. Along with her spouse, Theodora is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, commemorated on 14 November.	Théodora (en grec : ) est une impératrice byzantine née vers 500 à Chypre et morte en 548 à Constantinople. Elle régna conjointement avec son mari Justinien, dont elle devient l'épouse légitime en 525, soit deux ans avant leur couronnement.	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Du gamla, du fria	Du gamla, du fria	"'" (, ) is the "de facto" national anthem of Sweden. It was originally named "'" (, "Song to the North"), but the incipit has since been adopted as the title.	Ses paroles ont été écrites par Richard Dybeck en 1844. Le compositeur suédois Edvin Kallstenius a fait un arrangement de la mélodie traditionnelle du Västmanland.	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Prince Charles, Count of Flanders	Charles de Belgique	Prince Charles of Belgium, Count of Flanders (, ; 10 October 1903 – 1 June 1983) was the second son of Albert I, King of the Belgians and Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria. Born in Brussels, he served in lieu of his older brother King Leopold III from 1944 until 1950 as prince regent until Leopold was allowed to return to Belgium. However, shortly after returning and resuming his monarchical duties, Leopold abdicated in favour of his heir apparent, his elder son Baudouin.	Charles Théodore Henri Antoine Meinrad de Belgique, comte de Flandre, prince de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, duc de Saxe, prince de Belgique, régent du Royaume de Belgique du au, né le au palais du marquis d'Assche à Bruxelles et mort le à Ostende.	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Albert II of Belgium	Albert II (roi des Belges)	Albert II (, );, ;, ; born 6 June 1934) reigned as King of the Belgians, from 1993 until his abdication in 2013.	Albert II, né le au château du Stuyvenberg, est le, du (à la suite de la mort de son frère Baudouin le ) au (date de son abdication). Titré prince de Liège à sa naissance, il est le second fils du roi et de la reine Astrid, née princesse de Suède, couple royal dont il est actuellement le dernier enfant encore vivant. Il est le frère cadet de la grande-duchesse Joséphine-Charlotte et de Baudouin.	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French Navy	Marine nationale (France)	The French Navy (, ), informally "", is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces. Dating back to 1624, the French Navy is one of the world's oldest naval forces. It has participated in conflicts around the globe and played a key part in establishing the French colonial empire.	La Marine nationale est la marine de guerre de la République française. C'est une des composantes des Forces armées avec l'Armée de terre, l'Armée de l'air, la Gendarmerie nationale et les services de soutien interarmées.	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Krishna	Krishna	Krishna (, ;, ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of the god Vishnu and also as the supreme God in his own right. He is the god of compassion, tenderness, love and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on Krishna Janmashtami according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar. Krishna is usually depicted with a flute in his hand.	Krishna (Krichna, Kṛṣṇa, कृष्ण, sombre, bleu-noir, en sanskrit) est une divinité centrale de l'hindouisme. Dans la plupart des traditions hindoues, il est le huitième avatar (incarnation) de Vishnou. Pour les tenants du Gaudiya Vaishnavisme, il représente la divinité suprême à l'origine de toutes les autres. Krishna est la divinité la plus vénérée de l'Inde à l'origine de nombreuses sampradaya (traditions) bhakta (dévotionnelles) dédiées à son adoration.	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Quebec French	Français québécois	Quebec French ( ; also known as Québécois French or Québécois) is the predominant variety of the French language in Canada, in its formal and informal registers. Quebec French is used in everyday communication, as well as in education, the media, and government.	Le français québécois, aussi appelé français du Québec ou simplement québécois, est la variété de la langue française parlée essentiellement par les francophones du Québec.	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Marco Polo	Marco Polo	Marco Polo (,,, 1254January 8–9, 1324) was an Italian merchant, explorer, and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. His travels are recorded in "The Travels of Marco Polo" (also known as "Book of the Marvels of the World " and "Il Milione", c. 1300), a book that described to Europeans the then mysterious culture and inner workings of the Eastern world, including the wealth and great size of the Mongol Empire and China in the Yuan Dynasty, giving their first comprehensive look into China, Persia, India, Japan and other Asian cities and countries.	Marco Polo (né le à Venise et mort aux alentours du à Venise) est un marchand italien, célèbre pour son voyage en Chine qu'il raconte dans un livre intitulé "Devisement du monde" ou "Livre des merveilles" ou encore "Livre de Marco Polo."	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Floor area ratio	Coefficient d'occupation des sols	Floor area ratio (FAR) is the ratio of a building's total floor area (gross floor area) to the size of the piece of land upon which it is built. It is often used as one of the regulations in city planning along with the building-to-land ratio. The terms can also refer to limits imposed on such a ratio through zoning.	Le coefficient d'occupation des sols ou COS est un rapport permettant de mesurer la densité de l'occupation du sol en urbanisme. Il est obtenu en divisant la superficie de plancher d'une construction par la superficie de son terrain récepteur. Il est exprimé en nombre décimal. Dépendant des juridictions, le COS fait l'objet de plus ou moins de règlementation.	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Aeneas	Énée	In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (; Greek: Αἰνείας, "Aineías", possibly derived from Greek meaning "praised") was a Trojan hero, the son of the prince Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite (Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons of Ilus, founder of Troy), making Aeneas a second cousin to Priam's children (such as Hector and Paris). He is a character in Greek mythology and is mentioned in Homer's "Iliad". Aeneas receives full treatment in Roman mythology, most extensively in Virgil's "Aeneid," where he is cast as an ancestor of Romulus and Remus. He became the first true hero of Rome. Snorri Sturluson identifies him with the Norse god Vidarr of the Æsir.	Énée (en grec ancien, en latin "aeneas" « de cuivre », dérivé du mot "aes, aeris" « cuivre »), fils du mortel Anchise et de la déesse Aphrodite (Vénus), est l'un des héros de la guerre de Troie. Il est chanté par Virgile dans l’"Énéide", dont il est le personnage central.	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French Section of the Workers' International	Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière	The French Section of the Workers' International (, SFIO) was a French socialist party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party. It was created during the 1905 Globe Congress in Paris as a merger between the French Socialist Party and the Socialist Party of France in order to create the French section of the Second International, designated as the party of the workers' movement.	La Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO) est un parti politique socialiste français, qui existe sous ce nom de 1905 à 1969. Lors du congrès d'Issy-les-Moulineaux, elle devient le Parti socialiste, s'associant avec l'Union des clubs pour le renouveau de la gauche.	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Quiet Revolution	Révolution tranquille	The Quiet Revolution () was a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in the Canadian province of Québec, characterized by the effective secularization of government, the creation of a state-run welfare state ("état-providence"), and realignment of politics into federalist and sovereigntist (or separatist) factions and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the 1976 election. The Quiet Revolution typically refers to the efforts made by the Liberal government of Jean Lesage (elected in 1960), and sometimes Robert Bourassa (elected in 1970 after the Union Nationale's Daniel Johnson in 1966), though given the profound effect of the changes, most provincial governments since the early 1960s have maintained an orientation based on core concepts developed and implemented in that era.	L'expression Révolution tranquille désigne une période de réformes importantes et de modernisation de l'État québécois dans les années 1960. Cette période de l'Histoire du Québec est communément assimilée au gouvernement Jean Lesage, élu en juin 1960 et défait en juin 1966. Plusieurs réformes seront achevées sous les gouvernements Johnson, Bertrand, Bourassa et Lévesque.	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Montesquieu	Montesquieu	Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (; ; 18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.	Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, est un penseur politique, précurseur de la sociologie, philosophe et écrivain français des Lumières, né le à La Brède (Guyenne, près de Bordeaux) et mort le à Paris.	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Eucommia ulmoides	Eucommia ulmoides	Eucommia ulmoides is a species of small tree native to China. It belongs to the monotypic family Eucommiaceae. It is considered vulnerable in the wild, but is widely cultivated in China for its bark and is highly valued in herbology such as traditional Chinese medicine.	Eucommia ulmoides ou Arbre à gomme, est la seule espèce du genre "Eucommia". Ce sont des arbres à latex, à feuilles caduques, des régions tempérées, probablement originaires de Chine.	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Hamamelidaceae	Hamamelidaceae	Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system, the Cronquist system, recognized Hamamelidaceae in the Hamamelidales order.	Les Hamamelidaceae (Hamamélidacées) forment une famille de plantes dicotylédones qui comprend 80 espèces réparties en 25 genres. Ce sont des arbres, ou des arbustes, à feuilles persistantes ou caduques, alternes, des régions tempérées à tropicales. La fleur est régulière composée d'un calice (4 ou 5 sépales) et d'une corolle (4 ou 5 pétales) distincte. Toutefois, chez certaines espèces les sépales et les pétales sont indifférenciées et l'on compte alors 4 à 7 tépales. Parfois enfin, les fleurs sont nues, sans pétales ni sépales.	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Albert I of Belgium	Albert Ier (roi des Belges)	Albert I (; ; ; 8 April 1875 – 17 February 1934) reigned as King of the Belgians from 1909 to 1934. He ruled during an eventful period in the history of Belgium, which included the period of World War I (1914–1918), when 90 percent of Belgium was overrun, occupied, and ruled by the German Empire. Other crucial issues included the adoption of the Treaty of Versailles, the ruling of the Belgian Congo as an overseas possession of the Kingdom of Belgium along with the League of Nations mandate of Ruanda-Urundi, the reconstruction of Belgium following the war, and the first five years of the Great Depression (1929–1934). King Albert died in a mountaineering accident in eastern Belgium in 1934, at the age of 58, and he was succeeded by his son Leopold III ().	Albert, prince de Belgique, duc de Saxe, prince de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha et héritier de la couronne belge (de 1905 à 1909), puis roi des Belges (de 1909 à 1934), est né à Bruxelles le et mort dans un accident d'escalade à Marche-les-Dames le.	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Histology	Histologie	Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures visible without a microscope. Although one may divide microscopic anatomy into "organology", the study of organs, "histology", the study of tissues, and "cytology", the study of cells, modern usage places these topics under the field of histology. In medicine, histopathology is the branch of histology that includes the microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue. In the field of paleontology, the term paleohistology refers to the histology of fossil organisms.	L’histologie (du grec ancien, « tissu », et, « discours »), autrefois appelée anatomie microscopique, est la branche de la biologie et de la médecine qui étudie les tissus biologiques. Elle se situe au carrefour de la biologie cellulaire, de l'anatomie, de la biochimie et de la physiologie. Elle a pour objectif d’explorer la structure des organismes vivants, les rapports constitutifs et fonctionnels entre leurs éléments fonctionnels, ainsi que le renouvellement des tissus. Elle participe à l'exploration des processus pathologiques et de leurs effets.	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Madeira	Madère	Madeira (,, ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira ("Região Autónoma da Madeira"), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (the other being the Azores). It is an archipelago situated in the north Atlantic Ocean, in a region known as Macaronesia, just under to the north of the Canary Islands and west of Morocco. Madeira is geographically located in the African Tectonic Plate, even though the archipelago is culturally, economically and politically European. Its total population was estimated in 2016 at 289,000. The capital of Madeira is Funchal, which is located on the main island's south coast.	Madère (en ) est un archipel du Portugal composé de l'île du même nom et de plusieurs autres petites îles, situé dans l'océan Atlantique, à de Lisbonne et à au nord-ouest du cap Juby, dans la province de Tarfaya au Maroc. Il constitue une région autonome sous le nom de région autonome de Madère (en ) dont Funchal est la capitale. L'archipel de Madère est constitué de paysages remarquables qui en font une destination de renommée pour la randonnée pédestre. Il fait partie de la plaque africaine.	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Epithelium	Épithélium	Epithelium () is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.	Les épithéliums sont des tissus constitués de cellules étroitement juxtaposées (ou jointives), sans interposition de fibres ou de substance fondamentale (en microscopie optique, ce qui les distingue des tissus conjonctifs).	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Fossil fuel	Combustible fossile	A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing organic molecules originating in ancient photosynthesis that release energy in combustion. Such organisms and their resulting fossil fuels typically have an age of millions of years, and sometimes more than 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Peat is also sometimes considered a fossil fuel. Commonly used derivatives of fossil fuels include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon-to-hydrogen ratios (like methane), to liquids (like petroleum), to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.	On appelle combustible fossile tous les combustibles riches en carbone — essentiellement des hydrocarbures — issus de la méthanisation d'êtres vivants morts et enfouis dans le sol depuis plusieurs millions d’années, jusqu’à parfois d’années. Il s’agit du pétrole, du charbon, de la tourbe et du gaz naturel. Parmi ces derniers, le méthane () présente le rapport H/C le plus élevé, alors que l’anthracite et certaines houilles sont composés de carbone presque pur.	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Aquilegia	Ancolie	The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. Even though it is branded as a 'cycle', it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized.	Les Ancolies, plantes à fleurs du genre "Aquilegia", sont des renonculacées vivaces. Les fleurs, au sommet d'un faisceau de longues tiges, sont élégantes, originales dans leur forme et offrent une large palette de coloris comprenant le blanc, le bleu clair, le jaune pâle, le rose, le brun, le lie-de-vin et le bleu.	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Guam	Guam	Guam (; ) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States, along with the Northern Mariana Islands. The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo. Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983. The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians, and they are American citizens by birth. The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros, who are related to other Austronesian peoples of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Taiwan.	Guam ("Guåhan", écrit aussi "Guahan" en chamorro) est une île située dans l'est-sud-est de la mer des Philippines, à la lisière de celle-ci avec l'océan Pacifique, et au sud-sud-ouest des Mariannes du Nord. Elle est la plus grande île () de Micronésie et de l'archipel des îles Mariannes, dont elle est l'île la plus méridionale. Elle est un territoire non incorporé des États-Unis disposant d'un gouverneur élu et d'un parlement. En 2017 sa population est de habitants et sa capitale est Hagåtña. Les Chamorros constituent la population indigène de l'île, colonisée par l'Espagne du jusqu'à sa cession aux États-Unis en 1898 après la défaite espagnole dans la guerre hispano-américaine.	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Conservation of mass	Conservation de la masse	The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as the system's mass cannot change, so quantity can neither be added nor be removed. Therefore, the quantity of mass is conserved over time.	La conservation de la masse (ou de Lavoisier) est une loi fondamentale de la chimie et de la physique. Elle indique non seulement qu'au cours de toute expérience, y compris si elle implique une transformation chimique, la masse se conserve, mais aussi que le nombre d'éléments de chaque espèce chimique se conserve (cette loi ne s'applique pas à l'échelle nucléaire : voir défaut de masse). Comme toute loi de conservation elle s'exprime par une équation de conservation.	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Marcus Licinius Crassus	Crassus	Marcus Licinius Crassus (; 115–53 BC) was a Roman general and politician who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He is often called "the richest man in Rome".	Marcus Licinius Crassus (latin : ), né vers 115 av. J.-C. à Rome et mort en 53 av. J.-C., est un général et homme politique romain qui joua un rôle essentiel dans le passage de la République à l'Empire. Ayant amassé une immense fortune durant son existence, il est considéré comme l'homme le plus riche de l'histoire de Rome.	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Jean-Christophe Menu

Jean-Christophe Menu (; born August 23, 1964) is a French underground cartoonist, graphic designer, comics scholar and publisher, son of the Egyptologist Bernadette Menu. He is best known for being one of the founders of L'Association, an influential comic book and art book publishing company from France often regarded as one of the key figures in the independent comic movement around the world.

Jean-Christophe Menu, né le à Amiens, est un auteur, maquettiste éditeur et traducteur français de bande dessinée. Spécialisé dans la bande dessinée alternative, il a co-fondé la maison d'édition L'Association en 1990 et fondé L'Apocalypse en 2012.

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Articles of Confederation

Articles de la Confédération

The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The weak central government established by the Articles received only those powers which the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.

Les Articles de la Confédération et de l'Union perpétuelle (en anglais : "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union") sont un document élaboré le par le Second Congrès continental, réunion des treize États fondateurs des États-Unis d'Amérique. Les États-Unis sont alors en guerre depuis deux ans contre la Grande-Bretagne pour leur indépendance.

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Génépi

Génépi or génépy (in French) or "genepì" (in Italian) is a traditional herbal liqueur or aperitif popularized in the Alpine regions of Europe. "Genepi" also refers to alpine plants of the genus "Artemisia" (commonly called "wormwood") that provide the liqueur's flavor and color, and the French Savoy region adjacent to the Aosta Valley, where the plants grow and where the beverage originated.

Le terme génépi, genépi, génépy ou encore génep est un nom vernaculaire qui désigne différentes espèces d'armoises du genre "Artemisia" (famille des "Astéracées"), et que l'on rencontre exclusivement en montagne (mais le genre "Artemisia" compte aussi des espèces de plaine et en particulier l'absinthe). La plante se trouve en particulier sur les moraines et autres monticules de pierres en montagne, et pousse majoritairement entre et mètres d'altitude.

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Uzès

Uzès (, ) is a small town and a commune in the Gard department in southern France. It lies about north-northeast of Nîmes, west of Avignon, and south-east of Alès.

Uzès ("Usès" en occitan provençal, selon la norme classique) est une commune française située dans le département du Gard, en région Occitanie.

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L'Association

L'Association is a French publishing house which publishes comic books. It was founded in May 1990 by Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas, and Mokeït. As of 2012, of the original founding members, only Konture continues to be affiliated with the company.

L'Association est une maison d'édition française de bande dessinée, fondée en mai 1990 par Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas et Mokeït (ce dernier s'en retirant peu après). Issue directement de l'AANAL et de "Labo", et indirectement de Futuropolis, elle domine la scène de la bande dessinée alternative des années 1990 et 2000 en gardant le statut associatif de ses débuts.

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Dupuis

Éditions Dupuis S.A. () is a Belgian publisher of comic albums and magazines. Based in Marcinelle near Charleroi, Dupuis was founded in 1922 by Jean Dupuis, and is mostly famous for its comic albums and magazines. It is originally a French language publisher, but publishes many editions both in French and Dutch. Other language editions are mostly licensed to other publishers. Dupuis was for a long time a family business but was sold in the early 1980s and has since changed ownership a few times.

Dupuis est un éditeur de bande dessinée belge. La maison d'édition a été créée à Charleroi par l'imprimeur Jean Dupuis en 1898, qui devint éditeur en 1922 en lançant une revue de roman illustrés, "Les Bonnes Soirées", puis un journal humoristique hebdomadaire "Le Moustique" en 1924 qui est rebaptisé "Télémoustique" après la guerre. La diversification se poursuit avec la création de collections de romans, Azur, Jaune, Grise et Verte.

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Ignacio Ramonet

Ignacio Ramonet Miguez (born 5 May 1943) is a Spanish academic, journalist and writer who has been based in Paris for much of his career. After becoming first known for writing on film and media, he became editor-in-chief of "Le Monde diplomatique", serving from 1991 until March 2008. Under his leadership, LMD established editorial independence in 1996 from "Le Monde", with which it had been affiliated since 1954.

Ignacio Ramonet (né le à Redondela en Galice (Espagne)) est un sémiologue du cinéma et journaliste espagnol. Il est le père de Tancrède Ramonet.

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Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of organized science and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. He established the first industrial research laboratory.

Thomas Alva Edison, né le à Milan dans l'Ohio et mort le à West Orange dans le New Jersey, est un inventeur, un scientifique et un industriel américain.

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Laurent Fignon

Laurent Patrick Fignon (; 12 August 1960 – 31 August 2010) was a French professional road bicycle racer who won the Tour de France in 1983 and 1984 and the Giro d'Italia in 1989. He is former FICP World No. 1 in 1989. He nearly captured the Tour de France for a third time in 1989 before being edged by Greg LeMond by 8 seconds, the closest margin ever to decide the Tour. Fignon won many classic races, including taking Milan–San Remo back-to-back in 1988 and 1989. He died from cancer in 2010.

Laurent Fignon, né le dans le de Paris et mort le dans le de cette même ville, est un cycliste français. Professionnel de 1982 à 1993, il remporte notamment deux Tours de France, en 1983 et 1984, le Tour d'Italie 1989, ainsi que les classiques la Flèche wallonne en 1986 et Milan-San Remo en 1988 et 1989. Il est aussi vainqueur des championnats de France sur route en 1984 et termine l'année 1989 à la première place du classement mondial FICP.

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures some governments, policy makers and human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and the group often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants and political prisoners.

Human Rights Watch publie chaque année un rapport rendant compte de la situation des droits de l'homme et mène des enquêtes régulières et systématiques sur les violations des droits de l'homme dans plus de 60 pays et territoires. Son siège se trouve à New York, aux États-Unis et possède plusieurs bureaux dans de nombreuses métropoles dans le monde.

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Oncidium

Oncidium, abbreviated as Onc. in the horticultural trade, is a genus that contains about 330 species of orchids from the subtribe Oncidiinae of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). As presently conceived (May 2014), it is distributed across much of South America, Central America, Mexico and the West Indies, with one species "(O. ensatum)" extending into Florida. Common names for plants in this genus include dancing-lady orchid and golden shower orchid.

Oncidium est un genre d'orchidées originaire d'Amérique tropicale (de l'Argentine jusqu'à la Floride) de dimensions très variables selon l'espèce. Les espèces du genre sont cultivées et vendues pour leurs jolies fleurs jaunes tachetées de marron dans la forme la plus courante. Les hybrides horticoles présentent souvent un labelle bien développé.

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Transparency International

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German non-governmental organization, which is based in Berlin, and was founded in 1993. Its nonprofit purpose is to take action to combat global corruption with civil societal anti-corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption. Its most notable publications include the Global Corruption Barometer and the Corruption Perceptions Index. Transparency International has the legal status of a German registered voluntary association "(Eingetragener Verein)" and serves as an umbrella organization. Its members have grown from a few individuals to more than 100 national chapters which engage in fighting corruption in their home countries. TI is a member of UNESCO Consultative Status, United Nations Global Compact and shares the goals of peace, justice, strong institutions and partnerships of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG). TI confirmed the dis-accreditation of the national chapter of United States of America in 2017.

Transparency International (TI) est une organisation non gouvernementale internationale d'origine allemande ayant pour principale vocation la lutte contre la corruption des gouvernements et institutions gouvernementales mondiaux. Elle a été fondée par Peter Eigen en 1993 et a aujourd'hui un rayonnement international, possédant des sections autonomes dans 110 pays. Elle rejette ainsi toute supériorité des premiers sur les seconds quant à la lutte contre la corruption et déplore souvent la baisse dans le classement de certains pays développés, notamment au sein de l'Union européenne.

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Landless Workers' Movement

Mouvement des sans-terre

Landless Workers' Movement (, MST) is a social movement in Brazil, inspired by Marxism, generally regarded as one of the largest in Latin America with an estimated informal membership of 1.5 million across 23 of Brazil's 26 states. MST defines its goals as access to the land for poor workers through land reform in Brazil and activism around social issues that make land ownership more difficult to achieve, such as unequal income distribution, racism, sexism, and media monopolies. MST strives to achieve a self-sustainable way of life for the rural poor.

Le Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) ou Mouvement des sans-terre est une organisation populaire brésilienne qui milite pour que les paysans brésiliens ne possédant pas de terre, disposent de terrains pour pouvoir cultiver. Depuis la création du mouvement en 1985, 1722 militants ont été assassinés.

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Faxian

Faxian (; 337 – c. 422) was a Chinese Buddhist monk and translator who traveled by foot from Ancient China to Ancient India, visiting many sacred Buddhist sites in Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia between 399-412 to acquire Buddhist texts. His journey is described in his important travelogue, "A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Xian of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline". Other transliterations of his name include Fa-Hien, and Fa-hsien.

Faxian ou Fa-Hsien (, vers 337-422) est un moine bouddhiste chinois, pèlerin et auteur d'une des premières et précieuses descriptions de l'Inde.

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Flag of Sierra Leone

Drapeau de Sierra Leone

The national flag of Sierra Leone is a tricolour consisting of three horizontal green, white and blue bands. It was adopted in 1961, Sierra Leone's independence year, to replace the British Blue Ensign defaced with the arms of the Crown Colony of Sierra Leone.

Le drapeau de Sierra Leone est officiel depuis le. C'est un drapeau à trois bandes horizontales : verte, blanche et bleue. Le vert représente l'agriculture, les montagnes et les ressources naturelles ; le bleu, l'espoir de paix qu'entend apporter Freetown au reste du monde ; et le blanc rappelle l'unité et la justice.

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Vowel reduction in Russian

Apophonie accentuelle en russe

Vowel reduction in Russian differs in the standard language and dialects, which differ from one another. Several ways of vowel reduction (and its absence) are distinguished.

En russe, les voyelles atones subissent une apophonie notable : une voyelle qui n'est pas frappée de l'accent tonique peut voir son timbre modifié, la plupart du temps par centralisation ou par neutralisation.

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Jean-Claude Van Damme

Jean-Claude Camille François van Varenberg (born 18 October 1960), known professionally as Jean-Claude van Damme (, ), and as JCVD, is a Belgian actor and retired martial artist best known for his martial arts action films. His most popular projects include "Bloodsport" (1988), "Cyborg" (1989), "Kickboxer" (1989), "Lionheart" (1990), "Death Warrant" (1990), "Double Impact" (1991), "Universal Soldier" (1992), "Nowhere to Run" (1993), "Hard Target" (1993), "Timecop" (1994), "Street Fighter" (1994), "Sudden Death" (1995), "The Quest" (1996), "Maximum Risk" (1996), "JCVD" (2008), "Jean-Claude van Johnson" (2016–2017 series) and "The Bouncer" (2018).

Jean-Claude Van Damme, né Jean-Claude Van Varenberg le à Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, en Belgique, est un acteur, réalisateur, producteur de cinéma et pratiquant d'arts martiaux belge.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is a non-governmental organization with its headquarters in the United Kingdom focused on human rights. The organization says it has more than eight million members and supporters around the world.

Amnesty International, francisé en Amnistie internationale au Canada, est une organisation non gouvernementale internationale qui promeut la défense des droits de l'homme et le respect de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. L'organisation milite notamment pour la libération des prisonniers d'opinion, le droit à la liberté d'expression, l'abolition de la peine de mort et de la torture et l'arrêt des crimes politiques, mais aussi pour le respect de l'ensemble des droits civils, politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels.

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International Court of Justice

Cour internationale de justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), sometimes called the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues referred to it by the UN. Its opinions and rulings serve as sources of international law.

La Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ ;, "ICJ"), siégeant à La Haye (Pays-Bas) dans le palais de la Paix, est établie par l'article 92 de la Charte des Nations unies : Elle a pour principales fonctions de régler des conflits juridiques soumis par les États et de donner un avis sur des questions juridiques présentées par des organes et agences internationaux agréés par l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies.

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Porfirio Díaz

José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori ( or ; ; 15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 31 years, from 17 February 1877 to 1 December 1880 and from 1 December 1884 to 25 May 1911. The entire period 1876–1911 is often referred to as the Porfiriato.

José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori, plus connu sous le nom de Porfirio Díaz, né le à Oaxaca et mort le à Paris, est un homme d’État et militaire mexicain.

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Simony

Simonie

Simony () is the act of selling church offices and roles or sacred things. It is named after Simon Magus, who is described in the Acts of the Apostles as having offered two disciples of Jesus payment in exchange for their empowering him to impart the power of the Holy Spirit to anyone on whom he would place his hands. The term extends to other forms of trafficking for money in "spiritual things".

La simonie consiste en l’achat, la vente de biens spirituels, de sacrements, de postes hiérarchiques, de charges ecclésiastiques ou de services intellectuels. Elle s'est développée principalement au Moyen Âge et au début de la Renaissance, en violation du concile de Chalcédoine. Ce trafic affecte principalement les clercs, assez rarement les prêtres, mais surtout les postes supérieurs de prélatures, les charges d'évêques ou, au sein des monastères, la charge de père abbé, qui pouvait-être parfois conjuguée avec une charge temporelle de seigneur local. La tentation du pouvoir, comme des grandes familles, d'influencer, de faire pression, d'ordonner, d'exiger, d'imposer, de nommer soi-même un individu à un poste précis est intemporelle. Si elle a donné, par exemple, le gallicanisme, l'anglicanisme, elle continue d'avoir de très nombreuses formes d'interventionnisme ou de lobbying qui continuent de sourdre. La cession de biens d'Église indûment contre des biens temporels est aussi une simonie. La non monétisation de la simonie, par échanges de « services », rend parfois sa caractérisation plus délicate.

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Roland Dumas

Roland Dumas (born 23 August 1922 in Limoges, Haute-Vienne) is a lawyer and French Socialist politician who served notably as Foreign Minister under President François Mitterrand from 1984 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1993. He was also President of the Constitutional Council from 1995 to 1999.

Roland Dumas, né le à Limoges (Haute-Vienne), est un avocat et homme politique français. Proche de François Mitterrand, il a été notamment ministre des Relations extérieures de 1984 à 1986 et des Affaires étrangères de 1988 à 1993. Il a ensuite présidé le Conseil constitutionnel de 1995 à 2000.

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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie

The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), was a body of the United Nations established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal was an ad hoc court located in The Hague, Netherlands.

Le Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie (TPIY) est une juridiction instituée le par la résolution 827 du Conseil de sécurité de l'Organisation des Nations unies afin de poursuivre et de juger les personnes s'étant rendues coupables de violations graves du droit international humanitaire sur le territoire de l'ex-Yougoslavie à compter du janvier 1991, c'est-à-dire durant les guerres de Yougoslavie (guerre de Croatie, guerre de Bosnie-Herzégovine et guerre du Kosovo), conformément aux dispositions de ses statuts. Son siège est situé à La Haye (Pays-Bas).

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Gracchi

Gracques

The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were Romans who both served as tribunes of the plebs between 133 and 121 BC. They attempted to redistribute the occupation of the "ager publicus"—the public land hitherto controlled principally by aristocrats—to the urban poor and veterans, in addition to other social and constitutional reforms. After achieving some early success, both were assassinated by the Optimates, the conservative faction in the senate that opposed these reforms.

Les « Gracques » est le nom donné à deux frères et hommes d'État romains, Tiberius Gracchus et Caius Gracchus, connus pour leur tentative infructueuse de réformer le système social romain.

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Labour law

Droit du travail

Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work. are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial).

Branche du droit social, le droit du travail est l'ensemble des normes juridiques qui régissent les relations entre un employeur et un employé. Le droit du travail encadre notamment la formation, l'exécution et la rupture du contrat de travail. Il garantit également le respect des libertés syndicales et des normes de sécurité au travail, et la protection des travailleurs vulnérables.

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Human Rights League (France)

Ligue des droits de l'homme (France)

The Human Rights League ( "[et du citoyen]" or LDH) of France, is a Human Rights NGO association to observe, defend and promulgation of Rights Man within the French Republic in all spheres of public life. The LDH is a member of the "International Federation of Human Rights Leagues" (FIDH).

La Ligue française pour la défense des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen, plus communément appelée Ligue des droits de l'Homme ou LDH, est une association (loi de 1901) visant à l'observation, la défense et la promulgation des droits de l'homme au sein de la République française, dans tous les domaines de la vie publique.

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Electric car

Voiture électrique

An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries. The first practical electric cars were produced in the 1880s. Electric cars were popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engines, electric starters in particular, and mass production of cheaper petrol (gasoline) and diesel vehicles led to a decline in the use of electric drive vehicles.

Une voiture électrique est un véhicule électrique de type automobile mu par un ou plusieurs moteurs électriques, généralement alimentés par une batterie d'accumulateurs voire une pile à combustible à hydrogène.

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Coluche

Michel Gérard Joseph Colucci (, ; 28 October 1944 – 19 June 1986), better known under his stage name Coluche (), was a French comedian and actor famous for his irreverent sense of humor.

Michel Colucci, dit Coluche, est un humoriste et comédien français, né le dans le de Paris et mort le à Opio (Alpes-Maritimes).

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Orthographic ligature

Ligature (écriture)

In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined as a single glyph. An example is the character æ as used in English, in which the letters "a" and "e" are joined. The common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters "e" and "t" (spelling "et", from the Latin for "and") were combined.

En typographie, une ligature est la fusion de deux ou trois graphèmes d’une écriture pour en former un nouveau, considéré ou non comme un caractère à part entière. C'est un des procédés possibles d’enrichissement du stock de graphèmes d’une langue.

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null

Convolution

Produit de convolution

In mathematics (in particular, functional analysis) convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions ( and ) that produces a third function expressing how the shape of one is modified by the other. The term "convolution" refers to both the result function and to the process of computing it. It is defined as the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reversed and shifted. And the integral is evaluated for all values of shift, producing the convolution function.

En mathématiques, le produit de convolution est un opérateur bilinéaire et un produit commutatif, généralement noté « », qui, à deux fonctions et sur un même domaine infini, fait correspondre une autre fonction « » sur ce domaine, qui en tout point de celui-ci est égale à l'intégrale sur l'entièreté du domaine (ou la somme si celui-ci est discret) d'une des deux fonctions autour de ce point, pondérée par l'autre fonction autour de l'origine — les deux fonctions étant parcourues en sens contraire l'une de l'autre (nécessaire pour garantir la commutativité).

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Bohemia

Bohême

Bohemia ( ; ; ) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.

La Bohême ("Čechy" en tchèque, "Böhmen" en allemand) est une région historique d'Europe centrale, actuellement l'une des composantes de la Tchéquie avec la Moravie et une petite fraction de la Silésie. Elle tire son nom des Celtes boïens et du germanique "heim" (ancien français "ham" ou hameau).

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Wilhelm II, German Emperor

Guillaume II (empereur allemand)

Wilhelm II (; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor ("Kaiser") and King of Prussia. He reigned from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918 shortly before Germany's defeat in World War I.

Frédéric Guillaume Victor Albert de Hohenzollern (en allemand : ""), né le à Berlin et mort le à Doorn, aux Pays-Bas, est de 1888 à son abdication en 1918, le troisième et dernier empereur allemand ("Deutscher Kaiser") ainsi le neuvième et dernier roi de Prusse.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavie

Scandinavia ( ) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties. The term "Scandinavia" in local usage covers the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The majority national languages of these three belong to the Scandinavian dialect continuum, and are mutually intelligible North Germanic languages.

La Scandinavie ( ; ; ) est une région historique et culturelle d'Europe du Nord constituée de trois monarchies constitutionnelles, le Danemark, la Norvège et la Suède. Le terme de « Scandinavie » est souvent improprement utilisé pour désigner l'ensemble des pays nordiques, c'est-à-dire en ajoutant aux États précédents l'Åland, la Finlande, l'Islande, les îles Féroé et le Groenland. Ses habitants sont appelés les Scandinaves.

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Henri Désiré Landru

Henri Désiré Landru (12 April 1869 – 25 February 1922) () was a French serial killer. He was nicknamed "The Bluebeard of Gambais" by the French press, after the mythical medieval nobleman who murdered his wives and the village of Gambais, near Paris, where Landru killed at least seven women between December 1915 and January 1919. Landru also killed at least three other women, plus a young man, at a house he rented from December 1914 to August 1915 in the town of Vernouillet, 35 km northwest of Paris. The true number of Landru's victims, whose remains were never found, was almost certainly higher.

Henri Désiré Landru, né le à Paris () et mort le à Versailles, est un célèbre tueur en série et criminel français. Il fut surnommé « le Barbe-Bleue de Gambais ».

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House of Savoy

Maison de Savoie

The House of Savoy () is a royal dynasty that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small Alpine county north-west of Italy to absolute rule of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 to 1720, when they were handed over the island of Sardinia, over which they would exercise direct rule from then onward.

La maison de Savoie est une dynastie européenne ayant porté les titres de comte de Savoie (1033), puis de duc de Savoie (1416), prince de Piémont, roi de Sicile (1713), roi de Sardaigne (1720) et roi d'Italie (1861). Elle est l'héritière de la dynastie des Humbertiens, nom donné par l’historiographie moderne, aux premiers souverains, comtes "en" Maurienne issu du comte Humbert.

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Hundred Years' War

Guerre de Cent Ans

The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts in Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England and the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe.

La guerre de Cent Ans est un conflit entrecoupé de trêves plus ou moins longues, opposant, de 1337 à 1453, la dynastie des Plantagenêt à celle des Valois et, à travers elles, le royaume d'Angleterre et celui de France.

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Roman roads

Voie romaine

Roman roads ( ; singular: ; meaning "Roman way") were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. They provided efficient means for the overland movement of armies, officials, civilians, inland carriage of official communications, and trade goods. Roman roads were of several kinds, ranging from small local roads to broad, long-distance highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and were flanked by footpaths, bridleways and drainage ditches. They were laid along accurately surveyed courses, and some were cut through hills, or conducted over rivers and ravines on bridgework. Sections could be supported over marshy ground on rafted or piled foundations.

Les voies romaines sont les voies du réseau routier créé par les Romains ou reprises et réaménagées par eux sur le réseau existant. Souvent en ligne droite, elles permettaient de parcourir plus rapidement qu'avant l’ensemble de l’Empire à partir de l’Urbs, Rome.

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null

Fourier transform

Transformation de Fourier

In mathematics, a Fourier transform (FT) is a mathematical transform which decomposes a function (often a function of time, or a signal) into its constituent frequencies, such as the expression of a musical chord in terms of the volumes and frequencies of its constituent notes. The term "Fourier transform" refers to both the frequency domain representation and the mathematical operation that associates the frequency domain representation to a function of time.

En analyse, la transformation de Fourier est une extension, pour les fonctions non périodiques, du développement en série de Fourier des fonctions périodiques. La transformation de Fourier associe à une fonction intégrable définie sur R et à valeurs réelles ou complexes, une autre fonction sur R appelée transformée de Fourier dont la variable indépendante peut s'interpréter en physique comme la fréquence ou la pulsation.

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Crataegus

Aubépine

Crataegus (), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn "C. monogyna", and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus "Rhaphiolepis".

Crataegus est un genre d'arbres ou arbustes épineux de l'hémisphère nord, appartenant à la famille des Rosacées, communément appelés des aubépines.

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Çatalhöyük

Çatal Höyük

Çatalhöyük (; also "Çatal Höyük" and "Çatal Hüyük"; from Turkish "çatal" "fork" + "höyük" "tumulus") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7100 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Çatal Höyük, ou "Çatalhöyük" (anciennement "Çatal Hüyük"), est un site archéologique de Turquie. Situé en Anatolie centrale, dans la plaine de Konya, sur les bords de la rivière Çarşamba, c'est l'un des plus grands sites du Néolithique du Proche-Orient. Fondé à la fin du VIIIe millénaire av. J.-C., il atteint son extension maximale entre le milieu du VIIe et le début du VIe millénaire av. J.-C. et couvre une superficie d'environ 13 ha. Sa population est alors estimée à plusieurs milliers de personnes.

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William II of the Netherlands

Guillaume II (roi des Pays-Bas)

William II (Willem Frederik George Lodewijk, anglicized as William Frederick George Louis; 6 December 1792 – 17 March 1849) was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg.

Guillaume II (en néerlandais : "Willem Frederik George Lodewijk van Oranje-Nassau"), né le à La Haye et mort le à Tilburg, est le deuxième roi des Pays-Bas, duc de Limbourg et grand-duc de Luxembourg de 1840 à 1849.

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Arthritis

Arthrite

Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types of arthritis, other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden. There are over 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers, knees, and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include gout, lupus, fibromyalgia, and septic arthritis. They are all types of rheumatic disease. Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ice and heat. Weight loss and exercise may also be useful. Recommended medications may depend on the form of arthritis. These may include pain medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen). In some circumstances, a joint replacement may be useful. Osteoarthritis affects more than 3.8% of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0.24% of people. Gout affects about 1–2% of the Western population at some point in their lives. In Australia about 15% of people are affected, while in the United States more than 20% have a type of arthritis. Overall the disease becomes more common with age. Arthritis is a common reason that people miss work and can result in a decreased quality of life. The term is derived from "arthr-" (meaning artistic) and "-itis" (meaning inflammation).

L’arthrite (du grec "arthron" : « articulation ») est une inflammation aiguë ou chronique des articulations. Elle ne désigne pas la pathologie répertoriée sous le nom d’arthrose, mais un signe clinique associé à de nombreuses maladies articulaires.

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Geography of Finland

Géographie de la Finlande

The geography of Finland is characterized by its northern position, its ubiquitous landscapes of intermingled boreal forests and lakes, and its low population density. Finland can be divided into three areas: archipelagoes and coastal lowlands, a slightly higher central lake plateau and uplands to north and northeast. Bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, as well as Sweden, Norway, and Russia, Finland is the northernmost country in the European Union. Most of the population and agricultural resources are concentrated in the south. Northern and eastern Finland are sparsely populated containing vast wilderness areas. Taiga forest is the dominant vegetation type.

La Finlande est l'un des pays les plus septentrionaux d'Europe : un tiers de sa superficie se situe au-delà du cercle polaire arctique. Elle partage des frontières terrestres avec la Suède à l'ouest, la Norvège au nord et la Russie à l'est. Ses façades maritimes ouvrent sur la mer Baltique, avec à l'ouest le golfe de Botnie et au sud le golfe de Finlande.

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Bucharest

Bucarest

Bucharest (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border.

Bucarest (en roumain București, ou "" en version longue) est la capitale de la Roumanie. La ville est mentionnée pour la première fois en 1459 comme marché fortifié au carrefour des routes commerciales entre Târgoviște, alors capitale de la Valachie, Brașov en Transylvanie, et le port de San-Giorgio fondé par les Génois sur le Danube. Ce marché s'est rapidement développé et, au, il devient la capitale de la principauté de Valachie, puis, en 1859, de la Roumanie.

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Radar

Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s). Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the object's location and speed.

Le radar (acronyme issu de l'anglais "") est un système qui utilise les ondes électromagnétiques pour détecter la présence et déterminer la position ainsi que la vitesse d'objets tels que les avions, les bateaux, ou la pluie. Les ondes envoyées par l'émetteur sont réfléchies par la cible, et les signaux de retour (appelés "écho radar" ou "écho-radar") sont captés et analysés par le récepteur, souvent situé au même endroit que l'émetteur. La distance est obtenue grâce au temps aller/retour du signal, la direction grâce à la position angulaire de l'antenne où le signal de retour a été capté et la vitesse avec le décalage de fréquence du signal de retour généré selon l'effet Doppler. Il existe également différentes informations trouvées par le rapport entre les retours captées selon des plans de polarisation orthogonaux.

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Geography of Quebec

Géographie du Québec

Quebec, Canada's largest province, occupies a vast territory (nearly three times the size of France), most of which is very sparsely populated. With an area of 1,542,056 square kilometres (595,391 square miles), it is the second largest of Canada's provinces and territories and the tenth largest country subdivision in the world. More than 90 percent of Quebec's area lies within the Canadian Shield, and includes the greater part of the Labrador Peninsula. Quebec's highest mountain is Mont D'Iberville, which is located on the border with Newfoundland and Labrador in the northeastern part of the province in the Torngat Mountains. The addition of parts of the vast and scarcely populated District of Ungava of the Northwest Territories between 1898 and 1912 gave the province its current form.

La géographie du Québec est l'ensemble des réalités physiques et humaines qui composent le Québec. Situé à l'est du continent nord-américain, le Québec a une superficie de. Le Québec fait trois fois la taille de la France métropolitaine et cinq fois celle du Japon.

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Fossil

Fossile

A fossil (from Classical Latin:, literally "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known as the "fossil record".

Un fossile (dérivé du substantif du verbe latin "fodere" : "fossile", littéralement « qui est fouillé ») est le reste d'un animal ou d'un végétal (coquille, carapace, os, dent, graine, feuilles, spore, pollen, plancton, micro-organismes), généralement minéralisé, ou bien son simple moulage, conservé dans une roche sédimentaire. Les fossiles et les processus de fossilisation sont étudiés principalement dans le cadre de la paléontologie, mais aussi dans ceux de la géologie, de la préhistoire humaine et de l'archéologie.

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Gaius Terentius Varro

Caius Terentius Varro

Gaius Terentius Varro (fl. 218 - 200 BC) was a Roman politician and general active during the Second Punic War. A plebeian son of a butcher, he was a populist politician who was elected consul for the year 216. While holding that office, he was decisively defeated by Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae.

Varron ("Gaius Terentius Varro") est un homme d'État romain. Issu de la plèbe, il fut préteur en 217 av. J.-C. et consul en 216 av. J.-C. avec le patricien Paul Émile. Tous deux furent vaincus par Hannibal à la bataille de Cannes. Ce jour-là, c'était Varron qui commandait l'armée, mais tandis que son collègue se faisait tuer pendant la bataille, Varron parvint à s'enfuir. Aux yeux de la postérité, Varron fut chargé de la responsabilité du désastre, pour avoir voulu engager la bataille contre l'avis de Paul Émile, qui préférait la livrer en montagne plutôt qu'en plaine. Toutefois, pour éviter toute division intestine au sein de la cité en péril, montre Tite-Live, le Sénat et les magistrats firent bon accueil à Varron à son retour à Rome.

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William II of England

Guillaume le Roux

William II (; – 2 August 1100), the third son of William the Conqueror, was King of England from 26 September 1087 until 2 August 1100, with powers over Normandy, and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending control into Wales. William is commonly known as William Rufus ( being Latin for "the Red"), perhaps because of his ruddy appearance or, more likely, due to having red hair as a child that grew out in later life.

Guillaume II d'Angleterre, dit Guillaume le Roux (vers 1060 – ), est roi d'Angleterre de 1087 à 1100 en succédant à son père Guillaume le Conquérant. Son règne est surtout marqué par l'opposition avec son frère aîné Robert Courteheuse, le duc de Normandie, les deux hommes se disputant le contrôle de l'Angleterre et de la Normandie. En 1096, à la faveur du départ de son frère pour la première croisade, Guillaume le Roux parvient à étendre sa domination sur le duché de Normandie, mais sa mort accidentelle quatre ans plus tard interrompt précocement la réunion de ces deux États.

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null

Erwin Schrödinger

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (, ; ; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as'or ', was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian-Irish physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in quantum theory: the Schrödinger equation provides a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time.

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger ( ; à Vienne – ) est un physicien, philosophe et théoricien scientifique autrichien. En imaginant l'équation d'évolution de la fonction d'onde associée à l'état d'une particule, il a permis le développement du formalisme théorique de la mécanique quantique. Cette équation d'onde, qui tient compte à la fois de la quantification et de l'énergie non relativiste, a été appelée par la suite équation de Schrödinger (pour laquelle il a reçu, en commun avec Paul Dirac, le prix Nobel de physique de 1933).

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Courtney Love

Courtney Michelle Love ("née" Harrison; born July 9, 1964) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. A figure in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s, her career has spanned four decades. She rose to prominence as the lead vocalist of the alternative rock band Hole, which she formed in 1989. Love has drawn public attention for her uninhibited live performances and confrontational lyrics, as well as her highly publicized personal life following her marriage to Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain. In 2020, "NME" named her "one of the most influential singers in alternative culture of the last 30 years."

Courtney Michelle Love Cobain, née Courtney Michelle Harrison, est une musicienne, actrice et artiste visuelle américaine née le à San Francisco. Elle est la veuve de Kurt Cobain, le leader du groupe Nirvana, avec qui elle a eu une fille, Frances Bean Cobain.

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Limes (Roman Empire)

Limes

"Limes" (plural "limites") is a modern term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the Borders of the Roman Empire, but it was not used by the Romans for this purpose. The term has been extended to refer to the frontier defences in other parts of the empire, such as in the east and in Africa.

Le limes (prononcé ) est le nom donné par les historiens modernes aux systèmes de fortifications établis au long de certaines des frontières de l'Empire romain. Le terme "limes" peut comporter deux significations :

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Appian Way

Voie Appienne

The Appian Way (Latin and Italian: Via Appia) is one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic. It connected Rome to Brindisi, in southeast Italy. Its importance is indicated by its common name, recorded by Statius:

La voie Appienne ("Via Appia") est une voie romaine de près de de longueur, partant de Rome, longeant la côte tyrrhénienne, traversant les terres de la Campanie et de la Basilicate pour terminer dans les Pouilles. Elle fut construite en Elle joignait à l'origine Rome à Capoue, puis fut prolongée jusqu'à Brindes ("Brundisium").

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Parsis

Parsis () or Parsees (which means 'Persian' in the Persian language) are an ethnoreligious group who migrated to the Indian subcontinent from Persia during the Muslim conquest of Persia of CE 636–651; one of two such groups (the other being Iranis). Zoroastrianism is the ethnic religion of the Parsi people. According to the "Qissa-i Sanjan", Parsis migrated from Sasanian Empire to Gujarat, where they were given refuge, between the 8th and 10th century CE to avoid persecution following the Muslim conquest of Persia.

Les Pārsis, Parsis ou Parses (de "Pārashika", peuple de Perse, une partie d'Iran et d'Afghanistan actuel ; gujarātī : પારસી) sont les adeptes du parsisme, confession dérivée du zoroastrisme. Ils constituent l'une des deux communautés zoroastriennes (l'autre étant celle des Iranis) ayant quitté le monde iranien pour s'installer principalement en Inde.

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Scipio Aemilianus

Scipion Émilien

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (185–129 BC), primarily known as Scipio Aemilianus, was Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the final defeat of Carthage, during the Third Punic War, and in the subjugation of the Celtiberian settlement of Numantia in Spain. Aemilianus, who may also be called Scipio Africanus the Younger, was an adoptive grandson of Scipio Africanus, the hero of the Second Punic War. He was a prominent patron of writers and philosophers, the most famous of whom was the Greek historian Polybius.

Scipion Émilien ("Publius Cornelius P.f. P.n. Scipio Æmilianus Africanus Numantinus"), aussi dit le Second Africain ou Scipion le Numantin, est un général et homme d'État romain, né en 185 av. J.-C., et mort en 129 av J.-C.

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Interval (mathematics)

Intervalle (mathématiques)

In mathematics, a (real) interval is a set of real numbers that contains all real numbers lying between any two numbers of the set. For example, the set of numbers satisfying is an interval which contains, and all numbers in between. Other examples of intervals are the set of numbers such that, the set of all of real numbers formula_1, the set of nonnegative real numbers, the set of positive real numbers, the empty set, and any singleton (set of one element).

En mathématiques, un intervalle (du latin "") est étymologiquement un ensemble compris entre deux valeurs. Cette notion première s'est ensuite développée jusqu'à aboutir aux définitions suivantes.

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Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus

Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (died c. 280 BC) was one of the two elected Roman consuls in 298 BC. He led the Roman army to victory against the Etruscans near Volterra. A member of the noble Roman family of Scipiones, he was the father of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and great-grandfather of Scipio Africanus.

Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (« le Barbu ») est un homme d'État et général de la République romaine. Membre de la famille patricienne des Cornelii Scipiones, il est le père de Lucius Cornelius Scipio et de Cnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, et l'arrière-grand-père de Scipion l'Africain.

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Louvain-la-Neuve

Louvain-la-Neuve (, French for "New Leuven") is a planned city in the municipality of Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, situated 30 km southeast of Brussels, in the French-speaking part of the country. The city was built to house the Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) which owns its entire territory; following the linguistic quarrels that took place in Belgium during the 1960s, and Flemish claims of discrimination at the Catholic University of Leuven, the institution was split into the Dutch language Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven which remained in Leuven, and the Université catholique de Louvain.

Louvain-la-Neuve (en wallon "Noû Lovin", en allemand "Neu-Löwen") est une section de la commune belge d'Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, située en Région wallonne dans la province du Brabant wallon.

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History of Quebec

Histoire du Québec

Quebec has played a special role in French history; the modern province occupies much of the land where French settlers founded the colony of Canada (New France) in the 17th and 18th centuries. The population is predominantly French-speaking and Roman Catholic, with a large Anglophone minority, augmented in recent years by immigrants from Asia. The political alienation of the Francophones from the Anglophones has been a persistent theme since the late 19th century. Tensions were especially high during the First World War. Historically, British merchants and financiers controlled the economy and dominated Montreal. The Catholic Church, in close cooperation with the landowners, led a highly traditional social structure in rural and small town Quebec. Much of that changed during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. Quebec's separatists, calling for an independent nation, gained strength but were narrowly defeated in two referenda. Quebec imposed increasingly stringent laws favouring the French language; many Anglophones left, as did many of the national and international corporations that had been based in Montreal. From 1966, Montreal's population fell until the 1980s, according to census data. Montreal had been twice the size of Toronto for almost all of the 20th Century. But by 2001, it was finally, no longer the largest city in Canada.

L'histoire du Québec s'étend de la première occupation humaine du territoire correspondant à la province actuelle jusqu'à nos jours. Les traces les plus anciennes de peuplement sur le territoire du Québec remontent à la fin de la dernière période glaciaire il y a environ. Les premiers habitants du territoire sont les paléoaméricains qui deviendront aux cours des millénaires les peuples autochtones du Québec. Bien que le Golfe du Saint-Laurent est fréquenté par les pêcheurs basques dès le début du, il faut attendre 1534 avant que l'explorateur Jacques Cartier, au nom du roi de France, ne réclame le territoire en plantant une croix à Gaspé. Lors de son deuxième voyage en 1535, Cartier atteint Stadaconé, à l'embouchure de la rivière Saint-Charles, puis Hochelaga sur l'île de Montréal.

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Artificial ventilation

Ventilation artificielle

Artificial ventilation, (also called artificial respiration) is means of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body by pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. It may take the form of manually providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort, or it may be mechanical ventilation involving the use of a mechanical ventilator to move air in and out of the lungs when an individual is unable to breathe on their own, this machine is called ventilator,for example during surgery with general anesthesia or when an individual is in a coma or trauma

La ventilation artificielle, ou respiration artificielle, regroupe les méthodes de premiers secours et de médecine (anesthésie-réanimation) utilisée pour apporter de l'air ou du dioxygène () aux poumons lorsque la respiration spontanée d'une personne est inefficace ou s'est arrêtée. C'est une des composantes de la réanimation cardiopulmonaire (RCP).

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Hanuman

Hanumān

Hanuman (;, ) is a Hindu god and divine vanara companion of the god Rama. Hanuman is one of the central characters of the Hindu epic "Ramayana". He is a Brahmachari (life long celibate) and one of the chiranjeevi. He is also mentioned in several other texts, such as the epic "Mahabharata" and the various Puranas. Hanuman is the son of Añjanā and Kesari. Maharishi Gautam and Ahalya were paternal Grandparents of Lord Hanuman. Hanuman is also son of the wind-god Vayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth.

Hanumān (en sanskrit « pourvu ("mân") de [fortes] mâchoires ("hanu") ») est dans l'hindouisme un vanara, héros du "Rāmāyaṇa", une épopée qui raconte le périple de Râma.

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Ganesha

Ganesh

Ganesha (, ; ), also known as Ganapati and Vinayaka, is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. His image is found throughout India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Fiji, Thailand, Mauritius, Bali (Indonesia), Bangladesh and Trinidad and Tobago. Hindu denominations worship him regardless of affiliations. Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains and Buddhists.

Dans l’hindouisme, Ganesh, Ganesha (IAST : Gaṇeśa), Vinâyaka, Gaṇapati (« le chef [Pati] des troupes de divinités [Ganas] » ou mieux « le seigneur des catégories ») ou Pillayar dans le sud de l’Inde est le dieu qui supprime les obstacles. Il est aussi le dieu de la sagesse, de l’intelligence, de l’éducation et de la prudence, le patron des écoles et des travailleurs du savoir. Reconnaissable à sa tête d'éléphant, il est sans doute le dieu le plus vénéré en Inde, et son aura touche tout le sous-continent indien et l'Asie en général. Il est le fils de Shiva et Pârvatî, l’époux de Siddhi (le Succès), Buddhi (l'Intellect) et Riddhî (la Richesse).

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Garuda

Garuda (Sanskrit: ; Pāli: ) is a legendary bird or bird-like creature in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain mythology. He is variously the vehicle mount ("vahana") of the Hindu god Vishnu, a dharma-protector and Astasena in Buddhism, and the Yaksha of the Jain Tirthankara Shantinatha.

Garuda (du sanskrit /, signifiant « aigle ») est un homme-oiseau fabuleux de la mythologie hindouiste puis bouddhiste, fils de Kashyapa et de Vinatâ et frère d'Aruna, le conducteur du char du dieu Sûrya. C'est le vâhana, ou monture, du dieu Vishnu. Il est aussi considéré comme le roi des oiseaux.

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Ganga in Hinduism

Ganga (déesse)

In Hinduism, the river Ganga is considered sacred and is personified as the goddess Gaṅgā. She is worshiped by Hindus and Buddhists who believe that bathing in the river causes the remission of sins and facilitates Moksha (liberation from the cycle of life and death), and that the water of the Ganges is considered very pure. Pilgrims immerse the ashes of their kin in the river Ganga, which is considered by them to bring the spirits closer to moksha.

Gangâ (Sanskrit: गङ्गा, Hindi: गंगा) est la déesse du Gange, fille de l'apsarâ Menakâ et d'Himavant, le roi de l'Himalaya. Elle est avec Agni la mère de Kârttikeya - Skanda qui sera appelé par la suite "Gangâputra", « Fils de Ganga ». Elle est aussi la mère de huit garçons avec le roi Shântanu mais, lors de leur séparation, elle les noya tous sauf un, Bhîshma.

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Nandi (mythology)

Nandi (mythologie)

Nandi (,,,, ) is the gate-guardian deity of Kailasa, the abode of Lord Shiva. He is usually depicted as a bull, which also serves as the mount to Shiva. According to Saivite siddhantic tradition, he is considered as the chief guru of eight disciples of Nandinatha Sampradaya, namely, Sanaka, Sanatana, Sanandana, Sanatkumara, Tirumular, Vyagrapada, Patanjali, and Sivayoga Muni, who were sent in eight different directions, to spread the wisdom of Shaivism.The Cham Hindus of Vietnam believes that when they die, the Nandi will come and take their soul to the holy land of India from Vietnam.

Dans l'hindouisme, Nandi ou Nandin (), parfois appelé Nandikeshvara (le ), est le fils de Surabhî et de Kashyapa, le gardien des quadrupèdes. C'est le vâhana de Shiva, le taureau blanc qui lui sert de monture, donné au dieu par Daksha.

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Surya

Sūrya

Surya (;, ) is a Sanskrit word that means the Sun. Synonyms of Surya in ancient Indian literature include Aditya, Arka, Bhanu, Savitr, Pushan, Ravi, Martanda, Mitra, Bhaskara and Vivasvan.

Dans l'hindouisme, Sūrya (, de la racine sanskrite "sur" ou "svar", briller) est le dieu Soleil, fils d'Āditi et de Kashyapa. Il a quatre épouses, Samjnâ, la "connaissance", Râjnî, la "souveraineté", Prabhâ, la "lumière" et Châyâ, l"'ombre". C'est le père de Manu, le premier homme et le législateur de l'humanité, mais aussi de Yama, le dieu de la Mort et de Yamî qui deviendra, après sa mort, la rivière Yamunâ, un des trois fleuves les plus sacrés de l'hindouisme.

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Birch

Bouleau

A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae. The genus "Betula" contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species. They are a typically rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern areas of temperate climates and in boreal climates.

Les bouleaux font partie de la famille des bétulacées et du genre Betula. La plupart des espèces sont des arbres ; quelques-unes, comme "Betula nana", sont des chaméphytes.

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Ludwig Boltzmann

Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (; February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher. His greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion). Boltzmann coined the word "ergodic" while he was working on a problem in statistical mechanics.

Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (né le à Vienne, Autriche et mort le à Duino) est un physicien et philosophe autrichien. Il est considéré comme le père de la physique statistique et un fervent défenseur de l’existence des atomes. Validant l’hypothèse de Démocrite selon laquelle « la matière peut être considérée comme un ensemble d'entités indivisibles », Boltzmann, à l'aide de son équation cinétique dite « de Boltzmann », a théorisé de nombreuses équations de mécanique des fluides et de théorie cinétique des gaz.

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Magister equitum

Maître de cavalerie

The Magister equitum, in English Master of the Horse or Master of the Cavalry, was a Roman magistrate appointed as lieutenant to a dictator. His nominal function was to serve as commander of the Roman cavalry in time of war, but just as a dictator could be nominated to respond to other crises, so the magister equitum could operate independently of the cavalry; like the dictator, the appointment of a magister equitum served both military and political purposes.

Le maître de cavalerie (en latin : "magister equitum") est, durant la République romaine, l'assistant qu'un dictateur romain doit nommer, une sorte de chef d'état-major. À partir du, le titre est utilisé par l'armée romaine comme titre honorifique. Le grade de "magister equitum", associé à de véritables pouvoirs de commandement, réapparaît durant le Bas-Empire romain.

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Canary Islands

Îles Canaries

The Canary Islands (;, ), also known informally as "the Canaries", are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean, in a region known as Macaronesia, west of Morocco at the closest point. It is one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish government. The Canary Islands are geographically located in the African Tectonic Plate, even though the archipielago is economically and politically European, as it is part of the European Union.

Les îles Canaries (en ) sont un archipel de l'océan Atlantique situé au large des côtes du Sahara occidental et du Maroc. Les Canaries font partie de la Macaronésie, un ensemble géographique regroupant les territoires insulaires volcaniques des îles Canaries, de Madère, des Açores et du Cap-Vert situés à l'ouest et proches des côtes nord-africaines. L'archipel des îles Canaries est le plus grand et le plus peuplé de la Macaronésie.

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Rigveda

Rig-Véda

The Rigveda (Sanskrit: ', from'"praise" and'"knowledge") is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It is one of the four sacred canonical texts ("śruti") of Hinduism known as the Vedas.

Le Rig-Veda ou Ṛgveda (devanāgarī :, en IAST "Ṛgveda") est une collection d'hymnes ("sūkta") sacrés ou encore d'hymnes de louangesde l'Inde antique composés en sanskrit védique. Il fait partie des quatre grands textes canoniques (Śruti) de l'hindouisme qui sont connus sous le nom de Veda. C'est l'un des plus anciens textes existant en langue indo-européenne. Sa composition remonte entre 1500 et 900 selon les indologues, les philologues et les linguistes.

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null

Karen Wetterhahn

Karen Elizabeth Wetterhahn (October 16, 1948 – June 8, 1997) was an American professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire who specialized in toxic metal exposure. She died of mercury poisoning at the age of 48 due to accidental exposure to the organic mercury compound dimethylmercury (Hg(CH)). Protective gloves in use at the time of the incident provided insufficient protection, and exposure to only a few drops of the chemical absorbed through the gloves proved to be fatal after less than a year.

Karen Wetterhahn, née le à Plattsburgh (New York) et morte le à Lyme (New Hampshire), est une chimiste américaine. Elle a mené de nombreuses recherches sur les effets des métaux lourds sur la santé. En 1996, elle menait des études sur les interactions entre les ions mercure et la réparation de l'ADN au laboratoire de chimie du Dartmouth College (États-Unis). Pour ce faire, elle utilisait du diméthylmercure (Hg(CH)), une forme de méthylmercure, comme référence pour des mesures de résonance magnétique nucléaire.

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null

Damascus

Damas

Damascus (;,, ) is the capital of Syria; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city. It is colloquially known in Syria as () and titled the "City of Jasmine" ( ). Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world. The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000.

Damas (en / "dimašq") est une ville et la capitale de la Syrie. Elle a plusieurs noms en arabe :,.

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Marcus Furius Camillus

Marcus Furius Camillus (; c. 446 – 365 BC) was a Roman soldier and statesman of patrician descent. According to Livy and Plutarch, Camillus triumphed four times, was five times dictator, and was honoured with the title of "Second Founder of Rome".

Marcus Furius Camillus dit Camille est un général et homme d'État romain, actif durant la première moitié du, issu d'une famille patricienne sans renommée particulière. Plutarque lui consacre une biographie dans ses "Vies parallèles des hommes illustres" et Tite-Live le présente comme un des plus brillants chefs d’armée que la République romaine ait connu. Ses nombreuses victoires et la prise de Véies, cité étrusque rivale de Rome, marquent le début de la lente mais inexorable expansion territoriale romaine.

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Army

Armée de terre

An army (from Latin "arma" "arms, weapons" via Old French "armée", "armed" [feminine]), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the land-based military branch, service branch or armed service of a nation or state. It may also include aviation assets by possessing an army aviation component. Within a national military force, the word army may also mean a field army.

L’armée de terre, la force terrestre, les forces terrestres est une des composantes des forces armées d'un État, combattant principalement au sol. Les forces terrestres peuvent être transportées dans les airs, comme cela peut être le cas des troupes aéroportées selon les circonstances, ou bien sur des bateaux, en prévision d'un débarquement ou d'un transbordement par exemple.

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Nirvana (band)

Nirvana (groupe)

Nirvana was an American rock band formed in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987. Founded by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic, the band went through a succession of drummers before recruiting Dave Grohl in 1990. Characterized by their punk aesthetic, Nirvana's fusion of pop melodies with noise, combined with their themes of abjection and alienation, made them hugely popular during their short tenure. Though they dissolved in 1994 after the death of Cobain, their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern rock and roll culture.

Nirvana est un groupe de grunge américain, originaire d'Aberdeen, dans l'État de Washington, formé en hiver/fin 1986 par le chanteur-guitariste Kurt Cobain et le bassiste Krist Novoselic. Après " en 1989, son premier album studio produit par le label indépendant Sub Pop et une succession de batteurs, la formation se stabilise avec l'arrivée de Dave Grohl en octobre 1990.

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Theodora (6th century)

Théodora (impératrice, vers 500-548)

Theodora (; Greek: Θεοδώρα; c. 500 – 28 June 548) was an Eastern Roman empress by marriage to Emperor Justinian. She became empress upon Justinian's accession in 527 and was one of his chief advisers, albeit from humble origins. Along with her spouse, Theodora is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, commemorated on 14 November.

Théodora (en grec : ) est une impératrice byzantine née vers 500 à Chypre et morte en 548 à Constantinople. Elle régna conjointement avec son mari Justinien, dont elle devient l'épouse légitime en 525, soit deux ans avant leur couronnement.

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Du gamla, du fria

"'" (, ) is the "de facto" national anthem of Sweden. It was originally named "'" (, "Song to the North"), but the incipit has since been adopted as the title.

Ses paroles ont été écrites par Richard Dybeck en 1844. Le compositeur suédois Edvin Kallstenius a fait un arrangement de la mélodie traditionnelle du Västmanland.

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Prince Charles, Count of Flanders

Charles de Belgique

Prince Charles of Belgium, Count of Flanders (, ; 10 October 1903 – 1 June 1983) was the second son of Albert I, King of the Belgians and Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria. Born in Brussels, he served in lieu of his older brother King Leopold III from 1944 until 1950 as prince regent until Leopold was allowed to return to Belgium. However, shortly after returning and resuming his monarchical duties, Leopold abdicated in favour of his heir apparent, his elder son Baudouin.

Charles Théodore Henri Antoine Meinrad de Belgique, comte de Flandre, prince de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, duc de Saxe, prince de Belgique, régent du Royaume de Belgique du au, né le au palais du marquis d'Assche à Bruxelles et mort le à Ostende.

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Albert II of Belgium

Albert II (roi des Belges)

Albert II (, );, ;, ; born 6 June 1934) reigned as King of the Belgians, from 1993 until his abdication in 2013.

Albert II, né le au château du Stuyvenberg, est le, du (à la suite de la mort de son frère Baudouin le ) au (date de son abdication). Titré prince de Liège à sa naissance, il est le second fils du roi et de la reine Astrid, née princesse de Suède, couple royal dont il est actuellement le dernier enfant encore vivant. Il est le frère cadet de la grande-duchesse Joséphine-Charlotte et de Baudouin.

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French Navy

Marine nationale (France)

The French Navy (, ), informally "", is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces. Dating back to 1624, the French Navy is one of the world's oldest naval forces. It has participated in conflicts around the globe and played a key part in establishing the French colonial empire.

La Marine nationale est la marine de guerre de la République française. C'est une des composantes des Forces armées avec l'Armée de terre, l'Armée de l'air, la Gendarmerie nationale et les services de soutien interarmées.

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Krishna

Krishna (, ;, ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of the god Vishnu and also as the supreme God in his own right. He is the god of compassion, tenderness, love and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on Krishna Janmashtami according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar. Krishna is usually depicted with a flute in his hand.

Krishna (Krichna, Kṛṣṇa, कृष्ण, sombre, bleu-noir, en sanskrit) est une divinité centrale de l'hindouisme. Dans la plupart des traditions hindoues, il est le huitième avatar (incarnation) de Vishnou. Pour les tenants du Gaudiya Vaishnavisme, il représente la divinité suprême à l'origine de toutes les autres. Krishna est la divinité la plus vénérée de l'Inde à l'origine de nombreuses sampradaya (traditions) bhakta (dévotionnelles) dédiées à son adoration.

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Quebec French

Français québécois

Quebec French ( ; also known as Québécois French or Québécois) is the predominant variety of the French language in Canada, in its formal and informal registers. Quebec French is used in everyday communication, as well as in education, the media, and government.

Le français québécois, aussi appelé français du Québec ou simplement québécois, est la variété de la langue française parlée essentiellement par les francophones du Québec.

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Marco Polo

Marco Polo (,,, 1254January 8–9, 1324) was an Italian merchant, explorer, and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. His travels are recorded in "The Travels of Marco Polo" (also known as "Book of the Marvels of the World " and "Il Milione", c. 1300), a book that described to Europeans the then mysterious culture and inner workings of the Eastern world, including the wealth and great size of the Mongol Empire and China in the Yuan Dynasty, giving their first comprehensive look into China, Persia, India, Japan and other Asian cities and countries.

Marco Polo (né le à Venise et mort aux alentours du à Venise) est un marchand italien, célèbre pour son voyage en Chine qu'il raconte dans un livre intitulé "Devisement du monde" ou "Livre des merveilles" ou encore "Livre de Marco Polo."

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null

Floor area ratio

Coefficient d'occupation des sols

Floor area ratio (FAR) is the ratio of a building's total floor area (gross floor area) to the size of the piece of land upon which it is built. It is often used as one of the regulations in city planning along with the building-to-land ratio. The terms can also refer to limits imposed on such a ratio through zoning.

Le coefficient d'occupation des sols ou COS est un rapport permettant de mesurer la densité de l'occupation du sol en urbanisme. Il est obtenu en divisant la superficie de plancher d'une construction par la superficie de son terrain récepteur. Il est exprimé en nombre décimal. Dépendant des juridictions, le COS fait l'objet de plus ou moins de règlementation.

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null

Aeneas

Énée

In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (; Greek: Αἰνείας, "Aineías", possibly derived from Greek meaning "praised") was a Trojan hero, the son of the prince Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite (Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons of Ilus, founder of Troy), making Aeneas a second cousin to Priam's children (such as Hector and Paris). He is a character in Greek mythology and is mentioned in Homer's "Iliad". Aeneas receives full treatment in Roman mythology, most extensively in Virgil's "Aeneid," where he is cast as an ancestor of Romulus and Remus. He became the first true hero of Rome. Snorri Sturluson identifies him with the Norse god Vidarr of the Æsir.

Énée (en grec ancien, en latin "aeneas" « de cuivre », dérivé du mot "aes, aeris" « cuivre »), fils du mortel Anchise et de la déesse Aphrodite (Vénus), est l'un des héros de la guerre de Troie. Il est chanté par Virgile dans l’"Énéide", dont il est le personnage central.

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French Section of the Workers' International

Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière

The French Section of the Workers' International (, SFIO) was a French socialist party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party. It was created during the 1905 Globe Congress in Paris as a merger between the French Socialist Party and the Socialist Party of France in order to create the French section of the Second International, designated as the party of the workers' movement.

La Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO) est un parti politique socialiste français, qui existe sous ce nom de 1905 à 1969. Lors du congrès d'Issy-les-Moulineaux, elle devient le Parti socialiste, s'associant avec l'Union des clubs pour le renouveau de la gauche.

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Quiet Revolution

Révolution tranquille

The Quiet Revolution () was a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in the Canadian province of Québec, characterized by the effective secularization of government, the creation of a state-run welfare state ("état-providence"), and realignment of politics into federalist and sovereigntist (or separatist) factions and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the 1976 election. The Quiet Revolution typically refers to the efforts made by the Liberal government of Jean Lesage (elected in 1960), and sometimes Robert Bourassa (elected in 1970 after the Union Nationale's Daniel Johnson in 1966), though given the profound effect of the changes, most provincial governments since the early 1960s have maintained an orientation based on core concepts developed and implemented in that era.

L'expression Révolution tranquille désigne une période de réformes importantes et de modernisation de l'État québécois dans les années 1960. Cette période de l'Histoire du Québec est communément assimilée au gouvernement Jean Lesage, élu en juin 1960 et défait en juin 1966. Plusieurs réformes seront achevées sous les gouvernements Johnson, Bertrand, Bourassa et Lévesque.

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Montesquieu

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (; ; 18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.

Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, est un penseur politique, précurseur de la sociologie, philosophe et écrivain français des Lumières, né le à La Brède (Guyenne, près de Bordeaux) et mort le à Paris.

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Eucommia ulmoides

Eucommia ulmoides is a species of small tree native to China. It belongs to the monotypic family Eucommiaceae. It is considered vulnerable in the wild, but is widely cultivated in China for its bark and is highly valued in herbology such as traditional Chinese medicine.

Eucommia ulmoides ou Arbre à gomme, est la seule espèce du genre "Eucommia". Ce sont des arbres à latex, à feuilles caduques, des régions tempérées, probablement originaires de Chine.

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Hamamelidaceae

Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system, the Cronquist system, recognized Hamamelidaceae in the Hamamelidales order.

Les Hamamelidaceae (Hamamélidacées) forment une famille de plantes dicotylédones qui comprend 80 espèces réparties en 25 genres. Ce sont des arbres, ou des arbustes, à feuilles persistantes ou caduques, alternes, des régions tempérées à tropicales. La fleur est régulière composée d'un calice (4 ou 5 sépales) et d'une corolle (4 ou 5 pétales) distincte. Toutefois, chez certaines espèces les sépales et les pétales sont indifférenciées et l'on compte alors 4 à 7 tépales. Parfois enfin, les fleurs sont nues, sans pétales ni sépales.

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Albert I of Belgium

Albert Ier (roi des Belges)

Albert I (; ; ; 8 April 1875 – 17 February 1934) reigned as King of the Belgians from 1909 to 1934. He ruled during an eventful period in the history of Belgium, which included the period of World War I (1914–1918), when 90 percent of Belgium was overrun, occupied, and ruled by the German Empire. Other crucial issues included the adoption of the Treaty of Versailles, the ruling of the Belgian Congo as an overseas possession of the Kingdom of Belgium along with the League of Nations mandate of Ruanda-Urundi, the reconstruction of Belgium following the war, and the first five years of the Great Depression (1929–1934). King Albert died in a mountaineering accident in eastern Belgium in 1934, at the age of 58, and he was succeeded by his son Leopold III ().

Albert, prince de Belgique, duc de Saxe, prince de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha et héritier de la couronne belge (de 1905 à 1909), puis roi des Belges (de 1909 à 1934), est né à Bruxelles le et mort dans un accident d'escalade à Marche-les-Dames le.

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Histology

Histologie

Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures visible without a microscope. Although one may divide microscopic anatomy into "organology", the study of organs, "histology", the study of tissues, and "cytology", the study of cells, modern usage places these topics under the field of histology. In medicine, histopathology is the branch of histology that includes the microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue. In the field of paleontology, the term paleohistology refers to the histology of fossil organisms.

L’histologie (du grec ancien, « tissu », et, « discours »), autrefois appelée anatomie microscopique, est la branche de la biologie et de la médecine qui étudie les tissus biologiques. Elle se situe au carrefour de la biologie cellulaire, de l'anatomie, de la biochimie et de la physiologie. Elle a pour objectif d’explorer la structure des organismes vivants, les rapports constitutifs et fonctionnels entre leurs éléments fonctionnels, ainsi que le renouvellement des tissus. Elle participe à l'exploration des processus pathologiques et de leurs effets.

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Madeira

Madère

Madeira (,, ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira ("Região Autónoma da Madeira"), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (the other being the Azores). It is an archipelago situated in the north Atlantic Ocean, in a region known as Macaronesia, just under to the north of the Canary Islands and west of Morocco. Madeira is geographically located in the African Tectonic Plate, even though the archipelago is culturally, economically and politically European. Its total population was estimated in 2016 at 289,000. The capital of Madeira is Funchal, which is located on the main island's south coast.

Madère (en ) est un archipel du Portugal composé de l'île du même nom et de plusieurs autres petites îles, situé dans l'océan Atlantique, à de Lisbonne et à au nord-ouest du cap Juby, dans la province de Tarfaya au Maroc. Il constitue une région autonome sous le nom de région autonome de Madère (en ) dont Funchal est la capitale. L'archipel de Madère est constitué de paysages remarquables qui en font une destination de renommée pour la randonnée pédestre. Il fait partie de la plaque africaine.

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Epithelium

Épithélium

Epithelium () is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.

Les épithéliums sont des tissus constitués de cellules étroitement juxtaposées (ou jointives), sans interposition de fibres ou de substance fondamentale (en microscopie optique, ce qui les distingue des tissus conjonctifs).

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null

Fossil fuel

Combustible fossile

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing organic molecules originating in ancient photosynthesis that release energy in combustion. Such organisms and their resulting fossil fuels typically have an age of millions of years, and sometimes more than 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Peat is also sometimes considered a fossil fuel. Commonly used derivatives of fossil fuels include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon-to-hydrogen ratios (like methane), to liquids (like petroleum), to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.

On appelle combustible fossile tous les combustibles riches en carbone — essentiellement des hydrocarbures — issus de la méthanisation d'êtres vivants morts et enfouis dans le sol depuis plusieurs millions d’années, jusqu’à parfois d’années. Il s’agit du pétrole, du charbon, de la tourbe et du gaz naturel. Parmi ces derniers, le méthane () présente le rapport H/C le plus élevé, alors que l’anthracite et certaines houilles sont composés de carbone presque pur.

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null

Aquilegia

Ancolie

The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. Even though it is branded as a 'cycle', it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized.

Les Ancolies, plantes à fleurs du genre "Aquilegia", sont des renonculacées vivaces. Les fleurs, au sommet d'un faisceau de longues tiges, sont élégantes, originales dans leur forme et offrent une large palette de coloris comprenant le blanc, le bleu clair, le jaune pâle, le rose, le brun, le lie-de-vin et le bleu.

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Guam

Guam (; ) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States, along with the Northern Mariana Islands. The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo. Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983. The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians, and they are American citizens by birth. The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros, who are related to other Austronesian peoples of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Taiwan.

Guam ("Guåhan", écrit aussi "Guahan" en chamorro) est une île située dans l'est-sud-est de la mer des Philippines, à la lisière de celle-ci avec l'océan Pacifique, et au sud-sud-ouest des Mariannes du Nord. Elle est la plus grande île () de Micronésie et de l'archipel des îles Mariannes, dont elle est l'île la plus méridionale. Elle est un territoire non incorporé des États-Unis disposant d'un gouverneur élu et d'un parlement. En 2017 sa population est de habitants et sa capitale est Hagåtña. Les Chamorros constituent la population indigène de l'île, colonisée par l'Espagne du jusqu'à sa cession aux États-Unis en 1898 après la défaite espagnole dans la guerre hispano-américaine.

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null

Conservation of mass

Conservation de la masse

The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as the system's mass cannot change, so quantity can neither be added nor be removed. Therefore, the quantity of mass is conserved over time.

La conservation de la masse (ou de Lavoisier) est une loi fondamentale de la chimie et de la physique. Elle indique non seulement qu'au cours de toute expérience, y compris si elle implique une transformation chimique, la masse se conserve, mais aussi que le nombre d'éléments de chaque espèce chimique se conserve (cette loi ne s'applique pas à l'échelle nucléaire : voir défaut de masse). Comme toute loi de conservation elle s'exprime par une équation de conservation.

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Marcus Licinius Crassus

Crassus

Marcus Licinius Crassus (; 115–53 BC) was a Roman general and politician who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He is often called "the richest man in Rome".

Marcus Licinius Crassus (latin : ), né vers 115 av. J.-C. à Rome et mort en 53 av. J.-C., est un général et homme politique romain qui joua un rôle essentiel dans le passage de la République à l'Empire. Ayant amassé une immense fortune durant son existence, il est considéré comme l'homme le plus riche de l'histoire de Rome.

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